Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Jewel Thief (1967 film)

2026-05-08T15:14:53Z

MargretGerken: adding initial pg first draft

{{Short description|1967 Indian film by Vijay Anand}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jewel Thief
| image = Jewel Thief poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]
| producer = [[Dev Anand]]
| screenplay = Vijay Anand
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Vijay Anand}}
}}
| story = [[K.A. Narayan]]
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Dev Anand]] [[Vyjayanthimala]] [[Tanuja]]
| music = [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = V. Ratra
| editing = Vijay Anand
| studio = [[Navketan Films]]
| distributor = [[Navketan Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1967|10|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 186 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jewel Thief''''' is a 1967 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Spy film|spy]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[heist film]] directed by [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]].<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web|title=Revisiting Jewel Thief|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/jan/17dinesh.htm|website=[[Rediff]]|date=17 January 2003}}</ref> The film stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Vyjayantimala]] and features four [[bond girl]]-like actresses portrayed by [[Tanuja]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]] and [[Anju Mahendru]], with [[Nazir Hussain]] and [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]] appearing in supporting roles. It was produced by Dev Anand's production house, [[Navketan Films]]. The film revolves around a jewellery expert (Anand), as he and [[Mumbai Police|the police]] attempt to capture a notorious jewel thief, but in the process, their true identities get thoroughly muddled.

The film became a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=173&catName=MTk2Nw== |title=BoxOffice India.com |access-date=30 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207075802/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=173&catName=MTk2Nw== |archive-date=7 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chetan-anand-jewel-thief-overshadowed-by-guide-dev-anand-vyjayanthimala-7735256/|title=Dev Anand-Vyjanthimala's Jewel Thief remains one of Hindi cinema's tautest thrillers, even 55 years after it was made|date=23 January 2022}}</ref> J M Barot received the [[Filmfare Best Sound Award]], while [[Tanuja]] received a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|title=1st Filmfare Awards 1953|access-date=30 April 2008|archive-date=12 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
A mysterious jewel thief has been looting valuable gems throughout the country. As the daring crimes grab headlines, the [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Police Commissioner]] of [[Bombay]] mentions that the thief is currently operating in his jurisdiction. He vows to resign if he fails to catch the criminal by [[Republic Day (India)|January 26]].

Meanwhile, the Commissioner's son Vinay is hired by prominent jeweller Vishambhar Nath, who highly values his skill with jewels. During his work, Vinay grows close to Vishambhar's daughter Anjali. At a party hosted by Anjali, Vishambhar's childhood friend Arjun and Arjun's sister, Shalini, mistake Vinay to be Shalini's [[Fiance|fiancé]], Amar. Both of them soon realise the mistake, but Arjun notes Vinay's uncanny similarity to Amar. Nevertheless, Shalini and Vinay strike a friendship, that develops into romance. Shalini's engagement ring is identified as a previously stolen piece of jewellery, and the Commissioner suspects that Amar might actually be the elusive jewel thief.

At Vishambhar's shop, all the jewellery in a concealed storeroom gets stolen. He believes that the man he had left in charge was Vinay, although the real Vinay was with Anjali. The police believe the impersonator was Amar. A small-time thief gets caught at the shop and divulges information about Amar's associate, Helen. Vinay agrees to help the police by impersonating Amar and goes to meet Helen. He tricks her and learns that the real Amar is going to [[Pune]]. There, Vinay meets other members of Amar's gang, including Julie, Amar's wife. The gang flies to [[Calcutta]] and pulls off another jewellery heist. Arjun and Vinay learn from Julie, who has realised that Vinay is only masquerading as her husband, that Amar has left for [[Gangtok]], [[Kingdom of Sikkim]].

Vinay visits Gangtok and meets another Amar associate, Neena. He promises to help her escape the gang in return for information. Neena, however, gets Vinay captured by luring him into the gang's [[Safe house|safehouse]]. The gang's real leader is revealed to be Arjun, who is the jewel thief. No person named Amar ever existed; the identity was created to baffle the police and deflect any attention away from Arjun. Vishambhar Nath was part of this carefully planned scheme, too, while Shalini had assisted the gang in securing the release of her kidnapped brother, Shishu. When she approaches Arjun for Shishu's release, she gets locked up with him in the safe house. Having discovered secret passages under the building, Shalini rescues Vinay and explains the situation to him. The three try to flee but are recaptured. Vinay is administered electric shocks to wipe out his memory. The gang then makes Vinay believe that 'jewel thief Amar' is his real identity. Their plan is to stage a fake heist of the Sikkimese crown jewels and let 'Amar' take the blame. The police will be manipulated into shooting 'Amar' dead, forever lifting suspicion from the actual criminals. Since Shalini is a well-known dancer in the royal court, she is to facilitate the gang's entry disguised as a [[dance troupe]]. 'Amar' dies according to plan, and the gang celebrates. Vinay, however, had merely been acting; he had secretly warned the police about the gang's plan beforehand. Anjali, who has discovered her father's criminal involvement, has got in touch with the police too. The police surround the safehouse and Vinay corners Arjun, but he manages to escape. Vinay follows Arjun to his plane, but the latter threatens to shoot him. Anjali, though, has already removed the bullets in the gun, and the Commissioner appears to announce that the entire gang has been arrested, before January 26 as promised. Anjali takes Vinay to the cabin where Shalini is waiting for him with Shishu, as the plane gets airborne.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Arjun Singh
* [[Dev Anand]] as Vinay/Prince Amar
* [[Vyjayantimala]] as Shalini "Shalu" Singh
* [[Tanuja]] as Anjali Nath
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Helen
* [[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]] as Julie
* [[Anju Mahendru]] as Neena
* [[Nazir Hussain]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Pratima Devi (Hindi actress)|Pratima Devi]] as Police Commissioner's wife
* [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]] as Seth Vishambhar Nath
* [[Jagdish Raj]]
* [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]] as Shishu Singh
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Casting===
For the lead female role, [[Saira Banu]] was approached by Dev Anand. Banu, who had earlier worked with Anand in ''Pyar Mohabbat'' (1966) declined the role due to her marriage to actor [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Farhana Farook |date=27 August 2008 |title=A legend retold |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_a-legend-retold_1186145-all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123051050/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-a-legend-retold-1186145 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=19 April 2012 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> Banu had also turned down the role of Rosie in the 1965 film ''[[Guide (film)|Guide]]'', which was produced by Anand.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/26saira.htm |title='This serial is my tribute to my mother' |publisher=[[Rediff]] |date=26 May 2003 |author=Subhash K. Jha |access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> Soon, actress [[Vyjayanthimala]] was signed for the role; she had worked with Anand before in ''[[Amar Deep (1958 film)|Amar Deep]]'' a decade earlier. Vyjayanthimala was also considered by Anand for the lead role in ''Guide'', but was rejected by [[Tad Danielewski]], the director of ''Guide''{{'}}s English version.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040307/spectrum/main5.htm |title=Goldie: Guide for new filmmakers |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=7 March 2004 |author=Devinder Bir Kaur |access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref>

=== Influences from Western cinema ===
The movie was noted for combining elements from different [[Alfred Hitchcock]] movies, ''[[To Catch a Thief]]'' (1955), ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' (1958) and in particular ''[[North by Northwest]]'' (1959).<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2022 |title=Bollywood Saturday: Do You Know Dev Anand's Jewel Thief Was Inspired By THIS Hitchcockian Thriller? |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-saturday-do-you-know-dev-anands-jewel-thief-was-inspired-by-this-hitchcockian-thriller-entertainment-news-5779491/ |website=[[India.com]]}}</ref> Film critic Richard Allen also adds the movie [[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)|''The Man Who Knew Too Much'']] (1956) to this list as well influences from the [[James Bond]] series in how the female actresses are empowered, including a bath scene taken from [[Thunderball (film)|''Thunderball'']] (1965), and aesthetic borrowings from the [[French New Wave]], such as the [[beret]] cap of Dev Anand's character.<ref>Allen, Richard, ''To Catch a Jewel Thief: Hitchcock and Indian Modernity'', 15 (2006-07): 215-41.</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jewel Thief
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]]
| cover = jewelthief_sound.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1967}}
| recorded = Minoo Katrak
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]]
| prev_title = [[Guide (film)|Guide]]
| prev_year = 1965
| next_title = [[Talash (1969 film)|Talash]]
| next_year = 1969
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]], who earlier made a string of memorable films under Navketan Films. The lyrics for this film were by [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] songwriter [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nihalani|first1=Govind|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Saibal|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|date=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179910665|page=607|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT607|language=en}}</ref> except for "Rula Kay Gaya Sapna" by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]. At that time, Shailendra wasn't keeping well, so Sultanpuri was approached for the movie.

The male playback was done by [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Mohammed Rafi]], who lent their voices to [[Dev Anand]]. The female singers were [[Lata Mangeshkar]], who lent her voice for [[Vyjayanthimala]] and [[Asha Bhosle]] for [[Tanuja]] and [[Helen (actress)|Helen]].

The song, "Dil Pukare Aa Re, Aa Re, Aa Re" was notable for being the first duet that Mangeshkar and Rafi recorded together, following their disagreement over royalties in the 1960s.

{|class=wikitable
! Song
! Singer
![[Raga]]
|-
| "Yeh Dil Na Hota Bechara"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|
|-
| "Aasman Ke Neeche Hum Aaj Apne Peechhe"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Kishore Kumar
|
|-
| "Dil Pukare Aa Re, Aa Re, Aa Re"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|Pahadi
|-
| "Hothon Mein Aisi Baat Main Dabaake Chali Aayi"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|[[Ahir Bhairav]]
|-
| "Rulaake Gaya Sapna Mera"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|Pahadi
|-
| "Baithe Hai Kya Uske Paas"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
| "Raat Akeli Hai, Bujh Gaye Diye"
| Asha Bhosle
|
|-
| "Dance Music"
| [[R. D. Burman]]
|
|-
|}

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Jewel Thief'' was a profitable venture for the distributors. Over its theatrical run, ''Boxofficeindia.com'' reported that the film had managed to gross {{INR}}3,50,00,000 with a net of {{INR}}{{formatnum:17500000}} and, adjusted to inflation is about {{INRConvert|345200000}}.<ref name="Box Office 1967">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=173&catName=MTk2Nw== |title=Box Office 1967 |website=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207075802/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=173&catName=MTk2Nw== |archive-date=7 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Top Earners 1960-1969 (Figures in Ind Rs)">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=123&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5 |title=Top Earners 1960–1969 (Figures in Ind Rs) |website=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503221507/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=123&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5 |archive-date=3 May 2012 }}</ref> Subsequently, ''Jewel Thief'' was declared a hit at the box office. It ended up as the sixth highest-grossing film of 1967 and [[List of Bollywood films#1960s|thirty-fifth highest-grossing film of the decade]].<ref name="Box Office 1967"/><ref name="Top Earners 1960-1969 (Figures in Ind Rs)"/>

==Premieres==
Following the success of ''Jewel Thief'', the film was screened in many film festivals. In August 2008, the film was screened along with three other films by Dev Anand at the Government Museum Auditorium for the Chandigarh Film Festival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200808131621.htm |title=Week long film festival to screen Dev Anand super hits |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 August 2008 |author=Press Trust of India |author-link=Press Trust of India |access-date=19 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310184530/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200808131621.htm |archive-date=10 March 2014 }}</ref> The film was also screened by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of India]] on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of [[Navketan Films]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_dev-anand-shines-bright_1288532 |title=Dev Anand shines bright |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=8 September 2009 |access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> On 1 August 2009, ''Jewel Thief'' was premiered at [[Regal Cinema]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/The-return-of-Jewel-Thief/etarticleshow/4845370.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708040411/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-02/bollywood/28200559_1_dev-anand-devsaab-evergreen-actor |url-status=live |archive-date=8 July 2012 |title=The return of 'Jewel Thief' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 August 2009 |author=Times News Network |author-link=Times News Network |access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> The premier was attended by [[Dev Anand]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Sudhir Mishra]], [[Amrita Rao]], [[Deepak Parekh]], Vijay Kalantri and Pooja Misrra.

==Sequel==
{{main|Return of Jewel Thief}}
A sequel titled ''Return of Jewel Thief'' was released in 1996, with only two actors reappearing and reprising their original roles; [[Dev Anand]], reprising the role of Vinay Kumar and [[Ashok Kumar]], reprising the role of Arjun. It was one of the movies in which Dev Anand acted outside his own banner, Navketan. The movie also had an ensemble cast, consisting of actors [[Dharmendra]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], [[Shilpa Shirodkar]], [[Madhoo]] and [[Anu Aggarwal]].<ref name=Rediff/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|0061842}}
* [https://youtube.com/watch?v=QfVqDgbcKN8''Jewel Thief''] on [[YouTube]]

[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1960s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:1960s heist films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:1967 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijay Anand]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Films about gemstones]]

Kezol-tsa Forest

2026-05-08T11:12:10Z

MargretGerken: adding first post basic info

{{short description|Forest in the Indian states of Nagaland and Manipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox forest
|map =
|map_caption =
|relief = yes
|location = [[Viswema]]
|country = India
|coordinates = {{Coord|25.55|94.09|region:IN_type:forest|display=inline,title}}
|image =
|image_caption =
}}

The '''Kezol-tsa Forest''' is a thick [[old-growth forest]] along the southern and northern edges of the [[India]]n states of [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]]. The forest is located on the southern part of [[Dzüko Valley]].

This forest has dry, warm summers and cool winter. The accumulation of several inches of [[snow]] during the winter is not uncommon and can stay on the ground for several days.

Some threats to the Kezol-tsa forest include [[logging]], changing [[fire regime]]s and [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nenow.in/environment/dzukou-valley-wildfire-nagaland-cm-neiphiu-rio-calls-for-proper-plans-to-handle-wild-forest-fires.html|title=Dzukou Valley wildfire: Nagaland CM Neiphiu Rio calls for proper plans to handle wild forest fires|date=9 January 2021|website=Northeast Now|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

== Flora and Fauna ==
The Kezol-tsa forests has diverse species of trees.

Animals that may be found in this forest include the [[deer]], etc.

== Dispute ==
{{Main|Mao–Southern Angami territorial dispute}}
Kezol-tsa has been the center stage of dispute between the Mao Council of Manipur and the [[Southern Angami Public Organisation]] (SAPO) of Nagaland. Both parties have been stalking claim for Kezol-tsa forest for the last many years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/tenyimi-organisation-lauds-sapo-mc-mk/|title=Tenyimi organisation lauds SAPO, MC, MK|date=27 April 2018|website=Eastern Mirror Nagaland|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>

On 23 November 2000, a rest house constructed by volunteers from [[Viswema]] at Kezol-tsa was destroyed by suspected Songsong villagers and this led to tension between the [[Mao people (India)|Mao]]s and the [[Southern Angami]]s. On enquiry made by Memai Council of Mao, it was found that some youths from Songsong village had destroyed the rest house and the written report was intimated by Memai Council of Mao to the then ''Japfüphiki Public Organization'' which is renamed now as [[Southern Angami Public Organisation]]. During this relevant time of tension, the then Tenyimi Central Union (TCU) intervened and directed the defaulters (Songsong village) to reconstruct the rest house of Viswema which read as ''‘the destroyed rest house should be re-constructed to its original shape by Songsong village within 20 (twenty) days with effect from 15th February 2001’''.
The destroyed rest house was re-constructed to its original shape by the Songsong village within the stipulated time and Southern Angami ownership of Kezol-tsa is undisturbed until tensions rose again in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/rejoinder-to-land-dispute-over-kezoltsa-and-dzukou/|title=Dispute over Kezol–tsa and Dzüko|date=28 May 2015|website=Eastern Mirror Nagaland|access-date=20 October 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Dzüko Valley]]
* [[Viswema]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kezol-tsa Forest}}
[[Category:Viswema]]
[[Category:Forests of India]]

Soumya Swaminathan

2026-05-02T18:48:47Z

MargretGerken:

{{short description|Indian and WHO Deputy Director general}}
{{for|the chess player|Soumya Swaminathan (chess player)}}
{{Tamil name|Swaminathan|Soumya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soumya Swaminathan
| image = The Director General, ICMR and Secretary, DHR, Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, in New Delhi on January 19, 2016.jpg
| caption = Swaminathan in 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|05|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]] (present day [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu), India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Paediatrician|Medical researcher}}
| title = Chief Scientist, [[World Health Organization]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Armed Forces Medical College|Armed Forces Medical College, Pune]]|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]|[[Children's Hospital Los Angeles]]|[[Keck School of Medicine of USC|Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles]]}}
| spouse = Ajit Yadav
| children = 2
| father = [[M. S. Swaminathan]]
| mother = [[Mina Swaminathan]]
| module = {{Infobox politician
| embed = yes
| office = Deputy Director of the World Health Organization
| term_start = 2017
| term_end =March 2019
}}
}}
'''Soumya Swaminathan''' (born 2 May 1959) is an Indian [[paediatrician]] and clinical scientist known for her research on [[tuberculosis]] and HIV.<ref name=2015-Mint-ICMR>{{cite news|last1=Mehta|first1=Nikita|title=Soumya Swaminathan to take charge of Indian Council of Medical Research|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/15YIhftLoSDQDJQCpQ7OEP/Soumya-Swaminathan-to-take-charge-of-Indian-Council-of-Medic.html|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Swaminathan served as Secretary to the [[Government of India]] for Health Research and Director General of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (2015–2017), where she prioritized evidence-based health policy, research capacity building in medical schools, and strengthening south-south partnerships in health sciences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soumya Swaminathan |url=https://tdr.who.int/global-health-matters-podcast/women-in-science/dr-soumya-swaminathan |website=Women in Science, TDR-WHO |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> From October 2017 to March 2019, she was the deputy director general of programmes (DDP) at the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name=2017-Mint-WHO-DGG>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Neetu Chandra|title=Dr Soumya Swaminathan appointed WHO's deputy director general for programmes|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/sqdmfpFY5HS78Nbk6vACWL/Dr-Soumya-Swaminathan-appointed-WHOs-deputy-director-genera.html|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=4 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=2017-Hindu-WHO-DGG-Interview>{{cite news|last1=Kannan|first1=Ramya|title=Focus should be on scaling up the use of innovations, says Soumya Swaminathan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/focus-should-be-on-scaling-up-the-use-of-innovations/article19834947.ece|work=The Hindu|date=11 October 2017|language=en-IN}}</ref> Subsequently till 2022, she served as the chief scientist at the [[World Health Organization]] under the leadership of [[Director-General of the World Health Organization|Director General]] [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]].<ref name=2019-Mint-WHO-CS>{{cite news|last1=Thacker|first1=Teena|title=WHO rejigs management, deputy D-G Soumya Swaminathan will now be chief scientist|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/who-rejigs-management-deputy-d-g-soumya-swaminathan-will-now-be-chief-scientist-1551935352794.html|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=7 March 2019}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Soumya Swaminathan was born in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2020|title=Dr. Soumya Swaminathan|url=https://www.yaxisfoundation.org/blog/dr-soumya-swaminathan/|website=Y-Axis Foundation|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716185953/https://www.yaxisfoundation.org/blog/dr-soumya-swaminathan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tamil Nadu, India. Swaminathan is the daughter of "Father of Green Revolution of India", [[M. S. Swaminathan]] and Indian educationalist [[Mina Swaminathan]].<ref name=2019-SciDev-WHO-CS>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Papiya|title=Q&A: Soumya is currently the chairperson of M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai. WHO's chief scientist rises above her father's legacy|url=https://www.scidev.net/global/health/role-models/q-a-who-s-chief-scientist-rises-above-her-father-s-legacy-1x.html|work=SciDev.Net|date=19 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> Swaminathan has two siblings, Madhura Swaminathan, a professor of [[economics]] at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhura Swaminathan's Homepage |url=https://www.isibang.ac.in/~madhura/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=www.isibang.ac.in}}</ref> and Nitya Rao, a professor of [[Gender studies|gender]] and [[Development studies|development]] at the [[University of East Anglia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitya Rao |url=https://nisd.ac.uk/core-team/nitya-rao/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=The Norwich Institute for Sustainable Development |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Swaminathan received an [[M.B.B.S.]] from the [[Armed Forces Medical College (India)|Armed Forces Medical College]] in [[Pune]]. She has an [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] in [[pediatrics]] from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] in New Delhi. She is a [[Diplomate of National Board]] from [[National Board of Examinations]]. As part of her training, from 1987 to 1989 Swaminathan completed a post-doctoral medical fellowship in [[neonatology]] and [[pediatric]] [[pulmonology]] at the [[Children's Hospital Los Angeles]] at the [[Keck School of Medicine of USC]].<ref name=2017-DHR-Secretary-Profile>{{cite web|title=Secretary Profile: Dr. Soumya Swaminathan|url=http://www.dhr.gov.in/about-us/secretary-dhr|website=Department of Health Research, MoHFW, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627002104/http://www.dhr.gov.in/about-us/secretary-dhr|archive-date=27 June 2017|date=6 April 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early career===
From 1989 to 1990, Swaminathan was a research fellow (registrar) in the Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases at the [[University of Leicester]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Dr. Soumya Swaminathan? Meet The First Indian Chief Scientist of WHO |first1=Anoushka |last1=Das |date=9 January 2021 |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/who-is-dr-soumya-swaminathan-meet-the-first-indian-chief-scientist-of-who/ |website=She The People |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref>

She then worked as a senior research officer (Supernumerary Research Cadre), Cardiopulmonary Medicine Unit, as well as an adjunct associate clinical professor at the Department of Public Health and Family Medicine at [[Tufts University School of Medicine]] in Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medicine.tufts.edu/Education/Academic-Departments/Clinical-Departments/Public-Health-and-Community-Medicine/Faculty/Adjunct/Swaminathan-Soumya|title=Soumya Swaminathan, MD, MNAMS|author=ISITE Design|work=tufts.edu|access-date=3 September 2015|archive-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316011315/http://medicine.tufts.edu/Education/Academic-Departments/Clinical-Departments/Public-Health-and-Community-Medicine/Faculty/Adjunct/Swaminathan-Soumya|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1992, Swaminathan joined the [[National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis]] a/k/a Tuberculosis Research Centre, where she was Coordinator, Neglected Tropical Diseases. She later became the director of the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis.<ref name=2017-DHR-Secretary-Profile />

From 2009 to 2011, Swaminathan was coordinator of the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases in Geneva.

Until 2013, she was director, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT) in Chennai.

From August 2015 to November 2017, Swaminathan was director general of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) and secretary of the Department of Health Research (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) for the Government of India.<ref name=2017-DHR-Secretary-Profile /><ref name=2017-ICMR-DG>{{cite news|title=Former Director Generals: Dr. Soumya Swaminathan 17.08.2015 - 30.11.2017|url=https://main.icmr.nic.in/former-dg|work=Indian Council of Medical Research|publisher=Government of India|date=2017}}</ref>

===Career with WHO===
From October 2017 to March 2019, Swaminathan was deputy director-general of the World Health Organization.<ref name=2017-Mint-WHO-DGG /><ref name=2017-Hindu-WHO-DGG-Interview />

In March 2019, Swaminathan became chief scientist of the World Health Organization, where she notably participated in regular twice weekly press briefings on the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=2019-Mint-WHO-CS /> She has urged countries to conduct [[whole genome sequencing]] of the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] virus more frequently and to upload sequences to the [[GISAID]] project.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mathur|first=Barkha|date=December 23, 2020|title=COVID-19 Pandemic: The New Variation Of SARS-CoV-2 Is Rapidly Replacing Other Strains, Says WHO's Soumya Swaminathan|work=NDTV|url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/covid-19-pandemic-the-new-variation-of-sars-cov-2-is-rapidly-replacing-other-strains-says-whos-soumya-swaminathan-54559/|access-date=December 24, 2020}}</ref>

In the preparations for the Global Health Summit hosted by the [[European Commission]] and the [[G20]] in May 2021, Swaminathan was a member of the event's High Level Scientific Panel.<ref>[https://global-health-summit.europa.eu/panel-scientific-experts_en Global Health Summit: Panel of Scientific Experts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727204104/https://global-health-summit.europa.eu/panel-scientific-experts_en |date=27 July 2022 }} [[European Commission]].</ref>

Starting April 1, 2025, she will be serving as one of [[National_University_of_Singapore|NUS]] Board of Trustees.<ref>https://news.nus.edu.sg/new-member-in-nus-board-of-trustees-2025 NUS appoints new member to its Board of Trustees</ref>

==Selected research==
Swaminathan's areas of interest are paediatric and adult [[tuberculosis]] (TB), epidemiology and pathogenesis, and the role of nutrition in HIV-associated TB.<ref name=2017-DHR-Secretary-Profile /><ref>{{cite web |title=Q and A with former Fogarty trainee Dr Soumya Swaminathan of the Indian Council of Medical Research - Fogarty International Center @ NIH |url=https://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/january-february-2017/Pages/soumya-swaminathan-indian-council-medical-research.aspx |website=Fogarty International Center |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref>

While at the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis in Chennai, Swaminathan started a multi-disciplinary group of clinical, laboratory and behavioural scientists studying various aspects of TB and TB/HIV. Swaminathan along with her colleagues were among the first to scale up the use of molecular diagnostics for TB surveillance and care, to undertake large field trials of community-randomised strategies to deliver TB treatment to underserved populations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Pamela|date=2016-03-19|title=Soumya Swaminathan: re-energising tuberculosis research in India|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30008-3/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=387|issue=10024|page=1153|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30008-3|pmid=27025325|s2cid=11684448|issn=0140-6736|url-access=subscription}}</ref> She was part of the TB Zero City Project which aimed to create "Islands of elimination" working with local governments, institutions and grassroots associations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.advanceaccessanddelivery.org/chennai/|title=Site 1: Chennai, India — Advance Access & Delivery|date=2017-02-16|access-date=2018-02-11|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216160415/http://www.advanceaccessanddelivery.org/chennai/|archive-date=2017-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Soumya Swaminathan, first ever Indian to hold second highest position in WHO |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/soumya-swaminathan-who-world-health-organisation-deputy-director-general-scientist-1057560-2017-10-04 |work=[[India Today]] |date=October 4, 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, Swaminathan was also appointed to the Pandemic Preparedness Partnership (PPP), an expert group chaired by [[Patrick Vallance]] to advise the [[G7]] presidency held by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|government]] of Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]].<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-global-partnership-launched-to-fight-future-pandemics New global partnership launched to fight future pandemics] [[Government of the United Kingdom]], press release of April 20, 2021.</ref>

==Other activities==
* [[Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics]] (FIND), member of the board of directors (since 2023)<ref>[https://www.finddx.org/publications-and-statements/ayoade-alakija-takes-up-find-chair-as-soumya-swaminathan-and-malebona-precious-matsoso-also-join-find-board-of-directors/ Ayoade Alakija takes up FIND Chair as Soumya Swaminathan and Malebona Precious Matsoso also join FIND Board of Directors] [[Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics]] (FIND), press release of 27 January 2023.</ref>
* [[Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research]], Member of the Board<ref>[https://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/about/board/en/ Board] [[Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research]].</ref>
* [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations]] (CEPI), non-voting member of the board (until 2022),<ref>[https://cepi.net/about/whoweare/ Board] [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations]] (CEPI).</ref> voting member of the board (since 2023)<ref>[https://cepi.net/news_cepi/cepi-board-membership-updates-2/ CEPI Board membership updates] [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations]] (CEPI), press release of 5 April 2023.</ref>
* GISAID, Member of the SAC Nomination Committee (since 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=GISAID - Governance |url=https://gisaid.org/about-us/governance/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=gisaid.org |language=en}}</ref>
* Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership ([[GARDP]]), non-voting member of the board of directors<ref>[https://gardp.org/team/ Board of Directors] Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP).</ref>
* Global Coalition Against TB, member of the expert group<ref>[https://globalcoalitionagainsttb.org/expert-group-member/ Expert Group] Global Coalition Against TB.</ref>
* [[WomenLift Health]], member of the global advisory board<ref>[https://www.womenlifthealth.org/global-advisory-board Global Advisory Board] WomenLift Health.</ref>
* Advisor, [[Resource Group for Education and Advocacy for Community Health (REACH)]]<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=India can lead efforts to find new TB vaccine, says WHO's former chief scientist Soumya Swaminathan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/need-for-new-vaccine-for-tb-says-former-who-chief-scientist/article66414408.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2016: AstraZeneca Research Endowment Award, presented by the [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Index of /silverjubilee|url = http://niper.ac.in/silverjubilee|website = niper.ac.in|access-date = 2016-02-19|archive-date = 16 February 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170216214254/http://niper.ac.in/silverjubilee/|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Swaminathan is married to Ajit Yadav, an orthopedic surgeon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/73/6949/biospectrum-awards-2003-life-time-achievement-award.html|title=BioSpectrum Awards 2003 - Life Time Achievement Award|website=www.biospectrumindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gandhinagarclub.in/magazine/GNC_sep_17.pdf |title=Look WHO's New Deputy DG |page=5 |magazine=GNC Connect |date=September 2017 |volume=3 |issue=6 |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211171625/http://www.gandhinagarclub.in/magazine/GNC_sep_17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The couple has a daughter, Shreya Yadav.

==Selected works and publications==
{{Scholia|author}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=Christopher J L|last2=Barber|first2=Ryan M|last3=Foreman|first3=Kyle J|last4=Ozgoren|first4=Ayse Abbasoglu|last5=Abd-Allah|first5=Foad|last6=Abera|first6=Semaw F|last7=Aboyans|first7=Victor|last8=Abraham|first8=Jerry P|last9=Abubakar|first9=Ibrahim|last10=Abu-Raddad|first10=Laith J|last11=Abu-Rmeileh|first11=Niveen M|last12=Achoki|first12=Tom|last13=Ackerman|first13=Ilana N|last14=Ademi|first14=Zanfina|last15=Adou|first15=Arsène K|last16=Adsuar|first16=José C|last17=Afshin|first17=Ashkan|last18=Agardh|first18=Emilie E|display-authors=3|title=Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition|journal=The Lancet|date=November 2015|volume=386|issue=10009|pages=2145–2191|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X|pmid=26321261|url= |pmc=4673910|doi-access=free}} {{Wikidata+icon|Q24170269|y}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Forouzanfar|first1=Mohammad H|last2=Alexander|first2=Lily|last3=Anderson|first3=H Ross|last4=Bachman|first4=Victoria F|last5=Biryukov|first5=Stan|last6=Brauer|first6=Michael|last7=Burnett|first7=Richard|last8=Casey|first8=Daniel|last9=Coates|first9=Matthew M|last10=Cohen|first10=Aaron|last11=Delwiche|first11=Kristen|last12=Estep|first12=Kara|last13=Frostad|first13=Joseph J|last14=KC|first14=Astha|last15=Kyu|first15=Hmwe H|last16=Moradi-Lakeh|first16=Maziar|last17=Ng|first17=Marie|last18=Slepak|first18=Erica Leigh|display-authors=3|title=Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=The Lancet|date=December 2015|volume=386|issue=10010|pages=2287–2323|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2|pmid=26364544|url= |pmc=4685753|doi-access=free}} {{Wikidata+icon|Q30358426|y}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Krause |first1=Philip R |last2=Arora |first2=Narendra |last3=Dowling |first3=William |last4=Muñoz-Fontela |first4=César |last5=Funnell |first5=Simon |last6=Gaspar |first6=Rogerio |last7=Gruber |first7=Marion F. |last8=Hacker |first8=Adam |last9=Henao-Restrepo |first9=Ana Maria |last10=Plotkin |first10=Stanley |last11=Rees |first11=Helen V. |last12=Smith |first12=Dean K. |last13=Swaminathan |first13=Soumya |title=Making more COVID-19 vaccines available to address global needs: Considerations and a framework for their evaluation |journal=Vaccine |date=September 2022 |volume=40 |issue=40 |pages=5749–5751 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.028 |pmid=35941036 |pmc=9343170 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362260265|doi-access=free }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Papiya|date=26 October 2019|title=WHO's first chief scientist talks about her journey, interest in TB and her father MS Swaminathan|url=https://scroll.in/article/941359/whos-first-chief-scientist-talks-about-her-journey-interest-in-tb-and-her-father-ms-swaminathan|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Scroll.in}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Soumya Swaminathan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190418043128/https://www.who.int/dg/who-headquarters-leadership-team Soumya Swaminathan] at [[World Health Organization]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swaminathan, Soumya}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:COVID-19 researchers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS researchers]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Medical Research]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in England]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian paediatricians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Keck School of Medicine of USC alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Women pediatricians]]
[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]

Shyam Prakash

2026-04-29T19:56:02Z

MargretGerken: starting first info v1

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shyam Prakash
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|01|17}}
| birth_place = [[Hardoi]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Gopamau Assembly constituency|Gopamau]]
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater = [[Gandhi Faiz-E-Aam College]]
}}
'''Shyam Prakash''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Gopamau Assembly constituency]] of [[Hardoi district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18157/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="prs">{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/shyam-prakash |title=Shyam Prakash |access-date=21 June 2024 |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref><ref name="ourneta">{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/shyam-prakash/ |title=Shyam Prakash, BJP MLA from Gopamau |website=ourneta.com |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref name="prs"/><ref name="ourneta"/>

==Early life==

Shyam Prakash was born on 17 January 1961 in [[Hardoi]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] family of Jhamman Lal.<ref name="upla"/><ref name="ourneta"/> He married Shashi Verma,<ref name="ourneta"/> and they had three children.<ref name="upla"/>

==Education==

Shyam Prakash completed his graduation at [[Gandhi Faiz-E-Aam College]], [[Shahjahanpur]], in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=2150 |title=hyam Prakash(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GOPAMAU (SC)(HARDOI) |website=myneta.info |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Ref
|-
| 01 || 1997 || 2002 || Member, [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="upla"/>
|-
| 02 || 2002 || 2007 || Member, [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="upla"/>
|-
| 02 || 2012 || 2017 || Member, [[16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="upla"/>
|-
| 02 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="upla"/>
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Gopamau Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Shyam}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Hardoi]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Alexander Porteous

2026-04-25T02:38:14Z

MargretGerken: done.

{{Short description|British colonial officer (1855-1932)}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Alexander Porteous
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|CIE}}
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[List of superintendents of Mizoram|Political officer of the North Lushai Hills]]
| status = 
| term_start = 1894
| term_end = 1897
| subterm =
| suboffice =
| alongside =
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| successor = [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]]
| predecessor = A.W. Davis
| pronunciation =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1855|7|1}}
| birth_place = [[Kincardineshire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1932|10|14|1855|7|1}}
| death_place = [[London]]
| parents = Alexander Porteous of Lauriston (Father) Helen Porteus (Mother, b. Scott)
| children =
| relatives =
| education = [[Harrow School]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = Colonial officer
| known_for = Superintendent of the Lushai Hills
}}
'''Alexander Porteous''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (1 July 1855 - 14 October 1932) was a [[British Colonial Office|British colonial officer]] and administrator. Porteous spent his career administrating different districts of British Northeast India, such as Assam, Manipur, Sylhet, the [[Naga Hills]] and the Lushai Hills.

==Early life and education==
Alexander Porteous was born on 1 July 1855 to his father of the same name, Alexander Porteous and Helen Porteous. He was the third oldest of six children. His brothers were David Scott, John James, Hercules Scott and William Walter. He had one sister, Mary Drummond.{{sfn|MyHeritage}} He was educated at the [[Harrow School]].{{sfn|The Times|1932}}

==Career==
Porteous entered the Bengal Civil Service in 1878.{{sfn|The Times|1932}} He served in Assam until being appointed Deputy Commissioner of the Naga Hills from 1887 to 1890. He was assigned Political agent of Manipur between 1892 and 1894. He served as political officer of the North Lushai Hills from 1894 to 1897.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Porteous presided over the final stages of the [[Lushai Rising]] with a punitive expedition at Chief Kairuma. Kairuma had refused to supply coolie labour and fines for refusing. The British columns occupied Kairuma's settlement without any resistance. They finally decided to burn it down and seize his livestock. After following it through, Kairuma surrendered and paid his fines.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=64}} Porteous commented in the annual report that the Lushai chiefs were finally reconciled to the Government of the British Raj and Assam. Kairuma and another rebellious chief [[Lalbura]] both met with Porteous and cooperated without resistance.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=26}}

Following the Lushai Hills, Porteous was reassigned to Manipur between 1897 and 1898. He was later Deputy Commissioner of Sylhet from 1899 to 1900. Until 1902, he was a judge and commissioner in the Assam Valley districts.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Later life==
Proteous retired in 1904. He had received the [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1902.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} He moved to London, where he died on 14 October 1932.{{sfn|The Times|1932}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant)|date=1942 |title=The Lushai Hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883-1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM}}
*{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|The Times|1932}} |date=17 October 1932 |title=Mr. Alexander Porteous |work=The Times |location=London |publisher=Times Newspaper Limited|issue=46266}}
*{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|MyHeritage}} |title=Alexander Porteous |url=https://records.myheritagelibraryedition.com/research/record-40001-672925063/alexander-porteous-in-familysearch-family-tree |website=MyHeritage|access-date=2 July 2025}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Porteous, Alexander}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers of punitive expeditions in the Lushai Hills]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]

J. James (politician)

2026-04-23T07:04:02Z

MargretGerken: adding basic info nd citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. James
| image = Veteran Indian politician MLA, Adv. J. James.jpg
| birth_place = [[Palliyadi]], [[Southern Division (Travancore)|South Travancore]] ([[Travancore|Travancore Kingdom]]), Present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| relations =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras State Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Thiruvattar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvattar constituency]]
| term = 1967 - 1971 1971 - 1976 1977 - 1982
| constituency1 = [[Thiruvattar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvattar constituency]]
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_end1 = 1972
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''J. James''' was a veteran Indian politician and a three time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] hailing from [[Palliyadi]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate from [[Thiruvattar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvattar constituency]] in [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967 election]] and as an [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]] candidate in [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971 election]] and as a [[Janata Party]] candidate [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977 election]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title=1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf |title=1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf |title=1977 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000841/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Other activities==

After retiring from active politics, he served as the Correspondent of the prestigious [[Nesamony Memorial Christian College]]<ref>[https://www.nmcc.ac.in/ManagementFormer.aspx?Type=2&msg=Nesamony-Memorial-Christian-College-Former-Correspondent&tilte=Former%20Correspondent%20/%20Secretary "Marthandam College Correspondents"]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:James, J.}}
[[Category:Politicians from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Jagdalpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:43Z

MargretGerken: adding some article more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jagdalpur
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Rekhchand Jain
| constituency_no = 86
| district = [[Bastar district|Bastar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Kiran Singh Deo]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:206226}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image = Jagdalpur Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Jagdalpur''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bastar district|Bastar]] district. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Kiran Singh Deo]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Doomer
|{{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Vidyanath
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo|Pravir Bhanj Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Derhaprasad
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Chaitu Mahra
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|D. Kosha
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Baliram Kashyap Mahadev
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Birendra Pandey
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Bhursuram Nag
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Jhitru Ram Baghel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Dinesh Kashyap| Dinesh Kumar Bali Ram Kashyap]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Jhitru Ram Bahel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|2003
|Subhau Kashyap
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| Santosh Bafna
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| Rekhchand Jain
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="First-time MLA Kiran Singh Deo is the new Chhattisgarh BJP chief">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=21 December 2023 |title=First-time MLA Kiran Singh Deo is the new Chhattisgarh BJP chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/first-time-mla-kiran-singh-deo-is-the-new-chhattisgarh-bjp-chief/article67662566.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223052616/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/first-time-mla-kiran-singh-deo-is-the-new-chhattisgarh-bjp-chief/article67662566.ece |archivedate=23 December 2023 |accessdate=23 December 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| [[Kiran Singh Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jagdalpur<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kiran Singh Deo]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 90,336
|percentage = 55.46
|change = +21.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jateen Jaiswal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 60,502
|percentage = 37.14
|change = -15.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Bhavani
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 2,638
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Navneet Chand
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 1,489
|percentage = 0.91
|change = -1.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,836
|percentage = 1.74
|change = +1.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 29,834
|percentage = 18.32
|change = -0.65
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 162,885
|percentage = 78.98
|change = +0.58
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Jagdalpur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Rekhchand Jain
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 76,556
|percentage = 52.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Santosh Bafna
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 49,116
|percentage = 33.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mangalram Kashyap
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 3,020
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amit Pandey
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 2,801
|percentage = 1.94
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Naseem Qureshi
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,306
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pappuram Nag
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,382
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 936
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 27,440
|percentage = 18.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 143,549
|percentage = 78.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bastar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|19.09|82.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Bastar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

List of Mizo clans

2026-04-18T23:26:27Z

MargretGerken: Starting some data needs work...

{{Short description|none}}
'''Mizo clans''' refers to the clans and subclans of the [[Mizo people]]. The term "Mizo" is a collective name for the people inhabiting the State of [[Mizoram]] in India who have close affinity in dialect, origins and customs.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=4}} The word "Mizo" liberally refers to the hill people living in Mizoram, but certain groups, such as [[Chakma people|Chakmas]], [[Reang people|Reangs]], and Nepalis are not considered Mizo due to their lack of affinity.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=8}}

==Mizo clans==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Mizo Clans{{sfn|Nag|1999|p=150}}{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=9-23}}{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=5-7}}
|-
! Name
! Sub-Clans
! Notes
|-
| Hmar
| Lawitlung, Zote, Ngurte, Khawbung, Biate, Thiak, Pautu, Punte, Darngawn, Lungtan, Leiri, Benzang, Pakhuang, Hrangkhawl, Hmarlushei
|
|-
| Lusei
| Pachuau, Chuaunga, Chuauhang, Chhangte, Chawngte, Hauhnar, Hrahsel, Tochhawng, Vanchhawng, Chhakchhuak. [[Zahmuaka]] dynasties: Zadeng, Thangluaha, Palian, Rivung, Sailo, Rokhum
|-
| Ralte
| Khelte, Siakeng, Lalhchhun, Kawlni
|
|-
| Fanai
| Thaai, Pakhup, Hniarthul, Hniarcheng, Torel, Zarep, Hrangtling, Suakling, Zakham, Chhunchhir, Khintin, Nihliap, Airawm, Ruahngai
|The Fanai chiefs trace their origins to Fanai who lived among the Zahau tribes east of the Tyao River. Fanai had a great grandson [[Rorehlova]] who was adopted by Rohnaa and raised alongside [[Lallula]].{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzwna|1997|p=97}}
|-
| [[Lai people|Lai]]
| Zahau, Hauhih, Hauchhum, Chhunthang, Thanhrang, Khalthang, Bawithang, Bawitlung, Khuangli, Sunthla, Thlantlang, Sailung, Chinzah, Zathang, Panchun, Khninboh, Aineh
|
|-
| Paite
| Thado, Sukte, Thaute, Thiazang, Loasau, Phaileng, Darbung, Dim, Dimlo, Vangteh, Zung, Phunnawm
|
|-
|colspan=3|'''Awzia (Minor clans)'''
|-
| Chawngthu
| Khuntil, Khunsut, Khunthlang, Haukawi, Vanchiau, Maluang, Chingruam, Thangchhung, Saithleng
| Under King Lersia, the Chawngthu are named for celebrating the ''Chawng''. Chawngthu's were typically appointed as ''upas''.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzwna|1997|p=95}}
|-
| Khawlring
| Midang, Leidir, Pialtel, Lungen, Thlaute, Milai, Parte, Rawlchhim, Chhunthang
|The Khawlhring held a big village on Hringfa before being invaded by the Haka in the [[Haka-Lusei war]]. The Khawlhrings migrated into the Lushai Hills and the last Khawlhring chief was Lalmichhinga before settling in Lunglei.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzwna|1997|p=96}}
|-
| Vangchhe (Vangchhia)
| Theiduh, Zapte, Dochhil
| The members of the Vangchhia clan were historically considered wealthy and prudent. Parents strived to associate their children under the tutelage of Vangchhia clan members.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzwna|1997|p=97}}
|-
| Chawhte
| Lianhna, Chhuanhawih, Hawnzawng, Chamte, Halte, Thaumau, Tamva, Chawngdang, Chawngfiang, Chawnghawih
|
|-
| Ngente
| Kawngte, Zuahtite, Duahthlang, Duahchhak, Lailo, Chawnghawih
|The Ngente lived in Chong Honi. In 1780 two chief brothers Lalmanga and Ngaia quarreled leading to Ngaia forming a new village. Ngaia was killed by Lalmanaga and the Ngente were attacked by the Lushei and broken up. They migrated to the Lunglei afterwards.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzwna|1997|p=96}}
|-
| Rawite
| Zahte, Pialtu, Aite, Buite, Hmungte, Chhawrte, Chhehduah
|
|-
| Khiangte
| Kumchhung, Khupchhung, Khupthlang, Mualvum, Khello, Chawngte
|The Khiangtes were driven out of the Chin Hills to the east of the Manipur river. The clan is now significantly smaller and found in northern Mizoram. Lt John Shakespear states this caln was divided into seven families without branches.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzwna|1997|p=96}}
|-
| Paihte
| Dapzar, Rangte, Vaiphei, Khupchawng, Hangzi, Tawnsing, Langel, Tungte, Tangpua, Dosel, Naulak, Tawmding, Sote, Tunglut, Tungdim, Mangsum, Lamzang
|
|-
| Renthlei
| Lianhlun, Zachhing, Thangthawl, Tinkulh, Chhingthlang, Sawhnel, Thundurh, Chhonghek
|This clan lived in a big village known as Minpui, southwest of [[Selesih]]. The Renthleis showed contempt for the Lusei tribe by throwing stones at the pig skulls on posts outside the house. The Luseis posted the skulls indoors while the Renthleis maintained them outdoors.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzwna|1997|p=96}}
|-
| Tlau
| Buallchhuak, Vantawl, Bawlchhim, Thlengngam
|-
| Falam Pawi
| Hlawnmual, Lalvawng, Chhawnchhek, Hlawncheu, Khawruna, Tlaichhun, Huha
|
|-
|}

==Lusei subclans==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Lusei subclans{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=24-26}}
|-
! Name
! Sub-Clans
! Notes
|-
| Pachuau
| {{bulleted list |Lianthung|Chhawnthliak|Liannghawr|Chuaulak|Lalbawma (thlah)|Darche|Cher lal|Varchuau}}
|
|-
|Chhangte
|{{bulleted list|Darchhun|Nghakchi|Pamtê|Lungtê|Vawnkghak|Chawnglûn|Kawl chi|Tumpha}}
|
|-
|Chawngte
|{{bulleted list|Tuichhung|Pamtê|Lungtê|Muchhip chhuak}}
|
|-
|Chuaungo
|{{bulleted list|Vanpuia|Hmunpel|Chumthlûk|Thlehnghel|Darkim|Laller|Zawngpâm|Auhmun}}
|
|-
|Chuauhang
|{{bulleted list|Lathang|Chungpui|Chawn Chirh|Khuanglawi|Chawn Chhawn|Vai chuau}}
|
|-
|Chhakchhuak
|{{bulleted list|Hualngo|Hualhang|Lumkhua}}
|
|-
|Hauhnar
|{{bulleted list|Hauthul|Haubul|Tuithang|Sênlai}}
|
|-
|Hrahsel
|{{bulleted list|Selpui|Sumkhum|Sawntlung|Saza}}
|
|-
|Tochhawng
|{{bulleted list|Topui|Tobul|Chhakawm|Chemhler|Muchhipchhuak}}
|
|-
|Vanchhawng
|{{bulleted list|Vanlung|Chemhler|Sumkhum|Chengrel|Kaithum}}
|
|-
|Zahmuaka dynasties
|{{bulleted list|Sailo|Rivung|Palian|Zadeng|Rokhum|Thangluah|Chenkual|Chawnglul}}
|
|}

==Ralte subclans==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Ralte subclans{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=27}}
|-
! Name
! Sub-Clans
! Notes
|-
| Khelte
| {{bulleted list|Lutmang|Zaucha|Chhinghlu|Vohlu|Hmaimawk|Thatchhing|Vangkeu|Chhiarchuang|Vohang|Zahlei}}
|
|-
|Siakeng
|{{bulleted list|Engkai|Chawngtual|Haizang|Chhakawm|Hilu|Hilthang|Thangbur|Lehvung|Khumchiang|Hnawlsut}}
|
|-
|Lelchhun
|{{bulleted list|Chhunthang|Tunglei|Chhiarkim|Leihang|Vawngsual|Chuanglawk|Thangbung}}
|
|-
|Kawlni
|{{bulleted list|Rêngsi|Kâwlvawm|Rêngngo|Thangchhuan|Rênghâng|Arte|Chalchung|Lawisût|Bungsût|Helhlah|Chalbâwk|Thasûm|Kawltung|Saphaw|Uikhawl|Khawngharw|Bhal eng}}
|
|}

==Hmar subclans==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Hmar subclans{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=33-36}}
|-
! Name
! Sub-Clans
! Notes
|-
| Lawitlang-Hrangchal
| {{bulleted list|Siala Chhung|Dara Chhung|Laia Chhung|Varte|Tlawmte|Parte|Chhungte|Tungte|Suamte|Tlangte|Chawnchhim|Sialhnam}}
|
|-
|Zote
|{{bulleted list|Chawngvawrtu|Chhuankhuptu|Chawngtualatu|Hrangzote|Pusiate|Saiate|Parate|hlihlera|Darkhawlaia|Buansuang}}
|
|-
|Khawbung
|{{bulleted list|Riangsete|Fente|Pangamte|Pazamte}}
|
|-
|Ngurte
|{{bulleted list|Pachhinga (thlah)|Siadanga (thlah)}}
|
|-
| Thiak
|{{bulleted list|Khawzawl|Tuahlawr|Buhril|Selate|Thluchung|Kangbur|Tamte|Amo|Hekte|Laldau|Hrangte|Kungate|Vankal}}
|
|-
|Lungtan
|{{bulleted list|Sawngate|Infimate|Nungate|Thlawngate|Mihriamate|Intovate|Keivawm|Lunchuang}}
|
|-
|Leiri
|{{bulleted list|Pulamte|Puralte|Pudaite|Neihngaite|Lamvaiphei}}
|
|-
|Banzang
|{{bulleted list|Sinate|Sanate|Famhawite|Chawnghmunte|Lamchangte}}
|
|-
|Pakhuang
|{{bulleted list|BUangpui|Hrangulte|Khuangpui}}
|
|-
|Darngawn
|{{bulleted list|Rualngul|Faiheng}}
|
|-
|Biate
|{{bulleted list|Ngamlei|Nampui|Chungngawl|Zate|Tamte|Thlihran|Dameih
Thianglai|Hmunhring|Khurbi|Puilo|Faihriam}}
|
|-
|Hrangkhaw
|{{bulleted list|Chawrai|Sakechep}}
|
|-
|Hmar-Lushei
|{{bulleted list|}}
|
|-
|Thahdo
|{{bulleted list|Khuangsai (Milui)|Singsuan|Lianthang|Haukip|Kipzen|Changchhan|Tongpam|Dongel (Chawngthu)}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Nag |first1=Chitta Ranjan |title=Mizo Polity and Political Modernisation |date=1998 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}

*{{cite book |last1=Liangkhaia |first1=Reverend |title=Mizo Chanchin (Mizo History) |date=1938 |publisher=L.T.L Publications |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467315/mode/2up |access-date=21 February 2025|language=Mizo}}

*{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L.|title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}

*{{cite book |last1=Lalbiakthanga |title=The Mizos: A Study in Racial Personality |date=1978 |publisher=United Publishers |location=Guahati}}

[[Category:Mizo clans|Mizo clans]]

Jolarpettai–Shoranur line

2026-04-15T07:29:55Z

MargretGerken: adding first stub needs work

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Jolarpettai–Shoranur line
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Coimbatore-Junction-1930-Aerial-View.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Line passing through {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}}, 1930s
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]]
| stations =
| routes =
| open = 1861
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| character =
| depot = [[Erode]] ([[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Electric]], [[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode|Diesel]])
| stock = [[Indian Railways coaching stock]]
| linelength = {{convert|366|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} (Main)
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| electrification = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]] [[Overhead catenary]]
| speed = {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| website =
| map = {{Jolarpettai–Shoranur line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Jolarpettai–Shoranur line''' is a {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] [[railway line]] connecting [[Jolarpet Junction railway station|Jolarpettai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur]] in [[Kerala]]. Incoming from [[Chennai]], the railway line branches from the [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line]] at Jolarpettai and proceeds towards Shoranur before further radiating out.

== History ==
The [[Madras Railway]] was established in 1845 and the construction on the first main line in [[South India]] between [[Royapuram]] in Madras and [[Arcot]] started in 1853, which became operational on 1 July 1856.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr|title=On Forgotten Road|date=31 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812065104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Madras Railway extended its trunk route from Madras to Beypore near [[Kozhikode]] in 1862. The line passed through [[Jolarpettai]] connecting [[Coimbatore]] before passing through the [[Palghat gap]] and proceeded towards [[Shoranur]].<ref name="FT">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Podanur-welcoming-in-the-first-train/article13994001.ece|title=Podanur - welcoming in the first train|date=22 September 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423164743/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Podanur-welcoming-in-the-first-train/article13994001.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|title= IR History–Early days|publisher= IRFCA|access-date= 23 December 2013|archive-date= 7 March 2005|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050307181407/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|url-status= live}}</ref> In 1908, [[Madras Railway]] merged with [[Southern Mahratta Railway]] to form the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianrlys.wordpress.com/tag/royapuram-railway-station/|title=Third oldest railway station in country set to turn 156|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=13 February 2013|archive-date=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708053152/http://indianrlys.wordpress.com/tag/royapuram-railway-station/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-4sgbfdutMC&q=Madras+Railway+merger&pg=PA755|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=2|page=755|year =2005|publisher=Orient Longmans Private Limited|isbn=978-8-1250-2731-7}}</ref> In April 1951, the line became part of the [[Southern Railway zone]] after the [[Indian Railways]] was re-organized into six zonal systems.<ref name="SR">{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=Southern Railways, about us|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=16 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916104302/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Stations and depots ==
There are two [[locomotive]] sheds operated by Southern Railway at [[Erode]]. The [[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode|Diesel Loco Shed]] holds [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] locomotives. The [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Electric Loco Shed]] holds [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locomotives.<ref name="sheds">{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html|title=Sheds and Workshops|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=23 December 2013|archive-date=22 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822000313/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There is a trip shed at Jolarpettai and a [[MEMU]] shed at [[Palakkad]].<ref name="sheds"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/180518/memu-rakes-yet-to-reach-kerala.html|title=Memu rakes yet to reach Kerala|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=18 May 2018|access-date=27 September 2023|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927151953/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/180518/memu-rakes-yet-to-reach-kerala.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore]], [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]], [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]] and [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad]], on the line, are among the major and top booking stations of the Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html|title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html|archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

== Network ==
Jolarpettai–Shoranur line is a {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] [[railway line]] stretching for {{cvt|366|km}} from [[Jolarpet Junction railway station|Jolarpettai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] to [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur]] in [[Kerala]]. The main line is classified as a "Group B" line where trains can operate at speeds upto {{cvt|130|kph}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm|title=Chapter II : The Maintenance of Permanent Way|access-date=23 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030524/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |archive-date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref> The line connects with several other main and branch lines:<ref>{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1444728316895-A4SMap-2015.pdf|title=Southern Railway Route Map|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812121221/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1444728316895-A4SMap-2015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700"| Line
!! style="background-color:#FFD700"| Start
!! style="background-color:#FFD700"| End
!! style="background-color:#FFD700"| Type
!! style="background-color:#FFD700"| Gauge
!! style="background-color:#FFD700"| Electrified
!! style="background-color:#FFD700"| No. of Lines
!! style="background-color:#FFD700"| Length
!! style="background-color:#FFD700"| Connection with Line
!! style="background-color:#FFD700"| Operator
!! style="background-color:#FFD700"| Established
|-
| [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|Chennai Central-Bangalore City]]
| [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]
| [[Bangalore City railway station|Bangalore City]]
| rowspan="3"| Main
| rowspan="13"|[[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]
| rowspan="6"|Yes
| rowspan="4"|2
| {{convert|213|km|abbr=on}}
| [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Southern Railway Zone|SR]]
| 1864<ref>{{cite news|last=Shekhar|first=Divya|date=3 August 2017|title=Date with History: In 1864, first train chugged from Cantonment to Jolarpettai|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-in-1864-first-train-chugged-from-cantonment-to-jolarpettai/articleshow/59900418.cms|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113000340/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-in-1864-first-train-chugged-from-cantonment-to-jolarpettai/articleshow/59900418.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shoranur–Mangalore section|Shoranur-Mangalore]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur]]
| [[Mangalore Junction railway station|Mangalore]]
| {{convert|315|km|abbr=on}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur]]
|
|-
| [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section|Shoranur-Ernakulam]]
| [[Cochin Harbour Terminus|Cochin Harbour]]
| {{convert|107|km|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]]-[[Mettur Dam railway station|Mettur Dam]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]]
| [[Mettur Dam railway station|Mettur Dam]]
| rowspan="10"| Branch
| {{convert|38.9|km|abbr=on}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]]
| 1929
|-
| [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]]-[[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul]]
| [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul]]
| rowspan="9"| 1
| {{convert|159|km|abbr=on}}
| 2013<ref>{{cite news|date=26 May 2013|title=New passenger train chugs into grand reception at Karur junction|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-passenger-train-chugs-into-grand-reception-at-karur-junction/article4752719.ece|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719231244/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-passenger-train-chugs-into-grand-reception-at-karur-junction/article4752719.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]]-[[Virudhachalam Junction railway station|Virudhachalam]]
| [[Virudhachalam Junction railway station|Virudhachalam]]
| {{convert|139|km|abbr=on}}
| 1931
|-
| [[Omalur Junction railway station|Omalur]]-[[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yesvantpur]]
| [[Omalur Junction railway station|Omalur]]
| [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yesvantpur]]
| No
| {{convert|194|km|abbr=on}}
| [[Omalur Junction railway station|Omalur]]
| [[South Western Railway Zone|SWR]]
| 1969<ref>{{cite web|title=The Kolar District Railway - Ian Manning on the Indian Railways: 1965-1969|url=https://www.irfca.org/members/trips/manning/salem.html|access-date=1 May 2023|publisher=IRFCA|archive-date=2 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202131256/https://www.irfca.org/members/trips/manning/salem.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]]-[[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]]
| [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]]
| [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]]
| rowspan="6"|Yes
| {{convert|141|km|abbr=on}}
| [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Southern Railway Zone|SR]]
| 1866
|-
| [[Coimbatore North Junction railway station|Coimbatore North]]-[[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]]
| [[Coimbatore North Junction railway station|Coimbatore North]]
| [[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]]
| {{convert|32.8|km|abbr=on}}
| [[Coimbatore North Junction railway station|Coimbatore North]]
| 1873<ref name="NMR">{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624367745307-1233.pdf|title=Nilgiri Mountain Railway|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528121939/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624367745307-1233.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur]]-[[Irugur Junction railway station|Irugur]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur]]
| [[Irugur Junction railway station|Irugur]]
| {{convert|10.9|km|abbr=on}}
| rowspan="2"|[[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur]]
| 1873<ref name="NMR"/>
|-
| [[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur]]-[[Pollachi Junction railway station|Pollachi]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Pollachi Junction railway station|Pollachi]]
| {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Palakkad–Pollachi line]]
| [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad]]
| {{convert|57.8|km|abbr=on}}
| [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad]]
| 1932
|-
| [[Nilambur–Shoranur line|Shoranur -Nilambur line]]
| [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur]]
| [[Nilambur Road railway station|Nilambur Road]]
| {{convert|65.8|km|abbr=on}}
| [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur]]
|}

The mainline operates on [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]] [[overhead catenary]] and was electrified in stages, starting with the Jolarpettai–Morappur sector in 1989–90. Electrification was completed from Morappur to {{rws|Salem Junction}} in 1990–91 and was extended to {{rws|Erode Junction}} in 1991–92, {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} in 1995–96, and Shoranur in 1996–97. The branch lines were electrified in different stages starting from the Magnesite–Mettur Dam sector in 1990–91 to the [[Coimbatore–Mettupalayam branch line]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title=History of Electrification|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=23 December 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225702/http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/transportation/railways/coimbatore-mettupalayam-electric-train-service-commences/articleshow/47924462.cms|title=Coimbatore–Mettupalayam electric train service commences|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118110049/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/transportation/railways/coimbatore-mettupalayam-electric-train-service-commences/articleshow/47924462.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jolarpettai-Shoranur line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chennai railway division|*]]
[[Category:Bangalore railway division|*]]
[[Category:Salem railway division|*]]
[[Category:Palakkad railway division|*]]
[[Category:Jolarpet]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1861]]

Abhijit Chowdhury

2026-04-11T19:02:35Z

MargretGerken: done

{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Lead too long|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhijit Chowdhury
| alma_mater = Indian Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Shibpur
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film Director]]|[[Script Writer]]|Fulbright Scholar}}
}}

'''Abhijit Chowdhury''' is a [[Kolkata|Kolkata, India]]-based writer and director, recognized for his contributions to Bengali cinema and web series. His notable works include The ''Strange Life of Dhrubo'',<ref>{{cite web|title=The Strange Life of Dhrubo|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/20937/independent_film_dhruvar_aschorjo_jibon_got_best_film_award_in_nabc_which_directed_by_abhijit_chowdhury_and_starring_rishav_basu_ent_|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203071657/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/20937/independent_film_dhruvar_aschorjo_jibon_got_best_film_award_in_nabc_which_directed_by_abhijit_chowdhury_and_starring_rishav_basu_ent_|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2024|date=2024-08-04|access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref>''Manbhanjan'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Review of Manbhanjan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/manbhanjan-review-hoichoi-6315048/|date=2020-03-15|access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref> ''[[Astey Ladies]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Astey Ladies: A Review|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/astey-ladies-review-new-hoichoi-series-is-a-ton-of-fun-in-first-half-but-frustrating-in-second-6380621.html|date=2019-04-03|access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref> ''Johny Bonny'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Johny Bonny: A Review|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/abhijit-chowdhury-exclusive-director-abhijit-chowdhury-shares-his-views-about-his-new-web-series-johnny-and-bonny-909379|date=2022-08-05|access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref> ''Dwitiyo Ripu'', and ''Eken Babu O Dhaka Rahasya''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eken Babu: A Review|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/entertainment/third-season-eken-babu-graced-bangladeshi-stars|date=2019-12-05|access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref> These have been praised for their storytelling and have garnered both critical and popular acclaim, appealing to a diverse audience.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abhijit Chowdhury: A Filmmaker's Journey|website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1424562/}}</ref> Several of his works have been featured at national and international film festivals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festival Features Abhijit Chowdhury's Work|url=https://creativeloafing.com/event-576159-atlanta-indian-film-festival-feature-film-the-strange-life-of|date=2023-10-19|access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref>

''The Strange Life of Dhrubo (Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon)'' had been officially selected for the "National Competition on Bengali Panorama" at the [[Kolkata International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kiff Official Selection|url=https://kiff.in/archive/2024/official-selection/bengali-panorama/1874|date=2024-11-19|access-date=2024-11-29}} </ref>

Chowdhury won the Best Director Award for ''Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon'' (The Strange Life of Dhrubo) in the "Atlanta Indian Film Festival 2024".<ref>{{cite web|trans-title=The Strange Life of Dhrubo|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/20937/independent_film_dhruvar_aschorjo_jibon_got_best_film_award_in_nabc_which_directed_by_abhijit_chowdhury_and_starring_rishav_basu_ent_|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203071657/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/20937/independent_film_dhruvar_aschorjo_jibon_got_best_film_award_in_nabc_which_directed_by_abhijit_chowdhury_and_starring_rishav_basu_ent_|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2024|language=bn|title=অভিজিৎ চৌধুরীর ছবি 'ধ্রুবর আশ্চর্য জীবন'|date=2024-08-04|access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref>
''Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon '' also got Best Editing (Feature), Best Film (Feature), Best Actor (Feature) in "NABC 2024 Independent Film Festival 2024". The film was also officially selected at "DC South Asian Film Festival 2024".

''Aste Ladies'' is a web series streaming in Hoichoi featuring three ladies in the lead role played by [[Sandipta Sen]], [[Saayoni Ghosh]] and Madhurima Ghosh. Abhijit wrote and directed this web series containing 9 episodes.<ref name="sangbadpratidin.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/hoichoi-app-too-start-new-web-series-astey-ladies/|title=ওয়েব আঙিনায় তিন মহিলার মস্তানি, আসছে 'আস্তে লেডিস'|date=26 March 2019|accessdate= 23 June 2019 |publisher=sangbadpratidin.in}}</ref><ref name="bengali.indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/aste-ladies-hoichoi-web-series-86967/|title=যে রাঁধে সে ডাকাতিও করে, জানান দিচ্ছে 'আস্তে লেডিস'|date=27 March 2019|accessdate= 23 June 2019 |publisher=bengali.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref name="hoyejak.com">{{cite web|url=https://hoyejak.com/entertainment/astey-ladies-on-hoichoi-a-web-series-about-women-on-a-mission/|title=Astey Ladies on hoichoi: A Web Series about Women on a Mission|date=25 March 2019|accessdate=23 June 2019|publisher=hoyejak.com|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127090922/https://hoyejak.com/entertainment/astey-ladies-on-hoichoi-a-web-series-about-women-on-a-mission/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Manbhanjan'' is a web series based on a short story of ''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]''. It was released on ''Hoichoi'' on 14 June 2019. [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] and [[Amrita Chattopadhyay]] played the leading roles. Abhijit earned critical success for his web series ''Aste Ladies'' and ''Manbhanjan''.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/manbhanjan-rabindranath-tagore-anirban-sohini-amrita-hoichoi-101385/|title=সোহিনীর 'মানভঞ্জন'-এ ব্যস্ত অনির্বাণ |date=12 May 2019|accessdate= 23 June 2019 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="www.dhakatribune.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2019/05/09/hoichoi-announces-original-series-manbhanjan-on-rabindra-jayanti|title=Hoichoi announces original series 'Manbhanjan' on Rabindra Jayanti|date=9 May 2019|accessdate= 23 June 2019 |publisher=www.dhakatribune.com}}</ref><ref name="www.thedailystar.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/news/hoichoi-announces-new-web-series-manbhanjan-1741663|title=Hoichoi announces new web series 'Manbhanjan'
|date=11 May 2019|accessdate= 23 June 2019 |publisher=www.thedailystar.net}}</ref><ref name="www.firstpost.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manbhanjan-review-abhijit-chowdhurys-miniseries-does-full-justice-to-rabindranath-tagores-short-story-6850021.html|title=Manbhanjan review: Abhijit Chowdhury's miniseries does full justice to Rabindranath Tagore's short story|date=21 June 2019|accessdate= 23 June 2019 |publisher=www.firstpost.com}}</ref>

Chowdhury created and directed ''Johny Bonny'', a suspense drama series, starring Debasish Mondal, [[Swastika Dutta]], Ankit Majumder, [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]], and others which streaming on [[Klikk]].

==Early life and background==
Abhijit graduated from ''[[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]]''. He left his job as a software engineer to pursue his Film-making career.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
|-
|2015
|Dwitiyo Ripu (Feature)
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|2018
|Mithye (Short)
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|2025
|[[Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon]]
(The Strange Life of Dhrubo) (Feature)
|Yes
|Yes
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
|-
|2019
|''[[Astey Ladies]]''
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|2019
|''Manbhanjan''
|Yes
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Eken Babu (TV series)#Season 3 (2019)|Eken Babu Season 3]]''
|Yes
|
|-
|2019
|''Bhalobasar Shohor - Paramount''
|Yes
|
|-
|2021
|''Turu Love''
|Yes
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Shubharambh]]''
|Yes
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Johny Bonny]]''
|Yes
|Yes
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151001210158/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150913/jsp/t2/story_42259.jsp Telegraphindia News]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Abhijit}}
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]

Norman Marjoribanks

2026-04-11T11:38:45Z

MargretGerken: adding basic data needs work

{{short description|British civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sir Norman Marjoribanks
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]]
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| order1 = Governor of Madras (acting)
| term_start1 = 29 June 1929
| term_end1 = 11 November 1929
| governor_general1 = [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]]
| predecessor1 = [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]]
| successor1 = [[George Frederick Stanley]]
| order2 = Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 = 29 June 1929
| governor2 = [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]]
| premier2 = [[Raja of Panagal]], [[P. Subbarayan]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_name = Norman Edward Marjoribanks
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1872|10|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = British India
| death_date = August 1939 (age 67)
| death_place = [[Ootacamund]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], British India<ref>{{cite news |title=Sir |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000619/19390823/401/0014 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=Birmingham Daily Post |date=23 August 1939 |page=14}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| profession =
| occupation =
}}

'''Sir Norman Edward Marjoribanks''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCIE|CSI}} (16 October 1872 – August 1939) was a British magistrate and civil servant in India who served as the acting [[Governor of Madras]] from 29 June 1929 to 11 November 1929.

Marjoribanks was born in 1872 into a Scottish family and was educated in India and the United Kingdom, where he spent most of his childhood. In 1891, he passed the Indian Civil Service exam and was allocated to the [[Madras Presidency]]. He served as the home member of the Governor's executive council in the 1920s and as the acting Governor of Madras until the arrival of Governor-designate, [[George Frederick Stanley]] from England. Marjoribanks also served in the committee which investigated the problems of Tamil indentured labourers in Sri Lanka.

== Early life ==

Norman Marjoribanks was born in India on 16 October 1872<ref name="toip822">{{cite book|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book, Including Who's who|pages=822|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co.|year=1984}}</ref><ref name="oxforddnb">{{Cite ODNB |title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93241}}</ref><ref name="worldstatesmen">{{cite web|title=Provinces of British India|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Madras|publisher=World Statesmen}}</ref> and received his early education at [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School|Bishop Cotton's School and College]], [[Bangalore]]. He received his higher education from [[Belfast Royal Academy]], [[Royal University of Ireland]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=MRJS891NE|name=Marjoribanks, Norman Edward}}</ref> He passed his [[Indian Civil Service]] examinations in 1891 and was appointed as Assistant Collector and magistrate.

== In the Civil Service ==

Marjoribanks served in Madras as Assistant Collector and Magistrate from 29 October 1893 to July 1901. In March 1900, he was appointed Officiating Under-Secretary of the Revenue Department. He served as a member on the Board of Revue and the Commissioner of Salt and Excise, Madras. He also served as the Home member in the executive council of the Governor of Madras, under [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]]. When Goschen's tenure came to an end, Marjoribanks was appointed acting Governor until the arrival of [[George Frederick Stanley]].

== Commission on the situation of Plantation Tamils of Ceylon ==

Following protests against indentured labour by activists of the [[Indian independence movement]], the [[Government of India]] aPpointed a commission under [[Charles George Todhunter]] to investigate the condition of the [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|plantation Tamils of Ceylon]].<ref name="plantationtamilsp111">[[#Plantation Tamils of Ceylon|Plantation Tamils of Ceylon]], Pg 111</ref> On 22 October 1916, the [[Madras Presidency|Government of Madras]] overruled the decision of the Indian Government and replaced Todhunter with Marjoribanks.<ref name="plantationtamilsp111" /><ref name="plantationtamilsp110">[[#Plantation Tamils of Ceylon|Plantation Tamils of Ceylon]], Pg 110</ref> C. E. Low, the Secretary of the Department of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, complained to Sir George Barnes over the "bad behaviour" of the Madras Government.<ref name="plantationtamilsp111" /> He suspected the abilities of Marjoribanks, saying "he is not quite class enough, socially and from the point of personality, to do us well".<ref name="plantationtamilsp111" /> Barnes then conveyed his strong opposition to the [[India Office]]. However, the Governor of Madras, [[John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland|Lord Pentland]] gave Marjoribanks his full support:

{{blockquote|He is careful, generally well-informed, and will be thoroughly master of his subject. He is eminently of cool temperament and sound judgement: and to a keen and critical intellect and the giver of clear and concise expression he adds the advantage of a long Secretariat experience<ref name="plantationtamilsp112">[[#Plantation Tamils of Ceylon|Plantation Tamils of Ceylon]], Pg 112</ref>}}

The Emigration Bench examined his service record and approved his candidature saying that "his record looks as if he is a pretty good man".<ref name="plantationtamilsp112" /> Eventually, a delegation comprising Marjoribanks and A. K. G. Ahmad Thambi Marakkayar<ref name="plantationtamilsp112" /> left for Ceylon on 19 November 1916 and spent six months gathering information from the planters and the Government of Ceylon.<ref name="plantationtamilsp113">[[#Plantation Tamils of Ceylon|Plantation Tamils of Ceylon]], Pg 113</ref> The team prepared a report which was submitted at a conference held at London in May 1917.<ref name="plantationtamilsp113" /> In the final report, the team pointed out the defects of the existing ''kangani'' system.<ref name="plantationtamilsp113" /> But strangely, the report did not examine indentured labour on the whole.<ref name="plantationtamilsp113" /> As a result, when the report was made public, it was criticized by Indian nationalists.<ref name="plantationtamilsp113" />

== As Acting Governor of Madras ==

Marjoribanks served as the Home member in the Executive Council of Governor George Goschen. When Goschen's term came to an end in July 1929, Marjoribanks was appointed as acting Governor of Madras until the arrival of governor-designate, George Frederick Stanley from England.<ref name="oxforddnb" /><ref name="worldstatesmen" /> Marjoribanks served as Acting Governor of Madras from 29 June 1929 to 11 November 1929.<ref name="oxforddnb" /><ref name="worldstatesmen" />

== Later life ==

On the expiry of his term, Marjoribanks retired to [[Ootacamund]], the summer residence of the Madras government. He died in 1939.

== Honours ==

Marjoribanks was made a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1919 and later promoted to a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire.<ref name="toip822" /> He was made a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] in 1922.<ref name="toip822" />

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite book | title=The India List and India Office List| last=Great Britain India Office| year=1905| publisher=Harrison and Sons| location=London|pages=561|ref=India Office List 1905}}
* {{cite book|title=The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon|first=Patrick|last=Peebles|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2001|ISBN=978-0-7185-0154-9|ref=Plantation Tamils of Ceylon}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | title=Home Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras | before= | after= | years=}}

{{succession box | title=[[Governor of Madras]] (acting) | before=[[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|Lord Goschen]] | after=[[George Frederick Stanley]] | years=29 June 1929 – 11 November 1929}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marjoribanks, Norman}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:British civil servants in British India]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]

Muramba (TV series)

2026-04-07T05:52:56Z

MargretGerken:

{{Short description|2022 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Muramba.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| screenplay = [[Manaswini Lata Ravindra]] Sameer Garud
| story =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| writer =
| director = Sushant Shashikant Pol
| creative_director = Akshay Vaishali Suresh
| producer = Suzana Ghai
| company = Panorama Entertainment Pvt.Ltd.
| executive_producer = Ashwini Ingale
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| cinematography = Abhishek Narendra Gandhi
| editor =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1328 
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer = [[Nilesh Moharir]] Shashank Powar
| composer =
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|02|14|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| narrated =
| related = ''[[Suhani Si Ek Ladki]]''
}}

'''''Muramba''''' ({{Translation|''Marmalade''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi-language]] television drama series which premiered from 14 February 2022 on [[Star Pravah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘मुरांबा’ मालिकेत लवकरच बरसणार प्रेमाचा पाऊस, रमा आणि अक्षयही घेणार मनसोक्त भिजण्याचा आनंद|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/star-pravah-muramba-serial-rama-and-akshay-fall-in-love-rain-nrp-97-3009220/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> It stars [[Shashank Ketkar]], Shivani Mundhekar and Nishani Borule in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=शशांक केतकरचा नवा अंदाज, आंबट- गोड ‘मुरांबा’ लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/shashank-ketkar-new-serial-muramba-coming-soon-on-star-pravah-know-the-details-mrj-95-2769695/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> The show is produced by Panorama Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=शशांक केतकरच्या नव्या मालिकेत झळकणाऱ्या या दोन अभिनेत्री आहेत तरी कोण?, जाणून घ्या यांच्याबद्दल|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/these-two-actresses-who-will-be-appearing-in-shashank-ketkars-new-series-muramba-find-out-about-them-a603/|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref> This show is an official remake of [[Star Plus]] TV series ''[[Suhani Si Ek Ladki]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Pravah’s New Show Muramba To Go On Air From February 14|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/star-pravahs-new-show-muramba-to-go-on-air-from-february-14-4682819.html/|website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
It is the story of two best friends who are willing to go to any length for each other. Their friendship takes a new turn when the two pals fall in love with the same guy.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
*[[Shashank Ketkar]] as Akshay Shashikant Mukadam<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Shashank Ketkar to play the lead role in Muramba|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-shashank-ketkar-to-play-the-lead-role-in-muramba/articleshow/89016712.cms/|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*Shivani Mundhekar as Rama Devsthali / Rama Akshay Mukadam / Rama Karnik
*Aarambhi Ubhale as Aarohi Akshay Mukadam
*Suruchi Adarkar-Rande as Swara

=== Recurring ===
*Nishani Borule as Reva Rajadhyaksha
*Pratima Kulkarni as Parvati Mukadam
*[[Sulekha Talwalkar]] as Seema Shashikant Mukadam
*Janhavi Panshikar as Purna Mukadam
*Shashwati Pimplikar / Kajal Kate as Aarti Abhishek Mukadam
*Ashish Joshi as Abhishek Mukadam
*Vishwas Navare as Ramakant Mukadam
*[[Abhijeet Chavan]] as Shashikant Mukadam
*Swara Korude as Kaveri Devsthali
*Poornima Ahire as Mangal Maavshi
*Ashutosh Wadekar as Pankaj Kaka
*Pratik Nikam as Babloo
*Rajashree Parulekar as Mayuri Shashikant Mukadam
*Smita Shewale / Meera Sarang as Janhavi Aanand Mukadam
*Shweta Kamat as Manini Rajadhyaksha
*Vipul Salunkhe as Aanand Shashikant Mukadam
*Neha Nimgulkar as Aadya Ramakant Mukadam
*Aarush Bankhele as Parth Aanand Mukadam
*Suvedha Desai as Naina
*Aashay Kulkarni as Atharv
*[[Sharvani Pillai]] as Maai
*Siddharth Khirid as Saai
*Rohan Gujar as Neel
*Sai Ranade as Devika
*Sayee Aaditi Tushar as Tara
*Inesh Kotian as Parth

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27370500}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/1260081755 ''Muramba''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Star Pravah programmes}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Vidya Sagar Pandya

2026-04-02T13:16:22Z

MargretGerken: starting some stub with sources

{{Short description|Indian banker and politician}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}

'''Vidya Sagar Pandya''' was an Indian banker and politician.

== Personal life ==
He was born at Multan in 1876. His father was Pandit Basant Ram, an auditor. His ancestors included Accountants, Dealers and Bankers financing Governments and the aristocracy. He was educated at Hindu College, Vizagapatam, Christian College, Lahore and Government College, Lahore.

== Career ==
He began working at his father's firm 'Basant Ram and Sons'.

In 1903 he joined the Peoples' Bank of India at Karachi as a Manager. In 1905 he became Manager of the Banks Head Office at Lahore. In 1907 he joined the Indian Bank, Madras as Secretary. He was one of the founders of the Southern India Chamber of Commerce, Madras.

In 1930 he became a member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], nominated by Madras Indian Commerce.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Politicians from Lahore]]

[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Bankers from British India]]
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]

Sukumari filmography

2026-03-16T21:57:27Z

MargretGerken: basic correct article per sources also and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Expand list|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Sukumari at kollam.JPG|thumbnail|Sukumari]]
The following is the '''partial filmography''' of [[Sukumari]], an Indian actress who began her career at the age of 10 with a minor role in the Tamil film ''[[Or Iravu]]'' in 1951. In a career spanning more than six decades, had acted in more than 2500 feature films in various Indian languages, including [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]], [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[English language|English]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].

