Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Arijit Bakshi

2026-05-08T03:39:41Z

MargeneGoodfello: Made Pg!

{{Short description|Indian politician in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Dum Dum Assembly constituency|Dum Dum]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Bratya Basu]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Arijit Bakshi''' is an Indian politician, and a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Dum Dum Assembly constituency|Dum Dum constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Dhupguri Election Result 2026 LIVE Updates: West Bengal (Dhupguri) Assembly Election Results 2026 Winner, Vote Counting, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/dhupguri-election-result-live-updates-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-winner-10670089/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":TOI">{{cite web |title=Poll Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25114.htm# |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=4 May 2026 |date=4 May 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakshi, Arijit}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Saiha Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:27Z

MargeneGoodfello: added...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saiha
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| type= SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Saiha highlighted).png
| constituency_no = 39
| district = [[Siaha district|Saiha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[K. Beichhua|Dr. K. Beichhua]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:18265}}
}}
'''Saiha''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Siaha district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sapliana Vandir
|{{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1978 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| R. T. Zachono
|-
|[[1979 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1979]]
| Sapliana Vandir
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1984 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| F. Lalramliana
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan=2| S. Hiato
|-
|[[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan=2| Zakhu Hlychho
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|rowspan=2| S. Hiato
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|[[K. Beichhua]]
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Saiha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[K. Beichhua|Dr. K. Beichhua]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,740
|percentage = 35.83
|change = {{increase}}21.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = H.C. Lalmalsawma Zasai
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 6,124
|percentage = 32.56
|change = {{decrease}}17.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = N. Chakhai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,607
|percentage = 19.18
|change = {{decrease}}15.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = K.H. Beithie
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 2,219
|percentage = 11.8
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = A. Phirthianga
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 73
|percentage = 0.39
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 47
|percentage = 0.25
|change = {{no change}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 616
|percentage = 3.27
|change = {{decrease}}11.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 18,810
|percentage = 75.32
|change = {{decrease}}2.28
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Mizo National Front
|swing = {{increase}}21.61
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Saiha<ref name=election2018>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[K. Beichhua|Dr. K. Beichhua]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Siaha district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coords|22.472272|92.996470|display=title}}

[[Category:Saiha district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Saiha]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Chief Judicial Magistrate Court

2026-04-19T16:20:54Z

MargeneGoodfello: Started a article basic info

{{more footnotes|date=October 2022}}

{{Short description|Second tier court in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

'''Chief Judicial Magistrate's Court''' or '''Court of Chief Judicial Magistrate''' (''abbreviated as CJM Court'') is the second tier court in the criminal court structure in India. Court of Chief Judicial Magistrate is the apex body of the Criminal Judiciary at the district level, and it is presided over by the Chief Judicial Magistrate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Courts of Chief Judicial Magistrates and Additional Chief Judicial Magistrates |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_000010_197402_1517807320555&sectionId=22378&sectionno=12&orderno=12 |website=indiacode.nic.in}}</ref> The Chief Judicial Magistrate shall be the in-charge of the Magistrate Courts in the districts. Every district shall have a Chief Judicial Magistrate's Court and in addition to this there shall be additional Chief Judicial Magistrate's Courts. Judicial First Class Magistrates work under the Chief Judicial Magistrate. The Chief Judicial Magistrates are appointed by the respective [[High courts of India]]. The Chief Judicial Magistrates works under principal district judge. In the hierarchy of criminal courts, the Chief Judicial Magistrate's Court is below the Principal District and Sessions Court and above the Sub-Divisional Judicial Magistrate Court and the Judicial First Class Magistrate Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hierarchy of Criminal Courts and their Jurisdiction |url=https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-5099-hierarchy-of-criminal-courts-and-their-jurisdiction.html |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref>

== Jurisdiction ==
The Chief Judicial Magistrate's Court exercises jurisdiction on original side in criminal matters arising in the district. The Court of Chief Judicial Magistrate may impose any punishment prescribed by law except death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment exceeding seven years. C.J.M. exercises the criminal powers over whole the district. He/She tries the cases, in which provision of punishment is less than 7 years. The Chief Judicial Magistrate inspect the court and office of other Magistrates, functioning in the district and make monthly inspection of jail/lock up.The CJM Court has the power to conduct preliminary inquiries into criminal cases, issue search warrants, and grant bail to accused persons. It also has the authority to try cases punishable with imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years and impose fines up to Rs. 10,000. The administrative head of the criminal courts in the judicial district is the Chief Judicial Magistrate.

*CJM Court has jurisdiction to hear appeals against the judgment of the Subordinate Magistrate courts.
*The Chief Judicial Magistrate Court has the power to award imprisonment up to seven years.
*CJM Court has jurisdiction to try criminal offenses punishable with imprisonment for a term of 3 years to 7 years.
*Original jurisdiction in criminal matters arising in the district.
*Territorial jurisdiction as determined by the respective High Courts.

== Appeals ==
An appeal against the judgment of the Chief Judicial Magistrate's Court may be filed in the [[District courts of India|District Sessions Court]].

== Appointment ==
In every district (not being a metropolitan area), the High Court shall appoint a Judicial Magistrate of the first class to be the Chief Judicial Magistrate.

== Structure of Criminal Judiciary in india==
[[Supreme Court of India]] (apex appellate court)

[[High courts of India|High Courts]] (apex appellate court in the states)

===Metropolitan areas===
*Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Courts
*[[Courts of Metropolitan Magistrates, India|Courts of Metropolitan Magistrates]]

=== District Level ===
District level Criminal Judiciary is given below (ascending order):
* [[District courts of India|District and Sessions Court]]
**Additional Sessions Court
* Assistant Sessions Court
* Chief Judicial Magistrate Court
**Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate Court
*[[Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class]]
* [[Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class]]

== See also ==
* [[District Courts of India]]
* [[Sessions Court]]
* [[Courts of Metropolitan Magistrates, India]]
* [[Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class]]
* [[Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Judiciary of India}}
{{Judiciary of India}}

[[Category:Courts of India]]
[[Category:District Courts of India]]

M. Geetha

2026-04-07T23:21:37Z

MargeneGoodfello: put up stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Geetha
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1972|10|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = Chennai
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu.
| constituency1 = [[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = [[S. Kamaraj]]
| successor1 = [[K. Sivagama Sundari]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Teacher
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''M. Geetha''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Birth and residence==
Geetha was born in [[Chennai]] and resides in Nerur Vadabagam, [[Karur district|Karur District]].

==Education==
Geetha holds a Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree in Physics from the [[Presidency College, Chennai]], and a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree from Thirumalachariar National College in [[Triplicane]]. Geetha previously worked as a teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1695 |title=Tamil Nadu 2016 |access-date=2025-11-06}}</ref>

==Political career==
Belonging to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party, she contested and won the election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in 2016 from the [[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency]], thereby becoming an MLA.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 403-405</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnarayapuram<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Geetha |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,977 |percentage=49.82% |change=-4.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. K. Aiyyar |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=48,676 |percentage=28.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sivanantham |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=10,043 |percentage=5.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Naveenkumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,673 |percentage=3.37% |change=+2.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Pagalavan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,153 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=4,742 |percentage=2.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Thavamani |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,024 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Murugan |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,562 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Sathis Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,401 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Elavalagan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,385 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Pandiyan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,327 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,301 |percentage=20.94% |change= 6.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,68,559 |percentage=83.01% |change= -3.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,03,049 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.99% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geetha, M.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Ikhwan

2026-03-28T16:08:35Z

MargeneGoodfello:

{{about|the Arab nomadic tribal army under Ibn Saud|the unrelated movement that originated in Egypt|Muslim Brotherhood|other uses}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Ikhwān
| native_name = {{lang|ar|الإخوان}} {{lang|ar|إخوان من أطاع الله}}
| image = Flag of Ikhwan.svg
| image_size =
| caption = Flag of the Ikhwan
| dates =
| country = {{tree list}}
*[[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]]
** [[Third Saudi State]] (1902–1932)
*** [[Emirate of Riyadh]] (1902–1913)
*** [[Emirate of Nejd and Hasa]] (1913–1921)
*** [[Sultanate of Nejd]] (1921–1926)
*** [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]] (1926–1932)
{{tree list/end}}
| branch =
| type = Land warfare
| role =
| size =
| command_structure =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors = Green and white
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| flying_hours =
| website = 
| commander1 = [[Faisal al-Duwaish]] [[Sultan bin Bajad al-Otaybi|Sultan bin Bajad bin Humaid]] [[Dhaydan bin Hithlain]] [[Eqab bin Mohaya]]
| commander1_label = Leaders
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| commander4 =
| commander4_label =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4_label = 
| aircraft_attack =
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter =
| aircraft_helicopter =
| aircraft_helicopter_attack =
| aircraft_helicopter_cargo =
| aircraft_helicopter_multirole =
| aircraft_helicopter_observation =
| aircraft_helicopter_trainer =
| aircraft_helicopter_utility =
| aircraft_interceptor =
| aircraft_patrol =
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport =
| aircraft_tanker =
| aircraft_helicopter_transport =
}}

The '''Ikhwān''' ({{langx|ar|الإخوان|al-ʾIkhwān}}{{lrm}}, {{Lit|the Brethren}}), commonly known as '''Ikhwān man Aṭāʿa Allāh''' ({{langx|ar|إخوان من أطاع الله}}{{lrm}}, 'Brethren of those who obey God'),{{efn|Also written as '''Akhwan'''<ref>{{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Akhwan Movement}}</ref> and '''Akhwan min ta'a Allah''' ([[Najdi Arabic]]: اخوان من طاع الله).<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering the siege of Makkah |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1586111/saudi-arabia |website=Arab News |language=en |date=19 November 2019}}</ref>}} was a [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] religious militia made up of traditionally nomadic tribesmen which formed a significant military force of the ruler [[Ibn Saud]] and played an important role during the [[unification of Saudi Arabia]] whereby establishing him as ruler of most of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=81|quote=The significance of Ikhwan military power for the success of Ibn Saud's conquests is another disputed point.}}</ref>

The Ikhwan first appeared around 1902. They were the product of clergy who aimed to break up the [[Bedouin]] tribes and settle them around the wells and oases of the sedentary [[Arabs|Arabian]] populations, mainly those of the [[Najd]], on the grounds that nomadic life was incompatible with the strict conformity of their interpretation of Islam. The newly Islamicized Bedouin would be converted from nomad raiders to soldiers for Islam. The cleric/teachers of the Ikhwan were dedicated to their idea of the purification and the unification of Islam, and some of the newly converted Ikhwan rebelled against their emir Ibn Saud, accusing him of religious laxity. The [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz|conquest]] of the [[Hejaz]] in 1924 brought all of the current Saudi state under Ibn Saud's control. The monarch then found himself in conflict with elements of the Ikhwan. He crushed their power at the [[Battle of Sabilla]] in 1929,<ref>See [[Wilfred Thesiger]]'s book ''[[Arabian Sands]]'', Penguin, 1991, pps 248–249</ref> following which the militia was reorganised into the [[Saudi Arabian National Guard]].<ref name="commins-92">{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=92|quote=Rank and file Ikhwan fighters formed units in a new military institution, initially the White Army, eventually the National Guard ...}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File: Faisal al duwaish 1930 sketch.jpg|thumbnail|180px|left|Hand-painted image in January 1930 of the Sheikh of the Mutair tribe and one of the most prominent leaders of the Brotherhood [[Faisal al-Duwaish|Faisal bin Sultan Al-Duwish]]]]
[[File:Sultan Al-Otaibi.jpg|150px|thumb|Portrait of the Sheikh of the Otaibah tribe and one of the most prominent leaders of the Brotherhood [[Sultan bin Bajad al-Otaybi|Sultan bin Bajad bin Humaid]]]]
[[File:عقاب بن محيا.jpg|thumb|[[Eqab bin Mohaya]]]]
According to scholar [[David Commins]], around 1913, the same time that [[Ibn Saud]] regained [[al-Ahsa Oasis]], there emerged in obscure circumstances a zealous movement known as the Ikhwan ('Brethren'). [[Salafi]] [[ulama]] went out to domesticate nomadic tribesmen, to convert them from [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|idolatry]] to [[Islam]] and to make them soldiers for Saudi expansion. The Ikhwan became religious warriors united and motivated by idealism more than allegiance to Ibn Saud. The result was a rebellion by some of the Ikhwan against their creator, who crushed them and in so doing reasserted dynastic power over the religious mission.<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=80}}</ref>

The arid, remote region of [[Najd]] had been ruled by the [[House of Saud]] and religiously dominated by the [[Islamic revival]] movement known as [[Wahhabism]] (with some exceptions) since the mid-18th century. Wahhabism was a movement of townspeople, and traditionally thought of the [[Beduin]] nomadic herders as "bearers of religious ignorance, ''[[jahiliyyah]]'', and thus as raw material for conversion".<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=80|quote=ulama had always viewed the nomads as bearers of religious ignorance, jahiliyya and thus as raw material for conversion to Islam. In this respect, the notion that developed from and somehow reflected a tribal nomadic setting is utterly wrong.}}</ref> To remedy this situation, the Beduin were gathered in agricultural settlements known as ''hijra'', where they were to be taught farming, crafts or trades and how to be "proper Muslims".<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=81}}</ref> There were 52 ''hujar'' (plural of ''hijra'') by 1920 and 120 by 1929.<ref>Vassiliev, ''History of Saudi Arabia'', p.225</ref> Ikhwan were known for wearing white turbans rather than the traditional Arab [[Keffiyeh|''Kufiya'']] (roped headcloth), and for covering their faces when they encountered Europeans or Arabs from outside Saudi Arabia.<ref>Gold, Dore, ''Hatred's Kingdom'', (Regnery Publishing, 2003), p.45</ref>
[[File:رجل بدوي يرتدي زي إخوان من إطاع الله.jpg|thumb|An Ikhwan man wearing a keffiyeh or head covering]]
The pacification of the tribesmen was not entirely a success, and the former nomads continued their raids, which now had religious sanction and were bloodier than before. Unlike nomadic raiders, the Ikhwan earned "notoriety for routinely killing male captives" and for sometimes putting "children and women to death".<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=85|quote=But in contrast to the conventions of nomadic combat, where warriors did their utmost to minimize killing and severe injury and refrained from attacking non-combatants, the Ikhwan became noted for ferocity in battle, Indeed, they earned notoriety for routinely killing male captives and they sometimes put children and women to death in spite of reprimands from their rulers.}}</ref> From 1914 to 1926 Ibn Saud and Wahhabi religious leadership allied with him urged the Ikhwan to not attack or harass other nomads and townspeople of the [[Najd]].<ref name=1914-1926>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=85|quote=From 1914 to 1926, Ibn Saud and leadership exhorted the Ikhwan to moderate their attitude toward other Najdis living under Saudi rule. Second, between 1926 and 1930, a handful of Ikhwan leaders rebelled against and attempted to overthrow Ibn Saud.}}</ref> From 1926 and 1930, the conflict was more serious, and effectively a rebellion and attempt to overthrow Ibn Saud by a minority of the Ikhwan leaders.<ref name=1914-1926/> With the conquest of the Hejaz in 1925, Ibn Saud had completed his territorial expansion and negotiated border agreements with his neighbors, the British protectorates of Transjordan, Iraq and Kuwait. Some Ikhwan leaders wanted to continue the expansion of the Wahhabi realm into these states, and launched raids into them. This left Ibn Saud responsible for military attacks originating in his country and facing British military power if he did not stop them.<ref name=1914-1926/>

==Differences with Ibn Saud==
In general the Ikhwan wished Ibn Saud to pursue strict Wahhabi policies, while Ibn Saud sought more flexibility to adapt "policy to local circumstances" and maintain political stability, especially in newly conquered lands that had few Wahhabi believers. Wahhabis supported forced conversion of [[Shia]] in [[Al-Ahsa Governorate|al-Hasa]], while Ibn Saud was willing to tolerate their practices.<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=76|quote=... The Ikwan insisted that in domestic affairs their religious views should prevail, including the forced conversion of al-Hasa's Shiites. To implement that decision, Shiite religious leaders gathered before the qadi and vowed to cease observance of their religious holidays, to shut down their special places of worship and to stop pilgrimages to holy sites in Iraq.... ulama ordered the demolition of several Shiite mosques and took over teaching and preaching duties at the remaining mosques in order to convert the population. ... some Shiites emigrated to Bahrain and Iraq. ... The intensive phase of coercion lasted about one year. When ibn Saud decided to curb the Ikhwan, he permitted the Shiites to drive away preachers. Thereafter, the Saudi ruler tolerated private Shiite religious ceremonies and permitted the Shiite religious establishment to serve their following without interference.}}</ref> After conquest of the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina—which had been part of the Ottoman Empire for four centuries and developed a pluralistic religious culture—Ibn Saud sought to "[reassure] the Muslim world that a new Saudi regime would not disrupt the pilgrimage",<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=76|quote=With respect to religious policy, Ibn Saud aimed to absorb the Holy Cities in a way that reassured the Muslim world that a new regime would not disrupt the pilgrimage ... At the same time, he had to satisfy his constituency that idolatry would be stamped out. The region had been part of the Ottoman Empire for four centuries and consequently its religious culture was pluralistic, with the four Sunni legal schools, various Sufi orders and a tiny Shiite community around Medina. Therefore, Ibn Saud had to strike a balance between accommodating customary arrangements and upholding doctrine.}}</ref> while the Ikhwan "pressed for strict adherence to norms" such as forbidding smoking tobacco and worshiping at shrines.<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=77|quote=The Ikhwan pressed for strict adherence to norms, but Ibn Saud was willing to take a more relaxed approach to matters like smoking tobacco and worship at shrines.}}</ref>
[[File:اثنين من رجال إخوان من أطاع الله بالاحساء.jpg|thumb|Two men from Ikhwan in [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|al-Hasa]] Photographed by Paul Harrison]]
In 1926 meeting of Ikhwan leaders at [[al-Artawiya]], found Ibn Saud at fault for "not upholding the sharp separation of belief and infidelity". Among his misdeeds were allowing two of his sons to travel to "idolatrous lands" ([[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]] to England and [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Saud]] to Egypt); allowing (what they believed to be) idolatrous nomads from Iraq and Transjordan to pasture their animals in "the abode of Islam"; leniency towards Shiites; the introduction of modern inventions (car, telephone and telegraph); and (what they considered) illegal taxation of nomadic tribes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=88|quote=... The trigger for the summits was a 1926 meeting of Ikhwan leaders at al-Artawiya, where they faulted Ibn Saud for not upholding the sharp separation of belief and infidelity. They noted that two of his sons traveled to idolatrous lands ([[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faysal]] to England; [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Saud]] to Egypt) and that idolatrous Iraqi and Transjordanian nomads were permitted to pasture their animals in the abode of Islam. They also blamed him for his lenience toward Shiites and the introduction of modern inventions (car, telephone and telegraph). Finally, they objected to what they considered illegal taxation of nomadic tribes.}}</ref> Ibn Saud attempted to mollify the Ikhwan by submitting their accusations to the religious scholars ('[[ulama]]'), who agreed on the need for more strict policies towards non-Wahhabi subjects, but also affirmed that only the ruler (Ibn Saud) had the right to declare jihad.<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=88|quote=To resolve the confrontation, Ibn Saud invited the Ikhwan leaders to Riyadh for a conference with ulama in January 1927, which ended with a religious decree confirming the validity of several Ikhwan grievances. The decree ordered the imposition of much stricter regime on Shiites, banning Iraqi Shiites from entering Najd instituting mandatory instruction in doctrine for al-Hasa's Shiites. Recently conquered lands in Hijaz were also to receive the blessings of education. ... taxes on the nomads were illegal. But ... they upheld his right as the sovereign to collect these taxes and denied the Ikhwan any right to disobey. And crucially the ulama affirmed that only the ruler could declare a jihad. ... the religious leaders did not rule on the new inventions, [but] Ibn Saud banned the telegraph for the time being.}}</ref>

==Weaponry and combat style==
[[Image:Ikhwan.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soldiers from akhwan min taʽa Allah Army on Camels carrying the Flags of the Third Saudi State, and Flag of Saud dynasty, Flag and the akhwan Army.]]
[[File:بندقية ام تاج الذي كان الإخوان يستخدمونها.jpg|thumb|Old rifle used by Ikhwan]]
[[File:نموذج عن مقاتل من اخوان من أطاع الله.jpg|thumb|A drawing of a typical Ikhwan fighter]]
[[File:سيف سلطان بن بجاد بن حميد.jpg|thumb|Sultan bin Bijad's personal sword]]
The Ikhwan, being irregular tribesmen, relied mainly on traditional weapons such as lances and swords and sometimes old fashioned firearms. Usually, they attacked in the forms of raids which is a style Bedouins had always used in the deserts of Arabia. Those raiders travelled mainly on camels and some horses. Typically, every enemy male captured was killed by cutting his throat.<ref name="howarth1956">[[David Armine Howarth|David Howarth]], [[The Desert King -- The Life of Ibn Saud]], Collins, 1956</ref>

==Raids on Transjordan==
{{main|Ikhwan raids on Transjordan}}
Two notable raids on [[Emirate of Transjordan]], a [[British protectorate]], occurred in 1922 and 1924. In August 1922, around 1,500 Ikhwan camel mounted fighters led by [[Eqab bin Mohaya]],{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} attacked Transjordan. According to one account they retreated before they reached their objective—the capital [[Amman]].<ref name=Guckian>Noel Joseph Guckian. ''British Relations with Trans-Jordan, 1920-1930''. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. Ph.D Thesis: pp.217–218. May 1985.</ref> According to another account, they massacred the inhabitants of two small villages before being decimated by British armoured cars and planes.<ref name=wilson143>Peter W. Wilson, Douglas Graham. ''Saudi Arabia: the coming storm ''. M.E.Sharpe, 1994: p.143</ref>

In August 1924, another larger Ikhwan force, numbering around 4,500 raiders,<ref name=Guckian /> travelled 1,600 kilometres from [[Najd]] to come within 15 kilometres of Amman before being spotted and attacked by British [[History of the Royal Air Force#Policing the Empire|RAF]] aircraft. The Ikhwan army reportedly suffered 500 dead.<ref name=Guckian /> Without the help of the RAF, Amman would most likely have been captured by the Ikhwan.<ref name=Guckian />

== Revolt and defeat ==
{{main|Ikhwan Revolt}}

[[Image:Flag of ikhwan.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Ikhwan men taa Allah flag]]
By 1927, the Saudi forces had overrun nearly all of the central Arabian Peninsula. The few areas not under Saudi control had treaties with Britain. Ibn Saud was smart enough to realize that it would be folly to provoke London and forbade further raiding. This edict did not sit well with the Ikhwan, who believed that all non-Wahabbis were infidels.

In 1927 tribesmen of the [[Mutayr]] and [[Ajman (tribe)|Ajman]] rebelled against the ulama's judgment and the authority of [[Ibn Saud]] and engaged in cross-border raids into parts of [[Emirate of Transjordan|Trans-Jordan]], [[Mandatory Iraq|Iraq]] and [[Kuwait]].<ref>Harold, Dickson. [Kuwait and her Neighbors], "George Allen & Unwin Ltd", 1956. pg 300-302</ref> The destruction of an Iraqi police post provoked an international incident by violating the [[Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone]] between Iraq and Arabia established by Great Britain and Ibn Sa'ud (1927–28). The British bombed Najd in retaliation.<ref name="onwar.com">[http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/ink/iraq/fikhwan1927.htm The First Ikhwan Rebellion 1927-1928] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603144532/http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/ink/iraq/fikhwan1927.htm |date=2012-06-03 }}| Globe University| Wars of the World</ref> A congress convened by Ibn Saud in October 1928 deposed Ibn Humayd ad-Dawish, and Ibn Hithlayn, the leaders of the revolt.<ref name="onwar.com"/> The Ikhwanis also raided [[Kuwait]] in January 1928.

With the Ikhwan leadership defiant, Ibn Saud took to the field to lead his army, which was now supported by four British aircraft (flown by British pilots) and a fleet of 200 military vehicles that symbolized the modernization that the Ikhwan abhorred.<ref>[http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/sat/saudi/fikhwan1929.htm Second Ikhwan Rebellion 1929-1930] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603144707/http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/sat/saudi/fikhwan1929.htm |date=2012-06-03 }}| Globe University| Wars of the World</ref> After suffering a major defeat at the [[Battle of Sabilla]] (30 March 1929), the main body of Ikhwan surrendered to British forces on the Saudi-Kuwaiti frontier in January 1930.<gallery>
File:نايف بن حثلين وهو يسلم مسدسه لضابط بريطاني.jpg|Nayef bin Hathleen handing his pistol to a British officer
File:استسلام فيصل الدويش 1.jpg|The surrender of Faisal Al-Dawish and Ikhwan
File:استسلام فيصل الدويش 2.jpg|Faisal Al-Dawish in Iraq
File:استسلام فيصل الدويش 3.jpg
File:استسلام فيصل الدويش 4.jpg|Faisal Al-Dawish and Nayef bin Hathleen
File:صورة لفيصل بن سلطان الدويش.png|A personal picture of Faisal Al-Dawish while he is in prison in Iraq
File:Faisal El Dwaish 1.jpg|Faisal Al-Dawish on board a British ship to take him to Ibn Saud prison
File:الشيخ نايف بن حثلين في الأسر.jpg|Nayef bin Hathleen and Sahoud bin Lami
File:الشيخ نايف بن حثلين أبا الكلاب.jpg|From the right, Sahoud bin Lami, Faisal Al-Dawish and Nayef bin Hathlin on board a British ship to transport them to Ibn Saud prison
File:نايف بن حثلين وهو نازل من الطائرة وخلفه جاسر بن صاهود بن لامي.jpg|A picture of Nayef bin Hathlin as he exited the plane, and behind him was Jasir bin Sahoud bin Lami
</gallery>Ibn Saud completed the military defeat of the Ikhwan rebels "with a deft mix of punishment and rehabilitation" to avoid antagonizing the bulk of Ikhwan who had agreed with many of the rebels' complaints but remained on the sidelines. Rebel leaders [[Duwish]] and Ibn Bujad "died in captivity in Riyadh." Their tribal followers were punished with the confiscation of "the lion's share of their camels and horses."<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |pages=91–2|quote=Ibn Saud sealed the military defeat of the Ikhwan rebels with a deft mix of punishment and rehabilitation to complete the job of rendering the larger body of Ikhwan -- who did not join the rebellion but sullenly looked on -- docile in the political field. Duwish and Ibn Bujad died in captivity in Riyadh while their tribal followers suffered the confiscation of the lion's share of their camels and horses.}}</ref> The remnants of the irregular Ikhwanis formed units in Ibn Saud's new military institution, initially known as the White Army (from the name of their white thawb, robe), later called the [[Saudi Arabian National Guard|National Guard]].<ref name="commins-92"/>

==Grand Mosque seizure==
{{Main|Grand Mosque seizure}}

Religious insurgents who participated in the 1979 [[Grand Mosque seizure]] in Mecca referred to themselves as the 'al-Ikhwan', although with no direct connection with the original militia, thus in their eyes justifying the seizure as a means to liberate the Kingdom from what they deemed as 'Western apostasy'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lacey |first=Robert |title=Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEYsi7ZmtywC |date=2009-10-15 |publisher=Penguin Group US |isbn=9781101140734 |page=13}}</ref> They were led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], an echo of his father's charge in 1921 against the former Saudi king. The seizure and its aftermath led to the increased power and influence of conservative clerics over Saudi political, cultural and social life, putting an abrupt end to the comparatively moderate outlook (at the time) of the kingdom towards modernization and Westernization.<ref>{{cite podcast |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/778888906 |title=The Siege of Mecca |website=Throughline |publisher=[[NPR]] |host=Ramtin Arablouei and Rund Abedelfatah |date=14 November 2019 |access-date=25 August 2020 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Eqab bin Mohaya]]
* [[House of Saud]]
* [[Wilfred Thesiger]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{commons category}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ikhwan| ]]
[[Category:20th century in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Ibn Saud]]
[[Category:Military history of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Islamic extremism]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups]]
[[Category:Violence against Muslims in Asia]]
[[Category:Wahhabism]]

Bezor Doul

2026-03-25T09:43:33Z

MargeneGoodfello: Made A Pg!

{{Infobox building
| name =
| image = Bejdoul.jpg
| caption = View of the Bezor Doul
| pushpin_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1557|94.7734 |region:IN-AS|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Dibrugarh]], [[Assam]], India
| engineer =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| main_contractor = [[Rudra Singha]]
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| structural_system = Bricks and Indigenous type of cement
| architectural_style = [[Nilachal architecture]]
| size =
}}

'''Bezor Doul''' or '''Bez Doul''' is a historical monument located at Bezor pothar in the Dhemechi area of [[Dibrugarh district]]. It is situated about 5 km from Dimow town of [[Sivasagar district]]. The Bezor Doul is a Vishnu Doul and is built with an octagonal sanctuary and a steep gap. It is an example of late medieval brick temple architecture from the Ahom period. During the Ahom era, a traditional medicine practitioner of Chung Khel received the title of Bezbarua for his efficiency. He was granted vast lands by the Ahom kings in the present-day Bezor pothar area. The doul was constructed by the Ahom king [[Rudra Singha]] in his memory.<ref name="Protected Monuments in Assam">{{Cite web|url=https://asi.nic.in/protected-monuments-in-assam/ |website= Archeological Survey of India|title=Protected Monuments in Assam|language=en|access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref> The walls of this small doul are quite thick. Various flower jali works adorned the walls of the doul, but they are no longer present. There are no idols in this doul, but [[Vishnu]] is still worshipped here. The Archaeological Department of the [[Government of Assam]] has recognized the Bezor Doul as a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Assam|State Protected Monument]].<ref name="Protected Monuments in Assam"/>

==Location==
Bezor Doul, also known as Bez Doul, is located in Bezor pathar in the Dhemechi area of [[Dibrugarh district]]. It is an ancient monument from the Ahom era, situated about 5 km from Dimow in [[Sivasagar district]].

==History==
In the Ahom era, a traditional medicine practitioner (Bez) of the Chung Khel promoted and received the title of Bezbaruah for his excellent medical treatment to the Royal family. He was granted vast tracts of land in the area of present-day Bezor Pathar (Fields of the Bez) by the Ahom kings. The Bez Daul was built by Swargadeo [[Rudra Singha]] in memory of that Bezbarua. Some believe that Bezbarua built the doul himself. Later, the doul became known as Bez Doul or Bezor Doul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dibrugarh.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/272|website=Dibrugarh district|title=Bezor Doul|language=en|access-date=31 March 2024|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102145032/https://dibrugarh.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/272|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Architecture==
At present, the Bezor Doul and a large area around it are protected by concrete walls. The doul is very beautiful in appearance, and its walls are quite thick. This doul is identified as a Vishnu Doul from its top of its peak. Although there are no idols inside the doul, lord vishnu is still worshipped here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archaeology.assam.gov.in/as/information-services/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|website=Archeological Survey of India|title=সংৰক্ষিত পূৰাতাত্ত্বিক স্থান আৰু স্মৃতিসৌধসমূহ|language=as|access-date=31 March 2024|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711064512/https://archaeology.assam.gov.in/as/information-services/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Bezor Doul is an octagonal sanctuary with a steep background. It is a late medieval brick monument from the [[Ahom dynasty]].<ref name="Janambhoomi">{{cite news |last=Buragohain |first=Nabin |date=20 June 2018 |title=Bezorpatharor Bez Doul |url=https://epaper.janmabhumi.in/1703918/Thrissur/June-20-2018 |url-access=registration |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=[[Janmabhumi]] |location=Jorhat |language=ml}}</ref>

The entrance to the Jagmohan of Bezor Doul is on the west side. The canopy of Jagmohan is bow-shaped, with a cap in the middle and the top in the shape of a Majubandhani.<ref name="Janambhoomi"/> The canopy is connected by two roofs up to the jangha. Antarala is built with an inverted U shaped entrance. The walls of the doul are quite thick, with a gabaksha on the wall and one kundraksha on top of the gabaksha. The inner area is conical and well-structured. There are no sculptures here.<ref name="Janambhoomi"/>

The doul was formerly decorated jali works with flowers and leaves from bottom to top. The carvings were iroded away from the body of the temple over time. The middle part of the jangha is shaped like a slightly swollen drum from the outside.<ref name="Janambhoomi"/> The [[shikhara]] of the doul is in the shape of a banana flower and slightly elevated to the north. The Kalasha at the top resembles a lotus flower bud, and the Sri Chakra is placed on the Kalasha as a weapon.<ref name="Janambhoomi"/>

==Location==
Bezor Doul, also known as Bez Doul, is located in Bezor p othar in the Dhemechi area of [[Dibrugarh district]]. It is an ancient monument from the Ahom era, situated about 5 km from Dimow in [[Sivasagar district]]. It is well-connected by transportation from [[Moranhat]] and Dimow town. Maranhat railway station is about 21 km away and [[Dibrugarh Airport]] is about 60 km away from it.<ref name="Janambhoomi"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Assam]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Assam]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh district]]

Women in Hinduism

2026-03-23T00:39:46Z

MargeneGoodfello:

{{Short description|Position of women in the religious texts of Hinduism}}
{{about|the position of women in the religious texts of [[Hinduism]]|the position of women in India|Women in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Women in society sidebar|religion}}
{{Hinduism}}
Diverse views on women and their roles exist within Hinduism.

Ancient and medieval era [[Hindu texts]] differ in their positions on the duties and rights of women. The texts describe eight kinds of marriage, including consensual [[arranged marriage]] ([[Brahma marriage|Brahma]] or [[Devic marriage|Devic]]), unceremonial marriage by mutual agreement ([[Gandharva marriage|Gandharva]]), and rape, which is considered sinful ([[Paishacha marriage|Paishacha]]).<ref>Rajbali Pandey (1969), Hindu Sanskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, {{ISBN|978-8120803961}}, pages 158-170 and Chapter VIII</ref><ref name=jgl2001/> Scholars state that Vedic-era Hindu texts did not mention [[dowry]] or [[Sati (practice)|sati]],<ref name=witzeldowry/><ref name=davidbrick/> which likely became widespread in the second millennium AD.<ref name=anandyang/><ref name=ssshashi/> Throughout history, Hindu society has seen many female rulers, such as [[Rudrama Devi|Rudramadevi]], religious figures and saints, such as [[Andal]], philosophers, such as [[Maitreyi]], and female practitioners/conductors of Vedic Hindu rituals.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last1=Liljeström|first1=Marianne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXF4AgAAQBAJ|title=Working with Affect in Feminist Readings: Disturbing Differences|last2=Paasonen|first2=Susanna|date=2010-03-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-01789-8|pages=122|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Kramarae|first1=Cheris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ&q=matriarchal+hindus&pg=PT1059|title=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge|last2=Spender|first2=Dale|date=2004-04-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96315-6|pages=1059|language=en}}</ref>

The status of '''women in Hinduism''' experienced a decline during the inter-imperial period, the Dharmasastras such laws of Manu imposed restrictions upon female sexuality and approved child brides.<ref name="stein2010"/>

Hinduism, states Bryant, has the strongest presence of the divine feminine among major world religions, from ancient times to the present.<ref name="Bryant 2007 441">{{Citation | last=Bryant | first=Edwin | author-link=Edwin Bryant (author) | year=2007 | title=Krishna: A Sourcebook | publisher =[[Oxford University Press]] |page=441}}</ref> There are major goddess-centric Hindu traditions and [[Hindu denomination|denominations]], such as [[Shaktism]].<ref name=kinsley717>David Kinsley (2005), Hindu goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-8120803947}}, pages 6-17, 55-64</ref><ref>Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., {{ISBN|1-4051-3251-5}}, pages 200-203</ref> Numerous [[Matriarchy|matriarchal]] Hindu communities exist.<ref name=":0" />

== Ancient texts ==

===Vedic literature===
Verses of ancient texts show that Vedism expounds reverence for the feminine. Like of the 10th chapter of the [[Rigveda]], the part that has long been included here, is one that asserts the feminine to be the supreme principle behind all of cosmos.

The following hymn is called ''Devi Sukta'',{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|p=90}}{{Sfn| Brown |1998|p=26}}

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
I am the Queen, the gatherer-up of treasures, most thoughtful, first of those who merit worship.
Thus gods have established me in many places with many homes to enter and abide in.
Through me alone all eat the food that feeds them,-each man who sees, breathes, hears the word outspoken
They know it not, yet I reside in the essence of the Universe. Hear, one and all, the truth as I declare it.

I, verily, myself announce and utter the word that gods and men alike shall welcome.
I make the man I love exceeding mighty, make him nourished, a sage, and one who knows Brahman.
I bend the bow for Rudra that his arrow may strike and slay the hater of devotion.
I rouse and order battle for the people, I created Earth and Heaven and reside as their inner controller.

On the world's summit I bring forth the Father: my home is in the waters, in the ocean.
Thence I prevade all existing creatures, as their Inner Supreme Self, and manifest them with my body.
I created all worlds at my will, without any higher being, and permeate and dwell within them.
The eternal and infinite consciousness is I, it is my greatness dwelling in everything.

</poem>
|Rigveda 10.125.3 - 10.125.8|

The Vedas have some hymns accredited to women scholars who were known as "Brahmavadinis". There were many learnt women who could defeat men with their skills and intellect. These include Gargi, Ahalya, Maitreyi, Lopamudra, Ghosha, Swaha, Haimavati Uma , Gautami, Hemalekha, Sita etc.

{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|p=90}}}}

===Upanishads===
The ''Devi Sukta'' ideas of the Rigveda are further developed in the relatively later composed Shakta [[Upanishads]], states McDaniel, where the [[Devi]] asserts that she is [[Brahman]], from her arise [[Prakṛti]] (matter) and [[Purusha]] (consciousness), she is bliss and non-bliss, the [[Vedas]] and what is different from it, the born and the unborn, and the feminine is thus all of the universe.{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|pp=90-92}} She is presented as all the five elements, as well as all that is different from these elements, what is above, what is below, what is around, and thus the universe in its entirety.{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|p=91}} This philosophy is also found in the ''[[Tripuratapani Upanishad]]'' and the ''[[Bahvricha Upanishad]]''.{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|p=90}}

The early Upanishads are, however, generally silent about women and men, and focus predominantly on gender-less [[Brahman]] and its relation to [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul, Self). There are occasional exceptions. ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'', composed about 800 BCE, for example, in the last chapter detailing the education of a student, include lessons for his [[Grihastha]] stage of life.<ref name=deussen534>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 534-539</ref> There, the student is taught, that as a husband, he should cook rice for the wife, and they together eat the food in certain way depending on whether they wish for the birth of a daughter or a son, as follows,<ref name=deussen534/>

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
And if a man wishes that a learned daughter should be born to him, and that she should live to her full age, then after having prepared boiled rice with sesamum and butter, they should both eat, being fit to have offspring.

And if a man wishes that a learned son should be born to him, and that he should live his full age, then after having prepared boiled rice with grain and butter, they should both eat, being fit to have offspring.
</poem>
|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 6.4.17 - 6.4.18, Translated by [[Max Muller]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/218/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad VI Adhyaya 4 Brahmana 17 and 18] Max Muller (translator), Oxford University Press, pages 219-220</ref>}}

Women are mentioned and are participants in the philosophical debates of the Upanishads, as well as scholars, teachers and priestesses during the Vedic and early Buddhist age.<ref name=findly>Ellison Findly (2004), Women, Religion, and Social Change (Editors: Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887060687}}, pages 37-58</ref> Among women acknowledged in the Upanishads are [[Gargi]] and [[Maitreyi]].<ref name= findly/> In [[Sanskrit]], the word ''āchāryā'' means a "female teacher" (versus ''āchārya'' meaning "teacher") and an ''āchāryini'' is a teacher's wife, indicating that some women were known as [[gurus]].{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Female characters appear in plays and epic poems. The 8th century poet, [[Bhavabhuti]] describes in his play, ''Uttararamacharita'' (verse 2–3), how the character, Atreyi, travelled to southern India where she studied the ''Vedas'' and Indian philosophy. In [[Madhvacharya|Madhava]]'s ''Shankaradigvijaya'', [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] debates with the female philosopher, Ubhaya Bharati and in verses 9–63 it is mentioned that she was well versed in the ''Vedas''. Tirukkoneri Dasyai, a 15th-century scholar, wrote a commentary on [[Nammalvar|Nammalvar's]] ''Tiruvaayamoli'', with reference to [[Vedic]] texts such as the ''Taittiriya Yajurveda''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goddess of mental Happiness! A tribute to all women. |url=https://trsiyengar.com/goddess-of-mental-happiness-a-tribute-to-all-women/ |website=TRS Iyengar |access-date=August 11, 2025 |date=May 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dokras |first1=Dr. Uday |title=Women in Ancient India |url=https://www.academia.edu/76463725/Women_in_Ancient_India |website=Academia |publisher=Indo Nordic Author's Collective | page=13 |access-date=August 11, 2025 |date=2022}}</ref>

===The Hindu historical epics===
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Mahabharata - Shakuntala.jpg|thumb|The Mahabharata is a legendary Hindu epic reflecting the Hindu Dharma-based social beliefs and culture in ancient India. In its first book, [[Dushyanta|Dushmanta]] asks [[Sakuntala]] (above) to marry him for love, in [[Gandharva marriage|Gandharva]]-style marriage, initially without informing their parents.<ref name=mndutt105>[https://archive.org/stream/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog#page/n115/mode/2up Adi Parva] 1.LXXIII.6 - 1.LXXIII.14, ''Mahabharata'', Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt, page 105</ref> The texts also describes seven other forms of marriage, and when they were appropriate with parents blessings within varnashram dharm or inappropriate out of varnashram dharm or against woman's wish.<ref name=mndutt105/>]]
In the two Hindu historical epics, ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the role of women is multiple. The main female character in the Mahabharata, [[Draupadi]] is married to all the five Pandavas due to Kunti's directive to distribute without seeing what has been brought by Pandavas, thus had five husbands. She is insulted by Duryodhana, but Lord [[Krishna]] came to her rescue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Jeffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=es1Xl2E3DAkC |title=Spiritual Teachings of the Avatar: Ancient Wisdom for a New World |date=2010-06-29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-9702-8 |pages=156 |language=en}}</ref> This insult was one of the main reasons for the great war in restoring the honor of their woman. In the Ramayana, Sita is respected, honored, portrayed as wise and seen as inseparable from Rama and beloved but lived as a homemaker, the ideal wife and partner to Rama. While in the Adbhut Ramayana Sita is the most powerful and the destroyer of evil. In the Hindu dharma, women's oral readings of the ''Ramayana'' at home bring peace, happiness, good progeny, good health and relives family from bad luck and bad health.
The Epics are divinely ordained to Rishis and seen thru divinely vision, and carry precepts of dharma embedded in them, suggesting perceived notions about women in Hinduism at the time the Epics were composed. The Mahabharata, in Book 1, for example, states,
{{Blockquote|
No man, even in anger, should ever do anything that is disagreeable to his wife while upholding dharm;
for happiness, joy, virtue and everything depend on the wife.
Wife is the sacred soil in which the husband is born again, even the Rishis cannot create men without women.
|[[Adi Parva]], Mahabharata Book|1.74.50-51<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog#page/n119/mode/2up Adi Parva], ''Mahabharata'', Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt (Translator), page 108</ref>}}
The [[Anushasana Parva]] of the Hindu epic Mahabharata has several chapters dedicated to the discussion about duties and right of women. It gives a mixed picture. In chapter 11, the goddess of wealth and prosperity [[Lakshmi]] asserts, that she ( her divinity) lives in those women who are truthful, sincere, modest, organized, devoted to their husband and children, health conscious, patient and kind to parents, parent in laws and guests.<ref name="kmg">[https://archive.org/stream/mahabharataofkri08royp#page/n5/mode/2up Anushasana Parva] The Mahabharata, Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Chapter XI, pages 41-43</ref> The goddess asserts she does not reside in woman who is sinful, unclean, always disagreeing with her husband, has no patience or fortitude, is lazy, quarrelsome with her neighbors and relatives.<ref name="kmg" />

In chapter 47, as [[Yudhishthira]] seeks guidance on [[Dharma]] from [[Bhishma]], the Anushasana Parva compares the value of daughter to a son, as follows,
{{Blockquote|
The daughter, O king, has been ordained in the scriptures to be equal to the son.
|[[Bhishma]]|Anushasana Parva, [[Mahabharata]] 13.47.26<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/mahabharataofkri08royp#page/264/mode/2up Anushasana Parva] The Mahabharata, Translated by KM Ganguli, page 264</ref>}}

The duties of women are again recited in Chapter 146, as a conversation between god [[Shiva]] and his wife goddess [[Parvati|Uma]], where Shiva asks what are the duties of women. Devi Uma (Parvati) proceeds to meet all the rivers, who are all goddesses that nourish and create fertile valleys.<ref name="kmg667">[https://archive.org/stream/mahabharataofkri08royp#page/666/mode/2up Anushasana Parva] The Mahabharata, Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Chapter CXLVI, pages 667-672</ref> Uma suggests that the duties of women include being of a good disposition, endued with sweet speech, sweet conduct, and sweet features, but at the same time be capable to sustain her own life( which can require being tough) if situation comes. For a woman, claims Uma, her husband is a God( and vice versa), her husband is her friend, and her husband is her high refuge(and vice versa). A woman's duties include physical and emotional nourishment, reverence and fulfillment of her husband and her children. Their happiness is her happiness, she observes the same vows as those that are observed by her husband, her duty is to be cheerful even when her husband or her children are angry, be there for them in adversity or sickness, is regarded as truly righteous in her conduct.<ref name="kmg667" /> Beyond her husband and family, her duty is to be cheerful of heart and humble with friends and relatives, do the best she can for friends and guests. Her family life and her home is her heaven, tells goddess Parvati to Shiva.<ref name="kmg667" />
Anushasana Parva has served as a source for modern era texts on women in Hinduism. For example, [[Tryambakayajvan]] of [[Thanjavur]], in the 18th century CE, published ''[[Strī-dharma-paddhati|Strīdharmapaddhati]]'' (or "Guide for a Dharmic Woman"). Tryambaka, according to Julia Leslie,<ref>Tryambakayajvan (trans. Julia Leslie 1989), The Perfect Wife - Strīdharmapaddhati, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195621075}}</ref> selectively extracts verses from many chapters of Anushasana Parva. He selectively extracts verses from other books of the Mahabharata as well, and other ancient Indian texts, for ''Strīdharmapaddhati'', choosing those he preferred, omitting verses from the Mahabharata that represent its characteristic style of presenting many voices and counter-arguments.<ref>Leslie, J. (1992), The significance of dress for the orthodox Hindu woman, in Dress and Gender: Making and Meaning (Editors: Ruth Barnes, [[Joanne Eicher|Joanne B. Eicher]]), pages 198-213; Quote - "Strīdharmapaddhati represents a bizarre mixture of reality and utopia."</ref>

===Shastras and Smritis===
{{main|Smriti|Dharmaśāstra|Manusmriti}}
[[File:Brahmacharini.jpg|thumb|The Vedas and Shastras of Hinduism mention ''Brahmacharini'' (women) studying the Vedas.<ref>S Jain (2003), Sacred Rights (Editor: Daniel C. Maguire), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195160017}}, page 134</ref> The word [[Brahmacharya|Brahmacharini]] is also revered in Hinduism as a goddess (above).]]
Scholars have questioned the authenticity of scriptural texts that offer insights into the role of women, as dozens of significantly different versions of the Smriti texts have been found. [[Patrick Olivelle]] for example, who is credited with a 2005 translation of Manusmriti published by the Oxford University Press, states the concerns in [[postmodern]] scholarship about the presumed authenticity and reliability of Manusmriti manuscripts.<ref name=olivellecriticaledition/> He writes (abridged),

{{Blockquote|
The ''MDh'' [Manusmriti] was the first Indian legal text introduced to the western world through the translation of Sir William Jones in 1794. (...) All the editions of the ''MDh'', except for Jolly's, reproduce the text as found in the [Calcutta] manuscript containing the commentary of Kulluka. I have called this as the "[[vulgate]] version". It was Kulluka's version that has been translated repeatedly: Jones (1794), Burnell (1884), Buhler (1886) and [[Wendy Doniger|Doniger]] (1991). (...)

The belief in the authenticity of Kulluka's text was openly articulated by Burnell (1884, xxix): "There is then no doubt that the textus receptus, viz., that of Kulluka Bhatta, as adopted in India and by European scholars, is very near on the whole to the original text." This is far from the truth. Indeed, one of the great surprises of my editorial work has been to discover how few of the over fifty manuscripts that I collated actually follow the vulgate in key readings.
|[[Patrick Olivelle]]|Manu's Code of Law (2005)<ref name=olivellecriticaledition>Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pages 353-354, 356-382</ref>}}

Arthashastra, in chapter 1.21 describes women who had received military education and served to protect the king; the text also mentions female artisans, mendicants, and women who were wandering ascetics.<ref>Kautilya (3rd century BCE), Kautiliya Arthasastra Vol 2 (Translator: RP Kangle, 2014), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120800427}}, page 51</ref><ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (2013), King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199891825}}, pages 77-79, 96, 254-262, 392-396, 477-479</ref> Arthashastra also describes the purpose of a woman in life to be providing a male heir for her husband's lineage.<ref name="Dyson2018">{{cite book | last=Dyson | first=Tim | title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2018 | isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 | access-date=1 November 2025 | page=}}</ref>

One of the most studied about the position of women in medieval Hindu society has been a now contested Calcutta manuscript of [[Manusmriti]]. The text preaches chastity to widows such as in verses 5.158–5.160.<ref name=olivelle31108>Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pages 31-32, 108-123, 138-147</ref> In verses 2.67–2.69 and 5.148–5.155, Manusmriti preaches that as a girl, she should respect and seek protection of her father, as a young woman her husband, and as a widow her son and should receive the same respect from them as well, and that a woman should always worship her husband as a god and vice-versa.<ref name=olivelle146>Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pages 98, 146-147</ref><ref name="Women and the Hindu Tradition">{{cite journal|last1=Wadley|first1=Susan|title=Women and the Hindu Tradition|journal=Signs|date=1977|volume=3|issue=1|pages=113–125|doi=10.1086/493444|s2cid=143210110}}</ref>

In other verses, Manusmriti respects and safeguards women rights. Manusmriti in verses 3.55–3.56, for example, declares that "women must be honored and adorned", and "where women are revered, there the gods rejoice; but where they are not, no sacred rite bears any fruit".<ref name="Patrick Olivelle 2005 page 111">Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, page 111</ref><ref>Mācave P. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BzggAAAAMAAJ "Hinduism, its contribution to science and civilisation."] 1979. {{ISBN|978-0-7069-0805-3}}. "Yatra ... Where women are worshipped, there the Gods are delighted. But where they are not worshipped, all religious ceremonies become futile." ''Mahabharata'' 13 - 45.5 and [[Manu Smriti]] 3 - 56.</ref> Elsewhere, in verses 5.147–5.148, states Olivelle, the text declares, "a woman must never seek to live independently".<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, page 146</ref>

During the inter-imperial interregnum between the Mauryas and the Guptas, the status of women in Hinduism declined. An upper-caste Hindu man was expected to marry and have sons at the appropriate stages of life ([[Āśrama (stage)|Āśrama]]) and could not remain celibate throughout his life, unlike in religions such as Jainism or Buddhism.<ref name="stein2010"/>

The Laws of Manu declared that a woman was always dependent, approved of child brides, decreased their property rights, prohibited widow remarriage<ref name="Ramusack1999" >{{cite book | last1=Ramusack | first1=Barbara N. | last2=Sievers | first2=Sharon L. | title=Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History | publisher=Indiana University Press | date=22 June 1999 | isbn=978-0-253-21267-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNi9Jc22OHsC&pg=PA27&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false | access-date=1 November 2025 | page=27}}</ref> and imposed restrictions on the sexuality of women due to their “promiscuous and vicious nature.” Manu described different types of marriages and ranked them by prestige. Notably, the “love marriage” was ranked only above the forced-abduction form of marriage, which also included the killing of the bride’s family, which was allowed by Manu for the Kshatriya class. The positions laid down by Manu remain relevant in Hinduism and India today, where child marriage, dowry, and forced marriages persist.<ref name="stein2010">{{cite book | last=Stein | first=Burton | title=A History of India | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | date=4 February 2010 | isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA87|pages=87–90 |chapter= Ancient India| access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

====Divorce====
The text declares that a marriage cannot be dissolved by a woman or a man, in verse 8.101–8.102.<ref>Robert Lingat (1973), The Classical Law of India, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520018983}}, page 84</ref> Yet, the text, in other sections, allows either to dissolve the marriage. For example, verses 9.72–9.81 allow the man or the woman to get out of a fraudulent marriage or an abusive marriage, and remarry; the text also provides legal means for a woman to remarry when her husband has been missing or has abandoned her.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pages 190-207, 746-809</ref>

Arthashastra is a Mauryan era text on governance. However, it is not a religious Hindu book per se. Rather, it is an irreligious and secular book on governance to help and guide the Mauryan Emperors. Its author, Kautilya, argued in favour of a secular state based on dharma, a word which means "righteousness" in Sanskrit (often mistranslated as "religion").<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramkumar |first=Manaswini |date=2010-11-15 |title=The Kautilya Way |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2010/11/15/the-kautilya-way/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref> It states:

A woman, hating her husband, can not dissolve her marriage with him against his will. Nor can a man dissolve his marriage with his wife against her will. But from mutual enmity, divorce may be obtained (parasparam dveshánmokshah). If a man, apprehending danger from his wife desires divorce (mokshamichhet), he shall return to her whatever she was given (on the occasion of her marriage). If a woman, under the apprehension of danger from her husband, desires divorce, she shall forfeit her claim to her property; marriages contracted in accordance with the customs of the first four kinds of marriages cannot be dissolved.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Arthashastra/Book_III |title = Arthashastra/Book III - Wikisource, the free online library}}</ref><ref>Page 224 https://csboa.com/eBooks/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031454/https://www.csboa.com/eBooks/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf |date=12 November 2020 }}</ref>

====Varna====

The text in one section opposes a woman marrying someone outside her own ([[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]) as in verses 3.13–3.14.<ref name=olivelle31108/> Simultaneously, states Olivelle, the text presupposes numerous practices such as marriages outside varna, such as between a Brahmin man and a Shudra woman in verses 9.149–9.157, a widow getting pregnant with a child of a man she is not married to in verses 9.57–9.62, marriage where a woman in love elopes with her man, and then grants legal rights in these cases such as property inheritance rights in verses 9.143–9.157, and the legal rights of the children so born.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pages 31-32, 194-207, 755-809</ref> The text also presumes that a married woman may get pregnant by a man other than her husband, and dedicates verses 8.31–8.56 to conclude that the child's custody belongs to the woman and her legal husband, and not to the man she got pregnant with.<ref>Robert Lingat (1973), The Classical Law of India, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520018983}}, pages 83-84</ref><ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pages 182-193, 659-706</ref>

====Property rights====
Manusmriti provides a woman with property rights to six types of property in verses 9.192–9.200. These include those she received at her marriage, or as gift when she eloped or when she was taken away, or as token of love before marriage, or as gifts from her biological family, or as received from her husband subsequent to marriage, and also from an inheritance from deceased relatives.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pages 200-201, 746-809</ref>

====Inconsistency and authenticity issues====
Scholars state that less than half, or only 1,214 of the 2,685 verses in Manusmriti, may be authentic.<ref name=sinha/> Further, the verses are internally inconsistent.<ref>Arun Kumbhare (2009), Women of India: Their Status Since the Vedic Times, {{ISBN|978-1440156007}}, page 56</ref> Verses such as 3.55–3.62 of [[Manusmriti]], for example, glorify the position of women, while verse such as 9.3 and 9.17 do the opposite.<ref name=sinha>J Sinha (2014), Psycho-Social Analysis of the Indian Mindset, Springer Academic, {{ISBN|978-8132218036}}, page 5</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]], when asked about his view about the Smriti, stated, that "there are so many contradictions in the printed volume that, if you accept one part, you are bound to reject those parts that are wholly inconsistent with it. (...) Nobody is in possession of the original text [of Manusmriti].<ref>Mahatma Gandhi, Hinduism According to Gandhi, Orient Paperbacks (2013 Reprint Edition), {{ISBN|978-8122205589}}, page 129</ref>

[[Flavia Agnes]] states that Manusmriti is a complex commentary from women's rights perspective, and the British colonial era codification of women's rights based on it for Hindus, and from Islamic texts for Muslims, picked and emphasized certain aspects while it ignored other sections.<ref name=flavia>Flavia Agnes (2001), Law and Gender Inequality: The Politics of Women's Rights in India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195655247}}, pages 41-45</ref> This construction of personal law during the colonial era created a legal fiction around Manusmriti's historic role as a scripture in matters relating to women in South Asia.<ref name=flavia/><ref>[[Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im]] (2010), Islam and the Secular State, Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674034563}}, pages 149, 289</ref>

=== Puranas ===

Perhaps the most widely heard and popular purana, the [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata Puraṇa]]<ref>{{cite book
|last1=Gupta
|first1=Ravi M.
|last2=Valpey
|first2=Kenneth R.
|year=2013
|title=The Bhāgavata Purāṇa: Sacred Text and Living Tradition
|publisher=Columbia University Press
|location=New York
|chapter=Introduction: Churning the Ocean of Līlā
|page=2
|isbn=9780231149983
|quote=The Bhāgavata Purāṇa is the most widely heard and beloved of the Purāṇas.}}</ref> presents several striking role reversals to illustrate that bhakti transcends social and gender hierarchies. Women in the Bhagavata Purana, including [[Kunti]], [[Devahuti]], and the female residents of [[Vraja]], are depicted as exemplary devotees who actively participated in philosophical discussions, and even served as instructors to men. The text also features instances where the wives are portrayed as intellectually superior to their husbands, with Gupta and Valpey arguing that this narrative underscores the Bhagavata Purana's main argument that spiritual merit earned through devotion transcends established social, gender, or religious status.{{sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|pp=8, 17}}

[[File:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|thumb|360px|Devi Mahatmya, a Hindu Sanskrit manuscript from Nepal 11th-century (above), helped crystallize the goddess tradition where the creator God is a female, but neither feminine nor masculine, rather spiritual and a force of good.<ref name=alfkathleen>Alf Hiltebeitel and Kathleen Erndl (2000), Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses, New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736197}}, pages 133-134</ref>]]
The [[Devi Mahatmya]] found in [[Markandeya Purana|Markandeya]] Maha-Purana, and the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]] have some of the most dedicated discussion of [[Devi]] and sacred feminine in late ancient and early medieval era of Hinduism.{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|pp=90-92}}<ref name=brown77>C. Mackenzie Brown (1990), The Triumph of the Goddess, State University of New York Press, ISBN , page 77</ref><ref name=coburn303>Thomas Coburn (2002), Devī Māhātmya: The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120805576}}, pages 138, 303-309</ref> However, the discussion is not limited to these two major Hindu Goddess religion-related texts. Women are found in philosophical discussions across numerous other Puranas and extant era texts. For example, [[Parvati]] in a discussion with her husband [[Shiva]], remarks:

{{Blockquote|
You should consider who you are, and who nature is.... how could you transcend nature? What you hear, what you eat, what you see – it is all Nature. How could you be beyond Nature? You are enveloped in Nature, even though you don't know it.
|[[Skanda Purana]] 1.1.21.22|Translated by Nicholas Gier<ref>Nicholas Gier (1997), The yogī and the Goddess, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Volume 1, Issue 2, pages 265-287</ref>}}

Feminine symbolism as being sacred and for reverence were present in ancient Hindu texts, but these were fragmentary states Brown, and it was around the sixth century CE,{{Sfn| Brown |1998|p=7}} possibly in northwest India, that the concept of Maha-Devi coalesced as the Great Goddess, appearing in the text of Devi Mahatmya of Markandeya Purana.{{Sfn| Brown |1990|p=2}} This development of the divine woman was not theoretical, according to Brown, but has impacted "self understanding of Hindus to the present day" and "what it means to be human in a universe that is infinite and yet is pervaded by the very human quality of a woman's care and anger".{{Sfn| Brown |1990|p=2}} Devi Mahatmya, also called ''Durga Saptasati'' (or 700 verses to Durga), has been enormously popular among Hindus through the centuries, states Coburn.{{Sfn| Coburn|1991|pp=1-7}} Devi Mahatmya does not attempt to prove that the female is supreme, but assumes it as a given and its premise. This idea influenced the role of women in Hinduism in the Puranic texts that followed for centuries, where male-dominated and female-dominated couples appear, in various legends, in the same religious text and Hindu imagination.{{Sfn| Brown |1990|pp=6-7}}

The Devi Mahatmya presents the idea, states McDaniel, of a divine she who creates this universe, is the supreme knowledge, who helps herself and men reach final liberation, she is multitasking who in times of prosperity is Lakshmi brings wealth and happiness to human homes, yet in times of adversity feeds and fights the battle as the angry woman destroying demons and evil in the universe after metamorphosing into Durga, Chandika, Ambika, Bhadrakali, Ishvari, Bhagvati, Sri or Devi.{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|pp=215-217}}{{Sfn| Coburn|1991|pp=17-21}} However, notes Brown, the celebration of the goddess as supreme in Devi Mahatmya is not universal in Hindu texts of 1st millennium CE, and other Puranic texts celebrate the god as supreme, while acknowledging supreme goddess in various chapters and presenting the female as the "effective power behind any male" either in mythological sense or theological sense or both.{{Sfn| Brown |1990|pp=6-7}}

The ideas of the 6th-century Devi Mahatmya are adopted in 11th-century text of Devi-Bhagavata Purana,{{Sfn| Brown |1998|p=7}} another goddess-classic text of [[Shakti]] tradition of Hinduism. However, this text emphasizes devotion and love as the path to her supreme nature as goddess.{{Sfn| Brown |1990|p=215}} In the latter text, Devi appears as a warrior goddess destroying demons, a world-mother nurturing the good, as the creator, the sustainer and the destroyer as different aspects of her, the one supreme.{{Sfn| Brown |1998|p=8}}

Other Puranas articulate the importance of scriptural women within a devotional rather than purely divine framework.

== Gender of God ==
{{Main|Devi|God and gender in Hinduism|Hindu deities}}
{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=450|caption_align=center
| image1 = Raja Ravi Varma, Goddess Lakshmi, 1896.jpg
| image2 = Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG
| image3 = God marriage AS.jpg
| footer = Goddesses in Hinduism are very common.<ref name=lynnfoulston/> Other ideas found include androgynous concept such as [[Ardhanarishvara]] (a composite god that is half Shiva-male and Parvati-female),<ref>Ellen Goldberg (2002), The Lord who is half woman: Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and feminist perspective, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|0-791453251}}, pages 1-4</ref> or as formless and genderless [[Brahman]] (Universal Absolute, Supreme Self as Oneness in everyone).
}}
In [[Hinduism]], specifically in the [[Advaita Vedanta]], the impersonal [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]] ([[Brahman]]) is genderless. Both male gods ([[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]) and female gods ([[Devi]]) are found in Hinduism. But many [[Shaktism]] and other sects describes the main ultimate God is as feminine energy (The Mother Goddess 'Shakti' ; shakti translates to, 𝘭𝘪𝘵.Power and strength) and relates it with a mother being the most important and ultimate God and all the creation is through her. Some Hindu traditions conceive God as androgynous (both female and male), or as either male or female, while cherishing gender [[henotheism]], that is without denying the existence of other Gods in either gender.<ref>John Renard (1999), Responses to 101 Questions on Hinduism, Paulist, {{ISBN|978-0809138456}}, pages 74-76</ref><ref>{{Google books|9XC9bwMMPcwC|What is Hinduism?|page=PR17}}, Hinduism Today, Hawaii</ref>

[[Bhakti]] traditions of Hinduism have both gods and goddesses. In ancient and medieval Indian mythology, each masculine [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]] of the Hindu pantheon is partnered with a feminine [[devi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adishakti.org/forum/concept_of_shakti_hinduism_as_a_liberating_force_for_women_1-18-2005.htm|title=The Concept of Shakti: Hinduism as a Liberating Force for Women|website=adishakti.org}}</ref> Followers of [[Shaktism]], worship the goddess [[Devi]] as the embodiment of ''[[Shakti]]'' (feminine strength or power).<ref name="The Image of women in Hinduism">{{cite journal|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Prabhati|title=The Image of women in Hinduism|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|date=1983|volume=6|issue=4|pages=375–381|doi=10.1016/0277-5395(83)90030-4}}</ref>

The popular misconception that there exist millions of [[Hindu deities]],<ref name=lawrence78>David Lawrence (2012), The Routledge Companion to Theism (Editors: Charles Taliaferro, Victoria S. Harrison, and Stewart Goetz), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415881647}}, pages 78-79</ref> all the deities are personification of different aspects related to life and universe (God as trees, Ocean rivers, Mountains, Ocean, The Sun, The Moon, The 8 planets, The Milky way Galaxy, etc.). However, most, by far, are goddesses (''Shakti, Devi,'' or mother), state Foulston and Abbott, suggesting "how important and popular goddesses are" in Hindu culture. Though in general, they are smaller, there are far more goddess temples than those of gods. Goddesses are most of the time, if not always seen as powerful, and when unmarried, seen as dangerous (to the evil). Despite the patriarchal nature of post modern Hindu society, women are seen as powerful alongside the Gods, and at certain times, dangerous.<ref name=lynnfoulston>{{cite book|last=Lynn Foulston, Stuart Abbott|title=Hindu goddesses: beliefs and practices|pages=1–3, 40–41| publisher=Sussex Academic Press| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgwVgPx5G5UC&pg=PA2| isbn=9781902210438|year=2009}}</ref> No one has a list of the millions of goddesses and gods, but all deities, state scholars, are typically viewed in Hinduism as "emanations or manifestation of gender-less principle called [[Brahman]], representing the many facets of Ultimate Reality".<ref name=lynnfoulston/><ref name=lawrence78/><ref name=brodd43/> In Hinduism, "God, the universe, all beings [male, female] and all else are essentially one thing," and are interconnected, depicting their oneness and the same god manifested in every being as [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]], the eternal Self.<ref name=brodd43>Jeffrey Brodd (2003), World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Saint Mary's Press, {{ISBN|978-0884897255}}, page 43</ref><ref>Christopher John Fuller (2004), The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691120485}}, pages 30-31, '''Quote:''' "Crucial in Hindu polytheism is the relationship between the deities and humanity. Unlike Jewish, Christian and Islamic monotheism, predicated on the otherness of God and either his total separation from man and his singular incarnation, Hinduism postulates no absolute distinction between deities and human beings. The idea that all deities are truly one is, moreover, easily extended to proclaim that all human beings are in reality also forms of one supreme deity - Brahman, the Absolute of philosophical Hinduism. In practice, this abstract monist doctrine rarely belongs to an ordinary Hindu's statements, but examples of permeability between the divine and human can be easily found in popular Hinduism in many unremarkable contexts".</ref>

Ancient and medieval Hindu literature, state scholars, is richly endowed with gods, goddesses and androgynous representations of God.<ref name=rmg>RM Gross (1978), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1463798 Hindu Female Deities as a Resource for the Contemporary Rediscovery of the Goddess], Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 46, No. 3 (September 1978), pages 269-291</ref> This, states Gross, is in contrast with several monotheistic religions, where God is often synonymous with "He" and theism is replete with male anthropomorphisms.<ref name=rmg/> In Hinduism, goddess-imagery does not mean loss of male-god, rather the ancient literature presents the two genders as balancing each other and complementary. The Goddesses in Hinduism, states Gross,<ref name=rmg/> are strong, beautiful and confident, symbolizing their vitality in the cycle of life. While masculine Gods are symbolically represented as those who act, the feminine Goddesses are symbolically portrayed as those who inspire action.<ref name=rmg/> Goddesses in Hinduism are envisioned as the patrons of arts, culture, nurture, learning, arts, joys, spirituality and liberation.<ref name=rmg/><ref name=davidk>David R. Kinsley (1986), Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520053939}}</ref>

== Practices ==

===Marriage===
{{main|Hindu wedding}}
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 130
| width2 = 107
| width3 = 130
| footer = A wedding is one of the most significant personal ritual a Hindu woman undertakes in her life. The details and dress vary regionally among Hindu women, but share common ritual grammar. A Meitei Hindu bride in [[Manipur]] (left), an Amla Hindu bride in [[Madhya Pradesh]] (middle) and a Himalayan Hindu bride in [[Nepal]] (right).
| image1 = Meitei Hindu Bride Attire.jpg
| image2 = A Hindu bride dress rituals beliefs culture in Amla, Madhya Pradesh India 2015.jpg
| image3 = Nepali Bride.jpg
}}
The ''Asvalayana Grhyasutra'' text of Hinduism identifies eight forms of marriages. Of these first four – Brahma, Daiva, Arsha and Prajapatya – are declared appropriate and recommended by the text, next two – Gandharva and Asura – are declared inappropriate but acceptable, and the last two – Rakshasa and Paishacha – are declared evil and unacceptable (but any children resulting were granted legal rights).<ref name=jgl2001>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, James G. Lochtefeld (2001), {{ISBN|978-0823931798}}, Page 427</ref><ref name=rjb1969>Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, Rajbali Pandey (1969), see Chapter VIII, {{ISBN|978-8120803961}}, pages 158-170</ref>

#''Brahma'' marriage – considered the religiously most appropriate marriage, where the father finds an educated man, proposes the marriage of his daughter to him. The groom, bride, and families willingly concur with the proposal. The two families and relatives meet, the girl is ceremoniously decorated, the father gifts away his daughter in betrothal, and a Vedic marriage ceremony is conducted. This type of wedding is now most prevalent among Hindus in modern India.<ref name=jgl2001/>
#''Daiva'' marriage – in this type of marriage, the father gives away his daughter along with ornaments to a priest.
#''Arsha'' marriage – in this type of marriage, the groom gives a cow and a bull to the father of the bride and the father exchanges his daughter in marriage. The groom took a vow to fulfill his obligations to the bride and family life ([[Grihasthashram]]).
#''Prajapatya'' marriage – in this type of marriage, a couple agree to get married by exchanging some Sanskrit mantras (vows to each other). This form of marriage was akin to a [[civil ceremony]].
# [[Gandharva marriage|''Gandharva'' marriage]] – in this type of marriage, the couple simply lives together out of love, by mutual consent, consensually consummating their relationship. This marriage is entered into without religious ceremonies, and was akin to the Western concept of [[Common-law marriage]]. [[Kama Sutra]], as well as Rishi Kanva – the foster-father of [[Shakuntala]] – in the [[Mahabharata]], claimed this kind of marriage to be an ideal one.<ref name=rjb1969/>
# ''[[Asura]]'' marriage – in this type of marriage, the groom offered a [[dowry]] to the father of the bride and the bride, both accepted the dowry out of free will, and he received the bride in exchange. This was akin to marrying off a daughter for money. This marriage was considered inappropriate by Hindu Smriti-writers because greed, not what is best for the girl, can corrupt the selection process.<ref name=rjb1969/> Manusmriti verses 3.51 and 3.52, for example, states that a father or relatives must never accept any [[brideprice]] because that amounts to trafficking of the daughter.<ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (2004), The Law Code of Manu, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0192802712}}, page 47</ref>
# ''Rakshasa'' marriage – where the groom forcibly abducted the girl against her and her family's will. The word ''[[Rakshasa]]'' means '[[devil]]'.
# ''Paishacha'' marriage – where the man forces himself on a woman when she is insentient, that is drugged or drunken or unconscious.

James Lochtefeld finds that the last two forms of marriage were forbidden yet recognized in ancient Hindu societies, not to encourage these acts, but to provide the woman and any children with legal protection in the society.<ref name=jgl2001/>

{{Blockquote|"A woman can choose her own husband after attaining maturity. If her parents are unable to choose a deserving groom, she can herself choose her husband." (Manu Smriti IX 90 - 91)<ref name="Majumdar (1951)">Majumdar R. C. and Pusalker A. D. (ed.) "[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]]." Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay 1951. Volume 1 ''The Vedic age'' p394.</ref>}}

[[Will Durant]] (1885–1981) American historian says in his book ''Story of Civilization'':<blockquote>Women enjoyed far greater freedom in the Vedic period than in later India. She had more to say in the choice of her mate than the forms of marriage might suggest. She appeared freely at feasts and dances, and joined with men in religious sacrifice. She could study, and like Gargi, engage in philosophical disputation. If she was left a widow there were no restrictions upon her remarriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hinduwisdom.info/Women_in_Hinduism.htm#Veneration%20of%20Women%20in%20Vedic%20India|title=Hindu Wisdom - Women in Hinduism|website=www.hinduwisdom.info|access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref><ref name="Women Health, Empowerment and Economic Development">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_CJNOKM4SYC&pg=PA124 |title=Women Health, Empowerment and Economic Development: Their Contribution to National Economy |last=R. Kumar |first=M. Kumar |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |year=2009 |isbn=9788184501346 |page=124}}</ref>
</blockquote>

=== Dowry ===
The concept and practice of dowry in ancient and medieval Hindu society is unclear. Some scholars believe dowry was practiced in historic Hindu society, but some do not.<ref name=witzeldowry/><ref name=tambiah/> Historical eyewitness reports (discussed below), suggest dowry in pre-11th century CE Hindu society was insignificant, and daughters had inheritance rights, which by custom were exercised at the time of her marriage.

Stanley J. Tambiah states the ancient [[Code of Manu]] sanctioned dowry and bridewealth in ancient India, but dowry was the more prestigious form and associated with the Brahmanic (priestly) caste. Bridewealth was restricted to the lower castes, who were not allowed to give dowry. He cites two studies from the early 20th century with data to suggest that this pattern of dowry in upper castes and bridewealth in lower castes has persisted through the first half of the 20th century.<ref name=tambiah>{{cite book|last=Tambiah|first=Stanley|title=Bridewealth and Dowry|year=1973|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge UK|pages=68–9|author2=Goody, Jack}}</ref>

[[Michael Witzel]], in contrast, states the ancient Indian literature suggests dowry practices were not significant during the Vedic period.<ref name=witzeldowry>{{cite journal | last1 = Witzel | first1 = Michael | year = 1996 | title = Little Dowry, No Sati: The Lot of Women in the Vedic Period | journal = Journal of South Asia Women Studies | volume = 2 | issue = 4}}</ref> Witzel also notes that women in ancient India had property inheritance rights either by appointment or when they had no brothers.<ref name=witzeldowry/> Kane states ancient literature suggests bridewealth was paid only in the asura-type of marriage that was considered reprehensible and forbidden by Manu and other ancient Indian scribes. Lochtefeld suggests that religious duties listed by Manu and others, such as 'the bride be richly adorned to celebrate marriage' were ceremonial dress and jewelry along with gifts that were her property, not property demanded by or meant for the groom; Lochtefeld further notes that bridal adornment is not currently considered as dowry in most people's mind.<ref>James G. Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|9780823931798}}; 203 ページ出版</ref>

Historical and epigraphical evidence from ancient India suggests dowry was not the standard practice in ancient Hindu society. Arrian of [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquest era, in his first book, mentions a lack of dowry, or infrequent enough to be noticed by Arrian.<ref>CV Vaidya, Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, {{ISBN|978-8120615649}}</ref>

{{Blockquote |
They (these ancient Indian people) make their marriages accordance with this principle, for in selecting a bride they care nothing whether she has a dowry and a handsome fortune, but look only to her beauty and other advantages of the outward person.
|[[Arrian]]| ''The Invasion of India by [[Alexander the Great]]'', 3rd Century BCE<ref>John Watson McCrindle (Translator), The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as described by Arrian, Archibald Constable & Co. (Westminster, UK): 280</ref>}}

Arrian's second book similarly notes,

{{Blockquote |
They (Indians) marry without either giving or taking dowries, but the women as soon as they are marriageable are brought forward by their fathers in public, to be selected by the victor in wrestling or boxing or running or someone who excels in any other manly exercise.
|Arrian, ''Indika''| Megasthenes and Arrian, 3rd Century BCE<ref>JW McCrindle (Translator), [http://rbedrosian.com/Downloads5/McCrindle_1877_Megasthenes.pdf Megasthenes and Arrian]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Trubner & Co (London): 222</ref>}}

About 1200 years after Arrian's visit, Al-Biruni a Persian scholar who went and lived in India for 16 years in 11th century CE, wrote,

{{Blockquote |
The implements of the wedding rejoicings are brought forward. No gift (dower or dowry) is settled between them. The man gives only a present to the wife, as he thinks fit, and a marriage gift in advance, which he has no right to claim back, but the (proposed) wife may give it back to him of her own will (if she does not want to marry).
|[[Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī|Al-Biruni]]| ''Chapter on Matrimony in India'', about 1035 CE<ref>Edward Sachau (Translator), Bīrūnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, Alberuni's India (Vol. 2), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. (London, 1910.) Chapter LXIX: 154</ref>}}

=== ''Widowhood'' and ''remarriage'' ===
Historically, Hindu widows were expected to pursue a spiritual, ascetic life, particularly the higher castes such as [[Brahmin]]s.<ref name="Bowker (1994)">Bowker J. H and Holm J. "Women in religion." Continuum, London 1994 p79 {{ISBN|0-8264-5304-X}}.</ref> Widows were not allowed to wear jewellery, they had to consume tasteless food, and they had to wear a white coarse saree without choli or blouse covering their breasts.<ref name=fuller23>Fuller C. J. "The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India." Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 2004 p.23 {{ISBN|0-691-12048-X}}</ref> Such restrictions are now strictly observed only by a small minority of widows, yet the belief continues that "a good wife predeceases her husband".<ref name="Bowker (1994)"/><ref name=fuller23/><ref>{{cite web |title=Women in Ancient India Book |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/722636192/Women-in-Ancient-India-Book |website=Scribd |access-date=July 1, 2025 |date=April 13, 2024}}</ref>

During the debate before the passage of the [[Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856]], some communities asserted that it was their ancient custom that prohibited widow remarriage. Hindu scholars and colonial British authorities rejected this argument, states Lucy Carroll, because the alleged custom prohibiting widow remarriage was "far from ancient", and was already in practice among the Hindu communities such as the ''Rajbansi'' whose members had petitioned for the prohibition of widow remarriage. Thus, it failed the "[[customary law]]" protections under the British colonial era laws.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carroll|first1=Lucy|title=Law, Custom, and Statutory Social Reform: The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856|journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review|date=1983| volume=20|issue=4 |pages=363–388|doi=10.1177/001946468302000401|s2cid=145511713}}</ref><ref>Lucy Carroll (2008), Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader, Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|978-0253352699}}, pages 92-93</ref> However, this issue lingered in colonial courts for decades, because of the related issue of property left by the deceased husband, and whether the widow keeps or forfeits all rights to deceased Hindu husband's estate and thereby transfers the property from the deceased husband to her new husband. While Hindu community did not object to widow remarriage, it contested the property rights and transfer of property from her earlier husband's family to the later husband's family, particularly after the death of the remarried widow, in the 20th century.<ref>Lucy Carroll (2008), Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader, Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|978-0253352699}}, pages 93-96</ref>

=== Sati ===
{{Main|Sati (practice)}}
[[File:Sati_Daha.jpg|thumb|A Maharaj's soldiers preventing the escape of a widow from burning Pyre – painted by British artist]]
[[Image:Hindu Suttee.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Sati, where a Hindu woman forced to commit suicide by burning herself with the corpse of her husband<ref name="donigersati" />]]
''Sati'' is an Indian funeral custom where a [[widow]] was forced to immolate herself on her husband's [[pyre]], or committed was buried alive after her husband's death.<ref name=donigersati>[[Wendy Doniger]] (2013), [http://www.britannica.com/topic/suttee Suttee], Encyclopedia Britannica</ref><ref>[[Arvind Sharma]] (2001), Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120804647}}, pages 19-21</ref><ref name=julialeslie>On attested Rajput practice of sati during wars, see, for example {{cite book|last1=Leslie |first1=Julia|chapter=Suttee or Sati: Victim or Victor?|page=46|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPdYkFguJ8IC&pg=PA46|title=Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader|year=1993|last2=Arnold|first2=David (ed.)|last3=Robb|first3=Peter (ed.)|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780700702848|volume=10}}</ref> [[Michael Witzel]] states there is no evidence of Sati practice in ancient Indian literature during the Vedic period.<ref name=witzeldowry/>

David Brick, in his 2010 review of ancient Indian literature, states:<ref name="davidbrick">{{cite journal|last1=Brick|first1=David|title=The Dharmasastric Debate on Widow Burning|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=April–June 2010|volume=130|issue=2|pages=203–223|jstor=23044515}}</ref>

{{blockquote|There is no mention of ''Sahagamana'' (Sati) whatsoever in either Vedic literature or any of the early Dharmasutras or Dharmasastras. By "early Dharmasutras or Dharmasastras", I refer specifically to both the early Dharmasutras of Apastamba, Hiranyakesin, Gautama, Baudhayana and Vasistha, and the later Dharmasastras of Manu, Narada, and Yajnavalkya.
|David Brick|Yale University<ref name=davidbrick/>}}

The earliest scholarly discussion of Sati, whether it is right or wrong, is found in the Sanskrit literature dated to 10th- to 12th-century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brick|first1=David|title=The Dharmasastric Debate on Widow Burning|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=April–June 2010|volume=130|issue=2|pages=206–211|jstor=23044515}}</ref> The earliest known commentary on Sati by [[Medhātithi]] of Kashmir argues that Sati is a form of suicide, which is prohibited by the Vedic tradition.<ref name=davidbrick/> [[Vijñāneśvara]], of the 12th-century [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya court]], and the 13th-century [[Madhvacharya]], argue that Sati should not to be considered suicide, which was otherwise variously banned or discouraged in the scriptures.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|page=102, footnote 206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJmWgz2mv5oC&pg=PR11|title=Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|location=Delhi|isbn= 9788120804647}}</ref> They offer a combination of reasons, both in favor and against Sati.<ref name=davidbrickvij>{{cite journal|last1=Brick|first1=David|title=The Dharmasastric Debate on Widow Burning|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=April–June 2010|volume=130|issue=2|pages=212–213|jstor=23044515}}</ref> However, according to the textbook, "Religions in the Modern World", after the death of Roop Kanwar on her husband's funeral pyre in 1987, thousands saw this as cruel murder. Committing Sati was then made a crime, with consequences worse than murder.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hinduism|last=Smith|first=David|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-0-415-85880-9|editor-last=Woodhead|editor-first=Linda|location=New York|pages=61|editor-last2=Partridge|editor-first2=Christopher|editor-last3=Kawanami|editor-first3=Hiroko}}</ref>

Another historical practice observed among women in Hinduism, was the [[Rajput]] practice of [[Jauhar]], particularly in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], where they collectively committed suicide during war. They preferred death rather than being captured alive and dishonored by victorious Muslim soldiers in a war.<ref>Arvind Sharma (1988), Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays, Motilal Banarsidass Publ, {{ISBN|9788120804647}}, page xi, 86</ref> According to Bose, ''jauhar'' practice grew in the 14th and 15th century with Hindu-Muslim wars of northwest India, where the Hindu women preferred death than the slavery or rape they faced if captured.<ref>Mandakranta Bose (2014), Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195352771}}, page 26</ref><ref name=maliseruthven>Malise Ruthven (2007), Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199212705}}, page 63</ref> Sati-style ''jauhar'' custom among Hindu women was observed only during Hindu-Muslim wars in medieval India, but not during internecine Hindu-Hindu wars among the Rajputs.<ref>Kaushik Roy (2012), Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-1107017368}}, pages 182-184</ref>

The Sati practice is considered to have originated within the warrior [[aristocracy]] in the Hindu society, gradually gaining in popularity from the 10th century CE and spreading to other groups from the 12th through 18th century CE.<ref name=johnhawley>John Stratton Hawley (1994), Sati, the Blessing and the Curse, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195077742}}, pages 51-53</ref> The earliest Islamic invasions of South Asia have been recorded from early 8th century CE, such as the raids of [[Muhammad bin Qasim]], and major wars of Islamic expansion after the 10th century.<ref>Andre Wink (1996), Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam: 7th-11th Centuries, Brill Academic Publishers, {{ISBN|978-9004092495}}</ref> This chronology has led to the theory that the increase in sati practice in India may be related to the centuries of Islamic invasion and its expansion in South Asia.<ref name=anandyang>{{cite book|last=Yang|first=Anand A.|editor1-last=Sarkar|editor1-first=Sumit |editor-last2=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika|pages=21–23|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEPYbuzOwcQC&pg=PA21|chapter=Whose Sati? Widow-Burning in early Nineteenth Century India|title=Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=9780253352699}}</ref><ref name=ssshashi>{{cite book|last=Sashi|first=S.S.|page=115|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh|volume=100|year=1996|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=9788170418597}}</ref> Daniel Grey states that the understanding of origins and spread of Sati were distorted in the colonial era because of a concerted effort to push "problem Hindu" theories in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Grey | first1 = Daniel | year = 2013 | title = Creating the 'Problem Hindu': Sati, Thuggee and Female Infanticide in India: 1800–60 | journal = Gender & History | volume = 25 | issue = 3| pages = 498–510 | doi = 10.1111/1468-0424.12035 | s2cid = 142811053 }}</ref>

=== Education ===
The Vedas and Upanishads mention girls could be a ''Brahmacharini'', that is getting an education.<ref name=sjain/> Atharva Veda, for example, states<ref name=sjain>S Jain (2003), The Right to Family Planning, in Sacred Rights: The Case for Contraception and Abortion in World Religions (Editor: Daniel C. Maguire), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195160017}}, page 134, Quote - "The Atharva Veda confirms... a brahmacharini has better prospects of marriage than a girl who is uneducated"; "The Vedic period.... girls, like boys, are also expected to go through the brahmacharya..."</ref><ref name=atharvaveda2/>

{{blockquote|
<nowiki>ब्रह्मचर्येण कन्या युवानं विन्दते पतिम् |</nowiki>

A youthful ''Kanya'' (कन्या, girl) who graduates from [[Brahmacharya]], obtains a suitable husband.|[[Atharva Veda]]|11.5.18<ref name=atharvaveda2>For source in Sanskrit: [http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/अथर्ववेदः/अथर्ववेद:_काण्डं_11 Atharva Veda] Wikisource, Hymns 11.5[7].1 - 11.5[7].26; For English translation: Stephen N Hay and William Theodore De Bary (1988), Sources of Indian Tradition, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120804678}}, pages 18-19</ref>}}

The ''Harita Dharmasutra'', a later era Hindu text states there are two kind of women: ''sadhyavadhu'' who marry without going to school, and the ''brahmavadini'' who go to school first to study the ''[[Vedas]]'' and speak of Brahman. The Hindu ''Sastras'' and ''Smritis'' describe varying number of [[Sanskara (rite of passage)]]. Upanayana rite of passage symbolized the start of education process. Like the Vedas, the ancient ''Sutras'' and ''Shastra'' Sanskrit texts extended education right to women, and the girls who underwent this rite of passage then pursued studies were called ''Brahmavadini''.<ref name=pvkaneyajnow/><ref>Ram Chandra Prasad (1997), The Upanayana: The Hindu Ceremonies of the Sacred Thread, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812406}}, pages 119-131</ref> Those who did not performed ''Upanayana'' ceremony at the time of their wedding. Instead of sacred thread, girls would wear their robe (now called sari or saree) in the manner of the sacred thread, that is over her left shoulder during this rite of passage.<ref name=pvkaneyajnow/><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/grihyasutrasrule02olde#page/44/mode/2up Grihya sutra of Gobhila] Verse 2.1.19, Herman Oldenberg & Max Muller (Translator), The [[Sacred Books of the East]], Vol. 30, Part 2, Oxford University Press, page 44</ref>

===Dress===
[[File:Styles of Sari.jpg|thumb|180px|Sari in different styles (shown) has been traced to ancient [[Hindu]] traditions. In modern times, Sari is also found among non-Hindu women of [[South Asia]].]]
Information on ancient and medieval era dressing traditions of women in Hinduism is unclear. Textiles are commonly mentioned in ancient Indian texts.<ref>L Gopal, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596207 Textiles in Ancient India], Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 4, No. 1, BRILL, pages 53-69</ref> The [[Arthashastra]] (~200 BCE to 300 CE) mentions a range of clothing and plant-based, [[muslin]]-based, wool-based textiles that are partially or fully dyed, knitted and woven.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2013), King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthashastra, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199891825}}, pages 125-126, 533-534</ref><ref name=ghurye67/> It is, however, uncertain how women wore these clothing, and scholars have attempted to discern the dress from study of [[murti]] (statues), wall reliefs, and ancient literature.<ref>Kax Wilson (1979), History of Textiles, Westview, {{ISBN|978-0865313682}}, pages 164-165</ref> In ancient and medieval Hindu traditions, covering the head or face was neither mandated nor common, but ''[[Ushnisha]]'' – a regional ceremonial occasion headdress is mentioned, as is [[Dupatta]] in colder, drier northern parts of Indian subcontinent.<ref name=ghurye67>GS Ghurye (1967), Indian Costume, 2nd Edition, Luzac, {{ISBN|978-0718922801}}, pages 65-68, 76</ref>

Regardless of economic status, the costume of ancient Hindu women was formed of two separate sheets of cloth, one wrapping the lower part of the body, below the waist, and another larger wrap around piece called [[Dhoti]] (modern-day Saree) in texts. Although in some part of India, lower caste women have to keep their breast uncovered in front of upper caste people which signifies lower status.Upper caste women too used to bare their breasts in front the deity as respect.<ref name=ghurye67/> Some ''Murti'' and [[relief]] carvings suggest that pleats were used, probably to ease movement, but the pleats were tucked to reveal the contour of the body. However, where the pleats were tucked, front or side or back varied regionally.<ref name=ghurye76>GS Ghurye (1967), Indian Costume, 2nd Edition, Luzac, {{ISBN|978-0718922801}}, pages 76-77</ref> The predominant style observed in the ancient texts and artwork is the wrapping of the excess of the ''Dhoti'' from right waist over the left shoulder, in the Vedic [[Upanayana]] style.<ref name=pvkaneyajnow>PV Kane, [https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.2.1/Kane_A-History-of-Dharmasastra-v2-1_1941#page/n349/mode/2up History of Dharmasastra] Volume 2.1, 1st Edition, pages 290-295</ref><ref name=ghurye76/> The breasts were covered with a stitched, tight fitting bodice named ''[[Kurpasaka]]'' ({{Langx|sa|कूर्पासक}})<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=kUrpAsaka&script=&direction=SE&link=yes कूर्पासक] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)</ref> or ''[[Stanamsuka]]'' ({{Langx|sa|स्तनांशुक|links=no}}),<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=Stanamsuka+&trans=Translate&direction=AU स्तनांशुक] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)</ref> but this was not common in extreme south India or in eastern states such as Orissa and Bengal.<ref name=ghurye15>GS Ghurye (1967), Indian Costume, 2nd Edition, Luzac, {{ISBN|978-0718922801}}, pages 15, 76-79</ref> Regional variations were great, to suit local weather and traditions, in terms of the length, number of pleats, placement of pleats, style of bodice used for [[bosom]], and the dimension or wrapping of the upper excess length of the ''Dhoti''.<ref name=ghurye15/> Greek records left by those who came to India with [[Alexander the Great]] mention that head and neck ornaments, ear rings, wrist and ankle ornaments were commonly worn by women.<ref>GS Ghurye (1967), Indian Costume, 2nd Edition, Luzac, {{ISBN|978-0718922801}}, pages 16-22, 68, 73-74</ref>

[[File:Assamese woman.jpg|thumb|left|140px|A Hindu woman, with ''Sindur'' in her hair and ''Bindi'' on forehead, customs also found among women in [[Jainism]]<ref>KS Singh (2004), People of India: Maharashtra, {{ISBN|978-8179911006}}, pages 565-567</ref>]]
Usually, the sari consists of a piece of cloth around 6 yards long, wrapped distinctly based on the prior mentioned factors.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bhatia|first1=Nandini|title=Fashioning women in colonial India|journal=Fashion Theory|date=2003|volume=7|issue=3–4|page=331|doi=10.2752/136270403778052050|s2cid=191567505}}</ref> The choice of the quality and sophistication of the cloth is dependent on the income and affordability. Women across economic groups in colonial era, for example, wore a single piece of cloth in hot and humid Bengal.<ref name=channa57/> It was called ''Kapod'' by poorer women, while the more ornate version of the same was called a ''Saree''.<ref name=channa57/> The material and cost varied, but nature was the same across income and social groups (caste/class) of Hindu women.<ref name=channa57>SM Channa (2013), Gender in South Asia: Social Imagination and Constructed Realities, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-1107043619}}, pages 57-58</ref>

[[Sindoor]] or ''Kumkum'' has been a marker for women in Hinduism, since early times.<ref name=aeraly433>A Eraly (2011), The First Spring: The Golden Age of India, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0670084784}}, pages 433-434</ref> A married Hindu woman typically wears a red pigment (vermilion) in the parting of her hair, while a never married, divorced or a widowed woman does not.<ref name=aeraly433/><ref>June McDaniel (2002), Making Virtuous Daughters and Wives, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791455661}}, page 117 note 52</ref> A Hindu woman may wear a [[Bindi (decoration)|Bindi]] (also called ''Tip'', ''Bindiya'', ''Tilaka'' or ''Bottu'') on her forehead.<ref name=robinson86/> This represents the place of the inner eye, and signifies that she is spiritually turned inwards.<ref name=robinson86/> In the past, this was worn by married women, but in the modern era, it is a fashion accessory and has no relation to the marital status for women in Hinduism.<ref name=robinson86>James B. Robinson (2004), Hinduism, Chelsea, {{ISBN|978-0791078587}}, page 86</ref>

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 105
| width2 = 151
| footer = A 1st-century BCE Indian sculpture showing female [[Yakshi]] dress (left). Earrings from India, 1st-century BCE (right).<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1981.398.3,4 A pair of royal earrings, ca. 1st century B.C.] The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Kronos Collections, 1981 (1981.398.3–4)</ref> Greek texts suggest ancient Hindu women wearing ornaments.
| image1 = SungaYaksa.JPG
| image2 = Andhra Pradesh Royal earrings 1st Century BCE.jpg
}}
Cultural customs such as ''Sindoor'' are similar to wedding ring in other cultures. Regionally, Hindu women may wear seasonal fresh flowers in their hair, during festivals, temple visits or other formal occasions. White color saree is common with aging widows, while red or other festive colors with embroidery is more common on festivals or social ceremonies such as weddings.<ref>Susan Bean (2002), South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia (Editors: Peter Claus et al), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415939195}}, page 170</ref> These Hindu practices are cultural practices, and not required by its religious texts.<ref name=axworthy153/> Hinduism is a way of life, is diverse, has no binding book of rules of its faith, nor any that mandate any dress rules on Hindu women. The choice is left to the individual discretion.<ref name=axworthy153>Tom Axworthy (2008), Bridging the divide: Religious dialogue and Universal ethics, Queen's University Press, {{ISBN|978-1553392200}}, pages 153-154</ref>

Other ornaments worn by Hindu women are sometimes known as ''solah singar'' (sixteen decorations): "bindi, necklaces, earrings, flowers in the hair, rings, bangles, armlets (for the upper arm), waistbands, ankle-bells, kohl (or kajal – mascara), toe rings, henna, perfume, sandalwood paste, the upper garment, and the lower garment".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Heart of Hinduism Project|url=http://hinduism.iskcon.org/lifestyle/807.htm|publisher=ISCKON Educational Services|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901092807/http://hinduism.iskcon.org/lifestyle/807.htm|archive-date=1 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=November 2015}}{{better source needed|date=November 2015}}

Bernard Cohn (2001) states that clothing in India, during the colonial British era, was a form of authority exercised to highlight hierarchical patterns, subordination, and authoritative relations. Hindus in India were subject to rule under a range of other religious reigns, therefore influencing clothing choices. This was exemplified by a change in attire as a result of Mughal influence and later European influence resulting from British rule.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cohn|first1=Bernard|title=Cloth, Clothes, and Colonialism,Consumption: The history and regional development of consumption|date=2001|isbn=9780415242684|pages=405–418|publisher=Taylor & Francis |edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39wzrWv2WY4C&q=GS+Ghurye+(1967),+Indian+Costumes&pg=PA405|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref>

===Arts: dance, drama, music===
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = left
| width1 = 150
| width2 = 150
| footer = Many classical Indian dances such as Bharathanatyam and Kathak were developed by women in Hinduism.
| image1 = Bharathanatyam By Ranjitha.jpg
| image2 = Kathak dance India November 2011.jpg
}}
Hindu religious art encompasses performance arts as well as visual art, and women have been expressed in Hindu arts as prominently as men.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elgood|first1=Heather|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts|date=2000|publisher=A&C Black}}</ref> Sanskrit literature has contributed to religious and spiritual expression of women, by its reverence for goddesses. The deity for arts, music, poetry, speech, culture, and learning is goddess [[Saraswati]] in the Hindu tradition.<ref>Mandakranta Bose (2011), Women in the Hindu Tradition: Rules, Roles and Exceptions, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415620765}}, page 26</ref> Baumer states that the resulting Sanskrit Theater has its origins in the Vedas, stemming from three principles: “The cosmic man (purusha), the self (atman), and the universal being (brahman)".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baumer|first1=Rachel|title=Sanskrit Drama in Performance|date=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publication|page=46}}</ref> Some of the earliest references to women being active in dance, music and artistic performance in Hindu texts is found in 1st millennium BCE Taittiriya [[Samhita]] chapter 6.1 and 8th-century BCE [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] chapter 3.2.4.<ref name=mandabose64>Mandakranta Bose (2011), Women in the Hindu Tradition: Rules, Roles and Exceptions, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415620765}}, pages 64-65</ref> In religious ceremonies, such as the ancient [[Shrauta]] and [[Kalpa (Vedanga)#Gṛhyasūtras|Grihya sutras]] rituals, texts by [[Pāṇini|Panini]], [[Patanjali]], Gobhila and others state that women sang hymns or uttered mantras along with men during the [[yajna]]s.<ref name=mandabose64/>

[[File:A Hindu woman in a dance pose Bali Indonesia.jpg|thumb|A Hindu woman in a dance pose Bali Indonesia]]
Music and dance, states Tracy Pintchman, are "intertwined in Hindu traditions", and women in Hinduism have had an active creative and performance role in this tradition.<ref name=tracypintchman180>Tracy Pintchman (2007), Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195177077}}, pages 180-182</ref> While Hinduism gives women all the rights certain cultural aspects of the social traditions of Hindu society curtailed the freedoms of women too,although they also gave opportunities to create and express arts.<ref name=tracypintchman180/> The historical evidence, states Pintchman, suggests that the opportunities to create and participate in arts were available to women regardless of their caste or class.<ref name=tracypintchman180/> Classical vocal music was more prevalent among women upper classes, while public performances of arts such as dance were more prevalent among women in matrilineal Hindu traditions, particularly the [[Devadasi]].<ref name=tracypintchman181>Tracy Pintchman (2007), Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195177077}}, pages 181-185</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Leslie|first1=Julia|title=Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women|date=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications}}</ref>

The Devadasi tradition women practiced their arts in a religious context.<ref name=tracypintchman181/> Young Devadasi women were trained in the arts of music, theater, and dance, and their lives revolved around Hindu temples. In south India, some of these women were courtesans, while others chaste.<ref name=tracypintchman181/> In 1909, the colonial government passed the first law banning the Devadasis practice in the state of Mysore; however, an attempt to ban Devadasis tradition in Tamil Nadu Hindu temples failed in Madras Presidency in 1927.<ref>DE Smith (1963), India as a Secular State, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691030272}}, pages 238-240</ref> In 1947, the government of Madras passed legislation forbidding Devadasi practices under pressure from activists that this was a 'prostitution' tradition.<ref name=srinivasan1869>{{cite journal|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Amrit|title=Reform and Revival: The Devadasi and her dance|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1985|pages=1869–1876}}</ref> However, the tradition was revived by those who consider it to be a 'nun' tradition wherein a Devadasi was a chaste woman who considered herself married to God and used temple dance tradition to raise funds as well as helped continue the arts.<ref name=srinivasan1869/>

In poetry, 9th-century [[Andal]] became a well-known [[Bhakti movement]] poetess, states Pintchman, and historical records suggest that by the 12th century she was a major inspiration to Hindu women in south India and elsewhere.<ref name=tracypintchman181/> Andal continues to inspire hundreds of classical dancers in modern times choreographing and dancing Andal's songs.<ref name=tracypintchman185>Tracy Pintchman (2007), Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195177077}}, pages 185-187</ref> Andal is also called ''Goda'', and her contributions to the arts have created ''Goda Mandali'' (circle of Andal) in the [[Vaishnava]] tradition.<ref name=tracypintchman185/> Many other women, such as Nagaatnammal, Balasaraswati, and Rukmini, states Pintchman, were instrumental in bringing "Carnatic music and Bharat Natyam to the public stage and making the performing arts accessible by the general public" by the 12th century.<ref name=tracypintchman185/> ''Gathasaptasati'' is an anthology of [[Subhashita]] genre of poetry, from the first half of 1st millennium CE, many of which are attributed to Hindu women in central and western India.<ref>MA Selby (2001), Grow Long, Blessed Night: Love Poems from Classical India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195127348}}, pages 81-91, 169-170, 172-230</ref>

===Menstruation===

In [[Hinduism]], menstruating women are traditionally advised rules to follow. Menstruation is seen as a period of purification, and women are often separated from place of worship or any object pertaining to it, for the length of their period. This forms the basis of most of the cultural practices and restrictions around menstruation in Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dunnavant|first=Nicki|date=2012|title=Restriction and Renewal, Pollution and Power, Constraint and Community: The Paradoxes of Religious Women's Experiences of Menstruation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257663684|journal=Sex Roles|doi=10.1007/s11199-012-0132-8|volume=68|issue=1–2|pages=121–131|s2cid=144688091}}</ref> The origin of the myth of menstrual impurity originated in the [[Vedic period]], linked to [[Indra|Indra's]] slaying of [[Vritra]]s;<ref>Johnson, H. (2019). "[https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/iusbgender/article/view/29293 Understanding and Debunking Menstrual Taboos in India: On the Importance of Education and Activism]." New Views on Gender, 19, 6–13. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</ref> in the Veda that "guilt", of killing a brahmana-murder, appears every month as menstrual flow of women had taken upon themselves a part of Indra's guilt.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anand |first1=Tanu |last2=Garg |first2=Suneela |title=Menstruation related myths in India: Strategies for combating it |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |date=2015 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=184–186 |doi=10.4103/2249-4863.154627 |pmid=25949964 |pmc=4408698 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>Janet Chawla. “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4401940 Mythic Origins of Menstrual Taboo in Rig Veda]." Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 29, no. 43, Economic and Political Weekly, 1994, pp. 2817–27. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</ref>

==Context: historical and modern developments==
The role of women in Hinduism dates back to 3000 years of history, states Pechelis, incorporating ideas of [[Hindu philosophy]], that is [[Prakrti]] (matter, femaleness) and [[Purusha]] (consciousness, maleness), coming together to interact and produce the current state of the universe.<ref name="Women in Hinduism">{{cite book|last1=Pechilis|first1=Karen|title=Women in Hinduism|journal=Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion|pages=1922–1925|year=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn= 9781461460855}}</ref> Hinduism considers the connection, interdependence, and complementary nature of these two concepts – Prakriti and Purusha, female and male – as the basis of all existence, which is a starting point of the position of women in Hindu traditions.<ref name="Women in Hinduism"/>