She started her dance career in 1946.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Actor Sukumari succumbs to burns|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-sukumari-succumbs-to-burns/article4551759.ece|access-date=23 December 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 March 2013}}</ref> As a singer, she has also performed imany concerts. She is also known for her stage career in her early days and performed thousands of shows with various theatre groups. She was an active presence in movies, TV serials, albums, advertisements, dramas, television shows, stage shows, public programmes, special functions, and cultural events for more than 65 years.

==Malayalam==
=== 1950s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Koodapirappu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1957 || ''[[Thaskaraveeran (1957 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]'' || Janaki ||
|-
|| ''Sakundala'' || ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Naadodikal]]'' || Santha ||
|-
|}

=== 1960s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-

| rowspan=2 | 1961 || ''[[Krishna Kuchela]]'' || Radha ||
|-
|| ''Ummini Thanka'' || Valli ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1962 || ''[[Bhagyajathakam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Snehadeepam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Viyarppinte Vila]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalpadukal]]'' || || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|-
|| ''[[Kannum Karalum]]'' || Mohan's first wife ||
|-
|| ''[[Sreerama Pattabhishekam]]''|| Dancer ||
|-
|| ''[[Vidhi Thanna Vilakku]]'' || Dancer ||
|-
|| ''[[Veluthambi Dalawa (film)|Veluthambi Dalawa]]'' || Janaki ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1963 || ''[[Kadalamma]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chilamboli]]'' || Thara ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1964 || ''[[School Master (1964 film)|School Master]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Pazhassi Raja (1964 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Anna (1964 film)|Anna]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Omanakuttan]]'' || Sreedevi ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalanju Kittiya Thankam]]'' || Amminikutty Amma ||
|-
|| ''[[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]]'' || Unniyarcha ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1965 || ''[[Shakuntala (1965 film)|Shakuntala]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Rajamalli]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Shyamala Chechi]]'' || Sumathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Murappennu]]'' || Mrs.Menon || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|-
|| ''[[Bhoomiyile Malakha]]'' || Sophie ||
|-
|| ''[[Jeevitha Yaathra]]'' || Vasanthy ||
|-
|| ''[[Ammu (1965 film)|Ammu]]'' || Saro ||
|-
|| ''[[Kuppivala]]'' || Pachumma ||
|-
|| ''[[Sarpakadu]]'' || Nagalatha ||
|-
|| ''[[Chettathi]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1966 || ''[[Kanakachilanka]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Kadamattathachan'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (1966 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' || Vazhapilli Janakipilla ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalithozhan]]'' || Mridula ||
|-
|| ''[[Kusruthy Kuttan]]'' || Devaki ||
|-
|| ''[[Tharavattamma]]'' || Velamma ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 1967 || ''[[Kottayam Kolacase]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Madatharuvi (film)|Madatharuvi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[N.G.O]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Postman (1967 film)|Postman]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Khadeeja (film)|Khadeeja]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kunjali Marakkar (film)|Kunjali Marakkar]]'' || || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|-
|| ''[[Chithramela]]'' || || Segment: "Apaswarangal"
|-
|| ''[[Kaanatha Veshangal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Pooja (1967 film)|Pooja]]'' || Kaathamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Udhyogastha]]'' || Janaki Amma ||
|-
|| ''[[Nagarame Nandi]]'' || Mrs. Mudailair ||
|-
|| ''[[Paavappettaval]]'' || Ambujakshy ||
|-
|| ''[[Ashwamedham]]'' || Gerly ||
|-
|| ''[[Collector Malathy]]'' || Madhavikutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Anveshichu Kandethiyilla]]'' || Savithri || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1968 || ''[[Inspector (1968 film)|Inspector]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Dial 2244]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aparadhini]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaliyalla Kalyanam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhagyamudra]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Lakshaprabhu]]'' || Social worker, Ms. Priya ||
|-
|| ''[[Viruthan Shanku]]'' || Paarukuttyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Manaswini]]'' || Rekha ||
|-
|| ''[[Yakshi (film)|Yakshi]]'' || Kalyani ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1969 || ''[[Anaachadanam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Virunnukari]]'' || Kamakshiyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Danger Biscuit]]'' || Muthulaxmi ||
|-
|}

=== 1970s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1970 || ''[[Palunku Pathram]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Nishagandhi (film)|Nishagandhi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Priya (1970 film)|Priya]]'' || Radha ||
|-
|| ''[[Mindapennu]]'' || Pankajakshi ||
|-
|| ''[[Vivahitha]] '' || Mary ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1971 || ''[[Moonnupookkal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Navavadhu]]'' || Samajam Santhanavalli ||
|-
|| ''[[Karinizhal]]'' || Lurdammal ||
|-
|| ''[[Aabhijathyam]]'' || Sreedevi ||
|-
|| ''[[Vithukal]]'' || Sharada ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Theerthayathra]]'' || Sreekumarikkutty ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1973 || ''[[Chenda (film)|Chenda]]'' || Appu's stepmother ||
|-
|| ''[[Padmavyooham (1973 film)|Padmavyooham]]'' || Maaya ||
|-
|| ''[[Thekkan Kattu]]'' || Shyamala Khanna ||
|-
|| ''[[Police Ariyaruthe]]'' || Ruby ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1974 || ''[[Nagaram Sagaram]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Thacholi Marumakan Chandu]]'' || Kunki ||
|-
|| ''[[Sethubandhanam (film)|Sethubandhanam]]'' || Parvathy ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyayi]]'' || Bhanumathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhoogolam Thiriyunnu]]'' || Chandramathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Poonthenaruvi]]'' || Kunju Mariyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Chattakkari (1974 film)|Chattakkari]]'' || Maggie || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''English Ammayi'' [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]]
|-
| rowspan=12 | 1975 || ''[[Madhurappathinezhu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Aaranya Kandam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mattoru Seetha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ullasa Yaathra]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Boy Friend (1975 film)|Boy Friend]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Niramaala]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kottaaram Vilkkaanundu]]'' || Margaret Madamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Abhimaanam]]'' || Leelamani ||
|-
|| ''[[Makkal]]'' || Akhilandamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Chumaduthangi]]'' || Parvathy ||
|-
|| ''[[Raagam]]'' || Gomathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Swami Ayyappan (1975 film)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' || Lakshmi || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]] Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Swami Ayyappa''
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1976 || ''[[Aruthu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kuttavum Shikshayum (1976 film)|Kuttavum Shikshayum]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Neela Sari]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Njavalppazhangal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Agni Pushpam]]'' || Pushpa Menon ||
|-
|| ''[[Ajayanum Vijayanum]]'' || Devaki Thampuratti ||
|-
|| ''[[Vazhivilakku]]'' || Mrs. W. K. Nair ||
|-
|| ''[[Ammini Ammaavan]]'' || Kunjamma ||
|-
||''[[Appooppan]]'' || Bharathiyamma || Also known as ''Charithram Aavarthikkunnilla''
|-
|| ''[[Aayiram Janmangal]]'' || Leela ||
|-
|| ''[[Amrithavaahini]]'' || Sumathi ||
|-
| rowspan=27 | 1977 || ''[[Sankhupushpam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Chakravarthini'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Madhura Swapnam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aadhya Paadam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Tholkan Enikku Manassilla]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sangamam (1977 film)|Sangamam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Amme Anupame]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sneham (1977 film)|Sneham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Veedu Oru Swargam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aparaajitha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aaraadhana]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaduvaye Pidicha Kiduva]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Mini Mol'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhaaryaavijayam]]'' || Ammayiyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Ammaayi Amma]]'' || Bhanumathiyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Anthardaaham]]'' || Sumathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Hridayame Sakshi]]'' || Shyamala Devi ||
|-
|| ''[[Sreedevi (film)|Sreedevi]]'' || Karthyayani Amma ||
|-
|| ''[[Santha Oru Devatha]]'' || Rosy's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Nirakudam]]'' || Bhargavi ||
|-
|| ''Sujatha'' || Sugumari ||
|-
|| ''[[Guruvayur Kesavan (film)|Guruvayur Kesavan]]'' || Thampuratti ||
|-
|| ''[[Aanandham Paramaanandham]]'' || Babu's & Shekharankutty's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Rathimanmadhan]]'' || Gomathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Abhinivesham]]'' || Lady Doctor ||
|-
|| ''[[Kannappanunni]]'' || Ummini ||
|-
|| ''[[Achaaram Ammini Osharam Omana]]'' || Pathmavathi ||
|-
| rowspan=22 | 1978 || ''[[Raghuvamsham (film)|Raghuvamsham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Gaandharvam]]'' || || Also known as ''Kanakam''
|-
|| ''[[Avakaasham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vishwaroopam (1978 film)|Vishwaroopam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Rajan Paranja Katha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Rappadikalude Gatha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Uthrada Rathri]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Pichipoo]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Hemantharaathri]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Nakshathrangale Kaaval (film)|Nakshathrangale Kaaval]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Soothrakkaari]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Randu Penkuttikal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aval Kanda Lokam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Maattoly]]'' ||Kochammini||
|-
|| ''[[Snehathinte Mukhangal]]'' || Sarasa ||
|-
|| ''[[Balapareekshanam]]'' || Parvathy Amma ||
|-
|| ''[[Asthamayam]]'' || Alamelu ||
|-
|| ''[[Kanyaka (film)|Kanyaka]]'' || Madhaviyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Ganam Marakkumo]]'' || Mariyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Kadathanaattu Maakkam]]'' || Poorani ||
|-
|| ''[[Vadakakku Oru Hridayam]]'' || Paramu Pillai's wife || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Man Ka Aangan''
|-
|| ''[[Aarum Anyaralla]]'' || Achamma ||
|-
| rowspan=32 | 1979 || ''Paapathinu Maranamilla'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ival Oru Naadody]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Ward No.7'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaumarapraayam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Veerabhadran]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Pratheeksha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaalam Kaathu Ninnilla]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chuvanna Chirakukal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Anubhavangale Nanni]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vadaka Veedu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Surya Daham]]'' || || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story]]
|-
|| ''[[Pichathy Kuttappan]]'' || Saraswathy ||
|-
|| ''[[Sikharangal]]'' || Mrs. Fernandez ||
|-
|| ''[[Thuramukham]]'' || Kochuthresia ||
|-
|| ''[[Mochanam]]'' || Saraswathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Manasa Vacha Karmana]]'' || Suku's mother ||
|-
|| ''Simhaasanam'' || Padmanabhan Kurup's wife ||
|-
|| ''Avalude Prathikaram'' || Kochamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Sarpam]]'' || Saheera's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Ajnaatha Theerangal]]'' || Kalyani P Nair ||
|-
|| ''[[Raathrikal Ninakku Vendi]]'' || Cheerukutti ||
|-
|| ''[[Itha Oru Theeram]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
|| ''Kannukal'' || Vishalam ||
|-
|| ''[[Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum]]'' || Ayishaumma || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''[[Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1979 film)|Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp]]'' and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Alavuthinum Arputha Deepam''
|-
|| ''[[Peruvazhiyambalam]]'' || Paramu Pillai's wife || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story]]
|-
|| ''[[Anupallavi (film)|Anupallavi]]'' || Soman's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Maamaankam]]'' || Cherukutti ||
|-
|| ''[[Venalil Oru Mazha]]'' || Panki ||
|-
|| ''[[Rakthamillatha Manushyan]]'' || Kamala Ambal ||
|-
|| ''Ezhunirangal'' || Sharada's mother, Teacher || [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]] for various films
|-
|| ''Sandhyaragam'' || Annamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Jeevitham Oru Gaanam]]'' || Annamma ||
|-
|}

=== 1980s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=27 | 1980 || ''[[Seetha (1980 film)|Seetha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Puzha (film)|Puzha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Theeram Thedunnavar]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Hridhayam Paadunnu]]'' || Raju's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Pavizha Mutthu]]'' || Naani ||
|-
|| ''[[Kochu Kochu Thettukal]]'' || Saramma Chedathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Dooram Arike]]'' || Alamelu ||
|-
|| ''[[Eden Thottam]]'' || Usha's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Angadi (film)|Angadi]]'' || Karunakaran's wife || Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year
|-
|| ''[[Thaliritta Kinakkal]]'' || Meher's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Shalini Ente Koottukari]]'' || Shantha ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaavalmaadam]]'' ||Pathumma ||
|-
|| ''[[Naayattu]]'' || Sumathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Ammayum Makalum]]'' || Madhavi ||
|-
|| ''[[Akalangalil Abhayam]]'' || Julie ||
|-
|| ''[[Chandra Bimbam]]'' || Rathi's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Swantham Enna Padam]]'' || Nadanam Sathyabhama ||
|-
|| ''[[Deepam (film)|Deepam]]'' || Varma's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Ivar (1980 film)|Ivar]]'' || Mary ||
|-
|| ''[[Pappu (film)|Pappu]]'' || Pappu's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Aagamanam]]'' || Subhadra Menon ||
|-
|| ''[[Dwik Vijayam]]'' || College Principal ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhaktha Hanuman]]'' || Anjana Devi || Dubbed into Tamil as ''Raam Baktha Hanumaan''
|-
|| ''[[Adhikaram]]'' || Bhargavi Amma ||
|-
|| ''[[Ambalavilakku]]'' || Srimathi Rama Varma ||
|-
|| ''[[Idi Muzhakkam]]'' || Gouri ||
|-
|| ''[[Vaiki Vanna Vasantham]]'' || Maggie ||
|-
| rowspan=30 | 1981 || ''[[Greeshma Jwala]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Sathi Teacherum Ratheesh Babuvum'' || ||
|-
|| ''Vallarpadathamma'' || ||
|-
|| ''Jalarekha'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Enne Snehikkoo Enne Maathram]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Veshangal'' || ||
|-
|| ''Samskaram'' || ||
|-
|| ''Pinneyum Pookkunna Kaadu'' || ||
|-
|| ''Kattupothu'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Hamsageetham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Dwandha Yudham]]'' || Rema ||
|-
|| ''[[Garjanai (1981 film)|Garjanam]]'' || Dr. Vijay's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Swarangal Swapnagal]]'' || Teacher ||
|-
|| ''[[Thadavara]]'' || Sarojini ||
|-
|| ''[[Venal (film)|Venal]]'' || Saraswathy ||
|-
|| ''[[Vayal]]'' || Savithri ||
|-
|| ''[[Asthamikkatha Pakalukal]]'' || Bhavani ||
|-
|| ''[[Thenum Vayambum]]'' || Varma's mother ||
|-
|| ''Parvathi'' || Lakshmi Bai ||
|-
|| ''[[Orikkal Koodi]]'' || Mrs. Thampi ||
|-
|| ''[[Parankimala (1981 film)|Parankimala]]'' || Appu's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Aambal Poovu]]'' || Bhavani ||
|-
|| ''[[Swarnappakshikal]]'' || Dakshayaniyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Kolilakkam]]'' || Kumar's foster mother || Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year
|-
|| ''[[Thaaravu]]'' || Kaalipennu ||
|-
|| ''[[Arayannam]]'' || Nalini's mother||
|-
|| ''[[Poocha Sanyasi]]'' || Kanakamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Archana Teacher]]'' || Bhageerathiyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Sanchari]]'' || Kotha/Kadambari ||
|-
|| ''[[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]]'' || Bharathan's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=33 | 1982 || ''[[Kayam (1982 film)|Kayam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Marupacha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mukhangal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Ezhara Ponnana'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Anthiveyilile Ponnu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Niram Marunna Nimishangal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Odukkam Thudakkam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kilinjalgal|Ruby My Darling]]'' || Ruby's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Velicham Vitharunna Penkutty]]'' || Parvathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Pooviriyum Pulari]]'' || Madhavi ||
|-
|| ''[[Enthino Pookunna Pookkal]]'' || Puthenpurakkal Saraswathi Amma ||
|-
|| ''[[Ponnum Poovum]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
|| ''[[Kazhumaram]]'' || Bharathi Amma, Gomathi Amma || Double role
|-
|| ''[[Kilukilukkam]]'' || Anjali's mother ||
|-
|| ''Snehapoorvam Meera'' || Bhagi ||
|-
|| ''[[Padayottam (1982 film)|Padayottam]]'' || Chiruthevi Thampuratti || Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year India's first indigenously produced 70 mm film
|-
|| ''[[Ithu Njangalude Katha]]'' || Naniyamma ||
|-
|| ''Ithiri Neram Othiri Karyam'' || Madhavi ||
|-
|| ''[[Chiriyo Chiri]]'' || Herself ||
|-
|| ''[[Chillu]]'' || Manu's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Vilippadakale]]'' || Swarna Ammaal ||
|-
|| ''[[Aayudham (1982 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Saraswathi ||
|-
|| ''Njan Onnu Parayatte'' || Ammini ||
|-
|| ''[[Chambalkadu]]'' || Beeran's mother ||
|-
|| ''Amrutha Geetham'' || Suresh's Mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Njaan Ekanaanu]]'' || Vasanthy ||
|-
|| ''[[Aranjaanam]]'' || Puppy ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaaliya Mardhanam]]'' || Johny's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Anuraagakkodathi]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaattile Paattu]]'' || Janaki ||
|-
|| ''[[Ethiralikal]]'' || Karthyayani ||
|-
|| ''[[Irattimadhuram]]'' || Kalyaniyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Innalenkil Nale]]'' || Amalu || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Taxi Driver''
|-
| rowspan=38 | 1983 || ''[[Enne Njan Thedunnu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaikeyi (film)|Kaikeyi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Arunayude Prabhatham'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ponnethooval]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Asuran'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Yudham]]'' || Bhageerathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Vazhi Mathram]]'' || Geetha's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Theeram Thedunna Thira]]'' || Jayalakshmi's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Aashrayam]]'' || Chanthutty's mother ||
|-
|| ''Mouna Raagam'' || Mandakini Aunty ||
|-
|| ''[[Parasparam]]'' || Geetha's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Aadyathe Anuraagam]]'' || Syamala's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Ashtapadi (film)|Ashtapadi]]'' || Unnikrishnan's mother ||
|-
|| ''Aana'' || Rasiya Beevi ||
|-
|| ''[[Varanmaare Aavashyamundu]]'' || Kalyani ||
|-
|| ''Bandham'' || Kousalya ||
|-
|| ''[[Engane Nee Marakkum]]'' || Shambu's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Kuyiline Thedi]]'' || Kousalya ||
|-
|| ''Veena Poovu'' || Savithri ||
|-
|| ''[[Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu]]'' || Jayamohan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Coolie (Malayalam film)|Coolie]]'' || Sethu's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Nanayam]]'' || Sindhu's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Enikku Vishakunnu]]'' || Naani Paruthi ||
|-
|| ''[[Thimingalam]]'' || Bhanu ||
|-
|| ''[[Saagaram Santham]]'' || Maragadham ||
|-
|| ''Prasnam Gurutharam'' || Dr. Mary Mathew ||
|-
|| ''[[Rugma]]'' || Gracy's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Pin Nilavu]]'' || Saraswathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Swakaryam]]'' || Chandran's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Onnu Chirikku]]'' || Radha ||
|-
|| ''[[Kinaram]]'' || Mary ||
|-
|| ''[[Koodevide]]'' || Susan || [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]]
|-
|| ''[[Karyam Nissaram]]'' || Annie || [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]]
|-
|| ''[[Guru Dakshina (1983 film)|Guru Dakshina]]'' || Parvathy || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Guru Dakshana''
|-
|| ''[[Ente Katha (film)|Ente Katha]]'' || Gowriyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Aattakalasam]]'' || Mandakini ||
|-
|| ''[[Asthram (1983 film)|Asthram]]'' || Sharada ||
|-
|| ''[[Aa Rathri]]'' || Sundereshan's mother || First Malayalam movie to collect 1 crore
|-
| rowspan=54 | 1984 || ''Theere Pratheekshikkathe'' || ||
|-
|| ''Mynaakam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Uyarangalil]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ivide Thudangunnu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chakkarayumma]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Attahaasam'' || || Also known as ''Thaarunayam''
|-
|| ''Anthassu'' || ||
|-
|| ''Ivide Aarambham'' || ||
|-
|| ''Nethavu'' || ||
|-
|| ''Ente Nandinikutty'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ente Kalithozhan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Anithichuvappu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Velicham Illatha Veedhi]]'' || Mrs. Menon ||
|-
|| ''[[Unni Vanna Divasam]]'' || Saradha || Dubbed in Tamil as ''Love Birds''
|-
|| ''[[Aduthaduthu]]'' || Gaurikutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Vepraalam]]'' || Sumathi ||
|-
|| ''Thacholi Thankappan'' || Ayishu ||
|-
|| ''[[Thirakal]]'' || James's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Alakadalinakkare]]'' || Daisy's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Paavam Poornima]]'' || Soumini ||
|-
|| ''[[Vikatakavi]]'' || Nabeesa's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Thathamme Poocha Poocha]]'' || Sumathy ||
|-
|| ''[[Swanthamevide Bandhamevide]]'' || Indulekha's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]'' || Revathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Parannu Parannu Parannu]]'' || Elizabeth ||
|-
|| ''[[Swarna Gopuram]]'' || Johny's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Sandarbham]]'' || Indu's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Onnanu Nammal]]'' || Dr. Rachel ||
|-
|| ''Muthodumuthu'' || Bhavani ||
|-
|| ''[[Vellam (1985 film)|Vellam]]'' || Kunju Lakshmi ||
|-
|| ''[[Koottinilamkili]]'' || Sarada ||
|-
|| ''[[Kanamarayathu]]'' || Roy's mother || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Manushulu Marali'' [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]
|-
|| ''[[Kaliyil Alpam Karyam]]'' || Vinayan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Ivide Ingane]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Itha Innu Muthal]]'' || Shankar's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Ethirppukal]]'' || Geetha's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Athirathram (film)|Athirathram]]'' || Kathamma || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Jaanbaaz Policewala''
|-
|| ''[[Ariyaatha Veethikal]]'' || Kalyanikutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Arante Mulla Kochu Mulla]]'' || Omanakuttan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Swantham Sarika (film)|Swantham Sarika]]'' || Krishnan Nair's wife ||
|-
|| ''[[Appunni]]'' || Malu ||
|-
|| ''[[Adiyozhukkukal]]'' || Radha ||
|-
|| ''Aarorumariyathe'' || Subhadra ||
|-
|| ''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]]'' || Cheeru || [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]]
|-
|| ''[[April 18 (film)|April 18]]'' || Judge ||
|-
|| ''[[Panchavadi Palam]]'' || Rahel ||
|-
|| ''[[Sreekrishna Parunthu]]'' || Kochamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Odaruthammava Aalariyam]]'' || Major Nair's wife ||
|-
|| ''Karimbu'' || Mereena's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]'' || Sreekumar's mother || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]]
|-
|| ''[[Vanitha Police]]'' || Sarasamma ||
|-
|| ''Kudumbam Oru Swargam Bharya Oru Devatha'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
|| ''[[Kodathi]]'' || Saraswathiyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[NH 47 (film)|NH 47]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=45 | 1985 || ''[[Akalathe Ambili]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Oduvil Kittiya Vartha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Thammil Kandappol'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Sabdam Innathe Sabdam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Shaantham Bheekaram]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Paara (film)|Paara]]'' || || Paired with [[Bheeman Raghu]]
|-
|| ''[[Scene No. 7]]'' || Thathri Antharjanam || Dubbed into Telugu as ''Bhayankara Ratri''
|-
|| ''[[Kaiyum Thlayum Purathidaruthe]]'' || Narayani ||
|-
|| ''[[Menicheppu Thurannappol]]'' || Grandmother ||
|-
|| ''Mounanombaram'' || Bhargaviyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Vilichu Vilikettu]]'' || Vijayan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Guruji Oru Vakku]]'' || Betty's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Ente Kaanakkuyil]]'' || Subhadra Thankachi ||
|-
|| ''[[Pachavelicham]]'' || Nandhinikutty's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Punnaram Cholli Cholli]]'' || Sundari ||
|-
|| ''[[Koodum Thedi]]'' || Nun ||
|-
|| ''[[Upaharam (1985 film)|Upaharam]]'' || Divakaran's wife ||
|-
|| ''[[Avidathepole Ivideyum]]'' || Sukumaran's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Kudakkeezhil]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Thammil Thammil]]'' || Vivek's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Vellarikka Pattanam]]'' || Nun ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Naal Innoru Naal]]'' || Sukumaran's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Ithu Nalla Thamasha]]'' || Kalyaniyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Principal Olivil]]'' || Vasumathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Archana Aaradhana]]'' || Omana ||
|-
|| ''[[Kandu Kandarinju]]'' || Janaki ||
|-
|| ''[[Idanilangal]]'' || Saramma ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Nokku Kanan]]'' || Vilasini ||
|-
|| ''[[Onningu Vannengil]]'' || Subhadra ||
|-
|| ''[[Anu Bandham]]'' || Malu || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story]]
|-
|| ''[[Eeran Sandhya]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
|| ''[[Vasantha Sena (1985 film)|Vasantha Sena]]'' || Reetha ||
|-
|| ''[[Puli Varunne Puli]]'' || Bhavani ||
|-
|| ''[[Gaayathridevi Ente Amma]]'' || Raju's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Akkare Ninnoru Maran]]'' || Savithri ||
|-
|| ''[[Onnanam Kunnil Oradi Kunnil]]'' || Mrs. Menon ||
|-
|| ''Mukhyamanthri'' || Minister, Kozhivila's wife ||
|-
|| ''[[Mutharamkunnu P.O.]]'' || Bhavani ||
|-
|| ''[[Aram + Aram = Kinnaram]]'' || Karthyani ||
|-
|| ''[[Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
|| ''[[Boeing Boeing (1985 film)|Boeing Boeing]]'' || Dick Ammayi ||
|-
|| ''[[Adhyayam Onnu Muthal]]'' || Karthyayaniyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Makan Ente Makan]]'' || Saraswathy ||
|-
|| ''[[Karimbinpoovinakkare]]'' || Shivan's aunt ||
|-
|| ''[[Rangam (film)|Rangam]]'' || Chandrika's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=49 | 1986 || ''[[Aavanazhi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Yugasandhya]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Nyayavidhi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Nidhiyude Katha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Pratighatana'' || ||
|-
|| ''Rajathanthram'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aval Kaathirunnu Avanum]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Karyam Kananoru Kallachiri'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ennu Nathante Nimmi]]'' || Venkidi's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Love Story (1986 film)|Love Story]]'' || Rukmini ||
|-
|| ''[[Meenamasathile Sooryan]]'' || Abubacker's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Akalangalil]]'' || Sumithraamma ||
|-
|| ''Ithramathram'' || Prameela ||
|-
|| ''[[Koodanayum Kattu]]'' || Maggie Freddy ||
|-
|| ''[[Ashtabandham]]'' || Amina ||
|-
|| ''[[T.P. Balagopalan M.A.]]'' || Anitha's mother || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story]]
|-
|| ''[[Adiverukal]]'' || Balakrishnan's mother || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Jaanwar Aur Insan''
|-
|| ''[[Mizhineerppoovukal]]'' || Mother Superior ||
|-
|| ''[[Yuvajanotsavam]]'' || Leelama ||
|-
|| ''[[Sughamodevi]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam]]'' || Panikkar's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Revathikkoru Pavakkutty]]'' || Devootty ||
|-
|| ''[[Onnu Muthal Poojaym Vare]]'' || Mother Superior || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]]
|-
|| ''[[Hello My Dear Wrong Number]]'' || Forensic officer ||
|-
|| ''[[Ninnishtam Ennishtam]]'' || Kaakkathiyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Doore Doore Oru Koodu Koottam]]'' || Kalyani teacher || [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]]
|-
|| ''[[Thalavattam]]'' || Nurse Rachel ||
|-
|| ''[[Kunjattakilikal]]'' || Kamalamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Ente Entethu Mathrem]]'' || Padmavathi || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Papa Kosam''
|-
|| ''[[Ennennum Kannettante]]'' || Vasumathi || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]]
|-
|| ''[[Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi]]'' || Subhadra Kunjamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Arappatta Kettiya Gramathil]]'' || Devaki || [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]]
|-
|| ''[[Snehamulla Simham]]'' || Kamalamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Adukkan Entheluppam]]'' || Bharathi || Also known as ''Akalanenthuluppam''
|-
|| ''[[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]]'' || Colony Secretary ||
|-
|| ''[[Nandi Veendum Varika]]'' || Madhavi ||
|-
|| ''[[Moonnu Masangalkku Munpu]]'' || Mrs. Menon ||
|-
|| ''[[Aayiram Kannukal]]'' || Anu's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Veendum]]'' || Club lady ||
|-
|| ''[[Poovinnu Puthiya Poonthennal]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Kaikalil]]'' || Sultan's foster mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Malarum Kiliyum]]'' || Thulasi's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Abhayam Thedi]]'' || Ammalukutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Geetham (film)|Geetham]]'' || Swamini/Amma of Saranaalayam ||
|-
|| ''[[Rakkuyilin Ragasadassil]]'' || Kannamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu]]'' || MA Dhawan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Chekeranoru Chilla]]'' || Lathika's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Rareeram]]'' || Soudamini ||
|-
|| ''[[Naale Njangalude Vivaham]]'' || Saraswathiyamma ||
|-
| rowspan=27 | 1987 || ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Iniyethra Dooram'' || ||
|-
|| ''Krishnapaksham'' || ||
|-
|| ''Kaanan Kothichu'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Neeyethra Dhanya]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kottum Kuravayum]]'' || Amina ||
|-
|| ''Sreedharante Onnam Thirumurivu'' || Bhanumathi ||
|-
|| ''Archanppookkal'' || Hari's sister ||
|-
|| ''Jaithra Yaathra'' || Jayan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Amme Bhagavathi]]'' || Ponnamma || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Devi Bhagavathi''
|-
|| ''[[Sarvakalasala]]'' || Leelamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Varshangal Poyathariyathe]]'' || Bhagi ||
|-
|| ''[[Aattakatha (1987 film)|Aattakatha]]'' || Jamma Madam ||
|-
|| ''[[Vrutham]]'' || Savithri || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Viratham''
|-
|| ''Onnaam Maanam Poomaanam'' || Saraswathiyamma || Also known as ''Arinjo Ariyatheyo''
|-
|| ''[[Vilambaram (1987 film)|Vilambaram]]'' || Mary ||
|-
|| ''[[Thoovanathumbikal]]'' || Jayakrishnan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Ayitham]]'' || Puthiyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Jaalakam]]'' || Devu ||
|-
|| ''Ivide Ellavarkkum Sukham'' || Fortune Teller ||
|-
|| ''[[Aalippazhangal]]'' || Savithri ||
|-
|| ''[[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam]]'' || Kunjannamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Irupatham Noottandu]]'' || Janakiyamma || Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year Ran more than 250 days in theaters
|-
|| ''[[Amrutham Gamaya]]'' || Haridas' mother || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]
|-
|| ''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]'' || Janu ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalam Mari Katha Mari]]'' || Alimma ||
|-
|| ''[[Manivatharile Aayiram Sivarathrikal]]'' || Vinayachandran's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=22 | 1988 || ''Ormmayil Ennum'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Witness (1988 film)|Witness]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Onthu Vasu Manthriyayi'' || ||
|-
|| ''Theerathinariyumo Thirayude Vedana'' || ||
|-
|| ''Oru Vivaada Vishayam'' || Ravishankar's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Innaleyude Baakki]]'' || Rajan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[David David Mr. David]]'' || David's mother ||
|-
|| ''Oozham'' || Ravi's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Vellanakalude Nadu]]'' || Pavithran's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Daisy (1988 film)|Daisy]]'' || Aaya || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Daisy''
|-
|| ''[[Kudumbapuranam]]'' || Thrikkunnathu Bhageerathiyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Oohakachavadam]]'' || Nun ||
|-
|| ''[[Dhwani]]'' || Thankamani ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Muthassi Katha]]'' || Akkan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chithram]]'' || Bhaskaran Nambiar's mother || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Khooni Insaan'' Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year Ran more than 366 days in theaters
|-
|| ''[[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]]'' || Devan's mother || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Aarayan Mera Naam''
|-
|| ''[[Orkkapurathu]]'' || Mamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Aranyakam]]'' || Shailaja's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Aparan (film)|Aparan]]'' || Savithri || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]
|-
|| ''[[Vicharana]]'' || Saraswathy ||
|-
|| ''[[Dinarathrangal]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]]'' || Nun ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1989 || ''[[Jagratha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhadrachitta]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Agnipravesham]]'' || Venu's mother ||
|-
|| ''Varnatheru'' || Nun || Also known as ''Radham''
|-
|| ''[[Vadakkunokkiyantram]]'' || Shobha's mother || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]]
|-
|| ''[[Swagatham (1989 film)|Swagatham]]'' || Daisy aunty ||
|-
|| ''[[Ulsavapittennu]]'' || Bhageerathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]'' || Gopalakrishnan's mother || Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year
|-
|| ''[[News (1989 film)|News]]'' || Sulochana ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaalal Pada]]'' || Arun's mother || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Pudhiya Visarana''
|-
|| ''[[Dasharatham]]'' || Maggie || Dubbed into [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as ''Mazaa Mulga'' Dubbed into Hindi as ''Mera Bheta''
|-
|| ''[[Chakkikotha Chankaran]]'' || Subhadra Kunjamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' || Kannappa Chekavar's wife || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]] Ran more than 300 days in theaters [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]] [[National Film Award for Best Production Design]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]]
|-
|| ''[[Utharam]]'' || Molly aunty ||
|-
|| ''[[Adharvam]]'' || Thevalli's wife || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Veedagni''
|-
|| ''[[Vandanam]]'' || Margaret Antony Rosen (Maggie) ||
|-
|| ''[[Njangalude Kochu Doctor]]'' || Thresiakutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Artham]]'' || Janardanan's mother ||
|-
|}

=== 1990s ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role!! Notes
|-
| rowspan=26 | 1990|| ''[[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]]'' || Stella ||
|-
|| ''[[Kuttettan]]'' || Vishnu's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Iyer the Great]]'' ||Soorya's mother || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Bhagawan''
|-
|| ''[[Anantha Vruthantham]]'' || Mercey||
|-
|| ''[[Kalikkalam]]'' || Jamal's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Midhya]]'' || Ammalu ||
|-
|| ''[[Akkare Akkare Akkare]]'' || House owner ||
|-
|| ''[[Arhatha]]'' || Devamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Kannikoodi]]'' || Annamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Gajakesariyogam]]'' || Saroja Nair ||
|-
|| ''[[His Highness Abdullah]]'' || Janaki Varma || Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year
|-
|| ''[[Thoovalsparsham]]'' ||Ananda Padmanabhan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Kuruppinte Kanakku Pustakom]]'' || Subhadra ||
|-
|| ''[[Minda Poochakku Kalyanam]]'' || Sarasamma || Also known as ''Ellaam Angayude Ishtam''
|-
|| ''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]'' || Kunjulakshmi ||
|-
|| ''[[Sasneham]]'' || Meenakshi Ammal ||
|-
|| ''[[Thalayanamanthram]]'' || Sulochana Thankappan || Dubbed into Tamil as ''Thalayana Manthram''
|-
|| ''[[Varthamana Kalam]]'' || Mrs. Menon || Dubbed into Tamil as ''Nigazh Kaalam''
|-
|| ''[[Rajavazhcha]]'' ||Mini's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Aye Auto]]'' ||Meenakshi's grandmother ||
|-
|| ''[[Shubhayathra]]'' ||Hostel warden ||
|-
|| ''Nanma Niranjavan Srinivasan'' || Peter's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Lal Salam (1990 film)|Lal Salam]]'' || Servant of Medayil House || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Nayakudu''
|-
|| ''[[Kadathanadan Ambadi]]'' || Unnichala ||
|-
|| ''[[Maanmizhiyaal]]'' ||Mariyaamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Randam Varavu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=20 | 1991 || ''[[Anaswaram]]'' || D'Cruz's wife || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Ulagesh''
|-
|| ''[[Advaitham]]'' || Saraswathy ||
|-
|| ''[[Kilukkam]]'' || Doctor || Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year Ran more than 300 days in theaters First Malayalam movie to collect 5 crores [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]]
|-
|| ''[[Georgekutty C/O Georgekutty]]'' || Georgekutty's mother||
|-
|| ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || Kalyani ||Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Arasan'', [[Hindi]] as ''Satyaghath - Crime Never Pays'' and Hindi as ''Abhminyu''
|-
|| ''[[Keli (film)|Keli]]'' ||Narayanankutty's grandmother||
|-
|| ''[[Kakka Thollayiram]]'' ||Balakrishnan's mother||
|-
|| ''[[Sundhari Kakka]]'' ||Rosy ||
|-
|| ''[[Thudar Katha]]'' ||Jaanuvamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Vishnulokam]]'' ||Vilasini Achuthan||
|-
|| ''[[Chakravarthy (1991 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' ||Unni's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Ennum Nanmakal]]'' || Radha Devi's mother||
|-
|| ''[[Nettippattam]]'' || Mamma||
|-
|| ''Kadalora Kattu'' ||Vijayan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Ulladakkam]]'' || Mental patient||
|-
|| ''[[Uncle Bun]]'' || Sister 2 (Headmistress)||
|-
|| ''[[Kizhakkunarum Pakshi]]'' ||Nimmy's mother ||
|-
|| ''Khandakavyam'' || -||
|-
|| ''Manmadha Sarangal'' || ||
|-
|| ''Mizhikal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=27 | 1992 || ''[[Welcome to Kodaikanal]]'' || Elizabeth Samuel ||
|-
|| ''[[Adharam]]'' || Naniyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Ellarum Chollanu]]'' || Ramachandran's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Sathyaprathinja]]''|| Achuthan's mother || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Prathignya''
|-
|| ''[[Makkal Mahatmyam]]'' ||Subhadramma||
|-
|| ''Grihaprevesam'' ||Kannan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Kamaladalam]]'' ||Dance teacher ||
|-
|| ''[[First Bell]]'' || Yamuna's mother||
|-
|| ''[[Johnnie Walker (film)|Johnnie Walker]]'' ||Mridula's mother ||
|-
|| ''Kudumbasammetham'' || Rajamma ||[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]
|-
|| ''[[Yodha (1992 film)|Yodha]]'' || Sumathi || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Asokan'', [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Yoddha'', and [[Hindi]] as ''Dharam Yoddha''
|-
|| ''Kaazhchakkppuram'' || Narayani||
|-
|| ''[[Kallan Kappalil Thanne]]'' || Subhamma ||
|-
|| ''[[My Dear Muthachan]]'' || Parthasarathi's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Soorya Gayathri]]'' || Paatti||
|-
|| ''[[Thiruthalvaadi]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
|| ''[[Apaaratha]]'' || Prabha's mother ||
|-
|| ''Mr & Mrs'' || Superintendent ||
|-
|| ''Ponnaramthottathe Raajaavu'' || Saraswathiyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Aardram]]'' || Mother Superior, Catherine ||
|-
|| ''Maarathon'' || -||Also known as ''Aayaraam Gayaaraam''
|-
|| ''Melvilasamillatha Manushyar'' || ||
|-
|| ''Dhanurvedham'' || ||
|-
|| ''Australia'' || ||
|-
|| ''Upathiranjeduppu'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kingini]]'' || ||Also known as ''Kurinji Pookkunna Nerathu''
|-
|| ''Sabarimalayil Thanka Sooryodayam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=26 | 1993 || ''[[Golanthara Vartha]]'' ||Meenakshi Amma ||Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Thalaipu Seithigal''
|-
|| ''[[Aayirappara]]'' || Mariya|| Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Ankuram''
|-
|| ''[[Aagneyam]]'' || Bhageerathi||
|-
|| ''[[Injakkadan Mathai & Sons]]'' ||Paulson's mother||
|-
|| ''[[Maya Mayooram]]'' ||Lakshmikutty||
|-
|| ''Journalist'' ||Viswanathan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[O' Faby]]'' ||Slum lady||India's first live-action/animation hybrid film
|-
|| ''[[Butterflies (1993 film)|Butterflies]]'' ||Sreedevi ||
|-
|| ''[[Sthreedhanam]]'' ||Vidya's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Kabooliwala]]'' || Amminiyamma||
|-
|| ''[[Mithunam (1993 film)|Mithunam]]'' || Swamini Amma||
|-
|| ''[[Addeham Enna Iddeham]]'' ||Margaret ||
|-
|| ''[[Samagamam]]'' ||Joy's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Ghoshayaathra]]'' || Ibichu ||Also known as ''Khalaasi''
|-
|| ''[[Arthana]]'' ||Priya's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Varam (film)|Varam]]'' ||Nileena's aunt ||
|-
|| ''[[Aalavattam (film)|Aalavattam]]'' ||Malu ||
|-
|| ''[[Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni]]'' ||Unni's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[City Police (film)|City Police]]'' ||Sajan Mathew's mother ||Dubbed into Telugu as ''Police Hecharika''
|-
|| ''[[Gandharvam]]'' ||Lady's Club Member ||Dubbed as ''Aranmanai Kadhali''
|-
|| ''Avan Ananthapadmanabhan'' ||Ananthapadmanabhan's mother||
|-
|| ''[[Aparna (1993 film)|Aparna]]'' ||Rajeswari Amma ||
|-
|| ''Paamaram'' ||-||
|-
|| ''Padhavi'' || ||
|-
|| ''Vairam'' || ||
|-
|| ''Brahmadathan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1994 || ''Gandheevam'' || Vijayan's mother||
|-
|| ''Bharya'' ||Radhamani||
|-
|| ''[[Kashmeeram]]'' ||Maria Singh || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''New Delhi'' and Hindi as ''Commando''
|-
|| ''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]'' ||Ginjimood Gandhari ||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]] Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year Ran more than 250 days in theaters [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] [[National Film Award for Best Production Design]]
|-
|| ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]'' ||Kunjikaliyamma ||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]] [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]]
|-
|| ''[[Pakshe]]'' || Balachandran's mother||
|-
|| ''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]'' || Amalu||
|-
|| ''[[Chief Minister K. R. Gowthami]]'' ||Bhanumathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Varaphalam]]'' ||Drama Artist, Rosy ||
|-
|| ''Pavam I. A. Ivachan'' ||Ivachan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Sukham Sukhakaram]]'' ||Parvathy||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 1995 || ''[[No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North]]'' ||School Principal ||
|-
|| ''[[Mazhayethum Munpe]]'' || Mariamma|| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]
|-
|| ''[[Agnidevan]]'' || Kochammini||
|-
|| ''Karma'' || Yashoda || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Challenger''
|-
|| ''[[Agrajan]]'' || Annamma Joseph ||
|-
|| ''[[Alancheri Thamprakkal]]'' || Devaki ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalyanji Anandji (film)|Kalyanji Anandji]]'' || Kalyanakrishnan's mother ||
|-
|| ''Manikya Chempazhukka'' || Muthassi ||
|-
|| ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]'' || Gopalakrishnan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Nirnayam (1995 film)|Nirnayam]]'' || Dr. Annie's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Sreeragam]]'' || Venkiteswaran's mother ||
|-
|| ''Thirumanassu'' || Nandan's mother || Also known as ''Thiruvithamkoor Thirumanassu''
|-
|| ''[[Tom & Jerry (1996 film)|Tom & Jerry]]'' || Balagopalan's mother||
|-
|| ''[[Saadaram]]'' ||Lekha's mother ||Dubbed into Tamil as ''Mr. Deva'' and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as '' ''
|-
|| ''[[Highway (1995 film)|Highway]]'' ||Vasco's mother ||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Highway'' and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''CBI Officer''
|-
|| ''[[Achan Kombath Amma Varambath]]'' ||Mariyamma||
|-
|| ''[[Simhavalan Menon]]'' ||Drama Artist ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1996 || ''[[Aayiram Naavulla Ananthan]]'' || Ananthan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaathil Oru Kinnaram]]'' || Dakshayani||
|-
|| ''Swarna Kireedam'' ||Nurse Santha||
|-
|| ''[[Lalanam]]'' ||Vijayan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Saamoohya Paadam]]'' || Bhavaniyamma ||
|-
|| ''Harbour'' || Sunny's appachi ||
|-
|| ''[[Yuvathurki]]'' || Sidhardha's mother ||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Delhi Diary''
|-
|| ''[[Aramana Veedum Anjoorekkarum]]'' || Gomathi ||
|-
|| ''Mrs. Susanna Varma'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaalapani]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Naalamkettile Nalla Thampimar'' || Ramabhadran's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1997 || ''Oru Panchathanthram Katha'' ||- ||
|-
|| ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' ||Chandra's valiyamma || First Malayalam movie to collect 10 crores
|-
|| ''[[Rishyasringan]]'' ||Poornima's mother ||Dubbed into Tamil as ''I Love You Teacher''
|-
|| ''[[Anubhoothi]]'' ||Tomy's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Irattakuttikalude Achan]]'' ||Gracy teacher ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhoopathi (1997 film)|Bhoopathi]]'' || Maggie||
|-
|| ''Snehadooth'' || Kamalamma||
|-
|| ''[[Adukkala Rahasyam Angaadi Paattu]]'' ||Jose's mother ||
|-
|| ''Gajaraja Manthram'' || Ananthan's mother||
|-
|| ''Kalyana Unnikal'' || Maggy ||
|-
|| ''[[Five Star Hospital]]'' || Subbalakshmi's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu]]'' || Giri's mother ||
|-
|| ''Snehasindooram'' || Aravindan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Oral Mathram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1998 || ''[[Amma Ammaayiyamma]]'' || Visalakshi ||
|-
|| ''Chitrashalabham'' || Maria ||
|-
|| ''[[Summer in Bethlahem]]'' || Ravishankar's grandmother || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Anthuleni Prayanam''
|-
||''[[Nakshatratharattu]]'' || Hariharan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Rakthasakshikal Sindabad]]'' || Subbulaxmi Amma ||Dubbef into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Erra Samrajyam ''
|-
|| ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]'' || Janaki ||
|-
|| ''[[Oro Viliyum Kathorthu]]'' || Kalyani||
|-
|| ''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]'' || Durga ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Maravathoor Kanavu]]'' || Annie's grandmother ||Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Maravathoor Kanavu''
|-
|| ''[[Samaantharangal]]'' || Aishu || [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare]]
|-
| rowspan=13 | 1999 || ''[[Pathram]]'' || Vincent's mother || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Journalist'' and Tamil as ''Pathram''
|-
|| ''[[Aakasha Ganga]]'' || Maanikkasheri Thampuratti, Kunjikavu || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Maaya Ka Saaya'' and Tamil as ''Avala Aaviya''
|-
|| ''[[Chandranudikkunna Dikhil]]'' || Sreeram's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Friends (1999 film)|Friends]]'' || Aravindan's valiyamma ||Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year
|-
|| ''[[Independence (1999 film)|Independence]]'' || Pappamma || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Desh Ka Gaddar''
|-
|| ''Saaphalyam'' || Subhadra ||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ad ''Abhiram''
|-
|| ''[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]]'' || Seethalakshmi's peramma ||
|-
|| ''[[Prem Poojari]]'' || Hema's paatti || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Vazhthukirean''
|-
|| ''[[Olympiyan Anthony Adam]]'' || Bella mam ||
|-
|| ''Pranayageetham'' || ||
|-
|| ''Pushpull'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Megham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Pranaya Nilavu]]'' || ||
|-
|}

=== 2000s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2000 || ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]'' || Sudha Warrier ||
|-
|| ''[[Pilots (film)|Pilots]]'' || Mother Superior ||
|-
|| ''[[Priyam (2000 film)|Priyam]]'' || Joshua's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Vinayapoorvam Vidhyaadharan]]'' || Vidyadharan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Valliettan]]'' || Kunjikavamma || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Pandava Samrajyam'' and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Periya Gounder''
|-
|| ''Varavaay'' || Madhavi ||
|-
|| ''Puraskaram'' || Balan's mother ||
|-
|| ''Highrange'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2001 || ''[[Ravanaprabhu]]'' || Sakthivel Gounder's mother || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]]
|-
|| ''[[Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vakan]]'' || Aishumma ||
|-
|| ''[[Kakkakuyil]]'' || Savitri, Nambeeshan's wife ||
|-
|| ''[[Rakshasa Rajav]]'' || Kasi || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Commissioner Rudrama Naidu'', Hindi as ''Rough Tough'' and ''Dumdaar Commissioner'', and Tamil as ''Commissioner Eeswar Pandiyan''
|-
|| ''[[Praja]]'' || Bhanumathi, Appu's mother || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Peoples Dada'' and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as Nammavar
|-
|| ''[[Randam Bhavam]]'' || Akhila's mother || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Jaan Pe Khelkar''
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2002 || ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' || Marakatam, the executioner's wife || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]]
|-
|| ''[[Meesha Madhavan]]'' || Madhavan's mother || Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year
|-
|| ''Kanmashi'' || Kanmashi's paatti || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Kamakshi''
|-
|| ''[[Mazhathullikkilukkam]]'' || Kikkili Kochamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Snehithan]]'' || Malavika's grandmother ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2003 || ''Sheethakattu'' || Sr.Agnes ||Short film
|-
|| ''[[Gaurisankaram]]'' ||Sankaran's aunt ||
|-
|| ''[[Manassinakkare]]'' || Shanthamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]'' || Parvathy Ammal || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Paasa Mozhi''
|-
|| ''[[Mizhi Randilum]]'' || Bhadra's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]'' || Pattabhiraman's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' || Sahadevan's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'' || Beeyathu ||
|-
|| ''[[Sadanandante Samayam]]'' ||Kalyani ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2004 || ''[[Rasikan]]'' || Bhargaviyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Vettam]]'' ||Reetha Tom || Dubbed into Tamil as ''Vaira Malai''
|-
|| ''[[Wanted (2004 film)|Wanted]]'' || Unni's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Vismayathumbathu]]'' || Hostel warden ||
|-
|| ''[[Symphony (film)|Symphony]]'' || Deenamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Koottu (film)|Koottu]]'' ||Balagopal's grandmother ||
|-
|| ''Priyam Priyamkaram'' ||Vinu's grandmother ||
|-
|| ''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Jalolsavam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2005 || ''[[Chanthupottu]]'' || Radhakrishnan's grandmother ||
|-
|| ''[[Pandippada]]'' || Ponnammal ||
|-
|| ''[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]'' ||Gouri's grandmother ||Dubbed into [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Hindi]] with the same title
|-
|| ''[[Kalyana Kurimanam]]'' ||Madhaviyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Pauran]]'' || Minister ||
|-
|| ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2005 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' || Bridget ||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Premalo Anjali Geetha Krishna''
|-
|| ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' || Moothamma ||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]]
|-
|| ''[[Hridayathil Sookshikkan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2006 || ''[[Balram vs. Tharadas]]'' || Alex's mother|| Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Monica'' and [[Hindi]] as ''Basha: The Boss''
|-
|| ''[[The Don (2006 film)|The Don]]'' || Devakiyamma || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Kuttram Thandanai''
|-
|| ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]'' ||Sukumaran's mother ||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]] Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story]]
|-
|| ''[[Madhuchandralekha]]'' ||Chandramathi's grandmother ||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Madhuchandralekha''
|-
|| ''[[Chakkaramuthu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2007 || ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || Annammachedathi ||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Ajatha Satruvu'' and Tamil as ''Deivam''
|-
|| ''[[Raakilipattu]]'' || History professor & Hostel warden ||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Friendship''
|-
|| ''[[Paranju Theeratha Visheshangal]]'' || Rajeevan's mother ||Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Raghavan''
|-
|| ''[[Kangaroo (2007 film)|Kangaroo]]'' || Josekutty's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Payum Puli]]'' || Mallika's grandmother || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Puliyattam'', [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Evidaina Sare'' and [[Hindi]] as ''Tiger Shiva''
|-
|| ''[[Nanma]]'' || Paatti ||Dubbed in Tamil as ''Paraimedu''
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2008 || ''[[De Ingottu Nokkiye]]'' ||Ammu||
|-
|| ''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]'' ||Akka ||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Doravari Satram'' and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Malleswaran''
|-
|| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' ||Leelamma ||Highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year First Malayalam movie to collect 25 & 30 crores
|-
|| ''[[Kurukshetra (2008 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' ||Fussy's mother ||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Aaj Ka Kurukshetra''
|-
|| ''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]'' ||Bhageerathi (Narrator) ||Segment: "Pankiyamma" [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]
|-
|| ''[[Mizhikal Sakshi]]'' ||Kooniamma/Nabisa ||Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Vizhigal Satchi'' and [[Kannada]] as ''Shakshi''
|-
|| ''[[Pachamarathanalil]]'' || Nun ||
|-
|| ''[[Pakal Nakshatrangal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2009 || ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]'' || Head Nurse ||
|-
|| ''[[Red Chillies (film)|Red Chillies]]'' ||Mani Varghese's wife||
|-
|| ''Bharya Swantham Suhruthu'' || Mother Superior ||
|-
|| ''[[Love In Singapore (2009 film)|Love In Singapore]]'' || Diana's aunt ||
|-
|| ''[[Kana Kanmani (film)|Kana Kanmani]]'' ||Maya's grandmother||
|-
|| ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (2009 film)|Seetha Kalyanam]]'' ||Abhirami's mother ||Dubbed into Tamil as ''Seetha Kalyanam''
|-
|| ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]'' ||Rahelamma ||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]]
|-
|| ''[[Utharaswayamvaram]]'' ||Uthara's grandmother ||
|-
|| ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' ||Narayani||Segment: "Island Express"
|-
|| ''Women in Malayalam Cinema'' ||Herself ||Documentary
|-
|| ''[[Dr. Patient]]''|| ||
|-
|}

=== 2010s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2010 || ''[[Kausthubham]]'' ||Yamuna's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[3 Char Sau Bees]]'' ||Selvan's grandmother ||Dubbed into Tamil as ''Thiruttu Pasangal''
|-
|| ''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]'' ||Amir's grandmother ||Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Anbulla Kamal'' and Telugu as ''Four Friends''
|-
|| ''[[Thoovalkattu]]'' ||Sundaran's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Best Actor (film)|Best Actor]]'' ||Mother Superior ||
|-
|| ''Jayan, the Man behind the Legend '' ||Herself||Documentary movie Uncredited appearance (photos only)
|-
|| ''Yughapurushan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=16 | 2011 ||''[[Naayika]]'' ||Sukumari (herself)||
|-
|| ''[[Bangkok Summer]]'' ||Paatti ||
|-
|| ''[[Maharaja Talkies]]'' ||Vimala's aunt ||
|-
|| ''[[Ven Shankhu Pol]]'' ||Sulochana ||Also known as ''Ekadasi''
|-
|| ''[[Khaddama]]''||Razak's mother || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Palaivana Roja'', [[Hindi]] as ''Khaddama'' and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Panjaram''
|-
|| ''[[Ninnishtam Ennishtam 2]]'' ||Kaakkathiyamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Priyappetta Nattukare]]'' || Vilasini||
|-
|| ''Kathayile Nayika'' ||Annamma ||
|-
|| ''Swapnamalika'' ||Appu's grandmother ||
|-
|| ''Kattu Paranja Katha'' ||Rajammal ||
|-
|| ''Pakida Pakida Pandhrande'' || ||
|-
|| ''Oru Marubhoomikkadha'' || ||
|-
|| ''Naale''|| ||
|-
|| ''Adhithyan''|| ||
|-
|| ''The Train'' || ||
|-
|| ''Manushyamrugham'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 2012 || ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]''||Sister Lucy||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]]
|-
|| ''[[Karmayodha]]''||Mad Maddy's mother ||Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Vetrimaaran IPS''
|-
|| ''[[Doctor Innocent aanu]]'' ||Noorjahan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chattakkari (2012 film)|Chattakaari]]''||Margerette ||
|-
|| ''[[Ardhanaari]]'' ||Priest (Thayamma)||Also known as ''Ivan Ardhanaari''
|-
|| ''Karppooradeepam'' ||Bhavani||
|-
|| ''Lakshmi Vilasam Renuka Makan Raghuram'' ||Renuka's grandmother||
|-
|| ''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]''||Peggy||
|-
|| ''[[Diamond Necklace (film)|Diamond Necklace]]''||Rajasree's grandmother||Dubbed into Tamil as ''Diamond Necklace''
|-
|| ''[[Graamam]]'' ||Ammini Amma ||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story]] [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]]
|-
|| ''Lumiere Brothers''||Herself ||Archive footage from [[Chakkikotha Chankaran]]
|-
|| ''Yaadharthyam''||- ||
|-
|| ''Vilappilshala''|| ||
|-
|| ''Aayiram Kannumayi''|| ||
|-
|| ''Masters''|| ||
|-
| rowspan=20 |2013|| ''Oronanalil'' ||- ||Short film
|-
|| ''[[Ayaal]]'' ||Thevichi (Old village lady) ||Posthumously released [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]] Also known as ''Nagabandham''
|-
|| ''[[August Club]]'' || Bhagavati Amma ||Posthumously released Also known as ''August Club Since 1969'' Earlier titled as ''Venalinte Kalaneekkanga'''
|-
|| ''[[Mumbai Police (film)|Mumbai Police]]'' ||Cameo||Posthumously released
|-
|| ''[[Hotel California (2013 film)|Hotel California]]'' ||Rafeeq's mother ||Posthumously released
|-
|| ''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]'' || Khadeejumma ||Posthumously released
|-
|| ''[[Progress Report]]'' || Bhagyalakshmi Ammal||Posthumously released Dubbed into Tamil as ''Thalaiyazuthu Meiyazuthu''
|-
|| ''[[SIM (film)|SIM]]'' ||Seetharama Iyer's Paatti ||Posthumously released
|-
|| ''[[Cleopatra (2013 film)|Cleopatra]]'' ||Ramdas's mother ||Posthumously released
|-
|| ''3G Third Generation'' ||Devoottiamma ||Posthumously released
|-
|| ''[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]'' ||Old orphan lady ||
|-
|| ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]'' || Surekha's grandmother ||Dubbed into Hindi as ''Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath''
|-
|| ''[[Breaking News Live]]'' ||Madhavi ||
|-
|| ''[[David & Goliath (2013 film)|David & Goliath]]''||Kurisamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Rebecca Uthup Kizhakkemala]]'' || Annamma ||
|-
||''[[Oru Yathrayil]]'' ||Sathyamma ||Segment: "Amma"
|-
|| ''Good Idea''||-||
|-
|| ''Njaan Anaswaran'' || ||
|-
|| ''Romans'' || ||
|-
|| ''Nadodimannan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 |2014|| ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking 2]]''||Balakrishnan's mother|| Cameo in the title song Shot from [[Mannar Mathai Speaking]] Archive footage
|-
|| ''Kadalkaattiloru Dooth/Ode of Ocean'' ||Herself||Documentary movie Uncredited appearance (photos only)
|-
|| ''Tharangal'' ||Herself||Photo archive Posthumously released
|-
|| ''Marching Ahead'' ||The Element of Life || Documentary film
|-
| rowspan=3 |2015 || ''Kukkiliyar'' ||Sudhi's mother || Posthumously released
|-
|| ''Mathru Vandhanam'' ||Saraswathi Ammal ||Posthumously released Also known as ''Rajuvum Ammayum''
|-
|| ''Mayapuri 3D'' ||Adithyan's grandmother ||Posthumously released Dubbed into Hindi as ''Mayapuri 3D''
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanalal]]'' ||Herself || Archive footage from [[Dasharatham]] Posthumously released
|-
| rowspan=2 |2019 || ''[[Aakasha Ganga 2]]'' ||Maanikkasheri Thampuratti || Photo archive from [[Aakasha Ganga]] Posthumously released
|-
|| ''Thanka Bhasma Kuriyitta Thamburatti'' ||Herself || Photo archive Posthumously released
|-
|}

== Tamil ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1951|| ''[[Or Iravu]]'' ||Young Shyamala ||Special appearance in a song sequence
|-
| rowspan="2" |1952|| ''[[Velaikaran (1952 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma Devatha]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1953|| ''[[Ponni (1953 film)|Ponni]]'' ||Dancer ||
|-
|''Anbu'' || ||
|-
|1954|| ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1955|| ''[[Gomathiyin Kaadalan]]'' ||Dancer ||
|-
|''Kaveri '' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1956||''[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|Madurai Veeran]]'' ||Bommi's friend||Dubbed into Telugu as ''Sahasaveerudu''
|-
| ''[[Raja Rani (1956 film)|Raja Rani]]''||Dancer||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1957|| ''[[Chakravarthi Thirumagal]]''||Dancer||
|-
| ''[[Mallika (1957 film)|Mallika]]''||Dancer /Friend||
|-
| ''[[Manamagan Thevai]]''||Stage Dancer||
|-
| ''[[Pudhaiyal]]''||Dancer/Kannamma/Companion||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1958|| ''[[Sengottai Singam]]'' ||Dancer ||
|-
| ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' ||Kalyana Seetha ||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] Dubbed into Hindi as ''Ramayana''
|-
| ''[[Maya Manithan]]''||Dancer at party ||
|-
| ''[[Neelavukku Neranja Manasu]]'' ||Thammana||
|-
| ''Vanji-Kottai Valipan'' ||||Crew member
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1959|| ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' || Dancer ||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Veerapandiya Kattabrahmanna'' and Hindi as ''Amar Shaheedd'' [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] Highest grossing Tamil movie of the year
|-
| ''[[Pennkulathin Ponvilakku]]'' ||Dancer ||
|-
| ''[[Manjal Mahimai]]'' ||Street Dancer ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnu Vilayum Bhoomi]]'' ||Kala ||
|-
|''[[Amudhavalli]]'' ||Tribal dancer ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |1960|| ''[[Mannadhi Mannan]]''||Chithra's thozhi||
|-
| ''[[Pudhiya Pathai (1960 film)|Pudhiya Pathai]]'' ||Dancer ||
|-
| ''[[Ondrupattal Undu Vazhvu]]'' ||Dancer||
|-
| ''[[Uthami Petra Rathinam]]'' ||Dancer ||
|-
| ''[[Pattaliyin Vetri]]''||Snake Dancer||
|-
| ''[[Raja Desingu]]'' ||Ranibhai's thozhi||
|-
| ''Petraval Kanda Peruvazhvu'' || ||
|-
| ''Irumanam Kalanthal Thirumanam'' ||||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1961|| ''[[Pasamalar]]'' ||Dancer/Radha's friend ||[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|-
| ''Kappalottiya Thamizhan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1962|| ''[[Bandha Pasam]]'' ||Chithra|| Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Aadharsha Saadharalu''
|-
| ''[[Kannadi Maaligai]]'' ||Latha||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Addala Meda''
|-
| ''[[Senthamarai (film)|Senthamarai]]''||||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1963|| ''[[Kalyaniyin Kanavan]]'' || Lord Ramar Dhrama (Dance drama artist/Anchor)||
|-
| ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' ||Dancer||Dubbed into Kannada and Hindi with the same title
|-
|''[[Kadavulai Kanden]]'' ||Lilly ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1964|| ''[[Rishyasringar (1964 film)|Rishyasringar]]'' ||Dancer ||
|-
| '' Veeranganai''||||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1967|| ''Manam Oru Kurangu'' || ||
|-
| ''Engalkkum Kaalam Varum'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1971|| ''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1971 film)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]'' ||Sumathi ||
|-
| ''[[Nootrukku Nooru]]'' ||Manjula's mother ||
|-
| ''Thoraimugham'' ||||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1972||''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'' ||Bama||[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Maligai]]'' ||Vimala||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Sampath (1972 film)|Mr.Sampath]]''||Annai Seva Sangam Member||
|-
| ''Kannamma''||Elsy||
|-
| ''Unakkum Enakkum''||Dr.Kalavathi||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1973|| ''[[Maru Piravi]]''||Meenakshi||
|-
| ''[[Thirumalai Deivam]]''||Dharanidevi||
|-
| ''Pillai Selvam'' ||Swarnamma||
|-
| ''Malligai Poo'' ||Sivakami ||
|-
| ''Shanmugapriya''||Meenakshi ||
|-
| ''Nalla Mudivu''||Kaaliyamma||
|-
| ''Vayadi''|| Shivakami Somasundaram ||
|-
| rowspan="11" |1974|| ''[[Engamma Sapatham]]'' || Lakshmi||
|-
| ''[[Athaiya Mamiya]]'' ||Jayalakshmi||
|-
| ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' ||Dayalan's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumangalyam]]''||Pattamma||
|-
| ''[[Thaai]]''||Mangalam ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Nagam]]''||Alamelu's mother||
|-
|''[[Kalyanamam Kalyanam (film)|Kalyanamam Kalyanam]]'' ||Muththu's Amma||
|-
| ''Paadha Poojai'' ||Parvathy ||
|-
| ''Pen Onndru Kanden''||Siva's mother||
|-
| ''Tiger Thaathachari''||Uma||
|-
| ''Thai Pirandhal''||Doctor||
|-
| rowspan="12" |1975||''[[Aayirathil Oruthi]]'' ||Jailer of Police||Dubbed into Telugu as ''Intini Didina Illalu''
|-
| ''[[Pattum Bharathamum]]'' ||Meenakshi Ammal||
|-
| ''[[Manidhanum Dheivamagalam]]'' ||Kaveri ||
|-
| ''[[Anbe Aaruyire (1975 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]'' ||Janaki ||
|-
|''[[Swami Ayyappan (1975 film)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' ||Lakshmi ||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ''Swami Ayyappa''
|-
| ''[[Andharangam]]'' ||Madurai Marathakam|| Dubbed into Telugu as ''Andhala Raja''
|-
| ''[[Mannavan Vanthaanadi]]''||Parvathy||
|-
| ''[[Thiruvarul]]'' ||Valli's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Then Sindhudhe Vaanam]]''||Pankacham||
|-
| ''[[Yarukkum Vetkam Illai]]''||||
|-
| ''Anaya Vilakku''||Azhagappan's mother ||
|-
| ''Yezhaikkum Kaalam Varum''||Rajalakshmiyamma ||
|-
| rowspan="15" |1976||''[[Kumara Vijayam]]'' ||Parvathy ||
|-
| ''[[Mogam Muppadhu Varusham ]]'' ||Kamala ||
|-
| ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]'' ||Renganayagi||
|-
|''[[Rojavin Raja]]''||Amritham ||
|-
| ''[[Payanam (1976 film)|Payanam]]'' ||Nun||
|-
| ''[[Lalitha (film)|Lalitha]]'' ||Meenakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Bhadrakali (film)|Bhadrakali]]''||Ganeshan's mother||
|-
| ''[[Unmaiye Un Vilai Enna?]]'' ||Pankajam ||
|-
| ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]'' || Ganesan's wife ||Dubbed into [[Malayalam]] as ''Chila Nerangalil Chila Manushyar''
|-
| ''[[Paalooti Valartha Kili]]'' ||Gayathri's mother ||
|-
| ''Seevarisai''||Andalamma ||
|-
| ''[[Thayilla Kuzhandhai]]''||School teacher||
|-
| ''Maharasi Vazhga'' ||Mother of Sarannalayam ||
|-
| ''Perum Pugazhum'' ||Opposition candidate/ Former chairperson ||
|-
| ''Veedu Varai Uravu'' ||Kamalam Chidambaram ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1977||''Nallathukku Kalamillai''|| Panju's mother||
|-
|''Nee Vazhva Vendum'' ||Shivakami||
|-
|''Sorgam Naragam'' ||Balu's mother ||
|-
| ''Punniyam Seithaval''||Mangalathamma ||
|-
| ''Sonnathai Seiven''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |1978|| ''[[Kaatrinile Varum Geetham]]'' ||Mrs. David (Rosy's mother)||
|-
| ''[[Oru Nadigai Natakam Parkiral]]''||Doctor||
|-
| ''[[Thai Meethu Sathiyam]]'' ||Babu's mother||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Zahreele Saanp''
|-
| ''[[Andaman Kadhali]]'' ||Thayamma||
|-
| ''[[Mudisooda Mannan]]''||Maharani (Vikraman's mother)||
|-
| ''Adhirstakaran'' || Kamakshi||
|-
| | ''Radhai Ketra Kannan'' || Radha's mother||
|-
| ''Annapoorani'' ||Meenakshiyamma ||
|-
| ''Paruva Mazhai'' ||-||
|-
| ''Karunai Ullam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |1979|| ''[[Sigappukkal Mookkuthi]]''||Janaki's mother in law||
|-
| ''[[Pagalil Oru Iravu]]''||Rajamma||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Nuvve Naa Srimathi''
|-
| ''[[Allaudinaum Arputha Vilakkum]]'' ||Ayishaumma ||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''[[Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1979 film)|Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp]]'' and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Alavuthinum Arputha Deepam''
|-
| ''[[Neela Malargal]]'' ||Kamakshi ||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Neel Kamal''
|-
| ''[[Thaayillamal Naan Illai]]'' ||Sivakami|| Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Paatagadu'' and [[Hindi]] as ''Aakhri Sangram''
|-
| ''Sri Rama Jayam'' ||Sreeraman's mother ||
|-
| ''Kamasasthiram'' ||Geetha's aunt||
|-
| ''Nenjukke Neethi'' ||- ||
|-
| ''Siri Siri Mama'' ||- ||
|-
| ''Kaathalikka 90 Naal'' ||- ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1980|| ''[[Sujatha (1980 film)|Sujatha]]''||Sujatha's chinnamma ||
|-
| ''[[Devi Dharisanam]]'' ||Kalyani's mother ||
|-
| ''Oomai Kanavu Kandal'' ||Meenaxi ||
|-
| ''Andharangam Oomaiyanathu'' ||Raaju's mother||
|-
| ''Kuruvikoodu'' ||Meenakshi||
|-
| ''Kaalam Badhil Sollum'' ||Meena Rajadevar||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1981|| ''[[Kadal Meengal]]''||Annapoorni || Dubbed in Telugu as ''Rangoon Raja'' and Hindi as ''Baap Bete''
|-
| ''[[Amara Kaaviyam (1981 film)|Amara Kaaviyam]]'' ||Saraswathi ||
|-
| ''[[Garjanai (1981 film)|Garjanai]]'' ||Dr. Vijay's mother || Dubbed into Hindi as ''Hum Nahi Jhukenge''
|-
| ''[[Kilinjalgal]]'' ||Stella ||
|-
| ''Valibame Va Va''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1982|| ''[[Pudukavithai]]'' ||Thilakavathy||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Tiger Rajani''
|-
| | ''[[Vazhvey Maayam]]'' ||Raja's mother ||Dubbed into [[Malayalam]] as ''Premabhishekam'' and [[Hindi]] as ''Chandramukhi Devdas''
|-
| ''[[Thunai]]'' ||Radha's mother ||
|-
| ''Marumagale Vazhga'' ||Akhilandam ||
|-
| ''Nirantharam'' ||Seetha Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''Punitha Malar'' ||Parvathi ||
|-
| 1983|| ''[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]'' ||Stella's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985|| ''[[Mangamma Sapatham (1985 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]'' ||Ashok's mother ||Dubbed into [[Malayalam]] as ''Randum Randum Anchu''
|-
| ''[[Poove Poochooda Vaa]]'' ||David's mother ||
|-
| ''Kalyanam Oru Kaal Kattu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987|| ''[[Idhu Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' ||Ravi's mother ||
|-
| ''Chinnamanikkuyile'' || ||
|-
| 1989|| ''[[Varusham Padhinaaru]]'' ||Parvathy ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990|| ''[[Arangetra Velai]]'' ||Asha's mother || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Hello Pakiram''
|-
| ''[[Mounam Sammadham]]'' ||Sundar's mother in law ||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Lawyer the Great'', [[Hindi]] as ''Dharmadhikari'' and Malayalam as ''Mounam Sammadham''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991|| ''[[Gopura Vasalile]]'' ||Manohar's mother ||
|-
|''[[Putham Pudhu Payanam]]'' ||Selvi's paatti ||
|-
| 1992|| ''Mughavariyatta Manithar'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1994|| ''[[Manasu Rendum Pudhusu]]''||Meenakshi||
|-
| ''Ipadikku Kaadhal''||Parvathy ||
|-
| | ''[[Paasamalargal]]''|| Orphanage care taker||Dubbed into Malayalam as ''Suryaputhrikal''
|-
| 1995|| ''[[Raja Muthirai]]'' ||Rajkumar's mother ||
|-
| 1996|| ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' ||Stephen's wife ||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Manzil Pyaar Ki''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997|| ''[[Ratchagan]]'' ||Sonia's paatti || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Rakshakudu''
|-
| ''[[Kathirunda Kadhal]]''||Kannamma's guardian ||
|-
| 1998|| ''[[Kodiesvaran]]'' || ||
|-
| 1999|| ''Ponvizha'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000|| ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' ||Shakthi's aunt || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Sakhi'' and [[Malayalam]] as ''Alai Payuthey''
|-
| ''[[Snegithiye]]'' ||History professor & Hostel warden ||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Friendship'' and [[Kannada]] as ''Yen Hudgiro Yaking Hadthiro''
|-
| ''[[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]'' ||Ranganayaki ||
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2001|| ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' || Chella's grandmother || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Family Film]] (Second Prize)
|-
| ''[[Vinnukum Mannukum]]'' || Devayani's mother (Shakthi)||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Nata''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002|| ''[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]'' ||Meenakshi||
|-
| ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''||Alaram Maami (Janaki's relative) || Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Brahmachari'' and Malayalam as ''Pammal K. Sambandam''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004|| ''[[Manasthan]]'' || Selvarasu's paatti||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Peda Raja''
|-
| ''[[Vishwa Thulasi]]'' ||Viswa's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Perazhagan]]'' ||Priya's grandmother ||Dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Sundarangudu''
|-
|2005|| ''[[Aadum Koothu]]''||Aachi||[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|-
|2007|| ''[[Agaram (film)|Agaram]]'' ||Thiru's grandmother ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008|| ''[[Vambu Sandai]]''||Jeevanandham's mother ||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Mr. Badmash''
|-
| ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' ||Saradha (Keerthi's grandmother) ||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Phir Aaya Deewana''
|-
| ''[[Sila Nerangalil]]'' ||Mother Superior ||
|-
| '' Solli Therivadhillai'' || ||
|-
| 2009|| ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]'' ||Susheela's grandmother ||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Dangerous Khiladi 3'', [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Puli Veta'' and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojouri]] as ''Khilladi Ka Challenge''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010|| ''[[Chikku Bukku]]''||Sekhar's grandmother ||Dubbed into [[telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Love To Love''
|-
| ''[[Magizhchi]]'' ||Aachi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011|| ''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]'' || Vaanayi || Dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Prashanth Veer'', [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Rajakota Rahasyam'' and Bhojpuri as Ponnar Shankar
|-
|''Maiyam Konden''|| ||
|-
| 2012|| ''UAA 60 - 60 Years of Passion''||Sukumari (herself)||Documentary film
|-
| 2013|| ''Enna Vilai Azhage'' || ||
|-
| 2014|| ''[[Gramam|Namma Gramam]]'' ||Ammini Amma || [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] - Best Film Posthumously released
|-
|2016|| ''Makkal Thilagam MGR 100'' ||Sukumari Bhimsingh (herself)||Documentary film
|-
|}

== Telugu ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1952|| ''[[Dharma Devatha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1953|| ''Oka Talli Pillalu''||Dancer||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Manamagan Thevai|Varudu Kaavaali]]''||Stage Dancer||
|-
| 1959|| ''[[Mangalya Balam]]'' ||Street Dancer ||[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |1960|| ''[[Bhatti Vikramarka]]'' ||Palace Dancer||Dubbed into Hindi as ''Chakravarty Vikramaditya'' and Tamil as ''Patti Vikramathithan''
|-
| ''[[Nammina Bantu]]'' ||Naga Dancer||[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|-
| ''Kumkuma Rekha'' ||Kalashala Nartaki||
|-
| ''[[Rani Ratnaprabha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Rushya Srunga'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1961|| ''Pellikani Pillalu'' || Dancer ||
|-
| ''Thandrulu Kodukulu'' || ||
|-
| ''Sri Krishna Kuchela'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1962|| ''[[Dakshayagnam (1962 film)|Dakshayagnam]]'' ||[[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]]||Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Dakshayagnam''
|-
|| ''Mohini Rukmangada'' || ||
|-
| ''Kalimilemulu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1963|| ''[[Aapta Mitrulu]]'' ||Dancer||
|-
| ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]''||Dancer||Dubbed into [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] with the same title [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|-
| 1967|| ''Dhanyame Dhanalakshmi'' || ||
|-
| 1969|| ''Rajya Kanksha'' || ||
|-
| 1972|| ''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1972 film)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]'' ||Meenakshi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973|| ''Vaade Veedu'' ||{{?}} ||
|-
| ''[[Palletoori Bava]]''||Deepalakshmi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1975|| ''[[Babu (1975 film)|Babu]]'' ||Sreelakshmi ||
|-
| ''Ammayila Sapatham''|| Laxmi Gopal Rao||
|-
| 1976|| ''[[Bangaru Manishi]]''||Shantha Devi||
|-
|1977|| ''Bhadrakali'' || {{?}}||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1980|| ''[[Sita Ramulu]]'' ||Ramu's mother||
|-
| ''Sannayi Appanna'' ||Rangamma ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1981|| ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]] '' || {{?}}||
|-
| ''[[Aggi Ravva]]'' ||Vani's aunt||
|-
| ''Sri Anjaneya Charitra'' ||Anjana Devi ||
|-
| ''[[Viswaroopam (1981 film)|Viswaroopam]]''|| Malathamma (Viswa's mother)||
|-
| ''[[Srivari Muchatlu]]''||Gopi's mother ||
|-
| ''Nayudu Gari Abbai''||Nandi (Madhavi's mother) ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1982|| ''[[Golconda Abbulu ]]'' ||Mother Superior ||
|-
| ''Jayasudha''||Sudhakar's mother ||
|-
| ''Chandamama''|| ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Ramudu Kadu Krishnudu]]'' ||Lakshmi ||
|-
| 1985|| ''Bangaru Chilaka'' ||Kousalya Devi ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://telugucineblitz.blogspot.com/search?q=sukumari|title = Telugu Cinema Prapamcham}}</ref>
|-
| 1991|| ''[[Nirnayam (1991 film)|Nirnayam]]''||Jolly aunty||Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Sambhavam'' and Hindi as ''Girafthari''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997|| ''[[Subhakankshalu]]'' ||Rosy ||
|-
| ''Rukmini'' ||Rukumini's Naanamma ||
|-
| 2001|| ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' || Sabari ||Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Murari'' and [[Hindi]] as ''Rowdy Cheetah''
|-
| 2004|| ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' ||Samba's grandmother ||Dubbed into [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Samba''
|-
| 2008|| ''[[Vambu Sandai|Lakshmi Putrudu]]''||Lakshmi Narayana's mother ||
|-
| 2011|| ''[[Kudirithe Kappu Coffee]]'' ||Malati ||
|-
| 2016|| ''[[Savitri (2016 film)|Savitri]]'' ||Unmentioned ||Photo archive
|-
|2018 || ''[[Baba Sathya Sai]]'' || Devotee||Posthumously released
|-
|}

== Kannada ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Abba Aa Hudugi]]'' || Dancer || Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Mangaikku Maangalyame Pradhaanam''
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Garjanai|Garjane]]'' || Vijay and Rekha's mother ||
|-
|}

== Hindi ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1951|| ''Rajput'' || ||
|-
| 1957|| ''[[Payal (film)|Payal]]'' ||Dancer/passenger on the train||
|-
| 1958|| ''[[Lajwanti]]'' ||Dancer||[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi ]]
|-
| 1979|| ''Daisy'' || ||
|-
| 1986|| ''[[Anokha Rishta]]'' ||Robert's mother || Reprised her role from ''[[Kanamarayathu]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1998 || ''[[Kabhi Na Kabhi]]'' ||Jaggu's mother ||Dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Monalisa''
|-
|| ''[[Saat Rang Ke Sapne]]'' ||Rampyari Devi (Yashoda's sister-in-law)|| Reprised her role from ''[[Thenmavin Kombathu]]''
|-
| 2007|| ''Friendship'' || ||
|-
|}

== English ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2014|| ''Marching Ahead'' ||The Element of Life || Documentary film
|-
|}

== French ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1969|| ''Things Seen in Madras 1969 - L' Inde Fantôme - Phantom India'' || Drama actress||Documentary
|-
|}

== Bengali ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1958|| ''Nrityeri Tale Tale'' ||Dancer ||
|-
|}

== Sinhala ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1957|| ''Siriyalatha'' ||- ||Movie directed by S.S. Rajan
|-
|}

==Voice Artist/Extra Dubbing Credits==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Character!! Dubbed for !!Notes
|-
|2020 || ''Paasa Mozhi'' || Parvathy Ammal|| Herself ||Dubbed project Used her voice partly Original title: ''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]''
|-
| 2012|| ''[[Swami Ayyappan (2012 film)|Swami Ayyappan]]''||||{{n/a}} ||[[Animation]] movie
|-
| 2005|| ''Alai Payuthey'' ||Shakthi's aunt|| Herself||Dubbed project Rendered her voice itself (Tamil to [[Malayalam]]) Original title: ''[[Alai Payuthey]]''
|-
| 2002|| ''Pammal K. Sambandam'' || Orphanage administrator.|| Herself ||Dubbed project Rendered her voice itself (Tamil to [[Malayalam]]) Original title: ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''
|-
| 2001|| ''Vazhthukirean'' || Hema's paatti|| Herself ||Dubbed project Rendered her voice itself (Malayalam to [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) Original title: ''[[Prem Poojari]]''
|-
| 1990|| ''Bagawan'' || Soorya's mother|| Herself ||Dubbed project Used her voice partly Original title: ''[[Iyer the Great]]''
|-
| 1987|| ''[[Cheppu]]'' ||Ramachandran's mother ||{{n/a}} ||Voice over [[Malayalam]] movie
|-
|1986 ||''Sippikul Muthu'' || Durgamma|| [[Y. Vijaya]]|| Tamil dubbed version of ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]'' {{Clarify|date=May 2020}}
|-
| 1985||''Randum Randum Anchu''||Ashok's mother ||Herself ||Dubbed project Rendered her voice itself (Tamil to Malayalam) Original title: ''[[Mangamma Sapatham (1985 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]''
|-
| 1982|| ''Premabhishekam'' ||Rajasekaran's mother ||Herself||Dubbed project Rendered her voice itself (Tamil to [[Malayalam]]) Original title: ''[[Vazhvey Maayam]]''
|-
| 1980|| ''Raam Bhaktha Hanuman'' ||Anjana Devi ||Herself||Dubbed project Used her voice partly Original title: ''[[Bhaktha Hanuman]]''
|-
|}

==Television serials (Partial list)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Channel !! Role !!Language!!Notes
|-
|2020|| ''Amma''|| [[Kairali TV]]||Mother Superior||Malayalam||Untelecasted on TV YouTube release 2020
|-
|2013|| ''Hai''|| Malayalam TV||Omana ||Malayalam||
|-
|2012||''Malakhamar'' ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Devakiyamma||Malayalam||
|-
|2012||''Daivathinu Swantham Devootty'' ||Mazhavil Manorama|| Devootty's grandmother||Malayalam||
|-
| 2011-2013|| ''[[Akashadoothu (TV series)]]''|| [[Surya TV]] || Brigithamma||[[Malayalam]]||Relaunched in 2020
|-
|2010-2012|| ''Swamiye Saranamayyappa'' || Surya TV|| Manikandan's grandmother|| Malayalam||
|-
| 2010||''Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa'' || [[Vijay TV]]|| Ayyappan's grandmother||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|2010||''Amme Devi'' || Surya TV||- ||Malayalam||Acted with Namitha Pramod
|-
| 2010||''Swami Ayyappan Saranam'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Varassiar, Govindan's mother||Malayalam||
|-
|2009-2010|| ''Thulabharam'' || Surya TV||-||Malayalam||Acted with Suresh Krishna
|-
| 2009||''Coimbatore Ammayi'' ||[[Amrita TV]]|| Visalakshi/Ammayi||Malayalam||
|-
| 2008||''Aliyanmarum Penganmarum'' ||Amrita TV|| -||Malayalam||Acted with Chippy
|-
|2008-2010|| ''Sree Mahabhaghavatham''|| Asianet||Lakshmi Amma ||Malayalam||
|-
| 2007-2009||''Sreeguruvaaoorappan''|| Surya TV|| Narayanan Nampoothiri's mother (Antharjanam)||Malayalam||Relaunched in 2020
|-
|2007-2009|| ''Velankani Mathavu''|| Surya TV||Ammaamma ||Malayalam||Relaunched in 2020
|-
|2007-2008|| ''Nombarappoovu''|| Asianet||Amma ||Malayalam||
|-
|2007||''Madhavam'' || Surya TV||Oppamma||Malayalam||
|-
|2007 ||''Sathyam''|| Amrita TV||Ammalu Amma||Malayalam||
|-
|2006-2008|| ''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||-||Malayalam||DVD version
|-
| 2006||''Sasneham'' ||Amrita TV||Seethalakshmi's grandmother ||Malayalam||
|-
|2006||''Swarnamayooram''|| Asianet||- ||Malayalam||Acted with Priya Raman
|-
|2006||''Ammathamburaatti'' ||Asianet|| ||Malayalam||
|-
|2006||''Amma Manassu'' ||Asianet|| ||Malayalam||
|-
|2005-2006||''Thalolam'' ||Asianet||- ||Malayalam||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-serials/thalolam | title=Malayalam Tv Serial Thalolam Synopsis Aired on Asianet TV Channel }}</ref>
|-
|2005-2006||''Manthrakodi''||Asianet||- ||Malayalam||Acted with Reshmi Soman
|-
| 2005-2006|| ''Indumukhi Chandramathi'' || Surya TV||Priyamvadha & Mallakshi Amma|| Malayalam||Dual role Dubbed into Tamil
|-
|2005||''Nokketha Doorath'' ||Asianet|| ||Malayalam||
|-
| 2004-2005||''[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]]'' ||Asianet||Dhathri ||Malayalam||Relaunched in 2016
|-
|2004-2005||''Dambathya Geethangal''||Asianet||- ||Malayalam||Acted with Dr. Shaju
|-
| 2004||''Avicharitham'' ||Asianet|| -||Malayalam||Relaunched in 2020
|-
| 2004||''Megham''||Asianet|| Rukkuvamma||Malayalam||
|-
| 2004||''Vikramadithyan''||Asianet|| Rajamatha||Malayalam||
|-
| 2004||''Ashtapadi'' ||Surya TV ||- ||Malayalam||
|-
|2003-2004||''Swapnam'' ||Asianet||- ||Malayalam||Acted with Anoop Menon
|-
| 2003||''Swantham Malootty''||Surya TV ||- ||Malayalam||Acted with Sujitha
|-
|2003 ||''Appa'' ||Sun TV|| -||Tamil||
|-
|2002 ||''[[Alaigal (TV series)|Alaigal]]''||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || Dakshayani Amma||Tamil||
|-
|2001||''Sankeerthanam Pole''||Asianet ||- || Malayalam||Acted with Sindhu Menon
|-
|2001|| ''Makal Marumagal''|| Surya TV||- ||Malayalam||Acted with Reshmi Soman
|-
|2001||''Sapathni''||Asianet||- || Malayalam||
|-
|2001-2002||''Akshayapathram''||Asianet ||- || Malayalam||
|-
|2001-2003||''Sthree Janmam''||Surya TV ||- || Malayalam||
|-
| 2001|| ''Kaliyalla Kalyaanam'' || [[Kairali TV]] ||Double role||Malayalam||Directed by Balu Kiriyath
|-
|2000 ||''Snehaseema''||DD Malayalam ||- ||Malayalam||
|-
|1999||''Krishnathulasi''|| Asianet||Savithri teacher ||Malayalam||
|-
|1998-2001 ||''[[Ganga Yamuna Saraswati]]''|| [[Raj TV]]|| -|| Tamil||Dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|1998||''Sindooram'' ||Asianet ||- ||Malayalam||Acted with Sithara
|-
|1997-2000||''Manasi'' || [[DD Malayalam]]||Padmini's mother ||Malayalam||First Mega Serial
|-
|1996||''Niramaala'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| -||Malayalam||
|-
| 1996||''Paatigal Jaakirathai'' ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||||Tamil||
|-
| 1995||''Janatha Nagar Colony'' ||[[DD Podhigai]] ||Andal||Tamil||
|-
|1995 ||''Pennurimai''||DD Malayalam ||- ||Malayalam||
|-
|1993 ||''Manssariyum Yanthram'' ||Asianet||- ||Malayalam||Acted with Nedumudi Venu
|-
|1993 ||''Michaelinte Santhathikal/ Serial co-starring Jose Prakash'' || DD Malayalam|| -||Malayalam||
|-
| 1990||''Sa.ri.ga.ma.pa.'' ||DD Malayalam|| Radha||Malayalam||
|-
|1989 - 1990||''Iravil Oru Pagal''|| [[DD Chennai]]||- ||Tamil||
|-
|1985 ||''Adayalam''|| [[DD Malayalam]]||- ||Malayalam||Telefilm
|-
| ||''Pranaamam'' || ||Nangeli Muthassi||Malayalam||Acted with Guinness Pakru
|-
| || ''Kalyanama Kalyanam'' ||||||||
|-
| ||''Mayamma''|| || ||Malayalam||
|-
| ||''Vandanam''|| || ||Malayalam||
|-
| ||''Sandhyalekshmi'' ||Amrita TV|| ||Malayalam||
|-
| ||''Sarkar Sahayam Driving School''||DD Malayalam ||Anglo Indian lady ||Malayalam||Paired with Sahadevan master
|-
| ||''Kudumba Visheyshangal'' || || Dominant wife||Malayalam||Paired with Sahadevan master
|-
| ||''Uravugal Illaiyadi Pappa''||DD || Vimala||Tamil||
|-
| ||''Sambhavami Yuge Yuge !''|| || Mangalam||Tamil||
|-
| ||''Madras By Night''|| || Vanaja||Tamil||
|-
|||''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (play)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]] (Tughlak)''|| || Srimathi||Tamil||VCD/DVD/online versions
|-
|}

==Stage plays (selection)==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !!Notes!! Ref.
|-
|
|''Amateur drama - Kuwait group''
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|''Bhama Vijayam''
|[[Rukmini]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
|
|''Bharathi Kanda Kanavu''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Dashavatharam''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Enru Thaniyum Inda Sudandira Thaagam?''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Gitopadesham''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Iraivan Irandhuvittana?''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Kalyanachitti''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
| ''Kannaki''
| [[Kovalan]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
| ''Krishna''
| {{n/a}}
|Tamil
| Voice only
|
|-
|
| ''Kuttavum Sikshayum''
| Lakshmikutty
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
|
|''Madras By Night''
| Vanaja
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Mind Is A Monkey''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (play)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]''
| Srimathi
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Nadagam''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Oh! What a Girl''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Padmavathisreenivasakalyanam''
|[[Venkateswara|Srinivasa]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Petaal Thaan Pillaya''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Poompuhar Kannagi''
|[[Kovalan]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Quo Vadis''
|
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/Actor-Neelu-on-his-60-year-old-bond-with-Cho/article16778091.ece | title=Neelu remembers dear friend Cho | newspaper=The Hindu | date=8 December 2016 | last1=Venkataramanan | first1=Geetha }}</ref>
|-
|
|''Ramayanam''
| [[Hanuman]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Sambhavami Yuge Yuge!''
| Mangalam
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Saraswathiyin Sabatham''
| Saraswathi
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Saraswathiyin Selvan''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Sri Krishna Parijatham''
|Radha
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|''Srinivasa Kalyanam''
|[[Venkateswara|Sreenivasa]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
| ''Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
| ''The Hidden Truth''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
| ''Valli''
| [[Murugan]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
| ''Vazhj Thirumanam''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
| ''Venkidachalapathy Charithram''
| [[Venkateswara|Venkata Jalapathi]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|
| ''Why Not?''
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|}

==Albums/Videos==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !!Notes!! Ref.
|-
|1988
|''Mohan Lal with Suchitra''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|1994
|''Cinema Tharangalude Rasakaramaya Vimanayathra''
|Herself
|Malayalam
| East Coast Video - Interview type
| from the stage entertainer Siddique-Lal Cine Galaxy
|-
|1998
|''Jayaramettananu Tharam''
|Herself
|Malayalam
| by Orbit Videovision
| Mimicry by Jayaraman from the award show Johnson's Asianet Film Awards 1998
|-
|2006
|''Ente Malayalam''
|Herself
|Malayalam
| Music video made for the 50th Anniversary of Kerala formation
|
|-
| 2008
| ''Making of Twenty:20''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|Video
|
|-
|2009
|''Making Her Presence Felt, Sukumari ...''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|Interview based video by Webindia123
|
|-
|2009
|''The Location of Kana Kanmani''
|Herself
|
|
|
|-
| 2010
|''Working video of Four Friends''
|Herself
|
|
|
|-
|2011
|''IFFK 2011 - Inaugural Ceremony (16th IFFK)''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|Opening ceremony video of 16th International Film Festival of Kerala
|
|-
|2012
|''NIMS Heart to Heart Project''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|Awareness video
|
|-
|2012
|''Attukal Inauguration''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Sukumari about Chattakkari''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|Promotional video by Peggy eggs.com
|
|-
| 2012
|''Black Butterfly Making Video Official''
|Herself
|
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Diamond Necklace - Celebrating 126 Successful Days''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Sukumari On Tamil Cinema Through The Years''
|Herself
|Tamil
|Interview based video by Indiaglitz Malayalam Movies Interview
|
|-
|2012
|'' Rendezvous With Veteran Sukumari''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|Interview based video by Indiaglitz Presentation
|
|-
|2013
|''Karpoora Priyan''
|Devotee
|Malayalam
|Devotional album
|
|-
|2013
|''Ente Kanniyathra''
|Devotee
|Malayalam
|Devotional album
|
|-
|2013
|''Thiruvathira Aghosham''
|Thiruvathira Dancer
|Malayalam
|Dance Video
|
|-
|2013
|''Immanuel Movie Making''
|Herself
|
|Video by Asianet
|
|-
|2013
|''Rebecca Uthup Kizhakemala - Making Video''
|Herself
|
|Video by Strikers & Crew
|
|-
|2013
|''Paraman Pathanapuram''
|Herself
| Malayalam
|Video by East Coast
|
|-
|2013
|''Veteran actress Sukumari @ Rajagiri''
|Herself
|English
|Short Video
|
|-
|2020
|''Priyapetta Sukumari Marikkunathinu Mumpu''
|Herself
|
|Video
|
|-
|}

==Television - Non-fiction==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !!Channel!! Language !!Notes!! Ref.
|-
|2003
|''Interview''
|Herself
|[[DD Malayalam]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2005
|''Veettamma''
|Mentor
|[[Kairali TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2005 - 2006
|''Pesum Padam''
|Host
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2006
|''Samagamam''
|Herself
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2006
|''Madhurikkunna Ormakal ''
|Herself
|[[Surya TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2006
|''Special Cookery Programme''
|Presenter
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2006
|''Tharathinoppam''
|Herself
|[[Asianet News]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2006
|''Amrita TV Onam 2006''
|Herself
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2006
| ''Annorikkal ''
|Herself
|[[Manorama News]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2007
| ''Minnum Tharam''
|Judge
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2007
|''Smile Plz''
|Judge
|Asianet Plus
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2007
|''Idea [[Star Singer]]''
|Judge
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2008
|''Idea [[Star Singer]] 3''
|Judge
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2008
| ''Nere Chovve''
|Herself
|[[Manorama News]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2008
| ''Onam 2008 Jaihind TV Programme''
|Herself
|[[Jaihind TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2008
| ''Thiranottam''
|Herself
|ACV
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2008
| ''Onam Bonanza''
|Herself
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2009
| ''Golden Talent''
|Herself
|[[Jaihind TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2009
|''Idea [[Star Singer]] 4''
|Judge
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2009
|''Tharavishesham''
|Herself
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2009
|''Rani Maharani''
|Participant
|[[Surya TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2010
|''Sarigama''
|Participant
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''Ormayilennum ''
|Herself
|[[Surya TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''Pachaka Rani''
|Judge
|[[Kairali TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2011
|''Idea [[Star Singer]] 6''
|Judge
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Tharavisesham - Sukumari''
|Herself
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Cinema Karyangal''
|Herself
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2011
|''Apriyaganangal''
|Presenter
|[[Asianet News]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''On Record''
|Herself
|[[Asianet News]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Entertainment News''
|Herself
|[[Asianet News]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Katha Ithuvare''
|Herself
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Veettamma Season 2''
|Herself
|[[Kairali TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Thirakkukalil Alpam Neram''
|Herself
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Grihasakhi''
|Herself
|[[Jeevan TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Autograph''
|Herself
|[[Jaya TV]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Jeevitham Ithuvare''
|Herself
|[[Jaihind TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Amma Ammayiyamma (Audition)''
|Judge
|[[Kairali TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2012
|''Bhima Jewels Comedy Festival''
|Judge
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2012
|''Super Star''
|Judge
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2012
| ''Sthree''
|Herself
|ACV
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| 2012-2013
|''Amma Ammayiyamma''
|Judge
|[[Kairali TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/The-saga-of-the-in-laws/article12562437.ece | title=The saga of the in-laws | newspaper=The Hindu | date=18 October 2012 | last1=M | first1=Athira }}</ref>
|-
|2013
| ''Avar Kandumuttumbol''
|Herself
|[[Mathrubhumi News]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2013
| ''Amchi Mumbai''
|Herself
|[[Kairali TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2013
| ''Thrivenisangamasandhya (NTV)/ Face Dubai Mega Show''
|Herself
|[[Jaihind TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|2013
| ''Ormakalil Ente Amma''
|Herself
|M7 News
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
|''Vodafone Comedy Stars''
|Judge
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''Aavanitharam''
|
|[[Kairali TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''Melody''
|
|[[Surya TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''New Releases''
| Herself
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''Ammathan Onam Thiruvonam''
|
|
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''Sukumari Guest''
| Herself
|[[Surya TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''Abhinaya Mikavinte Soukumaryam''
| Herself
|[[Surya TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''Kannadi''
|
|[[Asianet News]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''News Hour''
| Herself
|[[Asianet News]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''Kudumbabandham Yesudas Ganangaliloode''
|Panelist
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''A Chat With Celebrity''
| Herself
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''Puthanpadam''
|Herself
|[[Manorama News]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''File''
|
|[[Jaihind TV]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|
| ''Marakka Mudiyuma''
| Herself
|Murasu TV
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|}

==As presenter==
* ''Radio show'' - AIR

==As award jury==
* ''JC Daniel Award 2012''

==TV/Online programmes==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Interview/Kairali Archive'' (Kairali TV)
* ''Symphony'' (Surya TV)
* ''Manorama News Programme''
* ''Strikers & Crew''
* ''Peggy eggs.com''
* ''Webindia123.com'' - 2009
* ''Indiavision.com''
* ''Indianterminal.com''
* ''Kerala9.com''
* ''Siffy.com''
* ''Hot & Sour''
* ''Stardust''
* ''Mango Media''
* ''Mixed''
{{Div col end}}

==Stage shows==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Aamchi Mumbai''
* ''Alukkas Fairy Tale''
* ''Alukkas Millennium Nite''
* ''AMMA Stage show 2004''
* ''Asianet Film Awards''
* ''Asiavision TV Awards''
* ''Cinestar Night, Australia''
* ''Classical Dance Program at United Nations ECAFE Conference in Bangalore''
* ''Dalimond Show''
* ''Defense Programme''
* ''Drishya Television Award Nite''
* ''Face Dubai Mega Show''
* ''Goodwin Jewellers Mega Event''
* ''Grihalakshmi TV Awards''
* ''Kairali Cultural Association Onam Fest''
* ''Lux Asianet''
* ''Madhavasandhya''
* ''Malayalam Television Association Award Night''
* ''Mathrubhumi Film Awards''
* ''Minnale TV Awards''
* ''Mohanlal Show 92''
* ''MTVA TV Award Night 2000 ''
* ''Onagosham 2012''
* ''Onam Fest 2003, Kairal Cultural Association''
* ''Priyapetta Mohanlal''
* ''Siddique Lal's Cinegalaxy 94 Thalamurakalude Sangamam''
* ''Sreekuttan''
* ''Starry Nite 2003, Bangalore''
* ''State Level Arts Festival''
* ''Suryathejassode Amma''
* ''Television and Audio Awards''
* ''The Mammootty Stage Festival 96''
* ''Vanitha Film Awards''
{{Div col end}}

==Cultural shows/Special programmes==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''100th Woman's Day Celebrations'' (KSWDC)
* ''Aazhchamela''
* ''Aakshavani Radio Programmes''
* ''AMMA Programmes''
* ''Anachamayam''
* ''Ancad Sankaranarayamoorthy Temple Programme''
* ''ATMA Programmes''
* ''Attukal Pongala''
* ''Balagokulam's Janmashtami celebrations''
* ''Chalakkudi Nagarasabha Christmas Virunnu''
* ''Children's Film Fest''
* ''Cho's Nadaka Mela''
* ''Cinespot Programme''
* ''Darppanam Malayalam Short Film Pooja''
* ''Devan's Felicitation Function''
* ''Eastman Studio Function''
* ''FICCI Programme''
* ''Friendship Club Onagosham''
* ''Gamer'' (2014 Malayalam Movie)
* ''Garudanageyam''
* ''Golden Jubilee Celebration of Kandam Becha Kottu''
* ''Go Green, Save Nature''
* ''Green Piece''
* ''Grihalakshmi Interview''
* ''Gurupooja''
* ''Guruvayoor Satyagraha Remembrance''
* ''Honour to Sivaji Ganesan by AMMA''
* ''IFFK'' (16th)
* ''Indian Magic Academy - Fantasia Award Function''
* ''Information and Guidance Society, Thiruvathira Celebrations Inauguration''
* ''International Peace Film Festival''
* ''Ividam Swargamannu Movie Press Conference''
* ''Kadakkal Programme''
* ''Kala Abudhabi''
* ''Kalashreshta Award Function''
* ''Kasargod Mahotsavam''
* ''Keli Inauguration''
* ''Kudumbashree Marketing Division Inauguration''
* ''Lionthalon-2013''
* ''Maarunna Malayali''
* ''Mahamanjalprayude Bhadradeepa Prakashanam''
* ''Makara Pongala''
* ''Malayalapuzha Inauguration''
* ''Mannali Pongala Inauguration''
* ''Mathrubhumi Newspaper Programme''
* ''Mathrubhumi SEED Programme''
* ''Memory Lane Over Lunch''
* ''Mohandas College of Engineering & Technology College Day Celebrations''
* ''Mohanlal Fans Association First Year Celebrations''
* ''Mullapperiyar Dam Discussion''
* ''Muthassiyarkavu Pongala''
* ''Nandalala Seva Samithi Trust Souvenir release''
* ''Nayaru Pidicha Pulivalu Golden Jubilee''
* ''NIMS Hospital (Heart to Heart Scheme)''
* ''Onakodiyum Oonhalum''
* ''"Padmarajan" Book Release Programme''
* ''Pazhayakavu Kshethra Utsavam''
* ''Platinum Jubilee of Malayalam cinema''
* ''Pune Malayali Sangamam''
* ''Radio Interviews''
* ''Rajagiri PTA Day''
* ''Roses The Family Club Anniversary''
* ''Sakhi TV Office Programme''
* ''Samanwayam''
* ''Saraswathi Vidyalayam School Day Annual Event''
* ''Shivagiri Theerthadana Mahamaham''
* ''Sneha Trust Heart of Love''
* ''Special Cookery Programme''
* ''Srichithira Thirunnal Birthday Anniversary''
* ''Sri Chithra Home Onam Celebrations''
* ''Sri Eruthikkavu Pongala Mahotsavam''
* ''The Hindu Newspaper Programme''
* ''True Indian Function''
* ''Veteran's Meet''
* ''Ulnadu Temple Programme''
* ''Wayanad Mahotsavam''
* ''Webdunia Programme''
* ''Weekly Round Up'' (interview)
* ''Women's Day Inauguration'' (Big Bazar, TVM)
* ''World Diabetes Day Celebrations Inauguration'' (Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre)

{{Div col end}}

==Dubbed Releases==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

=== Bhojpuri===
*''Khilladi Ka Challenge''
*''Ponnar Shankar''

=== Hindi ===
*''Aaj Ka Kurukshetra''
*''Aakhri Sangram''
*''Aarayan Mera Naam''
*'' Aayi Phirse Bahari''
*''Abhimanyu''
*''[[Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1979 film)|Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp]]''
*''Amar Shaheed''
*''Basha: The Boss''
*''Baap Bete''
* ''Ben Johnson''
*''ChakravartyVikramaditya''
*''Chandramukhi Devdas''
*''Commando''
*''Daisy''
*''Dangerous Khiladi 3''
*''Deivam''
*''Desh Ka Gaddar''
*''Dharma Yodha''
*''Dharmadhikari''
*''Diamond Necklace''
*''Dumdaar Commissioner''
*''Erra Samrajyam ''
*''Friendship''
*''Girafthari''
*''Highway''
* ''Hum Nahi Jhukenge''
*''Jaan Pe Khelkar''
*''Jaanbaaz Policewala''
*''Jaanwar Aur Insan''
*''Khaddama''
*''Khooni Insaan''
*''Lava Kusa''
*''Maaya Ka Saaya''
*''Man Ka Aangan''
*''Manzil Pyaar Ki''
*''Mayapuri 3D''
*''Mera Bheta''
*''Mizhikal Sakshi''
*''Mr. Badmash''
*''Neel Kamal''
*''Pathram''
*''Peoples Dada''
*''Phir Aaya Deewana''
*''Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath''
*''Prashanth Veer''
*''Ramayan''
*''Rough Tough''
*''Rowdy Cheetah''
*''Samba''
*''Satyaghath - Crime Never Pays''
*''Tiger Shiva''
*''Zahreele Saanp''

===Kannada===
* ''Lava Kusa''
*''Yen Hudgiro Yaking Hadthiro''
*''Shakshi''

=== Malayalam ===
*''Alai Payuthey''
*''Chila Nerangalil Chila Manushyar''
*''Mounam Samadham''
*''Pammal K Sambandam''
*''Premabhishekham''
*''Randum Randum Anchu''
*''Suryaputhrikal''
* ''Vasantha Malika''
* ''Yaradi Nee Mohini''

=== Marathi ===
* ''Mazaa Mulga''

===Odia===
* ''Ben Johnson''

=== Tamil ===
*''Aranmanai Kadhali''
* ''Anbulla Kamal''
* ''Arasan''
* ''Asoakan''
* ''Avala Aaviya''
* ''Ben Johnson''
* ''Bhagawan''
* ''Commissioner Eeswar Pandiyan''
* ''Dakshayagnam''
*''Kuttram Thandanai''
*''Love Birds''
*''Madhuchandralekha''
* ''Malleswaran''
* ''Mangaikku Maangalyame Pradhaanam''
* '' Maravathoor Kanavu''
* ''Monalisa''
* ''Mr. Deva''
* ''Murari''
* ''Nammvar''
* ''Nata''
* ''Nigazh Kaalam''
* ''Paasa Mozhi''
* ''Palaivana Roja''
* ''Paraimedu''
* ''Patti Vikramathithan''
* ''Periya Gounder''
* ''Progress Report''
* ''Pudhiya Visarana''
* ''Puliyattam''
* ''Raam Bhaktha Hanuman''
* ''Raghavan''
* ''Samba''
* ''Sambhavam''
* ''Seetha Kalyanam''
* ''Thalayana Manthram''
* ''Thalaiyazuthu Meiyazuthu''
* ''Thalaipu Seithigal''
* ''Thiruttu Pasangal''
* ''Ulagesh''
* ''Vaira Malai''
* ''Valthu Giren''
* ''Vazhthukirean''
* ''Vetrimaaran IPS''
* ''Viratham''
* ''Vizhigal Satchi''

=== Telugu ===
* ''Aadharsha Saadharalu''
* ''Abhiram''
* ''Addala Meda''
* ''Alavuthinum Arputha Deepam''
* ''Ajatha Satruvu''
* ''Ankuram''
* ''Andhala Raja''
* ''Anthuleni Prayanam''
* ''Bhagyachakram''
* ''Bhayankara Ratri''
* ''Brahmachari''
* ''CBI Officer''
* ''Challenger''
* ''Commissioner Rudrama Naidu''
* ''Delhi Diary''
* ''Devi Bhagavathi''
* ''Doravari Satram''
* ''English Ammayi''
* ''Erra Rajyam''
* ''Evidaine Sare''
* ''Four Friends''
* ''Guru Dakshana''
* ''I Love You Teacher''
* ''Intini Didina Illalu''
* ''Journalist''
* ''Kamakshi''
* ''Lawyer The Great''
* ''Love To Love''
* ''Madhuchandralekha''
* ''Manushulu Marali''
* ''Monica''
* ''Nayakudu''
* ''New Delhi''
* ''Nuvve Naa Srimathi''
* ''Paatagadu''
* ''Police Hecharika''
* ''Pandava Samrajyam''
* ''Panjaram''
* ''Papa Kosam''
* ''Peda Raja''
* ''Prathignya''
* ''Premaku Padhabhishekam''
* ''Premalo Anjali Geetha Krishna''
* ''Puli Veta''
* ''Rajakota Rahasyam''
* ''Rakshakudu''
* ''Rangoon Raja''
* ''Sahasaveerudu''
* ''Sakhi''
* ''Sampoorna Ramayanam''
* ''Sundarangudu''
* ''Swami Ayyappa''
* ''Taxi Driver''
* ''Tiger Rajani''
* ''Veedagni''
* ''Veerapandiya Kattabrahmanna''
* ''Yoddha''
{{Div col end}}

==Related shows==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Smrithi'' (Safari TV)
* ''Padamudrakal'' (ACV)
* ''Democrazy'' (Reporter TV)
* ''Thalolam'' (Amrita TV)
* ''Idivettu Thamasha'' (Surya Comedy)
* ''Cinema Kottaka'' (Kaumudy TV)
* ''Indraya Naalil'' (Capital TV)
* ''Puthiya Geethangal'' (Asianet)
* ''Filmy Fridays'' (YouTube)
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

{{Div col end}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Actress filmographies]]
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Sangolli Rayanna

2026-03-15T17:56:18Z

MargretGerken:

{{Short description|Indian military leader (1798–1831)}}
{{for|the films|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Kranthiveera Sangolli Rayanna (1967 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangolli Rayanna
|image=Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru.jpg
| birth_date = 15 August 1798
| birth_place = [[Sangolli]], [[Belagavi]][Karnataka]
| death_date = 26 January 1831 (aged 33)
| death_place = [[Zunjawad K. Nandagad|Nandagad]], Belagavi [Karnataka]
| burial_place = Nandagad, Belagavi
| other_names = Rayanna Bharamappa Rogannavar
| occupation = Military commander
}}

'''Sangolli Rayanna''' (15 August 1798 – 26 January 1831) was an Indian military leader. Born in [[Sangolli]], [[Belagavi]] district. His father was Bharamappa Rogannavar. His mother was Kenchava. He served as a senior commander in the military of [[Kittur]] ruled by [[Kittur Chennamma]], the kingdom - like many others - called by the British as a [[princely state]], during the early 19th century. After Chennamma led a failed rebellion against the British [[East India Company]] (EIC) in response to the EIC's infamous [[Doctrine of Lapse]] in 1824, Rayanna continued to resist [[Company rule in India]]. After leading another uprising against EIC authority, he was ultimately captured by the British and executed by [[hanging]] in 1831. As he played a very important role in Indian Freedom, his memorial statue was built in the village of Sangolli, Belagavi. Rayanna's life was the subject of the [[Kannada]]-language films ''[[Kranthiveera Sangolli Rayanna (1967 film)|Kranthiveera Sangolli Rayanna]]'' (1967) and ''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna]]'' (2012).<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Celebrating the life and times of Sangolli Rayanna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Celebrating-the-life-and-times-of-Sangolli-Rayanna/article17089626.ece|work=The Hindu|date=24 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Celebrating the life and times of Sangolli Rayanna |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/dec/06/sangolli-rayanna-and-the-rise-of-caste-heroes-1546119.html|publisher=New Indian Express|date=6 December 2016 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Sangolli Rayanna.jpg|thumb|The tree where Rayanna was hanged by the British]]

Sangolli Rayanna was born on 15 August 1798 in [[Sangolli]], [[Belgavi]] district. At some point in his life, he enlisted in the [[military]] of the Kingdom of [[Kittur]], rising to the position of a senior commander. In 1824, [[Kittur Chennamma]], the ruler of Kittur, rose in rebellion against [[Company rule in India]] in response to the British [[East India Company]]'s (EIC) [[Doctrine of Lapse]]. Rayanna fought in the rebellion and was arrested by the British forces, who eventually released him.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sangolli Rayanna and the rise of caste heroes
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/dec/06/sangolli-rayanna-and-the-rise-of-caste-heroes-1546119.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

== Freedom Fight and death ==

Incensed by the East India Company's confiscation of the majority of his lands (as punishment for participating in the 1824 rebellion) and heavy taxation of the remainder, Rayanna continued to oppose British domination in the region, planning to install Shivalingappa, the son of Chennamma, as the new ruler of Kittur. Lacking the resources to raise a [[regular army]], he recruited men from among the local peasantry, who were similarly incensed by the EIC, and started an [[insurgency]] against the British in 1829. His insurgents targeted EIC administrative buildings, British forces and local treasuries, all the while constantly remaining on the move so as to avoid being attacked by a larger enemy force. Rayanna used taxes gained from local landlords and the loot gained from plundering treasuries to fund his insurgency. He was assisted by [[Siddi]] leader Gajaveera during his insurgency.<ref name=shanti>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Shanti Sadiq|title=The African dispersal in the Deccan : from medieval to modern times|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788125004851|pages=232|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA232 }}</ref>

In April 1830, Rayanna was captured alongside Shivalingappa by the British, who tried him in a court of law and sentenced him to death.<ref name="congress">{{cite book|editor-last=Gopalakrishnan|editor-first=Subramanian|title=The South Indian rebellions: before and after 1800|year=2007|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|location=Chennai|isbn=9788183795005|pages=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i81mLhBEBgQC&pg=PA103 |edition=1st|author1=Gopalakrishnan}}</ref> On 26 January 1831, at the age of thirty-three, he was executed by hanging by the British authorities from a [[banyan]] tree near the village of [[Zunjawad K. Nandagad|Nandagad]].<ref name=herald>{{cite news|last=R P|first=Sambasadashiva Reddy|title=Miscellany|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/100063/ipl-2012.html|access-date=5 November 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald, Bangalore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215656/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/100063/ipl-2012.html|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu"/> After his death, he was buried near [[Zunjawad K. Nandagad|Nandagad]]. A close associate of Rayanna, Sangolli Bichugatti Channabasappa, planted a banyan sapling on his grave, which remains there to this day; a [[stambha]] was also installed near his grave. The [[Government of Karnataka]] has named a school, a rock garden, a museum and the major Railway Station at Karnataka's capital, Bengaluru, after Rayanna.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pramoda |title=ಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗದ ಸಂಗೊಳ್ಳಿ ರಾಯಣ್ಣ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/belagavi/the-incomplete-sangolli-rayanna-authority/articleshow/65325923.cms |access-date=28 August 2020 |publisher=Vijaya Karnataka |date=9 August 2018}}</ref>

==Legacy==

* Gee Gee songs ([[Ballads]]) are heroic folklore verses composed in North Karnataka<ref name="gee gee song">{{cite news|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara|title=We've come for your vote...|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/08/stories/2009040860390300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412044913/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/08/stories/2009040860390300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2009|access-date=30 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 April 2008}}</ref>' Several such songs are sung about Kittur Chennamma, Sangolli Rayanna and other freedom fighters of pre-independence Karnataka.<ref name="datta">{{cite book|editor-last=Datta|editor-first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti, Volume 2|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Dehi|isbn=9788126011940|pages=1293|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1293 }}</ref>
* A life size bronze statue of Sangolli Rayanna, riding a horse with open Sword in right hand, was installed near the City Railway station of [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sangolli Rayanna statue unveiled in City, at last|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/100505/sangolli-rayanna-statue-unveiled-city.html|access-date=17 September 2015|publisher=Deccan Herald, Newspaper|date=28 September 2010}}</ref>
* The main railway station of Bengaluru City was renamed as [[Bengaluru City railway station|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru Junction Railway station" (KSR Bengaluru Jn.)]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru railway station to be named after Sangolli Rayanna|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/474962/bengaluru-railway-station-named-sangolli.html|access-date=17 September 2015|publisher=Deccan Harald, Newspaper|date=1 May 2015}}</ref>
* In 2012, a biographical film was produced on his life.<ref name="film" /> He was also the subject of another Kannada-language motion picture [[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna]] (Revolutionary Hero Sangolli Rayanna), directed by Naganna and starring [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Jaya Prada]] and [[Nikita Thukral]].<ref name="film">{{cite news|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara|title=Rajyotsava release for Sangolli Rayanna|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/rajyotsava-release-for-sangolli-rayanna/article4048238.ece|access-date=30 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 October 2012}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.webindia123.com/karnataka/ART/music4.htm Ballad]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rayanna, Sangolli}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1831 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Indian rebels]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Kittur State]]

Uttar Pradesh Information Commission

2026-03-12T11:49:24Z

MargretGerken: starting basic info basic info

{{Short description|Statutory body in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Uttar Pradesh State Information Commission
|| native_name =
| established = 2 March 2006
| location = 7/7A, RTI Bhawan, Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="upic ref1">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Information Commission |url=https://upic.gov.in/StaticPages/ContactDetails.aspx |website=Uttar Pradesh Information Commission |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927232452/http://upic.gov.in/StaticPages/ContactDetails.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website = {{url|https://upic.gov.in/}}
| motto = सूचना जनाधिकार:॥ ''(Soochna Janadhikaraha) Information is the right of the people.'' ([[Sanskrit]])
| authority = [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
| chiefjudgetitle = State Chief Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename = Rajkumar Vishwakarma
| chiefjudgetitle2 =
| chiefjudgename2 =
}}

'''Uttar Pradesh Information Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] body constituted as per [[Right to Information Act, 2005|The Right to Information Act, 2005]] by the state government of [[Uttar Pradesh]] through a notification in [[Government gazette|official Gazette]]. The commission will have one State Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (IC) to be appointed by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] as Chairperson, the [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Legislative assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a state [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] nominated by the Chief Minister.

== History and objective ==

Uttar Pradesh State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right to Information Act.<ref name="upic ref3">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Abhishek |title=Uttar Pradesh private schools to fall under RTI purview |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/uttar-pradesh-private-schools-to-fall-under-rti-purview-1828896-2021-07-16 |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=India Today |date=16 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right to Information Act.<ref name="upic ref4">{{cite news |title=Private schools in Uttar Pradesh under purview of Right to Information Act |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/private-schools-in-uttar-pradesh-under-purview-of-right-to-information-act |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=14 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="upic ref5">{{cite news |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Vani |title=All private schools in Uttar Pradesh now under RTI purview |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/education/news-uttar-pradesh-private-schools-under-rti-purview-719444 |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=indiatvnews.com |date=15 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.<ref name="upic ref2">{{cite news |title=Not a Single RTI Report From Uttar Pradesh Since Law Came into Force in 2005: Study |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/not-a-single-rti-report-from-uttar-pradesh-since-law-came-into-force-in-2005-report-2342845.html |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=News18 |date=12 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 effectively by general public.

== Composition ==

Uttar Pradesh State Information Commission members should consist of a:<ref name="sic ref3">{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Parita |title=State Information Commission |url=http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=kanoon.nearlaw.com |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012610/http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

1. State Chief Information commissioner and

2. Not more than ten State Information Commissioners.

The Chief and other members of State Information Commission are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the Chief Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and a state Cabinet Minister.

The members of State Information Commission should be of eminence in public life<ref name="sic ref7" /> and are not permitted to hold any other [[office of profit]] or any position which is connected with any political party and are also barred from carrying on any business or continuing any profession in any field.

== Tenure and service ==

The tenure of the Uttar Pradesh State Chief Information Commissioner and a State Information Commissioner for holding office will be a term of 3 years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier and will not be eligible for reappointment on completion of tenure<ref name="sic ref2">{{cite news |title=Information Commissioners' Tenures, Salaries Now Firmly in Centre's Hands |url=https://thewire.in/government/centre-rti-act-information-commissioners-tenure-salary-retirement-benefits |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=25 October 2019}}</ref>.Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh Chief Information Commissioner (CIC), Information Commissioner (IC) and State Information Commissioner's salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Powers and functions ==

Uttar Pradesh State Information Commission prepares report on the implementation of the provisions of State Information Commission act and submits an annual report to the state government which is placed by the later before the state legislature.<ref name="sic ref14">{{cite news |title=How the Right to Information Act is being steadily scuttled |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-the-right-to-information-act-is-being-steadily-scuttled-1868754-2021-10-24 |access-date=19 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=24 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref9">{{cite news |title=Over 2.5 Lakh RTI Appeals, Plaints Pending with 26 Information Commissions across India |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/over-25-lakh-rti-appeals-plaints-pending-with-26-information-commissions-across-india/65422.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=moneylife.in |date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref1" /><ref name="sic ref13">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Only State To File Annual Reports Under RTI Act |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-only-state-to-file-annual-reports-under-rti-act-uttar-pradesh-does-none-2115539 |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=12 October 2019}}</ref>

The commission on reasonable grounds can order inquiry into any matter related to the Act.

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.
The commission can call for and examine any record which it considers necessary and is under the possession of the public authority and any such record should not be withheld from it on any grounds during the inquiry of a complaint.

The commission has the power of the civil court during the course of enquiry and in respect of the following matters:

Any complaint which requires the discovery and inspection of documents relating to it.

Powers exercised for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped [[affidavit]].

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

Uttar Pradesh State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases, similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Due to shortage of available staff and vacancies not being filled, there is backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> The maximum number of appeals and complaints pending as per October 2014 records were in state of Uttar Pradesh. However, some states like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints.<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, Uttar Pradesh State Information Commissions plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency in public life and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing [[nepotism]] and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

== Related Articles ==

[[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://upic.gov.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028015404/http://upic.gov.in/ |date=2020-10-28 }}
* [https://www.filertionline.in/rti/rti-complaint-in-uttar-pradesh RTI Link]



[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]

Vaṃsa

2026-03-04T05:47:26Z

MargretGerken: starting a page initial version

{{Short description|Genre of ancient and medieval literature}}
'''Vamsa''' ({{langx|sa|वंश|Vaṃśa|translit-std=IAST}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] word that means 'bamboo, family, lineage'.<ref name=vamsabuddhist/><ref name="Thapar1978p293"/><ref name=sanskvamsa/> It also refers to a genre of ancient and medieval literature in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. This genre focuses on genealogies. They resemble the conventional histories found in the European literature, but differ as they predominantly chronicle myths and may integrate spiritual doctrines such as rebirths. A {{Lang|sa-Latn|vaṃśa}} can be focussed on a dynasty, family, individual such as a saint, line of teachers of a particular tradition, or a place particularly of pilgrimage. Some of these texts are titled with {{Lang|sa-Latn|vaṃśa}} as a suffix.<ref name=vamsabuddhist>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/vamsa Vamsa: Buddhist Literature], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref name="Thapar1978p293"/><ref name=sanskvamsa>[https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/ vaMza] Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision), University of Koeln, Germany</ref>

==Etymology==
The word {{Lang|sa-Latn|vaṃśa}} has ancient roots and refers to bamboo cane or sugar cane reed. According to Monier Monier-Williams, the term evolved to mean 'lineage', likely inspired by the periodic lengths of a cane, where one distinct segment follows the previous, grows, ends and is the basis of another. The word is found in the sense of "line of teachers", genealogy and family tree in the''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', as well as in Sanskrit grammar text ''Ashtadhyayi'' by [[Pāṇini]].<ref name=sanskvamsa/> A related genre of Indic literature is the ''Charita'', which focuses on individual [[hagiography|hagiographies]].<ref name="Sreedharan2004p320">{{cite book|author=E. Sreedharan|title=A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jJVoi3PIejwC&pg=PA320| year=2004| publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2657-0|page=320}}</ref>

{{Lang|sa-Latn|Vaṃśa}} appears in other Indic languages in derivative forms, such as ''bans''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ravindra K. Jain|title=Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fghQhiowlycC&pg=PA6|year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2194-0|pages=6–7}}</ref>

==Buddhism==
''[[Buddhavamsa|Buddhavaṃsa]]'', ''[[Dipavamsa|Dipavaṃsa]]'', and ''[[Mahavamsa|Mahāvaṃsa]]'' are examples of Buddhist {{Lang|sa-Latn|vaṃsas}}. The ''Buddhavaṃsa'' chronicles the mythical lineage of 24 buddhas who preceded the actual human [[Buddha]] as Siddhartha, and includes the Bodhisatta doctrines.<ref>K.R. Norman (1983), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 7: Pali Literature, Editor: Jan Gonda, Otto Harrassowitz, {{ISBN|3-447-02285-X}}, pages 92-94</ref> The ''Dipavaṃsa'' and ''Mahāvaṃsa'' both are Theravada chronicles of the island of [[Sri Lanka]] presenting legends about the place from the birth of the Buddha to about the early medieval era.<ref name=vamsabuddhist/><ref>K.R. Norman (1983), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 7: Pali Literature, Editor: Jan Gonda, Otto Harrassowitz, {{ISBN|3-447-02285-X}}, pages 7-10</ref> According to Geiger, the Mahavamsa is likely based on Dipavamsa, these chronicles are of doubtful reliability.<ref>W Geiger (1930), [http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/gei.htm The Trustworthiness of the Mahavamsa], Indian Historical Quarterly, Volume 6, Number 2, pages 205-226</ref>

The ''[[Dathavamsa|Dāthāvaṃsa]]'' is the chronicle of the Buddha's tooth relic until the 9th-century CE. The ''[[Thupavamsa|Thūpavaṃsa]]'' is the purported legendary chronicle of the great stupa in Sri Lanka, mostly ahistorical stories from the 1st millennium. The ''[[Sāsanavaṃsa]]'' is Burmese text, written in 1861,<ref>K.R. Norman (1983), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 7: Pali Literature, Editor: Jan Gonda, Otto Harrassowitz, {{ISBN|3-447-02285-X}}, page 2</ref> with a mythical description of central India from the 1st millennium BCE and thereafter, about the diffusion of Buddhism and its monastic institutions outside India.<ref>Mabel Bode (1899), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208138 The Author of the Sāsanavaṃsa], The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, (Jul., 1899), pp. 674-676</ref><ref name=vamsabuddhist/> The ''Sangītivaṃsa'' is a Thai text composed in the 18th-century which traces the Buddha lineage in India, Buddhism's spread from India to Thailand and its history in the latter country, as well as an account of its decline.<ref name=vamsabuddhist/>

==Hinduism==
The [[Puranas|Purana]] genre of [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]] includes genealogies similar to the Buddhist texts. Each Purana describes the ''vaṃśa'' (lineage) and a ''vaṃśānucharita'' (accounts of kings and sages). The two most prominent royal lineages are called the ''[[Suryavansha|Suryavamsha]]'' and the ''[[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsha]]'', the solar and the lunar lineages of kings, families, and communities.<ref name="Thapar1978p293">{{cite book|author=Romila Thapar|title=Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fK3VTUrWsD0C&pg=PA293|year=1978|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0808-8|pages=292–297}}</ref><ref name="Lotter2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lotter|first1=Stefanie|title=Distinctly Different Everywhere: Politics of Appearance Amongst Rana Elites Inside and Outside Nepal|journal= Comparative Sociology|volume= 10|issue= 4|year= 2011|pages= 508–527|doi= 10.1163/156913311X590600}}</ref> The ''[[Harivamsa]]'' is the legendary genealogy of Yadavas and story of the Hindu god [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Edwin F. Bryant|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2n4VDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972431-4|pages=95–102}}</ref> It is found as an appendix to the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Couture | first1=André | last2=Schmid | first2=Charlotte | last3=Couture | first3=Andre | title=The Harivaṃśa, the Goddess Ekānaṃśā, and the Iconography of the Vṛṣṇi Triads | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=American Oriental Society | volume=121 | issue=2 | year=2001 | doi=10.2307/606559 | pages=173–192| jstor=606559 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Austin | first=Christopher R | title=The Abduction of Śrī-Rukmiṇī: Politics, Genealogy and Theology | journal=Religious Studies and Theology | publisher=Equinox Publishing | volume=33 | issue=1 | year=2014 | doi=10.1558/rsth.v33i1.23 | pages=23–46}}</ref> The Puranas mention lineages of various creatures like [[daitya]]s, [[Nāga|naga]]s, as well as the descendants of [[prajapati]]s and [[rishi]]s. Additionally there are two relatively newer royal {{Lang|sa|vaṃsa}}s, vaṃsas, the [[Agnivansha|Agnivamsha]]<ref name="Mehta1980">{{citation |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA34|year=1980|publisher=Sterling |isbn=978-81-207-0617-0 |page=34 }}</ref>{{efn|There are numerous variant spellings of these clan names.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Yadava |first=Ganga Prasad |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 }}, page 32.</ref> and the [[Nāga|Nagavamsha]].<ref>{{Citation | last =Tiwari | first =Shiv Kumar | year =2002 | title =Tribal Roots Of Hinduism | publisher =Sarup & Sons}}, page 177-231.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dasgupta|first=Samira|title=Reflection Of Ethno-science: Study On The Abujh Maria|year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-8183240253|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blqwRwrfAUMC&q=Nagavanshi+dynastyD&pg=PA9|author2=Amitabha Sarkar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/ranchi-bids-tearful-farewell-to-last-maharaja.html|title=Ranchi bids tearful farewell to last Maharaja|website=www.dailypioneer.com|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref>

==Jainism==
The literature of [[Jainism]] includes the ''Vamsa'' genre, such as its version of ''Harivamsa''.<ref name="Sreedharan2004p320"/>

==See also==
*[[Bansuri]]
*[[:Category:Sri Lankan chronicles]]
*[[Burmese chronicles]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Buddhist literature]]
[[Category:Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]

Anjaana

2026-03-04T03:52:27Z

MargretGerken: basic cleanup references for clarity and updated info

{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anjaana
| image = Anjaana.jpg

| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]]
| producer = Mohan Kumar
| writer = Ranjan Bose (screenplay)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rajendra Kumar]] [[Babita]]
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1969|12|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Anjaana''''' ({{translation|Unknown}}) is a 1969 Hindi-language romance film produced and directed by Mohan Kumar. The film stars [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Babita]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Prem Chopra]] and [[Nirupa Roy]]. The music is by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/anjaana/movieshow/61349182.cms|title=Anjaana Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==Plot==
Raju lives with his widowed mother, Janki, in a small town and works as garage mechanic. One day he meets with wealthy Rachna Malhotra, and after a few misunderstandings, both fall in love with each other. When Rachna's guardian, Diwan Mahendranat, finds out he forbids Rachna to ever see Raju again, as well as goes to Raju's house and humiliates his mother, for he wants Rachna to marry his son, Ramesh. An enraged Raju wants to avenge this humiliation and decides to teach Mahendranath a lesson. He enlists the help of his maternal uncle, Chamanlal Kapoor (Sunder), and together they succeed in fooling Mahendranath and making him give up all his money. But at the very last moment, Mahendranath finds out that he has been tricked, and together he and Ramesh conceive a plan that will bring Raju and his mother to their knees - a plan that will change their lives forever.

==Cast==
* [[Rajendra Kumar]] as Raju
* [[Babita]] as Rachna Malhotra
*[[Nirupa Roy]] as Raju's Mother
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Diwan Mahendranath
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Ramesh
*[[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Chamanlal Kapoor (Cooper)
*[[Nazima]] as Munni
*[[Mohan Choti]] as Lallu
*[[Tun Tun|Tuntun]] as Aunt Pampi (Mrs. Cooper)
*[[Mehmood Junior|Mehmood Jr.]] as William

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] on lyrics of [[Anand Bakshi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/anjaana|title=Anjaana Songs: Anjaana MP3 Songs by Laxmikant - Pyarelal Online Free on Gaana.com|via=gaana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/anjaana/1852481/|title=Anjaana|via=www.hungama.com}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aa Meri Rani"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Jaan Chali Jaye, Jiya Nahin Jaye"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
|-
| "Rim Jhim Ke Geet Sawan Gaye Bheegi Bheegi Raaton Mein"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Woh Kaun Hai"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Main Rahi Anjaan"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Hum Bahenon Ke Liye"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0233220|Anjaana}}

[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohan Kumar]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Thaai Mookaambikai

2026-03-03T05:18:10Z

MargretGerken: expanded intro after review and improved wording for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thaai Mookaambikai
| image = Thaai Mookaambikai.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[K. Shankar]]
| screenplay = K. Shankar
| story = S. Jegadeesan
| producer = Sivaprasad
| starring = [[K. R. Vijaya]] [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[Sivakumar]] [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]
| cinematography = Kanchi Meenakshisundaram
| editing = K. Shankar K. R. Krishnan V. Jayabal
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Sivashankar Creations
| released = {{Film date|1982|7|9|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thaai Mookaambikai''''' is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] directed by [[K. Shankar]], starring [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] and other leading actors. The film was released on 9 July 1982.

== Plot ==
Raakayi, a woman from the oppressed community in [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]], faces caste-based restrictions and confronts Dharma Kartha, the [[Kollur Mookambika Temple]] chief, about looting temple properties. After her death, her children - Senthil, Muthu, and Vellaiyamma are nearly killed by Dharma Kartha's men but are saved by the temple elephant, which places them in different vehicles destined to different places. Meanwhile, Poorani, the compassionate wife of the temple priest Ganesa Bhattar, is forced to leave her home after performing Raakayi's last rites, defying her husband's caste-centric views.

Years later, Kannappan, a reformed thief, learns about the history of the Kollur Mookambika temple from Ganesa Bhattar. The temple's history dates back to [[Adi Shankara]], who prayed to Goddess Mookambika and was granted his wish to construct a shrine for her. To spot the place, the Goddess stops at a [[swayambhu]], a self-born [[Lingam|linga]] with a line cutting it in half, in which the left half represents the goddess triad - the [[Tridevi|Tridevis]], and the right half represents their consorts - the male triad - the [[Trimurti|Trimurtis]].

A [[Malaysia|Malaysian]] tourist couple shares their story of visiting the temple to cure their daughter's polio, having been directed by Senthil, who works under Durga's father and is in love with Durga. Once, Durga gets caught in the middle of the river while boating, and though Senthil has a fear of water, he rescues her. Still fainted, Senthil goes to fetch water nearby, only to get caught with native tribes of the island, where Senthil sees a look-alike of Durga and believes that she fainted to bring courage in him. But soon Senthil realizes that it was not Durga and understands the divine connection of Mookambika. Despite Durga's father accepting Senthil as his son-in-law, Durga's life is threatened by a slow poison from a snake bite. After their marriage, Durga faints due to the poison, and Senthil decides to take her to the Kollur Mookambika temple for a cure.

In [[Madurai]], Vellaiyamma, now a housemaid, is mistreated by her employer, Ranjani, a wealthy musician. After escaping an attempted molestation by Ranjani's son Sarangan, Vellaiyamma is hit by a bus and meets Mookayi, a mysterious look-alike of Raakayi, who claims to be Raakayi's sister. Unbeknownst to Vellaiyamma, Mookayi is the Goddess in disguise. During a singing battle, Sarangan tries to sabotage Mookayi by mixing poison in Mookayi's milk, but she drinks it and fakes fainting after curing Vellaiyamma's muteness. Vellaiyamma surprisingly begins singing, but Mookayi loses her voice. Lord Shiva, in the guise of a saint, instructs Vellaiyamma to take Mookayi to Kollur to cure her muteness.

In [[Madras]], Muthu, the younger brother, is a homeless man who is wrongly accused of murder and sentenced to death after Mani, the real culprit, tricks him into getting arrested. Kannappan, a reformed saint, meets Muthu and promises to clear his name. Meanwhile, Mani plans to marry Judge Natarajan's daughter Lakshmi, but receives a [[telegram (telegraphy)|telegram]] summoning him to Kollur, which he hides to avoid canceling the engagement. Meanwhile, the Goddess, disguising herself as Natarajan's sister, calls from [[Delhi]], suggesting the engagement be held at Kollur Mookambika temple. As Muthu faces execution for Mani's crime, the spirit of Azhagesan (Mani's victim) forces Mani to confess, leading to Muthu's release. Natarajan then approves Muthu's marriage to Lakshmi. However, Mani escapes prison and learns about Muthu's marriage plans in Kollur, deciding to stop it.

In Kollur, Ganesa Bhattar suffers from age-related ailments and blindness. Since Poorani is unable to visit him due to their past disagreement, she performs rituals for his health. The Goddess, in the form of Bhagavathi, taking Raakayi's form, cares for Ganesa Bhattar, helping him realize his mistakes and restoring his vision. Ganesa Bhattar reunites with Poorani after she has a dream about Raakayi. Meanwhile, the three siblings - Senthil, Vellaiyamma, and Muthu - arrive in Kollur under different circumstances. Muthu and his fiancée, Lakshmi, are stopped by Mani, who attempts to abduct Lakshmi but is thwarted by Muthu. Vellaiyamma arrives with Mookayi, seeking a cure for Mookayi's muteness. Senthil comes with his wife Durga, who is miraculously cured after visiting the temple. The siblings reunite upon seeing the unique dollar chain gifted by Poorani. Mookayi introduces them to Poorani, who is overjoyed to see Raakayi's children together again.

The film concludes with everyone searching for Mookayi. Ganesa Bhattar reveals that the Goddess had taken human form as Mookayi to reunite the separated siblings. The drunkard Dharma Kartha is seen as a mentally affected beggar, a testament to divine justice.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Raakayi / Mookayi / Bhagavathi / Thaai [[Mookambika]]
*[[Sivakumar]] as Senthil, Raakayi's elder son
*[[Saritha]] as Vellayamma, Raakayi's daughter
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Muthu, Raakayi's younger son
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Ganesa Bhattar
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Annapoorani "Poorani", Bhattar's wife
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jai Shankar]] as Kannappan
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Dharma Kartha, Village President
*[[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Durga
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Durga's father
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ranjani
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Kaambothi
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Kalyani
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Sarangan, Ranjani's son
*[[Jai Ganesh]] as Mani, Bhattar's son
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as [[Inspector]] Gopi
*[[Gundu Kalyanam]] as Muthu's friend
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Ranjani's troop member
*K. Kannan as a saint in the temple
*MLA Thagaraj as Sadaiyan, Dharma Kartha's sidekick
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Kichan, Dharma Kartha's sidekick
*[[M. Balamuralikrishna]] as a singer
*[[M. S. Viswanathan]] as a singer
*[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] as a singer}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thai Mookambikai Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thai-mookambikai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029071427/https://mossymart.com/product/thai-mookambikai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaai Mookaambikai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/thaai-mookaambikai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1603026002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230330054514/https://music.apple.com/us/album/thaai-mookaambikai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1603026002 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Janani Janani" is set in [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]] raga,{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=134}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=14 October 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey: Kinetic Kalyani |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-kinetic-kalyani/article2537329.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020184028/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-kinetic-kalyani/article2537329.ece |archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> "Isai Arasi" is set in Sallabam, also known as Surya,{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=133}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=8 November 2013 |title=Of love and longing |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/of-love-and-longing/article5329771.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140924062825/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/of-love-and-longing/article5329771.ece |archive-date=24 September 2014}}</ref> and the title track is set in Vasantha Sri.{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=161}} Ilaiyaraaja mentioned that he "was running out of time" while composing the tune for "Janani Janani". He explained that he was "under hectic pressure from the film producer, who had planned to perform the ‘[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]’ for the film the next day with the song". The initial tune that Ilaiyaraaja composed did not suit the character [[Adi Shankara]]. He said that with a chance to have a glimpse of the portrait of Shankara, he was inspired to compose the tune which was similar to [[Bhaja Govindam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2009 |title=Paramacharya directed me to work on Tiruvasagam symphony: Ilayaraja |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Paramacharya-directed-me-to-work-on-Tiruvasagam-symphony-Ilayaraja/article16853927.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001173014/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Paramacharya-directed-me-to-work-on-Tiruvasagam-symphony-Ilayaraja/article16853927.ece |archive-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> "Janani Janani" was initially to be sung by [[K. J. Yesudas]], but Ilaiyaraaja sang the album version due to Yesudas' other commitments; his version was also selected to be used as the film version.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=1 June 2019 |title=Birds of a feather |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jun/01/birds-of-a-feather-1984490.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230330053238/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jun/01/birds-of-a-feather-1984490.html |archive-date=30 March 2023}}</ref>
The track “Kholapurase Kudasathrivasi” was featured in Finders Keepers Records’ compilation album titled “Solla Solla”, dedicated to [[Ilaiyaraaja]]’s compositions between 1977-1983.

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| Isai Arasi Ennalum || [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]]
|-
| Janani Janani || [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Deepan Chakravarthy]]
|-
| Malai Naadu || [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|-
| Pasikk Sorum Illai || [[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
| Seenathu Pattumeni || [[P. Susheela]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
| Thaaye Moogambikaiye || [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[S. Janaki]]
|}

'''"Janani Janani” Song:'''
{{cquote| Sivah Shaktya Yukto Yadi Bhavati Shaktah Prabhavitum 
Na Setevam Devo Na Kalu Kushalah Spandhitumapi 
Ah Adastvam Aradhyam Hari Hara Virinsadhipi Rabi 
Pranantum Stotum Va Kathamakrut Punya Prabhavati Ah 
Janani Janani Jagam Nee Agham Nee 
Janani Janani Jagam Nee Agham Nee 
Jagat Karani Nee Paripoorni Nee ! }}

[[Saundarya Lahari]] has been used in the “Janani Janani” song. The song holds an important place in conveying divine philosophy to the general public through music. explains that the world functions only when Shiva and Shakti are united. This philosophical idea is expressed simply and emotionally in the song “Janani Janani”. The film was created focusing on the deity Mookaambikai, who plays the role of the mother. The music for this song was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and the lyrics were written by Vaali.

The first verse of Soundariya Lahari was composed by Adi Shankaracharya. It Shakti is described as the fundamental cause of the universe and the force that moves everything. Even the gods attain completeness only through Shakti’s grace. The Mother is seen both as the world and as the soul. This concept forms the core of the Shakti philosophy in Soundariya Lahari.

It is stated both that the Mother is the fundamental power of the world and that divine power manifests as the Mother. The philosophical idea of the unity of Shiva and Shakti, expressed in Soundariya Lahari, is presented in the film song in an emotionally resonant motherly form that the general public can easily connect with. The Mother is described as the cause of the universe and the one who completes everything. The profound ideas in the philosophical text are expressed in the film song in a way that touches people’s hearts through the emotional form of the Mother.

== Release and reception ==
''Thaai Mookaambikai'' was released on 9 July 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தாய் மூகாம்பிகை / Thaai Mookaambikai (1982) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/thaai-mookaambikai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119114343/https://screen4screen.com/movies/thaai-mookaambikai |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt the audience who expected to watch the history of goddess Mookambika and the stories of their devotees will feel disappointed panning certain subplots. He however praised Jagadeesan's dialogues and Karthik's performance and concluded the film's director K. Shankar is responsible for the crime of not seeing completion in Darshan.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=25 July 1982 |title=தாய் மூகாம்பிகை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-07-25/page/n59/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230330042006/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-07-25/page/n59/mode/2up |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=59 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. Shankar}}
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Indiana University Bloomington

2026-03-01T17:17:01Z

MargretGerken: starting first data initial version!

{{Short description|Public research university in Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indiana University Bloomington
| image = Indiana University seal.svg
| image_upright = 0.6
| latin_name = Indianensis Universitas
| motto = ''Lux et Veritas'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = "Light and Truth"
| established = {{start date and age|1820|01|20}}
| former_names = {{unbulleted list|State Seminary (1820–1829)|Indiana College (1829–1838)|Indiana University (1838)}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]]
| accreditation = [[Higher Learning Commission|HLC]]
| endowment = $4.05 billion (2025) (system-wide)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/nacubo1-nacubo-prd-dc8b/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2025-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-for-US-and-Canadian-Institutions-FINAL.xlsx |title=U.S. and Canadian 2025 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2025 Endowment Market Value |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) |access-date=February 20, 2026 |format=XLSX}}</ref>
| chancellor = [[David Reingold]]<ref name="IUDavid">{{cite press release|url=https://news.iu.edu/live/news/44767-david-reingold-will-return-to-iu-bloomington |title=David Reingold will return to IU Bloomington campus to serve as chancellor |publisher=Indiana University}}</ref>
| president = [[Pamela Whitten]] (system)
| Executive Director =
| provost = Rahul Shrivastav
| faculty = 2,149 (2014){{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
| students = 48,424 (fall 2024)<ref name=Enrollment>{{cite press release|url=https://news.iu.edu/live/news/37818-enrollment-up-at-iu-campuses-bloomington-sets-record |title=Enrollment up at IU campuses; Bloomington sets record for overall enrollment |publisher=Indiana University}}</ref>
| undergrad = 36,833 (fall 2023)<ref name=Enrollment/>
| postgrad = 10,694 (fall 2023)<ref name=Enrollment/>
| city = [[Bloomington, Indiana]]
| country = United States
| coor = {{coord|39.167222|-86.521389|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Small city<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Indiana+University+bloomington&s=all&id=151351|title=IPEDS-Indiana University Bloomington|access-date=November 7, 2021|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107113254/https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Indiana+University+bloomington&s=all&id=151351|url-status=live}}</ref>
| campus_size = {{convert|1937|acre|km2}}<ref name="10Factbook"/>
| colors = Cream and crimson<ref>{{cite web |title=The Origins of the IU Logo and Colors |date=August 18, 2017 |url=https://libraries.indiana.edu/origins-iu-logo-and-colors |access-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005162456/https://libraries.indiana.edu/origins-iu-logo-and-colors |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IU Traditions – History – Cream and Crimson |url=https://iuhoosiers.com/sports/2018/12/14/traditions.aspx#Colors |access-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005162455/https://iuhoosiers.com/sports/2018/12/14/traditions.aspx#Colors |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Primary colors |url=https://styleguide.iu.edu/visual-style/colors.html |access-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123831/https://styleguide.iu.edu/visual-style/colors.html |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{color box|#EDEBEB}} {{color box|#990000}}
| nickname = [[Indiana Hoosiers|Hoosiers]]
| mascot = Hoosier the Bison
| sporting_affiliations = {{hlist|[[NCAA Division I FBS]] – [[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]|[[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation|MPSF]]}}
| website = {{URL|bloomington.iu.edu}}
| logo = Indiana University logotype.svg
| logo_upright = 1.2
| parent = [[Indiana University]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist
|[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]
|[[Oak Ridge Associated Universities|ORAU]]
|[[Universities Research Association|URA]]
|[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]
}}
| free_label2 = Newspaper
| free2 = ''[[Indiana Daily Student]]''
}}

'''Indiana University Bloomington''' ('''IU Bloomington''', '''Indiana University''', '''IU''', '''IUB''', or '''Indiana''') is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Bloomington, Indiana]], United States. It is the [[flagship university|flagship campus]] of [[Indiana University]] and is its largest campus, with over 48,000 students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enrollment up at IU campuses; Bloomington sets record for overall enrollment |url=https://news.iu.edu/live/news/37818-enrollment-up-at-iu-campuses-bloomington-sets-record |access-date=December 17, 2024 |website=news.iu.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="iub"/> Established as the state's seminary in 1820, the name was changed to "Indiana College" in 1829 and to "Indiana University" in 1838.

Indiana University is a member of the [[Association of American Universities]] and is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<ref name="Carnegie Classifications Institution Profile"/> Its schools and programs include the [[Jacobs School of Music]], [[Kelley School of Business]], [[School of Education (Indiana University Bloomington)|School of Education]], [[Indiana University School of Informatics|Luddy School of Informatics]], [[O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs]], [[School of Public Health (Indiana University Bloomington)|School of Public Health]], [[Indiana University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]], [[Indiana University School of Nursing|School of Nursing]], [[Hutton Honors College]], The Media School, and [[Indiana University Maurer School of Law|Maurer School of Law]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iub.edu/academic/departments/byschool.shtml|title=Schools|work=Indiana University Bloomington|access-date=November 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928173637/http://www.iub.edu/academic/departments/byschool.shtml|archive-date=September 28, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The campus also features the [[Lilly Library]], [[Eskenazi Museum of Art]], and the [[Indiana Memorial Union]].

Indiana athletic teams compete in [[NCAA Division I]] and are known as the [[Indiana Hoosiers]]. The university is a member of the [[Big Ten Conference]]. All teams are known simply as the "Hoosiers" and the Bison mascot,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IU Reinstates the Bison as the Official IU-Bloomington Mascot; 'Hoosier The Bison' To Make First Public Appearance On Aug. 30 at IU Football Season Opener |url=https://iuhoosiers.com/news/2025/7/14/general-iu-reinstates-the-bison-as-the-official-iu-bloomington-mascot-hoosier-the-bison-to-make-first-public-appearance-on-aug-30-at-iu-football-season-opener |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Indiana University Athletics |language=en}}</ref> also called "Hoosier", was reintroduced for the 2025 season. The Indiana Hoosiers have won 24 NCAA national championships and one Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) national championship, in addition to 145 NCAA individual national championships. Titles won by teams include eight by the [[Indiana Hoosiers men's soccer|Hoosiers men's soccer team]], a record-setting six straight in men's swimming and diving, five by the [[Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball|Hoosiers men's basketball team]], three in men's cross country, one in men's track and field, one in wrestling, and one in [[Indiana Hoosiers football|football]].

==History==
===Early years===
Indiana's state government in [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]] established Indiana University on January 20, 1820, as the "State Seminary".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronology of Indiana University History|date=June 19, 2014 |publisher=Indiana University|access-date=February 12, 2016|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~libarch/iuchron/iuchron.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000242/http://www.indiana.edu/~libarch/iuchron/iuchron.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction began in 1822 at what is now called [[Seminary Square Park]] near the intersection of Second Street and College Avenue. Classes began on April 4, 1825.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.in.gov/history/markers/4118.htm|title = State Seminary of Indiana|date = December 15, 2020|access-date = June 15, 2020|archive-date = June 15, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200615202546/https://www.in.gov/history/markers/4118.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> The first professor was [[Baynard Rush Hall]], a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] minister who taught all of the classes in 1825–27. In the first year, he taught twelve students and was paid $250. Hall was a [[Classics|classicist]] who focused on Greek and Latin and believed that the study of classical philosophy and languages formed the basis of the best education.<ref>Thomas D. Clark, ''Indiana University Midwestern Pioneer: The Early Years''. Vol. 1. pp 9, 33</ref> The first class graduated in 1830. From 1820 to 1889 a legal-political battle was fought between IU and [[Vincennes University]] as to which was the legitimate state university.<ref>Howard F. McMains, "The Indiana Seminary Charter of 1820," ''Indiana Magazine of History'' (2010) 106#4 pp 356–380.</ref><ref>Thomas D. Clark, ''Indiana University: Vol. I: The Early Years'' (1970)</ref>

In 1829, [[Andrew Wylie (college president)|Andrew Wylie]] became the first president, serving until his death in 1851. The school's name was changed to "Indiana College" in 1829, and to "Indiana University" in 1838.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minutes of the Board of Trustees of Indiana University, 15 February 1838 |url=https://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/archives/iubot/1838-02-15 |website=Indiana University Board of Trustees Minutes |access-date=March 31, 2022 |archive-date=August 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805220011/https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/iubot/view?docId=1838-02-15 |url-status=live}}</ref> Wylie and David Maxwell, president of the board of trustees, were devout Presbyterians. They spoke of the nonsectarian status of the school but generally hired fellow Presbyterians. Presidents and professors were expected to set a moral example for their charges. After six ministers in a row, the first non-clergyman to become president was the young biology professor [[David Starr Jordan]], in 1885.<ref>Gayle Williams, "Andrew Wylie and Religion at Indiana University, 1824–1851: Nonsectarianism and Democracy," ''Indiana Magazine of History'' (2003) 99#1 pp 3–24</ref> Jordan followed [[Baptists|Baptist]] theologian [[Lemuel Moss]], who resigned after a scandal broke regarding his involvement with a female professor.

Jordan (president 1884–1891) improved the university's finances and public image, doubled its enrollment, and instituted an elective system along the lines of his alma mater, [[Cornell University]].<ref>Paul J. Ramsey, "Building A 'Real' University in the Woodlands of Indiana: The Jordan Administration, 1885–1891," ''American Educational History Journal'' (2004) 31#1 pp 20–28</ref> Jordan became president of [[Stanford University]] in June 1891.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/CDGA.A-L/jordan.htm|title=David Starr Jordan Collected Papers (CDG-A), Swarthmore College Peace Collection|work=swarthmore.edu|access-date=November 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414053648/http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/CDGA.A-L/jordan.htm|archive-date=April 14, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

The growth of the institution was slow. In 1851, IU had nearly a hundred students and seven professors. IU admitted its first woman student, Sarah Parke Morrison, in 1867, making IU [[List of mixed-sex colleges and universities in the United States|the fourth public university to admit women on an equal basis with men]]. {{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}Morrison went on to become the first female professor at IU in 1873. {{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Mathematician [[Joseph Swain (academic)|Joseph Swain]] was IU's first Hoosier-born president, 1893 to 1902. He established Kirkwood Hall in 1894; a gymnasium for men in 1896, which later was named [[Assembly Hall (Bloomington)|Assembly Hall]]; and [[Kirkwood Observatory]] in 1900. He began construction for Science Hall in 1901. During his presidency, student enrollment increased from 524 to 1,285.<ref>{{cite book|first=Joseph|last=Swain|title=Inaugural Address of Joseph Swain: President Indiana University, Delivered June 14, 1893, at the Annual Commencement of Indiana University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLoYgnv5vUQC|year=1893|access-date=November 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105164632/https://books.google.com/books?id=aLoYgnv5vUQC|archive-date=January 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indiana University, 1820–1920: Centennial Memorial Volume|url=https://archive.org/details/indianauniversit00indirich|year=1921|publisher=Indiana University|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indianauniversit00indirich/page/330 330]–37|access-date=November 5, 2015}}</ref>

In 1883, IU awarded its first [[PhD]] and played its first intercollegiate sport (baseball), prefiguring the school's future status as a major research institution and a power in collegiate athletics. But another incident that year was of more immediate concern: the original campus in Seminary Square burned to the ground. The college was rebuilt between 1884 and 1908 at the far eastern edge of Bloomington. (Today, the city has expanded eastward, and the "new" campus is once again in the midst of the city.) One challenge was that Bloomington's limited water supply was inadequate for its population of 12,000 and could not handle university expansion. The university commissioned a study that led to building a [[Griffy Lake#University Lake|reservoir]] for its use.<ref>Donald H. Maxwell, "Impounded water in Bloomington, Ind.," ''Municipal and county engineering: design, construction, maintenance, and operation of all public works'' (Jan 1921) 60#1 pp.159–161 [https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZRNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA160 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118185714/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZRNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA160 |date=January 18, 2016}}</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Morrison Hall Indiana University Bloomington 1942 LOC gsc.5a08774.jpg|thumb|Morrison Hall in June 1942]]

In 1902, IU enrolled 1203 undergraduates; all but 65 were Hoosiers. There were 82 graduate students including ten from out-of-state. The curriculum emphasized the classics, as befitted a gentleman, and stood in contrast to the service-oriented curriculum at [[Purdue University]], which presented itself as of direct benefit to farmers, industrialists, and businessmen.<ref>Thomas D. Clark, ''Indiana University'' 2:5, 9</ref>

The first extension office of IU was opened in Indianapolis in 1916. In 1920/1921 the [[Jacobs School of Music|School of Music]] and the School of Commerce and Finance (what later became the [[Kelley School of Business]]) were opened. In the 1940s Indiana University opened extension campuses in [[Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo]] and [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]]. The [[Kinsey Institute]] for sexual research was established in 1945.