Although these ancient texts are the foundation upon which the position of women in Hinduism is founded, Hindu women participated in and were affected by cultural traditions and celebrations such as festivals, dance, arts, music and other aspects of daily life. Despite these liberating undercurrents emerging in its historical context, Sugirtharajah states that there is some reluctance to use the term "feminism" to describe historical developments in Hinduism.<ref name="Sugirtharajah, Sharada 2002">{{cite journal|last1=Sugirtharajah|first1=Sharada|title=Hinduism and Feminism|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|date=2002|volume=18|issue=2|pages=97–104}}</ref>

In the colonial era 1800s, Hindu women were described by [[Europe]]an scholars as being "naturally chaste" and "more virtuous" than other women.<ref>Jean A. and Dubois A. Beauchamp H. K. (trans.) ''Hindu manners, customs, and ceremonies.''] Clarendon Press, Oxford 1897.</ref>

In 20th-century history context, the position of women in Hinduism and more generally India, has many contradictions.<ref name=fane51>{{cite journal|last1=Fane|first1=Hannah|title=The Female Element in Indian Culture|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|date=1975|volume=34|issue=1|pages=51–112|doi=10.2307/1177740|jstor=1177740}}</ref> Regional Hindu traditions are organized as matriarchal societies (such as in south India and northeast India), where the woman is the head of the household and inherits the wealth; yet, other Hindu traditions are patriarchal.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fane|first1=Hannah|title=The Female Element in Indian Culture|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|date=1975|pages=57–60}}</ref> God as a woman, and mother goddess ideas are revered in Hinduism, yet there are rituals that treats the female in a subordinate role.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fane|first1=Hannah|title=The Female Element in Indian Culture|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|date=1975|pages=74–83}}</ref>

The women's rights movement in India, states Sharma, have been driven by two foundational Hindu concepts – lokasangraha and satyagraha.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Katherine|title=Today's Women in World Religions (Editor: Arvind Sharma)|year=1994|publisher=State Univ of New York Press|isbn=978-0791416877|pages=[https://archive.org/details/todayswomaninwor0000unse/page/77 77–92]|url=https://archive.org/details/todayswomaninwor0000unse/page/77}}</ref> Lokasangraha is defined as “acting for the welfare of the world” and satyagraha “insisting on the truth”. These ideals were used to justify and spur movements among women for women's rights and social change through a political and legal process.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Fane remarks, in her article published in 1975, that it is the underlying Hindu beliefs of "women are honored, considered most capable of responsibility, strong" that made Indira Gandhi culturally acceptable as the prime minister of India,<ref name=fane51/> yet the country has in the recent centuries witnessed the development of diverse ideologies, both Hindu and non-Hindu, that has impacted the position of women in India.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fane|first1=Hannah|title=The Female Element in Indian Culture|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|date=1975|pages=60–73, 83–109}}</ref> The women rights movement efforts, states Young, have been impeded by the "growing intensity of Muslim separatist politics", the divergent positions of Indian Hindu women seeking separation of religion and women's rights, [[secularism in India|secular]] universal laws (uniform civil code) applicable irrespective of religion, while Indian Muslim community seeking to preserve [[Sharia]] law in personal, family and other domains.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Katherine|title=Today's Women in World Religions (Editor: Arvind Sharma)|year=1994|publisher=State Univ of New York Press|isbn=978-0791416877|pages=[https://archive.org/details/todayswomaninwor0000unse/page/83 83–86]|url=https://archive.org/details/todayswomaninwor0000unse/page/83}}</ref>

===Western scholarship===
There has been a pervasive and deeply held belief in [[modern era]] Western scholarship, states Professor Kathleen Erndl, that "in Hinduism, women are universally subjugated and that feminism, however, it might be defined, is an artifact of the West".<ref name=erndl91>Kathleen Erndl (2000), Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses (Editors: Alf Hiltebeitel, Kathleen M. Erndl), New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736197}}, page 91-92, 95</ref><ref>Arti Dhand (2009), Woman as Fire, Woman as Sage, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791471401}}, pages 3-7</ref> Postmodern scholars question whether they have "unwittingly accepted" this colonial stereotype and long-standing assumption,<ref name=erndl91/><ref name=artidhand5>Arti Dhand (2009), Woman as Fire, Woman as Sage, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791471401}}, pages 4-5; '''Quote:''' "The unfortunate result of such scholarship was the creation of a monumental stereotype of the Hindu woman from which a critical reader could derive little substantive knowledge of the particular values undergirding Hindu women's lives in different eras and locales, or the historical, social, political, and legal strictures under which they labors at different periods of history. (...) These works however still condition the questions that scholars raise of Hinduism, and the categories by which women's experience is analyzed and assessed. Perhaps the biggest problem with many works on women in Hinduism is that they presuppose a general category of womanhood, thus creating an essence where none exists".</ref> particularly given the emerging understanding of Hindu [[Shakti]] tradition-related texts, and empirical studies of women in rural India who have had no exposure to Western thought or education but assert their Hindu (or Buddhist) goddess-inspired feminism.<ref name=erndl91/><ref name=gross108111>Rita Gross (2000), Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses (Editors: Alf Hiltebeitel, Kathleen M. Erndl), New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736197}}, page 108-111</ref>

Western feminism, states Vasudha Narayanan, has focussed on negotiating "issues of submission and power as it seeks to level the terrains of opportunity" and uses a language of "rights".<ref name=narayanan25/> In Hinduism, the contextual and cultural word has been [[Dharma]], which is about "duties" to oneself, to others, among other things.<ref name=narayanan25>Vasudha Narayanan (1999), Feminism and World Religions (Editors: Arvind Sharma, Katherine K. Young), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791440230}}, pages 25-26</ref> There has been a gap between Western books describing Hinduism and women's struggle within the Hindu tradition based on texts that the colonial British era gave notoriety to, versus the reality of Hindu traditions and customs that did not follow these texts at all.<ref name=artidhand5/><ref name=narayanan34>Vasudha Narayanan (1999), Feminism and World Religions (Editors: Arvind Sharma, Katherine K. Young), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791440230}}, pages 34-35</ref> Narayanan describes it as follows (abridged),

{{Blockquote|
Many [Western] scholars point out quite correctly that women are accorded a fairly low status in the Hindu texts that deal with law and ethics (''Dharma Shastra''), what is not usually mentioned is that these texts were not well known and utilized in many parts of Hindu India. Custom and practice were far more important than the dictates of these legal texts. There were many legal texts and they were not in competition with each other; they were written at different times in different parts of the country, but all of them were superseded by local custom. (...) There is a sense of dissonance between scripture and practice in certain areas of ''dharma'', and the role of women and ''Sudras'' sometimes falls in this category. Manu may have denied independence to women, but there were women of some castes and some economic classes who endowed money to temples. It is important to note that there is no direct correlation that one can generalize on between these texts and women's status, rights or behavior.
|Vasudha Narayanan|Feminism and World Religions<ref name=narayanan34/>}}

Ancient and medieval era Hindu texts, and epics, discuss a woman's position and role in society over a spectrum, such as one who is a self-sufficient, marriage-eschewing powerful Goddess, to one who is subordinate and whose identity is defined by men rather than her, and to one who sees herself as a human being and spiritual person while being neither feminine nor masculine.<ref>Rita Gross (2000), Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses (Editors: Alf Hiltebeitel, Kathleen M. Erndl), New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736197}}, page 104-111</ref><ref>Cynthia Humes (2000), Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses (Editors: Alf Hiltebeitel, Kathleen M. Erndl), New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736197}}, pages 132-134, for context see 129-138</ref> The 6th-century Devi Mahatmya text, for example, states Cynthia Humes, actually shares "the [[postmodern]] exaltation of embodiedness, divinizing it as does much of the Western feminist spirituality movement".<ref>Cynthia Humes (2000), Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses (Editors: Alf Hiltebeitel, Kathleen M. Erndl), New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736197}}, page 132</ref> These texts are not theoretical nor disconnected from the lives of women in the historic Hindu society, but the verses assert that all "women are portions of the divine goddess", states Humes.<ref name=humes137>Cynthia Humes (2000), Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses (Editors: Alf Hiltebeitel, Kathleen M. Erndl), New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736197}}, pages 137-139</ref> The Hindu goddess tradition inspired by these texts has been, notes Pintchman, one of the richest, compelling traditions worldwide, and its followers flock villages, towns, and cities all over India.<ref>Tracy Pintchman (2001), Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791450086}}, pages 1-3</ref> Yet, adds Humes, other texts describe her creative potential not in her terms, but using the words of male virility and gendered dichotomy, possibly encouraging the heroic woman to abandon her female persona and impersonate the male.<ref name=humes137/>

Postmodern empirical scholarship about Hindu society, states Rita Gross, makes one question whether and to what extent there is pervasiveness of patriarchy in Hinduism.<ref name=gross108/> Patriarchal control is real, and the Hindu society admits this of itself, states Gross, yet the Hindu culture distinguishes between authority – which men hold, and power – which both men and women hold.<ref name=gross108>Rita Gross (2000), Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses (Editors: Alf Hiltebeitel, Kathleen M. Erndl), New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736197}}, page 108-110</ref> Women in the Hindu tradition have the power, and they exercise that power to take control of situations that are important to them.<ref name=gross108/> The Goddess theology and humanity in the Hindu texts are a foundation of these values, a form that is not feminist by Western definition, but is feminist nevertheless, one with an empowering and self-liberating value structure with an added spiritual dimension that resonates with Hindu (and Buddhist) goddesses.<ref name=gross108/><ref>Rachel McDermott (1998), Devi: Goddesses of India (Editors: John Stratton Hawley, Donna Marie Wulff), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814912}}, pages 296-305</ref>

Kathleen Erndl states that texts such as Manusmriti do not necessarily portray what women in Hinduism were or are, but it represents an ideology, and that "the task of Hindu feminists is to rescue Shakti from its patriarchal prison".<ref name=erndl96/> Her metaphor, explains Erndl, does not mean that Shakti never was free nor that she is tightly locked up now, because patriarchy is neither monolithic nor ossified in Hindu culture.<ref name=erndl96>Kathleen Erndl (2000), Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses (Editors: Alf Hiltebeitel, Kathleen M. Erndl), New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736197}}, page 96</ref> The Shakti concept and associated extensive philosophy in Hindu texts provide a foundation to both spiritual and social liberation.<ref>Kathleen Erndl (2000), Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses (Editors: Alf Hiltebeitel, Kathleen M. Erndl), New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736197}}, pages 97, 100-101</ref>

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Durga Puja]]
* [[List of female mystics#Hinduism|List of female Hindu mystics]]
* [[Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856]]
* [[Women in Buddhism]]
* [[Women in Sikhism]]
* [[Women in Judaism]]
* [[Women in Christianity]]
* [[Women in Islam]]
* [[Women in Mormonism]]
* [[Yoga for women]]
* [[Yogini]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{cite book|last= McDaniel |first=June |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC&pg=PA90|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534713-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Brown |first=C Mackenzie |title=The Triumph of the Goddess| year=1990| publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0791403648}}
*{{cite book|last= Brown |first=C Mackenzie |title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC&pg=PA77|year=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0791439395}}
*{{cite book|last= Coburn |first=Thomas B. |title=Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHP23b4Gd-0C&pg=PA217|year=1991|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0445-4}}
*{{cite book|last1= Deussen |first1=Paul |last2= Bedekar |first2=V.M. (tr.)|last3= Palsule (tr.)|first3=G.B. |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
* Meenakshi Jain (2016). Sati: Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, and the Changing Colonial Discourse, Aryan Books International. {{ISBN|978-8173055522}}
* Kane P. V. ''History of Dharmasastra: ancient and mediaeval, religious and civil law''. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona 1962 - 1975.
* Madhu Kishwar, Women Bhakta Poets : Manushi (Manushi Publications, 1989). ASIN B001RPVZVU.
* Madhu Kishwar."The Daughters of Aryavarta: Women in the Arya Samaj movement, Punjab." In Women in Colonial India; Essays on Survival, Work and the State, edited by J. Krishnamurthy, Oxford University Press, 1989.
* Majumdar, R. C. (2014). Great women of India. Kolkata: 2014. Editors: Swami Madhavananda, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
* Russell R. R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx11yQK3J3QC ''Gender and jewellery: a feminist analysis case study: Indian wife and widow jewellery'']. Create Space, 2010. {{ISBN|1-4528-8253-3}}.
* {{cite journal|last1=Sugirtharajah|first1=Sharada|title=Hinduism and Feminism|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|date=2002|volume=18|issue=2|pages=97–104}}
* Vasuda N., [[Arvind Sharma|Sharma A.]] and Young K. K. (eds.) "Feminism and world religions: power in the Hindu tradition." SUNY Press, Albany, New York, p25 - 7.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Hinduism and women}}
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173084 Women and the Hindu Tradition], Susan S. Wadley (1977), Signs, Vol. 3, No. 1, pages 113–125
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1465852 New Age Hinduism, New Age Orientalism, and the Second-Generation South Asian], Rachel Fell McDermott (2000), Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 68, No. 4, pages 721–731
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/223416 History and Anthropology in South Asia: Rethinking the Archive], Saloni Mathur (2000), Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 29, pages 89–106

{{Theology}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Yoginis}}
{{Modern Yoginis}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women In Hinduism}}
[[Category:Women and religion|Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hindu law]]
[[Category:Women's rights in religious movements]]
[[Category:Gender and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hinduism and women| ]]

List of dynasties and rulers of Rajasthan

2026-03-18T21:27:25Z

MargeneGoodfello: Article

{{Short description|List of dynasties and rulers Rajasthan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
[[File: Rajputana 1909.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The map of the [[Rajputana Agency]] in 1909 from the ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Imperial Gazetteer]]''. Legend: princely states are in yellow]]

[[Rajasthan]] is a state in northern [[India]]. The [[history of Rajasthan]] is about 5000 years old. The history of Rajasthan can be classified into three parts owing to the different epochs- Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Rajput clans emerged and held their sway over different parts of Rajasthan from about 700 CE.

[[Rajputana]] “land of the Rajputs” was Rajasthan's old name under the [[British Raj]]. When India became independent, 23 princely states were consolidated to form the state of Rajasthan, “Home of Rajas”.

[[File:Statue of Maharana Pratap of Mewar, commemorating the Battle of Haldighati, City Palace, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Maharana Pratap]] most celebrated ruler of Rajasthan from [[Sisodia Dynasty]]]]

Following is a list of dynasties and rulers, which ruled or origin from Rajasthan from Ancient period to Modern period:

== Pratihara dynasty (c. 550 – 1036 CE) ==

=== Pratiharas of Mandavyapura (Mandore) (c. 550 – 860 CE) ===
{{main|Pratiharas of Mandavyapura}}

[[Rudolf Hoernlé]] assumed a period of 20 years for each generation, and placed the dynasty's founder Harichandra in c. 640 CE. [[Baij Nath Puri]] placed Harichandra in c. 600 CE. [[R. C. Majumdar]], on the other hand, assumed a period of 25 years for each generation, and placed him in c. 550 CE.{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=23}} The following is a list of the dynasty's rulers ([[IAST]] names in brackets) and estimates of their reigns, assuming a period of 25 years:{{sfn|Mishra|1966|p=3}}

* Harichandra (Haricandra) alias Rohilladhi (r. c. 550 CE)
* Rajilla (r. c. 575 CE)
* Narabhatta (Narabhaṭa) alias Pellapelli (r. c. 600 CE)
* Nagabhata (Nāgabhaṭa) alias Nahada (r. c. 625 CE)
* Tata (Tāta) and Bhoja (r. c. 650 CE)
* Yashovardhana (Yaśovardhana) (r. c. 675 CE)
* Chanduka (Canduka) (r. c. 700 CE)
* Shiluka (Śīluka) alias Silluka (r. c. 725 CE)
* Jhota (r. c. 750 CE)
* Bhilladitya alias Bhilluka (r. c. 775 CE)
* Kakka (r. c. 800 CE)
* Bauka (Bāuka) (r. c. 825 CE)
* Kakkuka (r. c. 861 CE)

Bauka and Kakkuka were sons of Kakka from different mothers. The Jodhpur and Ghantiyala inscriptions of the two step-brothers give same genealogy of the family, except the last two names. Since these two inscriptions were found not far from each other, it appears that Bauka succeeded Kakka (rather than the two dividing Kakka's kingdom).{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=19}}

=== Pratiharas of Bhinmala and Kannauj (c. 730 – 1036 CE) ===
{{main|Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Imperial Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty rulers
! Serial No.
! Ruler
! Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Nagabhata I]]
|730–760
|-
|2
|[[Kakustha (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Kakustha]] and [[Devaraja (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Devaraja]]
|760–780
|-
|3
|[[Vatsaraja]]
|780–800
|-
|4
|[[Nagabhata II]]
|800–833
|-
|5
|[[Ramabhadra]]
|833–836
|-
|6
|[[Mihira Bhoja]] or Bhoja I
|836–885
|-
|7
|[[Mahendrapala I]]
|885–910
|-
|8
|[[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]]
|910–913
|-
|9
|[[Mahipala I]]
|913–944
|-
|10
|[[Mahendrapala II]]
|944–948
|-
|11
|Devapala
|948–954
|-
|12
|Vinayakapala
|954–955
|-
|13
|Mahipala II
|955–956
|-
|14
|Vijayapala II
|956–960
|-
|15
|Rajapala
|960–1018
|-
|16
|Trilochanapala
|1018–1027
|-
|17
|[[Yasahpala (king)|Yasahpala]]
|1024–1036
|-
|}

== Mewar dynasty (c. 566 – 1948 CE) ==
{{Main|Kingdom of Mewar}}

Guhila dynasty of Nagada-Ahar is one of the oldest dynasties of Mewar, they ruled in the 6th century and [[Sisodia Dynasty]] (1326–1947 CE) is one of the branch of Guhila dynasty.

=== Guhila dynasty (c. 566 – 1303 CE) ===
{{main|Guhila dynasty|Gahlot}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Guhila dynasty rulers
!Serial No.
!King (Rawal)
!Reign (CE)
!Notes
|-
|1
|[[Guhila dynasty|Rawal Guhil]]
|566–586
|
|-
|2
|Rawal Bhoj
|586–606
|
|-
|3
|Rawal Mahendra I
|606–626
|
|-
|4
|Rawal Naga (Nagaditya)
|626–646
|
|-
|5
|Rawal Shiladitya
|646–661
|
|-
|6
|Rawal Aprajeet
|661–688
|
|-
|7
|Rawal Mahendra II
|688–716
|
|-
|8
|[[Bappa Rawal]]
|728–753
|
|-
|9
|Rawal Khuman I
|753–773
|
|-
|10
|Rawal Mattat
|773–793
|
|-
|11
|Rawal Bhartri Bhatt I
|793–813
|
|-
|12
|Rawal Sinh
|813–828
|
|-
|13
|Rawal Khuman II
|828–853
|
|-
|14
|Rawal Mahayak
|853–878
|
|-
|15
|Rawal Khuman III
|878–926
|
|-
|16
|Rawal Bhartri Bhatt II
|926–951
|
|-
|17
|Rawal Allat
|951–971
|
|-
|18
|Rawal Narwahan
|971–973
|
|-
|19
|Rawal Saliwahan
|973–977
|
|-
|20
|Rawal Shakti Kumar
|977–993
|
|-
|21
|Rawal Amba Prasad
|993–1007
|
|-
|22
|Rawal Shuchivarma
|1007–1021
|
|-
|23
|Rawal Narvarma
|1021–1035
|
|-
|24
|Rawal Keertivarma
|1035–1051
|
|-
|25
|Rawal Yograj
|1051–1068
|
|-
|26
|Rawal Vairath
|1068–1088
|
|-
|27
|Rawal Hanspal
|1088–1103
|
|-
|28
|Rawal Vair Singh
|1103–1107
|
|-
|29
|Rawal Vijai Singh
|1107–1116
|
|-
|30
|Rawal Ari Singh I
|1116–1138
|
|-
|31
|Rawal Chaudh Singh
|1138–1148
|
|-
|32
|Rawal Vikram Singh
|1148–1158
|
|-
|33
|Rawal Rana Singh
|1158–1168
|
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Post-split Rawal branch rulers'''
|-
|34
|Rawal Khshem Singh(Karana)
|1168–1172
|
|-
|35
|Rawal Samant Singh(Rahapa)
|1172–1179
|
|-
|36
|Rawal Kumar Singh
|1179–1191
|
|-
|37
|Rawal Mathan Singh
|1191–1211
|
|-
|38
|Rawal Padam Singh
|1211–1213
|
|-
|39
|[[Jaitrasimha|Rawal Jaitra Singh]]
|1213–1252
|
|-
|40
|[[Tejasimha|Rawal Tej Singh]]
|1252–1273
|
|-
|41
|[[Rawal Samarasimha|Rawal Samar Singh]]
|1273–1302
|
|-
|42
|[[Ratnasimha|Rawal Ratan Singh]]
|1302–1303
|
|-
|}

==== Branching of Guhil dynasty ====

During reign of Rawal Rana Singh (1158–1168), the Guhil dynasty got divided into two branches:
*First (Rawal Branch)
Rawal Khshem Singh (1168–1172), son of Ran Singh, ruled over Mewar by building Rawal Branch.
*Second (Rana Branch)
Rahapa, the second son of Ran Singh started the Rana Branch by establishing [[Sisoda]] bases. Later [[Hammir Singh]] of Sisoda base started main Sisodia or Mewar dynasty in 1326 CE.

==== Rana branch rulers (c. 1168 – 1326 CE) ====

"Rahapa", a son of Ranasimha, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 Eklingji inscription, Rahapa's successors were:

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Rana branch rulers
!Nu.
!King (Rana)
!Reign (CE)
!Notes
|-
|1
|Rahapa/Karna
|1168 CE
|
|-
|2
|Narapati
|
|
|-
|3
|Dinakara
|
|
|-
|4
|Jasakarna
|
|
|-
|5
|Nagapala
|
|
|-
|6
|Karnapala
|
|
|-
|7
|Bhuvanasimha
|
|
|-
|8
|Bhimasimha
|
|
|-
|9
|Jayasimha
|
|
|-
|10
|Lakhanasimha
|
|
|-
|11
|Arisimha
|
|
|-
|12
|[[Hammir Singh]]
|1326 CE
|
|-
|}

=== Sisodia dynasty (c. 1326 – 1947 CE) ===
{{Main|Sisodia dynasty|List of ranas of Mewar}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Portrait
!King (Maharana)
!Reign
!Notes
|-
|
|[[Hammir Singh]]
|1326–1364
|He attacked Chittor in 1326 and re-took it from the [[Khilji dynasty|Khiljis]] after the family lost it in 1303. Defeated [[Muhammad Bin Tughluq]] in [[SSingoli]] taking the sultan himself a prisoner of war.
Captured [[Ajmer]], [[Ranthambor]], [[Nagaur]] and [[Sopore]].{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=105–107}}
|-
|
|[[Kshetra Singh]]
|1364–1382
|Hammir's son, he captured [[Madalgarh]] and Bundi, completely annexed [[Ajmer]]. He also defeated Amin Shah of [[Malwa]] at the "Battle of Bakrole" and inflicted heavy casualties. His death can actually by as late as 1405.{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=109–111}}
|-
|
|[[Lakha Singh]]
|1382–1421
|Khsetra's son, he was defeated multiple battles by Zafar Khan of Gujrat, but the territories were recovered. He rebuilt temples and shrines destroyed by [[Allaudin Khilji]].{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=112–113}}
|-
|[[File:Rana Mokal Singh.jpg|100px]]
|[[Mokal Singh]]
|1421–1433
|Lakha's son, he defeated the Sultan of Nagaur and Gujrat. Later the sultan of Gujrat invaded Mewar and during this invasion. He was assassinated by his uncles Chacha and Mera.{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=117–119}}
|-
|[[File:Kumbha of Mewar.jpg|100px]]
|[[Rana Kumbha]]
|1433–1468
|Mokal's son, he first attacked and killed his fathers assassins. Defeated the Sultans of Nagaur, [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] and [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]. Mewar became the strongest kingdom in North India. Built multiple strong forts in [[Mewar]].{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=122–144}}
|-
|
|[[Udai Singh I]]
|1468–1473
|Kumbha' son, he assassinated his father and was then defeated by his brother.{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=146–147}}
|-
|
|[[Rana Raimal]]
|1473–1508
|Son of Kumbha, he killed his brother for assassinating his father. Fought against Malwa sultanate.{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=146–148}}{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=151–153}}
|-
|[[File:Depiction of king Rana Sanga.jpg|100px]]
|[[Rana Sanga]]
|1508–1527
|Raimal's son, defeated the Sultan of Gujrat, Malwa and Delhi. Under his rule Mewar reached its pinnacle in power and prosperity. Eventually defeated by [[Babur]].{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=152–169}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race: Sarda, Har Bilas, Diwan Bahadur, 1867–1955 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/maharanasangahin00sardrich |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Ratan Singh II]]
|1528–1531
|Sanga's son, defeated and killed by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=171–181}}
|-
|
|[[Vikramaditya Singh (Maharana)|Vikramaditya Singh]]
|1531–1536
|Sanga's son, assassinated by his cousin Vanvir Singh.{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=189}}
|-
|
|[[Vanvir Singh]]
|1536–1540
|Usurper of the throne. Defeated and expelled by his cousin Udai Singh II.{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=189–193}}
|-
|[[File:Rana-udai-singh-ii.jpg|100px]]
|[[Udai Singh II]]
|1540–1572
|Sanga's son, defeated Vanvir. Fought against Mughals and was defeated in [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh]].{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=193}}{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=208–215}}
|-
|[[File:RajaRaviVarma MaharanaPratap.jpg|100px]]
|[[Maharana Pratap]]
|1572–1597
|Udai's son, notable for his military resistance against the Mughals.{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=220–230}}
|-
|[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Maharana Amar Singh - I.jpg|100px]]
|[[Amar Singh I]]
|1597–1620
|Pratap's son, notable for his struggle against Mughals.{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=253–259}}
|-
|[[File:Karan Singh.jpg|100px]]
|[[Karan Singh II]]
|1620–1628
|Amar's son, maintained good relations with Mughals, built many temples, forts and strengthened existing ones.{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=260}}
|-
|[[File:Jagat Singh I.jpg|100px]]
|[[Jagat Singh I]]
|1628–1652
|Karan's son, attempted to restore fort of Chittor but [[Shah Jahan]] blocked his attempt.
|-
|[[File:Painting of Maharana Raj Singh - I (1652 - 80).jpg|100px]]
|[[Raj Singh I]]
|1652–1680
|Jagat's son, fought and defeated Mughals many times. Regained territory and increased the wealth of the kingdom. Fought against Aurangzeb. Eventually poisoned by Aurangzeb's loyalists.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopinath |title=Rajasthan Ka Itihas |isbn=978-81-930093-9-0 |location=Agra |pages=278}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A history of Rajasthan |date=2006-11-01 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=9788129108906 |pages=617 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=281-282}}
|-
|[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Maharana Jai Singh.jpg|100px]]
|[[Jai Singh of Mewar|Jai Singh]]
|1680–1698
|Raj's son, struggled to regain captured parts of Mewar from Mughals.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=183}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Maharana Amar Singh II.jpg|100px]]
|[[Amar Singh II]]
|1698–1710
|Jai's son, invaded neighboring territories, formed an alliance against the Mughals with [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]] and [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]. Capitalized over a weak Mughal empire.{{sfn|Somani|1976|pp=315}}
|-
|[[File:Maharana Sangram Singh Riding a Prize Stallion.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sangram Singh II]]
|1710–1734
|Amar's son, defeated Ranabaaz Khan at the [[Battle of Bandanwara]]. Reestablished relations with a weak Mughal emperor.
|-
|[[File:Maharana Jagat Singh II.jpg|100px]]
|[[Jagat Singh II]]
|1734–1751
|Sangram's son, started paying [[Chauth]] to the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. Heavily invested in placing [[Sawai Madho Singh]] on the throne of Jaipur, eventually bankrupting Mewar.
|-
|[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Maharaja Pratap Singh II of Mewar Hunting Boar.jpg|100px]]
|[[Pratap Singh II]]
|1751–1754
|Jagat's son.
|-
|[[File:Equestrian portrait of Maharana Raj Singh II.jpg|100px]]
|[[Raj Singh II]]
|1754–1762
|Pratap's son, paid heavy tribute to Maratha's, financially devastating Mewar.
|-
|[[File:Mewar Maharana Ari Singh.jpg|100px]]
|[[Ari Singh II]]
|1762–1772
|Raj's son, under him, Maratha's raided Mewar multiple times for not paying tribute.
|-
|
|[[Hamir Singh II]]
|1772–1778
|Ari's son, underaged when became Rana and died.
|-
|[[File:Bhim Singh of Mewar.jpg|100px]]
|[[Bhim Singh of Mewar|Bhim Singh]]
|1778–1828
|Hamir's brother, under him Mewar was repeatedly raided by Pindaris, Marwar and Jaipur fought for his daughter Krishna Kumari. Accepted sub ordinance of [[East India Company]].
|-
|[[File:Maharana Jawan Singh.jpg|100px]]
|[[Jawan Singh]]
|1828–1838
|Bhim's son, abused alcohol, not interested in ruling Mewar. Mewar racked up a lot of debt under his rule.
|-
|
|[[Sardar Singh]]
|1838–1842
|Jawan's son
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Sarup Singh with attendants (after William Carpenter). Udaipur, 1851, City Palace Museum, Udaipur. (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[Swarup Singh of Udaipur|Swarup Singh]]
|1842–1861
|Ruler during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].
|-
|[[File:Maharana Shambhu Singh throwing a javelin, By Tara, Mewar 1866.jpg|100px]]
|[[Shambhu Singh]]
|1861–1874
|Focused on reform of education and social reforms.
|-
|[[File:Maharana Sajjan Singh.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sajjan Singh of Udaipur|Sajjan Singh]]
|1874–1884
|Shambhu's ruler.
|-
|[[File:Maharana Fateh Singh of Udaipur.jpg|100px]]
|[[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar|Fateh Singh]]
|1884–1930
|Sajjan's son
|-
|[[File:Maharana Bhupal Singh.jpg|100px]]
|[[Bhupal Singh]]
|1930–1948 1948–1955 (titular)
|Signed the [[Instrument of Accession|Instrument of Accession to India]], dissolving his kingdom into the [[India]]. Titular ruler from 1955
|-
|
| colspan="3" align=center" |'''Titular Maharanas'''
|-style="background:#eee
|[[File:Maharana of Udaipur Bhagwat Singh at Lake Palace on Lake Pichola in India.jpg|100px]]
|''[[Bhagwat Singh Mewar|Bhagwat Singh]]''
|1955–1984
|Lost the [[Privy Purse in India|Privy Purse]].
|-style="background:#eee
|[[File:The 76th Maharana of Mewar, Shri Mahendra Singh Mewar.jpg|100px]]
|''[[Mahendra Singh Mewar|Mahendra Singh]]''
|1984–2024
|Bhagwat's elder son
|-style="background:#eee
|[[File:Vishvaraj Singh Mewar (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|''[[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar|Vishvaraj Singh]]''
|2024–present
|Present ruler
|}

== Chauhan dynasty (c. 551 – 1315 CE) ==
{{See also|Chauhan (disambiguation)}}

Chauhans originally known as '''Chahamanas''' is the Rajput dynasty. The earliest Chauhan dynasty was Chahamanas of Shakambhari that ruled territory known as [[Sapadalaksha|Sambhar]].

;The ruling dynasties belonging to the Chauhan clan included:

*[[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] (Chauhans of Ajmer) (c. 551 – 1194 CE)
* [[Chahamanas of Naddula]] (Chauhans of Nadol) (c. 950 – 1197 CE)
* [[Chahamanas of Jalor]] (c. 1160 – 1311 CE), branched off from the Chahamanas of Naddula
* [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura]] (c. 1192 – 1301 CE), branched off from the Chahamanas of Shakambhari
* [[Sirohi State|Chahamanas of Chandravati and Abu]] ([[Sirohi State|Kingdom of Sirohi]]) (c. 1311 – 1949 CE)
* Chahamanas of Lata
* Chahamanas of Dholpur
* Chahamanas of Partabgarh
* [[Hada Chauhan|Hada Chauhan kingdoms]] of [[Hadoti|Hadoti region]] are–
** [[Bundi State|Kingdom of Bundi]] (c. 1342 – 1949 CE)
** [[Kota State|Kingdom of Kota]] (c. 1579 – 1948 CE)
** [[Jhalawar State|Kingdom of Jhalawar]] (c. 1838 – 1949 CE), branched off from the [[Kota State|Kingdom of Kota]] in 1838 CE.

=== Chahamanas of Sambhar, Ajmer and Delhi (c. 551 – 1194 CE) ===
{{main|Chahamanas of Shakambhari}}

Following is a list of Chahamana rulers of [[Sambhar Lake Town|Shakambhari]], [[Ajmer]] and [[Delhi]] with approximate period of reign, as estimated historian by R. B. Singh:<ref>{{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |year=1964 |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |pages=51–70}}</ref>

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Serial no.
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Regnal names
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Reign (CE)
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Notes
|-
|1
| [[Chauhan Dynasty|King Chahamana]]
|(Unknown)
|Ancient founder of [[Chauhan dynasty|Chahamana clan]].
|-
|2
|[[Vasudeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Vasu-deva]]
|c. 551 CE (disputed)
|First known ruler of the dynasty. He ruled the ''Sapadalaksha'' region and made Shakambhari (modern [[Sambhar Lake Town|Sambhar]]) as capital.
|-
|3
|[[Samantaraja|Samanta-raja]]
|684–709
|Identified as the ancient King [[Manik Rai]] by R. B. Singh.
|-
|4
|[[Naradeva|Nara-deva]]
|709–721
|Naradeva was succeeded by his brother Ajayaraja I.
|-
|5
|[[Ajayaraja I|Ajaya-raja I]]
|721–734
|According to [[Prithviraja Vijaya]], he was a great warrior who defeated several enemies.
|-
|6
|[[Vigraharaja I|Vigraha-raja I]]
|734–759
|He achieved military successes upon neighbouring kingdom.
|-
|7
|[[Chandraraja I|Chandra-raja I]]
|759–771
|Chandraraja I was a son of the Chahamana king Vigraharaja I. He was succeeded by his brother Gopendraraja.
|-
|8
|[[Gopendraraja|Gopendra-raja]]
|771–784
|The Prabandha-Kosha states that Gopendra defeated Arab invader [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] in a battle.
|-
|9
|[[Durlabharaja I|Durlabha-raja I]]
|784–809
|He achieved military success against the [[Pala Empire]] king [[Dharmapala]] as a vassal of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] emperor [[Vatsaraja]].
|-
|10
|[[Govindaraja I|Govinda-raja I]] alias ''Guvaka I''
|809–836
|The [[Harshanath Temple|Harsha stone inscription]] suggests that he was a vassal the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] emperor [[Nagabhata II]].
|-
|11
|[[Chandraraja II|Chandra-raja II]]
|836–863
|He was succeeded by his son Govindaraja II.
|-
|12
|[[Govindaraja II]] alias ''Guvaka II''
|863–890
|The Harsha stone inscription describes Govinda II as a warrior. He married his sister to [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] emperor [[Mihira Bhoja]].
|-
|13
|[[Chandanaraja|Chandana-raja]]
|890–917
|According to the Harsha stone inscription, Chandana defeated a Tomara ruler named Rudra
([[Tomara dynasty|Chandrapala]]).
|-
|14
|[[Vakpatiraja I|Vakpati-raja]]
|917–944
|His younger son established the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana branch]] in 950 CE.
|-
|15
|[[Simharaja|Simha-raja]]
|944–971
|He was the first independent ruler of dynasty. He had assume the title of ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]''.
|-
|16
|[[Vigraharaja II|Vigraha-raja II]]
|971–998
|He joined an alliance formed by the ruler of [[Lahore]] against the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Sabuktigin]].
|-
|17
|[[Durlabharaja II|Durlabha-raja II]]
|998–1012
|He assumed the title ''Maharajadhiraja''. He joined a confederacy of [[Hindu]] kings to support [[Anandapala]] in
[[Battle of Chach]] against invasion [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 1008 CE.
|-
|18
|[[Govindaraja III|Govinda-raja III]]
|1012–1026
|The [[Prabandha Kosha]] states that he defeated [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] badly.
|-
|19
|[[Vakpatiraja II|Vakpati-raja II]]
|1026–1040
|Later texts claimed that he defeated [[Bhoja]], the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara king of Malwa]].
|-
|20
|[[Viryarama]]
|1040 (few months)
|[[Bhoja|Paramara king Bhoja]] attacked Chahamana kingdom and defeated him.
|-
|21
|[[Chamundaraja (Chahamana dynasty)|Chamunda-raja]]
|1040–1065
|He have defeated a Muslim army led by a Ghaznavid Sultan or general.
|-
|22
|[[Durlabharaja III|Durlabha-raja III]] alias ''Duśala''
|1065–1070
|He conquered military successes upon neighbouring kingdom.
|-
|23
|[[Vigraharaja III|Vigraha-raja III]] alias ''Visala''
|1070–1090
|He defeated Shahab-ud-Din (general of [[Ibrahim of Ghazna]]).
|-
|24
|[[Prithviraja I|Prithvi-raja I]]
|1090–1110
|After defeating Muslim invaders he adopted titles as ''Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara''.
|-
|25
|[[Ajayaraja II|Ajaya-raja II]]
|1110–1135
| He founded the city of [[Ajmer]] and moved his capital there.
|-
|26
|[[Arnoraja|Arno-raja]] alias ''Ana''
|1135–1150
|His title as ''Maharajadhiraja-Parameshvara''.
|-
|27
|[[Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Jagad-deva]]
|1150
|Some sources claimed that he ascended Chahamana throne after killing his father.
|-
|28
|[[Vigraharaja IV|Vigraha-raja IV]] alias ''Visaladeva''
|1150–1164
| The Chahaman kingdom reached its zenith under him.
|-
|29
|[[Aparagangeya|Apara-gangeya]]
|1164–1165
|He have ascended the throne as a minor, and ruled for a very short period.
|-
|30
|[[Prithviraja II|Prithvi-raja II]]
|1165–1169
|He probably died heirless, so he was succeeded by his uncle [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]].
|-
|31
|[[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]]
|1169–1178
|He adopted title of ''Pratāpalaṃkeśvara''.
|-
|32
|[[Prithviraja III]] '''''Rai Pithora'''''
|1177–1192
|Last effective ruler of the dynasty who was defeated in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in 1192 CE.
|-
|33
|[[Govindaraja IV|Govinda-raja IV]]
|1192
|Ghurid vassal who later established the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamana branch of Ranastambhapura]] in 1192 CE.
|-
|34
|[[Hariraja|Hari-raja]]
|1193–1194
|Last ruler of Chauhan dynasty branch of Ajmer.
|-
|}

=== Chahamanas of Naddula (c. 950 – 1197 CE) ===
{{main|Chahamanas of Naddula}}

Following is a list of Chahmana rulers of Naddula, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chauhan rulers of Naddula
!Serial no.
!Kings
!Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Lakshmana (Chahamana dynasty)|Lakshmana]]
|950–982
|-
|2
|[[Shobhita]]
|982–986
|-
|3
|[[Baliraja]]
|986–990
|-
|4
|[[Vigrahapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Vigrahapala]]
|990–994
|-
|5
|[[Mahindu|Mahindra]]
|994–1015
|-
|6
|[[Ashvapala]]
|1015–1019
|-
|7
|[[Ahila]]
|1019–1024
|-
|8
|[[Anahilla]]
|1024–1055
|-
|9
|[[Balaprasada]]
|1055–1070
|-
|10
|[[Jendraraja]]
|1070–1080
|-
|11
|[[Prithvipala]]
|1080–1090
|-
|12
|[[Jojalladeva]]
|1090–1110
|-
|13
|[[Asharaja]]
|1110–1119
|-
|14
|[[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]]
|1119–1132
|-
|15
|[[Rayapala]]
|1132–1145
|-
|16
|[[Katukaraja]]
|1145–1148
|-
|17
|[[Alhanadeva]]
|1148–1163
|-
|18
|[[Kelhanadeva]]
|1163–1193
|-
|19
|[[Jayatasimha]]
|1193–1197
|-
|}

=== Chahamanas of Jalor (c. 1160 – 1311 CE) ===
{{main|Chahamanas of Jalor}}

The Chahamana rulers of the Jalor branch, with their estimated periods of reign, are as follows:<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashok Kumar Srivastava |year=1979 |title=The Chahamanas of Jalor |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547206 |page=xvi |oclc=12737199}}</ref>

[[Viramadeva|Virama-deva]] (1311 CE) was last ruler of dynasty, crowned during the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore|Siege of Jalore]], but died 2{{frac|1|2}} days later.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |year=1959 |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |page=169 |isbn=978-0-8426-0618-9}}</ref>{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=53}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chauhan rulers of Jalor
!Serial no.
!Kings
!Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Kirtipala|Kirti-pala]]
|1160–1182
|-
|2
|[[Samarasimha|Samara-simha]]
|1182–1204
|-
|3
|[[Udayasimha|Udaya-simha]]
|1204–1257
|-
|4
|[[Chachigadeva|Chachiga-deva]]
|1257–1282
|-
|5
|[[Samantasimha (Chahamana)|Samanta-simha]]
|1282–1305
|-
|6
|[[Kanhadadeva|Kanhada-deva]]
|1292–1311
|-
|7
|[[Viramadeva|Virama-deva]]
|1311
|}

=== Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura (c. 1192 – 1301 CE) ===
{{main|Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chauhan rulers of Ranastambhapura
!Serial no.
!Kings
!Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Govindaraja IV|Govinda-raja]]
|1192
|-
|2
|Balhana-deva
|
|-
|3
|Prahlada-deva
|
|-
|4
|Viranarayana
|
|-
|5
|Vagabhata
|
|-
|6
|Jaitra-simha
|
|-
|7
|Shakti-deva
|
|-
|8
|[[Hammiradeva|Hammira-deva]]
|1283–1311
|}

== Kachwaha dynasty (c. 966 – 1949 CE) ==
{{main|Kingdom of Amber}}

Kachwahas king Sorha Dev and [[Dulha Rao]] defeated [[Meena]] of [[Dhundhar|Dhundhar kingdom]] between 950 and 966 CE and established Kingdom of Amber.<ref>{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Rajiva Nain |title=Raja Man Singh of Amber |year=1966 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35121/page/n17 1] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35121 }}</ref>

;List of Kachwaha rulers of Dhoondar:

* 27 Dec 966 – 15 Dec 1006 Sorha Dev (d. 1006)
* 15 Dec 1006 – 28 Nov 1036 [[Dulha Rao]] (d. 1036)
* 28 Nov 1036 – 20 Apr 1039 Kakil (d. 1039)
* 21 Apr 1039 – 28 Oct 1053 Hanu (d. 1053)
* 28 Oct 1053 – 21 Mar 1070 Janddeo (d. 1070)
* 22 Mar 1070 – 20 May 1094 Pajjun Rai (d. 1094)
* 20 May 1094 – 15 Feb 1146 Malayasi (d. 1146)
* 15 Feb 1146 – 25 Jul 1179 Vijaldeo (d. 1179)
* 25 Jul 1179 – 16 Dec 1216 Rajdeo (d. 1216)
* 16 Dec 1216 – 18 Oct 1276 Kilhan (d. 1276)
* 18 Oct 1276 – 23 Jan 1317 Kuntal (d. 1317)
* 23 Jan 1317 – 6 Nov 1366 Jonsi (d. 1366)
* 6 Nov 1366 – 11 Feb 1388 Udaikarn (d. 1388)
* 11 Feb 1388 – 16 Aug 1428 Narsingh (d. 1428)
* 16 Aug 1428 – 20 Sep 1439 Banbir (d. 1439)
* 20 Sep 1439 – 10 Dec 1467 Udharn (d. 1467)
* 10 Dec 1467 – 17 Jan 1503 Chandrasen (d. 1503)
* 17 Jan 1503 – 4 Nov 1527 [[Prithviraj Singh I]] (d. 1527)<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA31|publisher=Orient Longman |page=31 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 }}</ref>
* 5 Nov 1527 – 19 Jan 1534 [[Puranmal]] (d. 1534)<ref>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|p=33}}</ref>
* 19 Jan 1534 – 22 Jul 1537 [[Bhim Singh of Amber|Bhim Singh]] (d. 1537)
* 22 Jul 1537 – 15 May 1548 [[Ratan Singh of Amber|Ratan Singh]] (d. 1548)
* 15 May 1548 – 1 June 1548 [[Askaran]] (d. 1599)
* 1 Jun 1548 – 27 Jan 1574 [[Bharmal]] (d. 1574)
* 27 Jan 1574 – 4 Dec 1589 [[Bhagwant Das]] (b. 1527 – d. 1589)
* 4 Dec 1589 – 6 Jul 1614 [[Man Singh]] (b. 1550 – d. 1614)
* 6 Jul 1614 – 13 Dec 1621 [[Bhau Singh]] (d. 1621)
* 13 Dec 1621 – 28 Aug 1667 [[Jai Singh I]] (b. 1611 – d. 1667)
* 10 Sep 1667 – 30 Apr 1688: [[Ram Singh I]] (b. 1640 – d. 1688)
* 30 Apr 1688 – 19 Dec 1699: [[Bishan Singh]] (b. 1672 – d. 1699)
* 19 Dec 1699 – 21 Sep 1743: [[Jai Singh II]] (b. 1688 – d. 1743)
* 1743 – 12 Dec 1750: [[Ishvari Singh|Ishwari Singh]] (b. 1721 – d. 1750)
* Dec 1750 – 6 Mar 1768: [[Madho Singh I]] (b. 1728 – d. 1768)<ref>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|p=259}}</ref>
* 7 Mar 1768 – 16 Apr 1778: [[Prithvi Singh II]]<ref>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|p=260}}</ref>
* 1778 – 1803: [[Pratap Singh of Jaipur|Pratap Singh]] (b. 1764 – d. 1803)
* 1803 – 21 Nov 1818: [[Jagat Singh of Amber|Jagat Singh II]] (b. ... – d. 1818)
* 22 Dec 1818 – 25 Apr 1819: [[Mohan Singh]] (regent) (b. 1809 – d. ...)
* 25 Apr 1819 – 6 Feb 1835: [[Jai Singh III]] (b. 1819 – d. 1835)
* Feb 1835 – 18 Sep 1880: [[Ram Singh II]] (b. 1835 – d. 1880)
* 18 Sep 1880 – 7 Sep 1922: [[Madho Singh II]] (b. 1861 – d. 1922)
* 7 Sep 1922 – 15 Aug 1947 (subsidiary): [[Man Singh II|Sawai Man Singh II]] (b. 1912 – d. 1970)
* 15 Aug 1947 – 7 Apr 1949 (independent): [[Sawai Man Singh II]] (b. 1912 – d. 1970)
He was the last ruler of Kachawa dynasty, he annexed [[Jaipur State]] with [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in 1949 CE.<ref>Arms & Armour at the Jaipur court by Robert Elgood p.10</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Prasad|1966|pp=1–3}}</ref>

;Titular rulers

* 7 Apr 1949 – 24 Jun 1970: [[Man Singh II|Sawai Man Singh II]]
* 24 Jun 1970 – 28 Dec 1971: [[Bhawani Singh|Sawai Bhawani Singh]] (b. 1931 – d. 2011)
''Titles were abolished in 1971 according to the 26th amendment to the [[Indian Constitution]].''
* 28 Dec 1971 – 17 Apr 2011: [[Sawai Bhawani Singh]] (b. 1931 – d. 2011)
*17 Apr 2011 – present: [[Padmanabh Singh]] (b. 1998)

== Bhati dynasty (c. 600 – 1949 CE) ==
{{main|Jaisalmer State|Bhati}}

[[Jaisalmer State|Bhati dynasty]] ruled present [[Jaisalmer]] from 600s CE.

;Early rulers

*Jaisimha, while the genealogy of the Bhatti Rajputs is known, it does seem to be approximate, and is poorly dated. Only a few names stand out and can be linked to historical events, and not reliably so until the 12th century.
*Bahubal
*Subahu
*Rajh
*Gaj
*Salivahan
*Baland
*Bhati
*Mangal Rao
*Majam Rao
*Kehar / Ehar I (773–806)
*Tano (806–821)
*Bijairai I (821–853)
*Deoraj / Devraj (853–908)
*Mund / Mundh (908–979)
*Bachharajat / Bijairaj II (979–1044)
*Dusaj (1044–1124)
*Lanja
*Bhojdev / Bhojdeo

;Rawals

*[[Rawal Jaisal|Rawal Jaisal Singh]] (1153–1168), official founder of kingdom, early Bhatti capital at Lodorva ([[Ludarva]]) is ransacked and laid waste [[Muhammad of Ghor]]. Nevertheless, he and Jaisal patch up their differences and Jaisal goes on to kill his own brother and nephew in battle with the help of Muhammad Ghor A new capital is established when Jaisal founds the city of Jaisalmer.
*Rawal Shalivahan Singh II (1168–1200)
*Rawal Baijal Singh (1200–1200)
*Rawal Kailan Singh (1200–1219)
*Rawal Chachak Deo Singh (1219–1241)
*Rawal Karan Singh I (1241–1271)
*Rawal Lakhan Sen (1271–1275)
*Rawal Punpal Singh (1275–1276)
*Rawal Jaitsi Singh I Rawal Jethsi (1276–1294), the Bhati Rajput leader [[Jethsi]] faces an eight-year siege by Sultan Aladin Khilji of Delhi. Tradition has it that when the Bhatti Rajputs are sure of their impending defeat, they kill their womenfolk, with some committing '[[Jauhar]]' by jumping into the fire lest they be defiled by the enemy. The males, the warriors, march from the fort, heading straight for their enemy and a final massacre. Eventually some surviving Bhattis reoccupy the fort.
*Rawal Mulraj Singh I (1294–1295)
*Rawal Durjan Sal (Duda) (1295–1306), ''The second Jauhar takes place under similar circumstances, this time against Sultan Ferozshah of Delhi.''
*Rawal Gharsi Singh (1306–1335)
*Rawal Kehar Singh II (1335–1402)
*Rawal Lachhman Singh (1402–1436)
*Rawal Bersi Singh (1436–1448)
*Rawal Chachak Deo Singh II (1448–1457)
*Rawal Devidas Singh (1457–1497)
*Rawal Jaitsi Singh II (1497–1530)
*Rawal Karan Singh II (1530–1530)
*Rawal Lunkaran Singh (1530–1551), the third Jauhar takes place when a local Afghan chief by the name of Amir Ali attacks Jaisalmer, one of many Afghans settled in north-western India. This time around the army of Jaisalmer is victorious in its defence. Lunakaran also fights Moghul emperor, Humayun as the emperor passes through on his way to Ajmer.
*Rawal Maldev Singh (1551–1562)
*Rawal Harraj Singh (1562–1578), the Moghul king [[Akbar]] gains the submission of Jaisalmer, along with the other Rajputs of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], [[Bundi State|Bundi]], and [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]
*Rawal Bhim Singh (1578–1624), Bhim Singh forms a matrimonial alliance with the Moghuls when he marries his daughter to Raja Raj Singh of Bikaner. The raja's own daughter is married to Prince Salim, son of Akbar (later to be the Emperor Jehangir).
*Rawal Kalyan Singh (1624–1634)
*Rawal Manohar Das Singh (1634–1648)
*Rawal Ram-Chandra Singh (1648–1651)
*Rawal Sabal Singh (1651–1661), Sahal Singh assists Moghul Emperor Shah Jahan in his Peshawar campaign. He also extends his kingdom and comes into conflict with the Bikaner Rathors.

;Maharawals

*Maharawal Amar Singh of Jaisalmer (1661–1702)
*Maharawal Jaswant Singh of Jaisalmer (1702–1708)
*Maharawal Budh Singh (1708–1722)
*Maharawal Akhi Singh (1722–1762)
*Maharawal Mulraj II (1762–1820), attacks by the Jodhpur Rathors begin during the reign of [[Mulraj Singh II]]. Mulraj Singh signs a treaty with the British for protection.
*Maharawal Gaj Singh (1820–1846)
*Maharawal Ranjit Singh of Jaisalmer (1846–1864)
*Maharawal Bairi Sal (1864–1891)
*Maharawal Shalivahan Singh III (1891 –1914)
*Maharawal Jawahir Singh (1914–1947)
* Girdhar Singh (1949–1950), last ruler of kingdom merge state with Rajasthan Union in 1949.

;Titular kings

* [[Raghunath Singh of Jaisalmer|Raghunath Singh]] (1950–1982)
* Brijraj Singh (1982–2020)
* Chaitanya Raj Singh (2020–present)

== Jadaun dynasty (c. – 1947 CE) ==
{{Main|Jadaun Rajputs|Karauli State}}
Jadaun dynasty ruled over Karauli.

== Rathore dynasty of Marwar (c. 1226 – 1950 CE) ==
{{Main|Jodhpur State}}
{{See also|Rathore dynasty|Marwar}}

=== Rathore rulers of Pali and Mandore (c. 1226 – 1438 CE) ===

;Rulers-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan=2 | Name
! Notes
! Reign began
! Reign ended
|-
! 1
| Rao Siha
| He conquered Pali and became the first rao of the Rathore dynasty in Marwar. He died in the battle of Lakha Jhawar (1273) against Sultan Ghaus ud-din Balban.
| 1226
| 1273
|-
! 2
| Rao Asthan
| Conquered Kher from the Gohils and Idar from the Bhils. He died in battle against Jalaludin Khilji.
| 1273
| 1292
|-
! 3
| Rao Doohad
| He conquered more than 140 villages. He was killed in battle against the Parihars.
| 1292
| 1309
|-
! 4
| Rao Raipal
| He avenged his father by killing the ruler of the Parihars. During a famine in Marwar he distributed his own personal grains to the people.
| 1309
| 1313
|-
! 5
| Rao Kanhapal
| He suffered raids from the Turko-Afgan tribes and was killed in action defending his lands.
| 1313
| 1323
|-
! 6
| Rao Jalansi
| He defeated the Sodhas. He took the turban of the Sodha chief to mark his supremacy in the region.
| 1323
| 1328
|-
! 7
| Rao Chado
|
| 1328
| 1344
|-
! 8
| Rao Tida
| He was killed in battle against the sultan of Delhi.
| 1344
| 1357
|-
! 9
| Rao Kanha Dev
|
| 1357
| 1374
|-
! 10
| Rao Viram Dev
| He died in battle against the Johiyas.
| 1374
| 1383
|-
! 11
| Rao Chandra
| He conquered Mandore from the Turks in 1406. He further conquered the areas of Nagaur, Sambhar, Khatu, Nadol and Ajmer. He was killed in battle against Salim Shah of Multhan.
|1383
|1424
|-
! 12
| Rao Kanha
| Fought battles with his brothers. Died young in Mandore.
| 1424
| 1427
|-
! 13
| Rao [[Ranmal]]
| He consolidated his rule with the help of the Sisodias of Mewar. He was later assassinated on the orders of Rana Kumbha.
| 1427
| 1438
|-
|}

=== Rathore rulers of Jodhpur (c. 1459 – 1950 CE) ===

;Rulers-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan=2 | Name
! Notes
! Reign began
! Reign ended
|-
! 1
| Rao [[Jodha of Mandore|Jodha]]
| Fought Rana Kumbha and reclaimed his lands. He later founded the city of [[Jodhpur]] and made it his capital. He subjugated the states of Jalore and Bundi and annexed Ajmer, Sambhar and Mohilavati.
| 12 May 1438
| 6 April 1489
|
! 2
| Rao [[Satal Rathore of Marwar|Satal]]
| Died from wounds after saving 140 women from Afghan raiders.
| 6 April 1489
| March 1492
|-
! 3
| Rao [[Suja Rathore of Marwar|Suja]]
|
| March 1492
| 2 October 1515
|-
! 4
| Rao [[Biram Singh Rathore of Marwar|Biram Singh]]
| Son of Bagha
| 2 October 1515
| 8 November 1515
|-
! 5
| Rao [[Ganga Rathore of Marwar|Ganga]]
| Assisted [[Rana Sanga]] in his campaigns against the Sultans of India.
| 8 November 1515
| 9 May 1532
|-
! 6
| [[Maldeo Rathore|Rao Maldeo]]
| Successfully repelled the invasions of [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Called as one of the most potent rulers of Hindustan by Ferishta.
| 9 May 1532
| 7 November 1562
|-
! 7
| [[Rao Chandra Sen]]
| He defended his kingdom for nearly two decades against relentless attacks from the Mughal Empire.
| 7 November 1562
| 1581
|-
! 8
| [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Raja Udai Singh]] ''Mota Raja''
| He was the father in law of [[Jahangir]] and got married his daughter Mani Bai married to him, later on who became parents of [[Shah Jahan]]<ref>''Jodhpur's Umaid Bhawan: The Maharaja of Palaces'', by Aman Nath. Published by India Book House, 2008.</ref>
| 4 August 1583
| 11 July 1595
|-
! 9
| [[Sur Singh|Sawai Raja Suraj-Mal]]
|
| 11 July 1595
| 7 September 1619
|-
! 10
| [[Gaj Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Gaj Singh I]]
| The first to take the title [[Maharaja]] by himself
| 7 September 1619
| 6 May 1638
|-
! 11
| [[Maharaja Jaswant Singh]]
| He fought [[Aurangzeb]] in the [[Battle of Dharmatpur]].
| 6 May 1638
| 28 December 1678
|-
! 12
| [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ajit Singh]]
| Became Maharaja of Marwar after 25 years of war with Aurangzeb. [[Durgadas Rathore]] played a key role in the war.
| 19 February 1679
| 24 June 1724
|-
! 13
| [[Raja Indra Singh]]
| Installed in opposition to [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ajit Singh]] by Emperor Aurangzeb but unpopular with people of Marwar
| 9 June 1679
| 4 August 1679
|-
! 14
| [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Abhai Singh]]
| Defeated Sarbuland Khan and occupied all of Gujarat for a short time.
| 24 June 1724
| 18 June 1749
|-
! 15
| [[Ram Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ram Singh]]
| First reign
| 18 June 1749
| July 1751
|-
! 16
| [[Bakht Singh (Maharaja)|Maharaja Bakht Singh]]
| He was the general of the Marwari forces against Sarbuland Khan and defeated him. In the [[Battle of Gangwana]] he defeated a combined army of Mughals and Kachwahas.
| July 1751
| 21 September 1752
|-
! 17
| [[Vijay Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Vijay Singh]]
| First reign
| 21 September 1752
| 31 January 1753
|-
! 18
| [[Ram Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ram Singh]]
| Second reign
| 31 January 1753
| September 1772
|-
! 19
| [[Vijay Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Vijay Singh]]
| Second reign – Was defeated by [[Mahadji Scindia]] and forced to surrender the fort and city of [[Ajmer]].
| September 1772
| 17 July 1793
|-
! 20
| [[Bhim Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Bhim Singh]]
|
| 17 July 1793
| 19 October 1803
|-
! 21
| [[Man Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Man Singh]]
| Entered into treaty relations with the British on 6 January 1818.
| 19 October 1803
| 4 September 1843
|-
! 22
| [[Takht Singh|Maharaja Sir Takht Singh]]
| Not in the direct line, but a great-great-great-grandson of Ajit Singh. Formerly Regent of Ahmednagar.
| 4 September 1843
| 13 February 1873
|-
! 23
| [[Jaswant Singh II|Maharaja Sir Jaswant Singh II]]
| [[Kaisar-i-Hind]]
| 13 February 1873
| 11 October 1895
|-
! 24
| [[Sardar Singh of Jodhpur|Maharaja Sir Sardar Singh]]
| Colonel in the British Indian Army
| 11 October 1895
| 20 March 1911
|-
! 25
| [[Sumer Singh of Jodhpur|Maharaja Sir Sumair Singh]]
| Colonel in the British Indian Army
| 20 March 1911
| 3 October 1918
|-
! 26
| [[Umaid Singh|Maharaja Sir Umaid Singh]]
| Lieutenant-General in the British Indian Army
| 3 October 1918
| 9 June 1947
|-
! 27
| [[Hanwant Singh|Maharaja Sir Hanwant Singh]]
| Ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur) until accession to the Union of India in 1949; died on 26 January 1952
| 9 June 1947
| 7 April 1949
|-
!28
|[[Gaj Singh II|(titular) Maharaja Gaj Singh II of Jodhpur]]
| Became head of the House on 26 January 1952
| 26 January 1952
| Present
|}<ref>{{cite book |first=Roma |last=Niyogi |year=1959 |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Oriental |page=30 |oclc=5386449}}</ref>

== Rathore dynasty of Bikaner (c. 1465 – 1947 CE) ==
{{Main|Bikaner State}}

;Rulers–
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Name
! Reign Began (in CE)
! Reign Ended (in CE)
! Notes
|-
! 1
| [[Rao Bika]]
| 1465
| 1504
|First ruler of dynasty and founder of [[Bikaner]] city.
|-
! 2
| [[Rao Narayan Singh]]
| 1504
| 1505
|
|-
! 3
| [[Rao Luna Karana]] (Lon-Karan)
| 1505
| 1526
|
|-
! 4
| [[Rao Jait Singh]] (Jetasi)
| 1526
| 1542
|
|-
! 5
| [[Rao Kalyan Mal]]
| 1542
| 1574
|Acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor [[Akbar]] at [[Nagaur]] in November 1570
|-
! 6
| [[Rao Rai Singh I]] (Rai Rai Singh)
| 1574
| 1612
|Important general in the Mughal army like [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh I]] of [[Jaipur State|Amber]]
|-
! 7
| [[Rai Dalpat Singh]] (Dalip)
| 1612
| 1613
|
|-
! 8
| [[Rai Surat Singh Bhuratiya]]
| 1613
| 1631
|
|-
! 9
| [[Rao Karan Singh]] (Jangalpat Badhshah)
| 1631
| 1667
|Deposed by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] for dereliction of duty at [[Attock]], 11 January 1667. Exiled to his betel gardens at Karanpura in the Deccan.
|-
! 10
| [[Anup Singh of Bikaner|Anup Singh]]
| 1669
| 1698
|To be the first to be granted the title "Maharaja" by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. Served in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] campaign at [[Salher]] in 1672, [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] in 1675, and the siege of [[Golconda]] in 1687. He was administrator of [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] from 1677 to 1678, 'Hakim' of [[Adoni]] in 1678, [[Imtiazgarh]] and [[Adoni]] from 1689 to 1693, and of Nusratabad and Sukkar from 1693 to 1698 CE.
|-
! 11
| [[Rao Sarup Singh]]
| 1698
| 1700
|He died from [[smallpox]] at [[Adoni]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] on 15 December 1700.
|-
! 12
| [[Rao Sujan Singh]]
| 1700
| 1735
|Ordered to attend Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], where he remained for ten years. Faced invasions from [[Maharaja Abhai Singh]] of [[Jodhpur]] and [[Maharaja Bakht Singh]] of [[Nagaur]], but successfully repulsed both.
|-
! 13
| [[Rao Zorawar Singh]]
| 1735
| 1746
|
|-
! 14
| [[Rao Gaj Singh]]
| 1746
| 1787
|The first of his line granted permission to mint his own coinage by Emperor [[Alamgir II]].
|-
! 15
| [[Rao Rai Singh II]] (Raj Singh)
| 1787
| 1787
|
|-
! 16
| [[Rao Pratap Singh]]
| 1787
| 1787
|Reigned under the Regency of his uncle Surat Singh who poisoned him to assume the throne.
|-
! 17
| [[Rao Surat Singh]]
| 1787
| 1828
|He incurred huge debts due to his military adventures which had reduced his state to near anarchy. Entered the protection of the [[East India Company]] with a [[subsidiary alliance]] on 9 March 1818.
|-
! 18
| [[Rao Ratan Singh]]
| 1828
| 1851
|Received the hereditary title of Narendra Maharaja from Emperor [[Akbar Shah II]] and assisted the British by furnishing them with supplies during the [[First Afghan War]] of 1841.
|-
! 19
| [[Rao Sardar Singh]]
| 1851
| 1872
|Assisted the British during the [[Indian Mutiny|Indian Uprising of 1857]] and served in person during many of the battles. Removed the name of the Mughal Emperor from his coinage, replacing the words with ''Aurang Arya Hind wa Queen Victoria''.
|-
! 20
| [[Dungar Singh]]
| 1872
| 1887
|Assisted the British during the [[Second Afghan War]].
|-
! 21
| [[Ganga Singh]]
| 1887
| 1943
|Member of Parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) for [[Bikaner]], 1952–1977. On 28 December 1971, India amended its Constitution to remove the position of the rulers of princely states and their right to receive privy-purse payments, thus making him the last ruler of Bikaner. Imperial Conferences and at the [[League of Nations]].
|-
! 22
| [[Sadul Singh of Bikaner|Sadul Singh]]
| 1943
| 1947
|Signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] to the [[Dominion of India]] on 7 August 1947. Merged his state into the present state of [[Rajasthan]], India on 30 March 1949.
|-
! 23
| [[Maharaja Karni Singh|Karni Singh]]
| 1947
| 1971
|First titular ruler.
|-
|}

== Sinsinwar Jat dynasty (c. 1683 – 1947 CE) ==
{{Main|Bharatpur State}}

;Rulers-
{{Sinsinwar Jat}}
==Gaur dynasty (c. 400 -1947)==
**[[Gaur (clan)|Gaur]] dynasty belong to the Surya vansh , they are descendants of the Maharaj Bharat(brother of lord rama), they ruled many parts of Rajasthan namely:- [[Sarwar, Rajasthan|Sarwar]], Fatehgarh,[[Kekri, Rajasthan|kekri]], Maroth, [[Gaurati]], [[Ajmer]], Junia, [[Kishangarh]], whole [[gorwar]] & [[Gaurati]] region was named due to glory of this dynasty. Gaurati State is the head seat of Whole Gaur Clan and a direct descendant of Bharat and Pala dynasty.

==Gaur dynasty of Gaurati (c. 1180-1949)==
{{main|Gaurati State}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Gaur dynasty rulers of Gaurati
!Serial No.
!Portrait
!Maharawal
!Notes
|-
|1
|
|[[Raja Shivpal Singh]]
|Eldest Son of Bhimpal Singh last ruler of [[Pala Empire|pal dynasty]]
|-
|2
|
|Raja Haripal Singh
|
|-
|3
|
|Raja Padam Singh I
|
|-
|4
|
|Raja Karan Singh I
|
|-
|5
|
|Raja Narayan Singh
|
|-
|6
|
|Maharaja Rai Singh
|
|-
|7
|
|Maharaja Chandrasen Singh
|
|-
|8
|
|Maharaja Madho Singh
|
|-
|9
|
|Maharaja Narayan Singh II
|
|-
|10
|
|Maharaja Ajit Singh
|
|-
|11
|
|Maharaja Fateh Singh
|
|-
|12
|
|Maharaja Padam Singh II
|
|-
|13
|
|Maharaja Abhai Singh
|
|-
|14
|
|Maharaja Man Singh
|
|-
|15
|
|Maharaja Chattar Singh
|
|-
|16
|
|Maharaja Agar Singh I
|
|-
|17
|
|Maharaja Takht Singh I
|
|-
|18
|
|Rawal Amar Singh
|
|-
|19
|
|Rawal Sardar Singh
|
|-
|20
|
|Rawal Sujan Singh
|
|-
|21
|
|Rawal Gulab Singh
|
|-
|22
|
|Rawal Sher Singh
|
|-
|23
|
|[[Rawal Zalim Singh]]
|
|-
|24
|
|Maharawal Prithviraj Singh
|
|-
|25
|
|[[Maharawal Rajranveer Pratap Singh I]]
|participated in War of Dharmat & Samugarh against Mughal Badhshah Aurangzeb
|-
|26
|
|[[Maharawal Takht Singh II]]
|Shifted his capital to [[Kekri, Rajasthan|kekri]]
|-
|27
|
|Maharawal Raj Singh I
|
|-
|28
|
|Maharawal Agar Singh
|
|-
|29
|
|Maharawal Bhimpal Singh II
|-
|30
|
|Maharawal Mahadev Singh I
|
|-
|31
|
|Maharawal Jagat Singh
|
|-
|32
|
|Maharawal Sajjan Singh
|
|-
|33
|
|Maharawal Megh Singh
|
|-
|34
|
|Maharawal Karan Singh II
|
|-
|35
|
|Maharawal Indupraksh Singh
|
|-
|36
|
|Maharawal Shekhvyas Singh
|
|-
|37
|
|Maharawal Roopchandar Singh
|
|-
|38
|
|Maharawal Mangalchandar Singh
|
|-
|39
|
|Maharawal Ganpat Singh
|
|-
|40
|
|[[Maharawal Mahadev Singh]] II
|Rejected the treaty with Britishers and remained only independent Monarch
|-

|41
|
|[[Maharawal Murlidhar Singh]]
|Last Monarch & First Titular king, a friend of [[Adolf Hitler]] & participated in world war
|-
|42
|
|[[Maharawal Shyam Singh]]
|Titular King
|-
|43
|
|[[Maharawal Raj Singh II]] aka Rajkumar Singh
|Present titular king
|-
|}

==Jhala dynasty of Jhalawar (c. 1838-1949)==
{{main|Jhalawar State}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Jhala dynasty rulers of Jhalawar
!Serial No.
!Maharaj-Rana
!Reign (CE)
!Notes
|-
|1
|Maharaj Rana Madan Singh
|8 Apr 1838 – 1845
|
|-
|2
|Maharaj Rana Prithvi Singh
|1845 – 29 Aug 1875
|
|-
|3
|Maharaj Rana Zalim Singh II
|29 Aug 1875 – 1 Jan 1899
|
|-
|4
|HH Maharaj Rana Sir Bhawani Singh
|1 Jan 1899 – 13 Apr 1929
|
|-
|5
|HH Maharaj Rana Sir Rajendra Singh
|13 Apr 1929 - 2 Sep 1943
|
|-
|6
|HH Maharaj Rana Sir Harish Chandra Singh
|2 Sep 1943 – 15 Aug 1947
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Rajasthan]]
* [[History of Rajasthan]]
* [[Outline of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of Rajput dynasties]]
* [[List of battles of Rajasthan]]
* [[Timeline of history of Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Mishra |first=Vibhuti Bhushan |title=The Gurjara-Pratīhāras and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDMJAQAAIAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=S. Chand |oclc=3948567 }}
* {{cite book |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szkhAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] |oclc=2491084 }}
* {{cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasthan, monarchs}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Rajasthan]]
[[Category:India history-related lists]]

1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-15T08:53:38Z

MargeneGoodfello: Made Info!

{{Short description|Indian union territory election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1974
| election_date = 6 October 1977
| next_election = 1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1980
| seats_for_election = 30 seats in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 16
| registered = {{formatnum:307,208}}
| turnout = 76.21%
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=80|oLeft=07|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[S. Ramassamy]]
| leaders_seat1 =
| leader_since1 =
| seats1 = 14
| seats_before1 = 12
| popular_vote1 = 30.16%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}2

| party2 = Janata Party
| image2 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''JP'''</div>
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| leader_since2 =
| seats2 = 7
| seats_before2 = New
| popular_vote2 = 25.77%
| seat_change2 = New


| title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|CM]]
| before_election = [[President's Rule]]
| after_party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[S. Ramassamy]]
}}
Elections to the '''[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in October 1977, to elect members of the 30 constituencies in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (then known as Pondicherry), in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/03/26/explained-puducherry-the-territory-of-coalitions-and-presidents-rule.html |title=Explained: Puducherry, the territory of coalitions and President's Rule |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)]] |date=26 March 2021 |quote=4th election: 1977 ... Ramaswamy returned as chief minister for a period of 13 months. |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/PDF/Se1977.PDF |title=Union Territory of Pondicherry Assembly - General Elections - 1977 |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref> The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] won the popular vote and the most seats, and [[S. Ramassamy]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]] for his second term.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/former-puducherry-chief-minister-ramassamy-passes-away/articleshow/58679164.cms |title=Former Puducherry Chief Minister Ramassamy passes away |date=15 May 2017 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |agency=PTI |access-date=4 September 2022 |quote=He was also the Chief Minister in the AIADMK government in 1977, which lasted in office for a little over one year.}}</ref>

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 1977.svg]]
|party1=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes1=69873|seats1=14|sc1={{increase}}2
|party2=[[Janata Party]]|votes2=59705|seats2=7|sc2=New
|party4=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes4=39343|seats4=2|sc4={{decrease}}5
|party5=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes5=30441|seats5=3|sc5={{increase}}1
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=18468|seats6=1|sc6={{decrease}}1
|party21=Independents|votes21=13872|seats21=3|sc21={{increase}}2
|total_sc=0
|invalid=2407
|electorate=307208
|source=ECI<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
| 1 || [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]] || 68.46% || G. Palani Raja || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,170 || 42.69% || M. Velayudham || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,713 || 27.77% || 1,457
|-
| 2 || [[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]] || 65.77% || Ansari P. Duraisamy || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 3,551 || 47.01% || N. Arumughom || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,661 || 35.23% || 890
|-
| 3 || [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]] || 57.23% || D. Ramajayam || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 1,411 || 35.31% || Dana Kanthraj || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,397 || 34.96% || 14
|-
| 4 || [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]] || 62.76% || S. Susairaj || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 1,289 || 31.87% || C. M. Achraff || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,162 || 28.73% || 127
|-
| 5 || [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]] || 70.58% || C. N. Parthasarathy || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,551 || 36.69% || D. Munisamy || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,304 || 33.14% || 247
|-
| 6 || [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]] || 66.31% || N. Manimaram Marimuthu || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,779 || 44.54% || S. Ramalingam || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 1,800 || 21.22% || 1,979
|-
| 7 || [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]] || 66.38% || R. Kannan || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,757 || 38.20% || P. Vengatesan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,137 || 29.61% || 620
|-
| 8 || [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]] || 75.75% || V. Sababady Kothandraman || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,947 || 41.68% || A. Radharishanan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,243 || 23.69% || 1,704
|-
| 9 || [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]] || 78.15% || [[P. Subbarayan]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,345 || 34.86% || G. Dharmalingam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,583 || 26.92% || 762
|-
| 10 || [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]] || 77.37% || K. Sivaloganathan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,442 || 36.55% || G. Murugesan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,200 || 32.92% || 242
|-
| 11 || [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]] || 85.00% || S. Srvaprakasam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,122 || 41.73% || R. Subbaraya Goundar || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,915 || 38.97% || 207
|-
| 12 || [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]] || 82.42% || N. Vengadasamy || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,359 || 39.87% || K. R. Subramaniya Padayachi || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,939 || 34.89% || 420
|-
| 13 || [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]] || 81.03% || P. Uthiravelu || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 3,399 || 45.56% || A. Thulukkanam || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,346 || 31.44% || 1,053
|-
| 14 || [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai]] || 74.43% || M. Maniyam || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,226 || 44.42% || G. Pichaikaran || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 1,413 || 19.45% || 1,813
|-
| 15 || [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]] || 85.84% || D. Ramachandran || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,824 || 44.53% || N. Rajaram Reddiar || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,096 || 24.41% || 1,728
|-
| 16 || [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]] || 73.39% || M. Thangavelu || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,902 || 41.96% || V. Nagarathinam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,640 || 23.71% || 1,262
|-
| 17 || [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]] || 79.82% || S. Pazhaninathan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,891 || 35.00% || P. Varadarassu || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,728 || 33.03% || 163
|-
| 18 || [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]] || 80.95% || G. Perumal Raja || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,477 || 31.68% || G. Venugopal || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,216 || 28.34% || 261
|-
| 19 || [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]] || 71.30% || V. Pethaperumal || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 4,669 || 54.46% || V. Narayanasamy || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,005 || 23.39% || 2,664
|-
| 20 || [[Reddiarpalayam Assembly constituency|Reddiarpalayam]] || 67.22% || V. Subbiah || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,775 || 35.35% || R. Vengatachala Gounder || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,688 || 34.24% || 87
|-
| 21 || [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]] || 74.89% || N. Varadhan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,477 || 47.73% || M. K. Jeevarathina Odayar || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,530 || 26.97% || 1,947
|-
| 22 || [[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]] || 79.65% || T. Subbaiya || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,041 || 37.84% || G. Panjavarnam || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,674 || 20.83% || 1,367
|-
| 23 || [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]] || 63.21% || K. Kandhi || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,995 || 42.84% || S. Ameerudeen || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,040 || 21.87% || 1,955
|-
| 24 || [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]] || 71.90% || [[S. Ramassamy]] || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,424 || 47.36% || S. Savarirajan || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,698 || 37.32% || 726
|-
| 25 || [[Neravy T R Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T R Pattinam]] || 78.57% || V. M. C. Varada Pillai || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 3,314 || 36.71% || [[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,134 || 34.71% || 180
|-
| 26 || [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]] || 79.58% || N. V. Ramalingam || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,654 || 34.06% || A. Soundarengan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,376 || 30.49% || 278
|-
| 27 || [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]] || 77.00% || P. Selvaraj || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,789 || 39.15% || R. Kuppusamy || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,688 || 37.73% || 101
|-
| 28 || [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]] || 80.46% || K. V. Raghavan || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,847 || 48.58% || P. K. Raman || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,835 || 48.38% || 12
|-
| 29 || [[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]] || 80.73% || T. K. Chandrashekaran || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,853 || 54.21% || [[V. N. Purushothaman|Vanmeri Nadeyi Purushothaman]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,297 || 43.64% || 556
|-
| 30 || [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]] || 85.54% || [[Kamisetty Parasuram Naidu]] || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,047 || 48.07% || Abdul Khader Jeelani Mohammed || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,981 || 46.52% || 66
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1977 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Puducherry Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=19 May 2022}}

{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:1977 State Assembly elections in India|p]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Puducherry]]
[[Category:1970s in Pondicherry]]

Assam Engineering College

2026-03-14T08:01:20Z

MargeneGoodfello: updated page

{{Short description|Oldest Engineering College of North East India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{multiple issues|
{{advert|date=August 2013}}
{{fan POV|date=August 2013}}
{{no footnotes|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Assam Engineering College Guwahati
| image_name =
| image = Assam Engineering College logo.png
| image_size = 250px
| motto = "Service before self "
| native_name = অসম অভিযান্ত্ৰিক মহাবিদ্যালয়
| established = {{start date and age|1955}}
| type = [[Public University|Public]] [[engineering school]]
| principal = Dr. Amrita Ganguly
| provost =
| city = [[Guwahati]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]] {{flagicon|IND}}
| undergrad = 1650
| postgrad = 100
| campus = [[urban area|Urban, (400 acres)]]
| mascot =
| free_label = Acronym|
| free = AEC|
| free_label2 = Approvals
| free2 = [[AICTE]]
| nobel_laureates =
| website = [http://aec.ac.in aec.ac.in]
| colors =
| coor = {{Coord|26|08|34|N|91|39|35|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10

| affiliation = [[Assam Science and Technology University]]
| endowment =
| accreditation = UGC, AICTE, NBA
}}

'''Assam Engineering College''', established in 1955, is located in [[Guwahati]]. It is the first engineering college of [[Assam]] and is affiliated to [[Assam Science and Technology University]]. AEC has been the hub of many academic and supplementary activities in [[Assam]]. It is a public college run by the state of [[Assam]]. While the majority of students are from Assam, there are fixed quotas for students from neighbouring states. The college is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education [[AICTE]].

The college offers bachelor's courses ([[Bachelor of Engineering|B.Tech.]]) in the fields of Electrical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Industrial and Production Engineering, Instrumentation Engineering and Mechanical Engineering. It also offers [[Master of Engineering|M.Tech]] in Civil Engineering (CE), Electrical Engineering (EE) and Mechanical Engineering (ME). It offers [[Master of Computer Applications|MCA]] course under the Department of Computer Applications and also avails [[Doctor of Technology|D.Tech]] facility in Soil Mechanics and Hydraulics under the Civil Engineering Department. Previously it was affiliated to [[Gauhati University]]. From academic year 2017-18 all the courses are affiliated to [[Assam Science and Technology University]] (ASTU).

==History==
Assam Engineering College was established in 1955, the first undergraduate engineering college in North-Eastern India. It started with Civil Engineering, and within a few years other departments came into existence. Currently, it awards bachelor's degrees in eight engineering disciplines and master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Computer Applications and Civil Engineering. There are availability of PhD programs in all the departments.

==Location==

Assam Engineering College is in [[Jalukbari]] in south-west [[Guwahati]].

==Academics==
Assam Engineering College houses the following departments:
*[[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Chemical Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science & Engineering]]
*[[Electrical]] & [[Instrumentation Engineering]]
* [[Electronics]] & [[Telecommunication Engineering]]
* [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Industrial engineering|Industrial]] & [[Production Engineering]]
* [[Application software|Computer Applications]]
* [[Humanities]] and [[Social Sciences]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Physics]]

===Department of Civil Engineering===
The department of [[Civil Engineering]], established in 1956, was the first branch introduced in this college.

The annual intake capacity is 90 students per semester in the B.Tech. degree course and 25 students in the M.E. degree course. This department also offers a Ph.D. degree in Soil Mechanics and Hydraulics. However, it has a variable intake. The student to teacher ratio for each semester is 3:1. The head of the department is Dr.Jayanta Pathak.

===Department of Chemical Engineering===
The [[Chemical Engineering]] Department was started in 1963 and had an annual intake capacity of 60 students in the B.Tech. degree. The laboratories of this department are for research work in chemical engineering leading to a Ph.D. degree.

The department has been providing a four-year undergraduate course for Chemical Engineering. The core subjects include Process Calculation, Chemical Technology, Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Mass Transfer Operations, Heat Transfer Operations, Chemical Reaction Engineering, Process Dynamics & Control, Petroleum Refinery Engineering & Petrochemicals, Process Equipment Design & Drawing, Fluid Flow Operation, Transport Phenomenon, Process Utilities, Process Instrumentation, Material Science, and Polymer Science.

===Department of Computer Science and Engineering===

The Department of [[Computer Science]] and [[Engineering]] was established on 25 August 1998; it is the newest department. Presently, it is attached to the Electronics & Telecommunications Department. The annual intake capacity is 20 students per semester in the B.Tech. degree course.

The course available is Bachelor of Engineering. The duration of the B.E. is four years having eight semesters. The head of the department is Prof. D.S. Pegu.

===Department of Electrical Engineering===
[[File:AEC CHEMICAL BLD AT NIGHT.jpg|thumb|right|300px|AEC Chemical/Administrative Building in the evening]]
The [[Electrical Engineering]] branch established its roots in Assam Engineering College in 1957, as the second functioning branch.

The branch offers Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) degree and has an annual intake of 90 students. The department has a student-to-teacher ratio of 5:1.

The curriculum of the department is mainly oriented to cater for the needs of all types of industries, such as power, IT, and heavy and light electrical machinery. The department also offers a postgraduate program on power system. It has a total intake capacity of 18. The admission in this programme is through the PGCEE (Post-Graduate Common Entrance Examination) and a valid GATE score. The course consists of load flow dynamics, advance topics in power systems, facts devices, artificial intelligence, reliability in Power system, advanced protection, and operation technology. The department also has research facilities. The head of the department Dr. Runumi Sarma. Various lab facilities are available with an extra emphasis on digital, microprocessor and machine laboratories.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

===Department of Instrumentation Engineering===
The branch of [[Instrumentation Engineering]] was introduced in 1998 due to the high demand for instrumentation engineers in industries and companies. The branch was recognised by AICTE in 2001.

In AEC, there is an intake of 20 instrumentation engineering students every year. The head of the department
is Dr. Runumi Sarma.

===Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering===
Established in 1984, it is the first in this field for providing a Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) degree in [[Electronics]] & [[Telecommunication Engineering]] under the state government. It has an annual intake of 60 students. The department offers syllabus covering the major thrust areas in the field of electronics and telecommunication. The head of the department is Prof. D.S. Pegu.

===Department of Mechanical Engineering===
[[File:AEC NIGHT VIEW.jpg|thumb|right|300px|AEC night view]]
The department of [[Mechanical Engineering]], established in 1957, was one of the first departments of the college. It offers B.E. courses of four years with an annual intake of 60 students and a student-to-teacher ratio of 5:2. The head of the department is Dr. R.K. Dutta.

===Department of Industrial and Production Engineering===
The branch of [[Industrial engineering|Industrial]] and [[Production Engineering]] was introduced in 1998 due to a high demand for production engineers in oil sectors and companies. The branch was recognised by AICTE in 2001. The head of the department is Dr. R.K. Dutta.

===Department of Computer Applications===
The department of Computer Applications, established in 1990, offers M.C.A. courses of three years duration with an annual intake of 30 students and a student to teacher ratio of 3:1.

The department has three laboratories. The department is headed by Dr. Subhrajyoti Bordoloi.

==Societies==
Societies/club on AEC campus include:
* AEC Quiz Club
* AEC Media Cell
* AEC Jam Club
* AEC Beat House Club
* AEC Coding Club
* AEC literary Club
* Flashpoint, the Photography Club
* AEC Bihu Husori Club
* AEC Riders Club
* Bi-cycle Club
* Energy Club
* Entrepreneurship Development Cell, AEC (EDC, AEC)
* [[Indian Society for Technical Education|ISTE]] Student Chapter
* Robotics Club
* SOVIC - Social Responsibility Cell
* AEC Automobile Club (under SAE)
* Space Technology Club, AEC

==Facilities==

===Hostels===

In all there are ten hostels, nine of which are for undergraduate students, including one for female students and one for male postgraduates. Each hostel is self-contained with amenities such as a common room, a library, an indoor games room, a lounge and a dining hall with mess. In earlier times no rooms were provided with Internet access and boarders managed on their own through their respective 'Internet monitors', but since 2010 the central internet facility to the college has been extended to the hostels. The administrative head of each hostel, the superintendent, is a senior faculty member. There are Hostel Committees, composed of superintendent and a student body of block monitors, mess secretaries, sports secretary, cultural secretary, magazine secretary, welfare secretary, Internet monitors and auditors. The committee is a successful exercise in self-governance.

===Central Computing Center===
Central Computing Center (CCC) is a central facility established in Assam Engineering College which caters to the needs of academic departments and various sections of the institute. CCC is instituted in a separate building.

===Library===

===Bank and shopping complex===
The institute has a [[State Bank of India]] (SBI) branch inside the campus. It provides assistance in opening savings account and depositing institute-related fees and dues. There is an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] of SBI installed within the campus for easy cash access for the students.

The institute has a market complex in the center of the campus which caters to all kinds of student necessities.

===Postal service===
The institute has a government post office on the campus maintained by [[Indian Post]]. The postal index number(PIN) of AEC Post Office is 781013.

===College canteen===
The canteen is situated near the Main Building.

===Health===
The AEC Hospital provides indoor and outdoor medical facilities for common ailments. Complicated cases are referred for treatment to civic hospitals in the city.

===Bus service===
Bus services have been provided for the students to connect city life from college. Many [[Assam State Transport Corporation|ASTC]] College buses are plying from the college to Church Field, Paltan Bazar, Beltola, Chandmari, Ganeshguri and vice versa. There is also a real time bus tracking facility for AEC bus service.

==Annual festivals==

===Annual Cultural fest: Pyrokinesis===
Pyrokinesis is the annual national level cultural festival of Assam Engineering College.

=== Annual Technical fest: Udbhavanam ===

AEC has organized its first ever technical festival, Udbhavanam in the year 2012, after it got separated from Pyrokinesis, and decided to dedicate 2 days to technical competitions, workshops, lectures and seminars.

The events are organized and managed by students of the college with guidance of professors. There are events covering every technical department of the college namely, Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication, Chemical, Computer Science, Instrumentation and Industrial Production Engineering. There are also events managed by the Entrepreneurship Development Cell of AEC.

==Admissions==
* Students are taken in for undergraduate (B.Tech.) courses through Combined Entrance Examination (CEE) conducted by [[Assam Science and Technology University|ASTU]].
* Lateral entry into the undergraduate (B.Tech.) courses is done through the Joint Lateral Entrance Examination (JLEE) conducted by [[Assam Science and Technology University|ASTU]].
* Admission to the postgraduate (M.Tech.) and doctorate (Ph.D.) courses are primarily based on scores in the GATE exam, conducted by the IITs or through the entrance examination (AECPGEE) conducted by the institute.
* Admission to the MCA course is taken through the Joint MCA Entrance Examination (JMEE) conducted by [[Assam Science and Technology University|ASTU]].

==Campus Issue==
Despite being a premier technical college, AEC does not have a closed campus and there has been a rising demand from the student and faculty community for a closed campus. But due to negligence of state government and college higher authority this demand has not been fulfilled. Students face severe threat from the local community and regular incidents of trouble between the local community and students is common.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Assam Engineering College}}
* [http://aec.ac.in Official AEC website]

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Engineering colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Guwahati]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Assam]]

Navri Mile Hitlerla

2026-03-08T10:51:31Z

MargeneGoodfello:

{{Short description|2024 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Navri Mile Hitlerla ZM.webp
| image_size =
| company = Ericon Telefilms
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2025|05|25}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|03|18}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 398
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer = [[Sharmishtha Raut]] Tejas Desai
| country = India
| director = Chandrakant Gaikwad
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘झी मराठी’च्या मालिकेचा ‘ड्रीम प्रपोजल’साठी ४ दिवस काश्मीर दौरा! लीलाने गुलमर्गच्या बर्फात साडी नेसून शूटिंग, सांगितला अनुभव… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-serial-navri-mile-hitler-la-team-shooting-in-kashmir-gulmarg-actress-shares-experience-sva-00-4906194/ |date=2025-02-21 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
}}

'''''Navri Mile Hitlerla''''' ({{translation|Hitler got a wife}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=राकेश बापटचं मराठी मालिकाविश्वात पदार्पण; 'झी मराठी'च्या 'या' नव्या मालिकेत झळकणार, पाहा दमदार प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/raqesh-bapat-debut-in-marathi-serial-play-lead-role-in-navari-mile-hitler-serial-of-zee-marathi-pps-98-4185851/ |date=2024-01-31 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Zee TV]]'s Hindi series ''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=राकेश बापटच्या 'नवरी मिळे हिटलरला' मालिकेचा नवा प्रोमो पाहिलात का? झळकणार 'हे' कलाकार |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/zee-marathi-launches-new-marathi-serial-rakesh-bapats-navri-mile-hitlerla-new-promo-out-a-a988/ |date=2024-02-14 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> It starred [[Raqesh Bapat]] and [[Vallari Viraj]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=लीलाच्या घरी पोहोचला एजे, दोघांना एकत्र आणण्यासाठी आईनेच रचला डाव, बायको म्हणून स्वीकार करणार का? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-marathi-serial-update-will-aj-be-ready-to-do-kankan-ritual-with-leela/ |date=2024-06-13 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref> It is produced by [[Sharmishtha Raut]] and directed by Chandrakant Gaikwad under the banner of Ericon Telefilms.<ref>{{Cite news |title='पारू' आणि 'शिवा'नंतर झी मराठीने केली आणखी दोन नव्या मालिकांची घोषणा; कोणत्या मालिका घेणार निरोप? |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/zee-marathi-new-serials-punha-kartavya-aahe-and-navari-mile-hitlarla/articleshow/107047692.cms |date=2024-01-22 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> It premiered from 18 March 2024 along with ''[[Punha Kartavya Aahe]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=लीलाच्या हाती आली जहागीरदारांच्या घरची सत्ता; दुर्गाला दिलं खुलं चॅलेंज|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/zee-marathi-navari-mile-hitlerla-serial-new-twist-entertainment-news-kds07 |date=2024-12-07 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
When destiny unites Abhiram, a perfectionist middle-aged millionaire with Leela, a carefree young woman, she faces the unexpected challenges of being a mother-in-law to his three daughters-in-law.<ref>{{Cite news |title=लीलाने विश्वासघात केल्याचा एजेंचा आरोप, बायको म्हणून स्वीकारणार का?, सूनांचा निर्णय काय असणार? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-marathi-serial-update-aj-accused-leela-of-cheating-on-her-after-their-marriage/ |date=2024-06-06 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Raqesh Bapat]] as Abhiram (AJ) Jahagirdar<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Raqesh Bapat Is All Set To Make His Marathi TV Debut With The New Show Navari Mile Hitlarla - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-raqesh-bapat-is-all-set-to-make-his-marathi-tv-debut-with-the-new-show-navari-mile-hitlarla/articleshow/107285262.cms |date=2024-01-31 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Vallari Viraj]] as Leela Vasant Mohite / Leela Abhiram Jahagirdar<ref>{{Cite news |title=झी मराठीवर दोन नव्या मालिका; 'शिवा', 'पारू'नंतर करणार धमाका, टेलिकास्टची वेळ ठरली |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/zee-marathi-new-serial-navari-mile-hitler-la-and-punha-kartavya-aahe-check-telecast-time-and-details-1262498 |date=2024-03-07 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
;Jahagirdar family
* Sharmila Shinde as Durga Kishor Jahagirdar<ref>{{Cite news |title=अभिरामच्या सुना चोरतात अंतराची अंगठी....काय घडणार आजच्या भागात वाचा सविस्तर |url=https://marathi.asianetnews.com/entertainment/abhirams-daughter-in-law-steals-antars-ring-what-will-happen-in-todays-episode-update-21-april-xakm/articleshow-98ge1th |date=2024-04-21 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sanika Kashikar as Laxmi Pramod Jahagirdar<ref>{{Cite news |title=घरापर्यंत पोहोचलेल्या विक्रांतला धडा शिकवण्यासाठी लीलाची हिटलर मदत करणार? |url=https://marathi.asianetnews.com/entertainment/navri-mile-hitlerla-preview-leela-reached-at-hitler-place-to-ask-help-her-to-take-revenge-of-vikrant-zcm/articleshow-2bperlg |date=2024-04-05 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Bhumija Patil as Saraswati Viraj Jahagirdar<ref>{{Cite news |title=मेहंदीच्या दिवसांत लीला घरातून गायब, 'नवरी मिळे हिटलरला' मालिकेत नवीन ट्विस्ट, या संकटातून एजे लीलाला कसं सोडवणार? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-update-new-twist/ |date=2024-05-04 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Bharati Patil as Sarojini Jahagirdar; AJ's mother<ref>{{Cite news |title=लीलाबरोबर एजेची आईही घराबाहेर पडणार, घरी येण्यास स्पष्ट नकार, सरोजिनीच्या हट्टामुळे दोघंही पुन्हा एकत्र येणार? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-new-twist-in-the-serial-sarojini-also-left-the-house-with-leela/ |date=2024-06-10 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Madhuri Bharati as Antara Abhiram Jahagirdar; AJ's ex-wife<ref>{{Cite news |title=एजेंच्या लग्नापासून लीलाला दूर ठेवण्यास सूनांनी रचलं कटकारस्थान; यशस्वी होणार का?, श्वेताबरोबर विवाहबंधनात अडकणार |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-update-ajs-daughter-in-laws-plan-to-keep-leela-away-from-ajs-marriage/ |date=2024-05-28 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Prasad Limaye as Kishor Jahagirdar<ref>{{Cite news |title='नवरी मिळे हिटलरला'मध्ये लीला-एजेच्या नात्यात गोंधळ, तर दुसरीकडे मालिकेत नव्या अभिनेत्याची एन्ट्री, कथेला नवं वळण |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-actor-prasad-limaye-new-entry-promo-viral/ |date=2024-05-24 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Milind Shirole as Pramod Jahagirdar<ref>{{Cite news |title=नवरी मिळे हिटलरला : लीलाचा धमाका, अभिराम जहागिरदारांच्या तोंडावर केक फसला |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/757190/navari-mile-hitlerla-new-tv-serial-news-updates/ar |date=2024-03-19 |website=[[Pudhari]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Raj More as Viraj Jahagirdar<ref>{{Cite news |title='नवरी मिळे हिटलरला' मालिकेत नवा ट्विस्ट, एजे लीलाला घालणार लग्नाची मागणी |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/a-new-twist-in-the-navari-mile-hitlerla-series-aj-will-propose-marriage-to-leela-a-a603/ |date=2024-03-30 |website=[[Pudhari]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Mohite family
* Sheetal Kshirsagar as Kalindi Vasant Mohite; Leela's step-mother<ref>{{Cite news |title=एजेच्या हॉटेलमध्ये लीला करणार वेटरची नोकरी, दोघांच्या नात्याला मिळणार नवी दिशा? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/navri-mile-hitlerla-leela-will-work-as-waiter-in-aj-s-hotel-will-their-relationship-get-new-direction-marathi-tv-serial-news-1307999 |date=2024-08-24 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Uday Salvi as Vasant Mohite; Leela's father<ref>{{Cite news |title=रक्षाबंधनच्या दिवशी एजेकडून रेवतीचे संरक्षण; मात्र लीलाचा होणार गैरसमज; 'नवरी मिळे हिटलरला'मध्ये येणार नवीन ट्विस्ट |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/navri-mile-hitlarla-aj-will-save-revati-from-salunkhe-leelas-misunderstanding-rakshabandhan-special-episode-watch-new-promo-nsp-98-4544847/ |date=2024-08-19 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Aalapini Nisal as Revati Vasant Mohite; Leela's step-sister<ref>{{Cite news |title=दहीहंडीमुळे एजे-लीलाच्या नात्यात प्रेमाचा रंग बहरणार! 'नवरी मिळे हिटलरला' मालिकेत नेमकं काय घडणार? वाचा.. |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/navri-mile-hitlerla-upcoming-episode-aj-leela-will-start-a-love-in-relation-pps-98-4560355/ |date=2024-08-27 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Others
* Advait Kadne as Vikrant Deshmukh; Saraswati's brother<ref>{{Cite news |title=रेवतीला त्रास देणाऱ्या मुलाची तक्रार करायला गेलेल्या लीलासमोर पोलिसाचे उघडणार सत्य, विक्रांतचा खोटारडेपणा येणार समोर? |url=https://marathi.asianetnews.com/entertainment/navri-mile-hitlerla-ep-17-previwe-vikrant-threats-to-leela-what-happen-now-read-here/articleshow-0p9w6sx |date=2024-04-03 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sandhya Manik as Pooja Vikrant Deshmukh<ref>{{Cite news |title=रेवतीचा जीव वाचवण्यासाठी अभिराम हिटलर करणार लीलाची मदत? पहा आजच्या एपिसोडमध्ये |url=https://marathi.asianetnews.com/entertainment/navri-mile-hitlerla-new-episode-updates/articleshow-ri1yqog |date=2024-04-02 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Deepak Kadam as Suresh Salunkhe<ref>{{Cite news |title=परफेक्ट हिटलरच्या इम्परफेक्ट संसाराची सुरुवात |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/navri-mile-hitler-la-serial-latest-update-aj-and-leela-imperfect-duo-has-begun-ns08/759903/ |date=2024-06-29 |website=My Mahanagar |language=mr}}</ref>
* Dhanashri Bhalekar as Falguni; Antara's friend<ref>{{Cite news |title=एजेंनी पत्नी म्हणून स्वीकार करावा यासाठी लीलाने मान्य केल्या सगळ्या अटी, पुन्हा घरात आल्यानंतर गैरसमज दूर होणार का? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-promo-leela-agrees-to-all-the-conditions-for-aj-to-accept-her-as-his-wife-will-the-misunderstanding-be-resolved-after-coming-back-to-the-house/ |date=2024-07-10 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Ajinkya Date as Vishwaroop; AJ's P.A.<ref>{{Cite news |title=एजेंना तुरुंगात टाकण्याचा श्वेताचा जाणीवपूर्वक प्रयत्न, लीला नवऱ्याला निर्दोष सिद्ध करु शकेल का? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-updates-leela-finding-way-to-rescue-aj-from-the-jail/ |date=2024-11-13 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Akshata Apte as Shweta; Laxmi's sister<ref>{{Cite news |title=लीलाच्या हट्टामुळे एजे साजरी करणार दिवाळी, अंतरानंतर पहिल्यांदाच होणार पाडवा, दोघांचे नातं फुलणार |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-marathi-serial-updates-aj-will-celebrate-diwali-padwa-for-leelas-insistence/ |date=2024-11-08 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Ruchir Gurav as Yash; Durga's brother<ref>{{Cite news |title=एजेंकडून लीलाचा गृहलक्ष्मी म्हणून स्वीकार, सगळ्यांसमोर मंगळसूत्रही घातलं, नात्याला नवं वळण |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-updates-new-promo-aj-accepted-leela-as-his-wife-see-the-details/ |date=2024-11-06 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Neha Bam]] as Shweta's mother<ref>{{Cite news |title=लीलाकडून यश आणि रेवतीचे लग्न लावण्याचे वचन, पण एजेंचा निर्णय काही वेगळाच, मालिका नव्या वळणावर |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerala-serial-update-leela-promised-marriage-to-yash-and-revathi-and-aj-take-decision-regarding-them/ |date=2024-11-15 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Guest Appearances ===
* [[Sonalee Kulkarni]]<ref>{{Cite news |title='नवरी मिळे हिटलरला'मधील एजे आणि लीलाच्या मेहंदीत 'अप्सरे'चा धमाका! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/aj-and-leelas-mehndi-in-nawari-mile-hitlerla-sonalee-kulkarni-will-be-seen-in-serial-a-a603/ |date=2024-04-27 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Rohit Parshuram as Arjun Kadam from ''[[Appi Aamchi Collector]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=जहागीरदारांच्या घरात लीला पुन्हा येणार का?, एजेंच्या एका निर्णयावर संसार सुरळीत होणार? कथा निर्णायक वळणावर |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-update-will-leela-come-to-know-about-ajs-decision-see-the-details/ |date=2024-12-05 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Shivani Naik as Aparna Mane from ''Appi Aamchi Collector''<ref>{{Cite news |title=प्रमोद-विराजचा स्वत:च्याच ऑफिसमध्ये मोठा फ्रॉड, लीलाने समोर आणलं सत्य, आता एजे काय शिक्षा करणार? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-update-serial-update-new-promo-leela-revealed-to-ej-that-pramod-and-viraj-cheated-in-their-own-office/ |date=2024-12-03 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Prasad Jawade]] as Aditya Kirloskar from ''[[Paaru (Marathi TV series)|Paaru]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=एजे लीलाच्या प्रेमात, आजारी असताना रात्रभर उशाशी बसला अन्…; नातं फुलणार |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-zee-marathi-serial-update-new-promo-abhiram-aka-aj-and-leela-lovestory-started/ |date=2024-08-30 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sharayu Sonawane as Parvati Semse from ''Paaru''<ref>{{Cite news |title=गणपती बाप्पासमोर लीला प्रेमाची कबुली देणार, लालबागच्या भरगर्दीत झालं शूट, मंडपात आली तेव्हा… |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-marathi-serial-leela-confessing-her-love-to-aj-new-promo-shared-on-social-media/ |date=2024-09-18 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Hrishikesh Shelar as Adhipati Suryavanshi from ''[[Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=क्रुझवर लीला प्रेमाची कबुली देणार, एजेंबरोबरचं प्रेम आणखीनच बहरणार, डान्स, प्रपोझ अन्… |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-zee-marathi-serial-new-promo-leela-will-be-proposed-to-aj-aka-abhiram-see-the-details/ |date=2024-09-26 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Shivani Rangole as Akshara Suryavanshi from ''Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada''<ref>{{Cite news |title=लीलाची सासूगिरी सुरु! नव्या अवताराने मिळणार सूनांना धक्का, प्रोमो पाहून नेटकरीही खुश, म्हणाले, "ज्या गोष्टीची…" |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlarla-marathi-serial-new-twist-leelas-new-avatar-shocks-the-daughter-in-law-promo-viral/ |date=2024-10-27 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Purva Phadke as Shivani Patil from ''[[Shiva (Marathi TV series)|Shiva]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=घर सोडून गेलेली लीला जहागिरदारांच्या घरात पुन्हा प्रवेश करणार, एजेंचं मन जिंकण्यात यशस्वी होणार का? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-update-new-promo-leela-decides-to-mend-her-relationship-with-aj/ |date=2024-11-06 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* Akshaya Hindalkar as Vasundhara Ranade from ''[[Punha Kartavya Aahe]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=मालिकेत नवा ट्विस्ट, श्वेतामुळे एजेंना होणार अटक, लीला वाचवणार का? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hiltlerla-serial-updates-aj-is-going-to-be-arrested-and-leela-in-trouble/ |date=2024-11-10 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Harshada Khanvilkar]] as Lakshmi Dalvi from ''[[Lakshmi Niwas (TV series)|Lakshmi Niwas]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title="I Love You Leela" म्हणत एजेंनी दिली प्रेमाची कबुली, लीला काय उत्तर देणार? रोमॅंटिक प्रोमो समोर |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-update-aj-confessing-his-love-for-leela-romantic-promo-out/ |date=2024-12-21 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]] 2024<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/aj-from-navari-mile-hitlerla-won-best-son-in-law-and-best-serial-award-goes-to-paaru-read-zee-marathi-award-2024-winners-list-here-psn14 |title='या' मालिकेने जिंकले सर्वाधिक पुरस्कार तर अक्षरा अधिपतीचा झाला हिरमोड, वाचा 'झी मराठी अवॉर्ड २०२४ 'च्या विजेत्यांची नावं |website=[[Sakal]] |date=2024-10-28 |language=mr}}</ref>
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Supporting Female
|Sharmila Shinde
|Durga Jahagirdar
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=दुःखी झालेल्या लीलाला येतेय एजेंची आठवण, दोघांच्या प्रेमाला नवा बहर, नव्या प्रोमोने वेधलं लक्ष |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-update-new-promo-sad-leela-remembering-aj/ |date=2024-12-10 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Daughter-in-law
|rowspan="2"|[[Vallari Viraj]]
|rowspan="2"|Leela Jahagirdar
|-
|Best Mother-in-law
|-
|Best Couple
|[[Raqesh Bapat]]-[[Vallari Viraj]]
|AJ-Leela
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=“ये तो बस शुरुआत हैं…”, एजेने लीलाची पहिली फिल्मी अट केली पूर्ण, लोकलच्या महिला डब्यात चढून… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/navri-mile-hitlerla-new-promo-aj-completed-leela-first-condition-pps-98-4899034/ |date=2025-02-18 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Popular Family
|
|Jahagirdar Family
|-
|Best Series
|[[Sharmishtha Raut]]
|Producer
|-
|Popular Actor
|rowspan="2"|[[Raqesh Bapat]]
|rowspan="2"|Abhiram Jahagirdar
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=एजेने काश्मीरमध्ये प्रपोज करताच लीलाच्या डोळ्यात अश्रू…; ‘नवरी मिळे हिटलरला’चा प्रोमो प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/navri-mile-hitlerla-aj-will-propose-leela-in-kashmir-her-dreams-will-comes-true-zee-marathi-serial-watch-promo-nsp-98-4912613/ |date=2025-02-24 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Son-in-law
|}