During the [[Great Depression]], Indiana University fared much better than most state schools thanks to the entrepreneurship of its young president [[Herman Wells]]. He collaborated with [[Frederick L. Hovde]], the president of Purdue; together they approached the Indiana delegation to Congress, indicating their highest priorities. For Wells, it was to build a world-class music school, replacing dilapidated facilities. As a result of these efforts, the [[Works Progress Administration]] (WPA) built one of the finest facilities in the country. He added matching funds from the state legislature and opened a full-scale fund-raising campaign among alumni and the business community. In 1942, Wells reported that "The past five years have been the greatest single period of expansion in the physical plant of the University in its entire history. In this period 15 new buildings have been constructed."<ref>Herman B Wells, ''Being Lucky'' (1980), pp 155–69</ref><ref>Thomas D Clark, ''Indiana University: Midwestern Pioneer volume 3: Years of Fulfillment'' (1977), p 168.</ref>

In 1960, the IU student body elected [[Thomas I. Atkins|Thomas Atkins]], an African-American from [[Elkhart, Indiana]], to the position of president of the student body. A throng of white students protested the result by parading around campus waving [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate flags]] and allegedly blamed Atkins' victory on a "bunch of beatniks". When the protesters approached the female dormitory on campus, they were met with "a barrage of cosmetic bottles, old shoes, and other objects."<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Student president wins by 45 votes|date = April 16, 1960|journal = The Baltimore Afro-American}}</ref>

===21st century===
In April 2002, thousands of IU students and staff, along with Bloomington residents, rioted across the university campus before merging into adjacent city blocks after the IU men's basketball team lost the [[NCAA Basketball]] championship game to the [[University of Maryland]] Terrapins.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fans unruly for different reasons after title game |url=https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/ncaatourney02/story?id=1361920 |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=espn.com |agency=ESPN |date=April 2, 2002}}</ref> Rioters caused extensive damage to university buildings and city businesses, and at least 45 people were arrested during the riot.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paine |first1=Christopher |last2=Fruend |first2=Paula |title=Police use tear gas on unruly crowd after loss |url=https://www.heraldtimesonline.com/story/news/2002/04/03/police-use-tear-gas-on-unruly-crowd-after-loss/48711793/ |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=heraldtimesonline.com |agency=The Herald-Times |date=April 3, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jonathan |first1=Chu |title=Riots tarnish legacy of championships |url=https://www.thelantern.com/2002/04/riots-tarnish-legacy-of-championships/ |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=thelantern.com |agency=The Lantern |date=April 10, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ricketts |first1=Chris |title=Finals riots give college students a bad name |url=https://www.usforacle.com/2002/04/04/finals-riots-give-college-students-a-bad-name/ |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=usforacle.com |agency=The Oracle |date=April 4, 2002}}</ref>

In March 2014, the [[U.S. Department of Education]]'s Office for Civil Rights initiated a federal investigation of Indiana University's [[Title IX#Sexual harassment and sexual violence|Title IX]] compliance, encompassing more than 450 sexual harassment and violence complaints filed with the university between 2011 and 2015. The complaints involved both students and university staff or faculty. The investigation revealed concerns with timeliness of response, lack of documentation, not preventing retaliation, and the creation of sexually hostile environments at the campus. The investigation further criticized the lack of mandatory sexual harassment, misconduct, and awareness training for staff, as well as the lack of institutional support for its Title IX Coordinator to oversee compliance by the university.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rapport |first1=Adele |title=Compliance Review OCR #05-14-6002 |url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/investigations/more/05146002-a.pdf |website=US Department of Education |publisher=DoE |access-date=April 26, 2024}}</ref>

In February 2016, the university's Associate Dean of Students, Director of Student Ethics, and Title IX Deputy Director, Jason Casares, abruptly resigned his position after sexual assault allegations were made against him by [[Association for Student Conduct Administration]] president-elect, and New York University Assistant Director of Global Community Standards, Jill Creighton, during a conference in [[Fort Worth, Texas]] in December 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=IU administrator Casares resigns amid sexual assault claim |url=https://www.wthr.com/article/news/local/update-iu-administrator-casares-resigns-amid-sexual-assault-claim/531-610f5e2c-e658-4b3b-a008-e7d1df4b7e4c |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=wthr.com |agency=WTHR |date=April 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lanich |first1=Carley |title=IU deputy Title IX director accused of sexual assault, University confirms |url=https://www.idsnews.com/article/2016/02/iu-deputy-title-ix-director-accused-of-sexual-assault |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=idsnews.com |agency=Indiana Daily Student |date=February 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IU employee resigns amid sex assault allegations |url=https://www.wrtv.com/news/local-news/iu-ethics-director-facing-sex-assault-allegations-resigns?_ga=2.42325541.1018511322.1714164481-513631463.1714164481 |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=wrtv.com |agency=The Associated Press |date=February 26, 2016}}</ref> The [[Fort Worth Police Department]] declined to press charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ind. University's former student ethics director will not face sex assault charges in Texas |url=https://www.wdrb.com/news/ind-universitys-former-student-ethics-director-will-not-face-sex-assault-charges-in-texas/article_4648537a-b7c1-59d7-af41-a218cd60eb72.html |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=wdrb.com |agency=The Associated Press |date=June 7, 2023}}</ref>

In May 2016, the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights initiated another Title IX investigation into Indiana University for failing to hold a university student accountable for an off-campus rape of another student and failing to follow proper Title IX procedures subsequent to the reporting of the incident. The university also charged the victim a dorm-relocation fee after the suspected rapist continued to harass the victim around her dormitory, which also went without intervention by the university. The victim's case was also handled by former Title IX Director, Jason Casares prior to his resignation amidst sexual harassment and misconduct allegations as the university's student ethics director and Title IX deputy director.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kenney |first1=Kara |title=Feds open third Title IX investigation at IU |url=https://www.wrtv.com/news/call-6-investigators/feds-open-third-title-ix-investigation-at-iu-bloomington |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=wrtv.com |agency=WRTV |date=June 1, 2016}}</ref>

In November 2023, Indiana University Student Government treasurer Alex Kaswan and co-director of [[DEI]] Makiah Pickett resigned after accusing other student government leadership members of [[antisemitism]] and failure to represent the cultural whole of the student body. After learning of the accusations and resignations, U.S. Representative [[Jim Banks]] sent a letter to university president [[Pamela Whitten]] denouncing such conduct, identifying it as a violation of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964#Title VI – nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs|1964 Civil Rights Act]] and threatened the continued federal funding for the university if the conduct was tolerated by the university administration. Accused student body president Aaliyah Raji responded by denouncing both Islamophobia and antisemitism and stating that the student government combats against those issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Mirand |title=Two IU Student Government members resign, accuse leadership of antisemitism |url=https://www.idsnews.com/article/2023/11/iu-student-government-members-resign-accuse-leadership-antisemitism |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=Indiana Daily Student |date=November 16, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Aubrey |title=Rep. Jim Banks says IU fails to combat antisemitism in letter to Pamela Whitten |url=https://www.wfyi.org/news/articles/rep-jim-banks-says-iu-fails-to-combat-antisemitism-in-letter-to-pamela-whitten |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=WFYI PBS |agency=NPR |date=November 15, 2023}}</ref>

Also in November 2023, the university attracted national attention when the university barred a faculty member from teaching after alleging that he improperly assisted the Palestine Solidarity Committee, a student group, in reserving a space on campus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/faculty-issues/shared-governance/2024/01/11/indiana-u-sanctions-professor-supporting-pro |title=Indiana U Sanctions Professor Who Advised Pro-Palestinian Students |first=Kathryn |last=Palmer |publisher=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=January 11, 2024 |accessdate=April 17, 2024}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the university's administrators also cancelled a planned art exhibition by [[Samia Halaby]], a Palestinian-American artist.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/faculty-issues/academic-freedom/2024/02/26/academic-freedom-battles-roil-indiana-university |title=Academic Freedom Battles Roil Indiana University |first=Kathryn |last=Palmer |publisher=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=February 26, 2024 |accessdate=April 17, 2024}}</ref> Both of these events occurred after the October 7, 2023, [[Hamas-led attack on Israel]] and in the wake of national attention on antisemitism on college and university campuses. They also occurred in the midst of changes to Indiana laws that some perceived as attacking [[academic freedom]]. In the spring of 2024, the university's faculty voted [[no confidence]] in the Indiana University system president, the Bloomington campus's provost and executive vice president, and the Bloomington campus's vice provost for faculty and academic affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/quick-takes/2024/04/17/iu-bloomington-faculty-votes-no-confidence-leaders |title=IU Bloomington Faculty Votes No Confidence in Leaders |first=Ryan |last=Quinn |publisher=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=April 17, 2024 |accessdate=April 17, 2024}}</ref>

In February 2024, the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights again initiated a federal investigation of the university in response to a complaint of the violation of [[Civil Rights Act of 1964#Title VI – nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs|Title VI]] of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The complaint was filed by Dr. Zachary Marschall and alleged lack of response and complacency by the university administration to an increasing number of anti-Semitic incidents at the campus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indiana University faces federal civil rights investigation over anti-Semitism response |url=https://www.wbiw.com/2024/02/12/indiana-university-faces-federal-civil-rights-investigation-over-anti-semitism-response/ |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=WBIW.com |agency=WBIW |date=February 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Campus Reform': Indiana University under Title VI probe for Jew-hatred |url=https://www.jns.org/campus-reform-indiana-university-under-title-vi-probe-for-jew-hatred/ |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=jns.org |agency=Jewish News Syndicate |date=February 6, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sabes |first1=Adam |title=Indiana University Facing Federal Civil Rights Investigation Over Anti-Semitism Response |url=https://heartlanddailynews.com/2024/02/indiana-university-facing-investigation-over-anti-semitism-response/ |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=heartlanddailynews.com |agency=Heartland Daily News |date=February 8, 2024}}</ref> The complaint also led to additional federal investigations at the [[University of Wisconsin]], [[Northwestern University]], and the office is also conducting parallel investigations of [[Johns Hopkins University]], [[Harvard University]], the [[University of Michigan]], and others.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oliver |first1=Olivia |title=Indiana University under investigation for alleged antisemitism |url=https://www.iustv.com/indiana-university-under-investigation-for-alleged-antisemitism/ |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=iustv.com |agency=Indiana University Student Television |date=February 13, 2024}}</ref>

==== Degree cuts (2025) ====
In 2025, the [[Indiana General Assembly]] passed a state budget bill mandating that Indiana's public universities phase out programs that produce fewer than 10 students in an associate degree program, 15 students in a bachelor's degree program, 7 students in a master's degree program, and 3 students in a doctorate degree program, unless the institution received permission from the Indiana Commission for Higher Education to continue offering the program. As a result, the university ended over a hundred programs, including:

* Bachelor's degree: Art History, American Studies, Atmospheric Science, Cognitive Science, Comparative Literature, Dance, Earth Science, Geography, East Asian Studies, Gender Studies, German Studies, Music/Ballet, Religious Studies, Statistics, and numerous foreign languages
* Master's degree: African Studies, Comparative Literature, Communications and Culture, Journalism, Latin American Studies, Statistics, Theatre and Drama, and numerous foreign languages
* PhD: African Diaspora Studies, American Studies, Art History, Astrophysics, Chemical Physics, Classical Studies, Comparative Literature, Gender Studies, Public Policy, Theatre and Drama, and numerous foreign languages<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nietzel |first=Michael T. |title=Indiana University To Discontinue More Than 100 Academic Programs |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2025/07/01/indiana-university-to-discontinue-more-than-100-academic-programs/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

Significant cuts were made to the university's programs in foreign languages,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipm.org/news/2025-07-17/iu-foreign-language-programs-take-hit-after-indiana-sets-degree-thresholds|title=IU foreign language programs take hit after Indiana sets degree thresholds|first=Aubrey|last=Wright|date=July 17, 2025|website=Indiana Public Media}}</ref> due to their low enrollment numbers. This occurred even though many of these programs were privately funded, such as the program in Mongolian studies.<ref>https://x.com/brannoningram/status/1940375670284259523</ref> In response, students and faculty have launched a petition calling for the restoration of language programs.<ref name="m967">{{cite web | last=Frey"] | first=["Jonathan | title=Language department faculty launches 'Save the Languages' petition | website=Language department faculty launches ‘Save the Languages’ petition - Indiana Daily Student | date=2025-08-21 | url=https://www.idsnews.com/article/2025/08/save-the-languages-at-iu | access-date=2025-09-02}}</ref>

==== Student newspaper free speech controversy (2025) ====
In October 2025, the university came under fire when administrators instructed the ''[[Indiana Daily Student]]'' to refrain from printing news stories in its homecoming edition, leading student media director Jim Rodenbush to refuse what he described as censorship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moody |first=Josh |title=Indiana Censors Newspaper, Fires Adviser |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/students/free-speech/2025/10/16/indiana-university-censors-newspaper-fires-adviser |website=Inside Higher Ed |date=October 16, 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> The university terminated Rodenbush and announced the discontinuation of all print editions of the IDS, citing financial and strategic considerations, a justification contested by student editors and press-freedom advocates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Tom |title=Major controversy and hard knocks journalism lessons from Indiana University |url=https://www.poynter.org/commentary/2025/indiana-university-student-newspaper-censorship-controversy/ |website=Poynter |date=October 17, 2025}}</ref> Rodenbush subsequently filed a federal lawsuit alleging First Amendment retaliation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fired Indiana University student newspaper adviser claims free speech violation in federal lawsuit |url=https://apnews.com/article/27120f2f9c83915d1d9f5149966684c8 |work=AP News |date=October 30, 2025}}</ref> The university later permitted limited print publication through June 2026, while maintaining it had not intended to censor content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IU reverses course, allows student newspaper to resume print |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/quick-takes/2025/11/03/iu-resume-printing-student-paper-after-censorship-controversy |website=Inside Higher Ed |date=November 3, 2025}}</ref>

==Campus==
[[Image:IUSampleGates.JPG|thumb|alt=The Sample Gates |The Sample Gates mark the main entrance to the Indiana University Bloomington campus]]

The Indiana University Bloomington campus of {{convert|1933|acre|km2}} rests on a bed of [[Indiana Limestone]], specifically [[Salem Limestone]] and [[Harrodsburg Limestone]], with outcroppings of [[St. Louis Limestone]].

The "Campus River" is a stream flowing through the center of campus. A section of Bloomington's [[Clear Creek (Salt Creek)|Clear Creek]],<ref name=city>[http://bloomington.in.gov/documents/viewDocument.php?document_id=3011#streams Water Basics: Stream]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916035852/http://bloomington.in.gov/documents/viewDocument.php?document_id=3011 |date=September 16, 2012}} (City of Bloomington)</ref> it was formerly named the "Jordan River" after IU president [[David Starr Jordan]].<ref>Clark Kimberling, [http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/jordanland.html David Starr Jordan Landmarks on the campus of Indiana University, Bloomington] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805182602/http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/jordanland.html |date=August 5, 2012}}, with a further source given as the ''Indiana Alumni Magazine'' [vol. 18 (June 1956) page 7].</ref> The name was changed, along with several campus buildings, in 2020 by the IU trustees due to Jordan's support of [[eugenics]] becoming widely known.<ref name="CampusRiver">{{Cite web|title=Indiana University removes Jordan name over eugenics support|url=https://apnews.com/article/indiana-archive-bloomington-ac3ace82552505b1574646785af65ce6|date=December 3, 2020|publisher=[[AP News]]|access-date=June 15, 2022|archive-date=June 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616025233/https://apnews.com/article/indiana-archive-bloomington-ac3ace82552505b1574646785af65ce6|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bloomington was ranked 5th best city for educated millennials by [[Business Insider]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Best Small Cities for Educated Millennials|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-best-small-cities-for-recent-college-graduates-2015-5|website=Business Insider|access-date=May 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419023336/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-best-small-cities-for-recent-college-graduates-2015-5|archive-date=April 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''College Ranker'' listed Bloomington as #6 Best College Town to Live in Forever.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best College Towns to Live in Forever|date=November 3, 2015|url=http://www.collegeranker.com/features/best-college-towns/|publisher=College Ranker|access-date=May 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501102146/http://www.collegeranker.com/features/best-college-towns/|archive-date=May 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Architecture===
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = The Old Crescent
| nrhp_type = hd
| nocat = yes
| image = Indiana University Bloomington - Maxwell Hall - panoramio.jpg
| caption = Maxwell Hall
| location = Indiana University Campus, [[Bloomington, Indiana]]
| built = {{Start date|1884}}
| architect = Multiple
| architecture = Late Victorian, Gothic, Romanesque
| added = September 8, 1980
| area = {{convert|20|acre}}
| refnum = 80000028<ref name="nris">{{NRISref |refnum=80000028|version=2010a}}</ref>
}}

The [[Works Progress Administration]] built much of the campus's core during the [[Great Depression]]. Many of the campus's buildings were built and most of its land acquired during the 1950s and 1960s when first soldiers attending under the [[GI Bill]] and then the [[baby boom]] swelled the university's enrollment from 5,403 in 1940 to 30,368 in 1970. Some buildings on campus underwent similar expansion. As additions were constructed by building onto the outside of existing buildings, exterior surfaces were incorporated into their new interiors, making this expansion visible in the affected buildings' architecture. The Chemistry and Biology buildings serve as examples, where two of the interior walls of the latter's library were clearly constructed as limestone exteriors. The Bryan House is the traditional on-campus home of the university president.

Nine of the oldest buildings are included in a national [[historic district (United States)|historic district]] known as '''The Old Crescent'''. It was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1980.<ref name=nris /> They are the [[Collegiate Gothic]] style Student Service Building (1906–1908); Indiana University Museum (1905); [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] style Maxwell Building (1890, 1907–1908); Owen Hall (1885); Wylie Hall (1885); Kirkwood Hall (1895); Lindley Hall (1903); [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style Rose Well House (1908); and Kirkwood Observatory (1900).<ref name="SHAARD">{{cite web |url=https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/welcome.html |title=Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD) |publisher=Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology |format=Searchable database |access-date=May 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427085151/https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/welcome.html |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |url-status=live}} ''Note:'' This includes {{cite web |url=https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/1d2d6/N/Old_Crescent_Monroe_CO_Nom.pdf |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: The Old Crescent |access-date=May 1, 2016 |first=Daniel F. |last=Harrington |date=n.d. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216231937/https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/1d2d6/N/Old_Crescent_Monroe_CO_Nom.pdf |archive-date=February 16, 2017 |url-status=live}}, [https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/2a655/N/Old_Crescent_map.pdf site map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224184344/https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/2a655/N/Old_Crescent_map.pdf |date=February 24, 2017}}, and Accompanying photographs.</ref>

The '''Sample Gates''' serve as the entryway to Indiana University's campus and the Old Crescent. It is positioned between Franklin Hall and Bryan Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitbloomington.com/listing/sample-gates/309/|title=Sample Gates|website=Visit Bloomington|access-date=April 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420135602/https://www.visitbloomington.com/listing/sample-gates/309/|archive-date=April 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> After several failed attempts to create an arched entrance to campus, in 1987, Edson Sample provided funding to build the archway based on the 1961 design proposed by [[Eggers & Higgins]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.libraries.indiana.edu/iubarchives/tag/sample-gates/|title="A Coming In, Never a Going Out:" The Vision of the Kirkwood Gateway|website=Blogging Hoosier History|access-date=April 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420074522/https://blogs.libraries.indiana.edu/iubarchives/tag/sample-gates/|archive-date=April 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Indiana University Cinema]] opened in January 2011 in the former University Theatre building, which was built in the 1930s.

The Bloomington campus also has a biology research greenhouse in the Biology Building that is open to the public, one of the highlights of which is a corpse flower (''[[Amorphophallus titanum]]'') named Wally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.limestonepostmagazine.com/6-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-jordan-greenhouses/|title=6 Things You Didn't Know About the Jordan Greenhouses – Limestone Post Magazine in Bloomington, Indiana|website=www.limestonepostmagazine.com|date=February 25, 2016|language=en-US|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093947/https://www.limestonepostmagazine.com/6-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-jordan-greenhouses/|archive-date=May 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2016/07/30/ius-corpse-flower-bloom/87816310/|title=IU's 'corpse flower' in odoriferous bloom|work=Indianapolis Star|access-date=May 1, 2018|language=en|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120075054/https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2016/07/30/ius-corpse-flower-bloom/87816310/|url-status=live}}</ref> Also on campus, the [[Kirkwood Observatory]] is open to the public one day a week.

The [[Mies Building for the Eskenazi School of Art, Architecture + Design]] opened in 2022.<ref name="Dreith v896">{{cite web |last=Dreith |first=Ben |date=February 22, 2022 |title=Rediscovered Mies van der Rohe design completes in Indiana |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2022/02/22/mies-van-der-rohe-rediscovered-building-eskenazi-school-art-architecture-design-indiana/ |access-date=July 10, 2025 |website=Dezeen}}</ref> Its design is based on an unbuilt plan for a fraternity house by [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]].<ref name="Loos2021">{{Cite web |last=Loos |first=Ted |date=Sep 22, 2021 |title=The Case of the Missing Mies van der Rohe |url=https://www.wsj.com/real-estate/luxury-homes/missing-mies-van-der-rohe-11632313895 |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

The 1979 movie ''[[Breaking Away]]'' was filmed on location in Bloomington and the IU campus. It also featured a reenactment of the annual [[Little 500]] bicycle race. The IU campus also has trails that many utilize for biking and running. The trails in Bloomington and nearby areas total nearly {{convert|1200|mi|km}}.

===Indiana Memorial Union===
{{main|Indiana Memorial Union}}
[[File:Indiana Memorial Union - P1080511.JPG|thumb|The [[Clear Creek (Salt Creek)|Campus River]] crosses the Dunn Meadow in front of the [[Indiana Memorial Union]]]]

The over {{convert|500000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} [[Indiana Memorial Union]] (IMU) is the second-largest student union in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imu.indiana.edu/about/index.html|title=About|website=Indiana Memorial Union|language=en-US|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> It was built in 1932 and is home to the [[Indiana University Student Association]], Indiana Memorial Union Board, and other student organizations). The IMU houses a collection of Indiana art including artists from [[Brown County, Indiana|Brown County]], the [[Hoosier Group]], [[Richmond Group]] and others. This collection is the largest public collection of art outside of a museum.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

The Biddle Hotel and Conference Center was added in 1960. The wing contains 189 guest rooms and over 50,000 square feet of meeting space.<ref name="IM">{{Cite web|url=https://imu.indiana.edu/about/history.html|title=Indiana Memorial Union: Indiana University Bloomington|website=Indiana Memorial Union|language=en-US|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> The IMU hosts more than 17,000 events every year.<ref name="IM" />

===Indiana University Auditorium===
{{main|Indiana University Auditorium}}

[[File:IUB-Showalter Fountain.jpg|thumb|left|[[Indiana University Auditorium]]]]

[[Indiana University Auditorium]] is a 3,200 seat performing arts venue situated in IU's Fine Arts Plaza alongside the [[Lilly Library]] and the Eskenazi School of Art, Architecture + Design.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://venuecoalition.com/indiana-university-auditorium/ |title=Indiana University Auditorium |access-date=September 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410005357/https://venuecoalition.com/indiana-university-auditorium/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiana.edu/hoosier-life/attractions.html |title=Attractions & Things to Do: Hoosier Life |access-date=September 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121202907/https://www.indiana.edu/hoosier-life/attractions.html |archive-date=November 21, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iuauditorium.com/fine-arts-plaza |title=Fine Arts Plaza | Indiana University Auditorium |access-date=September 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914170821/https://www.iuauditorium.com/fine-arts-plaza |archive-date=September 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Construction on IU Auditorium began in 1939 as a part of the [[Federal Works Agency]] Projects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://200.iu.edu/about/contact/index.html |title=Contact and Office |access-date=September 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914165559/https://200.iu.edu/about/contact/index.html |archive-date=September 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> IU Auditorium officially opened its doors March 22, 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iuauditorium.com/about-us/about-iu-auditorium |title=About IU Auditorium | Indiana University Auditorium |access-date=September 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914170038/https://www.iuauditorium.com/about-us/about-iu-auditorium |archive-date=September 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Today, IU Auditorium presents [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] touring acts, popular musical artists, comedians, classical musicians and more.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.iu.edu/stories/2019/04/iub/releases/18-iu-auditorium-announces-2019-20-season.html |title=IU Auditorium announces 2019-20 season |date=April 18, 2019 |access-date=September 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518011823/https://news.iu.edu/stories/2019/04/iub/releases/18-iu-auditorium-announces-2019-20-season.html |archive-date=May 18, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> IU Auditorium's Hall of Murals is the home of the ''Indiana Murals'', created by American artist [[Thomas Hart Benton (painter)|Thomas Hart Benton]]. 16 of the 22 total panels created are housed at the auditorium.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/11463.html |title=IU Art Museum opens doors to conservation of famed Thomas Benton murals: IU News Room: Indiana University |access-date=September 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914191345/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/11463.html |archive-date=September 14, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Museums===
[[File:IU Art Museum.jpg|thumb|Eskenazi Museum of Art]]

The [[Eskenazi Museum of Art]], formerly known as the Indiana University Art Museum,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://artmuseum.indiana.edu/media-kits/May11.html |title=IU Art Museum receives $15 million gift from Sidney and Lois Eskenazi |website=artmuseum.indiana.edu |date=May 11, 2016 |access-date=August 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904161259/https://artmuseum.indiana.edu/media-kits/May11.html |archive-date=September 4, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> was established in 1941 and has occupied a building designed by architecture firm [[I.M. Pei]] and Partners since 1982. The museum houses a collection of over 40,000 objects and includes works by [[Claude Monet]], [[Marcel Duchamp]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Henri Matisse]], and [[Jackson Pollock]]. It also holds a substantial collection of works on paper.

The IU Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology consists of an estimated 5 million archaeological artifacts, 30,000 ethnographic objects, 20,000 photographs, and a supporting library and archive. The collections represent cultures from each of the world's inhabited continents. These materials have been collected and curated to serve the museum's primary mission as a teaching museum within a university setting. The [https://iumaa.iu.edu/collections/ethnographic-collections/index.html ethnology collections'] strengths include traditional musical instruments, photographs of Native Americans and the Bloomington community, Inupiaq and Yupik Eskimo materials, and Pawnee material culture, among others. The [https://iumaa.iu.edu/collections/archaeological-collections/index.html archaeology collections] piece together the material remains of cultures from the earliest occupations of North America through to the modern period.

The '''Grunwald Gallery of Art''', a [[contemporary art]] museum hosted by the university.<ref name="SA">{{cite web|url=https://soaad.indiana.edu/creative-activity/grunwald-gallery/index.html|title=Grunwald Gallery|website=School of Art, Architecture + Design|access-date=August 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827142733/https://soaad.indiana.edu/creative-activity/grunwald-gallery/index.html|archive-date=August 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The gallery was established in 1983 as the '''School of Fina Arts Gallery''' ('''SoFA Gallery''') in what was formerly University's art museum space when that museum relocated to a new building.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blogs.libraries.indiana.edu/iubarchives/2015/07/21/c581/ |title=Indiana University's Grunwald Gallery of Art – Blogging Hoosier History |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827142728/https://blogs.libraries.indiana.edu/iubarchives/2015/07/21/c581/ |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The museum exhibits experimental works by emerging and established artists as well as works by faculty and students within the Department of Studio Art. It is located at 1201 East 7th Street. It was named in honor of Indiana University alumnus John A. Grunwald in 2011.<ref>School of Fina Arts gallery</ref> He was born in Hungary in 1935, survived the [[Holocaust]], emigrated to the United States in 1950, and graduated with a degree in economics in 1956 from Indiana University where he met his wife Rita.<ref name="SA" /> In 2017, the art museum hosted an exhibition on the history of tattoo artistry in Indiana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsnews.com/article/2017/01/grunwald-gallery-opens-exhibition-on-indiana-tattoo-history|title=Grunwald Gallery opens exhibition on Indiana tattoo history – Indiana Daily Student|website=www.idsnews.com|access-date=August 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827142753/https://www.idsnews.com/article/2017/01/grunwald-gallery-opens-exhibition-on-indiana-tattoo-history|archive-date=August 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sustainability===
IU Bloomington's Von Lee Theatre building is [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] Certified.<ref name="Von Lee Receives Sustainability Certification"/> The "More Art, Less Trash" recycling initiative included a design contest for recycling bin artwork and promotes both recycling and outdoor art.<ref name="newsinfo4"/> The university employs a group of student sustainability interns each summer,<ref name="Sustainability task force announces summer internship program"/> and students can get involved in campus and community-based sustainability initiatives through the Volunteers in Sustainability coordination group<ref name="About Volunteers in Sustainability"/> or the Student Sustainability Council.<ref name="About Student Sustainability Council"/> IU launched its Environmental Resiliency Institute in 2017 to enable more efficient collaboration between the university, local communities, and businesses on greenhouse gas reduction and sustainability projects. Cities that have participated in the program include [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]], [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[West Lafayette, Indiana|West Lafayette]], and [[Zionsville, Indiana|Zionsville]] among others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IU and Hoosier Communities Partner with Green Projects to Cut Carbon Emissions|url=https://www.indianaenvironmentalreporter.org/posts/iu-and-hoosier-communities-partner-with-green-projects-to-cut-carbon-emissions|access-date=September 15, 2021|website=Indiana Environmental Reporter|date=February 17, 2021 |language=en|archive-date=September 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915195611/https://www.indianaenvironmentalreporter.org/posts/iu-and-hoosier-communities-partner-with-green-projects-to-cut-carbon-emissions|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Transportation===
A campus bus system operates several routes on a regular schedule around the IUB campus throughout the semesters. The campus buses are free to all IU affiliates and are handicap accessible. IU students and employees also gain free access to Bloomington transit buses around the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://parking.indiana.edu/transport-options/buses.html|title=IU Bloomington Transportation Services|access-date=June 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904153720/https://parking.indiana.edu/transport-options/buses.html|archive-date=September 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:IUBMorrison.JPG|thumb|alt=Morrison Hall |Morrison Hall]]

The Office of the Provost oversees the academic programs, research, and policies of 16 schools on the Indiana University Bloomington campus.
Together, these units offer more than 550 individual degree programs and majors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiana.edu/academics/degrees-majors/index.html |title=Degrees & Majors: Academics: Indiana University Bloomington |website=www.indiana.edu |access-date=August 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826233805/https://www.indiana.edu/academics/degrees-majors/index.html |archive-date=August 26, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===College of Arts and Sciences===
[[File:StudentBIUB.JPG|thumb|alt=Student Building |The Student Building, home of the departments of anthropology and geography]]

The College of Arts and Sciences at Indiana University is the largest academic division. It provides instruction in over 50 foreign languages, including unique programs like Hungarian and the first doctoral program in Gender Studies.<ref name="Indiana Creates First Gender Studies PhD"/> The college is home to various renowned departments, research institutes, and autonomous schools, including the School of Art + Design and the Media School. It also features IU's [[Folklore Institute|Department of Folklore]] and [[Ethnomusicology]], the nation's only degree-granting [[Department of Central Eurasian Studies (Indiana University)|Department of Central Eurasian Studies]], and a world-class [[cyclotron]] in physics. The Department of Political Science made history in 2009 when professor [[Elinor Ostrom]] became the first woman to win the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]].

Within the College of Arts and Sciences, the Eskenazi School of Art, Architecture + Design houses fourteen different areas in art, architecture, design, and merchandising. The [[Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies]] is an international affairs school composed of over 500 students from four academic departments and twenty-one institutes and centers. It also runs the [[Indiana University Summer Language Workshop (SWSEEL)]].

====The Media School====
[[File:Franklin-hall-wideshot.jpg|alt=An exterior shot of Franklin Hall|thumb|Franklin Hall, The Media School]]

The Media School was established on July 1, 2014, bringing together journalism, communications, and film studies programs under the College of Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History: About: The Media School: Indiana University Bloomington |url=https://mediaschool.indiana.edu/about/history.html |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=The Media School |language=en-US}}</ref> Led by Dean David Tolchinsky as of September 2023, the school offers undergraduate degrees in journalism, media, cinematic arts, and game design, along with graduate degrees in media and media arts and sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Tolchinsky named dean of The Media School |url=https://mediaschool.indiana.edu/news-events/news/item.html?n=david-tolchinsky-named-dean-of-the-media-school |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=The Media School |language=en-US}}</ref> It also provides various minors and certificates. Located primarily in Franklin Hall with additional facilities in the Radio-Television Building, the school hosts the Michael I. Arnolt Center for Investigative Journalism,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arnolt Center for Investigative Journalism |url=https://arnoltcenter.org/ |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=Arnolt Center for Investigative Journalism |language=en}}</ref> the Black Film Center & Archive, and the Center for Documentary Research and Practice. Student media include the [[Indiana Daily Student]], the Student Cinema Guild, [[WIUX-LP|WIUX Pure Student Radio]], IU Student Television, and the [[Public Relations Society of America|Public Relations Student Society of America]].

===Kelley School of Business===
{{Main|Kelley School of Business}}

[[File:1 HodgeHall.jpg|thumb|Hodge Hall, Kelley School of Business]]

The Kelley School of Business was founded in 1920 as the university's School of Commerce and Finance. Approximately 6,100 students are enrolled in undergraduate, graduate Accountancy and Information Systems degrees, [[MBA]] and [[PhD]] programs, and in its online degree program, "Kelley Direct". Kelley partners with the [[Scotts Miracle-Gro Company]] to offer Bloomington Brands, a unique work-study program for undergraduates and MBA students. Participating students obtain real-world [[brand management]] experience by managing the Osmocote Plant Food brand under contract to Scotts.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kelley.iu.edu/CBL/students/bloomingtonBrands/page15084.html | title = Bloomington Brands | publisher = Kelley School of Business | access-date = May 4, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150505055336/http://kelley.iu.edu/CBL/students/bloomingtonBrands/page15084.html | archive-date = May 5, 2015 | url-status = live}}</ref> Kelley also partners with [[Coca-Cola]] for a program called Global Business Institute that is available in the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia. This is a program that was designed to let select groups of students in participating countries learn about business from the context of American culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kelley.iu.edu/IIB/ProgramsandIntitiatives/GBI/page37841.html|title=Global Business Institute: Institute for International Business: Kelley School of Business: Indiana University|website=kelley.iu.edu|access-date=April 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412151053/http://kelley.iu.edu/IIB/ProgramsandIntitiatives/GBI/page37841.html|archive-date=April 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===School of Education===
{{Main|Indiana University School of Education}}

The School of Education, formerly a part of the College of Arts and Science, has been independent since 1923. It offers a BS in teacher education leading to a teaching license, MS., education specialist (EdS) and doctoral (EdD, PhD) degrees.

===Hutton Honors College===
{{Main|Hutton Honors College}}

===Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering===
{{Main|Indiana University School of Informatics}}

[[File:IUBLindleyHall.JPG|thumb|upright|right|alt=Lindley Hall |Lindley Hall, former home of the Department of Computer Science]]

The Indiana University School of Informatics was established in 1999 as the first of its kind in the U.S.<ref name="indiana3"/><ref name="What Is Informatics?"/> In 2005, the Department of Computer Science moved into the school, prompting a name change to the "School of Informatics and Computing".<ref name="School of Informatics Renamed"/> In 2016, the school expanded further with the creation of the Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering and was renamed to the "School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering" (SICE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.iu.edu/releases/iu/2015/04/engineering-trustees-approval.shtml|title=IU trustees approve IU Bloomington engineering program, new degrees|website=IU Newsroom |language=en |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304174022/http://news.iu.edu/releases/iu/2015/04/engineering-trustees-approval.shtml|archive-date=March 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sice.indiana.edu/about/index.html|title=The school of tomorrow|website=School of Informatics, Computing & Engineering|language=en-US|access-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403163849/https://sice.indiana.edu/about/index.html|archive-date=April 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, it merged with the School of Library and Information Science, further expanding its academic reach. The school's new home, Luddy Hall, opened in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianapublicmedia.org/news/luddy-hall-dedication-home-iu-departments-145315/|title=IU Bloomington Dedicates Luddy Hall, New Home For Informatics|last=Eady|first=Alex|website=News – Indiana Public Media|access-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818000002/https://indianapublicmedia.org/news/luddy-hall-dedication-home-iu-departments-145315/|archive-date=August 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The school is one of a handful that offers degrees in [[human–computer interaction]].<ref name="HCI Degree Programs"/> It also offers programs in various informatics fields, including [[bioinformatics]], [[computer science]], [[high-performance computing]], and [[complex systems]].

===Maurer School of Law===
{{Main|Indiana University Maurer School of Law}}

[[File:IUB Mauer.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=Maurer School of Law |The main building of the Maurer School of Law]]

The Maurer School of Law, founded in 1842, is one of the oldest schools on the Bloomington campus. On December 4, 2008, the school of law was renamed the Michael Maurer School of Law.<ref name="newsinfo"/> In 2000, then-Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]] presided over a mock trial of [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] in the school's [[moot courtroom]]. Notable alumni of the School of Law include songwriter [[Hoagy Carmichael]], and vice-chairman of the 9/11 Commission and former congressman [[Lee H. Hamilton]].

===School of Medicine–Bloomington===
{{Main|Indiana University School of Medicine}}

The Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) was founded in 1903 in Bloomington, initially offering only the first two years of medical education, with the remaining years completed at a separate school in Indianapolis.<ref name="Myers63-64">Burton D. Myers, "A History of Medical Education in Indiana" in {{cite book |title=One Hundred Years of Indiana Medicine, 1849–1949 |publisher=Indiana Medical Association |year=1949 |editor=Dorothy Ritter Russo |location=Indianapolis |pages=75–80 |chapter=VIII |oclc=14676916}}</ref> In 1908, the main campus moved to Indianapolis, and over time, Bloomington continued to host the first two years of medical education.<ref name="IUSMinfo11">{{cite web |title=Founding and Early History |url=http://www.iu.edu/~centen/index.php4 |access-date=December 7, 2017 |publisher=Indiana University School of Medicine |archive-date=October 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002045734/http://www.iu.edu/~centen/index.php4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Bloomington medical science building was thus renamed as Myers Hall, in honor of medical school dean Burton D. Myers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myers Hall to be rededicated Friday: IU News Room: Indiana University |url=https://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/329.html |access-date=June 25, 2023 |website=newsinfo.iu.edu|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060605165215/https://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/329.html|archive-date=2006-06-05}}</ref><ref name="IU">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2021 |title=IU School of Medicine-Bloomington boasts long history of medical training |url=https://medicine.iu.edu/blogs/spirit-of-medicine/iu-school-of-medicine-bloomington-boasts-long-history-of-medical-training |access-date=June 25, 2023 |website=blogs |language=en}}</ref> A statewide medical school system was established in 1971, expanding IUSM's regional campuses.<ref name="IU" /> By 2014, all regional campuses offered full four-year programs.<ref name="IU" /> In 2021, IUSM-Bloomington moved into the new Health Sciences Building as part of the Regional Academic Health Center, alongside other health-related IU programs.<ref name="IU" />

===Jacobs School of Music===
{{Main|Jacobs School of Music}}

[[File:Jacobs School of Music construction in Bloomington.jpg|thumb|alt=Jacobs School of Music |The Jacobs School of Music's newest building, The East Studio Building, under construction in 2012.]]

Founded at the beginning of the 20th century by Charles Campbell, the Jacobs School of Music focuses on voice, opera, orchestral conducting, and jazz studies. It has more than 1,600 students.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The school's facilities, including five buildings in the heart of campus, comprise recital halls, more than 170 practice rooms, choral and instrumental rehearsal rooms, and more than 100 offices and studios. Its faculty has included such notable people as [[Eileen Farrell]], [[David Effron]], [[János Starker]], [[André Watts]], [[Menahem Pressler]], [[Carol Ann Weaver]], [[Linda Strommen]], [[Abbey Simon]], [[Jorge Bolet]], [[Ray Cramer]], [[David Baker (composer)|David Baker]], [[William Bell (tuba player)|William Bell]], [[Harvey Phillips]], [[Carol Vaness]], [[Sylvia McNair]], [[Howard Klug]], violinist [[Joshua Bell]], conductor [[Leonard Slatkin]], and composer [[Sven-David Sandström]]. Notable alumni include [[Edgar Meyer]] and [[soprano]] [[Angela Brown]].

===School of Nursing===
{{Main|Indiana University School of Nursing}}

The Indiana University Training School for Nurses was established in Indianapolis in 1914 in conjunction with the establishment of the Robert W. Long Hospital and in association with the IU School of Medicine to offer training leading to a nursing diploma. It was renamed the IU School of Nursing in 1956.<ref>{{cite book | first=Dotaline E. | last=Allen | title =History of Nursing in Indiana| publisher =Wolfe Publishing | year =1950 | location =Indianapolis | pages =56 and 61| oclc= 14666892}} See also: {{cite book | first=Dorcas Irene | last=Rock | title =A History of the Indiana University Training School for Nurses | publisher =Indiana University | volume =I | year =1956 | location =Bloomington | pages =11, 16, and 19 | oclc=12429556}}</ref>
In the 1930s a Division of Nursing Education under the IU School of Education was created on the Bloomington campus to offer additional training to nursing students seeking BS; an MS degree program was added in 1945.<ref>{{cite book | first=Leslie | last=Flowers | title =A Legacy of Leadership: Indiana University School of Nursing 1914–2014 | publisher =Indiana University Press | volume =I | year =2014 | location =Indianapolis | page=35 | isbn =978-0-253-01532-7}}</ref> Today, the School of Nursing is located at several of the IU campuses, with Indianapolis and Bloomington being the main locations. {{as of|2017}} its degree programs include a four-year [[Bachelor of Science in Nursing]] (BSN) degree, a [[Master of Science in Nursing]] (MSN) degree, and two doctoral degrees: [[Doctor of Nursing Practice]] (DNP) and [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in nursing (PhD).<ref>Flowers, p. 122.</ref>

The National League for Nursing has recognized the School as a Center of Excellence in two categories simultaneously for creating environments that: Promote the Pedagogical Expertise of Faculty and Creating Environments (effective 2006–22) and Advance the Science of Nursing Education (effective 2012–21).<ref>{{cite web | title =Centers of Excellence By Designation | publisher =National League for Nursing | url =http://www.nln.org/recognition-programs/centers-of-excellence-in-nursing-education/COEbyyear | access-date =February 20, 2018 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034447/http://www.nln.org/recognition-programs/centers-of-excellence-in-nursing-education/COEbyyear | archive-date =February 27, 2018 | url-status =live}}</ref>

===School of Optometry===
[[File:indianauniversityoptometryschool.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=School of Optometry |The main building of the School of Optometry]]

The Indiana University School of Optometry was founded in 1951. The school became a degree-granting institution of its own in 1975. Located at the southwest border of campus the Doctor of Optometry (OD) program admits on average 70–80 students per year.

The school operates a {{convert|22000|sqft|adj=on}} community eye care clinic in Bloomington and a clinic in Indianapolis. In addition to providing optometric education, the facility also houses the Borish Center for Ophthalmic Research, officially dedicated in October 1995. The Borish Center provides opportunities for undergraduate, professional, and graduate students to participate directly in vision research.

===O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs===
{{Main|O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs}}

The O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs (or SPEA) is the largest school of its kind in the United States. Founded in 1972, SPEA is known for its distinctive interdisciplinary approach. It brings together the social, natural, behavioral, and administrative sciences in one faculty. SPEA has a sister "core" campus at Indiana University Indianapolis, and an affiliate program is operated at [[Indiana University Northwest|Indiana University's Gary]] campus.

SPEA is the headquarters of the Public Administration Review, the premier journal of public administration research, theory, and practice. SPEA is also home to the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, the Journal of Public Budgeting and Finance and Small Business Economics.

SPEA has more than a dozen joint programs in social and natural sciences and professional fields. Popular majors include nonprofit management and leadership, public policy, public finance, and arts administration. SPEA alumni include radio and television host [[Tavis Smiley]] and former U.S. Treasury Secretary [[Paul O'Neill (politician)|Paul O'Neill]]. Among SPEA's faculty was Elinor Ostrom, the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Economics. She was named by [[Time Magazine]] one of the 100 most influential people in the United States.

===School of Public Health-Bloomington===
{{Main|Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington}}

[[File:Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington.png|alt= Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington|thumb|Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington]]

Founded in 1946 as the School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, the IU School of Public Health-Bloomington was renamed in 2012 and accredited by the Council on Education in Public Health in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publichealth.indiana.edu/about/history.shtml|title=History: About Us: School of Public Health: Indiana University Bloomington|access-date=January 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304154635/http://www.publichealth.indiana.edu/about/history.shtml|archive-date=March 4, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news-archive/23199.html|title=IU School of Public Health-Bloomington formally named, celebrated|publisher=IU News Room: Indiana University|access-date=January 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002930/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news-archive/23199.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/news/hper-renamed-iu-school-public-health-36981/|title=HPER Renamed IU School Of Public Health|work=News – Indiana Public Media|access-date=January 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001054722/http://indianapublicmedia.org/news/hper-renamed-iu-school-public-health-36981/|archive-date=October 1, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publichealth.indiana.edu/about/accreditation/|title=About us: Accreditation|website=www.publichealth.indiana.edu|access-date=May 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513050751/http://www.publichealth.indiana.edu/about/accreditation/|archive-date=May 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The school offers a broad range of undergraduate and advanced degree programs through five departments: Applied Health Science, Environmental Health, Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kinesiology, and Recreation, Park, & Tourism Studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publichealth.indiana.edu/departments/index.shtml|title=Departments, Centers & Institutes: School of Public Health: Indiana University Bloomington|access-date=January 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304154300/http://www.publichealth.indiana.edu/departments/index.shtml|archive-date=March 4, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> With nearly 3,000 students and 24,000 alumni, it also features centers, institutes, and laboratories focused on areas like sexual health, prevention, and accessibility. The school provides extensive research and fitness facilities, including recreation centers and Bradford Woods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iurecsports.org/mission|title=IU Recreational Sports|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014011308/http://www.iurecsports.org/mission|archive-date=October 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publichealth.indiana.edu/departments/centers-institutes/index.shtml|title=Centers & Institutes: Departments, Centers & Institutes: School of Public Health: Indiana University Bloomington|access-date=January 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224192326/http://www.publichealth.indiana.edu/departments/centers-institutes/index.shtml|archive-date=December 24, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===School of Social Work===
The Indiana University School of Social Work was founded in 1911 as the Department of Social Service, thus making it the oldest professional social work education program begun and still functioning as a part of a university. In July 2007, the Indiana University Division of Labor Studies merged with the School of Social Work.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://socialwork.iu.edu/About/program-history.php |title=IU School of Social Work: Program History |website=socialwork.iu.edu |access-date=August 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010012145/http://socialwork.iu.edu/About/program-history.php |archive-date=October 10, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Department of Labor Studies, a unit housed within the School of Social Work, was founded in the 1940s during the tenure of Herman B Wells in response to the growing role of organized labor in American society. Today, the Division is one of only several degree-granting programs in the nation for the area of labor studies or industrial relations. Notable faculty in recent years have included Leonard Page, General Counsel for the National Labor Relations Board during the Clinton Administration, and labor economist/author [[Michael Yates (economist)|Michael Yates]].

===University Graduate School===
In 2007–08, the Graduate and Professional Student Organization partnered with the Graduate to create the Emissaries for Graduate Student Diversity. Emissaries work either towards outreach and enrollment or retention and community building. Outreach and enrollment emissaries inform prospective students about opportunities at IU. They also help them navigate the admissions process. The retention and community building Emissaries act as mentors for current students.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://graduate.indiana.edu/about/emissaries/index.html |title=Emissaries: About the Graduate School: The University Graduate School: Indiana University Bloomington |website=graduate.indiana.edu |access-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101440/https://graduate.indiana.edu/about/emissaries/index.html |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Graduate School has a separate student government (Graduate and Professional Student Government, or GPSG). They collaborate with faculty to help improve the quality of services offered to graduate students attending Indiana University.<ref>https://graduate.indiana.edu/support/student-organizations.htm {{dead link|date=September 2018}}</ref>

===Faculty===
{{Update|section|date=September 2024}}
IUB has a total of 2,081 full time faculty and 2,423 total faculty. Of the full-time faculty, about 1,019 were tenured. Like the student body, IUB's faculty is predominantly [[Caucasian race|white]]. Of full-time administrators, faculty, and lecturers, 6.25% were [[Asian American|Asian]], 3.44% were [[Black people|black]] or [[African-American]], 3.51% were other (includes [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic/Latino]], [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander]], and others) and 85.8% were white. The gender ratio is roughly 50:50.

===Undergraduate admissions===
{{Infobox U.S. college admissions
|year = 2023
|admit rate = 80.37%
|admit rate change = 3.46
|yield rate = 21.89%
|yield rate change = -1.95
|SAT Total = 1180–1380 (among 41% of [[freshman|FTFs]])
|SAT Total change =
|ACT = 27–32 (among 16% of [[freshman|FTFs]])
|ACT change =
|GPA = 3.78
|float = right
|ref = <ref name="FallEnrollmentReport">{{cite web |url=https://iuia.iu.edu/apps/cds/ |title=Indiana University Bloomington Common Data Set |publisher=Indiana University Bloomington |access-date=September 16, 2024 }}</ref>
}}

The 2022 annual ranking of ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' categorizes Indiana University Bloomington as "more selective".<ref>{{cite web |title = Indiana University--Bloomington |url = https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/indiana-university-bloomington-1809 |publisher = U.S. News & World Report |access-date = November 19, 2022 |archive-date = November 20, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221120083236/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/indiana-university-bloomington-1809 |url-status = live}}</ref> For the class of 2027 (enrolled fall 2023), Indiana received 54,279 applications and accepted 43,624, or 80.37 percent. Of those accepted, 9,550 enrolled, a [[Yield (college admissions)|yield rate]] (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 21.89 percent.<ref name="FallEnrollmentReport" /> Indiana's freshman [[University student retention|retention rate]] is 90.3 percent, with 80.9 percent going on to graduate within six years.<ref name="FallEnrollmentReport" />

Of the 41% of the incoming freshman class who submitted [[SAT]] scores; the middle 50 percent composite scores were 1180–1380. Of the 16% of enrolled freshmen in 2023 who submitted [[ACT (test)|ACT]] scores; the middle 50 percent composite score was between 27 and 32. The average high school [[grade point average]] was 3.78.<ref name="FallEnrollmentReport" />

Indiana University Bloomington is a college-sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 56 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 68 freshman students were [[National Merit Scholars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalmerit.org/s/1758/images/gid2/editor_documents/annual_report.pdf|title=National Merit Scholarship Corporation 2019–20 Annual Report|publisher=National Merit Scholarship Corporation|access-date=December 7, 2022|archive-date=June 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624044709/http://www.nationalmerit.org/s/1758/images/gid2/editor_documents/annual_report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2023, the top five Indiana counties by IU enrollment were [[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]] ([[Carmel, Indiana|Carmel]], [[Fishers, Indiana|Fishers]], & [[Noblesville, Indiana|Noblesville]]) with 3,813 students, [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]] ([[Indianapolis]]) with 2,883 students, [[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe]] ([[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]) with 2,360 students, [[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]] ([[Gary, Indiana|Gary]]) with 1,501 students, and [[Allen County, Indiana|Allen]] ([[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]]) with 1,266 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tableau.bi.iu.edu/t/prd/views/uirr_sr_est_official_enrollment_public/Enrollment-Geo2_1?%3Aembed=y&%3AshowShareOptions=true&%3Adisplay_count=no&%3AshowVizHome=no |title=IU Fall 2023 Enrollment tableau |access-date=January 6, 2024}}</ref>

===Rankings and reputation===
{{Infobox US university ranking
| THE_WSJ = 97
| Forbes = 67
| QS_W = 306 (tie)
| THES_W = 189
| USNWR_NU = 73
| USNWR_W = 163
| Wamo_NU = 72
| ARWU_W = 151–200
}}

Indiana University is one of 62 members of the [[Association of American Universities]], an organization of leading North American [[research universities]]. It has been called a [[Public Ivy]] university.<ref name="publicivy">{{cite book|last=Greene|first=Howard R.|title=The Public Ivies: America's Flagship Public Universities|year=2001|publisher=Cliff Street Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0060934590|edition=1st|author2=Greene, Matthew W.}}</ref>

The ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' ranked IU Bloomington 101–150 in the world and 49–60 nationally in 2017. Additionally, it ranked Indiana University-Bloomington 16th in the world for Business Administration, 7th in the world for Communication, 5th in the world for Public Administration, and 2nd in the world for [[Library and information science|Library and Information Science]]. ''U.S. News'' ranks IU 26th out of the top public universities in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Public Universities|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/top-public|website=US News|access-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223062939/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/top-public|archive-date=February 23, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' ranks IU 20th out of Public Universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 25 Colleges|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/5774477ca7ea436bd18bf99f/no-20-indiana-university-/#127965c473b0|website=Forbes|access-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731030052/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/5774477ca7ea436bd18bf99f/no-20-indiana-university-/#127965c473b0|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Schools and programs====
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable plainrowheaders collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right; margin-right:1em;"
|+ class="nowrap"| Graduate program national rankings<ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite magazine|title=Indiana University-Bloomington – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=September 14, 2024|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/indiana-university-bloomington-151351/overall-rankings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109053438/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/indiana-university-bloomington-151351/overall-rankings|archive-date=January 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

!scope="col"| Program
!scope="col"| Ranking
|-
!scope="row"| Audiology
| 12
|-
!scope="row"| Biological Sciences
| 37
|-
!scope="row"| Business
| 20
|-
!scope="row"| Chemistry
| 38
|-
!scope="row"| Clinical Psychology
| 10
|-
!scope="row"| Computer Science
| 50
|-
!scope="row"| Criminology
| 26
|-
!scope="row"| Earth Sciences
| 42
|-
!scope="row"| Economics
| 38
|-
!scope="row"| Education
| 34
|-
!scope="row"| English
| 24
|-
!scope="row"| Entrepreneurship
| 7
|-
!scope="row"| Fine Arts
| 32
|-
!scope="row"| History
| 21
|-
!scope="row"| Law
| 42
|-
!scope="row"| Library and Information Studies
| 9
|-
!scope="row"| Mathematics
| 34
|-
!scope="row"| Physics
| 50
|-
!scope="row"| Political Science
| 28
|-
!scope="row"| Psychology
| 23
|-
!scope="row"| Public Affairs
| 2
|-
!scope="row"| Public Health
| 38
|-
!scope="row"| Sociology
| 16
|-
!scope="row"| Speech-Language Pathology
| 14
|-
!scope="row"| Statistics
| 54
|}

''[[Business Week]]'' ranked the undergraduate business program 8th in 2014 (3rd among public schools) and the graduate program 15th in the nation in 2008<ref name="businessweek"/> and fourth among public schools. Also, ''Business Week'' gave the undergraduate program an A in teaching and an A+ in career services. In 2016, ''Business Week'' ranked the undergraduate program 4th in the nation, #1 among public universities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|title=Best Undergraduate Business Schools 2016|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|access-date=April 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426203140/http://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-best-undergrad-business-schools/|archive-date=April 26, 2016|url-status=live|last1=Levy |first1=Francesca |last2=From |first2=Jonathan Rodkin}}</ref> The 2016 ranking for "Best Undergraduate Business Schools" by Poets & Quants ranked the Kelley School of Business 7th in the nation and 2nd among public schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poets&Quants' Best Undergraduate Business Programs Of 2016|url=http://poetsandquantsforundergrads.com/2016/12/05/poetsquants-best-undergraduate-business-programs-2016/3/|website=Poets & Quants|date=December 5, 2016|access-date=April 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515152646/http://poetsandquantsforundergrads.com/2016/12/05/poetsquants-best-undergraduate-business-programs-2016/3/|archive-date=May 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In its 2012 rankings, Poets & Quants also ranked Kelley's MBA program 5th in the nation in producing six Fortune 500 CEOs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schools With Most Fortune 500 CEOs|url=http://poetsandquants.com/2012/05/16/schools-with-most-mba-alums-atop-the-fortune-500/|website=Poets & Quants|date=May 16, 2012|access-date=April 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609033918/http://poetsandquants.com/2012/05/16/schools-with-most-mba-alums-atop-the-fortune-500/|archive-date=June 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, [[the Economist]] ranked the MBA program 17th in the nation, and 22nd in the world. It was ranked 7th in terms of percentage increase from pre-MBA salary.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kelley School of Business 2017 MBA Rankings|url=http://www.economist.com/whichmba/indiana-university-kelley-school-business/2017|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=October 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029065736/http://www.economist.com/whichmba/indiana-university-kelley-school-business/2017|archive-date=October 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

IU Bloomington placed 13th for communication in the 2022 Shanghai Global Ranking of Academic Subjects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2022/RS0507 |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}</ref> According to the 2020 Shanghai Global Academic Ranking of Subjects, SPEA is the second most highly ranked institution in the world for public administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/public-administration.html |title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2017 - Public Administration {{!}} Shanghai Ranking - 2017 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702200137/http://www.shanghairanking.com/Shanghairanking-Subject-Rankings/public-administration.html |archive-date=July 2, 2017}}</ref>

Jacobs School of Music was ranked No. 1 in the country, tied with [[Juilliard]] and [[Eastman School of Music]] by ''U.S. News'' in 2009.<ref name="USNWR 2009 Graduate School Rankings"/> U.S. News has not published a music school ranking since then. [[The Hollywood Reporter]] ranked the Jacobs School of Music #4 in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 25 Music Schools|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/top-25-music-schools-2016-949274/item/eastman-school-music-25-music-schools-2016-949315|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=November 23, 2016 |access-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809133854/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/top-25-music-schools-2016-949274/item/eastman-school-music-25-music-schools-2016-949315|archive-date=August 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Music School Central'' ranked Jacobs #1 in the nation in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 15 Music Schools in the US|url=http://musicschoolcentral.com/check-out-top-15-colleges-for-music-in-the-us/|website=Music School Central|date=September 30, 2014|access-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809132217/http://musicschoolcentral.com/check-out-top-15-colleges-for-music-in-the-us/|archive-date=August 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Libraries==
[[File:Herman B Wells Library and lotus pond - P1100156.JPG|thumb|Herman B Wells Library, seen from IU Arboretum]]
The Indiana University Bloomington Library System supports over twenty libraries and provides access to more than 9.9 million books, 800 databases, 60,000 electronic journal titles, and 815,000 ebooks.<ref name="IU Libraries">{{cite web|url = https://libraries.indiana.edu/about/administration|title = About IU Libraries|date = December 6, 2013|publisher = Indiana University|access-date = October 15, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151018001118/https://libraries.indiana.edu/about/administration|archive-date = October 18, 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> The system is the 14th largest library in North America by volumes held.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held|url=http://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22|website=American Library Association|date=July 7, 2006|access-date=July 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014171755/http://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22|archive-date=October 14, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Herman B Wells Library===
IU's Herman B Wells Library holds more than 4.6 million volumes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Herman B Wells Library|url=https://libraries.indiana.edu/wells|website=Indiana University Libraries|date=December 6, 2013|access-date=July 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701223324/https://libraries.indiana.edu/wells|archive-date=July 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Before a ceremony in June 2005, when it was renamed for [[Herman B Wells|IU's former president and chancellor]], this building was simply called the Main Library.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Malcomb|first1=Lou|title=Herman B Wells Library|url=http://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gpd-web/iulibraryhistorysite/hbwells.php|website=History of the IU Libraries|access-date=July 19, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903233758/http://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/gpd-web/iulibraryhistorysite/hbwells.php|archive-date=September 3, 2016}}</ref> The architectural firm [[Eggers & Higgins]] designed the largely windowless, limestone paneled library, whose construction began in 1966 and was completed in 1969.<ref name="Library history">{{cite web|last1=Graf |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Hardesty |first2=Julie |last3=Homenda |first3=Nick |title=History of the Herman B Wells Library |url=http://www.iub.edu/~iulibhis/exhibits/show/wellslibrary |website=Indiana University|access-date=April 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092734/http://www.iub.edu/~iulibhis/exhibits/show/wellslibrary|archive-date=April 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The building contains eleven floors in the East Tower (research collection) and five floors in the West Tower (the undergraduate core collection). In 2014 the first floors of both towers were renovated and reintroduced as the Learning Commons and Scholars' Commons. The library is also home to [[Indiana University Press]] and the University Graduate School. It is the former home of the Information and Library Science Department, which is now hosted by Luddy Hall.

An oft-repeated [[urban legend]] holds that the library is sinking because when it was built, engineers failed to take into account the weight of all the books that would occupy the building. An article in the ''[[Indiana Daily Student]]'' newspaper debunks this myth, stating, among other things, that the building rests on a 94 ft (28.6 m) thick [[limestone]] bedrock.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hogan|first1=Madison|title=Libraries provide countless resources for the public|url=http://www.idsnews.com/article/2014/10/libraries-provide-countless-resources-for-the-pubic|website=Indiana Daily Student|access-date=July 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816234547/http://www.idsnews.com/article/2014/10/libraries-provide-countless-resources-for-the-pubic|archive-date=August 16, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Branch libraries===
In addition to IU's main library, the Bloomington Libraries support more than twenty additional libraries:<ref>{{cite web|title = Indiana University Libraries|url = https://libraries.indiana.edu/|website = Indiana University Libraries|access-date = October 15, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151018001118/https://libraries.indiana.edu/|archive-date = October 18, 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>
{{col div}}
* Archives of African American Music & Culture
* [[Archives of Traditional Music]]
* Black Film Center/Archive
* [[Business/SPEA Information Commons]] (Library for the [[Kelley School of Business]] and the [[O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs]])
* The Science Library
* Education Library, located within the Wendell E. Wright School of Education
* LGBTQ+ Library
* Indiana Institute on Disability and Community, Center for Disability Information and Referral (CeDIR) Library
* Indiana Prevention Resource Center Library
* Indiana University Libraries Moving Image Archive (IULMIA)
* [[Kinsey Institute]] Library
* [[Jerome Hall]] Law Library (Library for the [[Indiana University Maurer School of Law|Maurer School of Law]])
* Life Sciences Library (Library for the Biology Department, Medical Sciences Program, and Nursing Program)
* [[Lilly Library]] (rare books and manuscripts)
* Neal-Marshall Black Culture Center Library
* Optometry Library
* Ostrom Workshop Library
* Residential Programs and Services Libraries
* Sinor Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies
* University Archives and Records Management
* William & Gayle Cook Music Library
* Wylie House Museum
{{col div end}}

===Black Film Center/Archive===
The Black Film Center/Archive (BFC/A), located at Indiana University, was "established in 1981 as a repository of films and related materials by and about African Americans."<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |publisher=Black Film Center/Archive |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040958/http://www.indiana.edu/~bfca/about/ |archive-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref> Professor [[Phyllis R. Klotman]] founded the repository when it became apparent that rare and valuable films created by and about African Americans were being lost due to lack of preservation and inadequate resources.<ref>For a history of the BFC/A, see Black Camera, Vol. 3, no. 3 (Spring 2012).</ref>

The BFC/A has an extensive collection that includes films on various physical media, posters of numerous sizes for films distributed throughout the world, photographs and film stills, and manuscripts of filmmakers and scholars. Although the materials are not available for circulation or distribution, the archive has rooms for viewing films and utilizing materials.

===Indiana University Libraries Moving Image Archive===
The [[Indiana University Libraries Moving Image Archive]] (IULMIA) is one of the largest repositories for educational film and video in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://libraries.indiana.edu/iulmia|title=IU Libraries Moving Image Archive|date=December 6, 2013|work=Indiana University Libraries|access-date=April 6, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426202857/https://libraries.indiana.edu/iulmia|archive-date=April 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2023}} Founded in 2009, IULMIA contains over 100,000 items spanning over 80 years of audiovisual history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mdpi.iu.edu/about/history.php|title=History|website=mdpi.iu.edu|access-date=April 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102046/https://mdpi.iu.edu/about/history.php|archive-date=April 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="News at IU">{{Cite news|url=https://news.iu.edu/stories/2017/12/iub/releases/14-clio-collection.html|title=We interrupt your viewing pleasure with this message from our sponsors|work=News at IU|access-date=April 6, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406163536/https://news.iu.edu/stories/2017/12/iub/releases/14-clio-collection.html|archive-date=April 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Highlights of its holdings include a collection of over 200 film cameras and projectors, more than 80,000 commercials from the [[Clio Awards]], and approximately 50,000 educational films that Indiana University circulated to classrooms nationwide during the 20th century.<ref name="News at IU"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/lights-camera-memories-a-dc-film-archivist-is-donating-his-collection/2017/10/16/32a04fde-b281-11e7-be94-fabb0f1e9ffb_story.html|title=Perspective {{!}} Lights! Camera! Memories! A D.C. film archivist is donating his collection.|last=Kelly|first=John|date=October 16, 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=April 6, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102155/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/lights-camera-memories-a-dc-film-archivist-is-donating-his-collection/2017/10/16/32a04fde-b281-11e7-be94-fabb0f1e9ffb_story.html|archive-date=April 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://libraries.indiana.edu/ius-historic-educational-films|title=IU's Historic Educational Films|date=August 19, 2014|work=Indiana University Libraries|access-date=April 6, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102025/https://libraries.indiana.edu/ius-historic-educational-films|archive-date=April 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, the Moving Image Archive was accepted as a member of the [[International Federation of Film Archives]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiafnet.org/pages/Community/Members.html|title=International Federation of Film Archives|website=www.fiafnet.org|access-date=April 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408015741/http://www.fiafnet.org/pages/Community/Members.html|archive-date=April 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Lilly Library===
[[File:IUB Lilly Library P1000231.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|alt=Lilly Library |Lilly Library]]
{{Main|Lilly Library}}

Founded in 1960 with the collection of [[Josiah K. Lilly Jr.]], the Lilly Library contains approximately 400,000 rare books, 6.5 million manuscripts, and 100,000 pieces of sheet music.<ref name="The Lilly Library: The Collections"/> Notable items in the library's collections include the [[Gutenberg Bible]] and the first printed collection of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big, Puzzling, and Hairy |url=https://iuday.iu.edu/transcripts/lilly_library-audio-desc.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813160024/https://iuday.iu.edu/transcripts/lilly_library-audio-desc.html |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Indiana University}}</ref>

The library is also home to four [[Academy Awards]], donated by alumni. In 2006, the library received a collection of 30,000 mechanical puzzles from [[Jerry Slocum]]. The collection will be on permanent display. Special permission is not required to use the collections, and the library has several exhibition galleries that are open to the public.

Within the Lilly Library is the [[Ruth E. Adomeit]] collection of miniature books, one of the world's largest.<ref name="batcon"/> Among the collection are rare miniature books such as "From Morn Till Eve", a miniature book that presents biblical quotations in a devotional form, with one phrase for each morning and evening of a month. The [[Online Computer Library Center]] (OCLC) had listed that, "the only known copy as being in the collection of famed miniature book collector Ruth E. Adomeit",<ref name="abaa"/> which is now in the Lilly Library.

===Fine Arts Library===
IU's first Fine Arts Library was established in the late 1930s as part of the Departmental office on the second floor, east wing of the University Library which was then in Franklin Hall. In 1941, art historian Henry Radford Hope became chairman of the Fine Arts Department in the Fall, and the Fine Arts Center was created by remodeling Mitchell Hall Annex. The Fine Arts Library moved into IU Art Museum designed by I.M. Pei in August 1981. This location was closed for renovations to the museum in spring 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://libraries.indiana.edu/access-iu-libraries-fine-arts-materials |title=Service continues: Access IU Libraries' fine arts materials | Indiana University Libraries |publisher=Libraries.indiana.edu |date=May 22, 2017 |access-date=September 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910061057/https://libraries.indiana.edu/access-iu-libraries-fine-arts-materials |archive-date=September 10, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===William and Gayle Cook Music Library===
The William and Gayle Cook Music Library serves the Jacobs School of Music and the Bloomington Campus of Indiana University. It occupies a four-floor, 55,000 square-foot facility in a wing of the Bess Meshulam Simon Music Library and Recital Center, dedicated in November 1995. The collection comprises over 700,000 cataloged items on 56,733 linear feet of shelves.

The Cook Music Library holds many special collections, including audio and print collections. One notable collection contains items from [[Leonard Bernstein]]'s compositional studio, including items such as clothing, furniture, recordings, books, and awards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://libraries.indiana.edu/cook-music-library-special-collections |title=Cook Music Library Special Collections |date= January 24, 2006|access-date=April 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420135509/https://libraries.indiana.edu/cook-music-library-special-collections |archive-date=April 20, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Residence hall libraries===
Residence hall library programs began in the 1930s at Harvard University. By 1978, there were twenty-one institutions with residential library systems.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ariew|first1=Susan Andriette|title=The Failure of the Open Access Residence Hall Library|journal=College and Research Libraries |date=1978|volume=39|issue=5|pages=372–380|doi=10.5860/crl_39_05_372|doi-access=free|hdl=2142/39692|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Today, Indiana University has only one of two residential library programs that still operates. {{As of|2018}} there were fourteen library branches: Briscoe, Campus View Apartments, Collins LLC, Eigenmann, Forest, Foster, McNutt, Read, Spruce, Teter, Union Street Center, Wells Quad, Wilkie, and Wright.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rps.indiana.edu/libraryservices.cfml |title=Residential Programs and Services|website=RPS Libraries|access-date=April 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426204142/http://www.rps.indiana.edu/libraryservices.cfml|archive-date=April 26, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Student life==
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Student body composition as of September 2024
|-
! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web|title=College Scorecard: Indiana University-Bloomington|url=https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?151351-Indiana-University-Bloomington|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|access-date=September 7, 2024}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
|align=right| {{bartable|68|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
|align=right| {{bartable|9|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]
|align=right| {{bartable|8|%|2||background:green}}
|-
| [[Foreign national]]
|align=right| {{bartable|5|%|2||background:orange}}
|-
| Other{{efn|Other consists of [[Multiracial Americans]] & those who prefer to not say.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|5|%|2||background:brown}}
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
|align=right| {{bartable|4|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |[[Economic diversity]]
|-
| [[American lower class|Low-income]]{{efn|The percentage of students who received an income-based federal [[Pell grant]] intended for low-income students.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|18|%|2||background:red}}
|-
| [[Affluence in the United States|Affluent]]{{efn|The percentage of students who are a part of the [[American middle class]] at the bare minimum.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|82|%|2||background:black}}
|}

The [[Indiana University Student Association|Indiana University Student Government]] is the undergraduate [[Student government|student body government]]. The IUSA Funding Board allocates funds for student programming and initiatives.

The [[Little 500]] is a [[track cycling]] race held annually during the third weekend of April at [[Bill Armstrong Stadium]]. It is attended by more than 25,000 fans.<ref name= welcome>{{cite web |url= http://www.iusf.indiana.edu/little500/fans/index.shtml| title= Welcome, race fans! | website= indiana.edu | publisher= Indiana University Student Foundation, Indiana University| url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160315110754/http://www.iusf.indiana.edu/little500/fans/index.shtml| archivedate= March 15, 2016| access-date= July 21, 2018}}</ref> Billed as "The World's Greatest College Weekend", the race has expanded into a week of activities. The [[Women's Little 500]] (100 laps; {{cvt|25|mi}}), first held in 1988, is run each year. {{As of|2019}}, the Little 500 has raised a total of more than $2 million in scholarship funds.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.iu.edu/stories/2019/03/iub/releases/26-cutters-ski-earn-pole-positions-in-2019-little-500.html |title=Cutters, SKI earn pole positions in 2019 Little 500 races in Bloomington |first=Amanda |last=Roach |work=Indiana University Newsroom |date=2019-03-26 |accessdate=2019-07-04}}</ref>

===Media===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
Media outlets of Indiana University include:
* [[WFIU]] radio – a charter member of the National Public Radio network, WFIU is a public radio station operating out of the Radio and TV Center on the Bloomington, Indiana Campus. Licensed to the Trustees of Indiana University, it is funded by several sources: Indiana University; the [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]]; program underwriting grants from community businesses and organizations; and voluntary contributions from listeners. Programming centers on classical music, national and international news. Other formats include folk music, jazz, comedy, and news & public affairs programming.
* [[WTIU]] television – a 24-hour public television licensed to Indiana University, operating out of the Radio and TV Center on the Bloomington, Indiana campus. WTIU is a [[PBS]] affiliate and carries national and locally produced programming, serving over 20 counties in west and south-central Indiana, including the cities of Bloomington, [[Bedford, Indiana|Bedford]], Columbus, and [[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]], and the communities of [[Martinsville, Indiana|Martinsville]], [[Linton, Indiana|Linton]], [[Bloomfield, Indiana|Bloomfield]], [[Nashville, Indiana|Nashville]], [[Spencer, Indiana|Spencer]], and [[Seymour, Indiana|Seymour]]. Approximately 175,000 TV households are included in the viewing area, cable and off-air combined.
* IUSTV (Indiana University [[Student television station]]) – an entirely student-run television station broadcasting to over 12,000 on-campus residents and over 40,000 Bloomington residents via [[Public-access television]]. Founded in 2002, IUSTV has quickly grown to be a leading media entity and student organization on campus.
* [[Indiana Daily Student]] – free daily newspaper fully supported financially through ad sales. Founded in 1867, it has a circulation of over 15,000 and is produced by IU students.
* [[WIUX-LP|WIUX]] – an entirely student-run radio station that broadcasts currently on FM 99.1 and via live internet streaming on its website. It broadcasts 24 hours a day, 7 days a week during the fall and spring semesters. Besides playing independent music, the station provides coverage of nine different Indiana University sports teams. The station was established in 1963 under the call letters WQAD. It was granted a low-power FM license in the spring of 2005 and transitioned to FM in early 2006.

==Athletics==
{{Main|Indiana Hoosiers}}

{{See also|Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball|Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana Hoosiers men's soccer}}

[[File:Indiana-Hoosier-Huddle.jpg|thumb|170px|Basketball players huddle before a game in their candy striped pants.]]
IU's intercollegiate athletics program has a long tradition in several key sports. From its beginnings with baseball in 1867, the Hoosier athletic program has grown to include over 600 male and female student-athletes on 24 varsity teams. Sports sponsored by the university include [[American football|football]], men's [[basketball]], women's basketball, [[cross country running|cross country]] and [[Track and field|track]], [[softball]], [[baseball]], [[golf]], [[tennis]], [[Sport rowing|rowing]], [[volleyball]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]] and [[Diving (sport)|diving]], and [[College wrestling|wrestling]].

The Hoosiers became a member of the [[Big Ten Conference]] on December 1, 1899. The school's national affiliation is with the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA). National team titles (now totaling 26; 25 NCAA, 1 [[AIAW]]) have been won in nine men's sports and one women's sport (tennis), topped by a record-setting six straight men's swimming & diving titles, eight men's [[soccer]] crowns and five titles in men's basketball. Indiana University's men's basketball team has won five national championships. Indiana student-athletes have won 133 NCAA individual titles, including 79 in men's swimming and diving and 31 in men's track and field. Also, IU teams have won or shared 157 Big Ten Conference championships.

The IU athletics endowment is $42 million, the largest in the Big Ten.<ref name="IU Athletics receives single largest gift in its history"/> The Varsity Club, which is the fundraising arm of the Athletics Department, drew a record $11.5 million in gifts and pledges in fiscal year 2004–05. Also, overall annual giving has increased by 8.3 percent in the last year and 44.8 percent in the last three years.

In addition to its tradition in intervarsity sports, IU also has many non-varsity sports. [[Hurling]] has also become more popular, with the Indiana University Hurling Club becoming the first American national champions in history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana University win first-ever National Collegiate Hurling Championship in the U.S.|url=http://www.hoganstand.com/usa/ArticleForm.aspx?ID=149684|access-date=June 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908185534/http://www.hoganstand.com/usa/ArticleForm.aspx?ID=149684|archive-date=September 8, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:IUBHWe.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|right|alt=The Statue of Herman B Wells|The statue of Herman B. Wells]]
===Athletic facilities===
Indiana University's athletic facilities include [[Assembly Hall (Bloomington)|Assembly Hall]] (home to the IU's [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] basketball teams), Cook Hall, [[Memorial Stadium (Indiana)|Memorial Stadium]], [[John Mellencamp Pavilion|Mellencamp Pavilion]], the [[Gladstein Fieldhouse]], the IU Tennis Center, the [[Billy Hayes Track]], and the [[Bill Armstrong Stadium]].

==Notable faculty and alumni==
{{Main|List of Indiana University (Bloomington) people}}

{{See also|Category:Indiana University Bloomington alumni|Category:Indiana University Bloomington faculty}}
Notable current faculty include cognitive scientist [[Douglas Hofstadter]], mathematician [[Russell Lyons]], violinist [[Joshua Bell]], and pianist [[André Watts]]. Notable past Indiana faculty and alumni include [[Hermann Joseph Muller]], pioneering radiation geneticist and winner of the 1946 [[Nobel Prize]]; [[James Watson]], co-discoverer of the double helical structure of [[DNA]] and sharer of the 1962 Nobel Prize; [[Salvador Luria]], molecular biologist and co-winner of the 1969 Nobel Prize; Tuareg political leader and folclorist [[Mano Dayak]]; [[Jimmy Wales]], the co-founder of [[Wikipedia]]; [[Robert Gates]], the 22nd [[United States Secretary of Defense]]; former CEO of [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Bob Chapek]]; [[Jeri Taylor]], screenwriter and co-creator of ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]''; award-winning author [[Suzanne Collins]], who wrote ''[[The Hunger Games]]'' series; composer and songwriter [[Hoagy Carmichael]]; [[John Chambers (CEO)|John Chambers]], former CEO of [[Cisco Systems]]; Indian actor [[Ranveer Singh]]; mathematician [[Max August Zorn]]; sexologist [[Alfred Kinsey]]; poet [[Yusef Komunyakaa]]; and billionaire investor [[Mark Cuban]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nobels: Research & Creative Activity: University Honors & Awards: Indiana University|url=https://honorsandawards.iu.edu/research-creative/nobels.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140548/https://honorsandawards.iu.edu/research-creative/nobels.shtml|archive-date=June 12, 2018|access-date=September 11, 2018|website=honorsandawards.iu.edu|language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist
|refs =
<ref name="10Factbook">{{cite web |title = 2011-121 IU Factbook |url = http://www.iu.edu/~uirr/reports/standard/factbook/?path=/2011-12/Bloomington/Fast_Facts/Fast_Facts |access-date = January 31, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309162833/https://www.iu.edu/~uirr/reports/standard/factbook/?path=%2F2011-12%2FBloomington%2FFast_Facts%2FFast_Facts |archive-date = March 9, 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="abaa">[http://www.abaa.org/books/140700272.html Rare book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805220011/https://www.abaa.org/book/140700272 |date=August 5, 2022}}- Retrieved January 8, 2012</ref>

<ref name="About Student Sustainability Council">{{cite web |title = About Student Sustainability Council |publisher = SSC |url = http://sites.google.com/site/iubssc/home |access-date = July 15, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100410031034/http://sites.google.com/site/iubssc/home |archive-date = April 10, 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="About Volunteers in Sustainability">{{cite web | title = About Volunteers in Sustainability | publisher = Indiana University at Bloomington | url = https://www.indiana.edu/~sustain/vis.html#groups | access-date = June 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090310151313/https://www.indiana.edu/~sustain/vis.html#groups | archive-date = March 10, 2009 | url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="batcon">[http://www.batcon.org/index.php/media-and-info/bats-archives.html?task=viewArticle&magArticleID=798 Miniature book collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025145719/http://batcon.org/index.php/media-and-info/bats-archives.html?task=viewArticle&magArticleID=798 |date=October 25, 2012}}- Retrieved January 7, 2012</ref>

<ref name="businessweek">[http://bwnt.businessweek.com/interactive_reports/mba_domestic_2008/index.asp?chan=magazine+channel_in+depth BusinessWeek] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208124741/http://bwnt.businessweek.com/interactive_reports/mba_domestic_2008/index.asp?chan=magazine+channel_in+depth |date=December 8, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Carnegie Classifications Institution Profile">{{cite web | title = Carnegie Classifications Institution Profile | publisher = Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | url = http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=151351 | access-date = September 12, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180913040236/http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=151351 | archive-date = September 13, 2018 | url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="HCI Degree Programs">{{cite web |url = http://www.humanfactors.com/downloads/degrees.asp |title = HCI Degree Programs |access-date = June 15, 2006 |publisher = Human Factors International |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060614140245/http://www.humanfactors.com/downloads/degrees.asp |archive-date = June 14, 2006 |url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="Indiana Creates First Gender Studies PhD">{{cite web |url=http://insidehighered.com/news/2005/11/10/gender |title=Indiana Creates First Gender Studies Ph.D. |access-date=August 9, 2007 |date=November 10, 2004 |website=Inside Higher Ed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033453/http://insidehighered.com/news/2005/11/10/gender |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>



<ref name="indiana3">{{cite web |url = http://www.informatics.indiana.edu |title = Informatics: Indiana University |access-date = June 15, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060614235247/http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/ |archive-date = June 14, 2006 |url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="IU Athletics receives single largest gift in its history">{{cite web |url = http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/2206.html |title = IU Athletics receives single largest gift in its history |access-date = May 19, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080530002039/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/2206.html |archive-date = May 30, 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="iub">{{cite web |url=http://www.iub.edu/about/ |title=About |work=Indiana University Bloomington |access-date=February 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616105609/http://www.iub.edu/about/ |archive-date=June 16, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="newsinfo">{{cite web |url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/9420.html |title=IU Bloomington School of Law renamed in honor of largest-ever donor |publisher=IU News Room: Indiana University |access-date=December 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207090847/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/9420.html |archive-date=December 7, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="newsinfo4">{{cite web | title = "More Art, Less Trash" artistic recycling bins to be installed on campus | publisher = IU News Room | url = http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/7902.html | access-date = June 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090610052632/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/7902.html | archive-date = June 10, 2009 | url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="School of Informatics Renamed">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/web/page/normal/11341.html|title=School of Informatics Renamed|access-date=October 3, 2009|publisher=Indiana University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910143647/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/web/page/normal/11341.html|archive-date=September 10, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Sustainability task force announces summer internship program">{{cite web | title = Sustainability task force announces summer internship program | publisher = IU News | url = http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/8304.html | access-date = June 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090610052725/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/8304.html | archive-date = June 10, 2009 | url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Lilly Library: The Collections">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/collections.shtml|title=The Lilly Library: The Collections|access-date=August 9, 2007|publisher=Indiana University (Bloomington, Indiana)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828125213/http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/collections.shtml|archive-date=August 28, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="USNWR 2009 Graduate School Rankings">{{cite web |url = http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=552554 |title = USNWR 2009 Graduate School Rankings |access-date = May 20, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080529214310/http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=552554 |archive-date = May 29, 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="Von Lee Receives Sustainability Certification">{{cite web | title =Von Lee Receives Sustainability Certification | publisher =Office of Creative Services | url =http://creativeservices.iu.edu/blog/?p=21 | access-date =June 8, 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090310031735/http://creativeservices.iu.edu/blog/?p=21 | archive-date =March 10, 2009 | url-status =live}}</ref>

<ref name="What Is Informatics?">{{cite web|url=http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/overview/what_is_informatics.asp|title=What Is Informatics?|access-date=June 15, 2006|publisher=Indiana University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614235822/http://www.informatics.indiana.edu/overview/what_is_informatics.asp|archive-date=June 14, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* Capshew, James H. ''Herman B Wells: The Promise of the American University'' (Indiana University Press, 2012) 460 pp [https://www.amazon.com/Herman-Wells-Promise-American-University/dp/0253357209/ excerpt and text search]
* Clark, Thomas D. ''Indiana University, Midwest Pioneer, Volume I: The Early Years'' (1970)
* Clark, Thomas D. ''Indiana University: Midwestern Pioneer, Vol II: In Mid-Pasage'' (1973)
* Clark, Thomas D. ''Indiana University: Midwestern Pioneer: Volume III: Years of Fulfillment'' (1977) covers 1938–68
* Gros Louis, Kenneth. "Herman B Wells and the Legacy of Leadership at Indiana University," ''Indiana Magazine of History'' (2007) 103#3 pp 290–301. [http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/viewarticle?data=dGJyMPPp44rp2%2fdV0%2bnjisfk5Ie42eqLtaashd%2ff7Ebj3u2L8ra2R7CtrUqup7E4r6a4TbSws1Cexss%2b8ujfhvHX4Yzn5eyB4rOrSbCrtk60prdNrpzqeezdu33snOJ6u9fmhKTq33%2b7t8w%2b3%2bS7SrSusE23qLc%2b5OXwhd%2fqu4ji3MSN6uLSffbq&hid=108 online]

===Primary sources===
* Wells, Herman B. ''Being Lucky: Reminiscences and Reflections'' (1980) [https://www.amazon.com/Being-Lucky-Reminiscences-Reflections-Indiana/dp/0253115566/ excerpt and text search]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Indiana University Bloomington}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Indiana University Bloomington-article.ogg|date=September 5, 2020}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.iuhoosiers.com/ Indiana University Athletics website]
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Indiana, University of |short=x}}

{{Indiana University Bloomington}}
{{Navboxes
| titlestyle = {{CollegePrimaryStyle|Indiana Hoosiers|color=white}}
| list =
{{IU System}}
{{Big Ten Conference navbox}}
{{Big Ten Academic Alliance}}
{{Public colleges and universities in Indiana}}
{{Association of American Universities}}
{{Public Ivy}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Indiana}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indiana University Bloomington| ]]
[[Category:1820 establishments in Indiana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bloomington, Indiana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1820]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana]]
[[Category:Indiana University campuses|Bloomington]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Public universities and colleges in Indiana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bloomington, Indiana]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Higher Learning Commission]]
[[Category:University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana]]
[[Category:Flagship universities in the United States]]

Pramod Moutho

2026-02-27T15:22:07Z

MargretGerken: correct structure after review per sources

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pramod Moutho
| image = PramodMoutho.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Pramod Moutho in 2010
| birth_name = Pramod Sharma
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|05|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kapurthala]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| years_active=1989-2019
| other_names = Pramod Muthu
| known_for =
| occupation = actor }}

'''Pramod Moutho''' ('''Pramod Sharma'''; born 7 May 1955) is an Indian film and television actor. He has appeared as a [[villain]] in number of noted [[Bollywood]] films, like ''[[Khalnayak]]'' (1993), ''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]'' (1994), ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'' (1996), ''[[Mehndi (1998 film)|Mehndi]]'' (1998), ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha|Gadar]]'' (2001) and ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008) and over 120 other Hindi movies.