=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
* 6 April 2025<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘नवरी मिळे हिटलरला’मध्ये ट्विस्ट; दुर्गा पायऱ्यांवरून खाली पडणार अन् लीला…; पाहा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-navri-mile-hitlerla-upcoming-twist-pregnant-durga-will-fall-down-the-stairs-is-it-leelas-fault-watch-new-promo-nsp-98-4999969/ |date=2025-04-05 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* 27 April 2025<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘अशी’ होणार अंतरा-लीलाची पहिली भेट! प्रोमो पाहून नेटकऱ्यांनी ‘झी मराठी’ला केली ‘ही’ विनंती; म्हणाले, “प्लीज ही मालिका…” |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/navri-mile-hitlerla-leela-meets-antara-new-promo-out-now-netizens-this-request-to-zee-marathi-sva-00-5043849/ |date=2025-04-24 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* 25 May 2025<ref>{{Cite news |title=एजेच्या पहिल्या पत्नीची अचानक एन्ट्री; काही वर्षांपूर्वी झालेला मृत्यू; लीलाच्या संसारात मोठं वादळ! |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/navri-mile-hitlerla-aj-leela-love-story-big-twist-his-first-wife-antara-entry-in-their-life/articleshow/119014566.cms |date=2025-03-14 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Ref.
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]'' गुड्डन तुमसे ना हो पायेगा
| 3 September 2018
| [[Zee TV]]
| 26 January 2021
| Original
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='आयपीएल'च्या महासंग्रामातही झी मराठीची घौडदौड, प्रेक्षकांना खेचण्यात मिळालं यश! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-updates-zee-marathi-zee-marathi-increase-audience-and-grp-during-ipl-cricket-matches-shiva-paaru-punha-kartavya-aahe-navri-mile-hitlerla-1286250 |date=2024-05-30 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Hitler Gari Pellam]]'' హిట్లర్ గారి పెళ్ళాం
| 17 August 2020
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 22 January 2022
| rowspan="8"| Remake
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='आई कुठे काय करते'मधील अभिनेता झळकणार 'झी मराठी'च्या मालिकेत |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/aai-kuthe-kay-karte-marathi-serial-actor-will-act-in-zee-marathi-serial-navri-mile-hitler-la-1267918 |date=2024-03-26 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Thirumathi Hitler]]'' திருமதி ஹிட்லர்
| 14 December 2020
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 8 January 2022
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=लीलाचा धांदरटपणा एजेंच्या पसंतीस, सूनांची फजिती, प्रोमो व्हायरल |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/zee-marathi-navri-mile-hitlarla-aj-will-like-leelas-look-her-daughter-in-laws-plan-will-fail/ |date=2025-01-07 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Mrs. Hitler]]'' മിസിസ്. ഹിറ്റ്ലർ
| 19 April 2021
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 11 June 2023
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=मालिकेला नवं वळण, सूनांची एजेंसमोर वेगळीच अट, लीलाला घराबाहेर काढणार? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hilerla-serial-update-aj-have-to-select-leela-or-his-daughters-in-law-new-promo-viral-on-social-media/ |date=2024-11-28 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Hitler Kalyana]]'' ಹಿಟ್ಲರ್ ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ
| 9 August 2021
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 14 March 2024
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=साखरपुड्यातून यशला गायब करण्यामागे लीलाचा हात असल्याचा दुर्गाचा आरोप, पण सत्य काही वेगळंच, एजेंना बायकोची खेळी समजणार का? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlarla-serial-updates-durga-accused-leela-of-being-behind-yashs-sudden-disappearance-from-shweta-engagement/ |date=2024-11-28 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Tomar Khola Hawa]]'' তোমার খোলা হাওয়া
| 12 December 2022
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 29 July 2023
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=लीलाने मोडला यश-श्वेताचा साखरपुडा, वेश बदलून आली अन्…; एजेही देणार रेवतीची साथ, मालिकेत नवीन ट्विस्ट |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-marathi-serial-update-new-promo-leela-broke-yash-and-shweta-engagement-by-changing-her-look/ |date=2024-11-24 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''[[Tu Khara Mun Chhai]]'' ତୁ ଖରା ମୁଁ ଛାଇ
| 2 January 2023
| Zee Sarthak
| Ongoing
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=यश व रेवतीच्या लग्नामुळे लीला-एजेंच्या नात्यात दुरावा, थेट आव्हानही दिलं अन्…; पुढे काय होणार? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-update-new-twist-yash-and-revatis-marriage-will-lead-to-a-rift-in-leela-and-aj-relationship/ |date=2024-11-19 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Navri Mile Hitlerla'' नवरी मिळे हिटलरला
| 18 March 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 25 May 2025
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘नवरी मिळे हिटलरला’मध्ये मोठा ट्विस्ट, एजेची पहिली पत्नी अंतरा परतणार अन् लीला…; पाहा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-navri-mile-hitlerla-big-upcoming-twist-in-serial-ajs-first-wife-will-come-back-how-will-aj-leelas-relationship-survive-nsp-98-4983673/ |date=2025-03-29 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Heer Tey Tedhi Kheer'' ਹੀਰ ਤੈ ਟੇਢੀ ਖੀਰ
| 1 April 2024
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 29 March 2025
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=नवरी मिळे हिटलरला मध्ये लीलाच्या जुन्या मित्राची एन्ट्री, लीला-एजेच्या प्रेमाला नवं वळण, मोठा ट्विस्ट |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/navri-mile-hitlerla-serial-update-leela-old-friend-entry-named-manya-see-new-twist/ |date=2025-01-13 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33257533}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/navri-mile-hitlerla/0-6-4z5521328 ''Navri Mile Hitlerla''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Golam Maula Rony

2026-02-19T06:15:14Z

MargeneGoodfello:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Golam Maula Rony
| predecessor = [[AKM Jahangir Hossain]]
| successor = [[AKM Jahangir Hossain]]
| term_start = 25 January 2009
| term_end = 24 January 2018
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1967}}
| birth_place = [[Sadarpur Upazila|Sadarpur Thana]], [[Faridpur District]], Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]]
| occupation = Politician, businessman
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| otherparty = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Patuakhali-3]]
| image =
| native_name = গোলাম মাওলা রনি
| native_name_lang = Bangla
}}
'''Golam Maula Rony''' (born {{circa|1967}}) is a Bangladeshi politician and businessman. He is a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member for the [[Patuakhali-3]] constituency representing [[Bangladesh Awami League]]. He joined [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/awami-league-ex-mp-rony-joins-bnp-to-contest-bangladesh-general-election-2018-1665415|title=AL ex-MP Rony joins BNP|date=2018-11-26|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>

==Early life==
Golam Maula was born in 1967<ref name="constituency" /> to Monowara Begum and Samsuddin Munshi (d. 2010)<ref name=notice/> in [[Sadarpur Upazila|Sadarpur Thana]] of [[Faridpur District]]. He was the eldest of Samsuddin Munshi's seven sons. In 1974, Samsuddin Munshi, to expand his business, moved his family to Ulania in [[Patuakhali District]].<ref name="pa24Jul2013">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Shankar |last2=Hossain |first2=Ishrat |script-title=bn:হঠাৎ সাংসদ |trans-title=Suddenly MP |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%8E-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6 |work=Prothom Alo |date=24 July 2013 |language=bn}}</ref>

Rony attended Baisharshi Shiv Sundar Academy in Faridpur,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rony |first1=Golam Mawla |script-title=bn:প্রেসিডেন্ট জিয়া এবং বাংলাদেশী জাতীয়তাবাদ |trans-title=President Zia and Bangladeshi Nationalism |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/sub-editorial/441412/ |work=Daily Naya Diganta |date=19 September 2019 |type=Editorial |language=bn}}</ref> and later Ulania Hat Secondary School in [[Galachipa Upazila]], where he completed his Secondary School Certificate (SSC) in 1986 and stood 2nd in barishal division. He got married after completing ssc. <ref name="pa24Jul2013" /> After completing HSC (Higher Secondary Certificate) from [[Dhaka College]] Rony took admission in [[University of Dhaka]] and completed graduation at LLB. He completed his further education in the same field in Chicago, Illinois, United States.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Career==
Golam Maula Rony started his career with journalism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.porua.com.bd/author/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-golam-maula-rony|script-title=bn:গোলাম মাওলা রনি Golam Maula Rony - পড়ুয়া|website=Porua.com.bd|language=bn|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032012/http://www.porua.com.bd/author/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-golam-maula-rony|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later he started his own shipping and textile business. He is the chief executive officer (CEO) of Saybolt Group and also the owner of dnewsbd.com.

In the 9th national parliamentary election Rony was elected to be the MP of Patuakhali-3.<ref name="constituency">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-9th-parliament-members-english?id=762 |title=Constituency 113 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071549/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-9th-parliament-members-english?id=762 |archive-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> In the tenth national parliamentary election of Bangladesh Rony did not do election (Awami League) for Patuakhali-3, because of embarrassing the government by making anti Awami League statement in a TV show.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Kamran Reza |date=30 November 2013 |title=AL names candidates for JS polls |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/politics/2013/nov/30/al-names-candidates-js-polls |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924003755/http://www.dhakatribune.com/politics/2013/nov/30/al-names-candidates-js-polls |archive-date=24 September 2015 |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>

Rony ran for mayor of [[Dhaka South City Corporation]] in April 2015, but couldn’t win the election.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 April 2015 |title=Annisul, Khokan, Nasir declared winners |url=http://www.bangladeshchronicle.net/index.php/2015/04/annisul-khokan-nasir-declared-winners/ |newspaper=The Bangladesh Chronicle |access-date=13 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526033459/http://www.bangladeshchronicle.net/index.php/2015/04/annisul-khokan-nasir-declared-winners/ |archive-date=26 May 2015 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Golam Maula Rony is married to Kamrun Nahar Runu, his childhood sweetheart. The couple have two sons and one daughter.<ref name=notice>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/ex-mp-roni-wife-parents-get-show-cause-notice-1676170|title=Ex-MP Roni, wife, parents get show cause notice|date=2018-12-20|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>

==Books==
Rony is the author of four books:
*{{cite book |script-title=bn:এমপির কারাদহন |publisher=Anbesa |language=bn |isbn=978-9848991701 |date=2014 }}
*{{cite book |date=2013 |script-title=bn:গোলাম মাওলা রনির নির্বাচিত কলাম |trans-title=Golam Maula Rony selected columns |language=bn |isbn=978-9848557891 |last1=Draṃ |first1=Sañjība |publisher=Sūcīpatra }}
*{{cite book |date=2014 |script-title=bn:তাসের ঘরে বাঁশের খুটি |trans-title=Bamboo pillars in the house of cards |language=bn |isbn=978-9847601748 |last1=Rani |first1=Golāma Māolā }}
*{{cite book |date=2014 |script-title=bn:মোঘল হেরেমের দুনিয়া কাঁপানো প্রেম |trans-title=Mughal harem Earth-shaking love |language=bn |isbn=978-9848991695 |last1=Rani |first1=Golāma Māolā |publisher=Ānbeshā Prakāśana }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rony, Golam Maula}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:People from Galachipa Upazila]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi male writers]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Former Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Former Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patuakhali District]]
[[Category:Writers from Patuakhali District]]

{{Barisal-AL-politician-stub}}

Shanta Kumar Committee

2026-02-13T17:29:27Z

MargeneGoodfello: stub

{{Short description|Government-appointed committee in India}}

The '''Shanta Kumar Committee''', officially known as the '''High-Level Committee on Reorienting the Role and Restructuring of the Food Corporation of India (FCI)''', was a government-appointed committee in India established in August 2014 to review and recommend reforms for the [[Food Corporation of India]] (FCI). Chaired by [[Shanta Kumar]], a former [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]] and senior [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leader, the committee submitted its report to Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in January 2015. The committee's recommendations focused on improving the efficiency of FCI's operations in procurement, storage, and distribution of food grains, as well as restructuring India’s food security system.

== Background ==
The [[Food Corporation of India]], established in 1965, is a statutory body responsible for ensuring [[food security]] through procurement, storage, and distribution of food grains under the [[National Food Security Act, 2013]] (NFSA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food Corporation Of India {{!}} Official Website of Department of Food and Public Distribution, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Government of India |url=https://dfpd.gov.in/food-corporation-of-india/en#:~:text=The%20Food%20Corporation%20of%20India,into%20a%20stable%20security%20system. |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=dfpd.gov.in}}</ref>

Over the years, FCI faced challenges such as inefficiencies in procurement, high operational costs, and issues with storage and distribution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mogale |first=D. G. |last2=Kumar |first2=Sri Krishna |last3=Márquez |first3=Fausto Pedro García |last4=Tiwari |first4=Manoj Kumar |date=2017-02-01 |title=Bulk wheat transportation and storage problem of public distribution system |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360835216305058 |journal=Computers & Industrial Engineering |volume=104 |pages=80–97 |doi=10.1016/j.cie.2016.12.027 |issn=0360-8352|hdl=10578/18936 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In response, the [[Government of India]], under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, formed the Shanta Kumar Committee on 20 August 2014, to suggest measures for restructuring FCI and improving food grain management.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-20 |title=Govt forms panel to study restructuring of FCI - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/food-corporation-of-india-restructuring-ram-vilas-paswan-136656-2014-08-20 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

The committee included six members and a special invitee, with notable members such as agricultural economist [[Ashok Gulati]].<ref name=":0" />

== Objectives ==
The committee was tasked with:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Recommendations of High Level Committee on restructuring of FCI |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114860 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320222700/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114860 |archive-date=2025-03-20 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

• Examining the administrative, functional, and financial structure of FCI.

• Suggesting models to improve FCI's operational efficiency and financial management.

• Reorienting FCI's role in [[Minimum support price (India)|Minimum Support Price]] (MSP) operations, storage, and distribution under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).

• Proposing cost-effective models for storage and movement of food grains and integration of the supply chain.

The committee conducted extensive consultations with Chief Ministers, Food Secretaries, and other stakeholders across various states, and invited public suggestions through newspapers.

== Key recommendations ==
The Shanta Kumar Committee's report, submitted on 20 January 2015, proposed several reforms to enhance FCI's efficiency and address food security challenges.<ref>https://www.isaeindia.com/publication/download-pdf/9</ref>

Key recommendations included:<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/237/Au2323.pdf?source=pqars</ref>

1. '''Reduction in NFSA Coverage''': The committee recommended reducing the coverage of the [[National Food Security Act, 2013|National Food Security Act]] from 67% to 40% of the population to focus subsidies on the most vulnerable. It also suggested increasing the per-person grain entitlement from 5 kg to 7 kg and linking subsidised prices to MSP to control [[fiscal deficit]]s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jitendra |date=2015-01-22 |title=Reduce food security benefits from 67% to 40% population, says panel on restructuring FCI |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/reduce-food-security-benefits-from-67-to-40-population-says-panel-on-restructuring-fci--48344 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref>

2. '''Decentralised Procurement''': FCI should hand over procurement of wheat, paddy, and rice to states with sufficient infrastructure and experience, such as [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Punjab]]. FCI would accept surplus grains from these states for distribution to deficit states, focusing its own procurement efforts on states with weak procurement systems, such as [[Eastern Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]], and [[Assam]].

3. '''Outsourcing Storage''': The committee proposed outsourcing FCI's stocking operations to agencies like the [[Central Warehousing Corporation]], State Warehousing Corporations, and private sector entities under the Private Entrepreneur Guarantee (PEG) scheme.

4. '''Direct Benefit Transfers''': It recommended adopting cash transfers for MSP and food subsidies, starting in cities with populations over one million, to reduce costs associated with procurement, storage, and distribution. The committee estimated savings of ₹33,000 crore through this method.

5. '''Negotiable Warehouse Receipt System''': The committee suggested promoting a Negotiable Warehouse Receipt System, allowing farmers to store produce in authorized warehouses, obtain receipts, and secure loans against them (up to 80% of MSP value). This would reduce distress sales and compensate farmers for market prices below MSP without FCI procuring excess grains.

6. '''Ending State Bonuses''': The committee advised stopping bonuses on MSP paid by states to farmers, arguing that such bonuses distort procurement and lead to inefficiencies.

== Reception and impact ==
The committee's recommendations sparked significant debate. Supporters, including Shanta Kumar, described the reforms as a "magic wand" for addressing farm and hunger distress, emphasising efficiency and cost savings. However, critics, such as the [[Communist Party of India]] (Marxist), argued that the recommendations, particularly the reduction in NFSA coverage, would undermine food security by limiting access to subsidised grains and reintroducing flawed [[Above Poverty Line]] (APL) and [[Below Poverty Line]] (BPL) classifications. They also criticised the committee's reliance on questionable data, such as an NSSO survey claiming only 6% of farmers benefited from MSP, which conflicted with actual procurement figures.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Communist Party Of India (Marxist) |url=https://cpim.org/cpim-opposes-shantakumar-committee-report/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CPM opposes Shanta Kumar committee recommendations |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/cpm-opposes-shanta-kumar-committee-recommendations-34385/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The government considered the recommendations, with Union Minister [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] emphasising streamlining FCI operations in line with the report.<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1573682</ref><ref>https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/235/Au1464.pdf?source=pqars</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mrunal |date=2015-02-12 |title=Summary: Shanta Kumar Report FCI reform & Food security |url=https://mrunalmanage.wpcomstaging.com/2015/02/shanta-kumar-report-fci-restructuring-buffer-stock-food-security.html |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Mrunal |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Some suggestions, such as direct benefit transfers, influenced schemes like the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arnimesh |first=Shanker |date=2020-09-22 |title=Only 6% ‘elite’ farmers opposing the bills, says BJP veteran who recommended farm reforms |url=https://theprint.in/india/only-6-elite-farmers-opposing-the-bills-says-bjp-veteran-who-recommended-farm-reforms/508265/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
The committee's report was criticised for its perceived bias toward privatisation and market-driven approaches. Critics argued that reducing NFSA coverage and promoting cash transfers could weaken the [[Public Distribution System (India)|Public Distribution System]] (PDS) and exclude vulnerable populations. The recommendation to limit FCI’s procurement role was seen as potentially harmful to farmers in states with weak procurement infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Criminal Approach of the Shanta Kumar Committee Report {{!}} Peoples Democracy |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2015/0208_pd/criminal-approach-shanta-kumar-committee-report |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=peoplesdemocracy.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanta Kumar Committee}}
[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government of India]]

Aneesh Gopal

2026-02-06T05:34:08Z

MargeneGoodfello: Made New Data!

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aneesh Gopal
| image =
| alt = Aneesh Gopal on Indian Cinema Gallery Interview
| caption = Aneesh Gopal on Indian Cinema Gallery Interview
| birth_name = Aneesh Pilathottathil<ref>{{cite web |title=Tovino സഹായിച്ചപ്പോൾ കണ്ണ് നിറഞ്ഞ് പോയി..{{!}} Aneesh Gopal's Emotional Story With Tovino | website=YouTube | date=12 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFsoiYqhxP0 |access-date=19 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Cheekkode]], [[Malappuram]], Kerala
| death_date =
| death_place =
| years_active = 2012–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = {{hlist|[[Second Show]]|[[Theevandi]]|[[Bhramam]]}}
}}

'''Aneesh Pilathottathil''' better known as '''Aneesh Gopal''' is an Indian actor and [[graphic designer]] known for his works primarily in [[Malayalam cinema|malayalam films]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Shilpa Nair |title=From designing posters to acting: Why Malayalam actor Aneesh Gopal is making heads turn |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aneesh-gopal-took-a-break-from-his-acting-career-to-establish-himself-designing-posters/article37138477.ece |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=23 October 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aneesh Gopal Interview: Ravi K Chandran gave my character ample space in Bhramam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2021/oct/13/aneesh-gopal-interview-ravi-k-chandran-gave-my-character-ample-space-in-bhramam-27258.html |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> He made his debut with ''[[Second Show]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Finding comfort in cinema |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/oct/14/finding-comfort-in-cinema-2371335.html |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=മുടി എന്റെ ആത്മവിശ്വാസം: 'ഭ്രമത്തിലെ ലോപ്പസ്' പറയുന്നു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2021/10/13/chat-with-bhramam-actor-aneesh-gopal.html |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='My antics in Jeem Bhoom Bhaa will make everyone laugh' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/may/09/my-antics-in-jeem-bhoom-bhaa-will-make-everyone-laugh-1974525.html |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Aneesh Gopal<ref>{{cite news |last1=sreelakshmimenon@mpp.co.in |first1=ശ്രീലക്ഷ്മി മേനോൻ |title='തീവണ്ടി'യിലെ സഫർ മുതൽ 'ഭ്രമ'ത്തിലെ ലോപ്പസ് വരെ; സ്വപ്നം കയ്യെത്തിപ്പിടിച്ച് അനീഷ് ഗോപാൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/actor-aneesh-gopal-interview-bhramam-theevandi-movies-yellow-tooths-1.6097568 |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> was born in [[Cheekkode]] village, [[Malappuram]], Kerala. Aneesh came to Malayalam cinema through film poster designing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=s |first1=aravind k |title=Mollywood's versatile poster boy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/120516/mollywood-s-versatile-poster-boy.html |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=12 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Acting Apart, Aneesh Has His Hands Full with Movie Poster Works |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/may/08/acting-apart-aneesh-has-his-hands-full-with-movie-poster-works-757655.html |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Aneesh made his Malayalam film debut in 2012 with Srinath Rajendran's [[Second Show]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===As actor===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Second Show]]'' || Vikadan ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Koothara]]'' || College Student||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan = "6" |2018 || ''[[Kaly (film)|Kaly]]'' || Richie ||
|-
| ''Idiyan Kartha'' || Sudhish || Short film
|-
| ''[[Kamuki]]'' || Snehithan ||
|-
|''[[Theevandi]]'' || Saffer||
|-
| ''Adi Idi Vedi'' (Short film) || Ubaid ||
|-
| ''[[Ladoo (film)|Ladoo]]'' || Drunkard||
|-
| rowspan = "5"|2019 || ''[[Argentina Fans Kaattoorkadavu]]'' || Suni ||
|-
|''[[Jeem Boom Bhaa]]'' || Kuko ||
|-
| ''[[Maarconi Mathaai]]'' || Afzal ||
|-
| ''[[Janamaithri]]'' || Rafael's Brother ||
|-
| ''[[Kalki (2019 Malayalam film)|Kalki]]'' || Shashankan||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020|| ''Karnan Napoleon Bhagat Singh'' || ||
|-
| ''Chiri'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Nizhal (2021 film)|Nizhal]]'' || Police who spies John Baby ||
|-
| ''[[Bhramam]]'' || Lopez ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Aneesh Gopal Interview: Ravi K Chandran gave my character ample space in Bhramam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2021/oct/13/aneesh-gopal-interview-ravi-k-chandran-gave-my-character-ample-space-in-bhramam-27258.html |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Thattassery Koottam]]'' || Kalesh||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2024 || ''Partners'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-06-12 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan-starrer Partners gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/12/dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-partners-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]''||Chegu Babu||<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Ajayante Randam Moshanam: Tovino Thomas-Krithi Shetty's fantasy drama goes on floors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ajayante-randam-moshanam-tovino-thomas-krithi-shetty-fantasy-drama-goes-on-floors-8202651/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011120015/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ajayante-randam-moshanam-tovino-thomas-krithi-shetty-fantasy-drama-goes-on-floors-8202651/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-movie-getting-good-response-running-successfully-in-theatres-212421|title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam: ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിച്ച അന്വേഷണം, മികവ് പുലർത്തി अभिनേതാക്കളും; ഗംഭീര പ്രതികരണം നേടി 'ഒരു അന്വേഷണത്തിന്റെ തുടക്കം'|date=November 9, 2024|website=Zee News Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
| 2025||''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-16 |title=First look of Tovino Thomas-starrer Identity out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/16/first-look-of-tovino-thomas-starrer-identity-out |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|aneeshgopalz}}
* {{Instagram|aneeshgopalz}}
* {{IMDb name|9843027}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopal, Aneesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Pamban Bridge

2026-02-06T05:22:48Z

MargeneGoodfello: clean up

{{for|the new Pamban bridge|New Pamban Bridge}}
{{short description|Railway bridge connecting Pamban Island to mainland India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox bridge
| native_name =
| image = Pamban Bridge Train Passing.jpg
| image_size = 290px
| caption = A train on the Pamban bridge in 2016
| carries = Rail
| crosses =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| length = {{convert|2065|m}}
| number_spans = 144
| piers_in_water =
| num_track = 1
| track_gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Broad gauge]]
| electrification = [[Overhead line|Rigid Overhead Catenary System]]
| begin = August 1911
| complete = February 1914
| cost =
| open = 24 February 1914
| closed = 23 December 2022
| replaced_by = [[New Pamban Bridge]]
| traffic = Suspended
| locale = [[Rameswaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|9|16|57.25|N|79|12|5.91|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Pamban Bridge''' ({{IPA|ta|paːmbɐn|lang}}, romanised: ''pāmban'') was a railway bridge that connected the town of [[Rameswaram]] on [[Pamban Island]] with [[Mandapam]] in mainland India. Opened on 24 February 1914, it was India's first sea bridge, and was the longest sea bridge in India until the opening of the [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]] in 2010. It was a conventional bridge resting on concrete piers with a double-leaf [[Bascule bridge|bascule]] section midway, which could be raised to let ships and barges pass through.

The Pamban bridge was the only surface transport link that connected Rameswaram to the mainland India until 1988, when a road bridge was constructed parallel to the railway bridge. In 2020, construction of a [[New Pamban Bridge|new bridge]] closer to the existing one began which was planned to eventually replace the existing bridge. In December 2022, rail transportation on the bridge was suspended permanently as the bascule section had weakened significantly due to corrosion.

==History==
Plans for a bridge to connect to mainland was suggested in 1870 as the British Administration sought ways to increase trade with [[Ceylon]].<ref name="Etimes">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/pamban-bridge-10-awesome-facts-about-indias-first-sea-bridge/commissioned-on-february-24-1914/slideshow/25683764.cms|title=Pamban bridge: 10 awesome facts about India's first sea bridge|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The construction began in August 1911.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Making of India: The Untold Story of British Enterprise|first=Kartar|last=Lalvani|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4729-2483-4}}</ref> The bridge was opened for traffic on 24 February 1914 and connected [[Rameshwaram]] in [[Pamban Island]] with mainland India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/pamban-bridge-10-awesome-facts-about-indias-first-sea-bridge/will-turn-100-in-february-2014/slideshow/25683811.cms|title=Pamban bridge: 10 awesome facts about India's first sea bridge - Pamban bridge: India's first sea bridge|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711112517/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/pamban-bridge-10-awesome-facts-about-indias-first-sea-bridge/will-turn-100-in-february-2014/slideshow/25683811.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:A closeup shot of Pamban Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|Lifting spans allow small ships to pass through]]

The bridge was damaged during the [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone]] and required extensive repair work.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Story of The Deities and The Temples in Southern Indian Peninsula|publisher=Trilochan Dash|page=178}}</ref> The adjacent road bridge was opened in 1988.<ref name="Etimes"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Datta|first1=Rangan|title=Rameswaram: A holy island town along India's southern borderland|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/travel-to-the-edge-of-india-on-a-trip-to-pamban-islands-rameswaram/cid/1913631|access-date=9 February 2023|work=My Kolkata|agency=The Telegraph|date=1 February 2023|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209171347/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/travel-to-the-edge-of-india-on-a-trip-to-pamban-islands-rameswaram/cid/1913631|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, further strengthening work was carried out on the bridge under the supervision of [[E. Sreedharan]] to enable it to withstand heavier freight trains.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2009/0511/026-india-delhi-subway-builder.html|title=Delhi's Subway Builder|newspaper=[[Forbes]]|date=1 May 2009|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article519853.ece|title=Strengthening of Pamban Railway Bridge|date=17 July 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217101612/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article519853.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 January 2013, the bridge required repair work to the piers after suffering a minor damage from a naval barge.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/barge-collides-into-century-old-rail-bridge-near-tamil-nadu-coast-316687|title=Ship collides into century-old rail bridge|work=[[NDTV]]|date=13 January 2013|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/repair-work-on-pamban-bridge-fast-progressing/article4310384.ece|title=Repair work on Pamban bridge fast progressing|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 January 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915202940/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/repair-work-on-pamban-bridge-fast-progressing/article4310384.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] sanctioned {{INRConvert|250|m}} to replace the existing {{cvt|65.23|m}} long rolling type span with a {{cvt|66|m}} long single truss span which could be opened automatically.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/principal-chief-engineer-inspects-pamban-rail-bridge/article8283545.ece|title=Principal Chief Engineer inspects Pamban rail bridge|date=26 February 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915202940/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/principal-chief-engineer-inspects-pamban-rail-bridge/article8283545.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2018, train movement was halted to carry out repairs when a fissure was noticed on one of the spans and rail movement on the bridge was restored in March 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/trains-to-rameswaram-cancelled-due-to-repair-work-on-pamban-bridge/articleshow/66956514.cms|title=Trains to Rameswaram cancelled due to repair work on Pamban|date=5 December 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723002135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/trains-to-rameswaram-cancelled-due-to-repair-work-on-pamban-bridge/articleshow/66956514.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://press108.online/india/train-services-from-rameswaram-to-mandapam-suspended-due-to-crack-in-pamban-bridge/|title=Train Services from Rameswaram to Mandapam Suspended due to Crack in Pamban Bridge|date=18 December 2018|work=Press108|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140242/https://press108.online/india/train-services-from-rameswaram-to-mandapam-suspended-due-to-crack-in-pamban-bridge/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2020, the Government of India announced that a new railway bridge will be constructed near the old Pamban Bridge at a cost of {{INRconvert|2.5|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://press108.online/india/ministry-of-railways-confirms-new-bridge-in-pamban/|title=Ministry of Railways confirms New Bridge in Pamban|date=25 December 2018|work=Press108|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140327/https://press108.online/india/ministry-of-railways-confirms-new-bridge-in-pamban/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2022, rail transportation on the bridge was suspended permanently as the bascule section had weakened significantly due to corrosion and in February 2023, the [[Indian Railways]] announced that the train traffic to Rameshwaram would be restored once the new bridge is completed.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 February 2023|title=Rail traffic on old Pamban bridge permanently stopped|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rail-traffic-on-old-pamban-bridge-permanently-stopped/article66467820.ece|access-date=4 February 2023|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[New Pamban Bridge]] was completed in 2024 and was opened for traffic in April 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/new-pamban-railway-bridge-gets-nod-for-passenger-service-812853|title=New Pamban Railway bridge gets nod for passenger service|newspaper=[[DT next]]|date=28 November 2024|access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi Opens India's First Vertical Lift Sea Bridge in Rameswaram, Marking a New Era of Connectivity |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/pm-modi-opens-indias-first-vertical-lift-sea-bridge-in-rameswaram-marking-a-new-era-of-connectivity |work=Bru Times News |date=6 April 2025 |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>

In January 2026, the Indian railways announced plans for dismantling the old bridge starting with the central span and the bascule section.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sundar |first=S. |date=22 January 2026 |title=Dismantling of Scherzer span of old Pamban rail bridge to begin in February |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dismantling-of-scherzer-span-of-old-pamban-rail-bridge-to-begin-in-february-2026/article70538461.ece |access-date=5 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> On 29 January 2026, a crane used in the dismantling process collapsed at the mouth of the bridge, which had to be righted before the process was restarted.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 January 2026 |title=Crane deployed for old Pamban bridge removal tumbles near railway track |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/crane-deployed-for-old-pamban-bridge-removal-tumbles-near-railway-track/article70566397.ece |access-date=5 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Loganathan |first=SP |date=29 January 2026 |title=Crane Brought to Dismantle Pamban Bridge Topples |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/tamil-nadu/crane-brought-to-dismantle-pamban-bridge-topples-1933634 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] }}</ref>

== Location ==
The Pamban railway bridge spans a {{cvt|2.06|km|abbr=on}} wide strait between the Indian mainland and [[Pamban Island]]. The bridge is located in a corrosive marine environment, making its maintenance a challenging job. The location is also a cyclone-prone, high-wind-velocity zone.<ref name="Hindu"/>

== Design ==
The railway bridge is located {{cvt|12.5|m}} above sea level and is {{cvt|6776|ft|order=flip}} long.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|title=Pamban Bridge to be pulled down for gauge conversion|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/11/21/stories/2003112101991700.htm|access-date=7 May 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 November 2003|first=Raja Simhan|last=T.E.|archive-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707223535/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/11/21/stories/2003112101991700.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The bridge consists of 143 piers and has a double-leaf [[Bascule bridge|bascule]] section with a [[Scherzer rolling lift bridge|Scherzer rolling type]] lift span that can be raised to let ships pass. Each half of the lifting span weighs {{cvt|415|tonne}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bridge-of-memories-and-to-rameswaram-reopens/article1-241808.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227080842/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bridge-of-memories-and-to-rameswaram-reopens/article1-241808.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2013|title=Bridge of memories – and to Rameswaram – reopens|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=11 August 2007|first=Papri|last=Sri Raman|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The two leaves of the bridge are opened manually using levers and took 45 minutes each to lift and drop.<ref name="Hindu"/>

== Rail transport ==
A [[metre-gauge railway]] ran along the bridge since its inception in 1914 till 2007 when it was upgraded to a [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|5ft 6in broad gauge]] line.<ref name="Etimes"/> The railway line connected [[Mandapam]] in mainland India and the Pamban island via the bridge. Earlier, the railway line had bifurcated from Pamban, with a {{cvt|6.25|mi|order=flip}} line heading towards Rameshwaram and another {{cvt|15|mi|order=flip}} branch line terminating at [[Dhanushkodi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Shree Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj: A brief History & Glory of our fore-fathers|first=Raja Pawan|last=Jethwa|year=2007|chapter=Section II: Mileage wise available Details of Railway lines laid|pages=63–70}}</ref> The railway line to Dhanushkodi was destroyed during [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone|1964 Dhanushkodi cyclone]] along with the Pamban-Dhanuskodi passenger train, killing around 200 people.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Datta|first1=Rangan|title=In pictures: At the edge of India in Dhanuskodi|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-the-ruins-and-scenic-waterfront-travel-routes-in-tamil-nadus-dhanuskodi-on-pamban-island-photogallery/cid/1871071?slide=2|access-date=9 February 2023|work=My Kolkata|agency=The Telegraph|date=21 June 2022|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209172131/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-the-ruins-and-scenic-waterfront-travel-routes-in-tamil-nadus-dhanuskodi-on-pamban-island-photogallery/cid/1871071?slide=2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071705960300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027141816/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071705960300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2007|title=Their sentiment to metre gauge train is unfathomable|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 July 2006|first=C|last=Jaishankar|access-date=1 December 2006}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of longest bridges]]
* [[List of longest bridges above water in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://ramanathapuram.nic.in/tourist-place/pamban-bridge/ Pamban Bridge, Ramanathapuram, official site]
* [http://www.pambanbridge.com/ Pamban Bridge]

{{Commons category}}

[[Category:Palk Strait]]
[[Category:Cantilever bridges]]
[[Category:Railway bridges in India]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1914]]
[[Category:Bridges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Rameswaram]]
[[Category:1914 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Jodhpur Airport

2026-02-03T11:46:35Z

MargeneGoodfello: brief improved citations per sources and improved wording

{{short description|Airport in Jodhpur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Jodhpur Airport
| image = Jodhpur Airport.png
| image-width = 250px
| caption =
| IATA = JDH
| ICAO = VIJO
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label= '''JDH'''
| type = Military/Public
| owner =
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| owner-oper =
| city-served = [[Jodhpur]]
| location = Jodhpur, [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 710
| elevation-m = 216
| coordinates = {{coord|26|15|26|N|073|03|06|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/jodhpur Jodhpur Airport]
| metric-elev = y
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 05/23
| r1-length-f = 9,002
| r1-length-m = 2,744
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]/[[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 1,041,817 ({{decrease}} 4.5%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 8,171 ({{decrease}} 9.6%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 135 ({{increase}} 25.4%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Jodhpur Airport''' {{airport codes|JDH|VIJO}} is a [[domestic airport]] and an [[Indian Air Force]] base serving the city of [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) and shares its airside with the Jodhpur Air Force Station of the Indian Air Force.

The [[Government of Rajasthan]] signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) with the [[Indian Air Force]] for the expansion of the passenger terminal in March 2017, wherein 37 acres of IAF land was transferred to AAI.<ref>{{cite news |title=MoU inked to expand Jodhpur airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/mou-inked-to-expand-jodhpur-airport/articleshow/57845153.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date= 9 March 2018 |date=27 March 2017 }}</ref> In May 2021, it was transferred by IAF to AAI through Jodhpur Development Authority (JoDA), and the terminal was built.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/iaf-barters-land-for-expansion-of-jodhpur-airport/articleshow/82781863.cms|title=IAF barters land for expansion of Jodhpur airport | Jaipur News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is the [[List of the busiest airports in India|48th-busiest airport in India]], handling more than half a million passengers in FY 2018–2019. Beside the existing terminal, a new, larger terminal is being constructed to meet the rapidly rising traffic and demands. Its [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in October 2023, and construction began in the same month.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone for new buildings in Udaipur, Jodhpur Airport|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-new-buildings-in-udaipur-jodhpur-airport-123100600465_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=6 October 2023|access-date=30 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> It is slated to be completed by the end of 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jodhpur Airport Terminal to get new airport building on Diwali - Jodhpur Airport Terminal|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/the-new-terminal-of-jodhpur-airport-will-be-ready-by-diwali-2025-it-will-be-equipped-with-modern-facilities-rajasthan-news-rjs25041802762|work=ETV Bharat|date=18 April 2025|access-date=30 April 2025|language=hi}}</ref>

==History==
The Jodhpur Flying Club was set up by Maharaja [[Umaid Singh]] in the 1920s at a small airfield near his Chittar Palace ([[Umaid Bhavan Palace]]) in Jodhpur. Through the next three decades, the airfield grew in stature, being used as an [[List of former Royal Air Force stations#Rest of the World|airfield for the Royal Air Force (RAF)]] during World War II.<ref>{{citation |title=The History of the Jodhpur Flying Club|url=http://www.cgpublishing.com/Books/jodhpur.html|publisher= CGPublishing |access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> The airfield was upgraded in 1950 after the formation of the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (which later became the Indian Air Force).<ref>{{cite news |title=South Asia's Most Powerful Air Base at Jodhpur |url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=734 |publisher=Defence News |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=30 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407125655/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=734 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jodhpur was home to the IAF's Air Force Flying College until the 1965 war.<ref>{{cite web |title=Side Show in the South-Western Sector |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter8.html |publisher=Bharat Rakshak.com |access-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117222535/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter8.html |archive-date=17 November 2011 }}</ref>

==Structure==
The airport's 12-acre civil enclave contains a terminal building measuring a built-up area of 5,690 m2, which is capable of handling 430 passengers per hour. The terminal has seven check-in counters and three boarding gates. The adjoining concrete apron measures 140 by 100 metres and has three parking bays that can cater to two [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]] and [[Boeing 737]] type aircraft simultaneously.

The runway is 2,743 metres long and 45 metres wide. The airfield is equipped with night landing facilities and an [[Instrument Landing System]] (ILS) as well as navigational facilities like [[VHF omnidirectional range#DVOR|DVOR]]/[[Distance Measuring Equipment|DME]] and an [[Non-Directional Beacon|NDB]].<ref>{{cite web |title=AAI website |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Jodhpur_technicalinfo.jsp |access-date=30 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607022240/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Jodhpur_technicalinfo.jsp |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Jodhpur Air Force Station==
Squadrons of [[HAL Dhruv]], [[HAL Prachand]], [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|HAL Chetak]], [[Mil Mi-17]] and [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] aircraft are based here. It was active during the [[Kargil War]] of 1999. There is also a battalion of the [[Garud Commando Force]] here.

On 3 October 2022, [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] inducted [[HAL Prachand]] into [[No. 143 Helicopter Unit, IAF|143 Helicopter Unit]] at Jodhpur Air Force Station.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-10-03 |title=IAF inducts indigenously-built Light Combat Helicopter |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-inducts-indigenously-built-light-combat-helicopter/article65965662.ece |access-date=2022-10-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Made-in-India attack helicopters inducted; special moment: PM Modi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajnath-singh-light-combat-helicopters-indian-air-force-8186713/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Pics: Air force inducts India-made light combat helicopter Prachand in Jodhpur |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/photos/india/in-pics-air-force-inducts-india-made-light-combat-helicopter-prachand-in-jodhpur-9276091.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=From LCH Prachand to INS Vikrant, how 'Make in India' defence is transforming the nation |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/from-lch-prachand-to-ins-vikrant-how-make-in-india-defence-is-transforming-the-nation-11384241.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:HAL light combat helicopter .jpg|right|thumb|HAL Prachand In Jodhpur AFS]]

== Airlines and destinations ==
[[file:Check in area and Baggage screening at Jodhpur Airport.jpg|thumb|Interior of the airport]]

{{Airport-dest-list
|[[Air India]]| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]

|[[Air India Express]]| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India Express Sep – Nov 2025 Bangalore Network Expansion |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250929-ix2h25blr |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>

|[[IndiGo]]| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]] 

'''Seasonal:''' [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Devi Ahilyabai Holkar International Airport|Indore]], [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/indigo-announces-new-jodhpur-jaipur-flight-to-boost-domestic-connectivity-9875411.html|title=IndiGo announces new Jodhpur-Jaipur flight to boost domestic connectivity|work=Moneycontrol|date=16 January 2023|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref>}}


==Statistics==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=JDH}}

==See also==
* [[Airports in India]]
* [[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/jodhpur Jodhpur Airport webpage] at official Airports Authority of India web site.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110911113141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-17/jaipur/27765100_1_jodhpur-aviator-rajasthan Times of India - "Aviator Maharaja"]
* [https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jodhpur/news/civil-aviation-company-spicejet-rajasthan-high-court-jodhpur-plan-for-ten-flights-01629635.html Dainik Bhasker - "spicejet may start ten flights from jodhpur"]

{{Airports in India}}
{{Jodhpur}}
{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Airports in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:1920s establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 1943]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Sivakasi riots of 1899

2026-01-20T04:13:38Z

MargeneGoodfello: info...

{{Short description|Series of Indian riots}}
{{pp-move-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Sivakasi riots of 1899''' were a series of communal disturbances which occurred during 6 June 1899 in [[Sivakasi]], present-day Virudhunagar district, [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

==Background==
The Nadar historian Samuel Sargunar claimed that the [[Nadar (caste)|Nadars]] are the descendants of the ancient rulers of [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandyan kingdom]] and that when [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayak rulers]] captured the Pandya country, they divided the country into several ''Palayams'' (divisions) and appointed [[Palaiyakkarar|Palaiyakkars]] as rulers. The [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayak]] rulers of Tamil Nadu, as per the claims of Sargunar, imposed ''Deshaprashtam'' (ostracism) on the ancient Pandyas (Nadars), to ensure that their rise wouldn't ever happen.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=80–90| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref name="History of Tamil Nadu, 1565-1982 Page 277By K. Rajayyan">History of Tamil Nadu, 1565-1982 Page 277 By K. Rajayyan</ref> These claims are, however, not baseless. The traditions followed by the [[Nadan (Nadar subcaste)|Nelamaikkarars]] and the existence of the ruins beneath the Teri palmrya forests of [[Tiruchendur]] and ancient Pandyan capital city of [[Korkai]], where the Nadar population is predominant, suggest they could very well be the heirs of the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|Early Pandyas]].<ref name="Robert Hardgrave 87">{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=87| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref name="Caste in Indian politics By Rajani Kothari Page103-104">[https://books.google.com/books?id=AzRbqgyVHb4C&q=nadar+pandyas] Caste in Indian politics By Rajani Kothari Page103-104</ref> However, there is little evidence to suggest that the Nadars were the descendants of later Pandya rulers. This belief, that the Nadars had been the kings of Tamil Nadu, became the [[dogma]] of the Nadar community in the 19th century.<ref name="Robert Hardgrave 87">{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=87| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> The Nadars were a community mostly engaged in the palmyra industry, including the production of toddy and were therefore considered lower than other middle castes, but relatively much higher than the low castes in the 19th century. A small endogamous group of aristocratic Nadars, known as Nelamaikkarars, were wealthy landlords.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=29–30| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref name="Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India">[https://books.google.com/books?id=14_D50nU7R8C&dq=caldwell+nadars&pg=PA77 Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India By Dyron B. Daughrity]</ref> Due to their association with toddy, the Nadars were not allowed enter temples built by castes above them.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=22–23| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref>

Some Nadar traders migrated to northern [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Virudhunagar]] to settle down in these regions. In course of time, these Nadars (Northern Nadars) became commercially skilled and therefore became upwardly mobile in the late 19th century. [[Mercantilism]] played crucial roles in facilitating their upward mobility. As the wealth of the [[Northern Nadars]] increased, they gradually began to adopt the customs of the [[Kshatriya|North Indian Kshtriyas]] in order to improve their social status as well. This process is known as [[Sanskritisation]]. They also tried to disassociate themselves from their Nadar climber counterparts and some began to adopt the title ‘Nadan’, a title which was before only used by the aristocratic Nelamaikkarars. To punctuate their wealthy and powerful position in the society, the Nadars of Sivakasi hired [[Maravar (caste)|Maravars]] as their palanquin bearers.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=105–109| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> The upward mobility and Kshatriya pretensions of the Nadars of Six towns of Ramanad caused resentment among, castes above them, the [[Vellalar]]s and especially the [[Maravar (caste)|Maravars]], the military caste just above the Nadars.<ref name="Society in India: Change and continuity By David Goodman Mandelbaum">[https://books.google.com/books?id=igfd9YYCqf8C&dq=maravar+just+above+nadars&pg=PA511] Society in India: Change and continuity By David Goodman Mandelbaum, Pg-511</ref><ref name="State and Society in India By A.R. Desai">[https://books.google.com/books?id=0yqV1Ux0oGIC&dq=maravar+just+above+nadars&pg=PA511] State and Society in India By A.R.</ref> Part of this change in the Nadar community resulted in some of them converting to [[Christianity]], both [[Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]]. However, a majority of almost 90% remained [[Hindu]]s.<ref name="Clothey">{{cite book|last=Clothey|first=Fred W.|title=Ritualizing on the boundaries: continuity and innovation in the Tamil diaspora|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|year=2006|pages=88–90|isbn=978-1-57003-647-7|oclc=255232421|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRxAOJWnyEwC&q=Sivakasi+riots%2C+1899&pg=PA89|access-date=2009-11-08}}</ref>

==Riots==
At the end of 1895, the Nadars of Sivakasi submitted a petition to the President of the Devasthanam so that a Nadar can get a footing in the management of a local Siva temple. The petition was declined by the committee. In the following years, a series of confrontations brought the Nadars against almost all the communities of Sivakasi. On 26 April 1899, a riot broke out in Sivakasi and the Maravar portion of the town was left almost completely destroyed. This event served as a precursor to the infamous Sivakasi riots. On 6 June 1899, a group of 5,000 Maravars gathered into a mob from all parts of the surrounding villages and towns. During the night before the attack, the Nadars felled trees onto the roads which led to the town and constructed barricades leaving a few places open to draw the attackers together. The Maravars were opposed by about 1500 Nadars. The attack lasted for nearly two hours. The Maravars were sent into retreat, carrying their dead in the dozen carts brought to haul away the loot. Eight hundred and eighty-six Nadar houses were burnt. A total of 21 people were known dead. The Maravar retaliated by attacking the Nadars scattered around Sivakasi leaving 3 Nadars dead. Eventually, the riots came to an end after the intervention of the British military{{Which|date=November 2010}} in mid-July 1899.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| author=Robert Hardgrave| pages=114–118| publisher=University of California Press}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://openlibrary.org/b/OL2695184M/Temple_entry_movement_and_the_Sivakasi_riots Temple entry movement and the Sivakasi riots, B. Sobhanan]

[[Category:1899 riots]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ethnic riots]]
[[Category:Religious riots in India]]
[[Category:1899 in India]]
[[Category:June 1899 in Asia]]
[[Category:1899 mass murders]]
[[Category:Mass murders in India]]
[[Category:1899 fires]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:19th century in Tamil Nadu]]

Vijayalaya Choleeswaram

2026-01-16T11:09:40Z

MargeneGoodfello: stub

{{Short description|Temples in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| image = Narthamalai vijayalaya choleeswaram 6.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|30|17|N|78|45|28|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Pudukottai district|Pudukottai]]
| location = [[Narthamalai]]
| elevation_m =
| architecture = [[Nagara architecture]], Rock cut
}}

'''Vijayalaya Choleeswaram''' in [[Narthamalai]], a panchayat town in [[Pudukottai district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], is a temple dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]] and houses the 8th century [[Jainism|Jaina Abode]]. The temple is considered one of the oldest stone temples in South India.<ref name="Ramaswamy 2007 195">{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |year=2007 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils |page=195 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810864450 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&dq=narthamalai&pg=PA195 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The other portions of Narthamalai houses the 8th century Jaina Abode, the Aluruttimalai [[Jainism|Jain Caves]]. The Temple is Constructed in the Dravida style and rock cut architecture, the temple is believed to have been built during the 9th century by [[Mutharaiyar dynasty]] kings,<ref>{{cite book|title=Introduction to the Study of Temple Art|author=Suresh B. Pillai|publisher=Equator and Meridian|page=69}}</ref> the cardinals of [[Pallavas]], with later expansion from the [[Cholas]]. The rock-cut architecture is an early example of Cholan Art, continuing the tradition of the Pallavas.

The temple is maintained and administered by Department of [[Archaeological Survey of India]] as a protected monument.

==History==
[[File:Naarthaamalai-9.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Image of pilasters on the lower part of the vimana]]
Narthamalai was originally called Nagaratharmalai on account of the business men (called ''[[Nagarathar]]'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) who were active in business in the Trichy – Pudukottai – Madurai regions. The Nagarathars are attributed to the major contributions in terms of the canals, temples, and religious establishments in the region. Narthamalai was ruled from the 7th to 9th centuries by the [[Mutharaiyars]] who were feudatories of the [[Pallavas]]. The region was later captured by [[Medieval Cholas]].<ref name=hindu/>

Though the temple is called Vijayalaya Choleeswaram, the temple was originally built by [[Muthuraja|Muttaraiyar]] lieutenant, Sattan Paliyili, during the seventh regnal year of [[Pallava]] king Nripatungavarman during 862 CE.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jouveau-Dubreuil |last=G. |year=1994 |title=Pallava Antiquities |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120605718 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itsryymCeLgC&dq=narthamalai&pg=PA16 |via=Google Books}} – 2 vols.</ref> As per some accounts, the temple is believed to have been built by the first king of [[Medieval Cholas]], [[Vijayalaya Chola]] (848–891 CE), but the view is highly debated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morley |first1=Grace |last2=Sengupta |first2=Arputha Rani |year=2005 |title=God and King, the Devarāja Cult in South Asian Art and Architecture |page=1448 |publisher=Daya Books |isbn=9788189233266 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6jgHpB1448C&dq=narthamalai&pg=PA133 |via=Google Books}}</ref> As per the inscriptions, immediately after the construction, the temple was damaged by rains and lightning. The restoration work was carried out by Tennavan Tamiladirayan, aka [[Pallan]] Anantan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rao |first=M.S. Nagaraja |year=2001 |title=The concept of Jirnnoddhara |jstor=42936603 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |publisher=Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |place=Pune, IN |volume=60–61 |pages=15–20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pallava Inscriptions, Nos. 51 to 75
|url=https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_12/stones_51_to_75.html|publisher= Government Epigraphist for India|year=1943|accessdate=9 November 2025}}</ref>

In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by archaeological department of India as a protected monument.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |series=Alphabetical List of Monuments |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Vijayalayacholisvaram from front view.jpg|thumb|Front view of Vijayalaya Choleeswaram]]
[[File:Narthamalai vijayalaya choleeswaram 4.jpg|thumb|Entrance gateway of the main shrine]]
The temple is located in [[Narthamalai]], a rockyhill in [[Pudukottai district]] in southern [[Tamil Nadu]]. There are 3 main structures present in the Vijayalaya Choleeswaram. There is a temple, A rock-cut cave Temple and other Rock cut cave for [[Jainism|Jains]]. The First cave is dedicated to [[Lord Vishnu]] which houses twelve life-size sculptures of [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Sarina |last2=Benanav |first2=Michael |last3=Brown |first3=Lindsay |year=2013 |title=Lonely Planet India |page=2478 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781743217931 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYryAAAAQBAJ&dq=narthamalai&pg=PT2478 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The structure dedicated to [[Lord Vishnu]] is the oldest among the other complexes present in and around the temple.<ref name="Ramaswamy 2007 195"/> The 12 [[Vishnu]]s are considered as the first 12 names of the [[Chaturvimshatimurti]] also commonly used by the [[Yajurvedi]]s during [[Achamana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vadhyar.com/Sandhyavandanam%20Part1.htm|title=Sandhyavandanam Part-1 (English)-Vadhyar.com|website=www.vadhyar.com}}</ref> The 12 names are [[Keshava]], [[Narayana]], [[Madhava (Vishnu)|Madhava]], [[Govinda]], [[Vishnu]], [[Madhusudana]], [[Vamana|Trivikram]], [[Vamana]], [[Vishnu Sahasranama|Shridhara]], [[Hrishikesha]], [[Vishnu#Nomenclature|Padmanabha]], [[Damodar (Krishna)|Damodhara]]. The sanctum is guarded by [[Dvarapalas]] carved on the either sides of the pillars of the rock - cut temple. There are 12 Vishnu Sculptures present on the rock surface and a base of lingam with 24 pits is present inside the [[Garbhagriha]]. Archeologist and Historians say that the 24 pits in the base could have represented that the 12 structures of Vishnu present outside are part of the [[Chaturvimshatimurti|24 Names of Vishnu]] and are the most important ones. The complete 24 forms together is the Supreme god Vishnu in the main chamber in the form of a pedestal (Representing Vishnu who also has a form of formlessness). There is a huge Granite foundation carved with steps to reach the Shrine dedicated to Maha Vishnu, the Foundation consists of several carvings of the mystical animal [[Yali (mythology)|Yali]] in different form with non- mystical animal like elephants together. The other portions of [[Narthamalai]] houses the 8th century Jaina Abode, the Aluruttimalai Jain Caves dedicated for people who believe in [[Jainism]]. Shrine for [[Shiva]] was surrounded by eight shrines, out of which six are present today. The main shrine faces west and the sanctum houses the image of [[Lingam]], the aniconic representation of Shiva. The walls of the sanctum are plain, unlike later Chola temples that have niches to house different images. The sanctum is approached through an Arthamandapa – a hall supported by pillars. The pillars are ornamental, rectangular shaped on the bottom and the top, and octagonal shaped in the middle. The [[vimana]], the shrine over the sanctum has a semi-spherical shape, having four storeys. The sanctum is guarded by [[Dvarapalas]] on either sides. The inscriptions are made on the base of the Dvarapalas.

There are also two rock-cut caves, one of which houses twelve life size sculptures of [[Vishnu]].<ref name=Rao/> The two circular pilasters with circular shafts on four sides of the ''vimana'' indicates the antiquity of the temple. The feature is possibly termed ''Vrittasputitas'' in ''silpa'' texts like ''[[Shilparatna]]''. Such a feature is otherwise found only in few other temples like [[Neyyadiappar Temple, Tillaistanam]], [[Tiruttalinathar Temple]] in [[Thiruputhur]], central shrine in [[Moovar Koil]] in [[Kodumbalur]], Anantheswara temple in Udayarkudi and [[Kampaheswarar Temple, Thirubuvanam]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=D. |first=Devakunjari |year=1973 |title=The Mahadeva temple of Tillaisthanam |volume=II |issue=III |page=44 |journal=Damilica |editor-last=R. |editor-first=Nagaswamy |publisher=The State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/Damalica%20vol-II.pdf}}</ref>

==Significance==
[[File:Vijayalaya Choleeswaram in Narthamalai.jpg|thumb|300px|Image of temple with shrines around it]]
The temple in a combined rock-cut and Dravidan architecture is an early example of Cholan Art, continuing the tradition of the Pallavas. It is believed that the temple was the inspiration for the [[Gangaikonda Cholesvarar Temple]] built by [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1014–44 CE). There were originally eight subsidiary shrines around the temple, out of which six still exist. Each of them is identical, with a semi-spherical top, and a four pillared Madapa at the front.

The Vimana, the shrine over the sanctum has sculptures of Uma, Shiva, [[Dakshinamurthy]], and [[Saptamatrika]]s. The individual images retrieved from the place are maintained in the Pudukottia Government Museum. The temple is the foremost structural of the Chola kings, who would later on go on to make [[Great Living Chola Temples]] in the next 300 years, declared as [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref name=Rao>{{cite book |last=Rao |first=A.V. Shankaranarayana |year=2012 |title=Temples of Tamil Nadu |publisher=Vasan Publications |isbn=978-81-8468-112-3 |pages=162–164 |ref=Rao}}</ref> The temple is first among South Indian temples to incorporate dravida and Vasara styles to be incorporated in the vimana.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |last=V. |first=Ganapathy |date=5 November 2004 |title=Classic example of Chola architecture |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/11/05/stories/2004110503191000.htm |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Narthamalai vijayalaya choleeswaram 7.jpg|Nandhi at Narthamalai temple
File:N-TN-C149 Vijayalayacholisvaram Narttamalai.jpg|Full view of Vijayalaya Choleeswaram
File:N-TN-C150 Rockcut Vishnu temple.jpg|12 live sized images of [[Lord Vishnu]]
File:Sculpture at narthamalai,india.jpg|Sculpture of the [[Dvarapalas|Dvarapalaka]]
File:Shiva Lingam At Narthamalai.jpg|Shiva Lingam At Narthamalai
File:Jain cave facing the Vijalaya Choleeswara temple.jpg|Aluruttimalai Jain Caves
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Colas: With over 100 illustrations (Madras University historical series) |publisher=University of Madras|edition=2nd|id=ASIN B0006CNQCG|first=K. A. Nilakanta|last=Sastri|pages=699–701|year=1955|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Vijayalaya Choleeswaram}}
{{Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]

Kalahastisvara Satakamu

2026-01-11T22:26:58Z

MargeneGoodfello: adding first post needs work

{{Short description|Collection of poems by Dhurjati}}
{{Italic title|all=yes}}

The '''Kalahastisvara Satakamu''' is a collection of poems composed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] by [[Dhurjati]], who has been described as an [[Ashtadiggajas|ashtadiggaja]] in the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] court of [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Andhra |title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers |date=1979 |publisher=Director of Print. and Stationery at the Government Secretariat Press; [copies can be had from: Government Publication Bureau, Andhra Pradesh] |page=169 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Andhra_Pradesh_District_Gazetteers/6LZhAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |language=en}}</ref> The poems are dedicated to the form of [[Shiva]] venerated at the [[Srikalahasteeswara temple|Kalahasti temple]].<ref name = "UC">{{cite book |last1=Heifetz |first1=Hank |last2=Narayana Rao |first2=Velcheru |title=For the Lord of the animals ; poems from the Telugu: the Kāḷahastīśvara śatakamu of Dhūrjaṭi |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520056695}}</ref> They are well-known by Telugu-speaking audiences.<ref name = "review">{{cite book |title=Glory of India |date=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsides |page=33 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Glory_of_India/1WpDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |language=en}}</ref><ref name = "dissertation">{{cite journal |last1=Vakulabharanam |first1=Rajagopal |title=Self and society in transition: A study of modern autobiographical practice in Telugu - ProQuest |journal=www.proquest.com |url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/self-society-transition-study-modern/docview/305109980/se-2 |language=en}}</ref>

A [[Shataka|Satakamu]] text generally comprises a collection of one hundred poems<ref name = "review"/> in praise of a deity.<ref name = "Sax">{{cite journal |last1=Sax |first1=W. S. |title=Review of Boundaries of the Text: Epic Performances in South and Southeast Asia |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1992 |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=656–658 |doi=10.2307/604482 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/604482 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The manuscripts of this text contain somewhere between 21 and 129 poems.<ref name = "UC"/> Each poem ends with an invocation of Shiva, the god of Kalahasti.<ref name = "UC"/> The poems primarily concern [[Bhakti|devotion]]<ref name = "UC"/> to Shiva as a means to [[Moksha|liberation]] from [[karma]].<ref name = "Sax"/>

After the introduction of the printing press in the nineteenth century, print copies of the already popular Kalahastisvara Satakamu circulated among Telugu audiences.<ref name = "dissertation"/> A selection of these poems has been translated by [[Velcheru Narayana Rao]] and [[Hank Heifetz]].<ref name = "UC"/><ref name = "Sax"/> The collection was published by the [[University of California Press]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=JAS volume 47 issue 4 Cover and Back matter |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=November 1988 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=b1–b29 |doi=10.1017/S0021911800164447 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911800164447 |language=en |issn=1752-0401}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian poetry collections]]
[[Category:Telugu poetry]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional texts]]

Parthapratim Deb

2026-01-11T12:46:16Z

MargeneGoodfello: Creating some post added tags

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{BLP sources |date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parthapratim Deb
| native_name =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rupa Deb]]|June 3, 1996}}
| children = Rup Deb
| image = PPD KIBTF 2026.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Parthapratim Deb
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|11|08}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| known_for = ''Panchajanya'', ''Naachni'', ''Goynar Baksho''
| alma_mater = [[Sanskrit Collegiate School]], [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Singer, actor, director, playwright
}}

'''Parthapratim Deb<ref group="lower-greek">Spelling according to [https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/mirroring-the-human-condition/article5610015.ece ''The Hindu''].</ref>''' (or '''Partha Pratim Deb'''<ref group="lower-greek">Spelling according to [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/theatre/goynar-baksho-to-be-staged-soon/articleshow/65978879.cms ''The Times of India''].</ref>) is an Indian actor, director, playwright, singer and music composer in Bengali theater. He is a member of [[Nandikar]] theatre group since 1986 and also runs his own theatre organization, [[Baghajatin Alaap]], since 2005.

After graduation from the [[University of Calcutta]], he joined Nandikar and contributed in multiple capacities to popular productions such as ''Nana Ronger Din'', ''Amar Priyo Rabindranath'', ''Madhabi'', ''Nachni'', and ''Panchajanya''. His long-standing involvement with Nandikar highlights his commitment to the growth and evolution of Bengali theater.

Deb is known for his musical talent, which sets him apart from many of his contemporaries in Bengali theater. He is among the few actors in Bengali theater who have undergone classical vocal training and can sing on stage. A key highlight in his plays is the usage of music, folk songs and dance sequences, a unique trait in Bengali theater.

Deb joined Nandikar as a trainee in 1986. Over the years, he became a theater trainer there. In addition to his work with Nandikar. Deb founded Baghajatin Alaap, where he conducts regular theater workshops. Besides, he has trained actors all over [[West Bengal]] and teaches theater to children professionally. Some children's productions he has directed include ''Gorabubr Swapno'', ''Indian Idol & Swapna Muhurte'' (written by [[Debshankar Haldar|Debshankar Halder]]), ''Tota Kahini, Light of Asia'', ''Monikatha, Wazeb Miyar Biya'', and others.

He frequently travels to train Bengali actors and conducts workshops in other countries, including the U.S., Canada, Australia, Kuwait, Sweden, and Oman to train children as well as adult artists in [[Kolkata]] and abroad.

==Early life and education==
Parthapratim Deb was born in Kolkata, West Bengal, on November 8, 1963. He completed his school education at the [[Sanskrit Collegiate School]]. Following his school education, Deb pursued higher education at the University of Calcutta, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He received a scholarship from the Department of Culture, [[Government of India]] in 1990.

In 1980, Deb undertook training in [[Rabindra Sangeet]] under Shri Goutam MItra. After his graduation in 1981, he started taking classes in [[Hindustani classical music]] under singer Pandit Sushil Bose, a student of Ustad [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]] in [[Patiala gharana]]. Alongside [[Nandikar]], with the foundation of Baghajatin Alaap, Deb along with his wife Rupa, embarked on the creative journey together. Baghajatin Alaap soon increased in number and performed Bengali theatre across India.

===Career outside of theater===
Deb has served as a dramatics teacher of the [[Shri Shikshayatan School]], [[B.D.Memorial International]], [[G. D. Birla Centre for Education|Ashok Hall Group of Schools]] in Kolkata, and the [[G. D. Birla Memorial School]] and the Aryaman Vikram Birla Institute of Learning in [[Uttarakhand]].

==Publications==
Deb has published four original plays, including ''Naachni'', ''Panchajanya'', ''Samparka'', and ''Mufti-e-Azam''. These plays are contained in three books named:

* '''নাচনি (''Naachni'')''' ({{Langx|bn|নাচনি}}, {{IAST3|Nācni}}) is a Bengali play<ref name="Naachni">{{citation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/mirroring-the-human-condition/article5610015.ece |title=Mirroring the Human Condition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124044934/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/mirroring-the-human-condition/article5610015.ece |work = [[The Hindu]] |date=23 January 2014 |archive-date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2024-06-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> written by Parthapratim Deb that centers around the miserable life of dancing girls in the Indian subcontinent. It was adapted from Subrata Mukhopadhyay's novel ''Rasik''<ref name="Naachni" /> ({{Langx|bn|রসিক}}) and premiered in 2013 at the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata]]. ''Naachni'' tells the story of young girls who are condemned to a life of being sex slaves and entertaining the rich and powerful with their dance performances. The production has a rich collection of songs and dances that depict the gore, guilt, poverty, and sexual exploitation in a system controlled by degenerate men (known as ''rasiks''). Deb directed the play and composed its music as well. Some stalwarts of contemporary Bengali theater such as [[Rudraprasad Sengupta]], [[Swatilekha Sengupta]], [[Sohini Sengupta]], and [[Debshankar Halder]].
* '''পাঞ্চজন্য (''Panchajanya'')''' ({{Langx|sa|पाञ्चजन्य}}, {{Langx|bn|পাঞ্চজন্য}}, {{IAST3|Pāñcajanya}}) is a Bengali play<ref name="Panchajanya">{{Cite news
| author = Basu, Arindam
| title = Panchajanya: Nandikar's Conch of Success on Its 64th Birthday
| url = https://www.indiablooms.com/life-details/AC/7360/panchajanya-nandikar-s-conch-of-success-on-its-64th-birthday.html
| work = [[India Blooms]]
| date = 2023-07-03
| access-date = 2024-06-18
| language = English
}}</ref> written by Parthapratim Deb, named after [[Panchajanya]], a mythological conch of [[Vishnu]] that produced the primeval sound of creation. Woven into the storylines of [[Mausala Parva]], [[Mahaprasthanika Parva]], and [[Harivaṃśa Parva]], the play is connects the various episodes of Mahabharata based on the lament of [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] – wife of [[Dhritarashtra]] and mother to 100 dead sons and her eventual cursing of [[Krishna]]. In the play, Gandhari accuses Krishna of leaving the path of [[Dharma]] and therefore curses his clan (the [[Yadavas]]) to death by in-fighting. The play premiered<ref name="Panchajanya premier">{{cite web |url=https://timesofnorth.in/2016/06/18/review-panchajanya-was-a-nice-play-from-nandikar/ |title = Review: 'Panchajanya' Was a Nice Play from Nandikar |work = [[The Times of North India]]|date = 18 June 2016 }}</ref> on 16 June 2016 at the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata]] under the banner of the theater group [[Nandikar]].<ref name="Panchajanya" /> Deb played the role of the old Krishna<ref name="Panchajanya premier" /> in its debut performance, where [[Sohini Sengupta]] played the role of Gandhari.
* '''দুটি নাটক (''Duti Natok'')'''
* '''সম্পর্ক (Samparka)''' ({{Langx|bn|সম্পর্ক}}) is a Bengali play written<ref name="Sampraka">{{Cite news
| author = Chakraborty, Shamayita
| title = Baghajatin Alaap All Set to Premiere Samparka
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/theatre/baghajatin-alaap-all-set-to-premiere-samparka/articleshow/66071538.cms
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 2018-10-08
| language = English
}}</ref> by Parthapratim Deb that revolves around the lives of three generations of men who face a sudden reality check when their old deeds are come back to haunt them in the middle of a happy reunion to celebrate two birthdays. The play premiered on 5 October, 2018, at the ''Gyan Mancha'' in Kolkata. [[Dulal Lahiri]] and [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] played the lead roles along with Parthapratim's son, Rup Deb.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-12 |title=Dulal Lahiri and Shantilal Mukherjee to Share the Stage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/theatre/dulal-lahiri-and-shantilal-mukherjee-to-share-the-stage/articleshow/64961447.cms |access-date=2024-10-17 |work= [[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''''Mufti-e-Azam''''' is a Bengali play revolving around the [[Battle of Karbala]] between the army of the second [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I]] (<abbr>r.</abbr> 680–683) and a small army led by [[Husayn ibn Ali]], the grandson of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], at [[Karbala]], [[Sawad]] (modern-day southern [[Iraq]]). Inspired from [[Bishad Shindhu]] by Mir Mosharraf Hossain, this play is yet to be staged.

== Theater ==

=== As music director, associate music director, lyricist, playback singer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Play
!Production by
!Director
!Playwright
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988
|''Antigone''
| rowspan="11" |[[Nandikar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
|Chittaranjan Ghosh
|-
|''Football''
|[[Peter Terson]]/[[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
|-
|''Shesh Shakshatkaar''
|Vladlen Dozortsev/[[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
|-
|1991
|''Ek Theke Baaro''
|[[Goutam Halder]]
|[[Swatilekha Sengupta]]
|-
|1992
|''Sankhapurer Sukanya''
| rowspan="3" |[[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
|[[Bertolt Brecht]]/ [[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
|-
|1994
|''Feriwalar Mrityu''
| rowspan="2" |[[Arthur Miller]]/ [[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
|-
|1996
|''Gotroheen''
|-
|1997
|''Nagar Keertan''
|[[Goutam Halder]]
|Koushik Ray Chowdhury/ [[Goutam Halder]]
|-
|1998
|''Brechter Khonje''
| rowspan="2" |[[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
| rowspan="2" |Koushik Ray Chowdhury
|-
|2000
|''Ei Sahar Ei Samay''
|-
|2003
|''Sojan Badier Ghat''
|[[Goutam Halder]]
|[[Jasimuddin]]
|-
|2004
|''Wazeb Miyar Biya''
|Samatat
| colspan="2" |Parthapratim Deb
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|''Nana Ranger Din''<ref name="Nandikar Productions">{{Cite web |title=Nandikar (Bengali: নান্দীকার) - Productions |url=https://nandikar.net/productions/|publisher = [[Nandikar]] |access-date=2024-10-17 |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Nandikar]]
|[[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
|[[Anton Chekhov]]/ [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]
|-
|''Notun Chele Natobor''<ref name="Nandikar Productions" />
|[[Goutam Halder]]
|[[Swatilekha Sengupta]]
|-
|''Padma Nodir Majhi''
|Pratikriti
|Alok Deb
|[[Manik Bandyopadhyay]]/ Alok Deb
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''Jaha Chai''
|[[Nandikar]]
|[[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
|William Shakespeare
|-
|''Palashi''
|[[Natadha]]
| colspan="2" |Shib Mukhopadhyay
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''Aahare Shaishab''<ref name="Nandikar Productions" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Nandikar]]
|Parthapratim Deb
|[[Debshankar Haldar|Debshankar Halder]]
|-
|''Ajnatobaas''<ref name="Nandikar Productions" />
|Sumanta Gangopadhyay
|Sukanta Gangopadhyay
|-
|2009
|''Madhabi''<ref name="Nandikar Productions" />
|[[Nandikar]]
|[[Swatilekha Sengupta]]
|[[Bhisham Sahani]]/ [[Swatilekha Sengupta]]
|-
|2010
|''Mahabhoj''
|[Baghajatin Alaap]
|Parthapratim Deb
|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]/Parthapratim Deb
|-
|2011
|''Amar Priyo Rabindranath''<ref name="Nandikar Productions" />
|[[Nandikar]]
|Swatilekha Sengupta
|Koushik Ray Chowdhury
|-
|2012
|''Sagina Mahato''
|[Baghajatin Alaap]
| rowspan="5" |Parthapratim Deb
|[[Badal Sircar]]
|-
|2013
|''Naachni''<ref name="Nandikar Productions" />
|[[Nandikar]]
|Subrata Mukhopadhyay/ Parthapratim Deb
|-
|2014
|''Parashmoni''
| rowspan="2" |[Baghajatin Alaap]
|Parthapratim Deb
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''Kittankhola''
|[[Selim Al Deen]]
|-
|''Indian Idol''
|Mirttika, NJ, USA
|[[Debshankar Halder]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''Panchajanya''<ref name="Nandikar Productions" />
|[[Nandikar]]
|[[Sohini Sengupta]]
| rowspan="2" |Parthapratim Deb
|-
|''Light of Asia''
|Mirttika, NJ, USA
| rowspan="3" |Parthapratim Deb
|-
|''Sagina Mahato''
|Epic Actors Workshop, NJ, USA
|[[Badal Sircar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''Goynar Baksho''
|[Baghajatin Alaap]
|[[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]/ Parthapratim Deb
|-
|''Shiladitya''
|Mirttika, NJ, USA
| colspan="2" |Parthapratim Deb
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''Aranyadeb''
|Swapnalu
|Premangshu Ray
|[[Bratya Basu]]
|-
|''Sagina Mahato''
|Brischik, Seattle, USA
| rowspan="4" |Parthapratim Deb
|[[Badal Sircar]]
|-
|''Samparka''
| rowspan="2" |[Baghajatin Alaap]
| rowspan="2" |Parthapratim Deb
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''Ranighater Brittanto''
|-
|''Mrityu Na Hotya''
|Spotlight Ohio, USA
|Bibhash Chakraborty
|-
|''Manush''<ref name="Nandikar Productions" />
|[[Nandikar]]
|Sohini Sengupta
|Anindita Chakraborty
|-
|2020
|''Aprakashito''
| rowspan="2" |Baghajatin Alaap
| rowspan="2" |Parthapratim Deb
| rowspan="2" |Parthapratim Deb
|-
|2021
|''Kaaler Mandira''
|-
|2022
|''Padma Nodir Majhi''
|Baghajatin Alaap & Actors of New Jersey, USA at North American Bengali Conference 2022 in Las Vegas
|Parthapratim Deb
|Parthapratim Deb, Alok Deb (Pratikriti), ''adapted from [[Padma Nodir Majhi]] by [[Manik Bandyopadhyay]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''Agoon''<ref name="Agoon">{{Cite news
| author = Bhowmik, Anshuman
| title = Ties That Bind
| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/ties-that-bind-baghajatin-alaaps-agoon/cid/1950614
| work = [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]
| date = 2023-07-08
| access-date = 2024-06-18
| language = English
}}</ref>
|Baghajatin Alaap
|Parthapratim Deb
|Rakesh Ghosh
|-
|''Indian Idol''
|TSS, Canada
|Parthapratim Deb
|[[Debshankar Haldar|Debshankar Halder]]
|-
|''Mayukh Naame Ekhane Keu Thake Na''
|Kathak, Sydney, Australia
|Tito Ray
|Dibyendu Dasgupta
|-
| rowspan = 2 | 2024
|''Je Nodi Morupothe''
|[Baghajatin Alaap]
| colspan="2" |Rudrarup Mukhopadyay
|-
|''Kittonkhola''<ref name="Kittonkhola">https://www.baat.us/kittonkhola Kittonkhola by BAAT (Bay Area Amateur Thespians)</ref>
|Bay Area Amateur Thespians, San Francisco, USA
|Parthapratim Deb
|[[Selim Al Deen]]
|-
|2025
|''Jay Jayanti''<ref name="Jay Jayanti">https://satf.us/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Screen-Shot-2025-05-09-at-8.00.56-AM.png</ref>
|Epic Actors' Workshop, New Jersey, USA at the 20th South Asian Theatre Festival 2025
|Parthapratim Deb
|Parthapratim Deb, ''adapted from [[The Good Person of Szechwan]] by [[Bertolt Brecht]]''
|-
|2026
|''Padma Nodir Majhi''
|Baghajatin Alaap
|Parthapratim Deb
|Parthapratim Deb, ''adapted from [[Padma Nodir Majhi]] by [[Manik Bandyopadhyay]]''
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-greek}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengali theatre}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deb, Parthapratim}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre personalities]]
[[Category:Indian drama teachers]]
[[Category:Indian founders]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Organization founders]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

Padmakar Shivalkar

2025-12-10T16:44:09Z

MargeneGoodfello: updated details

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1940–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Padmakar Shivalkar
| image = 
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|9|14|df=y}}
| birth_place =[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|3|3|1940|9|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| country = India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Slow left-arm orthodox
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 124
| runs1 = 515
| bat avg1 = 9.36
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 37
| deliveries1 = 34,054
| wickets1 = 589
| bowl avg1 = 19.69
| fivefor1 = 42
| tenfor1 = 13
| best bowling1 = 8/16
| catches/stumpings1 = 63/0
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/25/25021/25021.html CricketArchive
}}

'''Padmakar Kashinath Shivalkar''' (14 September 1940 – 3 March 2025) was an Indian [[first class cricket]]er.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jawali |first1=Madhu |title=Padmakar Shivalkar remains content |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/padmakar-shivalkar-remains-content-830287.html |access-date=6 December 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=26 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> A slow left-arm orthodox bowler, Shivalkar spent over 20 years playing for [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] and is the team's highest wicket taker of all time. He was almost 50 when he retired. In 2016, he received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]], the highest honour conferred by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] on a former player.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarmah |first=Bhargab |date=27 February 2017 |title=Rajinder Goel, Padmakar Shivalkar to Receive Col. CK Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/rajinder-goel-padmakar-shivalkar-to-receive-col-ck-nayudu-lifetime-achievement-award-1664218 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303170729/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/rajinder-goel-padmakar-shivalkar-to-receive-col-ck-nayudu-lifetime-achievement-award-1664218 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Shivalkar was unlucky not to be selected for the Indian Test side, but his career coincided with that of [[Bishan Singh Bedi|Bishan Bedi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Loads of pluck, not much luck for Padmakar Shivalkar|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/top-stories/Loads-of-pluck-not-much-luck-for-Padmakar-Shivalkar/articleshow/12861862.cms|access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> He toured Sri Lanka with a strong Indian side in 1973–74, playing in both matches against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and taking four wickets.

His best bowling figures came in the final of the [[Ranji Trophy]] in 1972–73, when he took 8 for 16 and 5 for 18 for [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] against [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33151.html Tamil Nadu v Bombay 1972-73]</ref> In the previous season's semi-final he had taken 8 for 19 and 5 for 31 against [[Karnataka cricket team|Mysore]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/32/32259.html Bombay v Mysore 1971-72]</ref>

Shivalkar studied at the [[Siddharth College of Arts, Science and Commerce]] in [[Fort, Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://siddharthcollegeofasc.com/about-college/ |publisher=Siddharth College of Arts, Science and Commerce |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206153309/https://siddharthcollegeofasc.com/about-college/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A book written by Padmakar Shivalkar, ''Ha Chendu Daivagaticha'' has been published.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ha Chendu Daivagatancha (हा चेंडू दैवगतांचा) |url=https://akshardhara.com/products/9789386469489-ha-chendu-daivagatancha |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=Akshardhara Book Gallery |language=en}}</ref> Book was compiled by Shri Arun Ghadigaokar and published by Dimple Publication and Ananda yatri a group of friends of Shri Padmakar Shivalkar.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Shivalkar died in Mumbai on 3 March 2025, at the age of 84.<ref>[https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/padmakar-shivalkar-passes-away-aged-84-mumbai-cricketer-ranji-trophy-career-stats/article69286606.ece Mumbai cricket great Padmakar Shivalkar passes away aged 84.]</ref>The Indian team wore black armbands during its ICC Champions Trophy semifinal against Australia at the Dubai International Cricket Stadium on Tuesday, in tribute to Shivalkar.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 March 2025|title=IND vs AUS: Indian team sport black armbands to pay respect to Padmakar Shivalkar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/champions-trophy-india-vs-australia-semi-final-padmakar-shivalkar-black-armbands-dubai-2688713-2025-03-04|access-date=4 March 2025|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=34772}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivalkar, Padmakar}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Durham cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate cricketers in England]]
[[Category:Siddharth College of Arts, Science and Commerce alumni]]

Imperial Secretariat Service

2025-11-17T08:40:19Z

MargeneGoodfello: adding first stub needs work

{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
The '''Imperial Secretariat Service''' (commonly abbreviated as the '''ISS''') was a [[civil service]] of the [[British Empire]] in [[British India]] during British rule in the period between 1919 and 1945. The members served in the 5 central departments (1924 to 1934) and then later expanded to 10 central departments at that time, Secretariat of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] and later [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]] and [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]].

The service was one of the "Imperial Services" with the [[Imperial Civil Service]], [[Indian Imperial Police]], and Imperial Forest Service of the Indian Government under the [[British Raj|British colonial rule in India]].

This service still continues in the contemporary [[Civil Services of India]], [[Central Superior Services]] of [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh Civil Service]], though these are now organised differently post-independence. It is an earliest organised civil service.

==History==
The role of the service was ensuring of the continuity of administration in the Central Secretariat called as the “Administration of the Secretariat and House Keeping”.

In the year 1919, the Imperial Secretariat Service came into being as one of the offshoots of the Lewllyn-Smith Committee which had been set up on the eve of the introduction of the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]].<ref name="Service History">{{cite web|title=History: Central Secretariat Service|url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/CSWing/CSDivision/CSS/History.htm|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension]]|access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> As per Report of Government of India Secretariat Procedure Committee 1919, the general status of this service was recognised as equivalent to that of Provincial Civil Service (PCS) and that all members treated as gazetted officers.<ref name="Reports GOI 1919">{{cite web|url=http://cslrepository.nvli.in/bitstream/123456789/2118/2/2228.pdf|title=Report of Government of India Secretariat Procedure Committee 1919|access-date=28 December 2019|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115165112/http://cslrepository.nvli.in/bitstream/123456789/2118/2/2228.pdf|archive-date=2019-11-15}}</ref>

The posts of Assistant Superintendent, Superintendent, Assistant Secretary, Under Secretary were filled by officers drawn from the Imperial Secretariat Service during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Hoshiar|title=Indian Administration|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131761199}}</ref>

In 1946, after India gained [[Partition of India|independence]] from [[British Raj|Britain]], the Imperial Secretariat Service was replaced by [[Central Secretariat Service]] in India. However, in Pakistan, a Central Secretariat Service was formed in [[Central Superior Services of Pakistan]],<ref name="CSP OMG Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://csspk.com/Office_Management_Group.htm|title=Office Management Group: CSS Pakistan|access-date=19 July 2015|publisher=[[Central Superior Services of Pakistan]]}}</ref> which was later replaced and renamed to [[Office Management Group]] (OMG) and Secretariat Group (SG).<ref name="CSP OMG Pakistan"/>

==Recruitment==
The recruitment of the members was made by Central Staff Selection Board, which was precursor of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] set up in 1926.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maheshwari|first=Shriram|title=A Dictionary of Public Administration|year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125022527}}</ref> As per Report of Government of India Secretariat Procedure Committee 1919, it was suggested that Staff Selection Board should recruit from the main sections of the community namely [[Hindus]], [[Muslims]], [[Europeans]] and [[Anglo-Indian]].<ref name="Reports GOI 1919"/>

All candidates chosen by examination were given probation for a year before their appointment in the Secretariat by a definite certificate of confirmation by the Secretary in the Department.<ref name="Reports GOI 1919"/>

===Women===
Women were recruited to Imperial Secretariat Service Class II but were disqualified for higher posts in the various departments under the control of the [[Governor-General of India]] like Imperial Secretariat Service Class I.<ref name="Women Civil Services">{{cite book |title=Women in the Civil Services - Gender and Workplace Identities in India|last=Gonsalves |first=Trijita|year=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781000601275}}</ref>

==Responsibilities and work profile==
The officers were policy and coordination specialists.<ref name="Reports GOI 1919"/> The officers were engaged in:<ref name="Reports GOI 1919"/>
* Reading and digesting provincial and departmental reports, then producing a concise summary highlighting facts, issues, and recommendations.
* Specialists in drafting policy notes, statutory rules, legislative drafts, and official correspondence for the Viceroy’s Executive Council.
* Drafting official notes and replies for Ministers or Members of Council, ensuring they aligned with precedent, law, and Government policy.
* Preparing background material for legislative debates in the Legislative Assembly or Council of State, including collecting statistics and relevant precedents.
* Routing files for inter-departmental consultation, e.g., sending a Finance-related railway project to both the Railway Board and the Finance Department for input.
* Maintaining secrecy in matters of defence, foreign affairs, and finance, with special procedures for confidential telegrams and documents.
* Ensuring timely circulation so that decision-makers had adequate time to study documents before meetings.

They were the official communication channel between - provincial Governments and the Central Government, the Central Government and the Secretary of State’s Office in London and different departments within the Central Government itself.<ref name="Reports GOI 1919"/>

==Postings==
The members of the Imperial Secretariat Service served in [[New Delhi]] after the capital shifted from Calcutta in 1912, and worked in [[Shimla]] during the summer months as the Government of India moved there seasonally.<ref name="SecProc1919">{{cite book |title=Report of the Government of India Secretariat Procedure Committee, 1919 |publisher=Government of India Press |year=1919 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.20680 }}</ref> They had previously been based in [[Calcutta]] before the transfer of the capital.<ref name="SecProc1919"/>

Some officers were deputed to work in provincial secretariats in places such as Bombay, Madras, Lahore, and Rangoon to coordinate central–state administrative matters.<ref name="Potter1986">{{cite book |last=Potter |first=David C. |title=India’s Political Administrators, 1919–1983 |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1986 |page=31 }}</ref> A small number were attached to the [[India Office|India Office in Whitehall]] as “Secretariat officers on special duty,” liaising between the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy’s Government.<ref name="IndiaOfficeList">{{cite book |title=India Office List, annual edition |publisher=HMSO |year=1930 }}</ref>

A few ISS officers served temporarily in places like [[Karachi]] (for commerce/shipping project work), [[Peshawar]] (frontier coordination), or [[Rangoon]] (Burma affairs) when specific tasks required.<ref name="NAI-HomDep">{{cite web |publisher=National Archives of India |title=Political Department – Provincial Correspondence |url=http://nationalarchives.nic.in/ }}</ref>

==Salary and posts==
Imperial Secretariat Service was classified into Class I and Class II.

* Central Government
** [[Undersecretary#India|Under Secretary to Government of India]]
** [[Assistant Secretary|Assistant Secretary to Government of India]]
** Superintendent
** Assistant Superintendent

==Notable members==
Many members were receipients of [[Order of chivalry|orders of chivalry]]{{efn|See [[V. P. Menon]] .}} namely - [[Order of the Indian Empire]], [[Order of the British Empire]], [[Order of the Star of India]] and [[Knight Bachelor]]. They were also awarded the title of honor [[Rai Bahadur]].

* [[V. P. Menon]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Basu|first=Narayani|title=[[V. P. Menon: The Unsung Architect of Modern India]]|year=2020|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=|isbn=978-9386797681}}</ref>
* [[P. V. Gopalan]]
* [[Hari Sharma]]
* [[Prem Nath Kirpal]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Partition Voices - Updated for the 75th Anniversary of Partition'' (Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing; {{ISBN|9781408899069}})
* [https://www.indianculture.gov.in/archives/report-secretariat-reorganization-committee-bajpai-committee-report Report of the Secretariat Reorganisation Committee (Bajpai Committee Report)] Government of India

[[Category:Indian Civil Service]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1919]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Government agencies disestablished in 1945]]

List of Manipuri kings

2025-10-22T18:27:48Z

MargeneGoodfello: update

{{short description|List of rulers of Indian state of Manipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
[[File:IN-MN.svg|thumb|Location of [[Manipur]] in [[Republic of India]] ]]

This is a list of monarchs that ruled the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] (present-day [[Manipur state]]) as they are recorded in the ''Royal Chronicle of Manipur'' (''[[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]'').<ref>{{Cite book|title=The court chronicle of the kings of Manipur : the Cheitharon kumpapa : original text, translation, and notes|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|others=Parratt, Saroj Nalini.|isbn=0-203-44427-2|location=London|oclc=252763470}}</ref> The Chronicle was reconstructed during the 18th century, with unknown provenance of the earlier sections and, according to scholars, its historicity is assured only for the portions after 1485.<ref>{{citation |last=Samrat |title=Notion States: The many nationalisms colliding in the Manipur violence |date=17 June 2023 |magazine=The Caravan |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/many-nationalisms-colliding-manipur-violence}}</ref>

The Kingdom of ''[[Kangleipak]]'' with written constitution was established in 1110 CE by [[Loiyumba]], ruler of [[Kangleipak State]] who incorporated most neighboring principalities.<ref name="PT">Phanjoubam Tarapot, ''Bleeding Manipur'', Har Anand Publications (30 July 2007) {{ISBN|978-8124109021}}</ref> The Kangleipak kings expanded their territory, reaching their zenith under king [[Khagemba]] (1597–1652 CE). In 1714, a king named [[Pamheiba]] adopted [[Hinduism]]. He adopted the name [[Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)|Gharib Nawaz]], and in 1724 renamed the kingdom as "Manipur" ([[Sanskrit]] for "abode of jewels"). Manipur was [[Burmese invasions of Assam|conquered by Burma]] in 1819 CE, and became a [[Princely State]] within the [[British Raj]] in 1825 CE till 1947 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Kunal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LoYEAAAQBAJ&q=manipur+merger+agreement+conflict&pg=PT87|title=Race, Ethnicity and Religion in Conflict Across Asia|date=2021-02-28|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-37161-1|language=en}}</ref>

On 11 August 1947 CE, Maharajah of Manipur [[Bodhchandra Singh]] signed the [[Instrument of Accession]]<ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/b/b0/Instrument_of_Accession_and_Standstill_Agreement_of_Manipur_to_Dominion_of_India.pdf Instrument of accession of ruler of Manipur state]</ref> joining the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] while retaining internal autonomy. In October 1949, he further signed a merger agreement with India allegedly under coercion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Subramanian|first=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-OoCgAAQBAJ&q=Manipur+signing+instrument+of+accession+and+conflict&pg=PT44|title=State, Policy and Conflicts in Northeast India|date=2015-10-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-39650-5|language=en}}</ref> Manipur then became a part C state of the [[Republic of India]] governed by the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEBBDgAAQBAJ&q=instrument+of+accession+granted+autonomy+to+manipur&pg=PT187|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the Present|date=2017-03-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-87709-1|language=en}}</ref>

== Ancient Rulers ==
{{main|Cheitharol Kumbaba}}

The most important source of ancient history and rulers of Manipur are mentioned in the "[[Cheitharol Kumbaba|Royal Chronicle]]", written in the 19th century.<ref>"The manuscripts collected by W. Yumjao Singh consist of literary, historical, astronomical, astrological and miscellaneous other works of which mention may be made of Cheitharon Kumbaba, the Ningthourol Shingkak, the Poireiton Khunthokpa, Dharani Samhita, Srimat Bhagabat. "The Cheitharol Kumbaba or the royal chronicle has been the most valuable for historical investigations, as it professes to record all the important daily transactions and occurrences of the State... By orders of Jai Singh this book was rewritten as the former copy was no more available then". "The Nigthourol Shingkak is a work written in the way of prediction. It professes to predict all important events that would happen from the time of Khagemba downward. It, therefore, professes to be a work of the early 17th century. It is an anonymous work, and in this book, we see for the first time Gharib Niwaz's having had some Naga connection in his childhood." Jyotirmoy Roy, History Of Manipur, 1958, p. 8.</ref>

;List of ancient rulers of Manipur-<ref>[https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/meiteikings.html#Great%20Historical%20Gap%20%201199-44%20B.C%20%20199-1354/articleshow/ The Chronicle of the Meitei Kings of Manipur], ''A HISTORICAL RESEARCH OF MANIPURI KINGS & CLANS'' (themanipurpage.tripod.com)</ref>

=== Proto-Meitei rulers ===
* Taangja Leelaa Paakhangba (1445–1405 BCE)
* Ningthou Kangba (1405–1359 BCE)
* Maliya Fambaalchaa (1359–1329 BCE)
* Ningthou Kaksuba (1329–1297 BCE)
* Ningthou Tonkonba (1297–1276 BCE)
* Ningthou Pottingkoi (1276–1251 BCE)
* Ningthou Laanbicha (1251–1229 BCE)
* Ningthou Sapaiba (1229–1209 BCE)
* Ningthou Puthiba (1209–1199 BCE)

=== Great Historical Gap ===
Great Historical Gap was lasted from 1199 to 44 BCE for a time period of 1155 years, According to Meitei epoch, it's time period was 199–1354.
''Known rulers of Great Historical Gap are:''
* Koilou Nongtailen Pakhangpa (934 BCE)
*Khoiyum Ingouba
*Khing Khing Laangba
*Ngaangjeng Leitakpa
*Khing Khing Ngaangba
*Sana Manik
*Toukai Ngamba
*Tingkoi Ngamba
*Korou Nongdren Paakhangba
*Sentreng (and Kuptreng the elder)
*Mechi Sanaa
*Khuman Lalheiba
*Ahong Ningthou Haanba
*Ninghthou Kaangba
*Lamyaingamba

=== Continuity of Khuman and Luwang lineage ===
* Heirongang Thanganglen
* Chingkhong Poireiton (and Thawaren/Thongaren the elder who got the ancestral land)
* Singtabung

== Luwang Salai clan rulers ==
* Pamingnapa (and Aarong the brother, who became Khuman)

*Luwang Khunthipa
*Luwang Punshipa

== Mangang dynasty (33–1972 CE) ==
{{main|Ningthouja dynasty|Mangang}}

The "[[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]" begins with '''Nongda Lairen Pakhangba''' (Ningthouja dynasty).

* [[Nongdā Lāiren Pākhangba]] (33–154 CE), founder of dynasty
* Khuiyoi Tompok (154–264 CE)
* Taothingmang (264–364 CE)
* Khui Ningomba (364–379 CE)
* Pengsiba (379–394 CE)
* Kaokhangba (394–411 CE)
* Naokhamba (411–428 CE)
* Naophangba (428–518 CE)
* Sameirang (518–568 CE)
* Urakonthouba (568–658 CE)
* Naothingkhong (663–763 CE)
* Khongtekcha (763–773 CE)
* Keirencha (784–799 CE)
* Yaraba (799–821 CE)
* Ayangba (821–910 CE)
* Ningthoucheng (910–949 CE)
* Chenglei-Ipan-Lanthaba (949–969 CE)
* Keiphaba Yanglon (969–984 CE)
* Irengba (984–1074 CE)
* [[Loiyumba]] (1074–1122 CE), he provided the Meetei kingdom with a written constitution which is known as the '''[[Loiyumpa Silyel|Loiyumpa Silyel (Loiyumba Sinyen)]]'''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=KSHETRIMAYUM|first=JOGENDRO|date=2009|title=Shooting the Sun: A Study of Death and Protest in Manipur|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663656|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=44|issue=40|pages=48–54|jstor=25663656 |quote=Loiyamba Shinyen (ls), considered the first writ ten constitution of Manipur (Kabui 1988; Naorem 1988). Dated to 1110 ad, it was written during the reign of Loiyamba or Loiyumba|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
* [[Loitongba]] (1122–1150 CE)
* [[Atom Yoiremba]] (1150–1163 CE)
* Iwanthaba (1163–1195 CE)
* Thawanthaba (1195–1231 CE)
* Chingthang Lanthaba (1231–1242 CE)
* Thingbai Shelhongba (1242–1247 CE)
* Puranthaba (–1263 CE)
* Khumomba (1263–1278 CE)
* Moiramba (1278–1302 CE)
* Thangbi Lanthaba (1302–1324 CE)
* Kongyamba (1324–1335 CE)
* Telheiba (1335–1355 CE)
* Tonaba (1355–1359 CE)
* Tabungba (1359–1394 CE)
* Lairenba (1394–1399 CE)
* Punsiba (1404–1432 CE)
* Ningthoukhomba (1432–1467 CE)
* Senbi Kiyamba (1467–1508 CE)
* Koiremba (1508–1512 CE)
* Lamkyamba (1512–1523 CE)
* Nonginphaba (1523–1524 CE)
* Kabomba (1524–1542 CE)
* Tangjamba (1542–1545 CE)
* Chalamba (1545–1562 CE)
* Mungyamba (1562–1597 CE)
* [[Khagemba]](1597–1652 CE)
* Khunjaoba (1652–1666 CE)
* Paikhomba (1666–1697 CE)
* Charairongba (1697–1709 CE)
* [[Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)|Gharib Nawaz]] (Pamheiba) (1709–1748 CE), adopted name of '''Manipur'''
* [[Ajit Sai|Chitsai]] (1748–1751 CE)
* [[Bharatsai]] (1752 CE)
* [[Goura Shyam|Gaurisiam]] (1753-1759 CE and 1761-1763 CE)
* [[Bhagya Chandra]] (Ching-Thang Khomba) (1759-1760 CE and 1763–1798 CE)
* [[Rabinchandra]] (Harshachandra, Labanyachandra) (1798–1801 CE), son of Bhagya Chandra
* [[Madhuchandra]] (1801–1806 CE), brother of Rabinchandra
* [[Charajit Singh]] (1806–1812 CE), brother of Madhuchandra
* [[Marjit Singh]] (1812–1819 CE), brother of Charajit Singh, vassal of Burma ([[Alaungpaya]])
* [[Herachandra]] (1819 CE), son of Rabinchandra

=== Burmese rule in Manipur (1819–1825 CE) ===
{{main|Chahi Taret Khuntakpa}}

There were some feudatory kings during the time of the [[Chahi Taret Khuntakpa|Burmese invasions]].