== Biography ==
Born on 7 May 1955 in [[Kapurthala]], [[East Punjab]], India into a Punjabi Brahmin family as Pramod Sharma,<ref name=TheHindu /> Moutho started acting in stage plays while studying in [[NJSA Government College]], [[Kapurthala]]. He, along with [[Lalit Behl]], Satish Sharma, [[Ravi Deep]] and Harjeet Walia staged plays. As a college student, Pramod used to play the [[Mouth Organ]] with prowess. That is how his friends and recipients of his skill gave him the name Moutho. He got his diploma from the Department of Indian Theatre.

==Career==
[[File:Candid shot From movie Raju Chacha.JPG|thumbnail|A Candid Shot of Kaivalya Chheda with [[Johnny Lever]], [[Tiku Talsania]] and Pramod Moutho]]
He started his career freelancing as a stage actor in [[Punjab]] and [[Delhi]], where he worked for a few years. Currently he is shooting for a web series where he is playing triple role one is Australian Cricketer Darren Lehmann, second is Liqour King Walia and third is KN Swamy an Indian Businessman settled in Middle East.

He acted in a number of TV plays, telefilms and TV Serials including ''Supne Te Parchhaven'', ''Buniyad'' and ''Bebasi''. After working with [[National School of Drama#Repertory Company|National School of Drama Repertory Company]], New Delhi for some time, he shifted to Mumbai to try his luck in films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor by Chance: Pramod Moutho filled in for someone on stage and… |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/actor-by-chance/626871/ |publisher= [[Indian Express]]|date=30 May 2010 }}</ref> He has acted in a number of films including ''[[Khalnayak]]'' and ''[[Raja Hindustani]]''.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite web |date=16 July 2010 |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/my-first-break-Pramod-moutho/article16197828.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905222808/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/my-first-break-Pramod-moutho/article16197828.ece |archive-date=5 September 2023 |title=my first break Pramod moutho |work=[[The Hindu]] |quote=My real name is Pramod Sharma and I am a Punjabi Brahmin from Kapurthala. |language=en-In }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 March 2014 |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sony-tvs-encounter-launch-11-april-rajesh-promod-aditya-parag-and-adaa-feature-the-first |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331101444/http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sony-tvs-encounter-launch-11-april-rajesh-promod-aditya-parag-and-adaa-feature-the-first |archive-date=31 March 2014 |title=Sony TV's Encounter to launch on 11 April; Rajesh, Promod, Aditya, Parag and Adaa to feature in the first episode |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en-In }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''Karishma Kali Kaa'' (1990) as Minister Sampoorna Anand
*''[[College Girl (1990 film)|College Girl]]'' (1990) as Madhuri's brother
*''[[Yalgaar]]'' (1992) as Press Reporter
*''[[Aaj Kie Aurat]]'' (1993) as Builder Shyam Kumar Gupta
*''[[Khalnayak]]'' (1993) as Roshan Mahanta
* ''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]'' (1994) as Mama Thakur's Brother
* ''[[1942 A Love Story]]'' (1994) as Govind
*''[[Veergati]]'' (1995) as Minister Brahmachari
* ''[[Mafia (1996 film)|Mafia]]'' (1996) as Minister Praja Swami
* ''[[Loafer (1996 film)|Loafer]]'' (1996) as Dhandpani
* ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'' (1996) as Swaraj (Shalu's brother)
* ''[[Agnichakra (film)]]'' (1997) as Jumbo
* ''[[Ankhon Mein Tum Ho]]'' (1997) as Mohan <ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/16528/ Trailer -- Ankhon Mein Tum Ho] Indian Express, 26 December 1997.</ref>
* ''[[Qila (film)|Qila]]'' (1998) as Prosecuting attorney
* ''[[Dushman (1998 film)|Dushman]]'' (1998) as ACP Santosh Singh Sehgal
* ''[[Mehndi (1998 film)|Mehndi]]'' (1998) as Mr. Chaudhary
* ''[[Hero Hindustani]]'' as Rashid
* ''[[Military Raaj]]''(1998) as politician Nagishvar Rao
* ''[[Mafia Raaj]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Dulhan Banoo Main Teri]]'' (1999) as Minister Sukhdev
* ''[[Heeralal Pannalal (1999 film)|Heeralal Pannalal]]'' (1999) as S.K. Motiwala
* ''[[Phool Aur Aag]]'' (1999) as Killer
* ''[[Agniputra]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Deewane]]'' (2000) as Lekhraj's Brother
* ''[[Justice Chowdhary]]'' (2000) as Asgar Thakral
* ''[[Bichhoo]]'' (2000) as Pankaj Kharbanda
* ''[[Shikari (2000 film)|Shikari]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' (2000) as ACP Patwardhan
* ''Belagaam'' (2002)
* ''26 January Good Morning India'' (2009)
* ''[[Raju Chacha]]'' (2000) as Prabhakar Sinha
* ''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]'' (2001) as Inspector Moutho
* ''[[Shaheed-E-Kargil]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]'' as Rajpal
* ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' (2001) as Gurdeep (Tara's father)
* ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'' (2001) as Justice Balwant Chaudhry
* ''Be-Lagaam'' (2002) as Ajit Pal as Tanveer Zaidi's Uncle
* ''[[Hathyar (2002 film)|Hathyar]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Basti (film)|Basti]]'' (2003) as Minister
* ''[[Dev (2004 film)|Dev]]'' (2004) as Ali Khan
* ''[[What's Your Raashee?]]'' (2009) as Indravadan Zaveri
* ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008) as [[Todar Mal]]
* ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]'' (2010) as Shahnawaz Qureshi
* ''Dark Rainbow'' (2011) as Ruhi's father
* ''[[Chinar Daastaan-E-Ishq]]'' (2015) as Salaam
* ''Risknamaa'' (2019) as Phool Chand Kaka Directed By Aarun Nagar
* ''The E-Ghost''<ref>{{IMDb title|33396044|The E-Ghost}}</ref> as Father Saldanha
{{div col end}}

== Television ==
* ''Supne Te Parchhaven Punjabi'' (TV Serial)
* ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]''
* ''Buniyad'' (Punjabi Serial)
* ''Bebasi'' (Punjabi Teleplay)
* ''[[Junior G]]'' (2001-2003) as Fyomancho
* ''[[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]]'' (TV series, 1991-1992) as Maha Mantri Shaktar
* ''[[Tehkikaat]]'' (episodes 16 and 17: A Mystery Behind missing Girl and episodes 51 and 52: Murder of Sam D'Silva as Doctor Shenoy)
* ''[[Maan Rahe Tera Pitaah]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' (2010–2016) as Advocate Avatramani
* ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]'' (2012-2013)

== Stage ==
* ''Hewers of Coal''
* ''Kya Number Badlega''
* ''Chhatrian''
* ''Nayak Katha''
* ''Balde Tibbe'' (Desire Under the Elms)
* ''Shuturmurg''
* ''Surya Ki Antim Kiran Se Surya Ki Pehli Kiran Tak''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person|pramod-moutho}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moutho, Pramod}}
[[Category:Male actors from Amritsar]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Disha Ravi

2026-02-20T10:16:58Z

MargretGerken: new a post and citations

{{Short description|Indian climate activist (born 1998)}}
{{indian name|Disha|Ravi}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Disha Ravi
| image = Disha A Ravi.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Disha Annappa Ravi<ref name="boomlivefullname">{{Cite web|last=Niranjankumar|first=Nivedita|date=2021-02-17|title=Her Name Is Disha Ravi, Not Disha Ravi Joseph: Friends Rubbish Fake Claim|url=https://www.boomlive.in/fact-check/fake-news-fact-check-disha-ravi-disha-annappa-ravi-hindu-syrian-christian-toolkit-greta-thunberg-delhi-police-12009|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Boomlive.in|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|08|20}}<ref name="Ellis-Petersen" />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| death_date = 
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]]
| occupation =
| years_active = 2018-present
| known_for = [[Environmental Activist]]
| notable_works =
}}
'''Disha Annappa Ravi''' (born 1998, [[Bangalore]])<ref name="Ellis-Petersen" /> is an Indian youth [[Individual and political action on climate change|climate change activist]] and a co-founder of [[Fridays For Future]]'s chapter in India.<ref name="boomlivefullname"/> Her arrest on 13 February 2021 for an alleged involvement with an online toolkit related to [[Greta Thunberg]] and the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]s gained international attention.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2021-02-14|title=India activist Disha Ravi arrested over 'toolkit'|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56060232|access-date=2021-02-14|archive-date=2021-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214110015/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56060232|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Quint">{{cite news |title=Delhi Police Arrests Climate Activist Disha Ravi, Who is She? |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/delhi-police-arrests-climate-activist-disha-ravi-who-is-she |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=The Quint |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214152353/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/delhi-police-arrests-climate-activist-disha-ravi-who-is-she |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian government alleged that the toolkit, a standard [[social justice]] communications and organizing document,<ref name=":9" /> providing a list of ways to support the farmers' protests,<ref name="YeungCNN">{{cite news |last1=Yeung |first1=Jessie |last2=Gupta |first2=Swati |title=Climate activist Disha Ravi arrested in India over farmers' protest 'toolkit' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/15/asia/india-farmers-protest-activist-disha-ravi-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=15 February 2021 |publisher=[[CNN]]|date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215115816/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/15/asia/india-farmers-protest-activist-disha-ravi-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> fomented unrest and a form of [[Sedition#India|sedition]].<ref name="nie" /><ref name=":10" /> The arrest was widely criticized both within India, and internationally.<ref name="Ellis-Petersen" />

==Background==
Disha is a youth [[climate activist]] from [[Bangalore]], India,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Chan|first=Emily|date=26 September 2020|title=4 Activists Of Colour On The Urgent Need To Counteract Environmental Racism|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/activists-of-colour-environmental-racism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102055454/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/activists-of-colour-environmental-racism|archive-date=2020-11-02|access-date=2020-11-12|website=[[British Vogue]]|language=}}</ref> and one of the founders of [[Fridays For Future]] in India (FFF India).<ref name="ENS" /><ref name="Quint" /><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/what-is-fridays-for-future-one-of-the-causes-arrested-activist-disha-ravi-was-associated-with-534340.html|title= What Is Fridays For Future, One Of The Causes Arrested Activist Disha Ravi Was Associated With|last= Abraham|first= Bobins|date= 15 February 2021|website= India Times|access-date= 15 February 2021|quote= |archive-date= 16 February 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210216060215/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/what-is-fridays-for-future-one-of-the-causes-arrested-activist-disha-ravi-was-associated-with-534340.html|url-status= live}}</ref> According to ''[[The Quint]]'', she is part of the MAPA wing of the FFF movement, and "MAPA stands for [[Most Affected People and Areas]] – meaning, countries and peoples of the [[Global South]] (developing world), who bear the brunt of carbon emissions and climate change."<ref name="Henry">{{cite news |last1=Henry |first1=Nikhila |title=Now Charged With Sedition, Disha Fought for India at FFF Globally |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/disha-ravi-charged-with-sedition-advocated-for-india-at-global-fff-forum-climate-change-toolkit-farmers-protest |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=The Quint |date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> In an interview with ''Auto Report Africa'', Disha stated, "My motivation to join climate activism came from seeing my grandparents, who are farmers, struggle with the effects of the climate crisis", and "At the time, I wasn't aware that what they were experiencing was the climate crisis because climate education is non-existent where I'm from."<ref name="Ellis-Petersen" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Fighting for our present, not just our future: Global youth climate strikes are back |url=https://www.autoreportafrica.com/fighting-for-our-present-not-just-our-future-global-youth-climate-strikes-are-back/ |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=Auto Report Africa}}</ref>

Disha focuses on bringing voices to communities in need<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Manasi Paresh|date=2019-12-24|title=How Bengaluru youth are taking part in the global movement against climate change|url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/fridays-for-future-citizens-live-disha-ravi-fighting-climate-change-decentralised-protests-39402|access-date=2020-11-12|website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112192456/https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/fridays-for-future-citizens-live-disha-ravi-fighting-climate-change-decentralised-protests-39402|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Noticias|first=ANCCOM|date=2020-09-23|title=Proyectorazo por la crisis ambiental|url=http://anccom.sociales.uba.ar/2020/09/23/proyectorazo-por-la-crisis-ambiental/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=ANCCOM|language=es|archive-date=2020-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160558/http://anccom.sociales.uba.ar/2020/09/23/proyectorazo-por-la-crisis-ambiental/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is an author of multiple editorials and articles for international youth climate activists.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=From climate activist to 'Toolkit Editor', who is Disha Ravi? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/from-climate-activist-to-toolkit-editor-who-is-disha-ravi/articleshow/80912284.cms |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[IANS]] |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214235229/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/from-climate-activist-to-toolkit-editor-who-is-disha-ravi/articleshow/80912284.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kia|first=Kara|date=2020-11-19|title=Greta Thunberg, David Attenborough, and the Climate Conversation's White Saviour Problem|url=https://www.popsugar.com/node/47985241|access-date=2021-02-15|publisher=[[PopSugar]]|language=en-US}}</ref> She was also featured in a September 2020 British ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine profile of four activists of colour working against [[environmental racism]].<ref name="Quint"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=FPJ Web Desk |title=Who is Disha Ravi? All you need to know about the 21-year-old climate change activist held in Greta Thunberg toolkit case |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-is-disha-ravi-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-21-year-old-climate-change-activist-held-in-greta-thunberg-toolkit-case |access-date=15 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215042038/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-is-disha-ravi-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-21-year-old-climate-change-activist-held-in-greta-thunberg-toolkit-case |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5" /> On February 15, 2021, ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' referred to her as "Bengaluru's Greta".<ref name="Chauhan"/>

In September 2020, Disha explained, "I'm striking because we're living through the climate crisis. Heavy rains and lax measures taken by governments have led to millions of people being displaced because of floods, particularly in India. My house was flooded last week."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Corbett|first=Jessica|date=25 September 2020|title=Masked, Socially Distanced, and Mad as Hell: Global Youth Take to the Streets for Over 3,200 #ClimateStrike Events|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/09/25/masked-socially-distanced-and-mad-hell-global-youth-take-streets-over-3200|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116160558/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/09/25/masked-socially-distanced-and-mad-hell-global-youth-take-streets-over-3200|archive-date=2020-11-16|access-date=2020-11-12|publisher=[[Common Dreams]]|language=en}}</ref> Disha told ''[[The Guardian]]'', "We are not just fighting for our future, we are fighting for our present. We, the people from the most affected are going to change the conversation in climate negotiations and lead a just recovery plan that benefits people and not the pockets of our government."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harvey |first1=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=September 25, 2020 |title=Young people resume global climate strikes calling for urgent action |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/25/young-people-resume-global-climate-strikes-calling-urgent-action-greta-thunberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214160701/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/25/young-people-resume-global-climate-strikes-calling-urgent-action-greta-thunberg |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

In 2020, Disha stated, "FFF International does not have a single goal. Earlier our goal was to declare a climate emergency. The countries that declared climate emergency did not act on it and that is when we decided we wanted [[climate justice]] where the government prioritizes climate action and ecological sustainability above all else. We do not have set demands and we want to make different demands work for different countries."<ref name="ENS" /> In a 2020 interview with US author Gayle Kimball for a book about [[Gen Z]] climate activists, Disha stated, "In India, protests are a part of life since the Indian freedom struggle was rooted in peaceful protests. There are a lot of protests on humanitarian issues and religious issues and protests are very ingrained in Indian society. Social media has helped in recent days."<ref name="ENS">{{cite news |title=Farmers toolkit case: Aarey to EIA, Goa to Dehra Dun, Disha Ravi part of many climate causes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/farmers-toolkit-case-arrested-activist-disha-ravi-an-mba-who-found-her-calling-in-environmental-causes-7188792/ |access-date=15 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|agency=[[Express News Service]] |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215003525/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/farmers-toolkit-case-arrested-activist-disha-ravi-an-mba-who-found-her-calling-in-environmental-causes-7188792/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The FFF was being monitored prior to Disha's arrest.<ref name="tnm02">{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Soumya |title=Fridays for Future was on govt radar long before Disha Ravi's arrest: An inside view |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fridays-future-was-govt-radar-long-disha-ravis-arrest-inside-view-143502 |website=The News Minute |date=15 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215144943/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fridays-future-was-govt-radar-long-disha-ravis-arrest-inside-view-143502 |url-status=live }}</ref> Disha was involved with an FFF India email advocacy campaign in opposition to a March 2020 draft [[environmental impact assessment]] (EIA) by the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]].<ref name="ENS" /> In response, the websites of FFF India and two other groups were blocked in July 2020, but the block was later withdrawn.<ref name="ENS" />{{Efn|In July 2020, the [[Delhi Police]] blocked the Indian website of Fridays For Future (currently unblocked) describing the contents of the website as "objectionable" and depicting an "unlawful or terrorist act". The notice went on to read that the contents of the website were "dangerous for the peace, tranquility and sovereignty of the (sic) India."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Kabir|date=23 July 2020|title=Citing Anti-Terror Law, Delhi Police Block Global Youth Climate Activism Website|url=https://thewire.in/environment/fridays-for-future-website-block-eia-prakash-javadekar-uapa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205003435/https://thewire.in/environment/fridays-for-future-website-block-eia-prakash-javadekar-uapa|archive-date=2021-02-05|access-date=2021-02-14|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Welcome to "Tolerant" India, Where an Environment Website is Banned For Being "Unlawful Or Terrorist" |url=https://www.arre.co.in/earth/fridays-for-future-india-is-banned-for-being-unlawful-or-terrorist/ |access-date=14 February 2021 |date=24 July 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028033403/https://www.arre.co.in/earth/fridays-for-future-india-is-banned-for-being-unlawful-or-terrorist/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Quint" />|name=|group=}} Disha told ''Auto Report Africa'', "We live in a country where dissent is suppressed ... We in [[Fridays For Future]] India were labelled terrorists for objecting to the draft EIA notification. Only a government that puts profit over people would consider asking for clean air, clean water and a liveable planet, an act of terrorism."<ref name=":5" />

She graduated from [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]].<ref name="nie" /> She is a [[Veganism|vegan]] and was working as a culinary experience manager at a vegan food company before her arrest.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Lalwani|first=Vijayta|date=14 February 2021|title=Who is Disha Ravi, the climate activist arrested by Delhi police?|url=https://scroll.in/article/986861/who-is-disha-ravi-the-climate-activist-arrested-by-delhi-police|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214113939/https://scroll.in/article/986861/who-is-disha-ravi-the-climate-activist-arrested-by-delhi-police|archive-date=2021-02-14|access-date=2021-02-14|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Quint" /><ref name="ENS" />

== Arrest ==
{{tweet |text=Here's an updated toolkit by people on the ground in India if you want to help. (They removed their previous document as it was outdated.) 
<nowiki>#</nowiki>StandWithFarmers <nowiki>#</nowiki>FarmersProtest [LINK] |name=Greta Thunberg |username=GretaThunberg|image=Greta Thunberg urges MEPs to show climate leadership (49618310531) (cropped).jpg |id=1357054451769606147 |date=February 4, 2021|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212234449/https://twitter.com/GretaThunberg/status/1357054451769606147||width=280px}}
On 4 February 2021, [[Greta Thunberg]] tweeted in support of Indian farmers and in another tweet linked an updated toolkit, saying it was "by people on the ground in India."<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-02-05|title=Greta Thunberg faces backlash after 'toolkit' tweet: Key things to know|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/greta-thunberg-faces-backlash-after-toolkit-tweet-key-things-to-know-947733.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210011836/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/greta-thunberg-faces-backlash-after-toolkit-tweet-key-things-to-know-947733.html|archive-date=2021-02-10|access-date=2021-02-14|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=}}</ref> Following media reports of Indian authorities filing a [[first information report]] (FIR) against her (since corrected that the FIR is against the original creators of the toolkit<ref name="ScrollFeb4"/>), Thunberg tweeted, I still #StandWithFarmers and support their peaceful protest. No amount of hate, threats or violations of human rights will ever change that. #FarmersProtest".<ref name=":6" /><ref name="ScrollFeb4">{{cite news |last1=Scroll Staff |title=Greta Thunberg says she 'still stands with farmers' after reports about FIR against her |url=https://scroll.in/latest/985945/climate-activist-greta-thunberg-named-in-fir-by-delhi-police-for-tweets-on-farmers-protest-reports |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=Scroll.in |date=February 4, 2021}}</ref>

An activist mentioned that the toolkit was a "routine document used by social justice campaigners to raise awareness about issues and suggest strategies to proceed".<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=4 February 2021|title=Explainer: What does the Greta Thunberg 'toolkit' cited as a sign of 'conspiracy' actually contain?|url=https://scroll.in/article/985946/explainer-what-does-the-greta-thunberg-toolkit-cited-as-a-sign-of-conspiracy-actually-contain|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214081513/https://scroll.in/article/985946/explainer-what-does-the-greta-thunberg-toolkit-cited-as-a-sign-of-conspiracy-actually-contain|archive-date=2021-02-14|access-date=2021-02-14|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> It was "meant to enable anyone unfamiliar with the ongoing farmers protests in India to better understand the situation and make decisions on how to support the farmers based on their own analysis."<ref name=":9" /> The toolkit suggests action to be taken including "Organis[ing] an on-ground action near the closest [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian Embassy]], Media House or your local Govt".<ref name=":9" />

On 13 February 2021, Disha was picked up for questioning from her home in Soladevanahalli, Bengaluru, by a team from the [[Delhi Police]] for allegedly disseminating a social media toolkit related to the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]s.<ref name="nie">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=14 February 2021|title=21-year-old activist 'picked up' in Bengaluru for Greta 'toolkit'|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/feb/14/21-yr-old-activist-picked-up-in-bluru-for-greta-toolkit-2263830.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-02-14|archive-date=2021-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214031550/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/feb/14/21-yr-old-activist-picked-up-in-bluru-for-greta-toolkit-2263830.html}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-14|title=Climate activist Disha Ravi arrested in Bengaluru, Delhi cops say she shared Greta 'toolkit'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/climate-activist-disha-ravi-arrested-bengaluru-delhi-cops-say-she-shared-greta-toolkit|access-date=2021-02-14|website=[[The News Minute]]|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214050430/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/climate-activist-disha-ravi-arrested-bengaluru-delhi-cops-say-she-shared-greta-toolkit|url-status=live}}</ref> She was sent to 5-day police custody.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-02-14|editor-last=Rai|editor-first=Arpan|title=Climate activist Disha Ravi remanded to 5-day Delhi Police special cell custody|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/climate-activist-disha-ravi-remanded-to-5-day-delhi-police-special-cell-custody-101613292598663.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214085458/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/climate-activist-disha-ravi-remanded-to-5-day-delhi-police-special-cell-custody-101613292598663.html|archive-date=2021-02-14|access-date=2021-02-14|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-02-14|title=21-Year Old Climate Activist Remanded To 5-Day Delhi Police Custody In Greta Thunberg 'Toolkit' Case|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/21-year-old-climate-activist-remanded-to-5-day-delhi-police-custody-in-greta-thunberg-toolkit-case-169850|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214112257/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/21-year-old-climate-activist-remanded-to-5-day-delhi-police-custody-in-greta-thunberg-toolkit-case-169850|archive-date=2021-02-14|access-date=2021-02-14|website=Live Law|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chauhan">{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Bala |last2=Sultan |first2=Parvez |title=Disha Ravi, Bengaluru's Greta, sent to 5-day Delhi police custody |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/feb/15/disha-ravi-bengalurus-greta-sent-to-5-day-delhi-police-custody-2264126.html |access-date=15 February 2021 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215053341/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/feb/15/disha-ravi-bengalurus-greta-sent-to-5-day-delhi-police-custody-2264126.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Quint]]'' reported the arrest is "reportedly based on an [[First information report|FIR]] filed by the cybercrime unit of the Delhi Police, which was registered against the creators of the 'toolkit' on 4 February."<ref name="QuintFeb19" /> The police said the toolkit included links pro-[[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] websites.<ref name="Pathi"/><ref name="Tripathi">{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Karan |title=Disha Ravi Case: How 'Seditious' is a Protest Toolkit? |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/law/disha-ravi-sedition-protest-toolkit-clampdown-on-dissent-activists-human-rights-delhi-police-farmers-protests |access-date=24 February 2021 |work=The Quint |date=February 15, 2021}}</ref> The ''[[Associated Press]]'' reported the government had "initially tried to discredit the protesting farmers, many of whom are Sikhs, as motivated by religious nationalism."<ref name="Pathi">{{cite news |last1=Pathi |first1=Krutika |title=Scores protest in India against arrest of climate activist |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-mumbai-media-social-media-arrests-6839bbbdbe06752cc11c6deedfb1b092 |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=Associated Press |date=February 15, 2021}}</ref>

The police filed a case of sedition and criminal conspiracy against Disha and said her arrest was related to an investigation into farmers storming the historic [[Red Fort]] on January 26, 2021; Delhi police official Prem Nath told reporters, "The main aim of the 'toolkit' was to create misinformation and disaffection against the lawfully enacted government."<ref name="Monnappa">{{cite news |last1=Monnappa |first1=Chandini |last2=Jain |first2=Rupam |title=India's arrest of activist tied to Greta Thunberg's movement sparks outrage |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-farmers-protests-idINKBN2AF0HK |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=15 February 2021}}</ref> The police alleged Disha was a "key conspirator" in creating and disseminating the tookit, and that she collaborated with pro-Khalisatani "Poetic Justice Foundation" to spread disaffection against Indian state.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-02-14|title='Key conspirator, collaborated with pro-Khalistani body': Delhi Police on Disha Ravi, arrested in toolkit case|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-youth-climate-activist-arrested-in-toolkit-case-7188094/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214061153/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-youth-climate-activist-arrested-in-toolkit-case-7188094/|archive-date=2021-02-14|access-date=2021-02-14|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|language=}}</ref> Further, the police said Disha shared the document with Thunberg, who then tweeted it, and that the police "say the sharing of the document on social media indicated there was a 'conspiracy' behind violence on Jan. 26, India's Republic Day, when the largely peaceful farmer protests erupted into clashes with police."<ref name="Pathi" /> Another source mentioned the police did not allege "a link between the violence on 26 January and the contents of the toolkit, which indeed only talk about lawful forms of protest, including social media campaigns."<ref name="Sachdev" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ranjana |first1=Eshwar |title=Activists Discussed 26 Jan in Zoom Meet of Khalistani Org: Police |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/26-january-farmers-violence-planned-on-toolkit-disha-ravi-nikita-jacob-shantanu-delhi-police-evidence |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=The Quint |date=February 15, 2021}}</ref>

International press highlighted the arrest as part of a pattern of the Indian government. [[BBC News]] reported "many fear" Disha's arrest is part of a larger pattern of intimidation of journalists and protesters using what BBC News described as "draconian" [[Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code|colonial era Sedition laws]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-15|title=Disha Ravi: India activist arrest decried as 'attack on democracy'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56066478|access-date=2021-02-15|archive-date=2021-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215075334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56066478|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the arrest as the "latest in a series of broader crackdowns on activists" and part of a larger decline in [[internet freedom]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yasir|first=Sameer|date=2021-02-15|title=Climate Activist Jailed in India as Government Clamps Down on Dissent|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/15/world/asia/climate-activist-jailed-india.html|access-date=2021-02-15|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2021-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215163052/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/15/world/asia/climate-activist-jailed-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' wrote that the arrest "comes after Ms. Thunberg and the popstar [[Rihanna]] used their celebrity status to support the farmers' protests, prompting an angry response from the Indian government."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lateef |first1=Samaan |last2=Rothwell |first2=James |title=Indian environmentalist, 22, arrested over support of farmer protests |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/14/indian-environmentalist-22-arrested-support-farmer-protests/ |access-date=16 February 2021 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215094708/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/14/indian-environmentalist-22-arrested-support-farmer-protests/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine reports on the larger crackdown on dissent in India with Disha's arrest being a part.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gunia |first1=Amy |title=What the Arrest of Disha Ravi, a Climate Activist Linked to Greta Thunberg, Says About India's Crackdown on Dissent |url=https://time.com/5939627/disha-ravi-india-toolkit-arrest/ |access-date=17 February 2021 |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=16 February 2021}}</ref> [[NBC News]] reported that Disha "has emerged as a symbol of the Indian government's crackdown on dissent" and her arrest has "renewed concerns of an authoritarian backlash to the farmers' protests that have rocked the country."<ref name="Mogul">{{cite news |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |title=Disha Ravi: Indian climate activist becomes symbol of crackdown on dissent |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/disha-ravi-indian-climate-activist-becomes-symbol-crackdown-dissent-n1258337 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=February 20, 2021}}</ref>

=== Reactions ===
Disha's arrest has been condemned in India and abroad.<ref name="Pathi" /> On 14 February, over 50 Indian academics, artists and activists released a joint statement in support of her.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-14|title=Academics, activists condemn Disha Ravi's arrest, say govt distracting from real issues|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/academics-activists-condemn-disha-ravis-arrest-say-govt-distracting-real-issues-143429|access-date=2021-02-14|website=[[The News Minute]]|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214131909/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/academics-activists-condemn-disha-ravis-arrest-say-govt-distracting-real-issues-143429|url-status=live}}</ref> Former Environment Minister [[Jairam Ramesh]] tweeted, "Completely atrocious! This is unwarranted harassment and intimidation. I express my full solidarity with Disha Ravi."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Saurabh |title=22-year-old activist Disha Ravi arrested, sent to Delhi Police custody |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/22-year-old-activist-disha-ravi-arrested-for-sharing-farmers-protests-toolkit-with-greta-thunberg/article33834325.ece |access-date=15 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214211030/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/22-year-old-activist-disha-ravi-arrested-for-sharing-farmers-protests-toolkit-with-greta-thunberg/article33834325.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The farm union [[Samyukt Kisan Morcha]] (SKM) issued an official statement that condemned Disha's arrest and called for her "immediate unconditional release", and SKM leader Kavitha Kuruganti stated, "it is atrocious that such action was taken because of a toolkit, which is simply something that alerts citizens to what they can do to support the farmers."<ref>{{cite news |last1= |date=14 February 2021 |title=Farm unions condemn Disha Ravi arrest as 'intimidation tactic' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farm-unions-condemn-disha-ravi-arrest-as-intimidation-tactic/article33836323.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214213725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farm-unions-condemn-disha-ravi-arrest-as-intimidation-tactic/article33836323.ece |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] tweeted, "Arrest of 21 yr old Disha Ravi is an unprecedented attack on Democracy. Supporting our farmers is not a crime."<ref>{{cite news |last1= |date=15 February 2021 |title=Disha Ravi arrest - Unprecedented attack on democracy, says Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/disha-ravi-arrest-unprecedented-attack-on-democracy-says-arvind-kejriwal/article33840345.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215073102/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/disha-ravi-arrest-unprecedented-attack-on-democracy-says-arvind-kejriwal/article33840345.ece |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> BJP Haryana Home Minister [[Anil Vij]] said, "everyone had the right to dissent in a democracy, but 'conspiracy' with foreigners must be stopped" and "called for thorough investigation in the farmers' protest document case."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Scroll Staff |title=Anil Vij defends tweet on Disha Ravi after row, says 'wanted to purify thoughts' |url=https://scroll.in/latest/987161/anil-vij-defends-tweet-on-disha-ravi-after-row-says-sought-destruction-of-anti-national-thought |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=Scroll.in |date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] leader [[Sitaram Yechury]] stated, "Modi regime thinks by arresting a granddaughter of farmers, under sedition, it can weaken the farmers' struggles. In fact, it will awaken the youth of the country and strengthen the struggles for democracy."<ref>{{cite news |title='India becoming theatre of the absurd': Climate activist Disha Ravi's arrest in toolkit case triggers outrage |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/india-becoming-theatre-of-the-absurd-climate-activist-disha-ravi-s-arrest-in-toolkit-case-triggers-outrage/ar-BB1dGrUO |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[MSN News]] |date=14 February 2021}}</ref> [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party president [[M. K. Stalin]] tweeted, "Shocked by the police arrest of Disha Ravi on flimsy charges. Silencing critics of the government through authoritarian means is not the rule of law. I urge the BJP government to desist from taking such punitive action and instead listen to the voices of dissent from young persons."<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=DMK chief Stalin slams Centre for arrest of activist Disha Ravi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dmk-chief-stalin-slams-centre-for-arrest-of-activist-disha-ravi/articleshow/80927311.cms |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=[[Times of India]] |agency=Press Trust India |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215141106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dmk-chief-stalin-slams-centre-for-arrest-of-activist-disha-ravi/articleshow/80927311.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Youth-based environmental collectives also issued a statement demanding Disha's immediate release that included, "To imply that climate change activists are a danger to the peace and harmony of this country in a political climate that is highly polarized is to play fast and loose with their safety and security, especially when there is absolutely no proof to back up this claim."<ref>{{cite news |last1=TMN Staff |title=Youth-based environmental collectives condemn Disha Ravi's arrest in 'toolkit' case |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/youth-based-environmental-collectives-condemn-disha-ravi-s-arrest-toolkit-case-143411 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214182401/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/youth-based-environmental-collectives-condemn-disha-ravi-s-arrest-toolkit-case-143411 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[P. Chidambaram]], [[Priyanka Chaturvedi]], [[Anand Sharma]], [[Shashi Tharoor]], [[Meena Harris]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Claudia Webbe]], [[Bill McKibben]], [[Lucy Siegle]], [[Trisha Shetty]], [[Rupi Kaur]], [[Karuna Nundy]], [[Mihir Sharma]], [[Rahul Gandhi]], [[Priyanka Gandhi|Priyanka Gandhi Vadra]], [[Jairam Ramesh]], Surpriya Shrinate, [[Kapil Sibal]], [[T. M. Krishna]], [[Kavita Krishnan]], and [[Aishe Ghosh]] spoke out on Twitter against Disha's arrest.<ref>{{cite news |title="Completely Atrocious": Activist Disha Ravi's Arrest Triggers Outrage |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/disha-ravis-arrest-triggers-outrage-completely-atrocious-2370576 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=NDTV |agency=[[All India Radio|All India]] |date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214213948/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/disha-ravis-arrest-triggers-outrage-completely-atrocious-2370576 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Opposition denounces 21-yr-old activist's arrest, BJP justifies action|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/15/oppn-denounces-activists-arrest-bjp-justifies-action-2264145.html|access-date=2021-02-15|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=2021-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215035512/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/15/oppn-denounces-activists-arrest-bjp-justifies-action-2264145.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Attack on Democracy': Support Pours in for Activist Disha Ravi |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/twitter-reacts-to-arrest-of-21-year-old-climate-activist-disha-ravi |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=The Quint |date=February 16, 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215192747/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/twitter-reacts-to-arrest-of-21-year-old-climate-activist-disha-ravi |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Apoorvanand]], an activist and professor at [[Delhi University]], stated, "[The government wants] to send a very stern message to the young people that you are not allowed to go beyond yourself, if you are a student, you shouldn't get interested in the issues or lives of people that are different from you", and that the government is saying "what business have you to get interested in the farmers lives or lives of [[Dalit]]s or Muslims. And if you are crossing your boundary and try to establish a contact with them, then it's clear that you are part of a conspiracy."<ref>{{cite news |title=Disha Ravi: Arrest of young Indian activist triggers outrage |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/15/indian-climate-activists-arrest-causes-outrage |access-date=15 February 2021 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215094214/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/15/indian-climate-activists-arrest-causes-outrage |url-status=live }}</ref> Musician [[Vineeth Vincent]], an acquaintance of Disha, told ''[[NDTV]]'' that Disha opposes violence, and "Disha is the soft target, she is the person who will be the poster girl - so that the rest of us do not speak up and are put in place", and "My message to the government is - listen to the young people", adding, "There is some sense in what we are trying to say. ... You could have started a conversation with Disha. She is not going to run anywhere ... She is not the kind to run away."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravarty |first1=Shonakshi |title='She Is A Soft Target': Activist Disha Ravi's Acquaintance On Arrest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/toolkit-case-on-activist-disha-ravis-arrest-friend-says-she-is-a-soft-target-2371295 |access-date=16 February 2021 |publisher=NDTV |date=February 16, 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215235104/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/toolkit-case-on-activist-disha-ravis-arrest-friend-says-she-is-a-soft-target-2371295 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nine-year-old activist [[Licypriya Kangujam]] tweeted "This is an attempt to silence the voices of young girls & women in this country. But THIS WILL NOT STOP US from fighting for our planet & future."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagaraj |first1=Anuradha |last2=Srivastava |first2=Roli |title=Fear and resolve: Indian youth campaign for arrested climate activist |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210215185238-8go79 |access-date=15 February 2021 |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation News]] |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215201107/https://news.trust.org/item/20210215185238-8go79/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kangujam |first1=Licypriya |title=twitter.com/LicypriyaK/status/1361176845530533896 |url=https://twitter.com/LicypriyaK/status/1361176845530533896 |website=[[Twitter]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215045400/https://twitter.com/LicypriyaK/status/1361176845530533896 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Senior advocate [[Rebecca Mammen John]] criticised the arrest, stating that the Delhi police had not obtained a transit remand from the Bangalore court and questioned whether the case diaries and arrest memo were examined. The lack of legal counsel for Disha was also criticised.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengar |first1=Mukesh Singh |last2=Jain |first2=Sreenivasan |title=Why Activist Disha Ravi, Arrested Over "Toolkit", Argued Her Own Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/farmers-protest-why-activist-disha-ravi-arrested-over-toolkit-argued-her-own-case-2370762 |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=NDTV |agency=All India |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215095324/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/farmers-protest-why-activist-disha-ravi-arrested-over-toolkit-argued-her-own-case-2370762 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other legal experts such as [[Colin Gonsalves]] and senior advocate Saurabh Kirpal have also spoken against the arrest.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Network|first=Livelaw News|date=2021-02-14|title='Abdication Of Judicial Duties' : Legal Experts Question Disha Ravi's Remand Without Lawyer In Greta Thunberg Toolkit Case|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/legal-experts-question-disha-ravi-remand-greta-thunberg-toolkit-case-169858|access-date=2021-02-15|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216085934/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/legal-experts-question-disha-ravi-remand-greta-thunberg-toolkit-case-169858|url-status=live}}</ref> The Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reforms (CJAR), an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], described Disha's arrest as "absurd" and an "attempt to criminalise dissent", and said her arrest and detention violated the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] and the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]].<ref>{{cite news |title=NGO says Disha Ravi arrest an attempt to criminalise dissent |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/ngo-says-disha-ravi-arrest-an-attempt-to-criminalise-dissent/cid/1806801 |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=[[The Telegraph India]] |date=February 16, 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216173700/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/ngo-says-disha-ravi-arrest-an-attempt-to-criminalise-dissent/cid/1806801 |url-status=live }}</ref> After reviewing the "toolkit document", former Supreme Court Justice [[Deepak Gupta (judge)|Deepak Gupta]] stated, "I see that there is nothing in the toolkit on anything with regard to violence or anything with regard to inciting people. I don't see what is seditious about this document. One may or may not agree with the protesters, that is a different matter. But to say that this is sedition is totally not understanding the law."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Radhika|date=2021-02-16|title='There Is Nothing In The Toolkit With Regard To Violence Or Inciting People' : Justice Deepak Gupta On Disha Ravi's Arrest|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/toolkit-not-seditious-no-violence-justice-deepak-gupta-disha-ravi-169906|access-date=2021-02-16|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216034258/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/toolkit-not-seditious-no-violence-justice-deepak-gupta-disha-ravi-169906|url-status=live}}</ref>

Disha's arrest was also criticised by [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI), the ruling political party of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Under Modi, RSS regime...': Pak again tries to meddle in India's internal affair amid Disha Ravi row|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/under-modi-rss-regime-india-believes-in-silencing-voices-against-it-imran-khan-s-party-on-disha-ravi-row/720461|access-date=2021-02-16|newspaper=[[Times Now]]|date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=2021-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215105426/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/under-modi-rss-regime-india-believes-in-silencing-voices-against-it-imran-khan-s-party-on-disha-ravi-row/720461|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following Disha's arrest, there were protests in Bangalore,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Henry |first1=Nikhila |title='Free India's Daughter': Bengaluru Protests for Disha Ravi |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/free-indias-daughter-bengaluru-protests-for-disha-ravi#read-more |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=The Quint |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215160226/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/free-indias-daughter-bengaluru-protests-for-disha-ravi#read-more |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Nivedita |last2=Monnappa |first2=Chandini |title=Disha Ravi: The Indian climate and animal defender accused of sedition |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-farms-protests-disharavi-idUSKBN2AG1RO |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=Reuters |date=February 16, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ellis-Petersen">{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |title=Disha Ravi: the climate activist who became the face of India's crackdown on dissent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/18/disha-ravi-the-climate-activist-who-became-the-face-of-indias-crackdown-on-dissent |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> Delhi,<ref>{{cite news |last1=India Today Web Desk |title=Disha Ravi arrest: Protesters to take the fight to Delhi Police headquarters today |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/disha-ravi-arrest-protesters-to-take-the-fight-to-delhi-police-headquarters-today/ar-BB1dIsiQ |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=India Today |publisher=MSN News |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216173711/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/disha-ravi-arrest-protesters-to-take-the-fight-to-delhi-police-headquarters-today/ar-BB1dIsiQ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=More protests in India following arrest of climate activist Disha Ravi who shared Greta Thunberg document |url=https://news.sky.com/story/more-protests-in-india-following-arrest-of-climate-activist-disha-ravi-12219061 |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=[[Sky News]] |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216080143/http://news.sky.com/story/more-protests-in-india-following-arrest-of-climate-activist-disha-ravi-12219061 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 900 alumni of Mount Carmel College, Bangalore, signed a protest condemning the arrest claiming that it was an attempt by the government to browbeat Disha.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravarthy |first1=Shonakshi |title=Over 900 Alumni Of Bengaluru College Sign Support Letter For Disha Ravi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/support-for-disha-ravi-grows-900-sign-letter-at-mount-carmel-college-2372698 |access-date=19 February 2021 |agency=NDTV}}</ref> On 18 February, Reuters reported "Ravi's arrest has kicked off a fire storm of criticism against Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government for using heavy-handed tactics to counter the farmers' agitation."<ref name="Ghoshal"/>

==Court proceedings==

On 14 February, the public prosecutor alleged Disha was part of a larger conspiracy, connected to Khalistani separatists.<ref name="TMNFeb14">{{cite news |last1=TMN Staff |title=Disha Ravi sent to 5-day police custody, she breaks down in court |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/disha-ravi-sent-5-day-police-custody-cops-allege-she-edited-greta-toolkit-doc-143421 |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=February 14, 2021}}</ref> Disha denied being part of a conspiracy and denied knowing the group, and said, "I was just supporting farmers", and "I supported farmers because they are our future and we all need to eat."<ref name="TMNFeb14"/><ref name=":7" /> Disha also denied creating the toolkit and stated she had made two edits.<ref name="TMNFeb14"/> During the hearing, Disha was not represented by the counsel of her choice; her lawyers went to another court where she was expected to appear, and then learned from news reports that she had instead been produced before a Patiala House court magistrate.<ref name="Sachdev">{{cite news |last1=Sachdev |first1=Vakasha |title=6 Questions for Delhi Police on Disha Ravi's Arrest for 'Toolkit' |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/law/disha-ravi-arrest-delhi-police-transit-remand-legal-representation-media-narrative-high-court-orders |access-date=16 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Quint]] |date=February 16, 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216033350/https://www.thequint.com/news/law/disha-ravi-arrest-delhi-police-transit-remand-legal-representation-media-narrative-high-court-orders |url-status=live }}</ref>

Disha has requested a court order to prevent the police from leaking material related to the case to the media, including alleged contents of her private WhatsApp chats<ref name="Gunasekar">{{cite news |last1=Gunasekar |first1=Arvind |title=Court Notice To 3 News Channels On Activist Disha Ravi's Plea: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/stop-media-leaks-top-10-on-disha-ravis-plea-to-delhi-high-court-2373214 |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=NDTV |agency=All india |date=February 18, 2021}}</ref> and alleged admissions and disclosures by her while in police custody.<ref name="QuintFeb19">{{cite news |title=Toolkit Case: Activist Disha Ravi Sent to 3-Day Judicial Custody |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/toolkit-case-arrested-climate-activist-disha-ravi-delhi-police-remand-patiala-house-court#read-more |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The Quint |date=February 19, 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430070439/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/toolkit-case-arrested-climate-activist-disha-ravi-delhi-police-remand-patiala-house-court#read-more |url-status=dead }}</ref> On February 18, the Delhi high court ruled that the plea filed by Disha to restrain the police from leaking information about its investigation will be considered.<ref name="Banka">{{cite news |last1=Banka |first1=Richa |title=Activist Disha Ravi seeks restraint on private chat leaks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/activist-disha-ravi-seeks-restraint-on-private-chat-leaks-101613679925718.html |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=February 19, 2021}}</ref> [[Reuters]] reports that on February 18, Disha's attorneys also filed documents with the court stating that she was arrested illegally, and specifically that "The police did not obtain any transit remand", which is the legal permission required before moving an accused to another location, "nor did they permit the petitioner to consult with a lawyer", adding "Surprisingly, there was significant media coverage of the petitioner's remand hearing and the media seemed to have more knowledge about the time and venue of the petitioner's production than her lawyers."<ref name="Ghoshal">{{cite news |last1=Ghoshal |first1=Devjyot |last2=Mohanty |first2=Suchitra |title=Indian climate activist arrested illegally, her lawyers say |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-farms-protests-idUSKBN2AI1AO |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=Reuters |date=February 18, 2021}}</ref>

On February 19, the Delhi High Court directed the Delhi police to comply with their affidavit that asserted there would be no leaks, and to ensure that their media briefings would comply with the 2010 Ministry of Home Affairs' Advisory on Media Policy of Police.<ref name="SachdevFeb19">{{cite news |last1=Sachdev |first1=Vakasha |title=Disha Ravi Case: Delhi HC Directs Police to Ensure No Media Leaks |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/law/delhi-hc-disha-ravi-media-trial-petition-delhi-police-links-hearing |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The Quint |date=February 19, 2021}}</ref> Media houses were ordered to base their reporting on "verified and authentic sources", and allowed to maintain confidentiality and anonymity of their sources.<ref name="SachdevFeb19"/> People associated with or related to Disha were also directed to not publicize information that would "scandalise or malign" the police during the investigation.<ref name="SachdevFeb19"/> The court rebuked television channel Network 18, and did not order articles that had already been published to be removed, but reserved the issue for later in the case.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banka |first1=Richa |title=On Disha Ravi's plea, HC tells cops to stick to affidavit on 'leaked chats' and media to ensure authentic sources |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/disha-ravi-s-plea-an-attempt-to-defame-cops-put-pressure-on-investigating-agency-delhi-police-tell-court-101613710812703.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=February 19, 2021}}</ref>

On February 19, Disha was detained in a three-day judicial custody, on the day her five-day police custody would have ended.<ref name="QuintFeb19"/> On February 20, the court reserved its decision on Disha's bail application until February 23;<ref name="QuintFeb20">{{cite news |title=No Bail for Disha Ravi Yet; Court Pulls Up Cops for 'Conjectures' |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/disha-ravi-toolkit-case-bail-hearing-delhi-patiala-house-court-details#read-more |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=The Quint |date=February 20, 2021}}</ref> Judge [[Dharmendra Rana]] asked the police counsel to show the evidence linking Disha to the January 26 violence or whether it was based on conjectures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Scroll Staff |title=Disha Ravi bail plea: Where is evidence to show link between activist and R-Day violence, asks court |url=https://scroll.in/latest/987444/disha-ravi-case-delhi-court-reserves-order-on-activists-bail-plea |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=Scroll.in |date=20 February 2021}}</ref>

During the bail hearings, the lawyer, on behalf of Disha, stated, "If highlighting farmers' protest globally is sedition, I am better off in jail."<ref>{{cite news |title=Disha Ravi says if highlighting farmers' protest is sedition, it's better to be in jail; court reserves order on bail plea |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/disha-ravi-bail-hearing-greta-thuberg-toolkit-case-farmers-protest-delhi-police-7197022/ |access-date=23 February 2021 |work=New Indian Express |date= 20 February 2021}}</ref> On 22 February, Disha was taken into police custody for interrogation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Toolkit case: Police grills Nikita and Shantanu, gets one-day custody of Disha Ravi to confront her with duo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/22/toolkit-case-police-grills-nikita-and-shantanu-gets-one-day-custody-of-disha-ravi-to-confront-her-2267473.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222185251/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/22/toolkit-case-police-grills-nikita-and-shantanu-gets-one-day-custody-of-disha-ravi-to-confront-her-2267473.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2021 |access-date=23 February 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> On 23 February 2021, the sessions court granted bail to Disha.<ref name="Agarwal">{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Shreya |last2=Thapliyal |first2=Nupur |title='Evidence On Record Not Sufficient To Keep A 22 Year Old In Custody': Delhi Court Grants Bail To Disha Ravi In 'Toolkit' Case |url=https://livelaw.in/top-stories/disha-ravi-bail-tool-kit-case-farmers-protest-greta-thunberg-delhi-court-170272 |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=LiveLaw.in |date=February 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-23|title=Disha Ravi: India activist, 22, granted bail by court|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56164865|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref> Judge Rana stated, "Considering the scanty and sketchy evidence on record, I do not find any palpable reason for keeping a 22-year-old in custody."<ref>{{cite news |title=Disha Ravi, Indian climate activist, granted bail in farmer protests case |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/disha-ravi-indian-climate-activist-granted-bail-farmer-protests-case-n1258597 |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=NBC News |agency=Reuters |date=February 23, 2021}}</ref> In the order, the judge said, "Citizens are conscience keepers of government in any democratic Nation. They cannot be put behind the bars simply because they choose to disagree with the State policies." The judge further said, "This 5000 years old civilization of ours has never been averse to ideas from varied quarters. The following couplet in [[Rig Veda]] embodies our cultural ethos expressing our respect for divergent opinions", quoting a translation, "Let noble thoughts come from all directions".<ref>{{cite news |title=Citizens Can't Be Put Behind Bars Simply Because They Disagree With State Policies: Delhi Court In Disha Ravi Bail Order |url=https://livelaw.in/top-stories/citizens-behind-bars-disagree-state-dissent-sedition-disha-ravi-toolkit-170279 |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=LiveLaw.in |agency=Live Law News Network |date=February 23, 2021}}</ref>

== Notable roles and appointments ==
* Co-founder of [[Fridays for Future|Fridays For Future]] India, a youth-led climate action movement advocating for environmental justice and sustainability.<ref name=":3" />
* Co-Chair of the Advisory Council at [[Global Witness]], an international NGO focusing on environmental and human rights advocacy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=destruction |first=We expose how the industries fuelling the climate crisis profit from |last2=Back |first2=Stand with the People Fighting |title=Our people |url=https://globalwitness.org/en/about-us/our-people/disha-ravi/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Global Witness |language=en}}</ref>
* Coordinator for the MAPA ([[Most Affected People and Areas]]) network, amplifying voices from communities disproportionately impacted by climate change.<ref name=":3" />
* Global climate justice advocate and speaker, featured in international forums and environmental campaigns highlighting intersectional approaches to climate activism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-14 |title=From climate activist to 'Toolkit Editor', who is Disha Ravi? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-climate-activist-to-toolkit-editor-who-is-disha-ravi/articleshow/80911960.cms? |access-date=2025-10-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Advisory board member for "Generation Hope" at the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Generation Hope {{!}} Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/events/generation-hope.html#board |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.nhm.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>
* Youth Champion of the solar geoengineering non-use agreement <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Champions |url=https://www.solargeoeng.org/non-use-agreement/champions/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Solar Geoengineering Non-Use Agreement |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Climate movement]]
* [[Climate change]]
* [[Greta Thunberg]]
* [[Ridhima Pandey]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
* [https://twitter.com/disharavii/ Twitter account of Disha Ravi]
* [https://insidetravellersshoes.com/podcast/disha-ravi/ Yours Curiously: #2: Disha Ravi on Climate Change, Importance of Climate Education, Activism and More] (January 27, 2021, podcast)
* [https://news.trust.org/item/20200917201445-4iew6/ Opinion: It's time to #FightClimateInjustice] ([[Mitzi Jonelle Tan]], Disha Ravi & Eyal Weintraub, September 18, 2020, Thomson Reuters Foundation News)
* [https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/11/09/young-people-urge-financial-institutions-stop-financing-fossil-fuels/ As young people, we urge financial institutions to stop financing fossil fuels] (Mitzi Jonelle Tan, Disha A Ravi, Laura Veronica Muñoz, Eyal Weintraub, Nicole Becker and Kevin Mtai, September 11, 2020, [[Climate Home News]])
* [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/activist-disha-ravi-releases-statement-pronounced-guilty-by-seekers-of-trps-2390128 Statement by Disha Ravi post release]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, Disha}}
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian climate activists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990s births]]
[[Category:Youth activists]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]

Mohan Deep

2026-02-08T17:47:18Z

MargretGerken: Starting the post basic info...

{{short description|Indian writer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohan Deep
| image = Mohan Deep image.jpg
| alt = Mohan Deep
| caption = Mohan Deep
| birth_name = Mohan Kishinchand Chandirramani
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1948}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Author
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''The Mystery and Mystique of [[Madhubala]]'' ''[[Eurekha!]]'' ''Simply Scandalous: [[Meena Kumari]]'' ''It's My Life'' ''The Five Foolish Virgins'' ''Color Me Rich''
}}

'''Mohan Deep''' (born '''Mohan Kishinchand Chandirramani''' in 1948), is an [[Indian people|Indian]] writer.<ref name="Tara Patel">{{cite journal|last=Patel|first=Tara|year=|title=Maverick Writer|journal=[[Behram Contractor|Afternoon on Sunday]]|issue=17 May 1998|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Contractor|first=Behram|author-link=Behram Contractor|date=6 April 1998|title=Eurekha|journal=[[The Afternoon Despatch & Courier]]}}</ref> He has written multiple books on [[Bollywood]] film personalities, including the books: ''The Mystery and Mystique of [[Madhubala]]'', ''Simply Scandalous: [[Meena Kumari]]'', and ''[[Eurekha!|Eurekha!: The Intimate Life Story of Rekha]]'' (an [[Unauthorized biography|unauthorised biography]] of [[Rekha]]). In recent years, he has focused on writing fiction. Two of his novels are ''The Five Foolish Virgins'' (2013) and ''Color Me Rich'' (2016).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2013-06-17|title=Author Mohan Deep returns with a Bollywood potboiler|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/author-mohan-deep-returns-with-a-bollywood-potboiler/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410114314/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/author-mohan-deep-returns-with-a-bollywood-potboiler/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sam|first=Julie|date=2016-01-20|title=Rags to riches|url=https://www.asianage.com/books/rags-riches-989|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|website=[[The Asian Age]]|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510090210/http://www.asianage.com/books/rags-riches-989}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==

Deep was born as Mohan Kishinchand Chandirramani and his family belonged to a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] ([[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabadi]] [[Amils|Aamil]]) family that migrated from [[Karachi]] ([[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sind]]) (now in Pakistan) in the wake of the [[partition of India|partition]]. He spent his early life in Bombay's western suburbs, [[Kandivli]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

He started as a short story writer and novelist in Sindhi when he was doing his schooling. His published work includes over 200 short stories, two novels namely ''Surg Munhje Baahun Mein'' (Heaven in My Arms; 1964) and ''Khaali Haath'' (Empty Hands; 1969), a collection of short stories entitled ''Parai Aurat'' (The Other Woman; 1970) and a collection of poems named ''Munhje Paachhe jo Hik Hisso'' (1972).{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} He started writing in English after getting an honours degree in English literature from the [[University of Pune]] in 1974.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} He was actively associated with [[Sahitya Akademi]]. His works are known for their psychological approach.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hiranandani|first=Prof. Popati|title=History of Sindhi Literature|publisher=Sahitya Dhara|year=1984|location=Mumbai|page=189|author-link=Popati Hiranandani}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Vakil|first=Ashwina|date=July 1994|title=Out Now|journal=Island}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Deep's first biography, about actress [[Madhubala]], was ''The Mystery and Mystique of Madhubala'', published by Magna Books.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201688 |title=Indiscreet Liaisons | Saira Menezes |publisher=Outlookindia.com |accessdate=23 March 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112181342/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201688 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Kamath|first=M. V.|author-link=M. V. Kamath|date=26 May 1996|title=Analysis|journal=The Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=June 1996|title=[[Debonair (magazine)|Debonair]]|journal=}}</ref> The family, specially Madhubala's sister, opposed the book. The family, described as [[Dehlavi]]s by Mohan Deep, disputed the surname and insisted that they were [[Khan (surname)|Khans]]. The author countered that the name on her grave, written in [[Urdu]], was Mumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Deep|first=Mohan|title=Madhubala's Publicity Hungry Sister|journal=The Daily|date=June 1996|series=Low Life}}</ref>

In the unofficial biography, published in 1996, he claims that Madhubala's husband [[Kishore Kumar]] regularly whipped her, who would later show her lashes to [[Naushad]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Deep|first=Mohan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCVlAAAAMAAJ|title=The Mystery and Mystique of Madhubala|publisher=Magna Publishing Co. Ltd|year=1996|isbn=1906574219|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705015119/https://books.google.com/books?id=DCVlAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> He also stated that the versions about Madhubala's sickness and death provided by her family members did not match with those provided by Kishore Kumar's family members. Deep also questioned whether Madhubala was really ill or whether her ailing was a fabrication. Deep claims that Madhubala was forced to wear heavy shackles and whipped mercilessly in real life, and during the shooting of additional unreleased footage for the classic ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960), which he contends is proven by the fact that only a minor part of the total number of reels shot for the film were released to the public. He further claims that the additional footage of the film earned Kishore Kumar a lot of money which he earned forcing by Madhubala to work as a sex slave during the shoot.<ref name=":1" /> The book was heavily criticized on its release by industry veterans such as [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Shakti Samanta]] and [[Paidi Jairaj]].<ref name="outlookindia1996">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201689 |title=It's in Bad Taste |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=10 July 1996 |accessdate=9 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112172306/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201689 }}</ref>

At the time when ''Madhubala'' was released, there was competition between publishers Magna Publishing and [[The Times Group|Times Group]]. Times Group was very critical of the book.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Akbar|first=M. J.|author-link=M. J. Akbar|date=5 August 1996|title=Sunday|journal=}}</ref> ''Simply Scandalous: Meena Kumari'', his biography on [[Meena Kumari]], published by [[Image Books]], was loved by fans and media alike. It was serialized in Mumbai's Hindi daily [[Dopahar ka saamana|''Dopahar Ka Saamna'']].

As a part of a trilogy, in 1999, Deep wrote ''[[Eurekha!]]'', an [[unauthorized biography]] of Bollywood actress [[Rekha]], with Shivani Publications. This, too, was controversial.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mohan|first=Kumar|title=Party Repartee|journal=Complete Cinema|date=25 December 1998|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Champgne Shots|journal=Society (Magna Publishers)|date=May 1998}}</ref>

Mohan Deep is best known as the only Indian author to have written what are described as 'unauthorised biographies,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pillai|first=Jitesh|date=26 July 1998|title=Book, Line and Stinker|journal=[[The Sunday Times (India)|Sunday Times / Culture Curry]]|authorlink=Jitesh Pillai}}</ref> he also wrote a novel, ''It's My Life'' (1997).

Deep moved into a different genre; historical fiction. In 2002, he wrote ''Nehru and the Tantrik Woman''. It was inspired by the revelations about the illegitimate child of the first prime minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], by his private secretary [[M. O. Mathai]]. The play was set in 1975–77 when, then-prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] had imposed emergency rule in India. The censor board for the theatre refused to give permission to stage the play, even after a stormy meeting between the author and the board members. The script was published as a book by Image Books with the same title, ''Nehru and the Tantrik Woman''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2002-11-22|title=Newspaper|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=20021122&id=Z8YtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z3sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4500,1002655|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-17|website=New Straits Times|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511071837/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=20021122&id=Z8YtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z3sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4500,1002655}}</ref>

His next was an entirely different theme, [[feng shui]]. ''Feng Shui for the Bold and Beautiful, the Rich and Famous'' was published in 2001. It was launched by Bollywood star [[Ajay Devgn]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Padukone|first=Chaitanya|date=26 July 2001|title=Chalomumbai|journal=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

''The Five Foolish Virgins'' (2013) was a novel. ''The Five Foolish Virgins'', is a fictional take on the world of cinema.<ref name=":0" /> ''Color Me Rich'' (2016) was the tenth book, and the 3rd novel of the author.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-07|title=Shirish Kunder to launch Kindle edition of 'Color Me Rich'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shirish-kunder-to-launch-kindle-edition-of-color-me-rich/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233604/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shirish-kunder-to-launch-kindle-edition-of-color-me-rich/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
! Title !! Year !! Genre !! Publisher !! ISBN
|-
| ''Color Me Rich''|| 2016 || Novel || Quest Mercury || {{ISBN|9788192678528}}
|-
| ''The Five Foolish Virgins''|| 2013 || Novel || Quest Mercury || {{ISBN|9788192678504}}
|-
| ''Nehru & Tantrik Woman''|| 2002 || Historical fiction || Image Books || {{ISBN|9788190109253}}
|-
| ''Feng Shui for the Bold & Beautiful, the Rich & Famous''|| 2001 || Non-fiction || Tristar Publications || {{ISBN|9788190107914}}
|-
| ''Four Options''|| 2000 || Quiz Book || Book Quest Publishers || {{ISBN|9788186025109}}
|-
| ''[[Eurekha!: The Intimate Life Story of Rekha]]'' || 1999 || Biography || Shivani Publications || NA
|-
| ''Simply Scandalous: Meena Kumari''|| 1998 || Biography || Image Books || NA
|-
| ''It's My Life''|| 1997 || Novel || Magna Publications || NA
|-
| ''Madhubala''|| 1996 || Biography || Magna Publications || NA
|-
| ''The Silhouettes''|| 1983 || Non-fiction || Nimma Publications || NA
|-
|}

==Other activities==
Besides writing, Mohan Deep was into painting and oriental philosophy. Much before [[feng shui]] became popular in India, he had started experimenting with the ancient oriental philosophy and science of [[Geomancy]]. Mohan Deep and became a Feng Shui Master in 2001.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bhagwagar|first=Dale|title=2.9.2001|journal=Jam-E-Jamshed|date=September 2001}}</ref>

He was also the editor of an English news-weekly ''Suvidha Express'' for over two years and then moved to edit and write for filmtvindia.com, a Bollywood related web site.

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist|2}}
;Sources
* {{Cite web|title=Indiscreet Liaisons|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/indiscreet-liaisons/201688|website=[[Outlook India]]|date=6 February 2022 }}
* {{Cite web|date=2002-12-22|title=Inspired|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021222210201/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/proj_tabloid/inspired.shtml|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/proj_tabloid/inspired.shtml|archive-date=2002-12-22|access-date=2021-08-09|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}
* {{cite web|title=Mohan Deep's book Eurekha reveals all about Bollywood actress Rekha|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20000110-mohan-deeps-book-eurekha-reveals-all-about-bollywood-actress-rekha-776898-2000-01-09|website=[[India Today]]}}
* {{cite web|title=Rekha|url=http://www.cinetalkies.co.za/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=388:rekha&Itemid=137|website=cinetalkies.co.za}}
* {{cite web|title=Rekha dismisses biography as false|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411023155/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276801.html|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276801.html|archive-date=2013-04-11|date=3 March 2000}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.mohandeep.com}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deep, Mohan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Indian film historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Celebrity biographers]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male biographers]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language writers]]

Immigration

2026-02-08T17:12:44Z

MargretGerken: basic cleanup information for consistency for clarity

{{Short description|Movement of people into another country or region to which they are not native }}
{{About||the practice of checking travellers' documents when entering a country|border control|the album by Show-Ya|Immigration (album)}}
{{Distinguish|emigration|Migration (disambiguation){{!}}migration}}
{{Redirect|Immigrant}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
[[File:Net Migration Rate, Population Reference Bureau, Current.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|[[Net migration rate]]s per 1,000 people in 2023. On net people travel from redder countries to bluer countries.]]
{{legal status of persons}}
{{Immigration sidebar}}
'''Immigration''' is the international movement of people to a destination [[country]] of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess [[nationality]] in order to settle as [[Permanent residency|permanent residents]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/immigration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105204641/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/immigration|archive-date=5 November 2013|title=immigration|publisher=Oxford University Press|website=OxfordDictionaries.com|access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immigration| title=immigrate|publisher=Merriam-Webster, In.|website=Merriam-Webster.com|access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="RCUK">{{cite web|title=Who's who: Definitions|url=http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/policy_research/the_truth_about_asylum/the_facts_about_asylum |publisher=Refugee Council|location=London, England|year=2016|access-date= 7 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=19 June 2019 |title=International Migration Law No. 34 – Glossary on Migration |url=https://publications.iom.int/books/international-migration-law-ndeg34-glossary-migration |journal=[[International Organization for Migration]] |language=en |pages= |issn=1813-2278}}</ref> [[Commuting|Commuters]], [[Tourism|tourists]], and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; [[Seasonal industry|seasonal labour]] immigration is sometimes included, however.

Economically, research suggests that migration can be beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Koczan|first1=Zsoka|chapter=Migration|date=2021|title=How to Achieve Inclusive Growth|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-284693-8|last2=Peri|first2=Giovanni|last3=Pinat|first3=Magali|last4=Rozhkov|first4=Dmitriy |editor=Valerie Cerra |editor2=Barry Eichengreen |editor3=Asmaa El-Ganainy |editor4=Martin Schindler |doi=10.1093/oso/9780192846938.003.0009|chapter-url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780192846938.001.0001/oso-9780192846938-chapter-9|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015">{{Cite journal | last1 = di Giovanni | first1 = Julian|last2=Levchenko|first2=Andrei A.|last3=Ortega|first3=Francesc|date=1 February 2015|title=A Global View of Cross-Border Migration|journal=Journal of the European Economic Association|volume=13|issue=1|pages=168–202|doi=10.1111/jeea.12110|issn=1542-4774|hdl=10230/22196| s2cid = 3465938| url = https://econ-papers.upf.edu/papers/1414.pdf}}</ref><ref name="WorldBank2016">{{Cite web | last1 = Willenbockel | first1 = Dirk Andreas |last2=Go|first2=Delfin Sia|last3=Ahmed|first3=S. Amer|date=11 April 2016|title=Global migration revisited: short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration |website=The World Bank |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503090538/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration|archive-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>
The academic literature provides mixed findings for the relationship between [[immigration and crime]] worldwide.<ref name="NASEM-2015">{{Cite book |date=2015|title=The Integration of Immigrants into American Society|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21746/chapter/9#326|language=en|publisher=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|doi=10.17226/21746|bibcode=2015nap..book21746N |quote=Americans have long believed that immigrants are more likely than natives to commit crimes and that rising immigration leads to rising crime... This belief is remarkably resilient to the contrary evidence that immigrants are in fact much less likely than natives to commit crimes.|isbn=978-0-309-37398-2}}</ref><ref name="Lee-2009">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtYEoD4u9RYC|title=Immigration, Crime and Justice|author1=Lee, Matthew T.|author2=Martinez Jr., Ramiro|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84855-438-2|pages=3–16|chapter=Immigration reduces crime: an emerging scholarly consensus}}</ref> Research shows that country of origin matters for speed and depth of immigrant assimilation, but that there is considerable assimilation overall for both first- and second-generation immigrants.<ref name="VillarrealTamborini2018">{{Cite journal|title=Immigrants' Economic Assimilation: Evidence from Longitudinal Earnings Records|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=83|issue=4|pages=686–715|doi=10.1177/0003122418780366|pmid=30555169|pmc=6290669|year=2018|last1=Villarreal|first1=Andrés|last2=Tamborini|first2=Christopher R.}}</ref><ref name="Blau2015">{{Cite journal | last1 = Blau | first1 = Francine D.|date=2015|title=Immigrants and Gender Roles: Assimilation vs. Culture|journal=IZA Journal of Migration|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–21| article-number = 23|doi=10.1186/s40176-015-0048-5 | s2cid = 53414354|url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/amm2014/blau_f340.pdf |access-date=13 October 2018| doi-access = free}}</ref>

[[Discrimination based on nationality]] is legal in most countries.<ref name="Fennelly">{{Cite journal |last1=Fennelly |first1=David |title=Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive |last2=Murphy |first2=Clíodhna |date=2021 |journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights |volume=39 |pages=308–328 |doi=10.1177/09240519211055648 |issue=4|s2cid=243839359 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Extensive evidence of [[discrimination]] against foreign-born persons in criminal justice, business, the economy, housing, health care, media, and politics has been found.<ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Zschirnt | first1 = Eva|last2=Ruedin|first2=Didier|date=27 May 2016|title=Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015|journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies|volume=42|issue=7|pages=1115–1134|doi=10.1080/1369183X.2015.1133279|issn=1369-183X|hdl=10419/142176| s2cid = 10261744| url = https://zenodo.org/record/3559839}}</ref><ref name="Rich2014">{{cite journal |last1=Rich |first1=Judy |title=What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000 |journal=IZA Discussion Papers |date= October 2014 |issue= 8584 |url= http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=8584 |access-date=24 April 2016 |language=en |ssrn=2517887}}</ref><ref name="RehaviStarr2014">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rehavi | first1 = M. Marit|last2=Starr|first2=Sonja B.|date=2014|title=Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences|journal=Journal of Political Economy|language=en|volume=122|issue=6|pages=1320–1354|doi=10.1086/677255| s2cid = 3348344|issn=0022-3808| url = https://repository.law.umich.edu/articles/1414}}</ref><ref name="Enos2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Enos | first1 = Ryan D.|date=1 January 2016|title=What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior|journal=American Journal of Political Science|language=en|volume=60|issue=1|pages=123–142|doi=10.1111/ajps.12156| s2cid = 51895998}}</ref>

== History ==
The term ''immigration'' was coined in the 17th century, referring to non-warlike population movements between the emerging [[nation state]]s. When people cross [[Border|national borders]] during their migration, they are called ''migrants'' or ''immigrants'' from the perspective of the destination country. In contrast, from the perspective of the country from which they leave, they are called ''[[Emigration|emigrants]]'' or ''outmigrants''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718140923/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant|archive-date=18 July 2012|title=outmigrant|website=OxfordDictionaries.com|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref>
{{Excerpt|History of human migration}}

== Statistics ==
{{See also|List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population|List of sovereign states by net migration rate}}
[[File:UN Stats.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The global population of immigrants has grown since 1990 but has remained constant at around 3% of the world's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.asp|title=United Nations Population Division {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|website=www.un.org|language=EN|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref>]]
[[File:Migrant-share-2020.png|thumb|upright=1.25|[[List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population|Share of immigrants in all countries]] (2020)]]
{{As of|2015}}, the number of international migrants has reached 244 million worldwide, which reflects a 41% increase since 2000. The largest number of international migrants live in the [[Immigration to the United States|United States]], with 19% of the world's total. One third of the world's international migrants are living in just 20 countries. [[Immigration to Germany|Germany]] and Russia host 12 million migrants each, taking the second and third place in countries with the most migrants worldwide. Saudi Arabia hosts 10 million migrants, followed by the [[Modern immigration to the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] (9 million) and the United Arab Emirates (8 million).<ref name="UN.org-2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/populationfacts/docs/MigrationPopFacts20154.pdf|title=Trends in international migration, 2015 |date=December 2015|website=UN.org|publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>
In most parts of the world, migration occurs between countries that are located within the same major area. Between 2000 and 2015, Asia added more international migrants than any other major area in the world, gaining 26 million. Europe added the second largest with about 20 million.<ref name="UN.org-2015" />

In 2015, the number of international migrants below the age of 20 reached 37 million, while 177 million are between the ages of 20 and 64. International migrants living in Africa were the youngest, with a median age of 29, followed by Asia (35 years), and Latin America/Caribbean (36 years), while migrants were older in Northern America (42 years), Europe (43 years), and Oceania (44 years).<ref name="UN.org-2015" />

[[File:Migrants in the world 2015-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population|The number of migrants and migrant workers per country]] in 2015]]
Nearly half (43%) of all international migrants originate in Asia, and Europe was the birthplace of the second largest number of migrants (25%), followed by Latin America (15%). [[Indian diaspora|India]] has the largest diaspora in the world (16 million people), followed by [[Mexican diaspora|Mexico]] (12 million) and [[Russian diaspora|Russia]] (11 million).<ref name="UN.org-2015" />

=== 2012 survey ===
A 2012 survey by [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] found that given the opportunity, 640 million adults would migrate to another country, with 23% of these would-be immigrant choosing the [[United States]] as their desired future residence, while 7% of respondents, representing 45 million people, would choose the [[United Kingdom]]. [[Canada]], [[France]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Australia]], [[Germany]], [[Spain]], [[Italy]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] made up the rest of the top ten desired destination countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153992/150-Million-Adults-Worldwide-Migrate.aspx |title=150 Million Adults Worldwide Would Migrate to the U.S |publisher=Gallup.com |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref>

=== Current ===
[[File:1990- Growth in share of population that is foreign-born - by country.svg|upright=1.3|thumb |In recent decades, immigration to nearly every Western country has risen sharply.<ref name=NYTimes_20240612>{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |title=The Force Shaping Western Politics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/12/briefing/immigration-european-us-elections.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612124539/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/12/briefing/immigration-european-us-elections.html |archive-date=12 June 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> The slopes of the tops of the differently-colored columns show the rate of percent increase in foreign-born people living in the respective countries.]]
In USA there were in 2023 1,197,254 immigration applications initial receipts, 523,477 immigration cases completed, and 2,464,021 immigration cases pending according to the U.S. Department of Justice.<ref>[https://www.justice.gov/d9/pages/attachments/2020/01/31/1_pending_new_receipts_and_total_completions.pdf Pending Cases, New Cases and Total Completions, Executive Office For Immigration Review, Adjuction Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice]</ref>

== Economic migrant ==
[[File:Indo-Bangladeshi Barrier.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[Bangladesh–India border|Indo-Bangladeshi barrier]] in 2007. [[India]] is building a [[separation barrier]] along the {{convert|4,000|km|adj=on}} border with Bangladesh to prevent illegal immigration.]]

The term economic migrant refers to someone who has travelled from one region to another region for the purposes of seeking employment and an improvement in quality of life and access to resources. An economic migrant is distinct from someone who is a [[refugee]] fleeing persecution.

Many countries have immigration and visa restrictions that prohibit a person entering the country for the purposes of gaining work without a valid work visa. As a violation of a [[State (polity)|State's]] immigration laws a person who is declared to be an economic migrant can be refused entry into a country.