==== Rulers ====
* [[Yumjaotaba]] (1820 CE), son of Madhuchandra
* [[Gambhir Singh]] (1821 CE, 6 months), brother of Marjit Singh
* Jai Singh (1822 CE)
* [[Jadu Singh]] (Nongpok Chinslenkhomba) (1823 CE)
* Raghab Singh (1823-1824 CE)
* [[Bhadrasing]] (1824 CE), father of Nara Singh

=== Princely State of Manipur (1825–1947 CE) ===
{{main|Manipur (princely state)}}

==== Kings ====
* [[Gambhir Singh]] (Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba) (1825–1834 CE), restored after the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]
* ''Regency'' for [[Chandrakirti Singh]] (1834–1850 CE)
* [[Nara Singh]] (1844–1850 CE), son of Bhadra Singh
* [[Debendro Singh]] (1850 CE), brother of Nara Singh
* [[Chandrakirti Singh]] (1850–1886 CE), son of Gambhir Singh
* [[Surchandra Singh]] (1886–1890 CE)
* [[Kulachandra Singh]] (1890–1891 CE)
* [[Churachand Singh]] (1891–1918 CE)
*

Military and Political power exercised by the general commanding British forces in Manipur

=== Dominion of India and Republic of India ===

==== Sovereign State of Manipur ====
* [[Bodhchandra Singh]] (1947–1949 CE), last official ruler of Manipur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Biography_of_His_Highness_Maharaja_Bodhachandra_Last_King_of_Manipur_Part_1|title=Biography of His Highness Maharaja Bodhachandra Last King of Manipur Part 1|website=e-pao.net|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref>

==== Titular rulers ====
* [[Bodhchandra Singh]] (1949–1955 CE)
* [[Pareihanba Okendro]] (1955–1976 CE)
* [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]] (1976–present)

== See also ==
* [[Manipur]]
* [[History of Manipur]]
* [[Manipur (princely state)]]
* [[Meitei people]]
* [[Meitei calendar]]
* [[Hinduism in Manipur]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs ]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web|url=http://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html|title=A Brief history of the Meiteis of Manipur|last=nigombam|first=macks|website=themanipurpage.tripod.com}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/tag/titular-king-leishemba-sanajaoba/|title=Titular king Leishemba Sanajaoba Archives - The Sangai Express|website=The Sangai Express|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-13}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605122530/http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html History of Manipur:The Medieval Period] - IIT Guwahati
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs4BAAAAMAAJ Manipur and the mainstream by N. Tombi Singh]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=xZja9ZnSuakC The court chronicles of the kings of Manipur - Cheitharol Kumpapa]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Meitei Kings}}
[[Category:Kings of Manipur|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Meitei]]

Howdy Modi

2025-10-18T10:59:43Z

MargeneGoodfello: adding initial data first draft

{{Short description|2019 visit of Narendra Modi to the United States}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Events|date=June 2024}}
{{POV|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox event
| name = Howdy Modi
| image = Howdy, Modi! (48783742533).jpg
| logo = File:Howdy Modi logo.png
| logo_caption =
| caption =
| native_name =
| date = {{Start date|2019|09|22}}
| time =
| duration =
| venue = [[NRG Stadium]]
| location = Houston, Texas, United States
| coordinates =
| type = Community summit
| theme =
| cause =
| budget =
| patrons =
| organisers = {{Plainlist|
* Texas India Forum
* Indian-American community
}}
| participants = 50,000
| website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20240113184109/https://howdymodi.org/}}
| attendees =
}}
{{Narendra Modi series}}
'''Howdy Modi''' was a community summit and mega event held on September 22, 2019, at the [[NRG Stadium]] in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-29 |title=Analysis {{!}} The Indian prime minister and Trump addressed a Houston rally. Who was signaling what? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/29/prime-minister-modi-india-donald-trump-addressed-huge-houston-rally-who-was-signaling-what/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-17 |title=When is 'Howdy Modi!' event? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/when-is/when-is-howdy-modi-event-houston-texas-us-president-trump-indian-americans-address-6004079/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The event was notable for the joint address by [[Narendra Modi]], the Prime Minister of [[India]], and [[Donald Trump]], the President of the United States, showcasing the strong ties and strategic partnerships between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-22 |title='Howdy, Modi!': Trump hails Indian PM at 'historic' Texas rally |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49788492 |access-date=2024-06-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=At US rally, Modi backs Trump, takes aim at Pakistan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/22/howdy-modi-trump-attends-indian-pms-rally-in-houston |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Organized by the Texas India Forum, the event highlighted the contributions of Indian Americans to American society and the strong cultural and economic bonds between India and the United States. Over 50,000 people attended the event, making it one of the largest receptions for a foreign leader in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Sneak Peek Into The Mega 'Howdy, Modi!' Event On Sunday. What's On Show |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/howdy-modi-event-full-details-here-date-time-schedule-of-narendra-modi-donald-trump-event-2103409 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-03 |title='Howdy, Modi!' organised, funded by US-based volunteers, not party or government: BJP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/howdy-modi-organised-funded-by-us-based-volunteers-not-party-or-government-bjp/articleshow/71429184.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Howdy, Modi!": PM Gets Rockstar Welcome In Houston, Will Address Packed Stadium Soon |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/america-says-howdy-modi-pm-narendra-modi-to-address-50-000-in-houston-2105290 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Event details ==
The summit featured a cultural program titled "Woven: The Indian-American Story," celebrating the Indian-American community's contributions to the United States. This was followed by the "Shared Dreams, Bright Futures" session, where both leaders spoke about future collaborations between India and the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM addresses the Indian community event ' Howdy Modi' at Houston |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1585811 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=2019-09-22 |title='Howdy Modi': thousands of Indian Americans attend Trump rally |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/22/thousands-of-indian-americans-expected-at-modi-rally-in-houston |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-22 |title=Howdy, Modi: Full schedule, timings of PM Narendra Modi-Donald Trump event in Houston |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/howdy-modi-full-schedule-timings-of-pm-narendra-modi-donald-trump-event-in-houston-1601860-2019-09-22 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Speeches ==

* '''Narendra Modi''' addressed topics such as the strength of Indo-U.S. relations, contributions of the [[Indian diaspora]], and shared democratic values.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Souza |first1=Rebecca |last2=Hussain |first2=Syed Ali |date=2023-04-03 |title="Howdy Modi!": Mediatization, Hindutva, and long distance ethnonationalism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17513057.2021.1987505 |journal=Journal of International and Intercultural Communication |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=138–161 |doi=10.1080/17513057.2021.1987505 |issn=1751-3057|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Ian |date=2019-09-23 |title=Howdy Modi in Houston: why India's Narendra Modi puts so much effort into wooing the diaspora |url=http://theconversation.com/howdy-modi-in-houston-why-indias-narendra-modi-puts-so-much-effort-into-wooing-the-diaspora-123946 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Donald Trump''' spoke about the strategic partnership and economic ties, emphasizing defense, technology, and energy sector collaborations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marlow |first=Iain |title=India Diaspora Works for Modi From 8,000 Miles Away |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-20/india-s-global-diaspora-is-mobilized-for-modi-s-election-win |access-date=2024-06-13 |newspaper=Bloomberg|date=20 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks by President Trump and Prime Minister Modi of India at "Howdy, Modi: Shared Dreams, Bright Futures" Event – The White House |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-prime-minister-modi-india-howdy-modi-shared-dreams-bright-futures-event/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref>

== Impact ==
''Howdy Modi'' significantly impacted the Indian-American community, fostering a greater understanding and deeper political engagement. It also underscored the strategic importance of U.S.-India relations on the global stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Sonia |date=2019-09-23 |title='Howdy, Modi!' Was a Display of Indian Americans' Political Power |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/09/howdy-modi-rally-trump-divides-indian-diaspora/598600/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2019-09-21 |title='Howdy Modi' event 'win-win' situation for Modi and Trump: Mukesh Aghi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/howdy-modi-event-win-win-situation-for-modi-trump-mukesh-aghi/article29475057.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-22 |title=Diaspora Diplomacy: How Outreach With 'Howdy Modi' Will Help Cement India's Image Abroad |url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/diaspora-diplomacy-how-pm-narendra-modis-outreach-with-howdy-modi-will-help-cement-indias-image-abroad-2318123.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The event received widespread media coverage and was well-received by the public.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2019-09-22 |title='Howdy, Modi': PM cheers for Trump 2.0 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/howdy-modi-pm-cheers-for-trump-20/article61982623.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Rashmee |date=2019-09-25 |title=The Network of Hindu Nationalists Behind Modi's "Diaspora Diplomacy" in the U.S. |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/09/25/howdy-modi-trump-hindu-nationalism/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref>

However, opposition parties in India, such as the [[Indian National Congress]], argued that Modi violated foreign policy norms by 'campaigning' for US President Donald Trump with slogans like "Abki baar, Trump sarkar."<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2019 |title=BJP, Cong lock horns over Howdy event |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/congress-questions-modis-support-for-trumps-election-campaign/article29487836.ece |website=businessline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Deeksha |date=September 24, 2019 |title=Rahul Gandhi criticises Howdy, Modi! but his party peers can't stop praising it |website=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/politics/rahul-gandhi-criticises-howdy-modi-party-peers-praising/296055/}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Narendra Modi]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Namaste Trump]]
* [[India–United States relations]]

{{Portal bar|India|United States}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Narendra Modi}}
{{India–United States relations}}

[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:2019 in American politics]]
[[Category:September 2019 in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:Organized events in Houston]]

{{US-politics-stub}}

Bomb

2025-10-03T22:42:03Z

MargeneGoodfello: improve citations per standard format

{{Short description|Explosive weapon that uses exothermic reaction}}
{{About|the explosive}}
{{Redirect|Bombing|artillery and aerial bombing|bombardment|other uses|The Bombing (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
[[File:Saarlouis Bombe.jpg|thumb|An iron [[grenade]] with a wooden [[fuse (explosives)|fuse]] from 1580]]
A '''bomb''' is an [[explosive weapon]] that uses the [[Exothermic process|exothermic reaction]] of an [[explosive material]] to provide an extremely sudden and violent release of [[energy]]. [[Detonation]]s inflict damage principally through ground- and atmosphere-transmitted [[stress (mechanics)|mechanical stress]], the impact and penetration of pressure-driven projectiles, pressure damage, and explosion-generated effects.<ref name="Milstein 2008">{{cite book|last=Milstein|first=Randall L.|title=Forensic Science|url=https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba|url-access=limited|chapter=Bomb damage assessment|editor=Ayn Embar-seddon |editor2=Allan D. Pass |publisher=Salem Press|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba/page/n185 166]|isbn=978-1-58765-423-7}}</ref> Bombs have been utilized since the 11th century starting in [[East Asia]].<ref name="Connolly"/>

The term ''bomb'' is not usually applied to explosive devices used for [[civilian]] purposes such as [[construction]] or [[mining]], although the people using the devices may sometimes refer to them as a "bomb". The military use of the term "bomb", or more specifically [[aerial bomb]] action, typically refers to airdropped, unpowered explosive weapons most commonly used by [[air force]]s and [[naval aviation]]. Other military explosive weapons not classified as "bombs" include [[shell (projectile)|shells]], [[depth charge]]s (used in water), or [[land mine]]s. In [[unconventional warfare]], other names can refer to a range of offensive weaponry. For instance, in recent [[asymmetric warfare|asymmetric]] conflicts, homemade bombs called "[[improvised explosive device]]s" (IEDs) have been employed by [[irregular forces]] to great effectiveness.

The word comes from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|bombus}}, which in turn comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|βόμβος}} [[romanized]] {{Transliteration|grc|bombos}},<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbo%2Fmbos βόμβος] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107082014/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbo%2Fmbos |date=2013-11-07 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> an [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoetic]] term meaning 'booming', 'buzzing'.
[[File:Wind and dust bomb.jpg|thumb|180px|A "wind-and-dust" bomb depicted in the [[Ming Dynasty]] book ''[[Huolongjing]]''. The pot contains a tube of gunpowder, and was thrown at invaders.<ref name="Needham1986">{{cite book|first=Joseph |last=Needham|title=Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PR190|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30358-3|pages=189–190|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826100156/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PR190|archive-date=2016-08-26}}</ref>]]

==History==
{{see also|History of gunpowder}}

[[File:Bombs at Ningyuan.jpg|thumb|180px|right|An illustration depicting bombs thrown at Manchu assault ladders during the siege of Ningyuan, from the book ''Thai Tsu Shih Lu Thu'' (Veritable Records of the Great Ancestor) written in 1635. The bombs are known as "thunder crash bombs."<ref name="Needham1974">{{cite book|author=Joseph Needham|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Military technology : the gunpowder epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZxSnd2Xyb0C&pg=PA191|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30358-3|page=191|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826083747/https://books.google.com/books?id=BZxSnd2Xyb0C&pg=PA191|archive-date=2016-08-26}}</ref>]]

Gunpowder bombs had been mentioned since the 11th century. In 1000 AD, a soldier by the name of Tang Fu (唐福) demonstrated a design of gunpowder pots (a proto-bomb which spews fire) and gunpowder caltrops, for which he was richly rewarded.{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=32}} In the same year, Xu Dong wrote that trebuchets used bombs that were like "flying fire", suggesting that they were incendiaries.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=148}} In the military text ''[[Wujing Zongyao]]'' of 1044, bombs such as the "ten-thousand fire flying sand magic bomb", "burning heaven fierce fire unstoppable bomb", and "thunderclap bomb" (''pilipao'') were mentioned. However these were soft-shell bombs and did not use metal casings.{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=16}}{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=169}}

Bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder date to 13th century China.<ref name="needham"/> Explosive bombs were used in East Asia in 1221, by a [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jurchen Jin]] army against a [[Song dynasty|Chinese Song]] city.<ref name="Connolly">{{cite book|author=Peter Connolly|title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare|date=1 November 1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-116-9|page=356}}</ref> The term for this explosive bomb seems to have been coined the "[[thunder crash bomb]]" during a [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] (1115–1234) naval battle in 1231 against the [[Mongols]].<ref name="needham">Needham, Joseph. (1987). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 170–174.</ref>

[[File:てつはう（震天雷）.JPG|thumb|left|[[Thunder crash bomb]]s from the [[Mongol invasions of Japan]] (13th century) that were excavated from a shipwreck near the [[Liancourt Rocks]]]]

The ''History of Jin'' (金史) (compiled by 1345) states that in 1232, as the Mongol general [[Subutai]] (1176–1248) descended on the Jin stronghold of [[Kaifeng]], the defenders had a "[[thunder crash bomb]]" which "consisted of gunpowder put into an iron container ... then when the fuse was lit (and the projectile shot off) there was a great explosion the noise whereof was like thunder, audible for more than thirty miles, and the vegetation was scorched and blasted by the heat over an area of more than [[Chinese units of measurement#Area|half a ''mou'']]. When hit, even [[Chinese armour|iron armour]] was quite pierced through."<ref name="needham"/>

The Song Dynasty (960–1279) official Li Zengbo wrote in 1257 that [[arsenal]]s should have several hundred thousand iron bomb shells available and that when he was in [[Jingzhou]], about one to two thousand were produced each month for dispatch of ten to twenty thousand at a time to [[Xiangyang District, Xiangfan|Xiangyang]] and Yingzhou.<ref name="needham"/> The Ming Dynasty text ''[[Huolongjing]]'' describes the use of poisonous gunpowder bombs, including the "wind-and-dust" bomb.<ref name="Needham1986"/>

During the [[Mongol invasions of Japan]], the Mongols used the explosive "thunder-crash bombs" against the Japanese. Archaeological evidence of the "thunder-crash bombs" has been discovered in an underwater shipwreck off the shore of Japan by the Kyushu Okinawa Society for Underwater Archaeology. X-rays by Japanese scientists of the excavated shells confirmed that they contained gunpowder.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Delgado|first=James|title=Relics of the Kamikaze|journal=Archaeology|date=February 2003|volume=56|issue=1|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/0301/etc/kamikaze.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229155139/http://archive.archaeology.org/0301/etc/kamikaze.html|archive-date=2013-12-29}}</ref>

==Shock==
Explosive [[shock wave]]s can cause situations such as body displacement (i.e., people being thrown through the air), [[dismemberment]], [[internal bleeding]] and ruptured [[eardrum]]s.<ref name="Mlstein 2008">{{cite book|last=Mlstein|first=Randall L.|title=Forensic Science|url=https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba|url-access=limited|chapter=Bomb damage assessment|editor=Ayn Embar-seddon |editor2=Allan D. Pass |publisher=Salem Press|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba/page/n185 166]|isbn=978-1-58765-423-7}}</ref>

Shock waves produced by explosive events have two distinct components, the positive and negative wave. The positive wave shoves outward from the point of detonation, followed by the trailing vacuum space "sucking back" towards the point of origin as the shock bubble collapses. The greatest defense against shock injuries is distance from the source of shock.<ref>{{cite book |last= Marks |first= Michael E. |title= The Emergency Responder's Guide to Terrorism |publisher= Red Hat Publishing Co., Inc. |year= 2002 |page= 30 |isbn= 1-932235-00-0 }}</ref> As a point of reference, the overpressure at the [[Oklahoma City bombing]] was estimated in the range of {{nowrap|28 [[Pascal (unit)|MPa]].}}<ref>{{Cite news|last= Wong |first= Henry |title= Blast-Resistant Building Design Technology Analysis of its Application to Modern Hotel Design |publisher= WGA Wong Gregerson Architects, Inc. |year= 2002 |page= 5 }}</ref>

==Heat==
A thermal wave is created by the sudden release of heat caused by an explosion. Military bomb tests have documented temperatures of up to 2,480 °C (4,500 °F). While capable of inflicting severe to catastrophic burns and causing secondary fires, thermal wave effects are considered very limited in range compared to shock and fragmentation. This rule has been challenged, however, by military development of [[thermobaric weapon]]s, which employ a combination of negative shock wave effects and extreme temperature to incinerate objects within the blast radius.

==Fragmentation==
{{main|Fragmentation (weaponry)}}
[[File:Ming Dynasty fragmentation bomb.jpg|thumb|180px|right|An illustration of a fragmentation bomb from the 14th century Ming Dynasty text ''[[Huolongjing]]''. The black dots represent iron pellets.]]
[[Fragmentation (weaponry)|Fragmentation]] is produced by the acceleration of shattered pieces of bomb casing and adjacent physical objects. The use of fragmentation in bombs dates to the 14th century, and appears in the [[Ming Dynasty]] text ''[[Huolongjing]]''. The fragmentation bombs were filled with iron pellets and pieces of broken porcelain. Once the bomb explodes, the resulting fragments are capable of piercing the skin and blinding enemy soldiers.<ref name="nfrag">{{cite book|author=Joseph Needham|title=Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PR180|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30358-3|pages=180–181|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826084851/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&pg=PR180|archive-date=2016-08-26}}</ref>

While conventionally viewed as small metal shards moving at super-[[supersonic speed|supersonic]] and [[hypersonic speed|hypersonic]] speeds, fragmentation can occur in epic proportions and travel for extensive distances. When the SS ''Grandcamp'' exploded in the [[Texas City Disaster]] on April 16, 1947, one fragment of that blast was a two-ton anchor which was hurled nearly two miles inland to embed itself in the parking lot of the Pan American refinery.

==Effects on living things==
To people who are close to a blast incident, such as bomb disposal technicians, soldiers wearing body armor, deminers, or individuals wearing little to no protection, there are four types of blast effects on the human body: [[overpressure]] (shock), [[fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]], [[impact (mechanics)|impact]], and [[heat]]. Overpressure refers to the sudden and drastic rise in ambient pressure that can damage the internal organs, possibly leading to permanent damage or death. Fragmentation can also include sand, debris and vegetation from the area surrounding the blast source. This is very common in anti-personnel mine blasts.<ref>Coupland, R.M. (1989). Amputation for antipersonnel mine injuries of the leg: preservation of the tibial stump using a medial gastrocnemius myoplasty. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 71, pp. 405–408.</ref> The projection of materials poses a potentially lethal threat caused by cuts in soft tissues, as well as infections, and injuries to the internal organs. When the overpressure wave impacts the body it can induce violent levels of blast-induced acceleration. Resulting injuries may range from minor to unsurvivable. Immediately following this initial acceleration, deceleration injuries can occur when a person impacts directly against a rigid surface or obstacle after being set in motion by the force of the blast. Finally, injury and fatality can result from the explosive fireball as well as incendiary agents projected onto the body. [[Personal protective equipment]], such as a [[Bombsuit|bomb suit]] or demining ensemble, as well as helmets, visors and foot protection, can dramatically reduce the four effects, depending upon the charge, proximity and other variables.

==Types==
[[File:Pipe bomb 01.svg|thumb|right|Diagram of a simple time bomb in the form of a [[pipe bomb]]]]
[[File:B-61 bomb.jpg|thumb|right|An American [[B61 nuclear bomb|B61]] [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]] on its loading carriage]]
[[File:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - C 37 - Candjambary, Guinea-Bissau - Unexploded bomb - 1974.tif|thumb|[[Unexploded ordnance|Unexploded]] unguided [[aerial bomb]] with contact fuse used by the [[Portuguese Air Force]], [[Guinea-Bissau War of Independence]], March 1974.]]

Experts commonly distinguish between civilian and military bombs. The latter are almost always mass-produced weapons, developed and constructed to a standard design out of standard components and intended to be deployed in a standard explosive device. [[Improvised explosive device|IEDs]] are divided into three basic categories by basic size and delivery. Type 76, IEDs are hand-carried parcel or suitcase bombs, type 80, are "suicide vests" worn by a bomber, and type 3 devices are vehicles laden with explosives to act as large-scale stationary or self-propelled bombs, also known as [[VBIED]] (vehicle-borne IEDs).{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}

Improvised explosive materials are typically unstable and subject to spontaneous, unintentional detonation triggered by a wide range of environmental effects, ranging from [[impact (mechanics)|impact]] and [[friction]] to [[electrostatic]] shock. Even subtle [[motion (physics)|motion]], change in [[temperature]], or the nearby use of cellphones or radios can trigger an unstable or remote-controlled device. Any interaction with explosive materials or devices by unqualified personnel should be considered a grave and immediate risk of death or dire injury. The safest response to finding an object believed to be an explosive device is to get as far away from it as possible.

Atomic bombs are based on the theory of [[nuclear fission]], that when a large atom splits, it releases a massive amount of energy. [[Thermonuclear weapons]], (colloquially known as "hydrogen bombs") use the energy from an initial [[Teller-Ulam design#Basic principle|fission]] explosion to create an even more powerful [[nuclear fusion|fusion]] explosion.

The term "[[dirty bomb]]" refers to a specialized device that relies on a comparatively low explosive yield to scatter harmful material over a wide area. Most commonly associated with [[radiological]] or chemical materials, dirty bombs seek to kill or injure and then to deny access to a contaminated area until a thorough clean-up can be accomplished. In the case of urban settings, this clean-up may take extensive time, rendering the contaminated zone virtually uninhabitable in the interim.

The power of large bombs is typically measured in [[TNT equivalent|kilotons (kt) or megatons of TNT (Mt)]]. The most powerful bombs ever used in combat were the two atomic bombs [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|dropped by the United States]] to attack [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], and the most powerful ever tested was the [[Tsar Bomba]]. The most powerful non-nuclear bomb is [[Russia]]n "[[Father of All Bombs]]" (officially Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (ATBIP))<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1155952320070912?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=22&sp=true |title=Russia tests superstrength bomb, military says |last=Solovyov |first=Dmitry |date=2007-09-12 |work=Reuters |access-date=2008-06-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419044709/http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1155952320070912?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=22&sp=true |archive-date=2008-04-19 }}</ref> followed by the [[United States Air Force]]'s [[MOAB]] (officially Massive Ordnance Air Blast, or more commonly known as the "Mother of All Bombs").

Below is a list of five different types of bombs based on the fundamental explosive mechanism they employ.

===Compressed gas===
Relatively small explosions can be produced by pressurizing a container until catastrophic failure such as with a [[dry ice bomb]]. Technically, devices that create explosions of this type can not be classified as "bombs" by the definition presented at the top of this article. However, the explosions created by these devices can cause property damage, injury, or death. Flammable liquids, gasses and gas mixtures dispersed in these explosions may also ignite if exposed to a spark or flame.

===Low explosive===
The simplest and oldest bombs store energy in the form of a [[low explosive]]. [[Black powder]] is an example of a low explosive. Low explosives typically consist of a mixture of an oxidizing salt, such as [[potassium nitrate]] (saltpeter), with solid fuel, such as charcoal or aluminium powder. These compositions deflagrate upon ignition, producing hot gas. Under normal circumstances, this [[deflagration]] occurs too slowly to produce a significant pressure wave; low explosives, therefore, must generally be used in large quantities or confined in a container with a high burst pressure to be useful as a bomb.

===High explosive===
A high explosive bomb is one that employs a process called "[[detonation]]" to rapidly go from an initially high energy molecule to a very low energy molecule.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ring Strain in Cycloalkanes|url=http://orgomadesimple.com/chapter-5-cycloalkanes/|website=Orgo Made Simple|access-date=22 June 2015|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622201710/http://orgomadesimple.com/chapter-5-cycloalkanes/|archive-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> Detonation is distinct from deflagration in that the chemical reaction propagates faster than the speed of sound (often many times faster) in an intense shock wave. Therefore, the pressure wave produced by a high explosive is not significantly increased by confinement as detonation occurs so quickly that the resulting plasma does not expand much before all the explosive material has reacted. This has led to the development of [[plastic explosive]]. A casing is still employed in some high explosive bombs, but with the purpose of [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]]. Most high explosive bombs consist of an insensitive [[secondary explosive]] that must be detonated with a [[blasting cap]] containing a more sensitive [[primary explosive]].

===Thermobaric===
A [[thermobaric bomb]] is a type of [[explosive weapon|explosive]] that utilizes oxygen from the surrounding air to generate an intense, high-temperature explosion, and in practice the [[blast wave]] typically produced by such a weapon is of a significantly longer duration than that produced by a conventional condensed explosive. The fuel-air bomb is one of the best-known types of thermobaric weapons.

===Nuclear fission===
[[Nuclear fission]] type atomic bombs utilize the energy present in very heavy atomic nuclei, such as U-235 or Pu-239. In order to release this energy rapidly, a certain amount of the fissile material must be very rapidly consolidated while being exposed to a neutron source. If consolidation occurs slowly, repulsive forces drive the material apart before a significant explosion can occur. Under the right circumstances, rapid consolidation can provoke a chain reaction that can proliferate and intensify by many orders of magnitude within microseconds. The energy released by a nuclear fission bomb may be tens of thousands of times greater than a chemical bomb of the same mass.

===Nuclear fusion===
A [[thermonuclear weapon]] is a type of nuclear bomb that releases energy through the combination of fission and [[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] of the light atomic nuclei of deuterium and tritium. With this type of bomb, a thermonuclear detonation is triggered by the detonation of a fission type nuclear bomb contained within a material containing high concentrations of deuterium and tritium. Weapon yield is typically increased with a tamper that increases the duration and intensity of the reaction through inertial confinement and neutron reflection. Nuclear fusion bombs can have arbitrarily high yields making them hundreds or thousands of times more powerful than nuclear fission.

A [[pure fusion weapon]] is a hypothetical nuclear weapon that does not require a primary fission stage to start a fusion reaction.

===Antimatter===

[[Antimatter weapon|Antimatter bombs]] can theoretically be constructed, but antimatter is very costly to produce and hard to store safely.

===Other===
* [[Aerial bomb]] – designed to be dropped from a [[military aircraft]] (or even any aircraft) and carried on [[hardpoint]]s or in [[bomb bay]]s
* [[Delay-action bomb]] – explodes some time after impact, as opposed to before or on impact
* [[Dummy round|Dummy bomb]] – harmless bomb that has been fully disabled or has had its explosive contents removed, often used for training or display
* [[Glide bomb]] – features [[flight control surfaces]], allowing it to [[Gliding flight|glide]] fairly long distances to its target
* [[General-purpose bomb]] – aerial bomb dropped for multiple purposes, and thus designed to suit multiple purposes
* [[Incendiary device|Incendiary bomb]] – designed to set targets ablaze
* [[Cluster munition|Cluster bomb]] – releases additional submunitions, often smaller bombs, upon detonation
* [[Anti-runway penetration bomb]] – designed to destroy [[runway]]s and [[Airport apron|aprons]]
* [[Bunker buster]] – capable of penetrating hardened or fortified surfaces before detonating
* [[Concrete bomb]] – contains dense, inert material (typically concrete) instead of explosives, using the [[kinetic energy]] of the falling bomb to destroy target
* [[Improvised explosive device]] – classification of bombs produced in unconventional ways or using unconventional materials; includes explosives such as the [[barrel bomb]], [[nail bomb]], [[pipe bomb]], [[pressure cooker bomb]], [[ANFO|fertilizer bomb]], and [[Molotov cocktail]]

==Delivery==

[[File:B-2 Spirit bombing, 1994.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirit]] drops forty-seven {{convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} class [[Mark 82 bomb|Mark 82]] bombs (little more than half a B-2's maximum total ordnance payload) in a 1994 [[live fire exercise]] in [[California]]]]
[[File:211113-Z-IB607-1016 - M320 grenade launcher range (Image 6 of 16).jpg|thumb|A [[National Guard (United States)|United States National Guard]] soldier firing a [[40 mm grenade]] from an [[M320 Grenade Launcher Module|M320]] [[grenade launcher]]]]
[[File:Pommitustuhoja Helsingissä JSdia270.jpg|thumb|Destruction caused by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] bombing during the [[Continuation War]] in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]], the night of February 6–7, 1944]]

The [[first air-dropped bomb]]s were used by the Austrians in the 1849 [[Republic of San Marco|siege of Venice]]. Two hundred unmanned balloons carried small bombs, although few bombs actually hit the city.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pS1QpH8FRgC&q=Venice+bombing+1849&pg=PA10 |title=Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An Illustrated History of their Impact |last=Murphy |first=Justin |year=2005 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=1-85109-488-1 |page=10 |access-date=2008-05-26}}</ref>

The first bombing from a fixed-wing aircraft took place in 1911 when the Italians dropped bombs by hand on the Turkish lines in what is now [[Libya]], during the [[Italo-Turkish War]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-I3Zsdm14wC&q=Lindqvist+Bombing+Libya&pg=PA76 |title=Shock and Awe: War on Words |chapter=Guernica |last=Lindqvist |first=Sven |others=published by Van Eekelen, Bregje |year=2004 |publisher=[[North Atlantic Books]] |isbn=0-9712546-0-5 |page=76 |access-date=2008-05-26}}</ref> The first large scale dropping of bombs took place during [[World War I]] starting in 1915 with the German [[Zeppelin]] airship raids on [[London]], England, and the same war saw the invention of the first [[heavy bomber]]s. One Zeppelin raid on 8 September 1915 dropped {{convert|4000|lb|abbr=on}} of high explosives and incendiary bombs, including one bomb that weighed {{convert|600|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[[Wilbur Cross (author)|Wilbur Cross]], "Zeppelins of World War I" page 35, published 1991 Paragon House ISBN I-56619-390-7</ref>

During [[World War II]] bombing became a major military feature, and a number of novel delivery methods were introduced. These included [[Barnes Wallis]]'s [[bouncing bomb]], designed to bounce across water, avoiding [[torpedo net]]s and other underwater defenses, until it reached a [[dam]], [[ship]], or other destination, where it would sink and explode. By the end of the war, planes such as the allied forces' [[Avro Lancaster]] were delivering with {{convert|50|yd|abbr=on}} accuracy from {{convert|20000|ft|abbr=on}}, ten ton [[earthquake bomb]]s (also invented by Barnes Wallis) named "[[Grand Slam (bomb)|Grand Slam]]", which, unusually for the time, were delivered from high altitude in order to gain high speed, and would, upon impact, penetrate and explode deep underground ("[[camouflet]]"), causing massive caverns or craters, and affecting targets too large or difficult to be affected by other types of bomb.

Modern military [[bomber]] aircraft are designed around a large-capacity internal [[bomb bay]], while [[fighter-bomber]]s usually carry bombs externally on pylons or bomb racks or on multiple ejection racks, which enable mounting several bombs on a single pylon. Some bombs are equipped with a [[parachute]], such as the World War II "parafrag" (an {{convert|11|kg|abbr=on}} fragmentation bomb), the [[Vietnam War]]-era [[BLU-82|daisy cutters]], and the bomblets of some modern [[cluster bomb]]s. Parachutes slow the bomb's descent, giving the dropping aircraft time to get to a safe distance from the explosion. This is especially important with air-burst [[nuclear weapons]] (especially those dropped from slower aircraft or with very high yields), and in situations where the aircraft releases a bomb at low altitude.<ref name="Proceedings">{{cite report |author=Jackson, S.B. |title=The Retardation of Weapons for Low Altitude Bombing |publisher=United States Naval Institute Proceedings |date=June 1968}}</ref> A number of modern bombs are also [[precision-guided munition]]s, and may be guided after they leave an aircraft by remote control, or by autonomous guidance.

Aircraft may also deliver bombs in the form of [[warhead]]s on guided [[missile]]s, such as long-range [[cruise missile]]s, which can also be launched from [[warship]]s.

A [[hand grenade]] is delivered by being thrown. Grenades can also be projected by other means, such as being launched from the muzzle of a [[rifle]] (as in the [[rifle grenade]]), using a [[grenade launcher]] (such as the [[M203 grenade launcher|M203]]), or by attaching a [[rocket]] to the explosive grenade (as in a [[rocket-propelled grenade]] (RPG)).

A bomb may also be positioned in advance and concealed.

A bomb destroying a [[rail track]] just before a [[train]] arrives will usually cause the train to [[derailment|derail]]. In addition to the damage to vehicles and people, a bomb exploding in a [[transport]] network often damages, and is sometimes mainly intended to damage, the network itself. This applies to [[railway]]s, [[bridge]]s, [[runway]]s, and [[port]]s, and, to a lesser extent (depending on circumstances), to roads.

In the case of [[suicide bombing]], the bomb is often carried by the attacker on their body, or in a vehicle driven to the target.

The [[Blue Peacock]] nuclear mines, which were also termed "bombs", were planned to be positioned during wartime and be constructed such that, if disturbed, they would explode within ten seconds.

The explosion of a bomb may be triggered by a [[detonator]] or a [[Fuse (explosives)|fuse]]. Detonators are triggered by [[clock]]s, [[remote control]]s like [[cell phone]]s or some kind of sensor, such as pressure (altitude), [[radar]], vibration or contact. Detonators vary in ways they work, they can be electrical, fire [[fuze]] or blast initiated detonators and others,

==Blast seat==
In [[forensic science]], the point of detonation of a bomb is referred to as its blast seat, seat of explosion, blast hole or [[epicenter]]. Depending on the type, quantity and placement of explosives, the blast seat may be either spread out or concentrated (i.e., an [[explosion crater]]).<ref name="Walsh 2008" />

Other types of [[explosion]]s, such as [[dust explosion|dust]] or [[BLEVE|vapor]] explosions, do not cause craters or even have definitive blast seats.<ref name="Walsh 2008">{{cite book|last=Walsh|first=C. J.|title=Forensic Science|url=https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba|url-access=limited|chapter=Blast seat|editor=Ayn Embar-seddon |editor2=Allan D. Pass |publisher=Salem Press|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/forensicscience00emba/page/n168 149]|isbn=978-1-58765-423-7}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of bombs]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation |last=Andrade |first=Tonio |year=2016 |title=The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13597-7}}.

==External links==
{{wiktionary|bomb}}
{{Commons category|Bombs}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091112010036/http://www.landmineaction.org/resources/Explosive%20violence.pdf Explosive Violence: The Problem of Explosive Weapons]—A report by Richard Moyes (Landmine Action, 2009) on the humanitarian problems caused by the use of bombs and other explosive weapons in populated areas
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160318061242/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/dumb/bombs.htm Bombs for Beginners] at [[FAS.org]]
* [http://www.makeitlouder.com/document_bombshockwaveestimation.html Bomb Shock Wave Estimation]—MakeItLouder.com: How a bomb functions and rating their power

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bombs| ]]
[[Category:11th-century inventions]]
[[Category:Chinese inventions]]

2017 elections in India

2025-10-01T10:42:08Z

MargeneGoodfello: small reworked section per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2016 elections in India
| previous_year = 2016
| election_date = 2017
| next_election = 2018 elections in India
| next_year = 2018
}}
The elections in [[India]] in 2017 include the seven [[Legislative Assembly elections in India|state legislative assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/upcoming-elections-in-india.html|title=Upcoming Elections in India|work=Elections.in|access-date=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114083907/http://www.elections.in/upcoming-elections-in-india.html|archive-date=November 14, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/default.aspx|title=Elections in India – A Comparative Analysis of Parliamentary (Lok Sabha) & State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election|work=Electionsinindia.com|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602013049/http://www.electionsinindia.com/default.aspx|archive-date=June 2, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Maps ==
{|
|- style="text-align:top"
![[File:India PB.svg|link=[[:File:India PB]].svg|alt=04 February 2017|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]]]
![[File:India UP.svg|link=[[:File:India UP]].svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]]]
![[File:India UK.svg|link=[[:File:India UK]].svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]]]
![[File:India MN.svg|link=[[:File:India MN]].svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]]]
|-
![[File:India GA.svg|link=[[:File:India GA]].svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]]]
![[File:India GJ.svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]]]
![[File:India HP.svg|thumb|129x129px|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]]]
|}

== State legislatures ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Date(s)
! State/UT
! colspan="2" |Government Before
! Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" | Government After
! Elected Chief Minister
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4 February 2017
| rowspan="2" | [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Amarinder Singh]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 4 February 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]]
| rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Laxmikant Parsekar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Manohar Parrikar]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Goa Forward Party}}"|
|[[Goa Forward Party]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 15 February 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Uttarakhand]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Harish Rawat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 11 February 2017 to 9 March 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
| rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Samajwadi Party]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}"|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}"|
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 4 March 2017 & 8 March 2017
| rowspan="4" | [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]]
| rowspan="4" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" |
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|-
| 9 November 2017
| [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Jai Ram Thakur]]
|-
| 9 December 2017 & 14 December 2017
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Vijay Rupani]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Vijay Rupani]]
|}

== Presidential election ==
{{Main|2017 Indian presidential election}}
A presidential election was held in India on 17 July 2017 before the term of the [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] ended. [[Ram Nath Kovind]] was declared the winner after the counting of votes which was held on 20 July 2017.<ref name=Rediff>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/president-of-india-kovind-vs-meira/20170720.htm|title=With 65% votes, Ram Nath Kovind is the next President of India|work=Rediff News|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721072012/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/president-of-india-kovind-vs-meira/20170720.htm|archive-date=21 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Results of the 2017 Indian presidential election<ref name="HT_live">{{cite news|title=Live: Ram Nath Kovind is 14th President of India, to take oath on July 25|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/presidential-election-2017-results-live-ram-nath-kovind-vs-meira-kumar/story-TOjAzvAIBjrSnugtsKpXTN.html|access-date=20 July 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=20 July 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720055615/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/presidential-election-2017-results-live-ram-nath-kovind-vs-meira-kumar/story-TOjAzvAIBjrSnugtsKpXTN.html|archive-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Candidate !! Individual votes !! Electoral College votes || %
|-
| Ram Nath Kovind || 2,930 || 702,044 || style="text-align:center;"| {{percentage bar|65.65||FF9933}} 65.65%

|-
| Meira Kumar || 1,844 || 367,314 || style="text-align:center;"| {{percentage bar|34.35||00BFFF}} 34.35%
|-

|-
| Invalid<ref name="TNM_result">{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind elected as the 14th President of India|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-nath-kovind-elected-14th-president-india-65477|access-date=20 July 2017|work=The News Minute|date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723235534/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-nath-kovind-elected-14th-president-india-65477|archive-date=23 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> || 77 || 20,942 ||
|}

== Vice Presidential election ==
{{Main|2017 Indian vice-presidential election}}
A Vice Presidential election were held in India on 5 August 2017 before the term of [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] ends. [[Venkaiah Naidu]] was elected as the Vice President of India. Mr Naidu received 516 votes defeating the opposition's candidate, [[Gopal Krishna Gandhi]], who got 244 votes. A total of 771 out of 785 parliamentarians voted in the election. M Venkaiah Naidu's victory margin of 272 votes is the highest in a vice presidential election in the last three decades.<ref>{{cite news |author=Debanish Achom |date=6 August 2017 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/live-vice-presidential-election-2017-m-venkaiah-naidu-vs-gopalkrishna-gandhi-1733803 |title=Vice President Election Results: Venkaiah Naidu Elected As Next Vice-President Of India |publisher=NDTV |access-date=2018-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084904/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/live-vice-presidential-election-2017-m-venkaiah-naidu-vs-gopalkrishna-gandhi-1733803|archive-date=2018-03-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Parliamentary By-election ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State/UT
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|4 February 2017
|[[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-03-11 |title=Congress wins big in Punjab Amritsar Lok Sabha seat bypoll |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/j2CROtg1B1LReNW38Vi7RJ/Congress-wins-big-in-Punjab-Amritsar-Lok-Sabha-seat-bypoll.html |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Amarinder Singh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]]
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!4
|11 October 2017
|[[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-17 |title=Gurdaspur bypoll results 2017: Congress breaks all records, wins by 1.93 lakh vote margin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gurdaspur-election-results-2017-congress-bjp-aap-in-a-landslide-congress-wins-by-1-93-lakh-vote-margin-4891321/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Vinod Khanna]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Sunil Jakhar]]
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|[[2017 Srinagar by-election|9 April 2017]]
|[[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}" |
|[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]]
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference }}" |
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
!3
|12 April 2017
|[[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[E. Ahamed]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|P.K. Kunhalikutty
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|-
|}

== Legislative assembly elections ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
| rowspan ="2" |February 2017
| rowspan ="2" |[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan= "2" |[[Amarinder Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-PB.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 14 February 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Laxmikant Parsekar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:IN-GA.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Goa Forward Party}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 15 February 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Uttarakhand]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Harish Rawat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:IN-UT.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 11 February – 8 March 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Yogi Adityanath]]
| rowspan="3"|[[File:IN-UP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 4 – 8 March 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="3" | [[N. Biren Singh]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| 9 November 2017
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jai Ram Thakur]]
|[[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
| 9 and 14 December 2017
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vijay Rupani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vijay Rupani]]
|[[File:IN-GJ.svg|50px]]
|}

=== Punjab ===
{{Main|2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India PB.svg|thumb|right|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]]]
Elections for the State assembly were held on 4 February 2017 with 75 per cent voter turnout.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite news |author=Abhishek Chakraborty |date=5 February 2017 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-day-in-punjab-goa-as-bjp-faces-aap-congress-challenge-10-points-1655916|title=Record 83% Voter Turnout In Goa, 75% In Punjab And Could Go Up: 10 Points |publisher=NDTV |access-date=2017-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205082220/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-day-in-punjab-goa-as-bjp-faces-aap-congress-challenge-10-points-1655916|archive-date=2017-02-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ECI2">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN1_04012017.pdf|title=Announcement: Schedule for the General Elections to the Legislative Assemblies of Goa, Manipur, Punjab, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh|date=4 January 2017|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104163815/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN1_04012017.pdf|archive-date=4 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In Punjab all the 117 assembly constituencies have triangular contests between major parties makes the results uncertain.<ref>{{cite news |title= Punjab Assembly Election |website=Manorama |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/indepth/assembly-elections-2017/punjab-assembly-election.html |access-date=2017-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308112916/http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/indepth/assembly-elections-2017/punjab-assembly-election.html |archive-date=2017-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:2017_Punjab_Legislative_Assembly_election_map.svg|center|400px]]
Result was declared on 11 March 2017.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 4 February 2017 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] election results<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Punjab/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf |title=Performance data |date=2017 |website=eci.nic.in |format=PDF |access-date=2018-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015309/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Punjab/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="8"| [[File:Punjab Legislative Assembly Nov 2017.svg|center|300px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Parties and coalitions'''
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|Votes
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|%
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|'''±'''[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|Contested
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|Won
! style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"|'''+/−'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| style="text-align:center;" | 5,945,899
| style="text-align:center;" | 38.5
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1.4
| style="text-align:center;" | 117
| style="text-align:center;" | 77
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}31
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 3,662,665
| style="text-align:center;" | 23.7
| style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}}23.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 112
| style="text-align:center;" | 20
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}20
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD)
| style="text-align:center;" | 3,898,161
| style="text-align:center;" | 25.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}9.4
| style="text-align:center;" | 94
| style="text-align:center;" | 15
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}41
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 833,092
| style="text-align:center;" | 5.4
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1.8
| style="text-align:center;" | 23
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}9
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Independent politician|Independents]] (IND)
| style="text-align:center;" | 323,243
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}5.0
| style="text-align:center;" | 303
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}3
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 234,400
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.5
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}2.8
| style="text-align:center;" | 117
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |Lok Insaaf Party (LIP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 189,228
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1.2
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}2
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) (SAD(M))
| style="text-align:center;" | 49,260
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.3
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 54
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Aapna Punjab Party]] (APPA)
| style="text-align:center;" | 37,476
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 78
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="background:red;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Revolutionary Marxist Party]] (RMPOI)
| style="text-align:center;" | 37,243
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
| style="text-align:center;" | 34,074
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}0.6
| style="text-align:center;" | 23
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[None of the above]] (NOTA)
| style="text-align:center;" | 108,471
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.7
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.7
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| colspan="8" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
| 15,443,466 || 100.00 || colspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 117 || ±0
|}

=== Goa ===
{{Main|2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India GA.svg|thumb|right|[[Goa]]]]
Elections for the State assembly were held on 4 February 2017 with 83 per cent turnout.<ref name=ECI2 /><ref name="ndtv.com"/> The BJP, MGP, GFP and two independents formed an alliance to win the election.<ref name="BJPwinGoa">{{cite news |last1=Shukla|first1=Shuchi|title='BJP Stealing Elections In Goa, Manipur,' Says Congress' P Chidambaram |date=13 March 2017 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-stealing-elections-in-goa-manipur-says-congress-p-chidambaram-1669033 |publisher=NDTV|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313085548/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-stealing-elections-in-goa-manipur-says-congress-p-chidambaram-1669033|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{#section:2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

=== Uttar Pradesh ===
[[File:India UP.svg|thumb|right|[[Uttar Pradesh]]]]
{{Main|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh were held between 11 February and 9 March 2017 in seven phases.<ref name=ECI2 /> Result was declared on 11 March 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Upcoming Elections In India - 5 Years Of Data Compiled To Help Traders And Investors |date=22 February 2017 |website=Share Market Live |url=http://www.sharemarketlive.co.in/2017/02/upcoming-elections-in-india-2017.html |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223042457/http://www.sharemarketlive.co.in/2017/02/upcoming-elections-in-india-2017.html |archive-date=2017-02-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election#Result|←]] Summary of the 11 February – 8 March 2017 [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election results<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf |title=Performance data |date=2017 |website=eci.nic.in |format=PDF |access-date=2018-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124195719/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="8" | [[File:2017 Uttar Pradesh election result.png|center|400px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
! Votes
! '''%'''
! '''±'''[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 34,403,039
| style="text-align:center;" | 39.7
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}24.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 384
| style="text-align:center;" | 312
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}265
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 19,281,352
| style="text-align:center;" | 22.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}3.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 403
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}61
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 18,923,689
| style="text-align:center;" | 22.0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}7.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 298
| style="text-align:center;" | 47
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}177
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| style="text-align:center;" | 5,416,324
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}5.4
| style="text-align:center;" | 105
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}21
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Independent politician|Independents]] (IND)
| style="text-align:center;" | 2,229,448
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1.5
| style="text-align:center;" | 1462
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}11
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD)
| style="text-align:center;" | 1,545,810
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.8
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}0.5
| style="text-align:center;" | 131
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}8
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Apna Dal}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]] (ADAL)
| style="text-align:center;" | 851,336
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1.0
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}9
|-
| style="background:#f30;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]] (SBSP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 607,911
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.7
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}4
|-
| style="background:#09c;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |Nirbal Indian Shoshit Hamara Aam Dal (NINSHAD)
| style="text-align:center;" | 540,542
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.6
| style="text-align:center;" | 100
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
|-
| style="background:blue;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Peace Party of India]] (PECP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 227,998
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.3
| style="text-align:center;" |{{decrease}}2.0
| style="text-align:center;" | 150
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}4
|-
| style="background:green;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
| style="text-align:center;" | 205,232
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 38
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Lok Dal]] (LD)
| style="text-align:center;" | 181,704
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.1
| style="text-align:center;" | 81
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="background:blue;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bahujan Mukti Party]] (BMUP)
| style="text-align:center;" | 152,844
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | 182
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
| style="text-align:center;" | 138,763
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 90
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="background:#306;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Mahan Dal]] (MD)
| style="text-align:center;" | 96,087
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}0.8
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Shiv Sena]] (SS)
| style="text-align:center;" | 88,595
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0.7
| style="text-align:center;" | 150
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="background:black;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |Other parties
| style="text-align:center;" | 1,080,007
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}7.3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1643
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}3
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;" |[[None of the above]] (NOTA)
| style="text-align:center;" | 757,643
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}} 0.9
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left" {{N/A}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| Total
| 86,728,324 || 100.00 || colspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 403 || ±0
|}

=== Uttarakhand ===
{{Main|2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India UK.svg|thumb|right|[[Uttarakhand]]]]
Elections for the State assembly were held on 15 February 2017 with a 65.64 per cent turnout.<ref name=ECI2 /> Result was declared on 11 March 2017.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 15 February 2017 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] election results
|-
| colspan="7"| [[File:Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly Election 2017.svg|center|300px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="width:70px;"| Votes
! style="width:45px;"| %
! style="width:50px;"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="width:30px;"| Won
! style="width:30px;"| +/−
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 2,314,250 || 46.5 || {{increase}}13.4
| 57 || {{increase}}26
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 1,666,379 || 33.5 || {{decrease}}0.3
| 11 || {{decrease}}21
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 347,533 || 7.0 || {{decrease}}5.2
| 0 || {{decrease}}3
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] (UKD)
| 37,041 || 0.7 || {{decrease}}1.2
| 0 || {{decrease}}1
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
| 18,202 || 0.4 || {{decrease}}1.0
| 0 || {{unchanged}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 499,674 || 10.0 || {{decrease}}2.3
| 2 || {{decrease}}1
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[None of the Above]] (NOTA)
| 50,439 || 1.0
| colspan="3" {{N/A}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
| 4,975,494 || 100.00 || style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 70 || ±0
|}

=== Manipur ===
{{Main|2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India MN.svg|thumb|right|[[Manipur]]]]
Assembly elections in Manipur were held on 4 March and 8 March 2017 in two phases.<ref name=ECI2 /> The result was declared on 11 March 2017.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 4–8 March 2017 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] election results<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-2017/live-updates-himachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-results/article21830225.ece|title=Himachal Pradesh Assembly election results — counting ends as BJP seals majority with 44 seats|newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="7"| [[File:Manipur Legislative Assembly 2017.svg|center|300px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="width:70px;"| Votes
! style="width:45px;"| %
! style="width:45px;"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="width:30px;"| Won
! style="width:30px;"| +/−
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 582,056 || 35.1 || {{decrease}}6.9
| 28 || {{decrease}}19
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 601,539 || 36.3 || {{increase}}34.2
| 21 || {{increase}}21
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Naga People's Front]] (NPF)
| 118,850 || 7.2 || {{decrease}}0.3
| 4 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP)
| 83,744 || 5.1 || {{increase}}3.9
| 4 || {{increase}}4
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 83,834 || 5.1 || {{increase}}1.8
| 1 || {{increase}}1
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lok Janshakti Party]] (LJP)
| 42,263 || 2.5 || {{increase}}1.9
| 1 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
| 23,384 || 1.4 || {{decrease}}15.6
| 1 || {{decrease}}4
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[None of the Above]] (NOTA)
| 9,062 || 0.6 || {{increase}}0.6
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
| || 100.00 || style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 60 || ±0
|}

=== Himachal Pradesh ===
{{Main|2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India HP.svg|thumb|right|[[Himachal Pradesh]]]]
Elections for the State assembly was held on 9 November 2017. Voting turnout recorded 74%, which is highest ever in the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-2017/polling-closes-in-himachal-pradesh-with-74-turnout/article20009265.ece |title=Himachal Pradesh records 74% turnout |publisher=The Hindu |date=November 9, 2017 |access-date=November 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109165944/http://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-2017/polling-closes-in-himachal-pradesh-with-74-turnout/article20009265.ece |archive-date=November 9, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The results were declared on 18 December 2017. Over 0.9% of all voters in the election specified the 'None of the Above' option, which amounted to than 33,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tale-of-two-states-gujarat-trumps-over-himachal-pradesh-on-nota-votes/articleshow/62122042.cms|title=Tale of two states: Gujarat trumps over Himachal Pradesh on NOTA votes |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219030035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tale-of-two-states-gujarat-trumps-over-himachal-pradesh-on-nota-votes/articleshow/62122042.cms|archive-date=2017-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 9 November 2017 [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election results<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| colspan="7"| [[File:Himachal Pradesh Legislature 2017.svg|center|300px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="width:70px;"| Votes
! style="width:45px;"| %
! style="width:45px;"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="width:30px;"| Won
! style="width:30px;"| +/−
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 1,846,432 || 48.8 || {{increase}}10.3
| 44 || {{increase}}18
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 1,577,450 || 41.7 || {{decrease}}1.1
| 21 || {{decrease}}15
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 239,989 || 6.3 || {{decrease}}6.1
| 2 || {{decrease}}3
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
| 55,558 || 1.5 || {{decrease}}0.1
| 1 || {{increase}}1
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 18,540 || 0.5 || {{decrease}}0.7
| 0 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="background:gray;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Himachal Lokhit Party]] (HLP)
| colspan="2" {{N/A}} || {{decrease}}2.4
| 0 || {{decrease}}1
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[None of the Above]] (NOTA)
| 34,232 || 0.9 || {{increase}}0.9
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
| || 100.00 || style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 68 || ±0
|}