The [[World Bank]] estimates that [[remittance]]s totaled $420 billion in 2009, of which $317 billion went to developing countries.<ref name="worldbank" />
== Environmental migration ==
{{excerpt|Environmental migrant}}

== Economic effects ==
{{main|Economic effects of immigration|Global labor arbitrage}}

Research suggests that immigration can be beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Koczan|first1=Zsoka|chapter=Migration|date=2021|title=How to Achieve Inclusive Growth|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-284693-8|last2=Peri|first2=Giovanni|last3=Pinat|first3=Magali|last4=Rozhkov|first4=Dmitriy |editor=Valerie Cerra |editor2=Barry Eichengreen |editor3=Asmaa El-Ganainy |editor4=Martin Schindler |doi=10.1093/oso/9780192846938.003.0009|chapter-url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780192846938.001.0001/oso-9780192846938-chapter-9|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015"/><ref name="WorldBank2016" /> Immigration can have positive economic effects on the native population,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=The Positive Economic Impact Of Immigration |url=https://www.fwd.us/news/immigration-facts-the-positive-economic-impact-of-immigration/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=FWD.us |language=en}}</ref> mixed effects where low-skilled immigration adversely affects underprivileged natives,<ref name="CardDustmann2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Card | first1 = David|last2=Dustmann|first2=Christian|last3=Preston|first3=Ian|date=1 February 2012|title=Immigration, Wages, and Compositional Amenities|journal=Journal of the European Economic Association|volume=10|issue=1|pages=78–119|doi=10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01051.x| s2cid = 154303869|issn=1542-4774| url = http://www.nber.org/papers/w15521.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The economics of immigration: theory and policy | last1 = Bodvarsson | first1 = Örn B|last2=Van den Berg|first2=Hendrik|year=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4614-2115-3|location=New York; Heidelberg [u.a.]|page=157|oclc = 852632755}}</ref><ref name="IGM Forum">{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/migration-within-europe|title=Migration Within Europe {{!}} IGM Forum|website=www.igmchicago.org|access-date=7 December 2016}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF|title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum|website=www.igmchicago.org|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905120022/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv|title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum|website=www.igmchicago.org|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029232825/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv}}</ref>, reduce wages due to [[Frisch elasticity of labor supply|elasticity of labor supply]],<ref name="g315">{{cite journal | last1=Borjas | first1=George J. | last2=Freeman | first2=Richard B. | last3=Katz | first3=Lawrence F. | last4=DiNardo | first4=John | last5=Abowd | first5=John M. | title=How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes? | journal=Brookings Papers on Economic Activity | publisher=Brookings Institution Press | volume=1997 | issue=1 | year=1997 | issn=0007-2303 | jstor=2534701 | pages=1–90 | doi=10.2307/2534701 }}</ref> or achieve negative projected economic [[life-cycle assessment|life-cycle impacts]].<ref name="i933">{{cite book | title=Projecting the net fiscal impact of immigration in the EU. | date=2020 | publisher=Publications Office | doi=10.2760/582639 | url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/582639 | access-date=3 May 2025 | page= | author1=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. | isbn=978-92-76-23423-4 }}</ref> Studies suggest that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147 percent for the scenarios in which 37 to 53 percent of the developing countries' workers migrate to the developed countries.<ref name="Iregui2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Iregui | first1 = Ana Maria|date=1 January 2003|title=Efficiency Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An Analysis using a Multiregional CGE Model |journal=Wider Working Paper Series |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/unu/wpaper/dp2003-27.html}}</ref><ref name="Clemens2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Clemens | first1 = Michael A|date=1 August 2011|title=Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk?|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=25|issue=3|pages=83–106|doi=10.1257/jep.25.3.83| s2cid = 59507836|issn=0895-3309| url = https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1912544_code794896.pdf?abstractid=1912544&mirid=1}}</ref><ref name="HamiltonWhalley1984">{{Cite journal | last1 = Hamilton | first1 = B.|last2=Whalley|first2=J.|date=1 February 1984|title=Efficiency and distributional implications of global restrictions on labour mobility: calculations and policy implications|journal=Journal of Development Economics|volume=14|issue=1–2|pages=61–75|doi=10.1016/0304-3878(84)90043-9|issn=0304-3878|pmid=12266702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dustmann|first1=Christian|last2=Preston|first2=Ian P.|date=2 August 2019|title=Free Movement, Open Borders, and the Global Gains from Labor Mobility|journal=Annual Review of Economics|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=783–808|doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-025843|issn=1941-1383|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some [[Development economics|development economists]] argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility or trade between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction.<ref name="Milanovic2015">{{Cite journal | last1 = Milanovic | first1 = Branko|date=7 January 2014|title=Global Inequality of Opportunity: How Much of Our Income Is Determined by Where We Live?|journal=Review of Economics and Statistics|volume=97|issue=2|pages=452–460|doi=10.1162/REST_a_00432|issn=0034-6535| hdl = 10986/21484| s2cid = 11046799|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Mishra2014">{{Cite book |last1=Mishra|first1=Prachi |chapter=Emigration and wages in source countries: A survey of the empirical literature |title= International Handbook on Migration and Economic Development |pages=241–266|doi=10.4337/9781782548072.00013 |isbn=978-1-78254-807-2|date=2014|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|s2cid=143429722}}</ref><ref name="Clemens-2019">{{cite journal|last1=Clemens|first1=Michael A.|last2=Pritchett|first2=Lant|date=2019|title=The New Economic Case for Migration Restrictions: An Assessment|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387818306382|journal=Journal of Development Economics|volume=138|language=en|issue=9730|pages=153–164|doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.12.003|s2cid=204418677| issn = 0304-3878|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pritchett|first1=Lant|last2=Hani|first2=Farah|date=30 July 2020|title=The Economics of International Wage Differentials and Migration|url=https://oxfordre.com/economics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.001.0001/acrefore-9780190625979-e-353|access-date=11 August 2020|series=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.353|isbn=978-0-19-062597-9}}</ref>

== Quality of institutions ==
A 2015 study finds "some evidence that larger immigrant population shares (or inflows) yield positive impacts on institutional quality. At a minimum, our results indicate that no negative impact on economic freedom is associated with more immigration."<ref name="ClarkLawson2015">{{cite journal |last2=Lawson|first2=Robert|last3=Nowrasteh|first3=Alex|last4=Powell|first4=Benjamin|last5=Murphy|first5=Ryan|date=June 2015|title=Does immigration impact institutions? |journal=[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]]|volume=163|issue=3|pages=321–335|doi=10.1007/s11127-015-0254-y|last1=Clark|first1=J.R.|s2cid=55968273|url=https://issuelab.org/resources/31059/31059.pdf }}</ref> Another study, looking at the increase in Israel's population in the 1990s due to the unrestricted immigration of Jews from the Soviet Union, finds that the mass immigration did not undermine political institutions, and substantially increased the quality of economic institutions.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 September 2017|title=Does mass immigration destroy institutions? 1990s Israel as a natural experiment|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016726811730166X|journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization|language=en|volume=141|pages=83–95|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.008|issn=0167-2681|last1=Powell|first1=Benjamin|last2=Clark|first2=J.R.|last3=Nowrasteh|first3=Alex|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A 2017 study in the ''[[British Journal of Political Science]]'' argued that the British American colonies without slavery adopted better democratic institutions in order to attract migrant workers to their colonies.<ref name="Nikolova2015">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nikolova | first1 = Elena|date=1 January 2017|title=Destined for Democracy? Labour Markets and Political Change in Colonial British America |journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=47|issue=1|pages=19–45|doi=10.1017/S0007123415000101| s2cid = 17112994|issn=0007-1234| url = http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573632/}}</ref><ref name="NikolovaNikolova2017">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nikolova | first1 = Elena|last2=Nikolova|first2=Milena|date=1 September 2017|title=Suffrage, labour markets and coalitions in colonial Virginia |journal=European Journal of Political Economy|volume=49|pages=108–122|doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.01.002|hdl=10419/147912| s2cid = 157369080| url = http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573630/}}</ref> A 2018 study fails to find evidence that immigration to the United States weakens economic freedom.<ref name="PadillaCachanosky2018">{{Cite journal | last1 = Padilla | first1 = Alexandre|last2=Cachanosky|first2=Nicolás|date=5 February 2018|title=The Grecian horse: does immigration lead to the deterioration of American institutions? |journal=Public Choice|volume=174|issue=3–4|language=en|pages=351–405|doi=10.1007/s11127-018-0509-5| s2cid = 157264613|issn=0048-5829}}</ref> A 2019 study of Jordan found that the massive influx of refugees into Jordan during the Gulf War had long-lasting positive effects on Jordanian economic institutions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Blondin|first1=Cole|last2=Forrester|first2=Andrew C.|last3=Nowrasteh|first3=Alex|title=How Mass Immigration Affects Countries with Weak Economic Institutions: A Natural Experiment in Jordan|journal=The World Bank Economic Review|language=en|doi=10.1093/wber/lhy032|year=2019|volume=34|issue=2|pages=533–549|hdl=10986/31559|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/944551555006432470/pdf/How-Mass-Immigration-Affects-Countries-with-Weak-Economic-Institutions-A-Natural-Experiment-in-Jordan.pdf}}</ref>

== Education ==
A 2016 study found that immigration in the period 1940–2010 in the United States increased the high school completion of natives: "An increase of one percentage point in the share of immigrants in the population aged 11–64 increases the probability that natives aged 11–17 eventually complete 12 years of schooling by 0.3 percentage point."<ref name="Hunt2017">{{Cite journal | last1 = Hunt | first1 = Jennifer|date=2 September 2016|title=The Impact of Immigration on the Educational Attainment of Natives|url=http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/early/2016/08/31/jhr.52.4.0115-6913R1|journal=Journal of Human Resources|language=en|pages=0115–6913R1|doi=10.3368/jhr.52.4.0115-6913R1|issn=0022-166X|volume=52|issue=4|hdl=10419/67241|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A 2019 NBER paper found little evidence that exposure to foreign-born students had an effect on US-born students.<ref>{{Cite report |last1=Fletcher|first1=Jason|last2=Kim|first2=Jinho|last3=Nobles|first3=Jenna|last4=Ross|first4=Stephen|last5=Shaorshadze|first5=Irina|date=2019|title=The Effects of Foreign-Born Peers in US High Schools and Middle Schools |website=National Bureau of Economic Research |doi=10.3386/w26491 |doi-access=free |s2cid=213323363}}</ref>

Studies have found that non-native speakers of English in the UK have no causal effect on the performance of other pupils,<ref name="GeayMcNally2013">{{Cite journal|title = Non-native Speakers of English in the Classroom: What Are the Effects on Pupil Performance?|journal = The Economic Journal|date = 1 August 2013|issn = 1468-0297|pages = F281–F307|volume = 123|issue = 570|doi = 10.1111/ecoj.12054|first1 = Charlotte|last1 = Geay|first2 = Sandra|last2 = McNally|first3 = Shqiponja|last3 = Telhaj|s2cid = 14306752|url = http://cee.lse.ac.uk/ceedps/ceedp137.pdf|access-date = 23 July 2019|archive-date = 17 October 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191017194205/http://cee.lse.ac.uk/ceedps/ceedp137.pdf}}</ref> immigrant children have no significant effect on the test scores of Dutch children,<ref name="OhinataVan Ours2013">{{Cite journal|title = How Immigrant Children Affect the Academic Achievement of Native Dutch Children |journal = The Economic Journal|date = 1 August 2013|issn = 1468-0297|pages = F308–F331|volume = 123|issue = 570|doi = 10.1111/ecoj.12052|language = en | first1 = Asako | last1 = Ohinata|first2 = Jan C.|last2 = van Ours|s2cid = 29570106|url = http://www.norface-migration.org/publ_uploads/NDP_12_12.pdf}}</ref> no effect on grade repetition among native students exposed to migrant students in Austrian schools,<ref name="Schneeweis2015">{{Cite journal|title = Immigrant concentration in schools: Consequences for native and migrant students |journal = Labour Economics|date = 1 August 2015|pages = 63–76|volume = 35|doi = 10.1016/j.labeco.2015.03.004 | first1 = Nicole | last1 = Schneeweis|hdl = 10419/115095|s2cid = 74494602|url = http://www.econ.jku.at/papers/2013/wp1303.pdf|hdl-access = free}}</ref> that the presence of Latin American children in schools had no significant negative effects on peers, but that students with limited English skills had slight negative effects on peers,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Diette |first1=Timothy M. |last2=Uwaifo Oyelere |first2=Ruth|title=Gender and Racial Differences in Peer Effects of Limited English Students: A Story of Language or Ethnicity?|journal=IZA Discussion Papers |date=January 2016 |issue=9661|url=http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=9661 |access-date= 21 January 2016|language=en }}</ref> and that the influx of Haitians to Florida public schools after the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]] had no effects on the educational outcomes of incumbent students.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Unwelcome Guests? The Effects of Refugees on the Educational Outcomes of Incumbent Students|journal = Journal of Labor Economics|volume = 37|issue = 4|pages = 1061–1096|date=2019|doi=10.1086/703116|last1 = Figlio|first1 = David|last2 = Özek|first2 = Umut|s2cid = 158575753|url = http://www.nber.org/papers/w23661.pdf}}</ref>

A 2018 study found that the "presence of immigrant students who have been in the country for some time is found to have no effect on natives. However, a small negative effect of recent immigrants on natives' language scores is reported."<ref name="Bossavie2018">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bossavie | first1 = Laurent|date=5 September 2018|title=The Effect of Immigration on Natives' School Performance: Does Length of Stay in the Host Country Matter?|url=http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/early/2018/09/04/jhr.55.3.1017-9151R2|journal=Journal of Human Resources|language=en|pages=1017–9151R2|doi=10.3368/jhr.55.3.1017-9151R2| s2cid = 159010723|issn=0022-166X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Another 2018 study found that the presence of immigrant students to Italy was associated with "small negative average effects on maths test scores that are larger for low ability native students, strongly non-linear and only observable in classes with a high (top 20%) immigrant concentration. These outcomes are driven by classes with a high average linguistic distance between immigrants and natives, with no apparent additional role played by ethnic diversity."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 December 2018|title=The effect of immigrant peers in vocational schools#|url=http://dagliano.unimi.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/WP2017_430.pdf|journal=European Economic Review|volume=113|pages=1–22|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.12.005|issn=0014-2921|last1=Frattini|first1=Tommaso|last2=Meschi|first2=Elena|hdl=2434/608118|s2cid=85504429}}</ref>

After immigrant children's scores were included in [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] (PISA) 15-year-old school pupils' educational evaluations in Sweden the Swedish PISA scores significantly decreased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/qs/sveriges-pisa-framgang-bygger-pa-falska-siffror/|title=Sveriges PISA-framgång bygger på falska siffror|date=2 June 2020 }}</ref>

== Social capital ==
There is some research that suggests that immigration adversely affects [[social capital]].<ref name="AlganHémet2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Algan | first1 = Yann|last2=Hémet|first2=Camille|last3=Laitin|first3=David D.|date=4 May 2016|title=The Social Effects of Ethnic Diversity at the Local Level: A Natural Experiment with Exogenous Residential Allocation |journal=Journal of Political Economy|page=000|doi=10.1086/686010|issn=0022-3808|volume=124|issue=3| s2cid = 15590490| url = http://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl:/2441/30a25e1csn8pqrmbq8oije0o6j}}</ref> One study, for instance, found that "larger increases in US states' Mexican population shares correspond to larger decreases in social capital over the period" 1986–2004.<ref name="Levy2018">{{Cite journal|title = The Effect of Immigration from Mexico on Social Capital in the United States |journal = International Migration Review|volume = 51|issue = 3|date = 1 December 2015|issn = 1747-7379|pages = 757–788|doi = 10.1111/imre.12231 | first1 = Morris | last1 = Levy|s2cid = 155253270}}</ref> A 2017 study in the ''[[Journal of Comparative Economics]]'' found that "individuals whose ancestors migrated from countries with higher autocracy levels are less likely to trust others and to vote in presidential elections in the U.S. The impact of autocratic culture on trust can last for at least three generations while the impact on voting disappears after one generation. These impacts on trust and voting are also significant across Europe."<ref name="XuJin2018">{{Cite journal |title=The autocratic roots of social distrust| doi=10.1016/j.jce.2017.12.002|year=2018|journal=Journal of Comparative Economics |volume=46|issue=1 |pages=362–380 | last1 = Xu | first1 = Xu | last2 = Jin | first2 = Xin| s2cid=157751513|issn=0147-5967}}</ref> A 2019 study found that "humans are inclined to react negatively to threats to homogeneity... in the short term. However, these negative outcomes are compensated in the long term by the beneficial influence of intergroup contact, which alleviates initial negative influences."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hewstone|first1=Miles|last2=Massey|first2=Douglas S.|last3=Bennett|first3=Matthew R.|last4=Ramos|first4=Miguel R.|date=9 May 2019|title=Humans adapt to social diversity over time|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=116|issue=25|language=en|pages=12244–12249|doi=10.1073/pnas.1818884116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=31072924|pmc=6589669|bibcode=2019PNAS..11612244R |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Health ==
{{See also|Mental health and immigration detention}}
Research suggests that immigration has positive effects on native workers' health.<ref name="Giuntella-2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Giuntella|first1=Osea|last2=Mazzonna|first2=Fabrizio|last3=Nicodemo|first3=Catia|last4=Vargas-Silva|first4=Carlos|date=1 July 2019|title=Immigration and the reallocation of work health risks|journal=Journal of Population Economics|language=en|volume=32|issue=3|pages=1009–1042|doi=10.1007/s00148-018-0710-3|issn=1432-1475|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Gunadi-2020">{{Cite journal|last=Gunadi|first=Christian|title=Immigration and the Health of U.S. Natives|journal=Southern Economic Journal|year=2020|volume=86|issue=4|language=en|pages=1278–1306|doi=10.1002/soej.12425|s2cid=214313284|issn=2325-8012}}</ref> As immigration rises, native workers are pushed into less demanding jobs, which improves native workers' health outcomes.<ref name="Giuntella-2019" /><ref name="Gunadi-2020" />

A 2018 study found that immigration to the United Kingdom "reduced waiting times for outpatient referrals and did not have significant effects on waiting times in accident and emergency departments (A&E) and elective care."<ref name="GiuntellaNicodemo2018">{{Cite journal|date=1 March 2018|title=The effects of immigration on NHS waiting times|journal=Journal of Health Economics|language=en|volume=58|pages=123–143|doi=10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.02.001|pmid=29477952|issn=0167-6296|last1=Giuntella|first1=Osea|last2=Nicodemo|first2=Catia|last3=Vargas-Silva|first3=Carlos|doi-access=free}}</ref> The study also found "evidence that immigration increased waiting times for outpatient referrals in more deprived areas outside of London" but that this increase disappears after 3 to 4 years.<ref name="GiuntellaNicodemo2018" />

A 2018 systemic review and meta-analysis in ''The Lancet'' found that migrants generally have better health than the general population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abubakar|first1=Ibrahim|last2=Friedland|first2=Jon S.|last3=Tollman|first3=Stephen|last4=Miranda|first4=J. Jaime|last5=Hargreaves|first5=Sally|last6=Burns|first6=Rachel|last7=Patel|first7=Parth|last8=Barr|first8=Anna Louise|last9=Bartlett|first9=Sean|date=5 December 2018|title=Global patterns of mortality in international migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis|url= |journal=The Lancet|volume=392|language=en|issue=10164|pages=2553–2566|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32781-8|pmid=30528484|pmc=6294735|issn=1474-547X}}</ref>

In the EU, the use of [[personal health record]]s for migrants is being tested in the new REHEALTH 2 project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/personal-health-records-migrants|title=PHR for migrants|date=4 September 2017 }}</ref>

High immigration can cause higher stress on highly regulated sectors such as healthcare, education, and housing, leading to negative effects.<ref>[https://clef.uwaterloo.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/CLEF-058-2023.pdf Doyle, Matthew, Mikal Skuterud, and Christopher Worswick. The economics of Canadian immigration levels. No. 58. Working Paper Series, 2023.]</ref>

== Housing ==
Immigration tends to increase both local rents and house prices,<ref name="Sá2015" /> but this dependency varies depending on factors including [[price elasticity of supply|price elasticity of new housing supply]],<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://repec.its.waikato.ac.nz/wai/econwp/1907.pdf | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-48291-6_12 | chapter=Effects of Immigration on Local Housing Markets | title=The Economic Geography of Cross-Border Migration | series=Footprints of Regional Science | date=2021 | last1=Cochrane | first1=William | last2=Poot | first2=Jacques | pages=269–292 | isbn=978-3-030-48290-9 }}</ref> [[Socioeconomic status|socioeconomics]] of immigrants, and internal migration of natives.<ref name="Sá2015">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sá | first1 = Filipa|date=1 September 2015|title=Immigration and House Prices in the UK |journal=The Economic Journal|language=en|volume=125|issue=587|pages=1393–1424|doi=10.1111/ecoj.12158|issn=1468-0297|hdl=10419/51818| s2cid = 11283393| url = https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp5893|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

== Crime ==
{{excerpt|Immigration and crime}}
[[Employment fraud|Bogus recruitment agencies]] and rogue recruitment agencies make fake promises of better opportunities, education, income, some of the abuses and crimes experienced by immigrants are the followed:
* Employees are forced to work in activities that were not included in their contracts, where [[workplace harassment]] is openly allowed, tolerated and even promoted.
* Workers are forced to work more than 20 hours a day with low wages or no payment,
* Slavery,
* [[human trafficking]],
* [[Sexual harassment]], [[sexual abuse]], [[sexual assault]], [[sexual exploitation]].
* Offering fake immigrant visas in order to make it impossible for employees to return to their countries.

In many countries there is a lack of prosecution of this crimes, since these countries obtain benefits and taxes paid by these companies that benefit the economies and also because of the current shortage of workers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm|title=Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking (Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking)|website=www.ilo.org|date=28 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/SZpyul9JRTE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20161119181931/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZpyul9JRTE Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZpyul9JRTE| title = Landmark Forced Labour Protocol enters into force | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 10 November 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Hill |first1=Angela |title="This Modern Day Slavery": Sex Trafficking and Moral Panic in the United Kingdom |date=2011 |type=PhD dissertation |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2d8113tb |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/hiddenslaves_report.pdf Hidden Slaves: Forced Labor in the United States] University of California Berkeley, September 2004</ref>

==Effect on country of origin ==
Return migration from countries with liberal [[gender norms]] has been associated with the transfer of liberal gender norms to the home country.<ref name="TuccioWahba2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Tuccio |first1=Michele |last2=Wahba |first2=Jackline |date=2018 |title=Return migration and the transfer of gender norms: Evidence from the Middle East |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/422707/1/JCEC_final.pdf |journal=Journal of Comparative Economics |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=1006–1029 |doi=10.1016/j.jce.2018.07.015 |issn=0147-5967 |s2cid=158958516}}</ref>

Iran faces a [[Human capital flight|mass exodus of youth and skilled labor]] out of the country in recent years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asriran.com/fa/news/868624/20-%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%80-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%80-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%86%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85-%DA%A9%D9%88 | title=20 نکته دربارۀ آمار تکان‌دهندۀ مهاجرت ایرانیان/ چمدان‌هایم کو؟! }}</ref> In June 2023 Iranian parliament illegalized immigration ads online.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس خواهان «ممنوعیت هرگونه تبلیغات درباره مهاجرت» شد! |url=https://mohabatnews.com/?p=53691 |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=محبت نیوز |language=fa-IR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=جوان ایرانی هیچ دلیلی برای ماندن در کشور ندارد / مهاجرت پاشنه آشیل زیست‌بوم نوآوری – تجارت‌نیوز |url=https://tejaratnews.com/startup/%d9%85%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86%db%8c-1402 |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=tejaratnews.com |language=fa-IR}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=روزنامه اعتماد: موج مهاجرت از ایران به دانش‌آموزان و کودکان رسیده است |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202306078932 |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=ایران اینترنشنال |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=فردا |first=رادیو |date=7 June 2023 |title=«کاهش سن مهاجرت» در ایران؛ گزارش‌ها از مهاجرت دانش‌آموزان به کانادا و ترکیه |language=fa |work=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/immigration-iran/32448451.html |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=گلمکانی |first=سپهر |date=10 June 2023 |title=قوانین جدید برای اینفلوئنسرها: تبلیغ مهاجرت ممنوع! |url=https://sakhtafzarmag.com/مرکز-پژوهش-های-مجلس-به-دنبال-اجرای-قوانین-برای-اینفلوئنسرها/ |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=سخت افزار مگ |language=fa-IR}}</ref>

== Integration ==
{{Main|Integration of immigrants}}

A 2019 review of existing research in the ''[[Annual Review of Sociology]]'' on immigrant assimilation in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain concluded "we find an overall pattern of intergenerational assimilation in terms of socioeconomic attainment, social relations, and cultural beliefs."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drouhot |first1=Lucas G. |last2=Nee |first2=Victor |date=2019 |title=Assimilation and the Second Generation in Europe and America: Blending and Segregating Social Dynamics Between Immigrants and Natives |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=177–199 |doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041335 |s2cid=150635159}}</ref>

=== United States ===
A 2018 study in the ''American Sociological Review'' found that within racial groups, most immigrants to the United States had fully assimilated within a span of 20 years.<ref name="VillarrealTamborini2018" /> Immigrants arriving in the United States after 1994 assimilate more rapidly than immigrants who arrived in previous periods.<ref name="VillarrealTamborini2018" /> Measuring assimilation can be difficult due to "ethnic attrition", which refers to when descendants of migrants cease to self-identify with the nationality or ethnicity of their ancestors. This means that successful cases of assimilation will be underestimated. Research shows that ethnic attrition is sizable in Hispanic and Asian immigrant groups in the United States.<ref name="DuncanTrejo2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Duncan |first1=Brian |last2=Trejo |first2=Stephen J |year=2011 |title=Tracking Intergenerational Progress for Immigrant Groups: The Problem of Ethnic Attrition |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=603–608 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.3.603 |s2cid=46552371}}</ref><ref name="AlbaIslam2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Alba |first1=Richard |last2=Islam |first2=Tariqul |date=1 January 2009 |title=The Case of the Disappearing Mexican Americans: An Ethnic-Identity Mystery |journal=Population Research and Policy Review |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=109–121 |doi=10.1007/s11113-008-9081-x |jstor=20616620 |s2cid=154929099}}</ref> By taking account of ethnic attrition, the assimilation rate of Hispanics in the United States improves significantly.<ref name="DuncanTrejo2011" /><ref name="DuncanTrejo2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Duncan |first1=Brian |last2=Trejo |first2=Stephen |year=2017 |title=The Complexity of Immigrant Generations: Implications for Assessing the Socioeconomic Integration of Hispanics and Asians |journal=ILR Review |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1146–1175 |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.8151 |doi=10.1177/0019793916679613 |pmc=5602570 |pmid=28935997}}</ref> A 2016 paper challenges the view that cultural differences are necessarily an obstacle to long-run economic performance of migrants. It finds that "first generation migrants seem to be less likely to success the more culturally distant they are, but this effect vanishes as time spent in the US increases."<ref>{{cite web |title=Achieving the American Dream: Cultural Distance, Cultural Diversity and Economic Performance {{!}} Oxford Economic and Social History Working Papers {{!}} Working Papers |url=http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/Oxford-Economic-and-Social-History-Working-Papers/achieving-the-american-dream-cultural-distance-cultural-diversity-and-economic-performance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807014939/http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/Oxford-Economic-and-Social-History-Working-Papers/achieving-the-american-dream-cultural-distance-cultural-diversity-and-economic-performance |archive-date=7 August 2016 |access-date=18 May 2016 |website=www.economics.ox.ac.uk}}</ref>

A 2018 study found that Chinese nationals in the United States who received permanent residency permits from the US government amid the Tiananmen Square protests (and subsequent Chinese government clampdown) experienced significant employment and earnings gains relative to similar immigrant groups who did not have the same residency rights.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Orrenius |first1=Pia |last2=Zavodny |first2=Madeline |last3=Kerr |first3=Emily |date=June 2012 |title=Chinese Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market: Effects of Post-Tiananmen Immigration Policy |journal=International Migration Review |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=456–482 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-7379.2012.00893.x |issn=0197-9183 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10419/58772 |s2cid=145589806|url=https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6287 }}</ref>

During the Age of Mass Migration, infant arrivals to the United States had greater economic success over their lifetime than teenage arrivals.<ref name="AlexanderWard2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=Rohan |last2=Ward |first2=Zachary |date=2018 |title=Age at Arrival and Assimilation During the Age of Mass Migration |url=https://www.cbe.anu.edu.au/researchpapers/CEH/WP201803.pdf |journal=The Journal of Economic History |language=en |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=904–937 |doi=10.1017/S0022050718000335 |issn=0022-0507 |s2cid=158352415}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
A 2015 report by the National Institute of Demographic Studies finds that an overwhelming majority of second-generation immigrants of all origins in France feel French, despite the persistent discrimination in education, housing and employment that many of the minorities face.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bohlen |first1=Celestine |date=25 January 2016 |title=Study Finds Children of Immigrants Embracing 'Frenchness' |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/26/world/europe/study-finds-children-of-immigrants-embracing-frenchness.html |access-date=19 April 2016 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Research shows that country of origin matters for speed and depth of immigrant assimilation but that there is considerable assimilation overall.<ref name="Blau2015" /> Research finds that first generation immigrants from countries with less egalitarian gender cultures adopt gender values more similar to natives over time.<ref name="RoderMuhlau2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Röder |first1=Antje |last2=Mühlau |first2=Peter |date=1 March 2014 |title=Are They Acculturating? Europe's Immigrants and Gender Egalitarianism |journal=Social Forces |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=899–928 |doi=10.1093/sf/sot126 |issn=0037-7732 |s2cid=145434097}}</ref><ref name="Spierings2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Spierings |first1=Niels |date=16 April 2015 |title=Gender Equality Attitudes among Turks in Western Europe and Turkey: The Interrelated Impact of Migration and Parents' Attitudes |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=749–771 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2014.948394 |issn=1369-183X |s2cid=146326410|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/142448/142448.pdf }}</ref> According to one study, "this acculturation process is almost completed within one generational succession: The gender attitudes of second generation immigrants are difficult to distinguish from the attitudes of members of mainstream society. This holds also for children born to immigrants from very gender traditional cultures and for children born to less well integrated immigrant families."<ref name="RoderMuhlau2014" /> Similar results are found on a study of Turkish migrants to Western Europe.<ref name="Spierings2014" /> The assimilation on gender attitudes has been observed in education, as one study finds "that the female advantage in education observed among the majority population is usually present among second-generation immigrants."<ref name="FleischmannKristen2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Fleischmann |first1=Fenella |last2=Kristen |first2=Cornelia |last3=Contributions |first3=With |last4=Research |first4=Including the Provision of Data and Analyses Instrumental to The |last5=by |last6=Heath |first6=Anthony F. |last7=Brinbaum |first7=Yaël |last8=Deboosere |first8=Patrick |last9=Granato |first9=Nadia |date=1 July 2014 |title=Gender Inequalities in the Education of the Second Generation in Western Countries |journal=Sociology of Education |type=Submitted manuscript |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=143–170 |doi=10.1177/0038040714537836 |issn=0038-0407 |hdl=1874/301991 |s2cid=59353417|hdl-access=free }}</ref>

A 2017 study of Switzerland found that naturalization strongly improves long-term social integration of immigrants: "The integration returns to naturalization are larger for more marginalized immigrant groups and when naturalization occurs earlier, rather than later in the residency period."<ref name="HainmuellerHangartner2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Hainmueller |first1=Jens |last2=Hangartner |first2=Dominik |last3=Pietrantuono |first3=Giuseppe |date=1 February 2017 |title=Catalyst or Crown: Does Naturalization Promote the Long-Term Social Integration of Immigrants? |url=https://zenodo.org/record/889671 |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=256–276 |doi=10.1017/S0003055416000745 |hdl=20.500.11850/235430 |issn=0003-0554 |s2cid=229169145}}</ref> A separate study of Switzerland found that naturalization improved the economic integration of immigrants: "winning Swiss citizenship in the referendum increased annual earnings by an average of approximately 5,000 U.S. dollars over the subsequent 15 years. This effect is concentrated among more marginalized immigrants."<ref>{{cite web |title=Citizenship Increases the Long-Term Earnings of Marginalized Immigrants |url=https://immigrationlab.org/working-paper-series/citizenship-increases-long-term-earnings-marginalized-immigrants/ |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Immigration Policy Lab |language=en-US}}</ref>

First-generation immigrants tend to hold less accepting views of homosexuality but opposition weakens with longer stays.<ref name="Röder2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Röder |first1=Antje |date=1 December 2015 |title=Immigrants' Attitudes toward Homosexuality: Socialization, Religion, and Acculturation in European Host Societies |journal=International Migration Review |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1042–1070 |doi=10.1111/imre.12113 |issn=1747-7379 |s2cid=144531409}}</ref> Second-generation immigrants are overall more accepting of homosexuality, but the acculturation effect is weaker for Muslims and to some extent, Eastern Orthodox migrants.<ref name="Röder2018" />

A study of Bangladeshi migrants in East London found they shifted towards the thinking styles of the wider non-migrant population in just a single generation.<ref name="CaldwellMesoudi2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Mesoudi |first1=Alex |last2=Magid |first2=Kesson |last3=Hussain |first3=Delwar |date=13 January 2016 |title=How Do People Become W.E.I.R.D.? Migration Reveals the Cultural Transmission Mechanisms Underlying Variation in Psychological Processes |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=1 |article-number=e0147162 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1147162M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0147162 |pmc=4711941 |pmid=26760972 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A study on Germany found that foreign-born parents are more likely to integrate if their children are entitled to German citizenship at birth.<ref name="AvitabileClots-Figueras2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Avitabile |first1=Ciro |last2=Clots-Figueras |first2=Irma |last3=Masella |first3=Paolo |date=1 August 2013 |title=The Effect of Birthright Citizenship on Parental Integration Outcomes |journal=The Journal of Law and Economics |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=777–810 |doi=10.1086/673266 |issn=0022-2186 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1814/13410 |s2cid=19012438|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/59330/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Clots-Figueras%2C%20I_Effect%20of%20birthright_Clots-Figueras_Effect%20birthright_2014.pdf }}</ref> A 2017 study found that "faster access to citizenship improves the economic situation of immigrant women, especially their labour market attachment with higher employment rates, longer working hours and more stable jobs. Immigrants also invest more in host country-specific skills like language and vocational training. Faster access to citizenship seems a powerful policy instrument to boost economic integration in countries with traditionally restrictive citizenship policies."<ref name="GathmannKeller2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Gathmann |first1=Christina |last2=Keller |first2=Nicolas |year=2017 |title=Access to Citizenship and the Economic Assimilation of Immigrants |journal=The Economic Journal |language=en |volume=128 |issue=616 |pages=3141–3181 |doi=10.1111/ecoj.12546 |issn=1468-0297 |s2cid=157082274}}</ref> [[Naturalization]] is associated with large and persistent wage gains for the naturalized citizens in most countries.<ref name="Gathmann2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Gathmann |first1=Christina |date=1 February 2015 |title=Naturalization and citizenship: Who benefits? |url=http://wol.iza.org/articles/naturalization-and-citizenship-who-benefits |journal=IZA World of Labor |doi=10.15185/izawol.125 |doi-access=free}}</ref> One study of Denmark found that providing immigrants with voting rights reduced their crime rate.<ref>{{Cite SSRN |title=Democratic Involvement and Immigrants' Compliance with the Law |last1=Slotwinski |first1=Michaela |last2=Stutzer |first2=Alois |date=27 February 2017 |ssrn=2923633 |last3=Gorinas |first3=Cédric}}</ref>

Studies on programs that randomly allocate refugee immigrants across municipalities find that the assignment of neighborhood affects immigrant crime propensity, education, and earnings.<ref name="DammDustmann2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Damm |first1=Anna Piil |last2=Dustmann |first2=Christian |year=2014 |title=Does Growing Up in a High Crime Neighborhood Affect Youth Criminal Behavior? |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10038985/ |journal=American Economic Review |type=Submitted manuscript |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=1806–1832 |doi=10.1257/aer.104.6.1806|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="ÅslundEdin2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Åslund |first1=Olof |last2=Edin |first2=Per-Anders |last3=Fredriksson |first3=Peter |last4=Grönqvist |first4=Hans |year=2011 |title=Peers, Neighborhoods, and Immigrant Student Achievement: Evidence from a Placement Policy |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=67–95 |doi=10.1257/app.3.2.67 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2445/116663 |s2cid=31236419|url=http://ieb.ub.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2010-IEB-WorkingPaper-19.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Damm2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Damm |first1=Anna Piil |date=1 January 2014 |title=Neighborhood quality and labor market outcomes: Evidence from quasi-random neighborhood assignment of immigrants |url=https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/68523715/E_publication.pdf |journal=Journal of Urban Economics |series=Spatial Dimensions of Labor Markets |volume=79 |pages=139–166 |doi=10.1016/j.jue.2013.08.004}}</ref><ref name="Damm2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Damm |first1=Anna Piil |date=1 April 2009 |title=Ethnic Enclaves and Immigrant Labor Market Outcomes: Quasi-Experimental Evidence |journal=Journal of Labor Economics |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=281–314 |doi=10.1086/599336 |issn=0734-306X |s2cid=17521852}}</ref><ref name="EdinFredriksson2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Edin |first1=Per-Anders |last2=Fredriksson |first2=Peter |last3=Åslund |first3=Olof |date=1 February 2003 |title=Ethnic Enclaves and the Economic Success of Immigrants{{snd}}Evidence from a Natural Experiment |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=329–357 |doi=10.1162/00335530360535225 |bibcode=2003QJEco.118..329E |issn=0033-5533 |hdl=10419/82170 |s2cid=16520774|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-2505 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="JonesTeytelboym2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Will |last2=Teytelboym |first2=Alexander |year=2017 |title=The Local Refugee Match: Aligning Refugees' Preferences with the Capacities and Priorities of Localities |journal=Journal of Refugee Studies |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.1093/jrs/fex022 |s2cid=111381382}}</ref> A 2019 study found that refugees who resettled in areas with many conationals were more likely to be economically integrated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hangartner |first1=Dominik |last2=Hainmueller |first2=Jens |last3=Martén |first3=Linna |date=24 July 2019 |title=Ethnic networks can foster the economic integration of refugees |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16280–16285 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11616280M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1820345116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6697878 |pmid=31358632 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Research suggests that bilingual schooling reduces barriers between speakers from two different communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cappellari |first1=Lorenzo |last2=Di Paolo |first2=Antonio |date=October 2015 |title=Bilingual Schooling and Earnings: Evidence from a Language-in-Education Reform |url=http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=9431 |journal=IZA Discussion Papers |language=en |issue=9431 |access-date=22 March 2016}}</ref>

Research suggests that a vicious cycle of bigotry and isolation could reduce assimilation and increase bigotry towards immigrants in the long-term. For instance, University of California, San Diego political scientist Claire Adida, Stanford University political scientist David Laitin and Sorbonne University economist Marie-Anne Valfort argue "fear-based policies that target groups of people according to their religion or region of origin are counter-productive. Our own research, which explains the failed integration of Muslim immigrants in France, suggests that such policies can feed into a vicious cycle that damages national security. French Islamophobia{{snd}}a response to cultural difference{{snd}}has encouraged Muslim immigrants to withdraw from French society, which then feeds back into French Islamophobia, thus further exacerbating Muslims' alienation, and so on. Indeed, the failure of French security in 2015 was likely due to police tactics that intimidated rather than welcomed the children of immigrants{{snd}}an approach that makes it hard to obtain crucial information from community members about potential threats."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adida |first1=Claire L. |last2=Laitin |first2=David D. |last3=Valfort |first3=Marie-Anne |date=1 February 2017 |title=The Wrong Way to Stop Terrorism |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2017-02-01/wrong-way-stop-terrorism |journal=Foreign Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=AdidaLaitinValfort2017 ForeignAffairs.pdf |newspaper=Google Docs |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1XnDFa2nmdhSnJwSVRoSkJqYjQ/view |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>

A study which examined [[Catalan nationalism]] examined the Catalan Government's policy towards the integration of immigrants during the start of the 1990s. At this time the Spanish region of Catalonia was experiencing a large influx in the number of immigrants from Northern Africa, Latin America and Asia. The Spanish government paid little attention to this influx of immigrants. However, Catalan politicians began discussing how the increase in immigrants would effect Catalan identity. Members of the Catalan parliament petitioned for a plan to integrate these immigrants into Catalan society. Crucially, the plan did not include policies regarding [[Naturalization|naturalisation]], which were key immigration policies of the Spanish government. The plan of the Catalan parliament aimed to create a shared Catalan identity which included both the native Catalan population and immigrant communities. This meant that immigrants were encouraged to relate as part of the Catalan community but also encouraged to retain their own culture and traditions. In this way assimilation of immigrant cultures in Catalonia was avoided.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coversi |display-authors=etal |date=2017 |title=Despite the crisis: The resilience of intercultural nationalism in Catalonia |journal=International Migration |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1111/imig.12323 |s2cid=151628467}}</ref>

A 2018 study in the ''British Journal of Political Science'' found that immigrants in Norway became more politically engaged the earlier that they were given voting rights.<ref name="FerwerdaFinseraas2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Ferwerda |first1=Jeremy |last2=Finseraas |first2=Henning |last3=Bergh |first3=Johannes |date=2018 |title=Voting Rights and Immigrant Incorporation: Evidence from Norway |journal=British Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=713–730 |doi=10.1017/S0007123417000643 |issn=0007-1234 |s2cid=158137269}}</ref>

A 2019 study in the ''European Economic Review'' found that language training improved the economic assimilation of immigrants in France.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alexia Lochmann |author2=Hillel Rapoport |author3=Biagio Speciale |date=April 2019 |title=The effect of language training on immigrants' economic integration: Empirical evidence from France |url=https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11331 |journal=European Economic Review |volume=113 |pages=265–296 |doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.01.008 |s2cid=149045384}}
* {{cite web |date=March 2019 |title=The effect of language training on immigrants' economic integration: Empirical evidence from France |url=https://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/en/economics-for-everyone/for-a-wider-audience/5-papers-in-5-minutes/march-2019/the-effect-of-language-training-on-immigrants-economic-integration-empirical-evidence-from-france/ |website=Paris School of Economics}}</ref>

A 2020 study using data from large-scale comparative surveys in Germany, France, and United Kingdom found that sampled households with a [[language barrier]] tend to have poor living conditions and are migrants. Inferences about their demographic, attitudinal, or behavioral traits cannot be made because the ability to speak the [[official language]](s) of the country is one of the criteria for survey participation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Heck-Grossek |first1=Nicholas |url=https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/language-survey-research |title=Void of the voiceless: An analysis of residents with a language barrier in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom (Chapter 6) in The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research |last2=Dardha |first2=Sonia |date=30 April 2020 |publisher=RTI Press |isbn=978-1-934831-24-3 |editor-last=Sha |editor-first=Mandy |pages=117–126 |doi=10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004}}</ref>

A 2020 paper on reforms of refugee policy in Denmark found that language training boosted the economic and social integration of refugees, whereas cuts to refugees' welfare benefits had no effect, except to temporarily increase property crimes.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Integrating Refugees: Language Training or Work-First Incentives? |last1=Arendt |first1=Jacob Nielsen |last2=Bolvig |first2=Iben |date=2020 |doi=10.3386/w26834 |last3=Foged |first3=Mette |last4=Hasager |first4=Linea |last5=Peri |first5=Giovanni |doi-access=free |website=National Bureau of Economic Research |s2cid=216251239}}</ref>

== Discrimination ==
{{Main|Discrimination based on nationality}}

{{Distinguish|Racism}}

=== Europe ===
Research suggests that police practices, such as [[racial profiling]], over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in-group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects in Sweden, Italy, and England and Wales.<ref name="Martens-2008">{{cite web|url=https://www.bra.se/bra/publikationer/arkiv/publikationer/2008-02-21-diskriminering-i-rattsprocessen.html|title=Diskriminering i rättsprocessen – Brå|website=www.bra.se|language=sv|access-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317221242/http://bra.se/bra/publikationer/arkiv/publikationer/2008-02-21-diskriminering-i-rattsprocessen.html|archive-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="HallstenSzulkin2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Hällsten | first1 = Martin|last2=Szulkin|first2=Ryszard|last3=Sarnecki|first3=Jerzy|date=1 May 2013|title=Crime as a Price of Inequality? The Gap in Registered Crime between Childhood Immigrants, Children of Immigrants and Children of Native Swedes |journal=British Journal of Criminology|volume=53|issue=3|pages=456–481|doi=10.1093/bjc/azt005|issn=0007-0955}}</ref><ref name="Crocitti2013">{{Cite book |title=Immigration, Crime, and Criminalization in Italy |publisher=Oxford Handbooks | last1 = Crocitti | first1 = Stefania|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.029|year=2013}}</ref><ref name="Colombo-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Colombo | first1 = Asher|date=1 November 2013|title=Foreigners and immigrants in Italy's penal and administrative detention systems |journal=European Journal of Criminology|language=en|volume=10|issue=6|pages=746–759|doi=10.1177/1477370813495128| s2cid = 145099179|issn=1477-3708}}</ref><ref name="Parmar2013">{{Cite journal|url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199859016-e-014|title=Ethnicities, Racism, and Crime in England and Wales – Oxford Handbooks|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration|last1=Parmar|first1=Alpa|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.014|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-985901-6|access-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618001511/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199859016-e-014|archive-date=18 June 2019}}</ref> Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system, which contributes to a higher number of convictions for racial minorities in Sweden, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Denmark and France.<ref name="Martens-2008" /><ref name="Crocitti2013" /><ref name="Colombo-2013" /><ref name="HolmbergKyvsgaard2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Holmberg | first1 = Lars|last2=Kyvsgaard|first2=Britta|title=Are Immigrants and Their Descendants Discriminated against in the Danish Criminal Justice System?|journal=Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention|volume=4|issue=2|pages=125–142|doi=10.1080/14043850310020027|year=2003| s2cid = 143646955}}</ref><ref name="RochéGordon2013">{{Cite journal|url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199859016-e-030|title=Case Study |publisher= Oxford Handbooks |journal=The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration | last1 = Roché | first1 = Sebastian|last2=Gordon|first2=Mirta B.|last3=Depuiset|first3=Marie-Aude|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.030|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-985901-6 }}</ref><ref name="Light2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Light | first1 = Michael T.|date=1 March 2016|title=The Punishment Consequences of Lacking National Membership in Germany, 1998–2010 |journal=Social Forces|language=en|volume=94|issue=3|pages=1385–1408|doi=10.1093/sf/sov084| s2cid = 155814847|issn=0037-7732}}</ref><ref name="WerminkJohnson2015">{{Cite journal | last1 = Wermink | first1 = Hilde|last2=Johnson|first2=Brian D.|last3=Nieuwbeerta|first3=Paul|last4=Keijser|first4=Jan W. de|date=1 November 2015|title=Expanding the scope of sentencing research: Determinants of juvenile and adult punishment in the Netherlands |journal=European Journal of Criminology|language=en|volume=12|issue=6|pages=739–768|doi=10.1177/1477370815597253| s2cid = 143366742|issn=1477-3708}}</ref> A 2018 study found that the Dutch are less likely to reciprocate in games played with immigrants than the native Dutch.<ref name="CettolinSuetens2018">{{Cite journal | last1 = Cettolin | first1 = Elena|last2=Suetens|first2=Sigrid|date=18 July 2018|title=Return on Trust is Lower for Immigrants|journal=The Economic Journal| volume = 129| issue = 621| pages = 1992–2009|language=en|doi=10.1111/ecoj.12629|issn=0013-0133|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Several meta-analyses find extensive evidence of ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring in the North-American and European labor markets.<ref name="Rich2014" /><ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016" /><ref name="RiachRich2002">{{Cite journal | last1 = Riach | first1 = P. A.|last2=Rich|first2=J.|date=1 November 2002|title=Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place |journal=The Economic Journal|language=en|volume=112|issue=483|pages=F480–F518|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00080|issn=1468-0297|citeseerx=10.1.1.417.9100| s2cid = 19024888}}</ref> A 2016 meta-analysis of 738 correspondence tests in 43 separate studies conducted in OECD countries between 1990 and 2015 finds that there is extensive racial discrimination in hiring decisions in Europe and North-America.<ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016" /> Equivalent minority candidates need to send around 50% more applications to be invited for an interview than majority candidates.<ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016" />

A 2014 meta-analysis found extensive evidence of racial and ethnic discrimination in the housing market of several European countries.<ref name="Rich2014" />

==== United Kingdom ====
Since 2010, the United Kingdom's policies surrounding immigrant detention have come under fire for insufficiently protecting vulnerable groups. In the early 2000s, the United Kingdom adopted the Detention Duty Advice (DDA) scheme in order to provide free, government-funded, legal aid to immigrants. The DDA scheme at face value granted liberty on administrative grounds by considering immigrant merits, nature of their work, their financial means, and other factors that would then determine how much free legal aid detainees were granted. Recent research by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), demonstrates that marginalized groups have been barred from legal assistance in detention centers. The barriers immigrants face in order to access justice through the DDA disproportionately affected underrepresented groups of immigrants, and the language barrier and lack of interpreters led to further hurdles that detainees were unable to jump through.<ref name="Lindley 629–653" />

=== Canada ===
In Canada immigrant detainees face barriers to justice due to a lack of international enforcement. Canada's immigration detention system has significant legal and normative problems, and the rubric of 'access to justice' that is presented by international law fails to identify these faults. There is a lack of access to legal aid for immigrants in detention, as well as inhumane treatment in detention centers. Research has demonstrated irreparable psychological, physical, and social damage to immigrants, and the international community ignores these injustices.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Silverman |first1=Stephanie J. |last2=Molnar |first2=Petra |date=29 February 2016 |title=Everyday Injustices: Barriers to Access to Justice for Immigration Detainees in Canada |journal=Refugee Survey Quarterly |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=109–127 |doi=10.1093/rsq/hdv016 |issn=1020-4067}}</ref>

=== United States ===

==== Business ====
A 2014 meta-analysis of racial discrimination in product markets found extensive evidence of minority applicants being quoted higher prices for products.<ref name="Rich2014" /> A 1995 study found that car dealers "quoted significantly lower prices to white males than to black or female test buyers using identical, scripted bargaining strategies."<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ayres | first1 = Ian|last2=Siegelman|first2=Peter|date=1 January 1995|title=Race and Gender Discrimination in Bargaining for a New Car|url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v85y1995i3p304-21.html|journal=American Economic Review|volume=85|issue=3|pages=304–21}}</ref> A 2013 study found that eBay sellers of iPods received 21 percent more offers if a white hand held the iPod in the photo than a black hand.<ref name="DoleacStein2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Doleac | first1 = Jennifer L.|last2=Stein|first2=Luke C.D.|date=1 November 2013|title=The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes |journal=The Economic Journal|language=en|volume=123|issue=572|pages=F469–F492|doi=10.1111/ecoj.12082| s2cid = 154984687|issn=1468-0297}}</ref>

==== Criminal justice system ====
Research suggests that police practices, such as [[racial profiling]], over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in-group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects.<ref name="WarrenTomaskovic-Devey2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Warren | first1 = Patricia Y.|last2=Tomaskovic-Devey|first2=Donald|date=1 May 2009|title=Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior? |journal=Criminology & Public Policy|language=en|volume=8|issue=2|pages=343–369|doi=10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00556.x|issn=1745-9133}}</ref><ref name="MoJ p. 8">''[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217822/stats-race-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2008-09c1.pdf Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2008/09]'', p. 8., 22</ref><ref name="West-2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.mit.edu/~westj/articles/JeremyWest_RacialBiasPolice.pdf |title=Racial Bias in Police Investigations | last1 = West | first1 = Jeremy |date=November 2015 |website=MIT.edu |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |type=Working paper |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307202800/http://www.mit.edu/~westj/articles/JeremyWest_RacialBiasPolice.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Donohue IIILevitt2001">{{Cite journal | last1 = Donohue III | first1 = John J.|last2=Levitt|first2=Steven D.|date=1 January 2001|title=The Impact of Race on Policing and Arrests|jstor=10.1086/322810|journal=The Journal of Law & Economics|volume=44|issue=2|pages=367–394|doi=10.1086/322810| s2cid = 1547854| url = https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/37}}</ref> Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system, which contributes to a higher number of convictions for racial minorities.<ref name="AbramsBertrand2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Abrams | first1 = David S.|last2=Bertrand|first2=Marianne|last3=Mullainathan|first3=Sendhil|date=1 June 2012|title=Do Judges Vary in Their Treatment of Race? |journal=The Journal of Legal Studies|volume=41|issue=2|pages=347–383|doi=10.1086/666006| s2cid = 2338687|issn=0047-2530| url = https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1354&context=faculty_scholarship}}</ref><ref name="Mustard2001">{{Cite journal | last1 = Mustard | first1 = David B.|date=1 April 2001|title=Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts |journal=The Journal of Law and Economics|volume=44|issue=1|pages=285–314|doi=10.1086/320276| s2cid = 154533225|issn=0022-2186}}</ref><ref name="AnwarBayer2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Anwar | first1 = Shamena|last2=Bayer|first2=Patrick|last3=Hjalmarsson|first3=Randi|date=1 May 2012|title=The Impact of Jury Race in Criminal Trials |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|language=en|volume=127|issue=2|pages=1017–1055|doi=10.1093/qje/qjs014|issn=0033-5533|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="DaudistelHosch1999">{{Cite journal | last1 = Daudistel | first1 = Howard C.|last2=Hosch|first2=Harmon M.|last3=Holmes|first3=Malcolm D.|last4=Graves|first4=Joseph B.|date=1 February 1999|title=Effects of Defendant Ethnicity on Juries' Dispositions of Felony Cases |journal=Journal of Applied Social Psychology|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=317–336|doi=10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01389.x|issn=1559-1816}}</ref><ref name="DepewEren2017">{{Cite journal | last1 = Depew | first1 = Briggs|last2=Eren|first2=Ozkan|last3=Mocan|first3=Naci |year=2017 |title=Judges, Juveniles, and In-Group Bias |journal=[[Journal of Law and Economics]] |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=209–239 |doi=10.1086/693822 | s2cid = 147631237| url = http://www.nber.org/papers/w22003.pdf}}</ref> A 2012 study found that "(i) juries formed from all-white jury pools convict black defendants significantly (16 percentage points) more often than white defendants, and (ii) this gap in conviction rates is entirely eliminated when the jury pool includes at least one black member."<ref name="AnwarBayer2012" /> Research has found evidence of in-group bias, where "black (white) juveniles who are randomly assigned to black (white) judges are more likely to get incarcerated (as opposed to being placed on probation), and they receive longer sentences."<ref name="DepewEren2017" /> In-group bias has also been observed when it comes to traffic citations, as black and white cops are more likely to cite out-groups.<ref name="West-2015" />

==== Education ====
A 2015 study using correspondence tests "found that when considering requests from prospective students seeking mentoring in the future, faculty were significantly more responsive to White males than to all other categories of students, collectively, particularly in higher-paying disciplines and private institutions."<ref name="MilkmanAkinola2015">{{Cite journal|last1=Milkman|first1=Katherine L.|author-link=Katy Milkman|last2=Akinola|first2=Modupe|author-link2=Modupe Akinola|last3=Chugh|first3=Dolly|date=1 November 2015|title=What happens before? A field experiment exploring how pay and representation differentially shape bias on the pathway into organizations|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/fnce_papers/61|journal=The Journal of Applied Psychology|volume=100|issue=6|pages=1678–1712|doi=10.1037/apl0000022|issn=1939-1854|pmid=25867167 |bibcode=2015JApPs.100.1678M }}</ref>

According to an analysis of the National Study of College Experience, elite colleges may favor minority applicants due to affirmative action policies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9072.html|title=Espenshade, T.J. and Radford, A.W.: No Longer Separate, Not Yet Equal: Race and Class in Elite College Admission and Campus Life. (eBook, Paperback and Hardcover)|access-date=24 April 2016|isbn=978-0-691-14160-2|year=2009|last1=Espenshade|first1=Thomas J.|last2=Radford|first2=Alexandria Walton|publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref>

A 2018 National Bureau of Economic Research paper found that math teachers discriminate against the children of immigrants. When the teachers were informed about negative stereotypes towards the children of immigrants, they gave higher grades to the children of immigrants.<ref>{{Cite report |last1=Alesina|first1=Alberto|last2=Carlana|first2=Michela|last3=Ferrara|first3=Eliana La|last4=Pinotti|first4=Paolo|date=2018|title=Revealing Stereotypes: Evidence from Immigrants in Schools |website=National Bureau of Economic Research |doi=10.3386/w25333|s2cid=145030825|doi-access=free}}</ref>

As of 2020, 2 percent of all students enrolled in U.S. higher education. That comes out to about 454,000 students. Fewer than half of illegal immigrants are eligible for the [[Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals|DACA]] program.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report estimates that more than 450,000 undocumented immigrants are enrolled in higher ed|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/04/17/report-estimates-more-450000-undocumented-immigrants-are-enrolled-higher-ed|access-date=1 November 2021|website=www.insidehighered.com|date=17 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Housing ====
A 2014 meta-analysis found extensive evidence of [[Housing discrimination in the United States|racial discrimination in the American housing market]].<ref name="Rich2014" /> Minority applicants for housing needed to make many more enquiries to view properties.<ref name="Rich2014" /> Geographical steering of African-Americans in US housing remained significant.<ref name="Rich2014" /> A 2003 study finds "evidence that agents interpret an initial housing request as an indication of a customer's preferences, but also are more likely to withhold a house from all customers when it is in an integrated suburban neighborhood ([[redlining]]). Moreover, agents' marketing efforts increase with asking price for white, but not for black, customers; blacks are more likely than whites to see houses in suburban, integrated areas ([[Racial steering|steering]]); and the houses agents show are more likely to deviate from the initial request when the customer is black than when the customer is white. These three findings are consistent with the possibility that agents act upon the belief that some types of transactions are relatively unlikely for black customers (statistical discrimination)."<ref name="OndrichRoss2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ondrich | first1 = Jan|last2=Ross|first2=Stephen|last3=Yinger|first3=John|date=1 November 2003|title=Now You See It, Now You Don't: Why Do Real Estate Agents Withhold Available Houses from Black Customers? |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics|volume=85|issue=4|pages=854–873|doi=10.1162/003465303772815772| s2cid = 8524510|issn=0034-6535| url = http://web2.uconn.edu/economics/working/2001-01.pdf}}</ref>

A report by the federal [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|Department of Housing and Urban Development]] where the department sent African-Americans and whites to look at apartments found that African-Americans were shown fewer apartments to rent and houses for sale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urban.org/research/publication/housing-discrimination-against-racial-and-ethnic-minorities-2012-full-report|title=Housing Discrimination against Racial and Ethnic Minorities 2012: Full Report|website=www.urban.org|access-date=23 April 2016|date=4 June 2016}}</ref>

==== Labor market ====
Several meta-analyses find extensive evidence of ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring in the American labor market.<ref name="Rich2014" /><ref name="RiachRich2002" /><ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016" /> A 2016 meta-analysis of 738 correspondence tests{{snd}}tests where identical CVs for stereotypically black and white names were sent to employers{{snd}}in 43 separate studies conducted in OECD countries between 1990 and 2015 finds that there is extensive racial discrimination in hiring decisions in Europe and North-America.<ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016" /> These correspondence tests showed that equivalent minority candidates need to send around 50% more applications to be invited for an interview than majority candidates.<ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016" /><ref name="BertrandMullainathan2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bertrand | first1 = Marianne|last2=Mullainathan|first2=Sendhil|title=Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination |journal=American Economic Review|volume=94|issue=4|pages=991–1013|doi=10.1257/0002828042002561|year=2004|citeseerx=10.1.1.321.8621}}</ref> A study that examine the job applications of actual people provided with identical résumés and similar interview training showed that African-American applicants with no criminal record were offered jobs at a rate as low as white applicants who had criminal records.<ref name="PagerBonikowski2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pager | first1 = Devah|last2=Western|first2=Bruce|last3=Bonikowski|first3=Bart|date=1 October 2009|title=Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market A Field Experiment |journal=American Sociological Review|language=en|volume=74|issue=5|pages=777–799|doi=10.1177/000312240907400505|issn=0003-1224|pmc=2915472|pmid=20689685}}</ref>

== Push and pull factors ==
[[File:Multilingual Pisnice 1858.JPG|thumb|The largest [[Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic|Vietnamese]] market in [[Prague]], also known as "Little Hanoi". In 2009, there were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the [[Czech Republic]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/europe/05iht-viet.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1 |title=Crisis Strands Vietnamese Workers in a Czech Limbo|work=The New York Times|date= 5 June 2009|access-date= 11 May 2016|last1=Bilefsky|first1=Dan}}</ref>]]
[[File:Ridley road market dalston 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[London]] has become multiethnic as a result of immigration.<ref name="FT1">"[https://www.ft.com/content/4bd95562-4379-11e2-a48c-00144feabdc0 White ethnic Britons in minority in London]". ''[[Financial Times]]''. 11 December 2012.</ref>
In London in 2008, [[Black British]] and [[British Asian]] children outnumbered white British children by about 3 to 2 in government-run schools.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |title=One fifth of children from ethnic minorities |author=Graeme Paton |date=1 October 2007 |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=7 June 2008 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206094854/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |archive-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

One theory of immigration distinguishes between ''[[push and pull factors]]'', referring to the economic, political, and social influences by which people migrate from or to specific countries.<ref name="knaw" /> Immigrants are motivated to leave their former countries of citizenship, or habitual residence, for a variety of reasons, including: a lack of local access to [[resources]], a desire for economic [[prosperity]], to find or engage in paid work, to better their [[standard of living]], [[family reunification]], [[retirement]], [[Environmental migrant|climate or environmentally induced]] migration, [[exile]], escape from [[prejudice]], conflict or natural disaster, or simply the wish to change one's [[quality of life]]. [[Commuting|Commuters]], [[Tourism|tourists]], and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; [[Seasonal industry|seasonal labour]] immigration is sometimes included, however.

'''Push factors''' (or determinant factors) refer primarily to the motive for leaving one's country of origin (either [[Human migration#Voluntary migration|voluntarily or involuntarily]]), whereas '''pull factors''' (or attraction factors) refer to one's motivations behind or the encouragement towards immigrating to a particular country.

In the case of economic migration (usually labor migration), differentials in [[wage rate]]s are common. If the value of wages in the new country surpasses the value of wages in one's native country, he or she may choose to migrate, as long as the costs are not too high. Particularly in the 19th century, economic expansion of the US increased immigrant flow, and nearly 15% of the population was [[foreign-born]],<ref>{{cite web|url = https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/|title = How Many People are Immigrants?|date = 4 July 2015|access-date = 30 July 2015|website = Harlan York and Associates|last1 = York|first1 = Harlan|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150909231007/https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/|archive-date = 9 September 2015}}</ref> thus making up a significant amount of the labor force.

As transportation technology improved, travel time, and costs decreased dramatically between the 18th and early 20th century. Travel across the Atlantic used to take up to 5 weeks in the 18th century, but around the time of the 20th century it took a mere 8 days.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> When the [[opportunity cost]] is lower, the immigration rates tend to be higher.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Escape from [[poverty]] (personal or for relatives staying behind) is a traditional push factor, and the availability of [[employment|jobs]] is the related pull factor. [[Natural disasters]] can amplify poverty-driven migration flows. Research shows that for middle-income countries, higher temperatures increase emigration rates to urban areas and to other countries. For low-income countries, higher temperatures reduce emigration.<ref name="CattaneoPeri2016">{{Cite journal|title = The Migration Response to Increasing Temperatures | first1 = Cristina | last1 = Cattaneo|first2 = Giovanni|last2 = Peri |year=2016 |journal=[[Journal of Development Economics]] |volume=122 |issue=C |pages=127–146 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.05.004 | bibcode = 2016JDevE.122..127C |hdl = 10419/130264| url = http://www.nber.org/papers/w21622.pdf }}</ref>

A study checking the push and pull factors for emigration from [[Guatemala]] found that environmental factors played even bigger role in comparison to economic. When they directly asked people to compare it, they got the next results:<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate-Change Vulnerability and Climate Migration: Evidence from Guatemala |url=https://www.american.edu/spa/news/climate-change-vulnerability-08082025.cfm |website=American University |date=8 August 2025 |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Answer !! Prevalence
|-
| Prefer lower wage with less climate risk || 68%
|-
| Prefer higher wage with more climate risk || 32%
|}

Emigration and immigration are sometimes mandatory in a contract of employment: religious [[Missionary|missionaries]] and employees of [[transnational corporations]], international [[non-governmental organizations]], and the [[diplomatic service]] expect, by definition, to work "overseas". They are often referred to as "[[expatriates]]", and their conditions of employment are typically equal to or better than those applying in the host country (for similar work).{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Non-economic push factors include [[persecution]] (religious and otherwise), frequent abuse, [[bullying]], [[oppression]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[genocide]], risks to civilians during [[war]], and social marginalization.<ref>{{cite journal|ssrn=224241|title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States | last1 = Chiswick | first1 = Barry|date=March 2000|website=Social Science Research Network|publisher=[[University of Illinois at Chicago]] Institute for the Study of Labor|type=Working paper}}</ref> Political motives traditionally motivate refugee flows; for instance, people may emigrate in order to escape a [[dictatorship]].<ref name="Borjas2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Borjas | first1 = George J.|date=1 April 1982|title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review|language=en|volume=35|issue=3|pages=343–353|doi=10.1177/001979398203500304| s2cid = 36445207|issn=0019-7939}}</ref>

Some migration is for personal reasons, based on a [[Interpersonal relationship|relationship]] (e.g. to be with family or a partner), such as in [[family reunification]] or [[transnational marriage]] (especially in the instance of a [[gender imbalance]]) or [[same-sex relationship]]. Others migrate for safer opportunities to express [[Gender identity|gender identities]] and access to gender-affirming care.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Cerezo |first1=Alison |last2=Morales |first2=Alejandro |last3=Quintero |first3=Danielle |last4=Rothman |first4=Stephanie |date=2014 |title=Trans migrations: Exploring life at the intersection of transgender identity and immigration. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/sgd0000031 |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1037/sgd0000031 |issn=2329-0390|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Recent research has found gender, age, and cross-cultural differences in the ownership of the idea to immigrate.<ref name="Rubin2013">{{cite journal |last1= Rubin|first1=Mark|title="It Wasn't My Idea to Come Here!": Young Women Lack Ownership of the Idea to Immigrate – Mark Rubin's Social Psychology Research|journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations|date=July 2013|volume=37|issue=4|pages=497–501|issn=0147-1767|doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.02.001 |hdl=1959.13/940579 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/markrubinsocialpsychresearch/-it-wasn-t-my-idea-to-come-here-young-women-lack-ownership-of-the-idea-to-immigrate |access-date=3 October 2018 |ref=Rubin2013}}</ref> In a few cases, an individual may wish to immigrate to a new country in a form of transferred [[patriotism]]. Evasion of [[criminal justice]] (e.g., avoiding [[arrest]]) is a personal motivation. This type of emigration and immigration is not normally legal, if a crime is internationally recognized, although criminals may disguise their identities or find other loopholes to evade detection. For example, there have been reports of [[war criminals]] disguising themselves as victims of war or conflict and then pursuing asylum in a different country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/opinion/125664|title=EU asylum and war criminals: No place to hide | last1 = Haskell | first1 = Leslie|date=18 September 2014|website=EUobserver.com|publisher=EUobserver|access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/refugees-in-germany-reporting-dozens-of-war-crimes/a-19179291|title=Refugees in Germany reporting dozens of war crimes | last1 = Knight | first1 = Ben|date=11 April 2016|website=Deutsche Welle|access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/sweden-syrian-asylum-seeker-suspected-war-crimes-under-assad-regime-arrested-stockholm-1546149|title=Sweden: Syrian asylum seeker suspected of war crimes under Assad regime arrested in Stockholm | last1 = Porter | first1 = Tom|date=26 February 2016|work=International Business Times|access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

Barriers to immigration come not only in legal form or political form; natural and social barriers to immigration can also be very powerful. Immigrants when leaving their country also leave everything familiar: their family, friends, support network, and culture. They also need to liquidate their assets, and they incur the expense of moving. When they arrive in a new country, this is often with many uncertainties including finding work,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/lack-of-network-hurting-migrant-workers-20120603-1zq3u.html|title=Lack of network hurting migrant workers | last1 = May | first1 = Julia|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en-US|access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> where to live, new laws, new cultural norms, language or accent issues, possible [[racism]], and other exclusionary behavior towards them and their family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/the-7-biggest-challenges-facing-refugees-and-immig/|title=The 7 biggest challenges facing refugees and immigrants in the US | last1 = Nunez | first1 = Christina|date=12 December 2014|website=Global Citizen|publisher=Global Poverty Project|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Charles Rodriguez |first1=U. |last2=Venegas de la Torre |first2=M. D. L. P. |last3=Hecker |first3=V. |last4=Laing |first4=R. A. |last5=Larouche |first5=R. |date=2022 |title=The Relationship Between Nature and Immigrants' Integration, Wellbeing and Physical Activity: A Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume= 25|issue=1 |pages=190–218 | pmid=35201532 | doi=10.1007/s10903-022-01339-3|s2cid=247060104 }}</ref><ref name="Djajić2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Djajić | first1 = Slobodan|date=1 September 2013|title=Barriers to immigration and the dynamics of emigration |journal=Journal of Macroeconomics|volume=37|pages=41–52|doi=10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.06.001}}</ref>

[[File:Čížov (Zaisa) - preserved part of Iron curtain.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[Iron Curtain]] in Europe was designed as a means of [[Eastern Bloc emigration and defection|preventing emigration]]. "It is one of the ironies of post-war European history that, once the freedom to travel for Europeans living under communist regimes, which had long been demanded by the West, was finally granted in 1989/90, travel was very soon afterwards made much more difficult by the West itself, and new barriers were erected to replace the Iron Curtain." —Anita Böcker<ref>Anita Böcker (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ejOg0L5pbHUC ''Regulation of migration: international experiences'']. Het Spinhuis. p. 218. {{ISBN|90-5589-095-2}}</ref>]]

Discrimination and punishment based on [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]] are legally sanctioned in numerous nations, with some imposing the [[death penalty]] for [[Same-sex relationship|same-sex]] acts. This pattern of discrimination manifests in immigration policies, where laws can restrict access to services and safe asylums for [[Social exclusion|marginalized groups]], including [[Person of color|people of colour]] and members of the [[LGBTQ community]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seuffert |first=Nan |date=2009-01-01 |title=Reflections on Transgender Immigration |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2009.10854649 |journal=Griffith Law Review |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=428–452 |doi=10.1080/10383441.2009.10854649 |issn=1038-3441|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The countries where [[Asylum seeker|asylum]] is sought are also not entirely free from discrimination, complicating efforts to achieve safety.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Redcay |first1=Alex |last2=Luquet |first2=Wade |last3=Huggin |first3=McKenzie E. |date=2019-12-01 |title=Immigration and Asylum for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-019-00092-2 |journal=Journal of Human Rights and Social Work |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=248–256 |doi=10.1007/s41134-019-00092-2 |issn=2365-1792|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Foreign involvement ===
Several countries have been accused of encouraging immigration to other countries in order to create divisions.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35706238 Migrant crisis: Russia and Syria 'weaponising' migration, BBC, 2016]</ref>

== Politics of immigration ==
[[Business|Businesses]] tend to lobby in favor of more immigration, while [[Labour movement|labor movements]] tend to oppose immigration according to a 2011 study.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Do interest groups affect US immigration policy?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022199611000560|journal=Journal of International Economics|date=2011|issn=0022-1996|pages=114–128|volume=85|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.05.006|first=Giovanni|last=Facchini|first2=Anna Maria|last2=Mayda|first3=Prachi|last3=Mishra}}</ref> A 2010 European study suggested that "employers are more likely to be pro-immigration than employees, provided that immigrants are thought to compete with employees who are already in the country. Or else, when immigrants are thought to compete with employers rather than employees, employers are more likely to be anti-immigration than employees."<ref name="Tamura2010" /> A 2011 study examining the voting of US representatives on migration policy suggests that "representatives from more skilled labor abundant districts are more likely to support an open immigration policy towards the unskilled, whereas the opposite is true for representatives from more unskilled labor abundant districts."<ref name="FacchiniSteinhardt2011" /> Studies have suggested that some [[special interest group]]s [[Lobbying|lobby]] for less immigration for their own group and more immigration for other groups since they see effects of immigration, such as increased labor competition, as detrimental when affecting their own group but beneficial when affecting other groups.

The politics of immigration have become increasingly associated with other issues, such as [[national security]] and [[terrorism]], with the presence of [[Islam]] as a new major religion. Those with security concerns cite the [[2005 French riots]] and point to the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]] as examples of the value conflicts arising from immigration of [[Muslims in Western Europe]]. Because of all these associations, immigration has become an emotional political issue in many European nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://euranetplus-inside.eu/migration-refugees-europe-waves-of-emotion/|title=Migration, refugees, Europe – waves of emotion|date=7 May 2015|website=Euranet Plus inside|publisher=Euranet Plus Network|language=en-GB|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/global-immigration-germany-integration.html|title=Europe learns integration can become emotional|last1=Nowicki|first1=Dan|website=AZCentral.com|access-date=16 May 2016}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

Another contributing factor may be lobbying by earlier immigrants. The chairman for the US Irish Lobby for Immigration Reform{{snd}}which lobby for more permissive rules for immigrants, as well as special arrangements just for Irish people{{snd}}has stated that "the Irish Lobby will push for any special arrangement it can get{{snd}}'as will every other ethnic group in the country.{{'"}}<ref name="irishlobbyusa" /><ref name="nclr" />

Some research has found that as immigration and ethnic heterogeneity increase, government funding of [[welfare spending|welfare]] and public support for welfare decrease.<ref>{{Cite book| last1=Alesina | first1=Alberto | last2=Glaeser | first2=Edward |title = Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference|url = http://scholar.harvard.edu/alesina/publications/fighting-poverty-us-and-europe-world-difference|access-date = 14 January 2016|year = 2004|publisher = Oxford University Press|archive-date = 4 October 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181004104052/https://scholar.harvard.edu/alesina/publications/fighting-poverty-us-and-europe-world-difference}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt-CatranSpies2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Schmidt-Catran | first1 = Alexander W.|last2=Spies|first2=Dennis C.|date=4 March 2016|title=Immigration and Welfare Support in Germany |journal=American Sociological Review|language=en|article-number=0003122416633140|doi=10.1177/0003122416633140|issn=0003-1224|volume=81|issue=2| s2cid = 155433506|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = Woojin|last2=Roemer|first2=John E.|date=1 August 2006|title=Racism and redistribution in the United States: A solution to the problem of American exceptionalism |journal=Journal of Public Economics|volume=90|issue=6|pages=1027–1052|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.08.008| s2cid = 10965659| url = http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d14/d1462.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference |publisher= Oxford Scholarship|language=en|doi=10.1093/0199267669.001.0001|year=2004 | last1 = Alesina | first1 = Alberto | last2 = Glaeser | first2 = Edward|isbn=978-0-19-926766-8|s2cid=156474870}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Habyarimana|first1=James|last2=Humphreys|first2=Macartan|last3=Posner|first3=Daniel N.|last4=Weinstein|first4=Jeremy M.|date=2007|title=Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision?|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=101|issue=4|pages=709–725|doi=10.1017/S0003055407070499|s2cid=4498060|issn=1537-5943|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2km4r4dn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/nations-states-and-violence-9780199228232?cc=us&lang=en&|title=Nations, States and Violence|last=Laitin|first=David|date=2007|website=Oxford University Press|publisher=OUP Oxford |access-date=10 November 2019|isbn=978-0-19-922823-2}}</ref> [[Nepotism|Ethnic nepotism]] may be an explanation for this phenomenon. Other possible explanations include theories regarding [[in-group]] and out-group effects and [[reciprocal altruism]].<ref name="Freeman2009" />

Research however also challenges the notion that ethnic heterogeneity reduces public goods provision.<ref name="Wimmer2016">{{Cite journal|title = Is Diversity Detrimental? Ethnic Fractionalization, Public Goods Provision, and the Historical Legacies of Stateness |journal = Comparative Political Studies|volume = 49|issue = 11|date = 28 July 2015|issn = 0010-4140|pages = 1407–1445|doi = 10.1177/0010414015592645 | first1 = Andreas | last1 = Wimmer|s2cid = 7998506}}</ref><ref name=":4b">{{Cite journal|last1=Pardelli|first1=Giuliana|last2=Kustov|first2=Alexander|date=2022|title=When Coethnicity Fails|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/when-coethnicity-fails/25AD2DFBB59F9EADA448C46AE2934B0C|journal=World Politics|volume=74|issue=2|pages=249–284|language=en|doi=10.1017/S0043887121000241|s2cid=246855942|issn=0043-8871|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="KymlickaBanting2011">{{Cite journal|title = Immigration, Multiculturalism, and the Welfare State |journal = Ethics & International Affairs|date = 1 September 2006|issn = 1747-7093|pages = 281–304|volume = 20|issue = 3|doi = 10.1111/j.1747-7093.2006.00027.x | first1 = Will | last1 = Kymlicka|first2 = Keith|last2 = Banting|s2cid = 154547573}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gisselquist|first=Rachel M.|date=29 July 2014|title=Ethnic divisions and public goods provision, revisited|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|language=en|volume=37|issue=9|pages=1605–1627|doi=10.1080/01419870.2012.762106|s2cid=145381859|issn=0141-9870|doi-access=free}}</ref> Studies that find a negative relationship between ethnic diversity and public goods provision often fail to take into account that strong states were better at assimilating minorities, thus decreasing diversity in the long run.<ref name="Wimmer2016" /><ref name=":4b" /> Ethnically diverse states today consequently tend to be weaker states.<ref name="Wimmer2016" /> Because most of the evidence on fractionalization comes from sub-Saharan Africa and the United States, the generalizability of the findings is questionable.<ref name="KymlickaBanting2011" /> A 2018 study in the ''[[American Political Science Review]]'' cast doubts on findings that ethnoracial homogeneity led to greater public goods provision.<ref name="KustovPardelli2018">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kustov | first1 = Alexander|last2=Pardelli|first2=Giuliana|date=2018|title=Ethnoracial Homogeneity and Public Outcomes: The (Non)effects of Diversity|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=112| issue = 4|pages=1096–1103|doi=10.1017/S0003055418000308| s2cid = 149495272|issn=0003-0554}}</ref>

Research finds that Americans' attitudes towards immigration influence their attitudes towards welfare spending.<ref name="GarandXu2017">{{Cite journal|title = Immigration Attitudes and Support for the Welfare State in the American Mass Public |journal = American Journal of Political Science|volume = 61|date = 1 December 2015|issn = 1540-5907|pages = 146–162|doi = 10.1111/ajps.12233 | first1 = James C. | last1 = Garand|first2 = Ping|last2 = Xu|first3 = Belinda C.|last3 = Davis|url = https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/psc_facpubs/10}}</ref>

Immigrants and [[Immigrant_generations#Second_generation|second-generation immigrants]] were found on average to vote more for [[left-wing politics]] compared to non-immigrants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moriconi |first1=Simone |last2=Peri |first2=Giovanni |last3=Turati |first3=Riccardo |date=2025 |title=Analyzing political preferences of second-generation immigrants across the rural–urban divide |journal=Journal of Urban Economics |volume=146 |article-number=103740 |doi=10.1016/j.jue.2025.103740 |issn=0094-1190|doi-access=free }}</ref>

A 2024 working paper by Borjas and Breznau found that pro-immigration research teams estimated more positive impacts of migration on the public support for welfare, while anti-immigration teams reported more negative estimates; the immigration researchers skewed heavily towards a pro-immigration stance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borjas |first1=George J. |last2=Breznau |first2=Nate |date=December 2024 |title=Ideological Bias in Estimates of the Impact of Immigration |journal=IZA Discussion Papers |issue=17561 |publisher=[[IZA Institute of Labor Economics]] |url=https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/17561}}</ref>

Utilizing migration to achieve a particular objective has been called [[replacement migration]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/unpd-egm_200010_un_2001_replacementmigration.pdf|title=Replacement Migration: Is it a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations?|last=United Nations Secretariat. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division |date=2001|series=ESA/P/WP|publisher=United Nations|pages=177|access-date=19 April 2023|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref> replacement theory,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irene Montero: "Tras la regularización de inmigrantes, vamos a por la nacionalidad y a que puedan votar"|url=https://www.elmundo.es/elecciones/elecciones-aragon/2026/01/31/697e5143e9cf4a43448b4599.html|website=El Mundo|date=2026-01-31|access-date=2026-02-01|language=es|quote=Ojalá teoría del reemplazo, ojalá podamos barrer de fachas y de racistas este país con gente migrante, con gente trabajadora. Claro que yo quiero que haya reemplazo: reemplazo de fachas, reemplazo de racistas, reemplazo de vividores, y que podamos hacerlo con gente trabajadora tengan el color de piel que tengan.|trans-quote=I hope the replacement theory works, I hope we can rid this country of fascists and racists with migrants, with hard-working people. Of course I want replacement: replacement of fascists, replacement of racists, replacement of freeloaders, and I hope we can do it with hard-working people, whatever their skin color.}}</ref> [[demographic engineering]] or [[settler colonialism]]. Settler colonialism has been described as [[eliminationism]] due to the replacement of a group.<ref name="i446">{{cite journal | last=Wolfe | first=Patrick | title=Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native | journal=Journal of Genocide Research | volume=8 | issue=4 | date=2006 | issn=1462-3528 | doi=10.1080/14623520601056240 | pages=387–409 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623520601056240 | access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref>

===Public support and opposition===
{{See also|Opposition to immigration}}
Public support for immigration by country in European Union according to [[Eurobarometer]] 2024:<ref name="i878">{{cite book | title=Public opinion in the European Union: annex : fieldwork: October November 2024. Section QB4.1, QB4.2 | date=2024 | publisher=Publications Office | doi=10.2775/6217228 | url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2775/6217228 | access-date=28 March 2025 | page= | author1=European Commission. Directorate General for Communication. | isbn=978-92-68-21830-3 }}</ref>
{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header sticky-header-multi"
!rowspan="2" | Country
!colspan="2" | Immigration from outside EU
!colspan="2" | Immigration from other EU
|- class="static-row-header"
! Positive % !! Negative % !! Positive % !! Negative %
|-
| {{flaglist|Austria}} || 37 || '''58''' || '''60''' || 34
|-
| {{flaglist|Belgium}} || 41 || '''54''' || '''60''' || 39
|-
| {{flaglist|Bulgaria}} || 25 || '''67''' || '''54''' || 37
|-
| {{flaglist|Croatia}} || 43 || '''55''' || '''58''' || 38
|-
| {{flaglist|Cyprus}} || 21 || '''78''' || '''61''' || 38
|-
| {{flaglist|Czechia}} || 16 || '''82''' || 42 || '''55'''
|-
| {{flaglist|Denmark}} || 44 || '''51''' || '''80''' || 18
|-
| {{flaglist|Estonia}} || 22 || '''70''' || '''59''' || 35
|-
| {{flaglist|Finland}} || 45 || 49 || '''84''' || 13
|-
| {{flaglist|France}} || 38 || '''56''' || '''59''' || 36
|-
| {{flaglist|Germany}} || 34 || '''60''' || '''66''' || 29
|-
| {{flaglist|Greece}} || 19 || '''78''' || '''57''' || 41
|-
| {{flaglist|Hungary}} || 24 || '''75''' || '''57''' || 41
|-
| {{flaglist|Ireland}} || '''62''' || 34 || '''81''' || 16
|-
| {{flaglist|Italy}} || 43 || '''54''' || '''62''' || 36
|-
| {{flaglist|Latvia}} || 20 || '''75''' || '''56''' || 39
|-
| {{flaglist|Lithuania}} || 25 || '''72''' || '''70''' || 28
|-
| {{flaglist|Luxembourg}} || '''59''' || 37 || '''87''' || 10
|-
| {{flaglist|Malta}} || 22 || '''76''' || '''64''' || 35
|-
| {{flaglist|Netherlands}} || 45 || '''52''' || '''71''' || 28
|-
| {{flaglist|Poland}} || '''50''' || 47 || '''75''' || 22
|-
| {{flaglist|Portugal}} || 47 || 49 || '''64''' || 32
|-
| {{flaglist|Romania}} || '''54''' || 41 || '''64''' || 32
|-
| {{flaglist|Slovakia}} || 24 || '''71''' || '''55''' || 41
|-
| {{flaglist|Slovenia}} || 27 || '''71''' || '''66''' || 32
|-
| {{flaglist|Spain}} || '''63''' || 33 || '''78''' || 19
|-
| {{flaglist|Sweden}} || '''62''' || 36 || '''89''' || 11
|}

== Immigration law ==
[[File:South Africa-Xenophobia-001.jpg|thumb|UNHCR tents at a refugee camp following episodes of [[Xenophobia in South Africa|anti-immigrant violence]] in South Africa, 2008]]
{{Main|Immigration law}}
Legislation regarding immigrations differs per nation. [[International law]] includes rights, such as [[due process]], suitable conditions, protection from unreasonable punishment and detention. However, nations are sovereign, and the protocols of international law cannot be enforced upon them. Nations have the freedom to handle immigrants as they choose, and to structure how any [[legal aid]] is distributed. Some human rights organizations strongly criticize individual nation-states for their immigration policies and practices.<ref name="Lindley 629–653">{{Cite journal |last=Lindley |first=Anna |date=5 April 2022 |title='Hit and Miss'? Access to Legal Assistance in Immigration Detention |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhrp/article/13/3/629/6546238 |journal=Journal of Human Rights Practice |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=629–653 |doi=10.1093/jhuman/huab045 |issn=1757-9627|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{multiple image|direction=vertical|footer=Entry (top) and Exit (bottom) [[passport stamp]]s issued to a citizen of Germany by Indian immigration authorities at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|New Delhi airport]].| width=220|image1=India passport entry stamp.jpg|alt1=Entry stamp|image2=India passport stamp.jpg|alt2=Exit stamp }}
Treatment of migrants in host countries, both by governments, employers, and original population, is a topic of continual debate and criticism, and the violation of migrant [[human rights]] is ongoing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/amnesty-international-state-of-the-world-2015-2016|title=Amnesty International State of the World 2015–2016|date=23 February 2016|website=AmnestyUSA.org|publisher=Amnesty International USA|access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref> The [[United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]], has been ratified by 48 states, most of which are heavy exporters of cheap labor. Major migrant-receiving countries and regions{{snd}}including Western Europe, North America, Pacific Asia, Australia, and the [[Gulf states (Middle East)|Gulf States]]{{snd}}have not ratified the convention, even though they are host to the majority of international migrant workers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeueEY0uO6EC|title=Transnational Migration and Human Security: The Migration-Development-Security Nexus | last1 = Truong | first1 = Thanh-Dam|last2=Gasper|first2=Des|year=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-12757-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en|title=International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families|date=18 December 1990|website=Treaties.UN.org|publisher=United Nations|location=New York|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-date=28 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528064049/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en}}</ref> Although [[freedom of movement]] is often recognized as a [[civil right]] in many documents such as the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (1948) and the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] (1966), the freedom only applies to movement within national borders and the ability to return to one's home state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/|title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights|date=10 December 1948|website=UN.org|publisher=United Nations|location=Paris|access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|date=16 December 1966|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref> Some argue that [[free migration]] is a right, and that the restrictive immigration policies, typical of nation-states, violate this right.<ref name="immigration" /> Such arguments are common among [[libertarian perspectives on immigration]].<ref name=theanarchistlibrary>{{cite web |title=Anarchism and Immigration |date=1 January 2005 |work=theanarchistlibrary |url=http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/scott-of-the-insurgency-culture-collective-anarchism-and-immigration |access-date=26 May 2015 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527004746/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/scott-of-the-insurgency-culture-collective-anarchism-and-immigration }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Griswold |first= Dan|title= Nozick, Robert (1938–2002)|author-link=Dan Griswold|editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |chapter= Immigration |chapter-url= https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n145.xml |year=2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publications]], [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n220 |isbn= 978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages=235–257}}</ref> [[Open border]]s activist [[Jacob M. Appel|Jacob Appel]] has written, "Treating human beings differently, simply because they were born on the opposite side of a national boundary, is hard to justify under any mainstream philosophical, religious or ethical theory."{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Where immigration is permitted, it is typically selective. {{as of|2003}}, [[family reunification]] accounted for approximately two-thirds of legal immigration to the US every year.<ref name="migrationinformation2" /> Ethnic selection, such as the [[White Australia policy]], has generally disappeared, but priority is usually given to the wealthy, educated or [[Skilled_worker#Migration|skilled worker migration]]. [[Exploitation of labour|Exploitation of migrant labour]], [[human trafficking]] and [[migrant sex work]] has been criticized.

Immigration policies which selectively grant freedom of movement to targeted individuals are intended to produce a net economic gain for the host country. They can also mean net loss for a poor donor country through [[brain drain]]. This can exacerbate the [[Global justice|global inequality]] in [[standards of living]] that provided the motivation for the individual to migrate in the first place. One example of competition for skilled labour is active recruitment of [[health worker]]s from developing countries by developed countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewalrus.ca/poaching-foreign-doctors/|title=Poaching Foreign Doctors | last1 = Krotz | first1 = Larry|date=12 September 2012|website=The Walrus|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Stilwell | first1 = Barbara|last2=Diallo|first2=Khassoum|last3=Zurn|first3=Pascal|last4=Vujicic|first4=Marko|last5=Adams|first5=Orvill|last6=Dal Poz|first6=Mario|date=2004|title=Migration of health-care workers from developing countries: strategic approaches to its management|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/82/8/595arabic.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|issue=82|pages=595–600|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> There may however also be a "brain gain" to emigration, as migration opportunities lead to greater investments in education in developing countries.<ref name="Shrestha2017">{{Cite journal | last1 = Shrestha | first1 = Slesh A.|date=1 April 2016|title=No Man Left Behind: Effects of Emigration Prospects on Educational and Labour Outcomes of Non-migrants |journal=The Economic Journal|volume=127|issue=600|language=en|pages=495–521|doi=10.1111/ecoj.12306| s2cid = 154362034|issn=1468-0297}}</ref><ref name="BeineDocquier2008">{{Cite journal | last1 = Beine | first1 = Michel|last2=Docquier|first2=Fréderic|last3=Rapoport|first3=Hillel|date=1 April 2008|title=Brain Drain and Human Capital Formation in Developing Countries: Winners and Losers |journal=The Economic Journal|language=en|volume=118|issue=528|pages=631–652|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02135.x|issn=1468-0297|hdl=2078.1/5768| s2cid = 28988486| url = http://sites.uclouvain.be/econ/DP/IRES/2006-23.pdf}}</ref><ref name="DinkelmanMariotti2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Dinkelman | first1 = Taryn|last2=Mariotti|first2=Martine|date=2016|title=The Long Run Effects of Labor Migration on Human Capital Formation in Communities of Origin |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1257/app.20150405 | s2cid = 5140105| url = http://www.nber.org/papers/w22049.pdf}}</ref><ref name="BatistaLacuesta2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Batista | first1 = Catia|last2=Lacuesta|first2=Aitor|last3=Vicente|first3=Pedro C.|date=1 January 2012|title=Testing the 'brain gain' hypothesis: Micro evidence from Cape Verde |journal=Journal of Development Economics |volume=97|issue=1|pages=32–45|doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.005|hdl=10419/44193| s2cid = 4489444| url = https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp5048|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Overall, research suggests that migration can be beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015" />

== See also ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Immigration country]]
* [[Immigration reform]]
* [[Multiculturalism]]
* [[People smuggling]]
* [[Repatriation]]
* [[Non-citizen suffrage]]
* [[Non-resident citizen voting]]
* [[Skilled worker#Migration]]
* [[White genocide conspiracy theory]]
* [[Women migrant workers from developing countries]]
* [[Xenophobia]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite book |last1=Boustan |first1=Adain May |title=Fertility and Immigration |date=15 January 2009 |publisher=UCLA }}</ref>

<ref name="immigration">{{cite book |last1=Hayter |first1=Theresa |title=Open Borders: The Case Against Immigration Controls |date=2000 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London }}</ref>

<ref name="irishlobbyusa">{{Cite news|title=An Irish Face on the Cause of Citizenship | first1 = Nina | last1 = Bernstein| date=16 March 2006|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 May 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/16/nyregion/16irish.html?_r=3&}}</ref>

<ref name="FacchiniSteinhardt2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Facchini | first1 = G. | last2 = Steinhardt | first2 = M. F. | title = What drives U.S. Immigration policy? Evidence from congressional roll call votes | doi = 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.02.008 | journal = Journal of Public Economics | volume = 95 | issue = 7–8 | page = 734 | year = 2011 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.585.3903 | s2cid = 6940099 }}</ref>

<ref name="knaw">See the NIDI/[[Eurostat]] "push and pull study" for details and examples: [http://www.nidi.knaw.nl/web/html/pushpull/index.html] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209161415/http://www.nidi.knaw.nl/web/html/pushpull/index.html |date=9 December 2006 }}</ref>

<ref name="nclr">{{cite web |author1=National Council of La Raza |title=Action on Immigration Reform |url=http://www.nclr.org/index.php/issues_and_programs/immigration/immigration_reform/ |website=National Council of La Raza |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413063634/http://www.nclr.org/index.php/issues_and_programs/immigration/immigration_reform/ |archive-date=13 April 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Freeman2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Freeman | first1 = G. P. | doi = 10.2202/1540-8884.1317 | title = Immigration, Diversity, and Welfare Chauvinism | journal = The Forum | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | year = 2009 | article-number = 0000102202154088841317 | s2cid = 144470028 }}</ref>

<ref name="migrationinformation2">{{cite web |last1=McKay |first1=Ramah |title=Family Reunification |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?id=122 |website=migrationpolicy.org |publisher=Migration Policy Institute |language=en |date=1 May 2003}}</ref>

<ref name="Tamura2010">{{cite journal |last1=Tamura |first1=Yuji |title=Do Employers Support Immigration? |journal=Trinity Economics Papers |date=29 July 2010 |issue=1107 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1021941 |s2cid=55485879 |url=http://ssrn.com/abstract=1021941 |access-date=29 October 2018 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref>

<ref name="worldbank">{{cite web|author=Remittance Prices Worldwide MAKING MARKETS MORE TRANSPARENT |url=http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/ |title=Remittance Prices Worldwide |publisher=Remittanceprices.worldbank.org |date=28 April 2014 |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref>



}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Bartram | first1 = David | last2 = Poros | first2 = Maritsa | last3 = Monforte | first3 = Pierre | year = 2014 | title = Key Concepts in Migration | url = https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/key-concepts-in-migration/book235105 | location = London | publisher = Sage | isbn = 978-0-85702-079-6 }}
* {{cite book | last=Bauder | first=H. | title=Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-19-020835-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF5iAwAAQBAJ | access-date=20 May 2023 }}
* {{Cite book | last1 = Borjas | first1 = George J. |author-link= George J. Borjas |year= 2014 |title= Immigration Economics |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-04977-2 }}
* Borjas, George. [https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/increasing-supply-labor-through-immigration-measuring-impact-native-born-workers "Increasing the Supply of Labor Through Immigration"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215523/https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/increasing-supply-labor-through-immigration-measuring-impact-native-born-workers |date=19 October 2020 }}. Center for Immigration Studies, May 2004.
* {{cite web |last1=Burtless |first1=Gary |title=Impact of Immigration on the Distribution of American Well-Being |website=Center for Retirement Research at Boston College |date=1 December 2009 |url=http://crr.bc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/wp2009-34-508.pdf |access-date=15 October 2018 |language=en |ssrn=1553271 }}
* {{cite book | last=Torre | first=Miguel A. De La | title=Trails of Hope and Terror | publisher=Orbis Books | date=2009 | isbn=978-1-57075-798-3}}
* Esbenshade, Jill. ''Division and Dislocation: Regulating Immigration through Local Housing Ordinances''. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, Summer 2007.
* Ewing, Walter A. ''Border Insecurity: U.S. Border-Enforcement Policies and National Security'', Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, Spring 2006.
* Fell, Peter and Hayes, Debra. ''What are they Doing Here? A Critical Guide to Asylum and Immigration'', Birmimgham, Venture Press, 2007.
* {{Cite book |last1= Fitzgerald | first1 = David Scott |last2= Cook-Martin |first2= David |year= 2014 |title= Culling the Masses: The Democratic Origins of Racist Immigration Policy in the Americas |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-72904-9 }}
* Immigration Policy Center. ''Economic Growth & Immigration: Bridging the Demographic Divide''. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, November 2005.
* {{cite web |title=Immigration: The Demographic and Economic Facts |url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/pr-immig.html#contents |publisher=[[Cato Institute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701013631/http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/pr-immig.html#contents |archive-date=1 July 2010 |date=1995 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Karakayali | first1 = Nedim | year = 2005 | title = Duality and Diversity in the Lives of Immigrant Children: Rethinking the 'Problem of Second Generation' in Light of Immigrant Autobiographies | journal = Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology | volume = 42 | issue = 3| pages = 325–344 | doi = 10.1111/j.1755-618X.2005.tb00843.x | hdl = 11693/38069 | hdl-access = free }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kolb |first1=Eva |title=The Evolution of New York City's Multiculturalism: Melting Pot or Salad Bowl: Immigrants in New York from the 19th Century until the End of the Gilded Age |date=2009 |publisher=Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-8370-9303-2 |edition=1. Aufl}}
* {{cite book |last1=Legrain |first1=Philippe |author-link1=Philippe Legrain |title=Immigrants: your country needs them |date=2007 |publisher=Little Brown |isbn=978-0-316-73248-2 |edition=First Princetonition}}
* Massey, Douglas S. ''Beyond the Border Buildup: Towards a New Approach to Mexico-U.S. Migration''. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, September 2005.
* {{cite book |last1= Massey | first1 = Douglas S. |last2= Arango |first2= Joaquín |last3= Graeme |first3= Hugo |last4= Kouaouci |first4= Ali |last5=Adela |first5= Pellegrino |last6= Taylor |first6= J. Edward |title=Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-928276-0 |year=2005 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Meilander |first1=Peter C. |title=Toward a theory of immigration |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-24034-9 |edition=1st|year=2001 }}
* {{cite book | last=Molina | first=N. | title=Fit to Be Citizens?: Public Health and Race in Los Angeles, 1879–1939 | publisher=University of California Press | series=American Crossroads | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-520-24649-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bEwDwAAQBAJ | access-date=20 May 2023 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Myers | first1 = Dowell |author-link= Dowell Myers|title=Immigrants and Boomers: Forging a New Social Contract for the Future of America |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-0-87154-636-4|title-link=Immigrants and Boomers: Forging a New Social Contract for the Future of America |year=2007 }}
* Passel, Jeffrey S. [http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=44 ''Estimates of the Size and Characteristics of the Undocumented Population''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231192402/http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=44 |date=31 December 2007 }}. Pew Hispanic Center, March 2005.
* Passel, Jeffrey S. [http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=74 ''Growing Share of Immigrants Choosing Naturalization''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228175822/http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=74 |date=28 December 2007 }}. Pew Hispanic Center, March 2007.
* Passel, Jeffrey S. and Roberto Suro. [http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=53 ''Rise, Peak and Decline: Trends in U.S. Immigration''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231192407/http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=53 |date=31 December 2007 }}. Pew Hispanic Center, September 2005.
* Pearce, Susan C. ''Immigrant Women in the United States: A Demographic Portrait''. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, Summer 2006.
* {{cite journal |last1=Portes |first1=Alejandro |last2=Böröcz |first2=József |author2-link=József Böröcz |title=Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation |journal=The International Migration Review |date=1989 |volume=23 |issue=3 (Special Silver Anniversary Issue: International Migration an Assessment for the 90's ) |pages=606–630 |doi=10.2307/2546431 |url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~jborocz/apbjimr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216013343/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~jborocz/apbjimr.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=15 October 2018 |jstor=2546431 |pmid=12282796 }}
* [[Rumbaut, Ruben]] and Walter Ewing. "The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration Rates among Native and Foreign-Born Men." The Immigration Policy Center, Spring 2007.
* Sintès Pierre, ''La raison du mouvement : territoires et réseaux de migrants albanais en Grèce'', Karthala, Maison Méditerranéenne des sciences de l'homme, Ecole française d'Athènes, Paris – Aix-en-Provence – Athens, 2010.
* {{cite book |last1=Sirkeci |first1=Ibrahim |title=The Environment of Insecurity in Turkey and the Emigration of Turkish Kurds to Germany |date=2006 |publisher=Edwin Mellen Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7734-5739-3 |url=http://www.mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=6794&pc=9 |access-date=15 October 2018 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Valle |first1=Isabel |title=Fields of Toil: A Migrant Family's Journey |publisher=Washington State University Press |isbn=978-0-87422-101-5 |date=1994 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldsoftoilmigr00vall }}
* {{cite book |last1=Zolberg|first1=Aristide R. |title= A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America |publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02218-8 |year=2006}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{AmCyc Poster|Emigration|Immigration}}
* {{commons category-inline|Immigration}}

{{Africa topic|Immigration to}}
{{South America topic|Immigration to}}
{{North America topic|Immigration to}}
{{Asia topic|Immigration to}}
{{Oceania topic|Immigration to}}
{{Europe topic|Immigration to}}
{{Population}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Immigration| ]]
[[Category:Population]]
[[Category:Majority–minority relations]]

Bihar Cricket Association

2026-01-29T22:53:01Z

MargretGerken: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Cricket Organization in Bihar State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Bihar Cricket Association
|native name = बिहार क्रिकेट संघ
|abbrev = BCA
|logo = Logo Bihar Cricket Association.svg
|sport = [[Cricket]]
|image =
|caption =
|jurisdiction = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar|Regional]]
|founded = {{start date|1935}}
|aff = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
|affdate = 2008
|region = East Zone
|regionyear =
|headquarters = 45-C, Near Sahyog Hospital, Patliputra Colony
|location = [[Patna]]
|president = Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
|chair =
|chiefexec = Manish Raj
|secretary =
|coach = Vikash Kumar
|key staff =
|url = biharcricketassociation.com
|countryflag = India
}}
'''Bihar Cricket Association''' ('''BCA''') is the governing body of [[cricket]] activities in the [[Bihar]] state of India and the [[Bihar cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-n-srinivasan-bribery-charges-aditya-verma-172342-2013-07-31 |title=I was offered bribe to withdraw case against Srinivasan, says Bihar Cricket Association member Aditya Verma : Cricket, News — India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2013-08-01 |access-date=2013-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/fixing-hits-ipl/news/I-was-offered-money-to-settle-case-says-Aditya-Verma/articleshow/21517334.cms |title=I was offered money to settle case, says Aditya Verma |work=Times of India |date=2013-08-01 |access-date=2013-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/bca-secy-verma-says-he-was-offered-bribe-to-withdraw-case-against-srinivasan-1002129.html|title=BCA secy Verma says he was offered bribe to withdraw case against Srinivasan - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=August 2013}}</ref> It is affiliated to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] as full member.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2017/bcci-news/15742/bcci-constitution|title=BCCI Constitution - News - BCCI.tv|website=www.bcci.tv|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104142014/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2017/bcci-news/15742/bcci-constitution|url-status=dead}}</ref> BCA was founded in 1935.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Patna/Too-many-cooks-spoil-Bihar-s-cricketing-broth/Article1-917561.aspx |title=Too many 'cooks' spoil Bihar's cricketing broth |work=Hindustan Times |date=2012-08-22 |access-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225103412/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Patna/Too-many-cooks-spoil-Bihar-s-cricketing-broth/Article1-917561.aspx |archivedate=25 December 2013}}</ref> [[Supreme Court of India]]-appointed Committee of Administrators (CoA) approved BCA as the authorised body for organizing cricket in [[Bihar]].

==Administration==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:95%;" width="60%"
|+Executive Council
|-
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | S. No.
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | Member
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | Designation
|-
|1. ||Rakesh Kumar Tiwary ||President
|-
|2. ||Dilip Singh ||Vice-president
|-
|3. ||Sanjay Kumar||Secretary
|-
|4. ||Kumar Arvind||Joint-secretary
|-
|5. ||Ashutosh Nandan Singh||Treasurer
|-
|6. ||Amikar Dayal||Players Representative,(Male)
|-
|7. ||Kavita Roy||Players Representative,(Female)
|-
|8. ||Sanjay Kumar Singh||District Association Representative
|}

==Selection committees==

=== Senior Men's selection committee ===

=== Junior Men's selection committee ===
*Satya Prakash Krishna
*Kundan Kumar
*Prabhat Kumar

=== Women's selection committee ===
*Lovely Raj
*Neetu Singh
*Ritu Raj Sharma

==BCA Presidents==
{| class=wikitable
! S. No. !! Name !! Tenure
|-
|1. || A.M.Hayman || 1935–40
|-
|2. || K.A.D.Naoroji || 1940–43
|-
|3. || J.M.Rakshit || 1943–46
|-
|4. || P.H.Kutar || 1946–60
|-
|5. || R.Bowyer || 1960–66
|-
|6. || R.H.Mody || 1966–71
|-
|7. || H.P.Bodhanwalla || 1971–74
|-
|8. || R.K.Bhasin || 1974–76
|-
|9. || H.P.Bodhanwalla || 1976–83
|-
|10. || Dr. J.J.Irani || 1983–87
|-
|11. || Prem Sagar || 1987–90
|-
|12. || [[Randhir Prasad Verma]] || 1990–91
|-
|13. || A.Mathias || 1991–93
|-
|14. || Arun Narayan Singh || 1993–99
|-
|15. || Sanjay Singh || 1999–2002
|-
|16. || Gopal Bohra || 2017–2019
|-
|17. || Rakesh Kumar Tiwari || 2019–present
|-
|}

==District Associations==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:95%;" width="80%"
|+FULL MEMBERS OF BIHAR DISTRICT CRICKET ASSOCIATION
|-
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | No.
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | District
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | Governing Body
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | Established
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | Zone
! style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align="center" | official Website
|-
| 1 ||[[Araria district|Araria]]|| Araria District Cricket Association || 1991 || East
|-
| 2 ||[[Arwal district|Arwal]]|| Arwal District Cricket Association || 2002-03 || South
|-
| 3 ||[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]|| Aurangabad District Cricket Association || || South
|-
| 4 ||[[Banka district|Banka]]|| Banka District Cricket Association || || East
|-
| 5 ||[[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]|| Begusarai District Cricket Association || || North
|-
| 6 ||[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]|| Bhagalpur District Cricket Association || 1990-91 || East
|-
| 7 ||[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]|| Bhojpur District Cricket Association || 1987-88 || South
|-
| 8 ||[[Buxar district|Buxar]]|| Buxar District Cricket Association || 1992-93 || South
|-
| 9 ||[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]|| Darbhanga District Cricket Association || 1975 || North
|-
| 10 ||[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]|| East Champaran District Cricket Association || || West
|-
| 11 ||[[Gaya district|Gaya]]|| Gaya District Cricket Association || 1986-87 || South
|-
| 12 ||[[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]|| Gopalganj District Cricket Association || || West
|-
| 13 ||[[Jamui district|Jamui]]|| Jamui District Cricket Association || || East
|-
| 14 ||[[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]]|| Jehanabad District Cricket Association || || Central
|-
| 15 ||[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]|| Kaimur District Cricket Association || || South
|-
| 16 ||[[Katihar district|Katihar]]|| Katihar District Cricket Association || 1984 || East
|-
| 17 ||[[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]|| Khagaria District Cricket Association || || East
|-
| 18 ||[[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]|| Kishanganj District Cricket Association || || East
|-
| 19 ||[[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]|| Lakhisarai District Cricket Association || || Central
|-
| 20 ||[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]|| Madhubani District Cricket Association || 1978 || North
|-
| 21 ||[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]|| Madhepura District Cricket Association || || North
|-
| 22 ||[[Munger district|Munger]]|| Munger District Cricket Association || 1980-81 || Central
|-
| 23 ||[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]|| Muzaffarpur District Cricket Association || 1983-84 || West
|-
| 24 ||[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]|| Nalanda District Cricket Association || || Central
|-
| 25 ||[[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| Nawada District Cricket Association || || Central
|-
| 26 ||[[Patna district|Patna]]|| Patna District Cricket Association || 1972 || Central
|-
| 27 ||[[Purnea district|Purnia]]|| Purnea District Cricket Association || 1980 || East
|-
| 28 ||[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]|| Rohtas District Cricket Association || || South
|-
| 29 ||[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]|| Saharsa District Cricket Association || 1974 || North
|-
| 30 ||[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]|| Samastipur District Cricket Association || || North
|-
| 31 ||[[Saran district|Saran]]|| Saran District Cricket Association || || West
|-
| 32 ||[[Sheohar district|Sheohar]]|| Sheohar District Cricket Association || || West
|-
| 33 ||[[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]||Sheikhpura District Cricket Association|| || Central
|-
| 34 ||[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]|| Sitamarhi District Cricket Association || 1984-85|| North
|-
| 35 ||[[Siwan district|Siwan]]|| Siwan District Cricket Association || || West
|-
| 36 ||[[Supaul district|Supaul]]|| Supaul District Cricket Association || || North
|-
| 37 ||[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]|| Vaishali District Cricket Association || 2001-02 || Central
|-
| 38 ||[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]|| West Champaran District Cricket Association || || West
|-
|}

==Home Grounds==
{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! City !! [[States of India|State]] !! |First used !! |Last used !! Notes
|-
|[[Rajgir International Cricket Stadium]] || [[Nalanda]] || [[Bihar]] || Under Construction || - || Pavilions Constructed
|-
| [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]] || [[Patna]] || [[Bihar]] || 1970 || 2023 || Hosted three ODIs
|-
| [[Urja Stadium]] || [[Patna]] || [[Bihar]]|| 2017 || 2021 ||
|}

==Official tournaments==
===Hayman Trophy===
The Hayman Trophy is an inter-district senior men's tournament organised by the BCA.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ranji-probables-to-be-named-by-may-15-bca-secy/articleshow/58247704.cms |title=Ranji probables to be named by May 15: BCA secretary |newspaper=Times of India |date=19 April 2017}}</ref> It is named after A. M. Hayman, BCA's founding president.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/bihar-pads-up-for-domestic-matches/cid/1445528 |title=Bihar pads up for domestic matches |work=The Telegraph |date=18 July 2020}}</ref>

* Hayman Trophy A Division<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biharcricketassociation.com/tournament/domestic/men/10|title=Hayman Trophy(A)|website=biharcricketassociation.com|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601102420/https://biharcricketassociation.com/tournament/domestic/men/10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! Year !! Winner !! Runner-up !! Final Host !! Note
|-
| 2013-14 || Bhagalpur || Muzaffarpur || - ||

|}
* Hayman Trophy B Division<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biharcricketassociation.com/tournament/domestic/men/11|title=Hayman Trophy(B)|website=biharcricketassociation.com|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601110755/https://biharcricketassociation.com/tournament/domestic/men/11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! Year !! Winner !! Runner-up !! Final Host !! Note
|-
| 2013-14 || Patna || Purnea || - || -
|-
| 2014-15 || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2015-16 || Purnea || Siwan || - || -
|-
| 2016-17 || Bhojpur || Nalanda || - || -
|-
| 2017-18 || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2018-19 || - || - || - || -
|}

===Randhir Verma Under-19 Trophy===
Randhir Verma Under-19 Bihar Championship is a [[One day cricket]] tournament played between the district cricket teams in the [[Indian state]] of [[Bihar]], organised by Bihar Cricket Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-randhir-verma-under19-cricket-tournament-17945241.html|title=रणधीर वर्मा अंडर-19 क्रिकेट टूर्नामेंट : पाच जोन में खेले जाएंगे मुकाबले}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/begusarai-randhir-verma-under19-cricket-tournament-launched-13718634.html|title=रणधीर वर्मा अंडर-19 क्रिकेट टूर्नामेंट शुरू}}</ref><ref name="livehindustan inaugural">{{cite news |title=उद्घाटन मैच में नालंदा की टीम ने 126 रनों से मुंगेर को हराया |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/bhagalpur/article1-nalanda-defated-munger-by-126-run-in-under-19-randhir-verma-championship-811624.html |access-date=1 October 2018 |publisher=हिन्दुस्तान}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/bihar-pads-up-for-domestic-matches/cid/1445528|title=Bihar pads up for domestic matches|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The tournament is recognised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]].
The cricket tournament is organized at five Zonal centres.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bcci-deals-with-only-bca-in-state/articleshow/64054377.cms|title='BCCI deals with only BCA in state' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 May 2018 }}</ref> In the year 2018, the tournament was organized at [[Arwal]].<ref name="team_Arwal">{{cite news |title=ट्रायल के जरीय 33 खिलाड़ियों का चयन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gaya/story-selection-of-33-players-for-randhir-varma-cricket-tournament-trial-s-zariyya-33-players-selected-1941596.html |access-date=1 October 2018 |agency=हिन्दुस्तान टीम |publisher=हिन्दुस्तान |date=5 May 2018}}</ref> Before [[Partition of Bihar]] the region currently known as [[Jharkhand]] played the tournament under BCA. Following statehood, [[Jharkhand State Cricket Association]] (JSCA) also conducts matches for its own districts under the title '''Randhir Verma trophy'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/district-matches-from-next-week/cid/1347331|title=District matches from next week|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

====Venue====
The matches of the south zone was played at Bhabhua in [[Kaimur district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/rohtas-selection-of-team-17960991.html|title = जिला अंडर 19 क्रिकेट टीम का हुआ चयन}}</ref> The matches of the east zone were played at Sri Krishna Sah stadium in [[Jamui]], [[Jamui district]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/jamui-bhagalpur-defeated-banka-17957401.html|title=भागलपुर ने बांका को हराया}}</ref> Dakbangla grounds at [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/1159423.html | title=रणधीर वर्मा क्रिकेट : पटना के रोहित ने बरपाया गेंद से कहर | date=20 May 2018 }}</ref>

===Shaymal Sinha U-16 Bihar Championship===
*[[Shaymal Sinha U-16 Bihar Championship]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biharcricketassociation.com/tournament/domestic/men/12|title=Shaymal Sinha Under 16|website=biharcricketassociation.com|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601125924/https://biharcricketassociation.com/tournament/domestic/men/12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! Year !! Winner !! Runner-up
|-
| 2013-14 || Bhagalpur || Siwan
|-
| 2014-15 || Purnea || Jamui
|-
| 2015-16 || Bhojpur || Muzaffarpur
|-
| 2016-17 || Patna || Siwan
|}

==BCA approved tournaments==
* All India Sunaina Verma Cricket Tournament
* Ramphal Ramaawatar Memorial Cricket
* First Devdhar giri memorial cricket tournament
* 6th Mirchi Premier League T20 Cricket Tournament
* [https://cricketworldcupwinners.com/bihar-cricket-league-2021-schedule/ 2021 Bihar Cricket League T20] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019061043/https://cricketworldcupwinners.com/bihar-cricket-league-2021-schedule/ |date=19 October 2023 }} (BCL 2021)

==Courts' directives on affiliation==
Cricket should be kept free from politics and the game should not become a ball for politicians, the [[Supreme Court of India]] observed on 25 November 2012. The remarks were made by the bench during the hearing of a petition relating to the ongoing dispute between two rival associations of cricket in Bihar for running the administration of the sport in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/let-cricket-be-a-game-and-not-a-ball-for-politicians-supreme-court/307524-37-64.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129112534/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/let-cricket-be-a-game-and-not-a-ball-for-politicians-supreme-court/307524-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-29 |title=Let cricket be a game and not a ball for politicians: Supreme Court |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2012-11-26 |access-date=2013-12-20}}</ref> [[Patna High Court]] has directed Board of Cricket Control in India, BCCI in July 2012 to include Bihar in various National Level Cricket Tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/07/high-court-orders-bcci-to-include-bihar-in-all-games/ |title=High Court orders BCCI to include Bihar in all its Games. Biharprabha News |publisher=News.biharprabha.com |date=2012-07-18 |access-date=2013-12-20}}</ref> [[Patna High Court]] on 20 September 2011 allowed CAB, rival Bihar Cricket Association (BCA) faction headed by Binod Kumar to operate its account with a nationalised bank.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/Patna-HC-allows-rival-BCA-faction-to-operate-bank-account/articleshow/10066237.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221082233/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/top-stories/30183921_1_bca-patna-hc-bank-account | url-status=live | archive-date=21 December 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Patna HC allows rival BCA faction to operate bank account | date=21 September 2011}}</ref> Patna High court in November 2011, directed the state government to file an intervener petition in a case related to the Bihar Cricket Association.The government's counsel, AAG 1 Lalit Kishore, told the court that both the factions of BCA, one headed by RJD supremo Lalu Prasad and the other by Binod Kumar, have not made government a party in the petition.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/HC-directive-in-BCA-case/articleshow/10925093.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221082610/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-30/patna/30458149_1_hc-directive-petition-bca | url-status=live | archive-date=21 December 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=HC directive in BCA case | date=30 November 2011}}</ref> [[Bombay High Court]] in December 2010 held that "the present petitioner (CAB) never claimed to be successor of BCA Patna (which represented Bihar in BCCI before bifurcation) and BCA Patna has already given up its challenge to the recommendations of the committee that JSCA is the changed name of BCA (1935). It is, therefore, necessary for the petitioner to apply for an affiliate membership at the first instance and then seek promotion as an associate member and thereafter full member. The Rules and Regulations are binding and the BCCI must follow the said Rules"<ref name="bombay">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/No-relief-for-Cricket-Association-of-Bihar-from-Bombay-HC/articleshow/7118286.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826081301/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-17/top-stories/28216802_1_bcci-chirayu-amin-bifurcation|url-status=live|archive-date=26 August 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=No relief for Cricket Association of Bihar from Bombay HC|access-date=12 December 2010}}</ref>

==BCA timeline==
* 18 March 2001: SGM of BCA, 1935 held at [[Jamshedpur]]; [[Jharkhand State Cricket Association]] for [[Jharkhand]] and Bihar Cricket Association for [[Bihar]] formed;
* 20 May 2001: [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] elected BCA president;
* 29 September 2001: BCCI led by [[A. C. Muthiah]] grants Full membership to BCA;
* 30 September 2001: [[Jagmohan Dalmiya]] elected BCCI president, disaffiliates BCA led by [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], grants Full membership to [[Jharkhand State Cricket Association]].
* 27 September 2008: BCCI, in its AGM, grants associate membership to BCA, Patna;
* October 2009: BCCI grants Rs. 50 lakh to BCA for infrastructure development and cricketing activities; no funding in November 2010 and December 2011 due to alleged financial bungling and litigation
* 3 April 2010: BCA elections, scheduled to be held on 4 April, postponed by the electoral officer and retired [[Patna High Court]] judge after complaints about voters' list and issuance of notice
* 30 June 2010: Managing Committee dissolved and a 13-member ad hoc committee formed; decided to hold elections within six months
* 21 August 2010: BCA secretary [[Ajay Narayan Sharma]] suspended from ad hoc committee
* 12 September 2010: [[Ajay Narayan Sharma]] faction claims to have held SGM and AGM and constituted a Managing Committee at the instance of 1/3rd of the members, supersedes ad hoc committee
* 20 September 2011: Single judge of Patna HC holds legal the AGM of Sept 12, 2010; LPA (1713/2011) filed in division bench of Patna HC challenging the legality of the single judge decision
* 2 February 2012: Diverse opinion; matter referred to Full Bench of [[Patna High Court]]
* 10 July 2013: [[Patna High Court]] allows Sharma to operate BCA account
* 29 November 2013: Special Leave Petition filed in SC, notices sent 44 respondents. SC appointed Retd. High Court Judge to hold election.
* Election held on 23 Sept. 2015 in which both faction of BCA participated.
* September 2015: [[Abdul Bari Siddiqui]] was elected BCA president
* 18 July 2016: Became full member of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] as [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] approved recommendations of the [[RM Lodha Committee]]
* 4 January 2018: [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] directed [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] to allow Bihar Cricket Association to participate in Ranji Trophy & other BCCI Tournament as [[Bihar cricket team]] from 2018.

The [[Association of Bihar Cricket]] and [[Cricket Association of Bihar]] on 11 July 2012 charged the [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]-led Bihar Cricket Association of committing financial irregularities to the tune of {{INR}} 5 million, which the BCCI had granted for development of the game in the state in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Lalu-Yadav-faces-revolt-over-financial-irregularities-in-Bihar-Cricket-Association/16207 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130215185516/http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Lalu-Yadav-faces-revolt-over-financial-irregularities-in-Bihar-Cricket-Association/16207 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-15 |title=Lalu Yadav faces revolt over financial irregularities in Bihar Cricket Association — Latest Cricket News, Articles & Videos at |publisher=Cricketcountry.com |access-date=2013-12-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cricket.expressindia.com/news/bihar-cricket-bodies-bowl-beamers-at-lalu/973106/ |title=Out of comfort zone: India will have to deal with new ODI rules |publisher=Cricket.expressindia.com |date=2013-05-30 |access-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220160401/http://cricket.expressindia.com/news/bihar-cricket-bodies-bowl-beamers-at-lalu/973106/ |archivedate=20 December 2013}}</ref> The Bihar government had dissolved the BCA on grounds of irregularities in December 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://post.jagran.com/Bihar-cricket-bodies-unite-against-Laluled-organization-1342023500 |title=Bihar cricket bodies unite against Lalu-led organization |publisher=Post.jagran.com |date=2012-07-11 |access-date=2013-12-20 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220223245/http://post.jagran.com/Bihar-cricket-bodies-unite-against-Laluled-organization-1342023500 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Kirti-seeks-Lalus-resignation/articleshow/3643975.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221082433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-27/patna/27891491_1_bca-bcci-decision-inquiry-report | url-status=live | archive-date=21 December 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Kirti seeks Lalu's resignation | date=27 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/BCA-adamant-to-hold-tournaments/articleshow/3975458.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221082213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-14/patna/28043804_1_bca-tournaments-for-three-years-bihar-cricket-association | url-status=live | archive-date=21 December 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=BCA adamant, to hold tournaments | date=14 January 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bihar cricket team]]
*[[Ranji Trophy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/patna/news/bihar-has-earned-a-name-in-cricket-for-two-decades-neither-sports-nor-players-5910538.html

==External links==
*[http://www.biharcricketassociation.com/ Official BCA website]
*[https://madhubanidca.com Official website of Madhubani District Cricket Association]

{{BCCI Members}}

[[Category:Cricket governing bodies in India|Bihar]]
[[Category:Cricket in Bihar]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1935]]

Mathias Fernandes

2026-01-26T21:37:25Z

MargretGerken: Starting initial entry more to come...

{{Short description|Roman Catholic bishop (1917–1985)}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mathias Sebastião Francisco Fernandes
| honorific_suffix =
| title = Bishop of Mysore
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mysore|Mysore]]
| see =
| term_start = 16 November 1963
| term_end = 9 May 1985
| predecessor = René Feuga
| successor =
| opposed =
| other_post =

| ordination = 16 November 1963
| consecration = 3 February 1964

| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1917|11|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[São Matias, Goa]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1985|5|9|1917|11|4}}
| death_place =
| buried = [[St. Philomena's Cathedral, Mysore]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = Indian
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| residence = [[Mysore]]
| parents =
| spouse = 
| children =
| occupation =
| profession = 
| alma_mater = [[Rachol Seminary]]
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
| other =
}}

'''Bishop Mathias Sebastião Francisco Fernandes''' (4 November 1917 — 9 May 1985) was a [[Roman Catholic bishop]], the first native to be bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mysore|Diocese of Mysore]] in [[Mysore]], India (16 November 1963 — 9 May 1985). His tenure was marked by the introduction of a number of religious orders offering educational opportunities within the diocese. He was of [[Goan]] origin.

== Priest, Bishop ==
Fernandes was born on 4 November 1917 in [[São Matias, Goa|São Matias]], [[Goa]]. He attended [[Rachol Seminary]] and was ordained priest on 26 October 1944.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaz|first=J. Clement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&dq=bishop+mathias+fernandes&pg=PA65|title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present|date=1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-619-2|pages=65|language=en}}</ref> He served as parish priest of the [[St. Philomena's Cathedral, Mysore|St. Philomena's Cathedral]] in Mysore and later as Bishop of Mysore (16 November 1963 — 9 May 1985, consecrated 3 February 1964). Bishop Mathias attended Sessions 3 and 4 of the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican Council II]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catholic Hierarchy website|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bfernsfm.html|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Catholic Hierarchy}}</ref>

== Contributions ==

=== Educational ===
Bishop Fernandes supported efforts of the church in establishing schools in the diocese.

With his backing, the [[Ursulines|Ursuline Sisters]] to set up a number of schools.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Shanthi High School|url=https://www.ufes.in/shanthi-high-school/|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Ursuline Franciscan Educational Society}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nirmala Convent Kannada Medium Higher Primary School|url=https://www.ufes.in/nirmala-convent-kannada-medium-primary-school/|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Ursuline Franciscan Education Society}}</ref>
He also supported the work of the Apostolic Carmelites to open a school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Carmel English School|url=https://www.ackarnatakaprovince.org/institutions/english-medium-secondary-schools/841-carmel-english-school-nanjangud-1968/510-carmel-english-school-nanjangud-1968|access-date=3 June 2020|website=The Congregation of the Apostolic Carmel Karnataka Province}}</ref>
The Congregation of the Sisters of the Little Flower of Bethany open a school during his tenure.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of St Joseph's Convent, K R Nagar|url=https://www.bethanycongregation.org/provinces/bangalore-province/352-09-st-joseph-s-convent-k-r-nagar/90-st-joseph-s-convent-k-r-nagar-09-07-1989|access-date=3 June 2020|website=The Congregation of the Sisters of the Little Flower of Bethany}}</ref>
He invited The Sisters of Notre Dame to work in the diocese. They established a high school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Visitation Province of the Sisters of Notre Dame|url=http://www.sndbangalore.org/|access-date=3 June 2020|website=Sisters of Notre Dame: Visitation Province}}</ref>
Bishop Fernandes also backed the founding of St. Joseph's College of Education in Mysore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Joseph's College of Education|url=http://www.stjcollegeofeducationmysuru.in/about-us/|access-date=3 June 2020|website=St. Joseph's College of Education}}</ref>
As was his predecessor, Bishop René Feuga, he was also a patron of [[St. Philomena's College, Mysore|St. Philomena’s College]] in Mysore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History – St. Philomena's College (Autonomous)|url=https://www.stphilos.ac.in/about-us/history/|access-date=2020-06-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
St. Matthias School in Mysore was set up in memory of Bishop Fernandes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://stmatthiasschoolmysuru.in/about-us/history/|access-date=2020-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref>
With Fernandes's support, the [[Little Sisters of the Poor]] opened a home for the aged in Mysore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Sisters of the Poor in Mysore - Caring for the elderly Poor|url=https://www.littlesistersofthepoorindia.org/mysore|access-date=2020-06-03|website=littlesistersindia|language=en}}</ref>

=== Ecclesiastical governance ===
Soon after his consecration, Bishop Fernandes erected a structure for a church in Malavalli, a town in the district of Mandya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daijiworld - A News portal linking West coast of India and the World|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/sponsoredDisplay.aspx?sID=1849|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref> The church and parish of the patron saint of the Bishop's [[São Matias, Goa|ancestral village]] are dedicated to Saint Mathias.

He enabled the Ursuline Franciscan sisters to establish the Christu Raj Convent, in [[Hanur]], which was established on 11 June 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christuraj Convent|url=https://www.ufsmysuru.org/directory/christuraj-convent/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.ufsmysuru.org|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1979, the Bishop requested the Bethany congregation to set up a convent in Kutta, in the [[Coorg]] (now [[Kodagu]]) district, to meet local educational and pastoral needs. This was inaugurated as the St. Mary in November 1981; it also administers the school of St. Mary's in the same settlement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=13. St. Mary's Convent, Kutta|url=https://www.bethanycongregation.org/provinces/bangalore-province/356-13-st-mary-s-convent-kutta|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Bethany Congregation|language=en-gb}}</ref>

Members of the Institute of the [[Sisters of Charity]] of Sts. [[Bartolomea Capitanio]] and [[Vincenza Gerosa]] (SCCG) set up Aashirvad in Krishna Raja Pete, and the school Capitanio Nilaya in the same location, after being invited by the Bishop, to work in education, health-care and socio-pastoral work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=:: Sisters of Charity {{!}} Mangalore Province :: Karnataka > Chikmagalur|url=http://mlore.sccg.in/Network_KA_Mandya.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=mlore.sccg.in}}</ref>

In 1984, Bishop Fernandes invited the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Anne, Bangalore, to start a new foundation at Pushpagiri, Belvathagrama, some 7 km from Mysore city, initially to run the existing Kannada Primary School belonging to the parish and to help in the parish activities. This led to the establishment of the Convent of St. Anne in the village.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pushpagiri {{!}}Our Lady of Mercy Province|url=http://www.ourladyofmercyprovince.org/community/pushpagiri.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.ourladyofmercyprovince.org}}</ref>

Bishop Mathias was able to persuade the Royal Family of Mysore to sell the ''Rani Thota'' property to the Discalced Carmelites of the Manjummel Province<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Carmel Monastery, Margao, Goa|url=http://carmelgoa.com/Necrology.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=carmelgoa.com|archive-date=2020-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604192453/http://carmelgoa.com/Necrology.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> where they established Pushpagrama in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Infant Jesus Shrine, Naidunagar, Mysore, Karnataka State, INDIA|url=http://www.infantjesusmysore.in/devotion.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.infantjesusmysore.in}}</ref>

Following the Second Vatican Council, which urged that seminarians have graduated before entry into the novitiate, the [[Society of the Divine Word]] (Società del Verbo Divino - SVD) in 1972 decided to base their formation house in the city of Mysore, a proposal welcomed by Bishop Fernandes which enabled the establishment of Vidya Niketan<ref>[http://www.svdinm.in/vidya-niketan,-mysore.html Vidya Niketan]</ref> in 1974. He was also involved in inaugurating a new system of formation in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yumpu.com|title=Vidya Niketan, Mysore - Svdindia.org|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/51934252/vidya-niketan-mysore-svdindiaorg|access-date=2020-06-03|website=yumpu.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== Ecumenical, inter-religious dialogue ===
Bishop Fernandes is credited with having initiated and guided the project of producing the first inter-confessional Bible in the Kannada language, completed in 1998.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arangaden|first=Chrysostom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gECVq81qj30C&dq=bishop+mathias+fernandes&pg=PA88|title=Fiddler in the Zoo|publisher=iUniverse, Inc.|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4620-6104-4|location=Bloomington, IN|pages=88}}</ref>

His web of friendships also spread to people of other religions, as is evidenced by the narrative of Dr. K. Javeed Nayeem, who was entrusted the Bishop's pectoral cross with the charge to hand it over to the Bishop should he survive, or to his successor in the event of his death.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-20|title=Two Keepers of the Holy Cross !|url=https://starofmysore.com/two-keepers-of-the-holy-cross/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Death==
Fernandes died of [[sepsis]] on 9 May 1985. He is buried in the St. Philomena's Cathedral in Mysore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nayeem|first=K. Javeed|date=July 20, 2018|title=Two Keepers of the Holy Cross !|work=Star of Mysore|url=https://starofmysore.com/two-keepers-of-the-holy-cross/|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Mathias Sebastião Francisco}}
[[Category:People from Goa]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]

Gandikota

2026-01-22T19:18:20Z

MargretGerken: general correct section per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{hatnote group|
{{distinguish|Gondikota|Gadikota}}
{{for|a person with the name ''Gandikota''|Gandikota V. Rao}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gandikota
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| image_skyline = Indian Grand Canyon Sudhakar Bichali.jpg
| caption = Gandikota [[Gorge]]
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Historical site, Archaeological Survey of India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14|48|53|N|78|17|12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 12th Century A. D.
| founder = Kaka Raja, subordinate of [[Kalyani Chalukya]] dynasty (small sand fort) [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu]], (101 towers huge rock fort)
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516434
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08560
| registration_plate = AP04
| website = {{URL|1=http://aptdc.gov.in/aptdc/getHotels?hotelPlace=GANDIKOTA|2=aptdc.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Gandikota''' is a village and historical fort on the right bank of the [[Penna River|Penna river]], 15 km from [[Jammalamadugu]] in [[Kadapa]] district, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The fort was the centre of power for various dynasties, such as the [[Kalyani Chalukya]]s, [[Pemmasani Nayaks|Pemmasani Nayakas]], and the [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda Sultanate]]. Initially, a sand fort was constructed by Kaka Raja, a vassal of the Kalyani Chalukya rulers. The village transformed into a major fortified settlement with the rise of the Pemmasani Nayakas. Later, various additions reflecting Islamic architectural styles were made during [[Mughal Empire|the period of Muslim rule]]. The fort is a centrally protected monument of [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 5213 |url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-04/usq%205213%20for%2004042022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812100008/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-04/usq%205213%20for%2004042022.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-12 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Ministry of Tourism}}</ref>

== Etymology==

The fort of Gandikota acquired its name due to the 'gorge', formed between the Erramala range of hills, also known as Gandikota hills and the river Penna (Pennar) that flows at its foot, reducing its width to a mere 100 m (look for the river image in the montage/main image).

==Geology==
Gandikota canyon consists of [[sedimentary rock]]s, namely 'Gandikota [[Quartzite]]' in the Chitravati Group part of Cuddapah [[Stratigraphic unit#Supergroup|Supergroup]].
The Chitravati Group consists of three formation
rank units: the Pulivendla Quartzite; the Tadpatri
Formation; and the Gandikota Quartzite.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256442051_Palaeoproterozoic_sedimentation_in_the_Cuddapah_Basin_south_India_and_regional_tectonics_A_review|title=Palaeoproterozoic sedimentation in the Cuddapah Basin south India and regional tectonics A review|date=2012|access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://employee.gsi.gov.in/cs/groups/public/documents/document/b3zp/odk0/~edisp/dcport1gsigovi894618.pdf|title=Pictorial Atlas of Cuddapah Basin|publisher=Geological Survey of India|date=2020|access-date=11 February 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222192902/https://employee.gsi.gov.in/cs/groups/public/documents/document/b3zp/odk0/~edisp/dcport1gsigovi894618.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
Gandikota is a village on the right bank of the river Penna, 15 km from Jammalamudugu in Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Gandikota area was first identified and made Sand fort in 1123 by Kakatiya Raja of nearby Bommanapalle village and a subordinate of Ahavamalla Someswara I, [[Kalyani Chalukya]] ruler. Gandikota came under the rule of [[Kakatiya]] dynasty from 1239 A.D to 1304 A.D and ruled by their various subordinates.

The village transformed into major fort after the emergence of [[Pemmasani Nayaks|Pemmasani Nayakas]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Sewell |title=A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A contribution to the History of India |url=http://historion.net/r.sewell-vijayanagar-history-india |access-date=3 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202102715/http://historion.net/r.sewell-vijayanagar-history-india/ |archive-date=2 December 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=K. A. Nilakanta sastry: Further Sources of Vijayanagar History |year= 1946 |url=https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Vijayanagara |first=Burton |last=Stein |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1989 |page=92 |isbn=0-521-26693-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Tidings of the king: a translation and ethnohistorical analysis of the Rayavachakamu by Phillip B. Wagoner |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |year=1993 |pages= 138–139 |isbn= 0-8248-1495-9 |url= https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=62773998}}</ref>

Recently, Tavva Obul Reddy, a Mydukur-based [[historian]], discovered a copper plate inscription on the history of Gandikonda Fort. The inscription dates back to 16th century.<ref>{{cite news|title=Copper plate inscription about Gandikonda Fort found|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/copper-plate-inscription-older-than-mackenzie-kaifiyat-found/article18720214.ece}}</ref>

[[Vemana]] poet, native of [[Kadapa]] district and believed to have lived in Gandikota area for a short period.
[[Jean Baptiste Tavernier]] visited the fort during his travel to Golconda sultanate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandikota {{!}} District YSR (Kadapa) |url=https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/gandikota/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403071815/https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/gandikota/ |archive-date=2025-04-03 |access-date=2025-05-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Major structures ==
<gallery>
Ranganatha_Swamy_Temple_Distant.jpg|Ranganatha Swamy Temple
Gandikota_Fort_Entrance.jpg |Gandikota Fort Entrance
Camping_Banks_Pennar_River.jpg| Camping on the banks of Penna (Pennar) river
File:Juma masjid.jpg|Juma masjid
</gallery>
In the fort are two ancient temples, dedicated to [[Madhavaraya Temple, Gandikota|Madhava]] and Ranganatha. They are in ruins and the fort area is full of the debris of ages and many ancient structures in varying stages of decay. The large granary, with a vaulted roof, is now used as watchman's quarters. The Jamia Masjid has two adjacent minarets. A heritage festival is held every year in the fort area.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gandikota Heritage festival from October 26|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/gandikota-heritage-festival-from-october-26/article3913182.ece|access-date=4 April 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 September 2012}}</ref>

The other structures in the fort, include another large granary (used for storing food and grains late back), a magazine, a graceful 'pigeon tower' with fretted windows and an extensive palace built by bricks with some plastered decorations and some wells. There is an old cannon lying in the fort. There is the 'Rayalacheruvu' with its perennial springs irrigating some lime and plantain gardens. It is said that this 'Cheruvu' was connected to a fountain in Jamia Masjid by pipes, traces of which can still be seen.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

There were other gardens and springs. There is an undated inscription on a boulder, near the 'Nagajhari' outside the fort, recording the gift of two gardens at the place to the temple. There was a garden called 'Parebagh' with a waterfall at the foot of the hills, on the bank of the Penneru.

There are multiple camping areas outside the Fort and on the banks of the Penna (Pennar) river.

The other main attractions at the fort includes House of the Drum (drums were used to alert the army in case of invasion), Charminar, Jail (where in the prisoners were held captive) and Red Koneru (Also known as pond of Swords, The huge lake in front of the mosque, where the warriors used to dip their swords in this lake and the waters used to turn blood red after the war).{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Access and transportation ==
[[File:The Penna near Gandikota.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view of Penna river near Gandikota]]
[[File:Grand Canon of India (Gandikota).jpg|thumb|Gandikota Canyon]]
The nearest railway stations are Muddanuru which is 26 km (railway code: MOO) and Jammalamadugu (JMDG) in Kadapa District. There are number of trains from Gooty Junction. Recently the town of Jammalamadugu which is closest to Gandikota fort <ref name="mytraveltales.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mytraveltales.in/2013/09/trip-to-gandikota.html|title = Trip to Gandikota}}</ref> also got railway connectivity due to the completion of [[Nandyal–Yerraguntla section]] railway line. However frequency of trains on this line is very low.

There are buses available from Jammalamadugu Old Bus Stand (Gandhi Statue Junction) to Gandikota.

Inside the fort there is no means of transportation except to walk by foot. There is a good downhill trek through the canyon that leads to the riverbed. There is a dam upstream (Gandikota Dam) and a dam downstream (Mylavaram Dam).{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

There is a Haritha hotel run by Andhra Pradesh Tourism department which has lodging facilities. However the facilities are limited during the weekdays as the visitors during weekdays are low.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Tourism ==
Gandikota has been referred to as "the [[Grand Canyon]] of India."<ref name = "toi"/>

The Andhra Pradesh government announced an investment of three crore rupees towards tourism development in Gandikota.<ref name = "toi">{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh is planning to upgrade tourism infrastructure at Gandikota village |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/andhra-pradesh-is-planning-to-upgrade-tourism-infrastructure-at-gandikota-village/articleshow/88232313.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Article about this visiting Gandikota: ''Grand Canyon at Gandikota'', ''Deccan Chronicle'' newspaper (Hyderabad edition), 6 April 2012, Wanderlust Page: 21

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gandikota}}
* [https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/tourist-place/gandikota/ Gandikota — YSR District Official Website]
* [https://www.natureinfocus.in/guide GandiKota Travel Guide to Plan Your Trip by Nature inFocus/]
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_133.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India: About Gandikota]
* [http://columbiauniversity.us/itc/mealac/pritchett/00glossarydata/places/gandikot/gandikot.html Water color paintings by Thomas Fraser and Sir Thomas Anburey-- in 1799 & 1802]
* [http://columbiauniversity.us/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/tavernier/vol1_chapter18.html French Traveller Tavernier's experience about Gandikota Fort & about Nawab of Gandikota while he was in India]
*[http://traveltwosome.com/gandikota-fort-and-canyon/ Gandikota Fort Canyon - A Complete guide with Pictures!/]

{{Forts in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Kadapa district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Canyons and gorges of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kadapa district]]
[[Category:1123 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 12th century]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]

Jeremy Lalrinnunga

2026-01-05T22:15:47Z

MargretGerken: expanded references also and fixed typos to improve readability

{{short description|Indian weightlifter (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Jeremy Lalrinnunga
| image = File:Shri Jeremy Lalrinnunga Gold Medallist in Commonwealth Games 2022.jpg
| caption = Lalrinnunga in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age| 26 October 2002}}
| birth_place = [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 2019–present
| unit = [[Brigade of the Guards|Brigade of Guards]]
| rank =[[Subedar]]
| awards = [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}} [[File: Weightlifting pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 67 kg|67kg]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|Commonwealth Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|2021 Tashkent]]|[[2021 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships#Men|67kg]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Youth Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Buenos Aires]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 62 kg|62kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Youth World Weightlifting Championships|Youth World Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2017 Youth World Weightlifting Championships|2017 Bangkok]]|[[2017 Youth World Weightlifting Championships#Men|56kg]]}}
}}

'''Jeremy Lalrinnunga''' (born 26 October 2002) is an Indian [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Jeremy Lalrinnunga? All you need to know about the Commonwealth Games 2022 gold medal-winning weightlifter |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/who-is-jeremy-lalrinnunga-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-commonwealth-games-2022-gold-medal-winning-weightlifter |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> He made history by becoming the first Indian to win a gold medal at the [[Youth Olympic Games]], in the [[Weightlifting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 62 kg|boys' 62 kg]] event at the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018]] edition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |date=2018-10-09 |title=Weightlifter Jeremy Lalrinnunga bags India’s first gold medal in Youth Olympics history |url=https://scroll.in/field/897532/weightlifter-jeremy-lalrinnunga-bags-indias-first-gold-medal-in-youth-olympics-history |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pesistica_archivo_weightlifting_yog_2018">{{Cite web |title=Weightlifting Results Book |url=http://www.pesistica.org/public/file_manager/ARCHIVIO/fipe/gare/internazionali/2018/10.06.18%20-%20olimpiadi%20giovanili/2018%20-%20Results%20Book%20Giochi%20Olimpici%20Giovanili.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517114751/http://www.pesistica.org/public/file_manager/ARCHIVIO/fipe/gare/internazionali/2018/10.06.18%20-%20olimpiadi%20giovanili/2018%20-%20Results%20Book%20Giochi%20Olimpici%20Giovanili.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=2018 Summer Youth Olympics}}</ref> He also won gold in the [[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 67 kg|men's 67 kg]] event at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]], where he lifted a combined total of 300 kg, setting a new [[Weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games|Games record]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CWG 2022: Weightlifter Jeremy Lalrinnunga Wins Gold In Men's 67kg Final {{!}} Commonwealth Games News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/commonwealth-games-2022/cwg-2022-weightlifter-jeremy-lalrinnunga-wins-gold-in-mens-67kg-final-3210849 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Lalrinnunga was born on October 26, 2002, in [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]. In the early 1990s, his father Lalneihtluanga Ralte was well-known on the Mizoram boxing circuit. Jeremy comes from a lowly background because his family circumstances prevented him for a very long time from pursuing his aspirations. His father began working as a labourer on contract with the neighbourhood Public Works Department in an effort to provide for his family.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Jeremy Lalrinnunga? All about 19-year-old Who is Jeremy Lalrinnunga at CWG 2022 |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/jeremy-lalrinnunga-biography-age-coach-family-achievements-early-life-career-and-more-rc1033818 |work=Jagran TV |language=en}}</ref>

==Results==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2 width=40 | Year
! rowspan=2 width=250 | Venue
! rowspan=2 width=60 | Weight
! colspan=4 | Snatch (kg)
! colspan=4 | Clean & Jerk (kg)
! rowspan=2 width=60 | Total
! rowspan=2 width=40 | Rank
|-
! width=60 | 1
! width=60 | 2
! width=60 | 3
! width=45 | Rank
! width=60 | 1
! width=60 | 2
! width=60 | 3
! width=45 | Rank
|-
! colspan=13 | [[Weightlifting at the Youth Olympic Games|Youth Olympic Games]]
|-
| [[Weightlifting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 62 kg|2018]] || align=left | {{flag icon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina || [[Weightlifting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 62 kg|62 kg]] || 120 || <s>124</s>|| '''124''' || '''1''' || 142 || <s>147</s> || '''150''' || '''1''' || '''274''' ||'''{{Gold1}}'''
|-
! colspan=13|[[Weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|-
| [[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022]] || align=left | {{flag icon|ENG}} [[Birmingham, England]] || [[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 67 kg|67 kg]] || 136 || '''140''' '''[[Weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games|GR]]'''|| <s>143</s> || '''1''' || 154 || '''160''' || <s>165</s> || '''1''' || '''300''' '''[[Weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games|GR]]''' ||'''{{Gold1}}'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalrinnunga, Jeremy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Aizawl]]
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:Youth Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games squash players for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
{{India-weightlifting-bio-stub}}

Narbahadur Thapa

2025-12-26T22:08:10Z

MargretGerken: cleanup layout to improve readability and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Former Indian Army soldier}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| name = Narbahadur Thapa
| honorific_suffix = [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]]
| image = Narbahadur Thapa.jpg
| image_size = 250 px
| caption =
| birth_date = March 1921
| birth_place = [[Nepal]]
| allegiance = {{Flag|India}}
| branch = {{Army|British India}} {{Army|India}}
| serviceyears = 11 November 1940 - ??
| rank = [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| servicenumber = 10341
| unit = [[Gorkha regiments (India)|5/5 Gorkha Rifles]]
| battles = [[Operation Polo]]
| awards = [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]
}}

[[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] '''Narbahadur Thapa''', [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]] was an [[Indian Army]] soldier who was awarded with the first ever living India's highest peacetime military decoration [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] for his bravery in [[Operation polo|Operation Polo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naik Nar Bahadur Thapa|url=https://www.thankyouindianarmy.com/naik-nar-bahadur-thapa/|website=Thank You Indian Army}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He served as a soldier with the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|5/5 Gorkha Rifles]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gallantry Award Winners: List Of Military Personnel Who Got Ashoka Chakra|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/human-interest/a-list-of-personals-who-got-the-ashoka-chakra-and-made-it-to-the-list-of-national-awards-504966.html|website=India Times}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Nepalese recipients of Indian honours]]

{{India-mil-bio-stub}}

Tarkeshwari Sinha

2025-12-26T07:52:36Z

MargretGerken: refine intro to improve readability as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian politician and independence activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tarkeshwari Sinha
| image = File:Tarkeshwari Sinha portrait.gif
| caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1926|12|26|df=y}}
|birth_place = Tulsigarh, [[Nalanda District]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|2007|08|14|1926|12|26|df=y}}
|death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]

| office = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Deputy Minister for Finance]]
| term_start = 10 May 1958
| term_end = 9 June 1964
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]

| office1 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Deputy Minister for Economic Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 2 April 1958
| term_end1 = 10 April 1958
| primeminister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]

| constituency2 = [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna East]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| predecessor2 = ''Constituency created''
| successor2 = ''Constituency abolished''
| term2 = 1952{{ndash}}1957
| constituency3 = [[Barh Lok Sabha constituency|Barh]]
| predecessor3 = ''constituency created''
| successor3 = [[Dharam Bir Sinha]]
| term3 = 1957-1971
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma_mater= [[London School of Economics]]
| spouse= Nidhidev singh
}}

'''Tarkeshwari Sinha''' (26 December 1926 – 14 August 2007) was an Indian politician and [[Indian independence movement|independence activist]] from [[Bihar]]. Among the first female politicians of the country, she took active role in the [[Quit India Movement]]. At the age of 26, she was elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]] from [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna East]] constituency in 1952. Subsequently, she was re-elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1957, 1962 and 1967 from [[Barh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barh]] constituency. She was the first female Deputy Finance Minister in the union cabinet led by prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] from 1958 to 1964.<ref name="SPS"/><ref name="ABP"/><ref name="Qureshi 2004 920"/> She had also led a delegation to the [[U.N.]] and [[Tokyo]].<ref name="Qureshi 2004 920"/> [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]]’s critically acclaimed movie, [[Aandhi]] was partly inspired by Tarkeshwari Sinha, apart from [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="WVG"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211174 |title=Mrs. G's String of Beaus |author=Sanjay Suri}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born in Tulsigarh village near [[Chandi, Bihar|Chandi]] under [[Nalanda District]] in a [[Bhumihar]] family. She was a student of Bankipore Girls College, now known as [[Magadh Mahila College]], in Patna. She was the President of the Bihar Students Congress, which had broken away from the [[All India Students Federation]]. She did her M.Sc. in economics from the [[London School of Economics]].<ref name="ABP" />

She actively participated in the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/tarkeshwari_sinha-profile-9504-19.htm|title=Tarkeshwari Sinha|website=veethi.com|access-date=2017-08-19}}</ref>

== Career ==
She contested elections from the Barh constituency in Bihar. After Indian Independence, she won the first general assembly elections from the Patna East Constituency in 1952, after getting a ticket from the [[Indian National Congress]]. Through the INC, she got re-elected in 1957, 1962 and 1967.<ref name=":0" />

Sinha appeared on the game show [[To Tell the Truth]] on 19 November 1957, fooling two of the four members on the panel.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAod169FADM YouTube]</ref>

She was considered close to [[Morarji Desai]] and was on his side in the battle of succession between Desai and [[Indira Gandhi]] to replace [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] as Prime Minister. When Desai and other leaders resigned from Congress to form a splinter group, she, too, joined it. In the Indira wave during [[1971 Indian general election|1971 Lok Sabha elections]], she lost from [[Barh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barh]] as Congress(O) candidate to the Congress nominee Dharamvir Sinha, her first taste of electoral defeat. She lost the assembly election next year as well, and returned to Indira Gandhi's party. In 1977, she fought Lok Sabha election from [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]] as a Congressional candidate and lost in the Janata wave as Congress was completely routed in Bihar. After this defeat, she fought a by-election to Lok Sabha in November 1978 from [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Samastipur]] as Congressional candidate but lost again.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Eventually, she retired from politics and began social work.<ref name="ABP" />

== Social Work ==
Tarkeshwari Sinha had set up a hospital, in Tulsigarh, in the memory of her brother Capt Girish Nandan Singh, pilot with Air India who died in an air crash in New Delhi. She had raised nearly Rs 25 lakh (a large amount at the time) for the construction of the two-floored hospital where treatment was almost free. She also took the initiative to construct a road to link the village with Chandi and Harnaut in Nalanda.<ref name="ABP" />

==References==
<references>

<ref name="ABP">{{cite news | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070822/edit.htm | title = A Beautiful Politician | author = A.J.Philip | work = [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date = 2008-04-04 | accessdate = 2008-04-04
}}</ref>
<ref name="Qureshi 2004 920">{{cite book|first = Muniruddin|last = Qureshi|title = Social Status of Indian Women: emancipation | publisher = Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. | year = 2004|isbn = 978-81-261-1360-6|page = 920}}</ref>
<ref name="SPS">{{cite news|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=53769302-2ce3-495f-93e6-8eea0cbe6749&MatchID1=4679&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=3&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1179&MatchID2=4674&TeamID3=4&TeamID4=8&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1177&PrimaryID=4679&Headline=Beauty+%26amp%3b+brains |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080930164954/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=53769302-2ce3-495f-93e6-8eea0cbe6749&MatchID1=4679&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=3&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1179&MatchID2=4674&TeamID3=4&TeamID4=8&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1177&PrimaryID=4679&Headline=Beauty+%26amp%3B+brains |url-status = dead |archive-date = 30 September 2008 | title = Beauty and Brains | author = R. Vatsyayan | publisher = [[The Hindustan Times]] | date = 2008-04-04 | accessdate = 2008-04-04}}</ref>
<ref name="WVG">{{cite news | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200221.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011217234852/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200221.htm | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 17 December 2001 | title = Where is reality? | author = V. Gangadhar | work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 2008-04-04 |accessdate = 2008-04-04}}</ref>

</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]
[[Category:Union deputy ministers of India]]
[[Category:Women in Bihar politics]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Women union ministers of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]

Shyama Mai Temple

2025-12-02T19:40:28Z

MargretGerken:

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shyama Mai Temple
| native_name_lang = Mithila
| image = Shyama Mai Temple, Darbhanga.jpg
| caption = View of Shyama Mai Temple, Darbhanga

| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| deity = [[Kali]]
| festival = [[Navaratri]]

| location = [[Kathalbari]]
| district = [[Darbhanga]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
|map_type = India Bihar#India#Asia
|map_size = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|26|09|37.8|N|85|53|59.5|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}

| architecture_type = [[hindu temple]]
| architecture_style = [[ nagara style Architecture]]
| creator = Maharaja Sir Kameshwar Singh
| established = 1933

| facade_direction =
| length =
| width =
| height_max =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_footnotes =


| website =


| footnotes =
}}

'''Mother Kali's Dham Shyama Kali temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], built on the pyre in [[Darbhanga]], [[Bihar]]. A large number of devotees visit here and all [[Manglik]] works are also done. This temple is known as Shyama Mai's temple.<ref name="navbharattimes">{{Cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/others/maa-shyama-mai-temple-darbhanga-bihar-state-and-temple-of-maa-kali-in-india-28667|title=This temple is located above the funeral pyre in the crematorium, the prayers of the mother are fulfilled.|date=10 March 2020|author=Navbharat Times|access-date=22 May 2020|language=hi}}</ref> Shyama Mai's temple is built on the pyre of [[Rameshwar Singh|Maharaja Rameshwar Singh]] at the crematorium Ghat and is an unusual occurrence in itself. Maharaja Rameshwar Singh was one of the seeker kings of the Darbhanga royal family. Due to the name of the king, this temple is known as Rameshwari Shyama Mai. The temple was founded by [[Kameshwar Singh|Maharaj Kameshwar Singh]] of Darbhanga in 1933.

==Festivals==
In the sanctum sanctorum, a huge statue of Maa [[Kali]] is installed on the right side of [[Mahakala|Mahakal]] and [[Ganapati]] and<ref name="navbharattimes"/>[[Batuka Bhairava|Batukabhairava Dev]] on the left. The Mund Mala around the neck of the mother has the equivalent of the letters of the Hindi alphabet. Devotees believe that this is because the Hindi alphabet is a symbol of creation. Aarti held in the temple has special significance. Devotees who come here wait for hours to join the temple aarti. During [[Navratri]],<ref name="Jagran"/> the number of devotees increases and a fair is held here.<ref name="Jagran">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-event-in-shyama-mai-temple-19761085.html|title=From today, mother Shyama Namdhun's voice will resonate|date=16 November 2019|author=Dainik Jagran|access-date=22 May 2020|language=hi}}</ref>

==History==
The [[statue]] of mother was brought from Paris -
Historians say that this statue came from [[Paris]].<ref name="navbharattimes"/> Visiting the feet of Mother Shyama Kali fulfills every wish of the devotees. On the part of the mother, there is a delectable Raktim or yellow cloth. This idol of Maa Kali is of four arms. The right hand always blesses the visiting refugees. The entire temple complex is always in a bustling mood and the atmosphere is vibrant with Jai Shyama Mai's Jayghosh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/darbhanga/news/mother-shyama-kali-is-on-pyre-in-shyama-mai-temple-065047-5662563.html|title=Mother Shyama Kali is on pyre in Shyama Mai temple|author=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=22 May 2020|language=hi}}</ref>

==Legends==
In this temple, mother Kali is worshiped with both [[Vedic]] and [[Tantra|Tantric]] methods.<ref name="Jagran"/> Usually in [[Hinduism]] the couple does not go to the cremation ground until after 1 year of marriage. But in this temple built in the cremation ground, not only newlyweds come to seek blessings, but weddings are also done in this temple. Experts say that Shyama Mai Mata is the form of [[Sita]]. Laldas, who was a servant of King Rameshwar Singh, has explained this in the Rameshwar Charit Mithila Ramayana. It is derived from the [[Ramayana]] composed by [[Valmiki]]. It is told that after Ravana was killed, Mother-Sita told Lord Rama that whoever slays Sahastraanan will be the real hero.<ref name="navbharattimes"/>

On this, Lord [[Rama]] went out to kill him. During the war, Lord Rama got an arrow from Sahastraanan. Mother Sita became very angry on this and killed Sahastraanan. Mother's color turned black with anger. Even after the slaughter, her anger did not calm down, so Lord Shiva himself had to come to stop him. As soon as the feet were placed on the Lord's chest, the mother was very ashamed and the tongue came out of her mouth. This form of Mother is worshiped and she is called here as Kali not Shyama.<ref name="navbharattimes"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Idol of Shyama Mai Temple, Darbhanga.jpg|View of Shyama Mai Temple Idol Deity Kali Goddess.
File:Cornerstone_OR_Foundation_Stone_Of_Shyama_Mai_Temple,_Darbhanga_@_2018-12-05.jpg|Cornerstone OR Foundation Stone Of Shyama Mai Temple, Darbhanga.
File:Ghanta Ghar at Shyama Mai Temple.jpg|Ghanta Ghar at Shyama Mai Temple.
File:View_of_Madhaweshwar_Temple_at_Kathalbari.jpg|View of Madhaweshwar Temple at Kathalbari.
File:Annapurna Temple at Darbhanga.jpg|View of Annapurna Temple near Shyama Mai Temple at Darbhanga.
File:Kameshwari Kali Temple at Darbhanga.jpg|View of Kameshwari Kali Temple near Shyama Mai Temple at Darbhanga.
File:Laxmishwari Tara Temple at Darbhanga.jpg|View of Laxmishwari Tara Temple near Shyama Mai Temple at Darbhanga.
File:Rudreshwari Kali Temple at Darbhanga.jpg|View of Rudreshwari Kali Temple near Shyama Mai Temple at Darbhanga.
File:Shyama Mai Temple Pond at Darbhanga.jpg|View of Shyama Mai Temple Pond at Darbhanga
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Bihar}}
{{Hindu temples in Bihar}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Tourist sites in Bihar}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Darbhanga Division}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Kali temples]]

Amar Singh I

2025-11-27T16:25:37Z

MargretGerken: slightly added formatting per sources and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Maharana of Mewar from 1597 to 1620}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| native_lang1_name1 =
| name = Maharana Amar Singh I
| image = Raja Ravi Varma, Maharana Amar Singh - I.jpg
| caption = Painting of Maharana Amar Singh I
| succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Mewar]]
| reign = 19 January 1597 – 26 January 1620
| coronation = 19 January 1597 [[Udaipur]]
| predecessor = [[Maharana Pratap]]
| successor = [[Karan Singh II]]
| birth_date = 16 March 1559
| birth_place = [[Chittor Fort]], [[Mewar]], [[Rajputana]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1620|01|26|1559|03|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Udaipur]], [[Mewar]], [[Rajputana]]
| spouse = Rathorji Laksh Deiji of [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]] Solankiniji Manbhawat Deiji of Virpur/[[Lunawada]] in [[Gujarat]] Tomarji Shyam Deiji of [[Gwalior]] Rathorji Ram Deiji of [[Marwar]] Jhaliji Raj Deiji of [[Delwara]] in [[Mewar]] Rathorji Satyabhama Deiji of [[Chavand, Rajasthan|Chavand]] in [[Mewar]] Hadiji Manbhawan Deiji of [[Bundi]] Rathorji Rukhmawat Deiji of [[Siwana]] in [[Marwar]]
| issue = [[Karan Singh II]] Surajmal Bhim Singh Arjun Singh Ratan Singh Bagh Singh Kesar Kanwarji m. to [[Rao Surtan Deora]] I of [[Sirohi]]
| house = [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]]
| father = [[Maharana Pratap]]
| mother = Parmarji Ajab Deiji d.of Rao Mamrakh of [[Bijolia]] in [[Mewar]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance =
| branch =
| rank =
| battles = *[[Battle of Dewair (1606)]]
*Battle of Ranakpur
*[[Siege of Ontala (1599)]]}}
}}
{{Mewari Rana}}

'''Maharana Amar Singh I''' the [[Maharana|Sisodia-Rajput]] ruler of the [[Mewar|Mewar Kingdom]] (16 March 1559 – 26 January 1620), was the eldest son and successor of [[Maharana Pratap|Maharana Pratap I]]. He was the 14th Rana of Mewar, ruling from 19 January 1597 until his death on 26 January 1620.

==Birth and coronation==
Amar Singh I was the eldest son of [[Maharana Pratap|Maharana Pratap I]]. He was born in the old capital fortress of [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]] on 16 March 1559 to his father's chief queen [[Ajabde|Ajabde Punwar]], who belonged to the Parmarji of [[Bijolia]], a fiefdom under Mewar in the same year when foundation of the new capital city of [[Udaipur]] was laid by his grandfather, [[Udai Singh II]].<ref name="Chandra satish">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700|author=Satish Chandra|publisher= Orient BlackSwan|year=2007|isbn=978-8125032267|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref> Amar Singh I succeeded Pratap upon his death on 19 January 1597 and was the ruler of Mewar until his own death on 26 January 1620.{{sfn|Mathur|1994|p=23}}

==Conflict with the Mughals==
By the end his reign Maharana Pratap was able to recover much of his ancestral kingdom which included all 36 outposts of Mewar, apart from [[Chittor]] and Mandalgarh which continued to remain under the Mughals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanina |first=Eugenia |date=October 2019 |title=Monuments to Enemies? 'Rajput' Statues in Mughal Capitals |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/monuments-to-enemies-rajput-statues-in-mughal-capitals/20D45D35D02CE70E4D801D631C78EB79 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=683–704 |doi=10.1017/S1356186319000415 |issn=1356-1863 |s2cid=211645258|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

'''<big>Against Akbar</big>'''

After Pratap's death, Akbar dispatched a strong force with [[Raja Man Singh]], Shah Kuli Khan and other senior Mansabdars under the nominal command of Prince Salim (later Emperor [[Jahangir]]). Rana Amar Singh, following his father's policy, sought refuge in the hilly regions of western Mewar. His forces resisted the Mughals, launching surprise attacks on their outposts. Sultan Khan Ghori, stationed at [[Bagor, Rajasthan|Bagor]], was unexpectedly attacked and killed. Later, Prince Salim arrived in Udaipur and ordered his commanders to intensify efforts against the Mewar forces. In response, Maharana launched a counter-attack near Malpura, plundering several towns. Additionally, he conducted a night raid on a Mughal outposts. The Mughal campaign ended inconclusively as Man Singh was called to Bengal without any significant achievements.<ref>
{{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |pages=243–244 |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}</ref>

Towards the end of his reign, [[Akbar]] invested Sagar, a son of Rana [[Udai Singh II]], with the title of Rana and intended to set him on the throne of Chittor. Akbar was actually preparing to send a force under [[Khusrau Mirza]] to install Sagar, but before this could be done, Akbar died.<ref>{{cite book| last=Maujumdar|first=RC|title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 07, The Mughul Empire| year=1970| isbn=9788172765699| page=340}}</ref>

===Against Jahangir===

'''Parviz's Invasion of Mewar'''

Shortly after his accession in 1606, [[Jahangir]] sent an army of 20,000 cavalry to attack Mewar. [[Parviz Mirza]] was the commander in name only while in reality the ''[[de facto]]'' commander was Jahangir who directed [[Asaf Khan I|Asaf Khan]]. Amar led a hard fought battle to defend his territory and personally killed the Mughal commander Sultan Khan and his horse with a spear which went through them both.<ref>
{{cite book |title=The Mughal Empire (1526-1803) |first=Ashirbadi Lal |last=Srivastava |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company |year=1986 |edition=8th |page=269|quote=Amar Singh bravely defended his territory and fought a tough battle at the pass of Dewar which proved to be indecisive. Both sides claimed victory}}</ref>

'''Mahabat Khan's invasion'''

In 1608, an army under [[Mahabat Khan]] was sent to Mewar through Mandal and Chittor. This army was defeated and had to retreat because of continuous raids by Rajput forces.<ref>
{{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |pages=247–248 |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}</ref>

'''Abdullah Khan's invasion'''

In 1609, Mahabat Khan was replaced by [[Abdallah (Moghul Khan)|Abdullah Khan]] who was able to achieve initial success from 1609 to 1611. In an attack by Abdullah Khan on [[Chavand, Rajasthan|Chavand]], about 2000–3000 Rajputs staying there fought till death and Amar Singh was forced to abandon the capital. Abdullah Khan was eventually defeated by Mewari forces at Battle of Ranakpur in 1611 rendering his expedition a total failure.<ref>
{{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |pages=248–250 |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}</ref> He was then dispatched as governor of Gujarat in 1611 and at his request Raja Basu was appointed to the command of the Mughul army in Rajasthan. But apparently he was defeated again and failed to meet the objectives. He was recalled and Khan A‘zam [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] sent in 1613 to replace him.<ref>{{cite book| last=Maujumdar|first=RC|title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 07, The Mughul Empire| year=1970| isbn=9788172765699| page=341}}</ref>

'''Final conflicts'''

Upon his request for assistance, in 1613, Jahangir himself came to Rajputana to supervise the campaign. His son [[Shah Jahan|Khurram]] led the campaign on the ground. The Rajputs were easily able to seek refuge in the hilly tracks of Rajputana and the Mughals largely failed to penetrate the area. They were finally able to penetrate it in 1614 when they engaged with the Mewar forces and established outposts. Many attempts were made by Jahangir to reach a settlement with the Maharana and the final attempt in 1615 succeeded when Amar Singh agreed to meet with Prince Khurram.<ref>
{{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |pages=252–255 |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}</ref>

The long war had depleted Amar Singh's resources and thus he prepared to submit. His step caused the 48 years long war of attrition to come to an end. There were strict instructions from Jahangir to Khurram to treat Amar Singh honourably as Jahangir notes:

In 1615, Amar Singh submitted to Mughals. The condition of submission were framed in such a manner so as to befit both sides. Due to his old age, Amar Singh was not asked to attend the Mughal Court in person and Mewar including [[Chittor]] was assigned to him as ''Watan [[Jagir]]''. The successor of Amar Singh, Karan Singh on the other hand was given a rank of 5000. Mughals on the other hand secured their interest by prohibiting the fortifications of the Mewar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT323|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls|author=Abraham Eraly|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2007|isbn=978-9351180937 |access-date=2020-09-23 }}</ref>

==Peace treaty==
After [[Mewar]] was devastated financially and in manpower due to several battles against the Mughals, Amar Singh thought it prudent to start negotiations with them and finally entered into a treaty with [[Shah Jahan]] (who negotiated on behalf of [[Jahangir]]) in 1615. He was advised by his council and his grandmother, [[Jaiwanta Bai]], his advisor.

In the treaty, it was agreed that:

*The ruler of Mewar would not be bound to present himself in person at Mughal court. Instead, a relative of the Rana would wait upon the [[Mughal Emperor]] and serve him.{{sfn|Chandra|2006|p=123}}
*It was also agreed that the Ranas of Mewar would not enter into matrimonial relations with the Mughals.{{sfn|Chandra|2006|p=123}}
*Mewar would have to keep a contingent of 1500 horsemen in the Mughal service.<ref>{{cite book| last=Sharma|first=Sri Ram|title=Maharana Raj Singh and his Times| year=1971| isbn=8120823982| page=14}}</ref>
*Chittor and other Mughal occupied areas of Mewar would be returned to the Rana, but the Chittor fort would never be repaired. The reason for this last condition was that the Chittor fort was a very powerful bastion and the Mughals were wary of it being used in any future rebellion.{{sfn|Chandra|2006|p=123}}
*The Rana would be given a Mughal rank of 5000 zat and 5000 sowar.<ref name="Medieval India pg.123-124">Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II By Satish Chandra pg.123-124</ref>
*The rulers of [[Dungarpur State|Dungarpur]] and [[Banswara State|Banswara]] (who had become independent during Akbar's reign) would once again become vassals of Mewar and pay tribute to the Rana.<ref name="Medieval India pg.123-124"/>

Later, when Amar Singh went to meet Jahangir at [[Ajmer]], he was given a warm welcome by the [[Mughal Emperor]]. The territories around [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]], along with the [[Chittor Fort]], were given back to Mewar as a goodwill gesture.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Jahangir#ref485820 Jahangir - Emperor of India - Encyclopaedia Britannica]</ref> However, [[Udaipur]] remained the capital of [[Mewar]] State.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/about-udaipur/history.html#|title=Udaipur History|website=Rajasthan Government official|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref>

==Assessment==
Amar Singh was admired for his bravery, leadership, valour, and sense of justice and kindness. He showed great valour against the Mughals to which he was given the title 'Chakraveer'.{{sfn|Mathur|1994|p=23}} Amar Singh patronised an author called Mathuratmaja ("son of Mathura"), who wrote ''Amara-bhushana'' ([[IAST]]: ''Amarabhūṣaṇa'') and ''Ishta-ghatika-shodhana'' (''Iṣṭaghaṭikāśodhana''). These works are sometimes attributed to Amar Singh (Amara-siṃha).<ref>{{cite book |editor=David Pingree |editor-link=David Pingree |title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A |volume=1 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1970 |url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ |page=45 }}</ref>

==Death==

The remaining years of Amar Singh’s reign were uneventful. It is said that he felt the insult of accepting a Mughal farman so keenly that he retired to his private chamber, leaving the administration in the hands of the heir-apparent, [[Karan Singh II]]. He died on 26 January 1620.<ref name="Chandra satish"/><ref>{{cite book| last=Maujumdar|first=RC|title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 07, The Mughul Empire| year=1970| isbn=9788172765699| page=344}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chundawat]]
*[[Shaktawat]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation|last=Nicoll| first=Fergus| title= Shah Jahan|year=2009|isbn=9780670083039|publisher=Penguin Books|location=[[India]]}}
* {{citation|first=Satish|last=Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526)|volume=2|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|date=2006}}
* {{citation|title=Costumes of the Rulers of Mewar: With Patterns and Construction Techniques|first=Pushpa Rani|last=Mathur|date=1994|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170172932|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnZKSg4crdcC}}
* {{citation|title=The Mughul Empire (1526–1803 A.D.)|first=Ashirbadi Lal|last=Srivastava|date=1969}}
* {{citation|title=The Pearson Guide To The Central Police Forces Examination, 2/E|last=Thorpe|date=September 2010|publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131729052|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LgHK5PNxXUC}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia Rajput Clan]]||16 March 1559||26 January 1620}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Maharana Pratap]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia Rajput Ruler]]
|years=1597–1620}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Karan Singh II]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Amar, I}}
[[Category:1559 births]]
[[Category:1620 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]

[[Category:Maharana Pratap]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]

Rajdhar Singh

2025-11-13T21:38:47Z

MargretGerken: adding initial bio initial version

{{short description|Thakur of Maihar from 1788 to 1790}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Rajdhar Singh
| title = [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]
| succession = [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]]
| reign = 4 July 1788 – {{circa|1790}}
| predecessor = [[Beni Singh]]
| successor = [[Durjan Singh (ruler)|Durjan Singh]]
| house = {{flagicon image|Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maihar_State.png}} [[Maihar State|Maihar]]
| father = [[Beni Singh]]
}}

'''Rajdhar Singh''', or '''Rajdhar Huzuri''', was the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]] from 1788 until 1790.

== Biography ==
When his father, [[Beni Singh]], fell in the battle of Gathewara in 1788, he succeeded him as the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=T |first=J. P. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Juvenile_History_of_Charkhari/eTSy_conpsQC? |title=“A” Juvenile History of Charkhari |date=1886 |publisher=Babus Ganés Das & Company, Booksellers |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India/xQC2AAAAIAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |pages=426 |language=en}}</ref> Right after the battle in which his father was killed, he took command of the forces of [[Dhokal Singh]], the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref name=":0" /> He led his forces against those of Arjun Singh, commanded by Kirat Singh, in the battle of Chachariya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Oudh (India) |first=United Provinces of Agra and |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/District_Gazetteers_of_the_United_Provin/4b0rAQAAIAAJ |title=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1909 |pages=174–175 |language=en}}</ref> This battle, fought about four [[Kos (unit)|kos]] from [[Taraon State|Taraon]], lasted for several hours and proved disastrous for the [[Bundela|Bundelas]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Statistical_descriptive_and_historical_a/nddiAAAAcAAJ? |title=Statistical descriptive and historical account of the North-Western provinces of India: Ed. ... by Edwin [Felix] Thomas Atkinson |date=1874 |publisher=[Dr.:] North-West. Provinces' Governm. Press |pages=31–32,129 |language=en}}</ref> It left the combatants on both sides thoroughly exhausted and became the last battle fought between the states of [[Panna State|Panna]] and [[Banda (state)|Banda]].<ref name=":3" /> He was ultimately defeated, and a significant portion of [[Panna State|Panna]]’s territory was annexed into the dominions of the [[Raja]] of [[Banda (state)|Banda]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> While serving as the [[Dewan|Diwan]] to [[Dhokal Singh]], he defeated Laxman Hari Newalkar, who had been sent to [[Panna State|Panna]] by [[Mahadaji Shinde]] to collect overdue arrears.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rathod |first=N. G. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Great_Maratha_Mahadaji_Scindia/uPq640stHJ0C |title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia |date=1994 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-85431-52-9 |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref> When [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]] of [[Banda (state)|Banda]] invaded [[Bundelkhand]], he defeated Rajdhar at Durgatal, though Rajdhar barely managed to escape.<ref name=":3" /> After the battle, [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]] took control of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_District_Gazetteers_Tikam/LyELAQAAIAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Tikamgarh |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. S. |date=1994 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref>

He was succeeded by his brother, [[Durjan Singh (ruler)|Durjan Singh]], who ascended the gaddi of [[Maihar State|Maihar]] in 1790 when [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]] restored the state to him.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bondyopadhyay |first=Swapan Kumar |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Annapurna_Devi_An_Unheard_Melody/R6lyBAAAQBAJ |title=Annapurna Devi: An Unheard Melody |date=2005-04-01 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7436-855-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==References ==
<references />
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Date of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Maihar State]]

Mozibur Rahman

2025-11-13T07:17:54Z

MargretGerken: Starting first stub first draft

{{Short description|Meghalaya politician}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mozibur Rahman
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1978
| term_end = 1983
| constituency = [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]]
| predecessor = ''Post established''
| successor = [[Khorsedur Rahman Khan]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Kasaripara]], Hallidayganj, [[Meghalaya]]
| party = Independent
| relatives =
}}
'''Mozibur Rahman''' was an Indian politician and teacher. He was the inaugural holder of the [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]] constituency at the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=net/>

==Life==
Rahman was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the village of Kasaripara in the Hallidayganj, [[West Garo Hills district|Garo Hills]] of [[Meghalaya]]. Despite being an independent candidate, he defeated [[Khorsedur Rahman Khan]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] at the [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]], thus winning a seat at the [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]] constituency of [[West Garo Hills district]]. He also participated in the [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] but was unsuccessful.<ref name=net>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rajabala-meghalaya-assembly-constituency|website=Result University|title=Rajabala Assembly Constituency|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref> Rahman also served as a teacher at the Samser Ali H.S. School.<ref>{{cite book|author=Islam, MD Anowar|isbn=9789354580451|chapter=10. Headmasters & Teachers of High School|title=Reminiscences of Samser Ali H.S. School Moulding Author's Life|publisher=Pencil|year=2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Mozibur}}
[[Category:Politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
{{Meghalaya-politician-stub}}

The Mahabharata Quest: The Alexander Secret

2025-11-02T22:39:15Z

MargretGerken: starting a entry w/ refs

{{short description|2014 novel by Christopher C. Doyle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Mahabharata Quest: The Alexander Secret
| image = The Alexander Quest.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Christopher C. Doyle]]
| cover_artist = {{hlist|Ritu Rathour|Anand Prakash}}
| country = India
| language = English
| genre = [[Fiction]]
| series = ''The Mahabharata Series''
| publisher = [[Westland Books]]
| pub_date = 9 October 2014
| media_type = {{hlist|[[Paperback]]|[[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]]}}
| pages = 386
| isbn = 978-93-84030-59-9
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[The Secret of the Druids]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/807710/joining-the-fictional-dots-between-the-mahabharata-alexander-and-stonehenge|title=Joining the (fictional) dots between the Mahabharata, Alexander and Stonehenge|date=8 May 2016|access-date=19 May 2016|publisher=Scroll.in}}</ref>
}}
'''''The Mahabharata Quest: The Alexander Secret''''' is the second novel by Indian author [[Christopher C. Doyle]] and was released on 9 October 2014 by [[Westland Books|Westland Publishers]]. The story follows Vijay and his friends as they embark on a quest to learn about [[Alexander the Great]]'s secret mission in India while encountering bioterrorism. Following his first novel, ''[[The Mahabharata Secret]]'', Doyle was signed for a three book series by Westland. The author researched further on the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and was also intrigued by Alexander's invasion of India and his sudden retreat. Doyle combined secrets from the epic and created the story, stating that he consulted Sanskrit scholars and science experts regarding the theories he put in the book. ''The Mahabharata Quest: The Alexander Secret'' was a commercial success and received positive critical reviews, which praised the storytelling and the theme.

==Plot synopsis==
In 334 BC, Emperor [[Alexander the Great]] travels to India and discovers a secret with the aid of his general [[Eumenes]]; he dies prematurely and Eumenes removes the information of the secret from any historical records related to Alexander.

In present day, archaeologist Alice Turner and her team unearth the tomb of [[Olympias]], mother of Alexander, and discover a small, mysterious cube there. However, her team are suddenly killed by mercenaries led by Peter Cooper, who blast off the tomb. Alice escapes to India to her ex-boyfriend Vijay's residence at Jaungarh fort. She details about her ordeal, and the group, consisting of Vijay, his friend Colin Baker, fiancée Radha, and her linguist father Dr. Shukla, listen to her and examine the cube. They find scripts on the six faces of the cube and try to decipher it.

[[File:Ruins of old Kandahar Citadel in 1881.jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of old [[Alexandria Arachosia|Kandahar region]], set up by Alexander]]
In the meantime, [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) official Imran Kidwai discovers unexplained corpses in a recently burnt down lab. Further examination leads to doubts of bio-terrorism. Kidwai enlists the help of Vijay, Radha and Colin, who are part of a joint task force between the United States and India to combat terrorism. Together with Radha he goes to interview Dr. Saxena, [[Chief Medical Officer|CMO]] of Titan pharmaceuticals, owners of the lab. Kidwai is later ambushed in his home with an [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]] and gets critically injured. Through a series of papers belonging to his parents, who were also archaeologists, Vijay and his friends deduce that the cube was related to Alexander's secret quest in the [[Alexandria Arachosia|Kandahar region]].

Vijay, Colin, Alice and Dr. Shukla go to a museum in Delhi to find out about an ancient metal plate, but are cornered by a group of assassins led by Riley. They kill Rajiv Sahu, the curator, but the group manages to escape. Meanwhile, Radha is kidnapped and is taken to a medical facility by Saxena. He explains to Radha that the facility, as well as the burnt down lab were lockups, where human testing of Alexander's secret was going on through the combination of [[retrovirus]] and [[bacterium]]. It holds the key to reduce ageing and provide guard against most known diseases, thus making one immortal. Radha secretly emails her location to IB and tries to escape, but is shot. Saxena flees with a critically injured Radha while wiping out all information so that the IB does not get any evidence.

Vijay gets a call from the kidnappers asking him to surrender the cube and solve the puzzle regarding Alexander's quest, in exchange of Radha. He decides to go with the kidnappers and solve it, with Colin, Alice and Dr. Shukla helping him from Jaungarh. He travels to Afghanistan where he meets the leader, Christian Van Kleuck, an Austrian businessman associated with an ancient group called The Order. Van Kleuck explains to him that the secret referred to the potion of immortality, which Alexander had found. The legend was present in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' by the name of [[Samudra manthan]] or Churning of the Ocean of Milk, which according to the epic had given rise to [[Amrita]], the nectar of immortality. Vijay understand that the order wants to find the ingredients in creating such a potion. The group starts on their quest to find the locations using the verses on the cube.

With help, Vijay guides Van Kleuck and his team to the [[Kunar Valley]], where through a series of sentinels, they stumble upon an underground lake in a cave. The water was white in color, and there were ancient distillation and mixing equipment present. After taking sample from the lake, which consists of the bacterium, the group continues to the final stop, [[Ustyurt Plateau]], between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. They reach a mountain formation called The Three Brothers, and climb the shortest of the three ridges. Inside a sealed chamber, the group find a number of vessels which had contained the churned Amrita. One chamber is full of snakes and Van Kleuck orders his men to take a pair of each, as they would be the virus needed in the potion. After finishing their job they lock Vijay inside, but are ambushed by the Kazakh Air force choppers and [[MiG-29]]s outside and escapes. Vijay is rescued and brought back to India.

In New Delhi, the group, along with Kidwai continue searching for the Order and Radha, although knowing she might be dead. One night, Vijay receives a mysterious phone call from a person claiming to be his father's ally, but promises to meet him with important information only after six months.

==Development==
[[File:Kurma Avatar of Vishnu. ca 1870.jpg|thumb|[[Samudra manthan]] was a primary idea behind the book's story]]

Doyle released his first novel, ''[[The Mahabharata Secret]]'' in 2013, calling it a story that he wrote for his daughter, which gradually expanded into a novel.<ref name="table">{{cite news|first=Sangeeta |last=Barooah Pisharoty |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/table-for-two-column-author-executive-coach-christopher-c-doyle/article6636165.ece |title=A taste of legends |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 November 2014 |access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref><ref>''The Mahabharata Secret'', 2013, p. 2</ref> The book was a commercial success, leading to Westland Publishers signing Doyle for releasing a thriller trilogy with the ''Mahabharata'' as the main inspiration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/bookworm-s-trail/westland-ropes-in-the-mahabharata-secret-author-for-thriller-trilogy_3289.htm |title=Westland ropes in 'The Mahabharata Secret' author for thriller trilogy |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=29 May 2014 |access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref>

Doyle started researching more for the second book, utilizing the ideas he developed for the first one, reading the ''Mahabharata'' and a host of other research and books.<ref name="table"/> When asked, ''The Mahabharata Quest: The Alexander Secret'' was described by Doyle as "a contemporary thriller which is an intriguing blend of history, science and mythology."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141126/jsp/t2/story_19086762.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123024/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141126/jsp/t2/story_19086762.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Fantasy writer Christopher C. Doyle tells t2 about the Mahabharata and science|last=Datta|first=Abhinanda|date=26 November 2014|access-date=27 July 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Kolkata Telegraph]]}}</ref> He created a series with the story, titling it ''The Mahabharata Series'', and brought back the same principal characters from the first book.<ref name="dom">{{cite news|url=http://www.domain-b.com/people/interviews/20141215_mahabharat_quest.html |title=Christopher Doyle's Mahabharat quest |publisher=Domain Business |date=15 December 2014 |access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> However, Doyle explained that the book was not a sequel to ''The Mahabharata Secret'', but a logical extension of it by combining the ''Mahabharata'' and Alexander's secrets.<ref name="dwell">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/alexanders-quest/article6531506.ece|title=Christopher C. Doyle dwells into Alexander and the myths of the Mahabharata in his latest book|date=25 October 2014|access-date=27 July 2015|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The author explained his views about utilizing Alexander's [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|campaign of India]] in the story:
<blockquote>
I could not accept the traditional explanation that his soldiers revolted at the banks of the [[Beas]] river saying they wanted to go back... For a man who had marched 20,000 miles in the quest of conquering the world would have ideally liked to conquer this territory as well. Instead he turned back mysteriously. So for me I saw this as a big gap and this is where I found the linkage in my book between the secret of the gods and Alexander's real purpose for visiting India.<ref name="dom"/>
</blockquote>

Doyle researched the scientific reasons to support the secret that he spoke off in the book, including travelling to [[Dasuya]], from where Alexander supposedly retreated. He believed that since Alexander had already proclaimed himself to be son of the Greek god [[Zeus]], he might have already come across such a secret.<ref name="nie">{{cite news|last=Vijayan |first=Naveena |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/12/01/Doyle-and-his-%E2%80%98Secret%E2%80%99-Quest/article2548580.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710132957/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/12/01/Doyle-and-his-%E2%80%98Secret%E2%80%99-Quest/article2548580.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2015 |title=Doyle and his 'Secret' Quest |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=1 December 2014 |access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> The story was left with a cliffhanging sequence, with Doyle confirming that he would continue writing till the second half of 2015. In total, it took him two years to finalize and complete the book, and he based the story in science, and not on conspiracy theories or religion or mythical fantasy.<ref name="dom"/> Doyle has said that unlike the unexplained methods in conspiracy theories he used "cutting edge" scientific discoveries of the last decade to substantiate the secret of Samudra manthan in the book, including consulting with scientific experts who said the explanation seemed plausible.<ref name="nie"/> "So I used a totally different scientific concept which I had to build from scratch. The use of hard core science and accepted scientific fact to explain mythology was something that makes my books different," he added.<ref name="dom"/> Finally, Doyle consulted with Sanskrit language scholars to interpret the [[shlokas]] he used in the book and completing it.<ref name="dwell"/>

==Release and aftermath==
The book was released on 9 October 2014 by Westland.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mahabharata Quest: The Alexander Secret|date=9 October 2014|id={{ASIN|9384030597|country=in}}}}</ref> Following its release, ''The Mahabharata Quest: The Alexander Secret'' sold 15,000 copies within a month. [[Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' believed that with the book, Doyle was "all set to establish [himself] as a fantasy writer who looks at legends and mythology through the tunnel of science, from the convenience of the modern-day world."<ref name="table"/> Nupur Gosai from [[Aaj Tak]] also gave a positive review, saying that "Doyle puts up a good image of the archaeology and the ancient history in front of the '[[selfie]]-freak' generation, although they might find it difficult to grasp all the concepts... The best part about the book is its pace and the storytelling which will keep readers engrossed continuously."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/book-review-the-mahabharata-quest-the-alexander-secret-by-christopher-c.-doyle-westland-limited--1-789923.html|title=बुक रिव्यूः महाभारत, रहस्य और सिकंदर का विजय अभियान|trans-title=Book Review: The Mahabharata Quest: The Alexander Secret|last=Gosai|first=Nupur|date=3 December 2014|access-date=27 July 2015|publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]|language=Hindi}}</ref> Arunava Sinha from Scroll.in listed the book as one of the year's top selling mythological inspired books in India, saying that "book-buyers are still keen to have their traditional myths packaged into racy tales, and the more they can combine historical characters and different epochs of time, the better. Hence the success of [the book]".<ref name="scroll">{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Arunava|url=http://scroll.in/article/697512/the-three-genres-that-topped-2014-the-gap-between-pulp-and-literary-fiction-just-got-wider |title=The three genres that topped 2014: the gap between pulp and literary fiction just got wider |work=Scroll.in |date=28 December 2014 |access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> A writer for ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]'' magazine agreed with the previous review, adding that the book "will surely appeal to fans of mystery books".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/book-reviews-redrawing-india-the-emerging-feminine-the-mahabharata-quest-unseasonal-rain|title=Slices of Love and Life... Book Reviews|date=13 January 2015|access-date=27 July 2015|work=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]}}</ref>

The paperback version of the book sold around 50,000 copies making it a commercial success. In October 2015, Doyle launched an online club called The Quest Club, and released a mini-sequel to ''The Alexander Secret'' as an [[e-book]] for free. The popularity of the e-book deluged the author with requests to publish the sequel as a paperback. He ultimately gave in, and the mini-sequel was published in print in March 2016.<ref name="mint">{{cite news|last=Venkatesh|first=M|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/sTTqSNOtIAM2FWuUKxlRRL/Readers-in-India-still-prefer-paper-to-pixels-ChristopherC.html |title=Readers in India still prefer paper to pixels: Christopher Doyle|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=19 August 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> Known as ''A Secret Revealed'', the mini-sequel deals with what happened when Vijay finally met the mysterious caller six months later at a [[Starbucks]] shop in [[Gurgaon]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://christophercdoyle.com/books/a-secret-revealed/|title=A Secret Revealed|work=Christopher C Doyle |access-date=5 September 2016|publisher=ChristopherCDoyle.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Biology|Mythology|Viruses}}
*[[Bacteriophage]]
*[[Phage therapy]]
*[[Kshir Sagar]]
*[[Reverse transcriptase]]
*[[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]]
*[[Death of Alexander the Great]]
*[[Alexander the Great in legend]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.christophercdoyle.com/books/the-mahabharata-quest/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217180842/http://christophercdoyle.com/books/the-mahabharata-quest/ |date=17 December 2018 }}
* {{YouTube|JfH5vTpzwbA|''The Mahabharata Quest: The Alexander Secret'' trailer}}
* [http://eurasia.travel/kazakhstan/cities_towns_places/western_kazakhstan/the_ustyurt_plateau/ The Ustyurt Plateau: the Three Brothers]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahabharata Quest: The Alexander Secret, The}}
[[Category:2014 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Westland Books books]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Novels set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Novels based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India) in fiction]]
[[Category:Novels set in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Novels set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Sequel novels]]
[[Category:Indian mystery novels]]
[[Category:Indian thriller novels]]
[[Category:Novels about cryptography]]
[[Category:Novels about conspiracy theories]]

Sadiq ul Khairi

2025-10-16T17:30:51Z

MargretGerken: starting basic post w/ refs

{{Short description|Urdu Novelist}}
{{Expand Urdu|topic=bio|date=November 2021|صادق الخیری}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sadiq ul Khairi
| native_name = صادق الخیری
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|05|11}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|01|26|1915|05|11}}
| occupation = [[Writer]], [[novelist]], [[Translation|translator]]
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British Raj]]
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]
| resting_place = [[Sakhi Hassan]] Cemetery
| language = [[Urdu]]
| relatives = [[Rashid ul Khairi]] (father)
}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
'''Sadiq ul Khairi''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|صادق الخیری}}}}; 11 May 1915, [[Delhi]] - 26 January 1989, [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]]) was an Indian born [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] Urdu novelist, playwright and translator. He was the son of well-known Urdu writer Allama [[Rashid ul Khairi|Rashid Al-Khairi]] and younger brother Razzaq Al-Khairi.

== Early life and education ==
Khairi was born on 11 May 1915, in [[Delhi]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. His father, [[Rashid ul Khairi|Allama Rashid Al Khairi]] was a prominent Indian scholar and writer. Sadiq al-Khairi's grandfather Maulvi Abdul Qadir was one of the prominent scholars of Delhi. The famous Urdu writer [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi|Nazir Ahmad]] was the son-in-law of Maulvi Abdul Qadir.{{Sfn|Humā|1999|p=25}}

== Works ==
* {{Cite book|title=Dāstān sarāʼe: Mashriq o Mag̲h̲rib kā ʻaẓīm fikshan|date=1980|publisher=Shahnāz Buk Klab|location=[[Karachi|Karācī]]|language=Urdu|oclc=8826452}}
* {{Cite book|title=Bīrokreṭ|date=1988|publisher=Shahnāz Buk Klab|location=[[Karachi|Karācī]]|language=Urdu|oclc=21117245}}
* {{Cite book|title=Bint-i qamar ; Ṣādiq al-K̲h̲airī ke muntak̲h̲ab afsāne.|date=1971|publisher=Shahnāz Buk Kalb|location=[[Karachi|Karācī]]|oclc=40971227}}
* {{Cite book|title=Andhi Gali: (short stories)|date=1989|publisher=Publications India : Distributed by Star Publications|isbn=978-81-85243-24-5|location=[[New Delhi]]|language=Urdu|oclc=24019846}}
* {{Cite book|title=Nisheman; Ek dilkash o dilras nāvilaṭ.|date=1970|publisher=Shahnāz Buk Kalb|location=[[Karachi|Karācī]]|language=Urdu|oclc=46823273}}
* {{Cite book|title=Manjdhār|date=1976|publisher=Shahnāz Buk Kalb|location=[[Karachi|Karācī]]|oclc=40971336}}
* {{Cite book|title=Ṣādiqulk̲h̲airī : bihtarīn afsāne|last2= |date=1984|publisher=Shahnāz Buk Kalb|location=[[Karachi|Karācī]]|oclc=23099319}}
* {{Cite book|title=Lab pih ā saktā nahīn̲ : ankahī, saccī kahāniyān̲|date=1981|oclc=11324658}}

== Death ==
Khairi died of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in [[Karachi]] on 26 January 1989{{Sfn|Humā|1999|p=48}}<ref>Prof. Muhammad Aslam, Khaftagan Karachi, Pakistan Research Institute, [[University of the Punjab]], [[Lahore]], November 1991, p. 310</ref> and was buried in [[Sakhi Hassan]] Cemetery.{{Sfn|Humā|1999|p=49}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Biobiography ==
* {{Cite book|last=Humā|first=Dr. Ẓill-i|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/sadiqul-khairi-hayat-aur-adabi-khidmat-dr-zill-e-huma-ebooks?lang=ur|title=Ṣādiqulk̲h̲airī: ḥayāt aur adabī k̲h̲idmāt [Sadiq Al Khairi Life and Services]|publisher=Shahid Publications|year=1999|edition=second|location=[[Delhi]]|language=Urdu|oclc=39130834}}

[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language translators]]
[[Category:Urdu-language novelists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Pakistani writers]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani short story writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Pakistani writers]]

{{Authority control}}

Biswajit Datta

2025-10-15T06:36:32Z

MargretGerken: new the entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{orphan|date=October 2025}}
'''Biswajit Datta''' was an Indian politician and a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Khowai Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Syed Sajjad |date=2018-08-31 |title=Senior CPI(M) leader joins BJP in Tripura |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/senior-cpim-leader-joins-bjp-in-tripura/article24835921.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=2023-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-09-01 |title=CPI(M) leader Biswajit Dutta joins BJP in Tripura |url=https://thewire.in/politics/prominent-cpim-leader-biswajit-dutta-joins-bjp-in-tripura |website=The Wire |language=en |access-date=2023-03-20}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Biswajit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Tripura-BJP-politician-stub}}

Nenmara double murder case

2025-10-14T06:44:10Z

MargretGerken:

{{Short description|2025 murders in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Nenmara double murder case
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Nemmara]], [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]]
| target =
| coordinates =
| date = {{start date and age|2025|1|27}}
| time =
| timezone =
| type = Murder by [[stabbing]]
| fatalities = 2
| injuries =
| victims =
| perpetrators =
| assailants = 
| weapons =
| numparts = 
| dfens = 
| motive =
| inquiry =
| coroner =
| accused = 1
| convicted =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| charges = [[Murder]]
| litigation =
| website = 
| module =
}}

On 27 January 2025, 76-year-old Meenakshi Lakshmi and her son, 58-year-old Sudhakaran, were stabbed to death in [[Nemmara]], [[Palakkad district]] of [[Kerala]], India. The suspected assailant is Chenthamara, who was convicted for the 2019 murder of Sudhakaran's wife and was released on parole in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-01-27 |title=Murder accused out on parole hacks neighbour and his mother to death in Kerala’s Palakkad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/murder-accused-out-on-parole-hacks-neighbour-and-his-mother-to-death-in-keralas-palakkad/article69145886.ece |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-27 |title=Double Murder Shocks Kerala Village |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/kerala/double-murder-shocks-kerala-village-1857040 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nenmara double murder case accused Chenthamara still at large |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/01/28/nenmara-double-murder-case-chenthamara-absconding.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Nenmara double murder case accused Chenthamara still at large |language=en}}</ref>

==Investigation==
According to police, Chenthamara fled to a nearby forest following the killings, hiding in the Mattai forest area of Pothundy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nenmara double murder case: Chenthamara taken for evidence collection under tight security |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/02/04/nenmara-double-murder-case-chenthamara-evidence-collection-tight-security.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}</ref> The Kerala Police started a search on January 27, 2025 to arrest Chenthamara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=Out on bail in murder case, Kerala man kills first victim’s husband, mother-in-law: Police |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-man-kills-first-victims-husband-after-bail-in-murder-case-9802159/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was remanded in custody by 29 January.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-01-29 |title=Chenthamara remanded in judicial custody as police reveal chilling details of a planned attack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chenthamara-remanded-in-judicial-custody-as-police-reveal-chilling-details-of-a-planned-attack/article69155441.ece |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Some reports said that eyewitnesses to the events feared testifying due to potential reprisal against them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Fearing reprisal from Chenthamara, key eyewitness in Nenmara twin-murder case hesitates to testify |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/key-eyewitness-in-nenmara-twin-murder-case-hesitates-to-give-statement-to-police-cac28f5b |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

A charge sheet was filed in the Alathur Magistrate Court in March 2025, with Chenthamara being the sole accused.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-25 |title=Charge sheet filed in Nenmara double murder case, Chenthamara lone accused |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1504876&u=charge-sheet-filed-in-nenmara-double-murder-case-chenthamara-lone-accused-1504876 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nenmara double murder case}}
[[Category:2025 in Kerala]]
[[Category:2025 murders in India]]
[[Category:January 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:People murdered in Kerala]]

Journey's End (painting)

2025-10-10T05:56:30Z

MargretGerken:

{{Short description|Painting by Abanindranath Tagore}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = ''Journey's End''
| image = Abanindranath Tagore - Journey's End - Google Art Project.jpg
| artist = [[Abanindranath Tagore]]
| year = c. 1913
| medium = Tempera on paper
| museum = [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| city = [[New Delhi]]
}}
'''''Journey's End''''' is a tempera on paper painting, painted by Indian artist [[Abanindranath Tagore]] (1871–1951) in 1913.

== Background ==
Towards the close of the 19th century, Abanindranath Tagore, encouraged by [[Ernest Binfield Havell|E.B. Havell]], an English arts administrator, questioned the British academic system of art education. Dissatisfied with the physicality of the oil medium, he held the belief that Western art was "materialistic" in nature. Tagore, in the process, founded the [[Bengal School of Art]], an art movement that originated primarily in [[Kolkata]] and [[Santiniketan|Shantiniketan]], but flourished throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], eventually associating itself with [[Indian nationalism]] ([[Swadeshi movement|swadeshi]]). The Bengal School is widely considered to have helped pave the way for modern art in India. This way, Tagore led the Indian artistic renaissance. He believed in rejecting European art and returning to traditional Indian art by reviving India's identity in the arts scene. He also developed an interest in Mughal miniature traditions and was greatly influenced by the [[Wash painting|Japanese wash technique]].<ref name="Google Arts">{{Cite web |title=Journey's End - Abanindranath Tagore |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/journey-s-end-abanindranath-tagore/7AEBFkuScHG1nA |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Daily Dose">{{Cite web |last=Heather |date=2021-01-26 |title="Journey’s End" by Abanindranath Tagore |url=https://www.myddoa.com/journeys-end-by-abanindranath-tagore/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Daily Dose of Art |language=en-US}}</ref>

== The painting ==

The painting depicts a worn-out camel which has collapsed under the weight of its heavy load, presumably after a long and exhausting journey. The backdrop of the painting shows a sunset in a hot desert, as is evident by the saturated use of red, orange, brown, and yellow. The camel's eyes are half shut, and there is no sign of respite. The camel's forelegs are bent at its knees, and its posterior legs stand upright; its head is pointing upwards, indicative of a desire to take another chance to get up. Tagore has used precise yet delicate and non-mechanical lines. The application of wash technique is visible. The colour palette used in the painting comprises few shades: red, orange, brown, and yellow in the background, and a tint of blue. The overall appearance of the painting is calm and misty.<ref name="Google Arts"/><ref name="Pratha">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Akshita |date=2020-11-19 |title=Journey’s End Painting by Abanindranath Tagore |url=https://www.prathaculturalschool.com/post/journey-s-end |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=PRATHA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inherent calm of Abanindranath Tagore’s paintings |url=https://southasia.typepad.com/south_asia_daily/2014/01/inherent-calm-of-abanindranath-tagores-paintings.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Mayank Chhaya Daily}}</ref><ref name="Daily Dose"/>

== Interpretations ==
Apart from the general understanding of the painting, certain interpretations link it to the [[Indian independence movement|Indian freedom movement]]. Art critics have interpreted the painting as being representative of India under British colonial rule. The use of a camel as the subject has been appreciated, since a camel symbolises endurance, patience, and adaptability. The painting appears to compare the camel's virtues to those of Indians and its heavy burden to the [[British Raj]]'s oppressive and exploitative rule.<ref name="Daily Dose"/><ref name="Pratha"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:1913 paintings]]
[[Category:Camels in art]]

Suresh Chandra Tiwari

2025-09-21T19:38:33Z

MargretGerken: refine information for accuracy and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suresh Chandra Tiwari सुरेश चन्द्र तिवारी
| image =
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Lucknow Cantonment (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lucknow Cantt.]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|3 November 1956}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| education = Graduate
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Archana Tiwari
| children = Two sons, one daughter
| profession = Politics, Teaching
| termstart = 2019
| termend = 2022
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Lucknow Cantonment (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lucknow Cantt.]]
| termstart1 = 1996
| termend1 = 2012
}}

'''Suresh Chandra Tiwari''' ([[Hindi]]: सुरेश चंद्र तिवारी; born 3 November 1956) is an Indian politician and former MLA from [[Lucknow Cantonment (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lucknow Cantonment]] constituency. He is former{{when|date=August 2019}}president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) (Awadh Region).<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Oct 25, 2019|title=Old warhorse gives BJP big win in Lucknow Cantonment {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/old-warhorse-gives-bjp-big-win-in-lucknow-cantonment/articleshow/71749476.cms|access-date=2021-02-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Quint|first=The|date=2020-04-28|title=BJP Issues Notice to MLA Over Remarks Against Muslim Vendors|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/dont-purchase-vegetables-from-muslims-says-bjp-mla-from-up|access-date=2021-02-06|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-07|title=BJP reaching every household ahead of UP assembly bypolls: Party functionaries|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bjp-reaching-every-household-ahead-of-up-assembly-bypolls-party-functionaries/1635478/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tiwari has been elected from BJP in 1996, 2002 and 2007. He was defeated in 2012 by Rita Bahuguna Joshi and then won again in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-18|title=Constituency Watch: In high stake seat for BJP, a rich BSP challenger with caste math|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/constituency-watch-in-high-stake-seat-for-bjp-a-rich-bsp-challenger-with-caste-math-6075189/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Suresh Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phoole University

2025-09-17T09:11:35Z

MargretGerken: General improvements to article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox University
|image =
|name =Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phoole University
|motto =2009
|type =
|endowment =
|chairman =
|Pro-chancellor =
|vice_chancellor=
|president =
|city = [[Jaipur]]
|state = [[Rajasthan]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor =
|publictransit =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|staff =
|website = {{Official website|http://mjrpuniversity.ac.in}}
|footnotes =
}}
{{coord|26.8913574|75.7734419|display=title}}

{{more citations needed|date=June 2023}}

'''Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phoole University (MJRPU)''' is located in [[Jaipur]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It was established by ''The Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phoole University Act, 2009'' of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. The University offers degrees in [[Agribusiness]], Agriculture Science & Technology, Bio Technology / Biotech, Pharmacy, and Fashion Designing.

The University has collaboration relationship with Macmillan Research Group, UK for providing scholarships and co-publication.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=29&Unitype=3| title=Private University Rajasthan| publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate=25 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unirank.org/in/uni/mahatma-jyoti-rao-phoole-university/ | title=Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phoole University | publisher=unirank.org | accessdate=26 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://dce.rajasthan.gov.in/document/act-rule/2016_4_12_20_42_15_Jyoti%20Rao.rotated.pdf | title=THE MAHATMA JYOTI RAO PHOOLE UNIVERSITY,. JAIPUR ACT, 2009 | publisher=Rajasthan Government | accessdate=26 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="DigitalLEARNING Magazine 2018">{{cite web | title=MJRP Inculcating Academic Excellence | website=DigitalLEARNING Magazine | date=2 Oct 2018 | url=https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2018/10/mjrp-inculcating-academic-excellence/ | access-date=18 Mar 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://mjrpuniversity.ac.in}}
{{Universities in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:2009 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]

{{Rajasthan-university-stub}}

47th Indian Infantry Brigade

2025-08-27T22:17:13Z

MargretGerken: reworked lead per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Military Unit
| unit_name = 47th Indian Infantry Brigade
| abbreviation =
| image =
| caption =
| dates = 1941–1945
| country = [[British India]]
| allegiance = [[British Crown]]
| branch = [[British Indian Army]]
| type =
| role =
| size = [[Brigade]]
| command_structure =
| equipment = 
| Past Commanders =
| notable_commanders = Brigadier G L Blight Brigadier E H Blacker Brigadier R A A Wimberley
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| motto =
| battles = [[Burma Campaign]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
}}

The '''47th Indian Infantry Brigade''' was an Infantry formation of the [[Indian Army during World War II]]. The brigade was formed October 1941, at [[Secunderabad]] in India and assigned to the [[19th Indian Infantry Division]]. In March 1942, it was transferred to the [[14th Indian Infantry Division]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2009-10-23|publisher=Order of Battle|title=47 Indian Brigade|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6164&Tab=Sup}}</ref>

==Formation==
*1st Battalion, [[7th Rajput Regiment]] October 1941 to May 1943
*5th Battalion, [[8th Punjab Regiment]] October 1941 to June 1943
*2nd Battalion, [[1st Punjab Regiment]] October 1941 to September 1942
*1st Battalion, [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]] October 1942 to July 1943
*MG Battalion, [[9th Jat Regiment]] January to February 1943
*7th Battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] July 1943 to August 1945
*14th Battalion, [[11th Sikh Regiment]] July 1943 to August 1945
*15th Battalion, [[10th Baluch Regiment]] August 1943 to August 1945 <ref>{{cite web|access-date=2009-10-23|publisher=Order of Battle|title=47 Indian Brigade Units|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6164&Tab=Su}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of Indian Army Brigades in World War II]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:British Indian Army brigades]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]

{{India-mil-unit-stub}}
{{WWII-stub}}

National Highway 14 (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T02:05:56Z

MargretGerken: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 162 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Indians in the United States Virgin Islands

2025-05-27T09:22:04Z

MargretGerken: starting some entry more to come!

{{Short description|None}}
The '''Indian community in the [[United States Virgin Islands]]''' is made up of [[Indo-Caribbeans]], [[Indian Americans]] and other [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|persons of Indian origin]]. The first Indians in the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) arrived in the [[Danish West Indies|Danish colony]] of [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]] in June 1863 as [[Indian indenture system|indentured workers]]. However, the nearly all 325 Indians who came to Saint Croix left the island by the 1870s. Nearly two-thirds returned to India, while the others emigrated to [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. Some settled in that country, while others returned to India from Trinidad.

Today, the Indian community in the United States Virgin Islands is primarily made up of Indo-Caribbeans who migrated from other [[Caribbean]] countries, as well as other persons of Indian origin. There is also an Indian-American community in the USVI as it is an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated United States territory]]. As of the 2010 Census of the United States Virgin Islands, an estimated 1,000 persons of Indian descent reside in the territory.

==Indenture==
Following the abolition of slavery in Saint Croix in the [[Danish West Indies]] in 1848, [[plantation]] owners on the island sought to find an alternative to [[Atlantic slave trade|African slave labour]]. Danish Ambassador M. de Bille sent an official request to import Indian indentured laborers, under similar conditions as the [[French colonial empire|French]], to the British Government in November 1861. However, the request was denied. British [[Secretary of State for India]] Sir [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]] stated that "more convincing legislation" was required from Saint Croix. Historian Lomarsh Roopnarine notes that the British were generally reluctant to send Indian indentured workers to non-British colonies, particularly towards the start of the indenture system. Roopnarine suggests that this might have been because the British saw the workers as an economic advantage for the [[British Empire]]. However, the British permitted immigration of Indian indentured laborers to the [[French West Indies]] in 1860, believing that the French would hire laborers from [[Africa]] if they did not receive Indian workers. The British permitted immigration in 1863 following two years of negotiations with the Colonial Council of Saint Croix. The [[British Parliament]] enacted Act VII of 1863 permitting [[Denmark]] to transport indentured workers to Saint Croix.<ref name="Iberoamericana">{{cite journal|date=2012|title=A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO FAILED INDENTURE EXPERIENCES IN POST-EMANCIPATION CARIBBEAN: BRITISH GUIANA (1838- 1843) AND DANISH ST. CROIX (1863–1868)|url=http://www.lai.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.249219.1443019363!/menu/standard/file/14%20-Lomarsh%20Roopnarine%20formaterad.pdf|journal=Iberoamericana. Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies|volume=XLII: 1- 2 2012|pages=203–230|last1=Roopnarine|first1=Lomarsh|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

Unlike in other Caribbean colonies such as [[British Guiana|British Guyana]], Danish plantation owners were not permitted to directly hire Indian indentured labor. Under new guidelines introduced by the [[British Raj|British Indian government]] in the early 1860s, Danish plantation owners had to negotiate the hiring of indentured workers directly with the British and the British Indian governments. This was intended to curb abuse of workers particularly because these workers would not be in a British colony, and therefore not under British jurisdiction. Among the rules imposed, was the requirement that Indian workers be transported safely, and that a British Agent or a British Consular and a British Protector be appointed to inspect the departure site as well the Saint Croix plantations. The British also reserved the right to halt immigration at any time they deemed necessary. Despite these guidelines, in practice, plantation owners in Saint Croix exploited Indian indentured laborers. This was due to several factors. The contracts offered to workers were complex. Roopnarine states, "The contracts consisted of laws and ordinances not easily comprehensible to modern researchers, much less to the nineteenth century Indian peasantry." High-levels of illiteracy among the workers meant that many were unable to comprehend the contracts they were agreeing to. The British Government did not monitor the day-to-day operation of the indenture system, delegating it to the British Indian government which was unconcerned with enforcing the guidelines. Danish plantation owners also took advantage of the system, taking steps to ensure that the Protector of Immigrants who inspected plantations provided a positive report regardless of actual conditions of the workers. Racism was also a factor in the indifference of colonial administrators towards Indian indentured workers.

The only ship that carried indentured workers from India to the Danish West Indies, a [[steamship]] named ''Mars'', departed from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and arrived in Saint Croix on 15 June 1863. The voyage took about 3 months. The ''Coolie Journal'', a British colonial record from 1863 states that there were 321 Indians on board the ''Mars'' - 244 men, 60 women, and 17 children. The Journal also notes that 3 Indians died during the voyage. However, other sources provide differing figures. An estimated 318-326 Indian indentured workers were on board the ship.<ref name="Iberoamericana" /><ref>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.uwc.ac.za/users/DMS/Delete/M4ry-J4n3%27S%20d0cS/my%20e-books/history/indo%20caribbean%20genealogy.pdf|server=University of Western Cape|url-status=dead|title=Indo-Caribbean Genealogy|access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref> The majority of the Indians that went to Saint Croix came from the provinces of [[Bihar Province|Bihar]] and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]. At the time, both regions suffered from famines, lack of employment, civil unrest and high rate of poverty. These conditions encouraged some Indians to migrate to Saint Croix as indentured workers in hopes of escaping adverse conditions at home.<ref name="Iberoamericana" /> Among the colonies that employed indentured labor, Saint Croix received the second smallest number of Indian workers after the island of [[Nevis]] which received 315 Indian workers. If the island of [[Saint Kitts]] which received 337 Indian workers is included with Nevis, as part of the modern-day [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], then Saint Croix received the smallest number of Indian laborers.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERR6DQAAQBAJ|title=The Legacy of Indian Indenture: Historical and Contemporary Aspects of Migration and Diaspora|last2=Roopnarine|first2=Lomarsh|last3=Ramsoedh|first3=Hans|date=10 November 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351986830|language=en|chapter=3|last1=Hassankhan|first1=Maurits S.|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

Upon arriving in Saint Croix, the indentured workers were put straight to work at 12 plantations across the island - [[Bethlehem Old Work, U.S. Virgin Islands|Lower Bethlehem]] (64 immigrants), River (56), [[Mount Pleasant, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Mount Pleasant]] (50), Estate Diamond (25), [[Good Hope, U.S. Virgin Islands|Goodhope]] (25), [[Diamond, U.S. Virgin Islands|Diamond]] (19), [[Golden Grove, U.S. Virgin Islands|Golden Grove]] (16), [[Fountain, U.S. Virgin Islands|Fountain]] (15), [[Upper Love, U.S. Virgin Islands|Upper Love]] (15), [[Lower Love, U.S. Virgin Islands|Lower Love]] (11), [[La Grande Princesse, U.S. Virgin Islands|La Grande Princesse]] (10), and [[Rattan and Belvedere, U.S. Virgin Islands|Rattan]] (10). The Indian workers were not provided any time to acclimatize to their new surroundings.<ref name="Iberoamericana" /> Per the terms of their contracts, the indenture period was 5 years, or would expire in 1868. Plantation owners were required to provide free housing, basic medical care, minimum wage, and basic rations to all workers during the indenture period. Breach of contract by either party was punishable by fines. However, in practice, plantation owners rarely provided these services to workers and were rarely punished except in a few cases of severe working conditions. Instead of adequate housing, Indian workers were placed in abandoned dwellings previously occupied by African slave laborers. Each one-room dwelling accommodated between 7 and 11 Indian workers. The houses lacked indoor plumbing, which accelerated the spread of diseases such as [[Tungiasis|chigoes]], [[cholera]], and [[dysentery]] among the workers. Meanwhile, Indian workers were often fined and docked wages for alleged breaches of contract.<ref name="Iberoamericana" />

Workers were required to work nine hours a day and six days a week. They were involved in all aspects of sugar cane plantation from weeding to transporting the harvested product to sugar factories. Plantation owners often punished workers for alleged breaches of contract by fines or physical punishment such as [[Flagellation|flogging]]. While many Indians submitted to the harsh conditions, others engaged in strikes, riots, and some forms of violent protest. Plantation owners also failed to provide basic medical care to the workers. Several colonial records describe the condition of the "sick-houses" were workers were treated as "heart-rending and frightful". The British Consul sent a dispatch to the British [[Colonial Office]] reporting that Indian workers in Saint Croix suffered from poor health caused by inadequate diet, overwork, ill-treatment, neglect, and diseases. More than 6% of the Indians who arrived on board the ''Mars'' died within their first year on Saint Croix. The mortality rate of Indians was higher than the 5% recorded among local laborers despite the locals experiencing a fever epidemic at the time. Around 40% of Indian workers died on the Rattan plantation alone.<ref name="Iberoamericana" />

=== Abolition ===
The mistreatment of Indian workers on the island eventually led the British and British Indian governments to ban immigration to Saint Croix at the end of the first indenture period in 1868.<ref name="Iberoamericana" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/csis/blackatlantic/BARD-Essay-1-1.pdf|title=The Brown Atlantic: Re-thinking Post-Slavery|date=1 July 2012|website=University of Liverpool|page=11|last1=Hardeen|first1=Devi|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Unlike a similar ban on immigration to British Guyana which was lifted in 1845, the ban on Saint Croix remained and the immigration of Indian indentured workers to the island never resumed. The decision was backed by a negative report filed by the British Consul in Saint Croix, whose job was to oversee the conditions of Indian workers. According to the Consul, although indentured workers repeatedly expressed a desire to be free, most did not condemn the system after their indenture periods ended. Instead, they were disappointed that they were unable to make much money from their contracts. When the indenture period expired in 1868, nearly two-thirds of the Indian workers chose to return to India. The ''[[Moses & Søn G. Melchior|Dorothea Melchior]]'' departed Saint Croix on 16 July 1868, with around 250 Indians on board, and arrived in Calcutta on 16 December 1868. According to the Protector of Immigrants at Calcutta, 4 adult males and 1 woman died during the voyage. Four births also took place, however, three of the newborns died on board. The Protector also claimed that the workers "expressed themselves perfectly satisfied with their treatment during the voyage and spoke highly of the kindness of commanders and officers."<ref name="Iberoamericana" />

The Indian indenture system was expensive for the Danish colonial government. Between 1859 and 1878, the Danish spent an estimated $138,000 to facilitate the immigration of workers of all ethnicities to Saint Croix. Between 1863 and 1865, the immigration of Indian indentured workers alone cost the government $57,786 (42% of $138,000). The Danish colonial government spent $34,214 to bring Indian workers to Saint Croix in 1863, and $15,283 for their return voyage. This cost place a large financial strain on the government, as well as plantation owners who financed the acquisition of workers though loans. Combined with the lower cost of acquiring workers from neighboring Caribbean islands the large expense contributed to collapse of the Indian indentured system in Saint Croix.<ref name="Iberoamericana" />

The 1863 ''Coolie Journal'' shows that Indian workers who returned to India in 1868 had a total savings of US$12,000 or £2,500. The average savings per worker is much lower than that among Indian workers in other Caribbean colonies. Historians believe that this amount does not reflect the true savings of Indian workers in Saint Croix. It is believed that Indian workers in Saint Croix did not use the banking system nor disclose their savings to colonial authorities due to distrust. Instead, Indian workers in Saint Croix hid most of their savings in mattresses, holes in trees, or buried underground. During their return voyage to India, many hid their money on their person and did not disclose it to port authorities. Others used their savings to purchase gold, which was not recorded in the official records even if disclosed. However, other historians dispute this argument. They argue that savings among Indian in Saint Croix were low because they had less freedom and rights in Saint Croix compared to colonies such as British Guyana, where they could engage in trade and business after completing indenture and earn higher incomes. Another reason cited for the lower savings are heavier fines imposed on Indian workers in Saint Croix, and the higher charges they were required to pay for basic commodities. For instance, Indian workers were charged 40 cents for the food supplied to them which was much higher than the 25 cents local workers were charged for the same quantity of food. Indian historian Kumar Sircar states that of 245 Indians who returned home, only 149 had any savings while 96 were penniless. Upon arriving in Calcutta, some of these workers were declared insane and delusional. Many refused to return to their native villages, fearing that they would be ostracized for abandoning their community and moving to the Caribbean, and instead chose to settle in Calcutta.<ref name="Iberoamericana"/>

=== Emigration ===
Only 30 Indians chose to re-indenture after the first indenture period expired in 1868. They accepted the Danish government's offer of a one-time payment of US$40 in exchange for re-indenturing for an additional 5 years and forfeiting their right of free return to India. All 30 of these Indians emigrated to Trinidad, some time after their second indenture period expired in 1873. Some sought employment in the country and settled in Trinidad, while others returned to India.<ref name="Iberoamericana" />

According to historian Kumar Sircar, 65 Indians from Saint Kitts migrated to Saint Croix in the 1870s after completing their indenture period in the former. Some of these Indians are recorded in the 1880 and 1890 Censuses of Saint Croix as "coolies". This group of Kittitian Indians is sometimes mistaken for the Indians that arrived in Saint Croix aboard the ''Mars'' in 1863.<ref name="Routledge" />

== Present-day ==
All of the Indians who arrived in Saint Croix as indentured workers in 1863 left the island by the 1870s. The Indian community in the United States Virgin Islands today is primarily made up of Indo-Caribbeans who migrated from other Caribbean countries, as well as other persons of Indian origin. There is also an Indian American community in the Virgin Islands as it is an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated United States territory]].

Roopnarine notes that "East Indians do not fit the general definition of minority groups in the USVI or even in the wider Caribbean. They have neither been singled out openly for differential and unequal treatment nor exposed to constant incidents of discrimination." Indians in the USVI are generally financially stable and tend to dominate the microeconomic sector and run many department stores in the territory. Roopnarine states that Indians in the Virgin Islands have engaged in "selective assimilation" while maintaining social, religious and cultural ties to India through contacts with the larger Indian community in Trinidad. The community established an Indian cultural centre and a [[Hindu temple]] in the United States Virgin Islands.<ref name="ProQuest">{{cite web|last1=Roopnarine|first1=Lomarsh|title=East Indians in the United States Virgin Islands|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/127513c29a2aaa0e250d7df7cc632078/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=14431|website=ProQuest|publisher=Social and Economic Studies|access-date=27 April 2017|location=Kingston|language=en|date=2014}}</ref>

Roopnarine states that the despite making significant contributions to the USVI, Indians "are viewed with much skepticism by "Native Virgin Islanders" as a group that has arrived recently and has virtually taken over the microeconomic sector on [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]]."<ref name="ProQuest"/>

According to the 2010 Census of the United States Virgin Islands, about 1.4% of the territory's total population was Asian which includes people of Indian descent.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kalunta-Crumpton|first1=Anita|title=Pan-African Issues in Drugs and Drug Control: An International Perspective|date=3 March 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317084341|page=227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQirCwAAQBAJ|access-date=27 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> The Census does not record people of Indian descent separately. Roopnarine estimates that around 1,000 people of Indian origin reside in the United States Virgin Islands.<ref name="ProQuest"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Americans by location}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|United States Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States Virgin Islands]]

Kulur, Mangaluru

2025-05-05T13:59:09Z

MargretGerken:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Kulur''' or '''Kuloor''' is a locality in [[Mangaluru]] city, [[Karnataka]], [[India]] about {{Convert|7|km|mi}} north of the city centre. Kulur is one of the major commercial junctions in the city.

== Transport links ==
Kulur is on [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]], the main west coast road running south from [[Panvel]], [[Maharashtra]]. The highway crosses the [[Gurupura River]] via the Kulur Bridge into Kulur, bypasses Mangaluru city centre to the east, before continuing on into [[Kerala]]. The southbound Kular Bridge was built in 1952 and is of a [[bowstring arch truss]] design while the northbound is a reinforced concrete [[girder bridge]]. As of March 2023, a new six-lane bridge is under construction between the two existing bridges.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-03 |title=Kulur bridge construction works likely to resume soon |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/kulur-bridge-construction-works-likely-to-resume-soon/articleshow/98378292.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A main road runs east from Kulur Junction to [[Kavoor, Mangalore|Kavoor]] where it connects to State Highway 67 northbound to [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangalore international airport]].

== Tourism ==
The River Festival of Mangaluru was held at Kulur along with Bangrakulur & Tannirbhavi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/river-festival-to-be-held-mangaluru-on-january-12-13/articleshow/67289599.cms|title=River Festival to be held Mangaluru on January 12, 13|date=28 December 2018|accessdate=28 February 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|author=Vinobha K T}}</ref> The district administration and [[Mangaluru City Corporation]] proposed the building of a permanent jetty at Kulur, to promote the backwater tourism of Mangaluru along Gurupura River. The Kulur-Tannirbhavi corridor will be developed as a major tourist attraction under the Smart City Project.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/in-a-bid-to-boost-tourism-dk-to-launch-small-projects/article27121153.ece| title = In a bid to boost tourism, DK to launch small projects - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 14 May 2019}}</ref>

== Schools & Colleges in Kulur ==

* {{coord missing|Karnataka}}Kulur High School
* [[VIBGYOR Group of Schools|VIBGYOR Roots and Rise]], Kulur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vibgyorrise.com/mangalore-kulur.php|title=CBSE Schools in Kulur, Mangalore - VIBGYOR Rise|website=www.vibgyorrise.com|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>
* AJ Institute of Engineering & Technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ajiet.edu.in/ |title=Home |website=ajiet.edu.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

 

[[Category:Localities in Mangalore]]

{{Mangalore-geo-stub}}

Wilson Island (Ritchie's Archipelago)

2025-02-17T22:24:17Z

MargretGerken: starting first details with sources

{{Short description|Island of the Andaman Islands}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Wilson Island
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native_name_lang =
| sobriquet = Sir Archdale Wilson Island
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#India
| map_caption = Location of Wilson Island
| coordinates = {{coord|12.13|N|92.98|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| area_km2 = 14.3
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 4.1
| width_km = 4.3
| coastline_km = 16.2
| elevation_m = 216
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="nga">{{cite enroute|173|2017|283}}</ref>
| highest_mount = Round Hill
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Ritchie's Archipelago]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Port Blair|Port Blair Tehsil]]
| population = 0
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 =
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744202<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2014 |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=22 September 2016|accessdate=22 September 2016 }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031927<ref name="allcodesindia">{{cite web|url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php |publisher=allcodesindia.in|title=STD Codes of Andaman and Nicobar|accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
}}
'''Wilson Island''' is an island of the [[Andaman Islands]]. It belongs to the [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the Indian [[union territory]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> The island lies {{convert|57|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Port Blair]].

==Etymology==
Wilson Island is named after [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier Commander]] [[Archdale Wilson|Sir Archdale Wilson]].

==History==
There is a lighthouse on the island. It was commissioned on 23 March 1994.<ref name="light">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgll.nic.in/LightHouse.aspx?Consent_id=157&Module_id=16&LocationId=10&LangId=1|publisher=www.dgll.nic.in|title=Government of India, Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships.|accessdate=2016-10-18}}</ref>

==Geography==
The island belongs to the [[Ritchie's Archipelago]] and is located between north of [[Sir William Peel Island]] and [[Nicholson Island (Ritchie's Archipelago)|Nicholson Island]] and west of [[John Lawrence Island]]. A narrow channel ({{convert|400|m|0|abbr=on}}) separates Wilson Island from Sir William Peel Island to the south.

==Administration==
Politically, Wilson Island is part of [[Port Blair]] taluk.<ref name="and">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |publisher=andssw1.and.nic.in|title=DEMOGRAPHIC – A&N ISLANDS |accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The island is uninhabited.

==Image gallery==
<gallery widths="180">
File:Ritchies Archipelago locale.png|Outline map of the [[Andaman Islands]], with Ritchie's Archipelago highlighted (in red).
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Ritchie's Archipelago}}
{{South Andaman district |state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson Island}}

[[Category:Ritchie's Archipelago]]
[[Category:Islands of South Andaman district]]
[[Category:Islands of the Andaman Sea]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]

{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

Koyalchal Sanjay Gandhi Memorial College, Nirsa

2025-02-12T10:31:24Z

MargretGerken: adding the entry from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian educational institute}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Third-party|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| name = '''Koyalchal Sanjay Gandhi Memorial College, Nirsa'''
| image = [[File:KSGM College Nirsa Logo.png|KSGM College Logo]]
| type = [[Public university|Private]]
| established = 1980
| affiliation = *[[Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University]]
| president =
| principal = Manik Chandra Ojha (H.O.D. Economics)
| address = Nirsa, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 828205
| city = Dhanbad
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.792045|86.702680|type:edu|display=inline}}
| campus = Urban
| website = https://www.ksgmcollege.in/
}}

'''Koyalchal Sanjay Gandhi Memorial''' (abbreviated '''KSGM''') College, [[Nirsa]] is a Co-educational degree College<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=KSGM College's Official Website|url=https://www.ksgmcollege.in|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> and is permanently affiliated<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affiliated Colleges under Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University, Dhanbad |url=https://bbmku.ac.in/affiliated-colleges/#14 |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=BBMKU}}</ref> to [[Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University]], Dhanbad Aided by [[Government of Jharkhand]] and Registered by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]<ref name=":0" /> under 2F and 12B. Accredited to [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] Grade-B<ref>{{Cite web|title=Certifications of KSGM College Nirsa|url=https://www.ksgmcollege.in/certification.php|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> offers general education in all three faculties of [[Arts]], [[Science]] and [[Commerce]]. [[Honours degree|Honours]] teaching offered in almost all subjects.

The Intermediate courses are run under [[Jharkhand Academic Council]], Ranchi and The degree courses are run under [[Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University]], Dhanbad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University, Dhanbad|url=https://bbmku.ac.in|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=September 6, 2020|website=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=11&Unitype=2| title=State University Jharkhand | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
This degree College was established in the year 1980 and named Koyalchal Sanjay Gandhi Memorial (abbreviated '''KSGM''') College by the vision of by Late. Sri. C.N. Maharaja (philanthropist) and Sri. K.S. Chatterjee.

== Location ==

KSGM College is located near the Govt. Middle School and High School Nirsa. One can reach the site from Main Road [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] with a walk-able distance of 1 km or by any commute available.

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
| title =
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| captionstyle =
| File:KSGM College Nirsa 01.jpg
| alt1=A view of a sign board on the entrance road of KSGM College Nirsa
| A view of a sign board on the entrance road of KSGM College Nirsa
| File:Main Gate KSGM College NIrsa 01.jpg
| alt2=A view of main gate KSGM College Nirsa of KSGM College Nirsa
| A view of main gate KSGM College Nirsa of KSGM College Nirsa
| File:Main Gate KSGM College NIrsa 02.jpg
| alt3=A view of main gate KSGM College Nirsa of KSGM College Nirsa
| A view of main gate KSGM College Nirsa of KSGM College Nirsa
| File:Sign board showing college map & NSS.jpg
| alt4=A view of Science Block & Sign boards showing college map & NSS of KSGM College Nirsa
| A view of Science Block & Sign boards showing college map & NSS of KSGM College Nirsa
| File:KSGM College Nirsa 02.jpg
| alt5=A view inside KSGM College Nirsa
| A view inside KSGM College Nirsa
| File:KSGM College Nirsa 04.jpg
| alt6=This image shows inside view of KSGM College Nirsa
| This image shows inside view of KSGM College Nirsa
| File:KSGM College Nirsa 05.jpg
| alt7=This image shows inside view of KSGM College Nirsa
| This image shows inside view of KSGM College Nirsa
| File:KSGM College Nirsa 03.jpg
| alt8=Inside view of KSGM College Nirsa
| Inside view of KSGM College Nirsa
| File:KSGM College Nirsa 06.jpg
| alt9=This image shows a statue of Indian freedom fighter Birsa Munda inside KSGM College Nirsa
| This image shows a statue of Indian freedom fighter Birsa Munda inside KSGM College Nirsa
| File:Playground KSGM College Nirsa.jpg
| alt10=Playground view of KSGM College Nirsa
| Playground view of KSGM College Nirsa
| File:Principal Chamber KSGM College Nirsa.jpg
| alt11=A view of Principal Chamner of KSGM College Nirsa
| A view of Principal Chamner of KSGM College Nirsa
| File:Swami Vivekanand Conference Hall 01.jpg
| alt12=A view of Swami Vivekanand Conference Hall of KSGM College Nirsa
| A view of Swami Vivekanand Conference Hall of KSGM College Nirsa
| File:Inside Swami Vivekanand Conference Hall 01.jpg
| alt13=Inside view of Swami Vivekanand Conference Hall of KSGM College Nirsa
| Inside view of Swami Vivekanand Conference Hall of KSGM College Nirsa
| File:Inside Swami Vivekanand Conference Hall 02.jpg
| alt14=A inside view of Swami Vivekanand Conference Hall of KSGM College Nirsa
| A inside view of Swami Vivekanand Conference Hall of KSGM College Nirsa
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.ksgmcollege.in/ Official website]

{{Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Education in Dhanbad]]

Vanghmun

2025-01-18T18:06:44Z

MargretGerken:

{{short description|Village in Tripura}}

{{use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vanghmun
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = VANGMUN...JAMPUI.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_capt =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tripura#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|59|19|N|92|16|42|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tripura]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Tripura district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = Jampui Hills
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2350
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Tropical monsoon climate|Am]]
| footnotes =
| image_caption = Vanghmun in 2014
}}
'''Vanghmun''' is a remote village at the highest peak of [[Jampui Hills]] in North Tripura district of the [[Tripura]] state in [[North East India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Tanmoy |title=Vanghmun locals vie for India’s cleanest village tag |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/vanghmun-locals-vie-for-indias-cleanest-village-tag/cid/1700230 |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=25 Aug 2019}}</ref> It is notable for its cleanliness and also known as the cleanest village of [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vanghmun, sets example by being the ‘clean and green’ village of Tripura |url=https://newssense.in/2019/07/24/vanghmun-sets-example-by-being-the-clean-and-green-village-of-tripura/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=News Sense |date=24 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Panna |title=Tripura's Vanghmun village receives a chief minister after 20-year gap |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/tripuras-vanghmun-village-receives-a-chief-minister-after-20-year-gap.html |work=NORTHEAST NOW |date=10 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Abhijit |title=Jampui Hills To Soon Feature In Paragliding Map Of India, Trials To Start In August |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/07/19/jampui-hills-to-soon-feature-in-paragliding-map-of-india-trials-to-start-in-august/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=Northeast Today |date=19 July 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
Vanghmun is located 220 km from [[Agartala]], the state capital of [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vanghmun: Tripura's Cleanest Village » Discover Northeast India |url=https://discoverneindia.com/vanghmun-tripuras-cleanest-village/ |website=discoverneindia.com |language=en-us |date=16 February 2023}}</ref> [[Aizawl]] the capital of [[Mizoram]] is 55 km from Vanghmun.<ref>{{cite web |title=All You Need to Know about Vanghmun, the Cleanest Village of Tripura |url=https://www.thenevibes.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-vanghmun-the-cleanest-village-of-tripura |website=The neVibes |language=en |date=27 August 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in North Tripura district]]

Sarila (state)

2025-01-16T17:31:00Z

MargretGerken: starting some data v1

{{Short description|Princely State in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = State of Sarila
| common_name = Sarila State
| nation = [[British India]]
| subdivision = [[Princely State]]
| capital = [[Sarila]]
| era =
| year_start = 1755
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1947
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat = Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Sarila.png
| image_map =
| image_map_caption = | stat_area1 = 90.6496
| stat_year1 = 1881
| stat_pop1 = 5,014
| stat_year2 = 1891
| stat_pop2 = 5,622
| stat_year3 = 1901
| stat_pop3 = 6,298
| footnotes =
}}
The '''State of Sarila''' was a non-salute [[princely state]] under the [[Bundelkhand Agency]]. Currently, [[Sarila]] town, the state's capital, is part of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

Following [[partition of India]] in 1947, [[Mahipal Singh Ju Deo]], the last ruler of the state, signed the [[Instrument of Accession]], whereby he acceded his state to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]].

== History ==
Sarila State was founded by [[Aman Singh Bundela|Aman Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_8bAQAAIAAJ |title=The Central India State Gazetteer Series |date=1907 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=173, 203 |language=en}}</ref> [[Aman Singh Bundela|Aman]] was the son of Pahar Singh and the grandson of [[Chhatrasal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34582/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1930 |date=1933 |pages=51}}</ref> Pahar Singh sent Aman to occupy [[Sarila]] where Aman built a fortress between 1755 and 1760.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarila |first=Narendra Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnAwAQAAIAAJ |title=Once a Prince of Sarila: Of Palaces and Tiger Hunts, of Nehrus and Mountbattens |date=2008-04-15 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-84511-707-8 |pages=4–5,103–104,109,291 |language=en}}</ref>

The state became a [[British protectorate]] in 1807.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC |title=The Indian Princes and their States |date=2004-01-08 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-44908-3 |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> Following the independence of [[India]], Sarila was merged on 4 April 1948 with 34 other states to form [[Vindhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RodAQAAMAAJ |title=The Indian and Pakistan Year Book |date=1951 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |pages=482–483 |language=en}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==
The rulers are [[Rajput|Rajputs]] of the [[Bundela]] family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cotton |first=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xndDAAAAYAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref> They held the title of Raja.<ref>{{Cite book |last=T |first=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTSy_conpsQC |title=“A” Juvenile History of Charkhari |date=1886 |publisher=Babus Ganés Das & Company, Booksellers |pages=16, 107 |language=en}}</ref> Below is the list of rulers and titular rulers:

=== Rulers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Name'''
!Reign began
!Reign ended
!'''Notes'''
|-
|[[Aman Singh Bundela|Aman Singh]]
|1755
|1788
|Founded the state
|-
|[[Tej Singh Ju Deo|Tej Singh]]
|1788
|1818
|
|-
|Anirudh Singh
|1818
|1842
|
|-
|Hindupat Singh
|1842
|1871
|
|-
|Khallak Singh
|1871
|1882
|
|-
|[[Pahar Singh Ju Deo|Pahar Singh]]
|19 August 1882
|1898
|
|-
|[[Mahipal Singh Ju Deo]]
|11 September 1898
|1970
|
|}

=== Titular ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Reign began
!Reign ended
!Notes
|-
|[[Mahipal Singh Ju Deo]]
|1970
|January 1983
|
|-
|Narendra Singh Ju Deo
|January 1983
|7 July 2011
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources and further reading ==

* [https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Sarila Princely States of India K-Z]

[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1755]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:British Empire]]

Inder Pal Khosla

2025-01-14T09:33:51Z

MargretGerken: expanded details to improve readability after review

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =

| office = {{flag|India}}n representative to {{flag|Bhutan}}
| term_start = 1974
| term_end = 1975
| predecessor =
| successor =

| office2 = {{flag|India}}n [[Charge d'Affaires]] to {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| term_start2 = 1975
| term_end2 = 1976
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =

| office3 = {{flag|India}}n [[Ambassador]] to {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| term_start3 = 1976
| term_end3 = 1980
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =

| office4 = {{flag|India}}n [[High Commissioner]] to {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| term_start4 = Jan 1985
| term_end4 = {{dts|1985|07|15}}
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =

| office5 = {{flag|India}}n [[High Commissioner]] to {{flag|Australia}}
| term_start5 = Feb 1985
| term_end5 = 1989
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =

| office6 = {{flag|India}}n [[Ambassador]] to {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| term_start6 = 1989
| term_end6 = 1990
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =

| office7 = {{flag|India}}n [[Ambassador]] to {{flag|Iran}}
| term_start7 = 1990
| term_end7 = 1992
| predecessor7 =
| successor7 =

| office8 = {{flag|India}}n [[Ambassador]] to {{flag|Netherlands}}
| term_start8 = 1992
| term_end8 = 1992
| predecessor8 =
| successor8 =

| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1938|03|26}}
| birth_place =[[Lahore]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Inder Pal Khosla''' is a retired Indian diplomat.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IVAPgAACAAJ |title=India and the Gulf - Inder Pal Khosla, Association of Indian Diplomats - Google Books |isbn=9788122007435 |accessdate=2012-03-26|last1=Khosla |first1=I. P. |year=2009 }}</ref> He served as the Indian [[High Commissioner]] to [[Bangladesh]] and [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-07-16-me-6915-story.html |title=India Appoints Envoy - Los Angeles Times |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=1994-11-15 |access-date=2012-03-26}}</ref>
*Son of Shakuntala and Justice GD Khosla.
*Has two daughters
*Education: 1954: [[The Doon School]] BA, MA (Econ).
*In 1960 joined [[Indian Foreign Service]].
*Served in [[Vienna]] (1963), [[Algiers]], [[Thimphu]], [[Dhaka]] and [[Kabul]].
*1974: India's representative at [[Bhutan]].
*1975-1976: Charge d'Affaires in [[Jeddah]], ([[Saudi Arabia]]).
*1976-1980: Ambassador to [[United Arab Emirates]].
*Feb 1980-Jan 1985: Jt Sec, [[Master of ceremonies]] [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]].
*Jan 1985-{{dts|1985|07|15}}: [[High Commissioner]] to [[Dhaka]] [[Bangladesh]].
*{{dts|1985|07|15}}-1989: High Commissioner to [[Canberra]] Australia.
*1989-1990: Ambassador to [[Kabul]] Afghanistan.
*1990-1992: Ambassador to Iran.
*1992:Ambassador to Netherlands.
*1993-Jan 1995: at [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/staff-profile/amb-ip-khosla-90.html|title=IPCS | Institute of Peace & Conflict Studies}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=1IVAPgAACAAJ ''India and the Gulf''] by Inder Pal Khosla, Konark Publishers 2009, {{ISBN|9788122007435}}.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khosla, Inder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Iran]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Bangladesh]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Australia]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National Defence College, India]]

{{India-diplomat-stub}}