=== Gujarat ===
{{Main|2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:India GJ.svg|thumb|right|[[Gujarat, India|Gujarat]]]]
Elections for the State Assembly were held on 9 and 14 December 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=171925 |title=Schedule for the General Election to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat, 2017 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=October 25, 2017 |access-date=Nov 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202820/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=171925 |archive-date=November 14, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gujarat-assembly-poll-dates-announced/articleshow/61216622.cms |title=Gujarat Assembly poll dates announced |newspaper=The Times of India |date=Nov 2, 2017 |access-date=Nov 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026135710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gujarat-assembly-poll-dates-announced/articleshow/61216622.cms |archive-date=October 26, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The result was declared on 18 December 2017.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 9–14 December 2017 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] election results
|-
| colspan="7"| [[File:Gujarat Legislative Assembly 2017.svg|center|300px]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! style="width:70px;"| Votes
! style="width:45px;"| %
! style="width:45px;"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="width:30px;"| Won
! style="width:30px;"| +/−
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 1,47,24,427 || 49.1 || {{increase}}1.2
| 99 || {{decrease}}16
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 1,24,38,937 || 41.4 || {{increase}}2.5
| 77 || {{increase}}16
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 12,90,278 || 4.3 || {{decrease}}1.5
| 3 || {{increase}}2
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bharatiya Tribal Party]] (BTP)
| 2,22,694 || 0.7 || {{increase}}0.7
| 2 || {{increase}}2
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 2,07,007 || 0.7 || {{decrease}}0.6
| 0 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 1,84,815 || 0.6 || {{decrease}}0.4
| 1 || {{decrease}}1
|-
| style="background:green;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[All India Hindustan Congress Party]] (AIHCP)
| 83,922 || 0.3 || {{increase}}0.3
| 0 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="background:lime;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (Secular) (RSPS)
| 45,833 || 0.2 || {{increase}}0.2
| 0 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP)
| 24,918 || 0.1 || {{increase}}0.1
| 0 || {{steady}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JDU)
| || ||
| 0 || {{decrease}}1
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Gujarat Parivartan Party}}"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Gujarat Parivartan Party]] (GPP)
| colspan="2" {{N/A}} || {{decrease}}3.6
| 0 || {{decrease}}2
|-
| style="background:white;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[None of the Above]] (NOTA)
| 5,51,615 || 1.8 || {{increase}}1.8
| colspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
| || 100.00 || style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 182 || ±0
|}

== Legislative Assembly by-elections==
=== [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!139
|23 August 2017
|[[Nandyal (Assembly constituency)|Nandyal]]
|[[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|Bhuma Brahmananda Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

=== [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!12
|rowspan="2" |21 December 2017
|[[Pakke-Kessang Assembly constituency|Pakke-Kessang]]
|[[Kameng Dolo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Biyuram Wahge
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!28
|[[Likabali Assembly constituency|Likabali]]
|[[Jomde Kena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kardo Nayigyor
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!113
|9 April 2017
|[[Dhemaji Assembly constituency|Dhemaji]]
|[[Pradan Baruah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ranoj Pegu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!27
|9 April 2017
|[[Rajouri Garden Assembly constituency|Rajouri Garden]]
|[[Jarnail Singh (politician, born 1973)|Jarnail Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Manjinder Singh Sirsa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!7
|23 August 2017
|[[Bawana Assembly constituency|Bawana]]
|[[Ved Parkash]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Ram Chander
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

=== [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!11
|rowspan="2" |23 August 2017
|[[Panaji Assembly constituency|Panaji]]
|[[Sidharth Kuncalienker]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manohar Parrikar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!19
|[[Valpoi Assembly constituency|Valpoi]]
|[[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!36
|9 April 2017
|[[Bhoranj Assembly constituency|Bhoranj]]
|[[Ishwar Dass Dhiman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dr Anil Dhiman
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!4
|9 April 2017
|[[Litipara Assembly constituency|Litipara]]
|Anil Murmu
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|Simon Marandi
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

=== [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!214
|rowspan="2" |9 April 2017
|[[Nanjangud Assembly constituency|Nanjangud]]
|[[Srinivas Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kalale N. Keshavamurthy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!224
|[[Gundlupet Assembly constituency|Gundlupet]]
|[[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|M.C. Mohan Kumari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!41
|11 October 2017
|[[Vengara Assembly constituency|Vengara]]
|[[P.K. Kunhalikutty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[K. N. A. Khader]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|}

=== [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!9
|rowspan="2" |9 April 2017
|[[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater]]
|[[Satyadev Katare]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Hemant Katare
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!89
|[[Bandhavgarh Assembly constituency|Bandhavgarh]]
|Gyan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shiv Narayan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!61
|9 November 2017
|[[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]]
|Prem Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Neelanshu Chaturvedi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!10
|29 July 2017
|[[Northern Angami-I Assembly constituency|Northern Angami-I]]
|[[Khriehu Liezietsu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|[[Shurhozelie Liezietsu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|}

=== [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!79
|9 April 2017
|[[Dholpur Assembly constituency|Dholpur]]
|B.L. Kushwah
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Shobha Rani Kushwah
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!28
|12 April 2017
|[[Upper Burtuk Assembly constituency|Upper Burtuk]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|Dilli Ram Thapa
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|}

===[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
!colspan=2|Party before election
!Reason
!Elected MLA
!colspan=2|Party after election
|-
!11
|21 December 2017
|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Died on 5 December 2016<ref>{{Cite web|title=#AmmaForever: Jayalalithaa loses 74-day battle for life, Tamil Nadu in mourning|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/-ammaforever/story/jayalalithaa-dead-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-355844-2016-12-05|access-date=2016-12-05|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!207
|21 December 2017
|[[Sikandra, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sikandra]]
|[[Mathura Prasad Pal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ajit Singh Pal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!216
|9 April 2017
|[[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Kanthi Dakshin]]
|[[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
!226
|21 December 2017
|[[Sabang Assembly constituency|Sabang]]
|[[Manas Bhunia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Geeta Rani Bhunia
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==See also==
*[[2016 elections in India]]
*[[2018 elections in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in/ Election Commission of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170218151710/http://www.raajneeti.co.in/ Raajneeti – Election 2017 Updates]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2017 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Darzi

2025-09-07T14:42:01Z

MargeneGoodfello: quick update

{{Short description|Muslim community, found in North India and Pakistan}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Darzi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Darzi.jpg
| image_caption =
| popplace = • India • Pakistan (Indian subcontinent)
| langs = • [[Hindi]] • [[Gujarati language|Gujrati]] • [[Urdu]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| rels = • Hinduism • Islam
| related = • [[Indian people|Indians]] • [[Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh|Shaikh]]
}}

'''Darzi''' are a [[caste]] among both Hindus and Muslims. Darzi are known as [[Idrisi Darzi|Idrisi]] in the Muslim community.<ref>''People of India: Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII Part One, edited by Amir Hasan & J.C. Das, {{ISBN|9788173041143}}, pages 412–415</ref>

"Tailoring" is the English translation of ''Darzi''. In the Indian tradition, it was customary to wrap clothing over the body rather than wear stitched clothes. Used in [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], the word Darzi comes from the [[Persian language]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taleghani |first=Azita Hojatollah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31domikfP54C |title=Modality, Aspect and Negation in Persian |date=2008 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-5511-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Panjab Past and Present |date=1986 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |page=63 |language=en |quote=A tailor in Hindi is ''darzi'' and his wife is called ''darzin''. A dyer of clothes was termed as ''rangrez''. A washerman was called ''dhobi'' or ''rajak''.}}</ref>

==History and origin==
[[File:Photograph of tailors at-work, India, albumen print on card, ca.1870's–'80's.jpg|thumb|Photograph of tailors at-work, India, albumen print on card, ca.1870's–'80's]]
The word ''Darzi'' (दर्ज़ी درزی) literally means "business of [[tailor]]" in [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]. The Darzis adopted the name ''Idrisi'' from Idris ([[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]]), a Biblical and Koranic prophet. According to their traditions, Idris was the first person to learn the art of sewing. It is said to be derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word {{Transliteration|fa|darzan}}, which means "to sew".{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} This is also the commonly accepted derivation of the name of the non-related religion Druze. The Darzi are said to have settled in [[South Asia]] during the early period of the [[Sultanate of Delhi]]. They are also divided on a linguistic basis, with those of [[North India]] speaking various dialects of Urdu,<ref name="people413">''People of India: Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII Part Two, edited by Amir Hasan & J.C. Das, {{ISBN|9788173041143}}, page 413</ref> while those of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] speaking [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].

== In India ==

=== Hindu Darzi ===
The Hindu Darzi have various synonyms as well as legends about their community origins. The legends vary according to the Indian states in which they reside.

In the desert state of [[Rajasthan]], the Darzi trace their descent from their legendary hero [[Bhagat Pipa|Shri Peepa Ji Maharaj]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Enthoven|first=R. E.|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8508/page/n319/mode/2up|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay, Vol. I|date=1920|publisher=Government Central Press, Bombay}}</ref> who later became saint during the [[Bhakti movement]] in India,<ref>{{Cite book|last=N.R. Godbole|url=http://archive.org/details/stories-of-indian-saints-n.-r.-godbole|title=Stories Of Indian Saints N. R. Godbole}}</ref> who was the [[Guru–shishya tradition|Great Spiritual Scholar]] of [[Ramananda|Swami Ramanada]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Digital Library Of India|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.271875|title=Kshatriya Vansh Pradeep|date=1928}}</ref> Swami Ramananda was a 14th century [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] devotional poet and saint who lived in the Gangetic basin of [[North India|Northern India]]. Over time, people from this community shifted from their originating place to their place of work to the other cities, and can be found all over India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Enthoven|first=R. E.|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7645|title=The tribes and castes of Bombay|date=1920|publisher=Government Central Press, Bombay}}</ref>

=== Muslim Darzi ===

The Punjabi Darzi is said to have converted to Islam from the [[Hindu]] [[Chhimba]] caste, and have several territorial divisions. These include the Sirhindi, Deswal and Multani. The Punjabi Darzi ([[Chhimba Darzi]]) are almost entirely [[Sunni]].<ref>H.A. Rose, ''A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of Punjab'', Low Price Publications, page 228</ref>

The Idrisi of [[Jharkhand]] have a common origin with those of [[Bihar]], and intermarry. The community speak the Angika dialect of [[Hindi]]. Most Idrisis are still engaged in tailoring, but many Idrisis, particularly in [[Jharkhand]], are now farmers. Their customs are similar to other [[Bihari Muslim]]s.<ref>''People of India: Bihar'' Volume XVI Part One, edited by S. Gopal & Hetukar Jha, Seagull Books, pages 392–394</ref>

==In Pakistan==
In Punjab, the Punjabi Darzi are migrants from [[Punjab (India)|East Punjab]]. Many in rural areas of Punjab have taken to cultivation, while those in urban areas have opened up small businesses. The Punjabi Darzi claim to belong to the [[Muslim Rajput]] community. They are entirely [[Sunni]], and many belong to the orthodox [[Deobandi]] sect.<ref>[[Pnina Werbner]], ''The Migration Process: Capital, Gifts and Offerings among British Pakistanis'', Berg publications</ref>

==See also==
* The [[Druze]] [[heterodox]] [[Muslim]] community of [[Syria]] also derived their name from the word ''Darzi.''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Muhajir communities}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of Bihar]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]

T. N. Madan

2025-08-23T18:10:20Z

MargeneGoodfello: done...

{{Short description|Indian sociologist (born 1933)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Triloki Nath Madan
| image = Madan tn.jpg
| caption = Madan in 2014
| birth_name = Triloki Nath Madan
| birth_date = 12 August 1933
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Raj|British India]]
}}

'''Triloki Nath Madan''' (born 12 August 1933, in [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]], India) is an anthropologist, with a Ph.D from the [[Australian National University]] (1960). He is currently Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the [[Institute of Economic Growth]], [[Delhi University]], and Distinguished Senior Fellow (Adjunct), Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi. Of the teaching positions he held earlier, those at Lucknow and Dharwar lasted longest. He taught for short periods at several universities in India and abroad.

Haksar was born on August 12, 1933 into a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family in the [[Downtown, Srinagar|Downtown]] neighborhood of [[Srinagar]],<ref name = 'Wire' /> in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of the erstwhile [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], within [[British India]].<ref name = 'Wire'>{{cite news |date=December 20, 2015 |last=Madan |first=T.N. |url=https://thewire.in/uncategorised/old-memories-and-recent-encounters-from-a-world-we-have-irretrievably-lost |url-status=live |access-date=June 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405015517/https://thewire.in/uncategorised/old-memories-and-recent-encounters-from-a-world-we-have-irretrievably-lost |archive-date=April 5, 2021 |title=Old Memories and Recent Encounters from a Kashmir We Have Irretrievably Lost |publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en-IN }}</ref>

He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] in 1989. In 1994, he was made Docteur Honoris Causa by the University of Paris X (Nanterre). In 1995, he occupied the Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Chair in Humanities and Social Sciences at the [[University of Hyderabad]].

He has held visiting appointments at a number of universities including Harvard where he was Visiting Professor of Anthropology and of the History of Religion in 1984-85. The Indian Sociological Society gave him the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008.

His most noted work is ''Family and Kinship among the Pandits of Rural Kashmir'' (1966, 1989)<ref> Madan, T.N. (1989) Family and Kinship among the Pandits of Rural Kashmir. Second and enlarged edition. Delhi, Oxford University Press.</ref> which presented an account of the social life of [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s. His more recent publications include,"Modern Myths, Locked Minds: Secularism and Fundamentalism in India" (1997, 2009), "Images of the World: Essays on Religion, Secularism, and Culture" (2005), and "Sociological Traditions: Methods and Perspectives in the Sociology of India" (2011).

He was presented with a [[Festschrift]] titled ''Tradition, Pluralism and Identity: In Honour of T.N. Madan'', edited by [[Veena Das]], Dipankar Gupta and Patricia Uberoi. Currently he lives in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iegindia.org/tnmadancv.pdf|title=TN Madan curriculum vitae|work=Institute of Economic Growth|publisher=[[Delhi University]]|accessdate=18 February 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182448/http://www.iegindia.org/tnmadancv.pdf|archivedate=25 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

He was married to Uma Chaturvedi, a non-[[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]].<ref name = 'Wire' /> She died in December 2013. They have two children.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madan, Triloki Nath}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Australian National University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{india-academic-bio-stub}}

I-League monthly awards

2025-08-15T14:40:53Z

MargeneGoodfello: adding initial entry v1

{{Short description|Monthly awards in the I-League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
This is an [[association football]] award that recognises the best [[I-League]] coach and player each month of the season. It was started in [[2019-20 I-League|2019-20]] season. [[Alejandro Menéndez]] of [[Quess East Bengal FC|East Bengal FC]] and [[Fran González (footballer, born 1989)|Fran González]] of [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan AC]] were the first coach and player of December, respectively.
[[File:Alejandro Menéndez with coach of the month award.png|thumb|Alejandro Menéndez with I-League coach of the month award (December 2019)|245x245px]]

== Coach of the month ==

=== Winners ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Month
!Year
!Nationality
!Coach
!Team
! class="unsortable" |Ref
|-
|December
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
|[[Alejandro Menéndez]]
|[[Quess East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportsfinding.com/alejandro-menendez-coach-of-the-month-in-the-indian-league/8095/|title=Alejandro Menéndez, coach of the month in the Indian League|last=Barker|first=Gabby|date=2020-01-06|website=Sports Finding|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>
|-
|January
|[[2019–20 I-League|2020]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
|[[Kibu Vicuña]]
|[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/papa-heads-mohun-bagan-to-eighth-win-in-nine-ties/articleshow/74056628.cms|title=Papa heads Mohun Bagan to eighth win in nine ties - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>
|-
|February
|[[2019–20 I-League|2020]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
|[[Kibu Vicuña]]
|[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/mohun-bagan-vs-chennai-city-fc-live-score-i-league-fran-gonzalez-diawara-beitia-naorem-eslava-ajith-kumar-yusa-indian-football/article30990282.ece|title=I-League, as it happened: Chennai City holds Mohun Bagan to 1-1 draw|last=Sportstar|first=Team|website=Sportstar|language=en|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>
|-
|January
|[[2020–21 I-League|2021]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
|[[Fernando Santiago Varela|Fernando Varela]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=ANI|title=I-League: Table-toppers Churchill Brothers, Aizawl FC play out goalless draw|url=http://businessworld.in/article/I-League-Table-toppers-Churchill-Brothers-Aizawl-FC-play-out-goalless-draw/04-02-2021-373522|access-date=2021-02-06|website=BW Businessworld|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|February
|[[2020–21 I-League|2021]]
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|[[Curtis Fleming]]
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=I-League: Antwi's penalty takes Kerala to second place|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=808060|access-date=2021-03-06|website=daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|March
|[[2020–21 I-League|2021]]
|{{flag|India}}
|[[L. Nandakumar Singh]]
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=27 Mar 2021|title=Congratulations to Helder Ribeiro & Nandakumar Singh - March Player & Coach of the Month!|url=https://twitter.com/ileagueofficial/status/1375782393957687301|access-date=2021-03-27|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|March
|[[2021–22 I-League|2022]]
|{{flag|Russia}}
|[[Andrey Chernyshov]]
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammedan SC’s Andrey Chernyshov awarded Hero I-League Coach of the Month for March {{!}} Hero I-League |url=https://i-league.org/mohammedan-scs-andrey-chernyshov-awarded-the-hero-i-league-coach-of-the-month-for-march/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== Awards won by nationality ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse"
!Country
!Wins
|-
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
|4
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|1
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|1
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}
|1
|}

=== Awards won by club ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Club
!Wins
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|2
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|1
|-
|[[Quess East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|1
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|1
|-
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|1
|-
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|1
|}

== Player of the month ==

=== Winner ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Month
!Year
!Nationality
!Player
!Team
! class="unsortable" |Ref
|-
|December
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
|[[Fran González (footballer, born 1989)|Fran González]]
|[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-2019-20-mohun-bagan-indian-arrows-preview-kibu-vicuna-shanmugam-venkatesh/article30513774.ece|title=I-League: Indian Arrows hurdle for in-form Mohun Bagan|last=PTI|website=Sportstar|language=en|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>
|-
|January
|[[2019–20 I-League|2020]]
|{{flag|Cameroon}}
|[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Pierrick Dipanda]]
|[[Punjab F.C.|Punjab]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/mohun-bagan-owe-it-to-baba-diawara/cid/1743819|title=Mohun Bagan owe it to Baba|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>
|-
|February
|[[2019–20 I-League|2020]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
|[[Joseba Beitia]]
|[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/mohun-bagan-vs-chennai-city-fc-live-score-i-league-fran-gonzalez-diawara-beitia-naorem-eslava-ajith-kumar-yusa-indian-football/article30990282.ece|title=I-League, as it happened: Chennai City holds Mohun Bagan to 1-1 draw|last=Sportstar|first=Team|website=Sportstar|language=en|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>
|-
|January
|[[2020–21 I-League|2021]]
|{{flag|Honduras}}
|[[Clayvin Zuniga]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title=Santiago Varela, Clayvin Zuniga win laurels in I-League monthly awards for January|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2020-21-january-awards/|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Khel Now|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|February
|[[2020–21 I-League|2021]]
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|[[Kiran Limbu]]
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|March
|[[2020–21 I-League|2021]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Helder Lobato Ribeiro|Helder Ribeiro]]
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|March
|[[2021–22 I-League|2022]]
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|[[Marcus Joseph]]
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marcus Joseph named Hero I-League Player of the Month for March {{!}} Hero I-League |url=https://i-league.org/marcus-joseph-named-hero-i-league-player-of-the-month-for-march/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== Awards won by nationality ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse"
!Country
!Wins
|-
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
|2
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|1
|-
|{{flag|Cameroon}}
|1
|-
|{{flag|Honduras}}
|1
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|1
|-
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|1
|}

=== Awards won by club ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Club
!Wins
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|2
|-
|[[Punjab F.C.|Punjab]]
|2
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|1
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|1
|-
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://i-league.org/ Official website]
{{I-League}}
[[Category:I-League lists|Awards]]
[[Category:I-League seasons]]

15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly

2025-08-14T00:23:51Z

MargeneGoodfello: Made A Article

{{Short description|2019 Andhra Pradesh lower house}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 15th Legislative Assembly of the Andhra Pradesh
| before = [[14th Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|14th Legislative Assembly]]
| after = [[16th Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|''16th Legislative Assembly'']]
| image = Andhra Pradesh Secretariat.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Assembly Building [[Amaravati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| body = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| election = [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry]]
| opposition =
| term_start = 12 June 2019
| term_end = 5 June 2024
| website = 
| chamber2 = Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
| chamber2_image = Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly November 2022.svg
| chamber2_image_size = 350px
| chamber2_alt =
| membership2 = 175
| control2 = [[YSRCP]]
| chamber2_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber2_leader1 = [[Thammineni Seetharam]]
| chamber2_leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| chamber2_leader2 = [[Kolagatla Veerabhadra Swamy]]
| chamber2_leader3_type = Leader of the House
| chamber2_leader3 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| chamber2_leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader4 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| chamber2_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber2_leader5 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| chamber1 = [[Governor (India)|Nominal Executive]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 =
| control1 =
}}

{{Politics of India}}
The '''fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh''' was formed by the members elected in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="result">{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/partywise/index.htm|title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525080857/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/partywise/index.htm|archive-date=25 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Election to [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] took place in single phase on 11 April 2019 by the [[Election Commission of India]]. Counting started officially on the morning of 23 May 2019 and the results were declared on the same day.

== Composition ==
=== Presiding officers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ As of June 2024
|-
!Designation
!Name
|-
|[[List of Governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]
|[[Syed Abdul Nazeer]]
|-
|[[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|[[Thammineni Seetharam]] {{small|([[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]])}}
|-
|Deputy Speaker
|[[Kolagatla Veerabhadra Swamy]] {{small|([[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]])}}
|-
|[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Leader of the House]]
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] {{small|([[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]])}}
|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] {{small|([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])}}
|}

=== Members ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan=2 colspan="2" | Party
!colspan=2 |Members as of
|-
!May 2019
!June 2024
|-
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 151
|style="text-align: center;" | 135
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 23
|style="text-align: center;" | 23
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 0
|style="text-align: center;" | 4
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 0
|style="text-align: center;" | 2
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 1
|style="text-align: center;" | 1
|-
|{{Party name with color|Casual vacancy}}
|style="text-align: center;" | 0
|style="text-align: center;" | 10
|-
!colspan="2" | '''Total'''
!colspan=2 |175
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
!colspan="2" |Party
!Remarks
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
!1
|[[Ichchapuram Assembly constituency|Ichchapuram]]
|[[Ashok Bendalam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!2
|[[Palasa Assembly constituency|Palasa]]
|[[Seediri Appalaraju]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!3
|[[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]
|[[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!4
|[[Pathapatnam Assembly constituency|Pathapatnam]]
|[[Reddy Shanthi]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!5
|[[Srikakulam Assembly constituency|Srikakulam]]
|[[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!6
|[[Amadalavalasa Assembly constituency|Amadalavalasa]]
|[[Thammineni Seetharam]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|Assembly Speaker
|-
!7
|[[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]]
|[[Gorle Kiran Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!8
|[[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
|[[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!9
|[[Rajam Assembly constituency|Rajam]] (SC)
|[[Kambala Jogulu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!10
|[[Palakonda Assembly constituency|Palakonda]] (ST)
|[[Viswasarayi Kalavathi]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
!11
|[[Kurupam Assembly constituency|Kurupam]] (ST)
|[[Pamula Pushpa Sreevani]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!12
|[[Parvathipuram Assembly constituency|Parvathipuram]] (SC)
|[[Alajangi Jogarao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!13
|[[Salur Assembly constituency|Salur]] (ST)
|[[Peedika Rajanna Dora]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!14
|[[Bobbili Assembly constituency|Bobbili]]
|[[S. V. China Appala Naidu|Sambangi Venkata China Appala Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!15
|[[Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency|Cheepurupalli]]
|[[Botsa Satyanarayana|Botcha Satyanarayana]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!16
|[[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram]]
|[[Botcha Appalanarasayya]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!17
|[[Nellimarla Assembly constituency|Nellimarla]]
|[[Baddukonda Appala Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!18
|[[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|[[Kolagatla Veerabhadra Swamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|Assembly Dept Speaker
|-
!19
|[[Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency|Srungavarapukota]]
|[[Kadubandi Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="19" |[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
!20
|[[Bheemili Assembly constituency|Bhimili]]
|[[Muttamsetti Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!21
|[[Visakhapatnam East Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam East]]
|[[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan=3 |22
|rowspan=3 |[[Visakhapatnam South Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam South]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Vasupalli Ganesh Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
| rowspan="3" |Defected to YSRCP in 2020, disqualified in 2024<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|{{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|colspan="3" | ''Vacant''
|-
!rowspan=2 |23
|rowspan=2 |[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North]]
|[[Ganta Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
| rowspan="2" |Resigned in 2021, being accepted in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-24 |title=TD MLA Ganta's resignation accepted |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/td-mla-gantas-resignation-accepted-879615 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="3" | ''Vacant''
|-
!24
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West]]
|[[P. G. V. R. Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!25
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gajuwaka]]
|[[Tippala Nagireddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!26
|[[Chodavaram Assembly constituency|Chodavaram]]
|[[Karanam Dharmasri]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!27
|[[Madugula Assembly constituency|Madugula]]
|[[Budi Mutyala Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!28
|[[Araku Valley Assembly constituency|Araku Valley]] (ST)
|[[Chetti Palguna]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!29
|[[Paderu Assembly constituency|Paderu]] (ST)
|[[Kottagulli Bhagya Lakshmi]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!30
|[[Anakapalli Assembly constituency|Anakapalli]]
|[[Gudivada Amarnath]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!31
|[[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]]
|[[Annamreddy Adeep Raj]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!32
|[[Elamanchili Assembly constituency|Elamanchili]]
|[[Kanna Babu|Uppalapati Venkata Ramanamurthy Raju]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |33
|rowspan="2" |[[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopet]] (SC)
|[[Golla Babu Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| rowspan="2" |Elected to Rajya Sabha in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=All three candidates of YSRCP elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/75512/all-three-candidates-of-ysrcp-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=www.ap7am.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|colspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
!34
|[[Narsipatnam Assembly constituency|Narsipatnam]]
|[[Petla Uma Sankara Ganesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="21" |[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
!35
|[[Tuni Assembly constituency|Tuni]]
|[[Dadisetti Ramalingeswara Rao|Dadisetti Raja]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!36
|[[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu (Kakinada)]]
|[[Parvatha Purnachandra Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!37
|[[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]
|[[Dorababu Pendem]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!38
|[[Kakinada Rural Assembly constituency|Kakinada Rural]]
|[[Kurasala Kannababu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!39
|[[Peddapuram Assembly constituency|Peddapuram]]
|[[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!40
|[[Anaparthy Assembly constituency|Anaparthy]]
|[[Sathi Suryanarayana Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!41
|[[Kakinada City Assembly constituency|Kakinada City]]
|[[Dwarampudi Chandrasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!42
|[[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]
|[[Chelluboyina Venugopala Krishna]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!43
|[[Mummidivaram Assembly constituency|Mummidivaram]]
|[[Ponnada Venkata Satish Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!44
|[[Amalapuram Assembly constituency|Amalapuram]] (SC)
|[[Pinipe Viswarup]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!rowspan="2" |45
|rowspan="2" |[[Razole Assembly constituency|Razole]] (SC)
|rowspan="2" |[[Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|rowspan="2" |Left JSP and extended support to YSRCP in 2020
|-
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
!rowspan="2" |46
|rowspan="2" |[[Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency|Gannavaram (Konaseema)]] (SC)
|rowspan="2" |[[Kondeti Chittibabu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="2" |Left YSRCP and joined INC in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first =|date=2024-04-13 |title=YSRC sitting MLA Chittibabu joins Congress |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/legalnews/ysrc-sitting-mla-chittibabu-joins-congress-889490 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!47
|[[Kothapeta Assembly constituency|Kothapeta]]
|[[Chirla Jaggireddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
|48
|[[Mandapeta Assembly constituency|Mandapeta]]
|[[V. Jogeswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!49
|[[Rajanagaram Assembly constituency|Rajanagaram]]
|[[Jakkampudi Raja]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!50
|[[Rajahmundry City Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry City]]
|[[Adireddy Bhavani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!51
|[[Rajahmundry Rural Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry Rural]]
|[[Gorantla Butchaiah Chowdary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!52
|[[Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|Jaggampeta]]
|[[Jyothula Chantibabu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!53
|[[Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency|Rampachodavaram]] (ST)
|[[Nagulapalli Dhanalakshmi]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="16" |[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
!54
|[[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]] (SC)
|[[Taneti Vanitha]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!55
|[[Nidadavole Assembly constituency|Nidadavole]]
|[[Geddam Srinivas Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!56
|[[Achanta Assembly constituency|Achanta]]
|[[Cherukuvada Sri Ranganadha Raju]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!57
|[[Palakollu Assembly constituency|Palakollu]]
|[[Nimmala Rama Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!58
|[[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapuram]]
|[[Mudunuri Prasada Raju]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|Chief Whip
|-
!59
|[[Bhimavaram Assembly constituency|Bhimavaram]]
|[[Grandhi Srinivas]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!60
|[[Undi Assembly constituency|Undi]]
|[[Mantena Rama Raju]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!61
|[[Tanuku Assembly constituency|Tanuku]]
|[[Karumuri Venkata Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
|62
|[[Tadepalligudem Assembly constituency|Tadepalligudem]]
|[[Kottu Satyanarayana]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!63
|[[Unguturu Assembly constituency|Unguturu]]
|[[Puppala Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!64
|[[Denduluru Assembly constituency|Denduluru]]
|[[Kotaru Abbaya Chowdary]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!65
|[[Eluru Assembly constituency|Eluru]]
|[[Alla Nani|Alla Kali Krishna Srinivas]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!66
|[[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency|Gopalapuram]] (SC)
|[[Talari Venkat Rao|Talari Venkatrao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!67
|[[Polavaram Assembly constituency|Polavaram]] (ST)
|[[Tellam Balaraju]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |68
|rowspan="2" |[[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|Chintalapudi]] (SC)
|rowspan="2" |[[Vunnamatla Eliza]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="2" |Left YSRCP and joined INC in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-24 |title=YCPకి మరో ఎమ్మెల్యే రాజీనామా.. కాంగ్రెస్‌లో చేరిక |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/andhra-pradesh/ycp-chintalapudi-mla-vunnamatla-rakada-eliza-resigns-to-party-and-joins-in-congress-gnt-nk-2428611.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|rowspan="20" |[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
!69
|[[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency|Tiruvuru]] (SC)
|[[Kokkiligadda Rakshana Nidhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!70
|[[Nuzvid Assembly constituency|Nuzvid]]
|[[Meka Venkata Pratap Apparao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan=3 |71
|rowspan=3 |[[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram (Krishna)]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|rowspan="3" |Defected to YSRCP in 2019, disqualified in 2024<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|{{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|colspan="3" | ''Vacant''
|-
!72
|[[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]]
|[[Kodali Sri Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!73
|[[Kaikalur Assembly constituency|Kaikalur]]
|[[Dulam Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!74
|[[Pedana Assembly constituency|Pedana]]
|[[Jogi Ramesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!75
|[[Machilipatnam Assembly constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|[[Perni Venkataramaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!76
|[[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]]
|[[Simhadri Ramesh Babu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!77
|[[Pamarru Assembly constituency|Pamarru]] (SC)
|[[Kaile Anil Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |78
|rowspan="2" |[[Penamaluru Assembly constituency|Penamaluru]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="2" |Left YSRCP and extended support to TDP in 2024<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-26 |title=Penamaluru MLA Kolusu Parthasarathy joins TDP|url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/75895/penamaluru-mla-kolusu-parthasarathy-joins-tdp|access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.ap7am.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
!79
|[[Vijayawada West Assembly constituency|Vijayawada West]]
|[[Vellampalli Srinivas]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!80
|[[Vijayawada Central Assembly constituency|Vijayawada Central]]
|[[Malladi Vishnu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!81
|[[Vijayawada East Assembly constituency|Vijayawada East]]
|[[Gadde Ramamohan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |82
|rowspan="2" |[[Mylavaram Assembly constituency|Mylavaram]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Vasantha Venkata Krishna Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="2" |Left YSRCP and extended support to TDP in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Krishna |date=2024-03-02 |title=Another Setback For YSRCP: YSRCP MLA Vasantha Krishna Prasad Joins TDP In the presence of Nara Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/another-setback-for-ysrcp-ysrcp-mla-vasantha-krishna-prasad-joins-tdp-in-the-presence-of-nara-chandrababu-naidu-862060 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
!83
|[[Nandigama Assembly constituency|Nandigama]] (SC)
|[[Monditoka Jagan Mohana Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!84
|[[Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|Jaggayyapeta]]
|[[Samineni Udayabhanu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="21" |[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
!85
|[[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency|Pedakurapadu]]
|[[Namburu Sankara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan=3 |86
|rowspan=3 |[[Tadikonda Assembly constituency|Tadikonda]] (SC)
|rowspan=2 |[[Undavalli Sridevi]]
|{{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
| rowspan="3" |Defected to TDP in 2023, disqualified in 2024<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|colspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
!87
|[[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]]
|[[Alla Ramakrishna Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|Resigned in 2024, wasn't accepted<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Andhra Pradesh: YSRCP MLA Alla Ramakrishna Reddy quits assembly as well as party |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-ysrcp-mla-alla-ramakrishna-reddy-quits-assembly/articleshow/105896783.cms |access-date=2023-12-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!88
|[[Ponnur Assembly constituency|Ponnuru]]
|[[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!89
|[[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]] (SC)
|[[Merugu Nagarjuna]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!90
|[[Repalle Assembly constituency|Repalle]]
|[[Anagani Satya Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!91
|[[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]]
|[[Annabathuni Siva Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!92
|[[Bapatla Assembly constituency|Bapatla]]
|[[Kona Raghupathi]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|Assembly Dept Speaker
|-
!93
|[[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu (Guntur)]] (SC)
|[[Mekathoti Sucharita]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!rowspan=3 |94
|rowspan=3 |[[Guntur West Assembly constituency|Guntur West]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Maddali Giridhar Rao]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
| rowspan="3" |Defected to YSRCP in 2019, disqualified in 2024<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|{{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|colspan="3" | ''Vacant''
|-
!95
|[[Guntur East Assembly constituency|Guntur East]]
|[[Mohammad Musthafa Shaik]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!96
|[[Chilakaluripet Assembly constituency|Chilakaluripet]]
|[[Vidadala Rajini]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!97
|[[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|[[Gopireddy Srinivasa Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!98
|[[Sattenapalle Assembly constituency|Sattenapalle]]
|[[Ambati Rambabu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!99
|[[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda]]
|[[Bolla Brahma Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!100
|[[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurazala]]
|[[Kasu Mahesh Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!101
|[[Macherla Assembly constituency|Macherla]]
|[[Ramakrishna Reddy Pinnelli]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="14" |[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
!102
|[[Yerragondapalem Assembly constituency|Yerragondapalem]] (SC)
|[[Audimulapu Suresh]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!103
|[[Darsi Assembly constituency|Darsi]]
|Maddisetty Venugopal
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!104
|[[Parchur Assembly constituency|Parchur]]
|[[Yeluri Sambasiva Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!105
|[[Addanki Assembly constituency|Addanki]]
|[[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan="3" |106
|rowspan="3" |[[Chirala Assembly constituency|Chirala]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Karanam Balaram Krishna Murthy]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|rowspan="3" |Defected to YSRCP in 2020, disqualified in 2024<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|{{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|colspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
!107
|[[Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency|Santhanuthalapadu]] (SC)
|[[T. J. R. Sudhakar Babu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!108
|[[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]]
|[[Balineni Srinivasa Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!109
|[[Kandukur Assembly constituency|Kandukur]]
|Manugunta Maheedhar Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!110
|[[Kondapi Assembly constituency|Kondapi]] (SC)
|Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!111
|[[Markapuram Assembly constituency|Markapuram]]
|Kunduru Nagarjuna Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!112
|[[Giddalur Assembly constituency|Giddalur]]
|[[Anna Rambabu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!113
|[[Kanigiri Assembly constituency|Kanigiri]]
|[[Burra Madhusudan Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="18" |[[Nellore district|Nellore]]
!114
|[[Kavali Assembly constituency|Kavali]]
|Ramireddy Pratap Kumar Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |115
|rowspan="2" |[[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur]]
|[[Mekapati Goutham Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
||State Minister Died on 21 February 2022
|-
|[[Mekapati Vikram Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|Elected in 2022
|-
!116
|[[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur]]
|Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!117
|[[Nellore City Assembly constituency|Nellore City]]
|[[Anil Kumar Poluboina]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!rowspan=3 |118
|rowspan=3 |[[Nellore Rural Assembly constituency|Nellore Rural]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Kotamreddy Sridhar Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="3" |Defected to TDP in 2023, disqualified in 2024<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-26 |title=AP Speaker Disqualifies Eight Legislators From The Assembly Ahead Of The Elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ap-speaker-disqualifies-eight-legislators-from-the-assembly-ahead-of-the-elections/articleshow/108021646.cms |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.timesofindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|colspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
!119
|[[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]
|[[Kakani Govardhan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!rowspan="2" |120
|rowspan="2" |[[Gudur Assembly constituency|Gudur]] (SC)
|rowspan="2" |[[Velagapalli Varaprasad Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="2" |Left YSRCP and extended support to BJP in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-03-24 |title=YSRCP MLAs Vunnamatla Eliza, Varaprasad Rao quit ruling party in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Mar/24/ysrcp-mlas-vunnamatla-eliza-varaprasad-rao-quit-ruling-party-in-andhra-pradesh-2 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!121
|[[Sullurpeta Assembly constituency|Sullurpeta]] (SC)
|Kiliveti Sanjeevaiah
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan=3 |122
|rowspan=3 |[[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency|Venkatagiri]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Anam Ramanarayana Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="3" |Defected to TDP in 2023, disqualified in 2024<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|colspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
!rowspan=3 |123
|rowspan=3 |[[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]
|rowspan=2 |Mekapati Chandra Sekhar Reddy
|{{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="3" |Defected to TDP in 2023, disqualified in 2024<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|colspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
|rowspan="11" |[[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
!rowspan="2" |124
|rowspan="2" |[[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel]] (SC)
|[[Gunthoti Venkata Subbaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|Died on 28 March 2021
|-
|[[Dasari Sudha]]
|{{Full party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
|Elected in 2021
|-
!125
|[[Rajampet Assembly constituency|Rajampet]]
|Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!126
|[[Kadapa Assembly constituency|Kadapa]]
|[[Amzath Basha Shaik Bepari]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!127
|[[Kodur Assembly constituency|Kodur]] (SC)
|Koramutla Sreenivasulu
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!128
|[[Rayachoti Assembly constituency|Rayachoti]]
|[[Gadikota Srikanth Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|Chief Whip
|-
!129
|[[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendula]]
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
!130
|[[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram]]
|Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!131
|[[Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency|Jammalamadugu]]
|Mule Sudheer Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!132
|[[Proddatur Assembly constituency|Proddatur]]
|Rachamallu Siva Prasad Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!133
|[[Mydukur Assembly constituency|Mydukur]]
|Raghuramireddy Settipalli
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="16" |[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
!134
|[[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]]
|Gangula Brijendra Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!135
|[[Srisailam Assembly constituency|Srisailam]]
|Silpa Chakrapani Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2 |136
|rowspan=2 |[[Nandikotkur Assembly constituency|Nandikotkur]] (SC)
|rowspan=2 |[[Thoguru Arthur]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="2" |Left YSRCP and joined INC in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=YSRCP MLA Arthur Joins Congress Party |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/77253/ysrcp-mla-arthur-joins-congress-party |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ap7am.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!137
|[[Kurnool Assembly constituency|Kurnool]]
|[[Abdul Hafeez Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!138
|[[Panyam Assembly constituency|Panyam]]
|Katasani Rambhupal Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!139
|[[Nandyal Assembly constituency|Nandyal]]
|[[Shilpa Ravi Chandra Kishore Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!140
|[[Banaganapalle Assembly constituency|Banaganapalle]]
|Katasani Rami Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!141
|[[Dhone Assembly constituency|Dhone]]
|[[Buggana Rajendranath]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!142
|[[Pattikonda Assembly constituency|Pattikonda]]
|[[Kangati Sreedevi]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!143
|[[Kodumur Assembly constituency|Kodumur]] (SC)
|Jaradoddi Sudhakar
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!144
|[[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency|Yemmiganur]]
|K. Chenna Kesava Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!145
|[[Mantralayam Assembly constituency|Mantralayam]]
|Y. Balanagi Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!146
|[[Adoni Assembly constituency|Adoni]]
|Y. Sai Prasad Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |147
|rowspan="2" |[[Alur Assembly constituency|Alur]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Gummanur Jayaram]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="2" ||State Minister Left YSRCP and extended support to TDP in 2024<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-05 |title=Minister Gummanur Jayaram Quits YSRCP, to Join TDP|url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/76406/minister-gummanur-jayaram-quits-ysrcp-to-join-tdp|access-date=2024-03-05|website=www.ap7am.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|rowspan="15" |[[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
!rowspan="2" |148
|rowspan="2" |[[Rayadurg Assembly constituency|Rayadurg]]
|rowspan="2" |Kapu Ramachandra Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="2" |Left YSRCP in 2024 to join BJP<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-05 |title=Rayadurg MLA Kapu Ramachandra Reddy quits YSRCP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/rayadurg-mla-kapu-ramachandra-reddy-quits-ysrcp/articleshow/106581119.cms |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=|first= |date=2024-01-06 |title=Rayadurgam MLA Kapu Ramachandra Reddy to quit YSRCP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rayadurgam-mla-kapu-ramachandra-reddy-to-quit-ysrcp/article67710037.ece |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!149
|[[Uravakonda Assembly constituency|Uravakonda]]
|[[Payyavula Keshav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!150
|[[Guntakal Assembly constituency|Guntakal]]
|Y. Venkatarama Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!151
|[[Tadpatri Assembly constituency|Tadipatri]]
|K. Pedda Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!152
|[[Singanamala Assembly constituency|Singanamala]] (SC)
|[[Jonnalagadda Padmavathy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!153
|[[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency|Anantapur Urban]]
|[[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!154
|[[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency|Kalyandurg]]
|[[K. V. Ushashri Charan]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!155
|[[Raptadu Assembly constituency|Raptadu]]
|[[Thopudurthi Prakash Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!156
|[[Madakasira Assembly constituency|Madakasira]] (SC)
|[[M. Thippeswamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!157
|[[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]]
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
!158
|[[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]]
|[[Malagundla Sankaranarayana]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!159
|[[Puttaparthi Assembly constituency|Puttaparthi]]
|Duddukunta Sreedhar Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!160
|[[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]]
|[[Kethireddy Venkatarami Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!161
|[[Kadiri Assembly constituency|Kadiri]]
|P. V. Sidda Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="17" |[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
!162
|[[Thamballapalle Assembly constituency|Thamballapalle]]
|Peddireddi Dwarakanatha Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!163
|[[Pileru Assembly constituency|Pileru]]
|[[Chintala Ramachandra Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!164
|[[Madanapalle Assembly constituency|Madanapalle]]
|Mohammed Nawaz Basha
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!165
|[[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]]
|[[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!166
|[[Chandragiri Assembly constituency|Chandragiri]]
|[[Chevireddy Bhaskar Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!167
|[[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati]]
|Bhumana Karunakar Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!168
|[[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]]
|Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |169
|rowspan="2" |[[Satyavedu Assembly constituency|Satyavedu]] (SC)
|rowspan="2" |Adimulam Koneti
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="2" |Left YSRCP and extended support to TDP in 2024<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-03-24 |title=YSRCP MLA Adimulam to be TDP nominee for Satyavedu|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/tirupathi/ysrcp-mla-adimulam-to-be-tdp-nominee-for-satyavedu-865047|access-date=2024-03-15|website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
!170
|[[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]
|[[Roja Selvamani|R. K. Roja]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!171
|[[Gangadhara Nellore Assembly constituency|Gangadhara Nellore]] (SC)
|[[K. Narayana Swamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|State Minister
|-
!rowspan="2" |172
|rowspan="2" |[[Chittoor Assembly constituency|Chittoor]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Arani Srinivasulu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| rowspan="2" |Left YSRCP and extended support to JSP in 2024<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-03-05 |title=YSRCP Suspends Chittoor MLA After He Cosies Up To Pavan Kalyan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ysrcp-suspends-chittoor-mla-after-he-cosies-up-to-pavan-kalyan/articleshow/108185383.cms|access-date=2024-03-03|website=www.timesofindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|-
!rowspan=2 |173
|rowspan=2 |[[Puthalapattu Assembly constituency|Puthalapattu]] (SC)
|rowspan=2 |[[M. S. Babu]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan="2" |Left YSRCP and joined INC in 2024
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!174
|[[Palamaner Assembly constituency|Palamaner]]
|N. Venkate Gowda
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|
|-
!175
|[[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|}

== See also==
{{portal|India}}

* [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://eci.gov.in/ Official website] of the [[Election Commission of India]]

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Andhra Pradesh Legislature}}
{{Andhra Pradesh elections}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
}}

[[Category:2010s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

Centro (store)

2025-08-10T04:18:31Z

MargeneGoodfello: Started a info initial version

{{Short description|Indian department store chain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Pune Central Mall, Bund Garden.jpg|thumb|200px|Former Pune Central, [[Bund Garden, Pune]]]]
[[File:SoBo Central at Haji Ali, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Former SoBo Central at Crossroads Mall, [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai]]]]
'''Centro''', also called Reliance Centro and formerly Central, is an [[India|Indian]] [[department store]] chain operated by [[Reliance Retail]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Centro |url=https://relianceretail.com/reliance-centro.html |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=relianceretail.com}}</ref> It was formerly operated by Future Lifestyle Fashion of [[Future Group]].<ref name="Future Retail Businesses">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/future-group-central/article9485604.ece|title=Future Group's Central to stay away from online presence|last=Chatterjee|first=Purvita|date=17 January 2017|work=The Hindu Business Line|accessdate=27 January 2018}}</ref> It competes with other department store chains such as [[Lifestyle (Department Store)|Lifestyle]] and [[Shoppers Stop]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-30 |title=The next big disruption! Mukesh Ambani’s Reliance Centro to take on Lifestyle, Shoppers Stop - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/mukesh-ambanis-reliance-centro-to-take-on-lifestyle-shoppers-stop-next-disruption-348609-2022-09-30 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Outlets==
Central opened its first store in Bangalore in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/27malls.htm|title=Bangalore to see malls explosion|website=Rediff |accessdate=27 January 2018}}</ref>

In 2022, [[Reliance Retail|Reliance]] took over 34 Central stores after [[Future Group]] failed to make payments for their leases. These stores were rebranded as Centro.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-28 |title=Reliance Retail turns Future’s Central into Centro fashion stores |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retail-turns-futures-central-into-centro-fashion-stores/articleshow/94490567.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Centro operates over 33 outlets across 24 locations in India and plans to add more stores in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Centro |url=https://relianceretail.com/reliance-centro.html |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=relianceretail.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shopping malls in India}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Retail companies of India]]
[[Category:Clothing retailers of India]]
[[Category:Future Group]]
[[Category:Reliance Retail]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Chandanahosahalli

2025-07-20T02:52:32Z

MargeneGoodfello: Started a details v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
'''Chandanahosahalli''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="gov">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|website=censusindia.gov.in|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner|access-date=2021-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandanahosahalli · Karnataka 562111, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chandanahosahalli,+Karnataka+562111/@13.21742,77.2365901,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bae2a7ec6894891:0x2667ac22d6f8c73!8m2!3d13.2172467!4d77.2476997?shorturl=1|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Chandanahosahalli · Karnataka 562111, India|language=en}}</ref> It is located in the [[Nelamangala]] [[taluk]] of [[Bangalore Rural district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-02|language=en-US}}</ref> {{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandanahosahalli
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| governing_body = Nelamangala Poursabha
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| unit_pref = Metric
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 562111
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|13.2172467|N|77.2476997|E|display=inline,title}}
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| government_type =
| native_name =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Rural]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]s
| parts = Nelamangala
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| footnotes =
}}

== Demographics ==
Chandanahosahalli had population of 231 of which 119 are males while 112 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref name=Census75>https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf Page-75</ref>

== Geography ==
The total geographical area of village is 103.56 hectares.<ref name=Census75 />

== Bus route from Bengaluru City ==
[[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantapura]] - [[Nelamangala]]

== See also ==

* [[Nidavanda]]
* [[Bengaluru Rural District]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

*{{cite web|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/|title=Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka | City of Silk production | India|website=bangalorerural.nic.in|access-date=2021-08-02}}

{{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]

Chains: Love Stories of Shadows

2025-05-04T01:32:07Z

MargeneGoodfello: Started some data w/ sources

{{Short description|Dance theater production by Savitha Sastry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Primary sources|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox stage production
| name = Chains
| image = Savitha Sastry Chains 0001.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Love Stories of Shadows
| company = The Savitha Sastry Production Company
| genre = Solo [[Bharatanatyam]] Dance Theatre
| type =
| premiere = 31 January 2015
| finalshow = 
| location =
| creatortitle1 = Choreography & Artistic Direction
| creatorname1 = [[Savitha Sastry]]
| creatortitle2 = Produced & Written by
| creatorname2 = [[AK Srikanth]]
| creatortitle3 = Music
| creatorname3 = [[Rajkumar Bharathi]]
| creatortitle4 = Technical Direction
| creatorname4 = Victor Paul Raj
| creatortitle6 =
| creatorname6 =
| creatortitle7 =
| creatorname7 =
| creatortitle8 =
| creatorname8 =
| creatortitle9 =
| creatorname9 =
| creatortitle10 =
| creatorname10 =
| creatortitle11 =
| creatorname11 =
| creatortitle12 =
| creatorname12 =
| creatortitle13 =
| creatorname13 =
| creatortitle14 =
| creatorname14 =
| creatortitle15 =
| creatorname15 =
| otherlabel1 =
| otherdata1 =
| otherlabel2 =
| otherdata2 =
| otherlabel3 =
| otherdata3 =
| otherlabel4 =
| otherdata4 =
| otherlabel5 =
| otherdata5 =
| website =
}}

'''Chains''' is a solo [[Bharatanatyam]] Dance Theater production choreographed, directed and performed by [[Savitha Sastry]]. It is based on a trilogy of short stories written by her husband [[AK Srikanth]], who is also the producer of the show. The soundtrack was scored by the Chennai-based music composer [[Rajkumar Bharathi]],<ref>[http://www.savithasastry.com/chains.html Savitha Sastry’s webpage]</ref> the great grandson of veteran freedom fighter and poet [[Subramania Bharathi]]. Unlike Savitha’s other productions, Chains is not a work of fiction but is entirely based on true lives. The production premiered at Mumbai’s [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA Auditorium]] on 31 January 2015, and is highly acclaimed for its nuanced delivery.<ref>[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/timesOfIndiaFeb72015.jpg ''Savitha to present her latest dance drama in the city'', Times of India, 7 February 2015.]</ref>

==Plot==
''Chains'' follows the life of a woman named Vichitra, and the story is narrated by Solitude. In the first act, Vichitra is shown as a vivacious sixteen-year-old who is much admired for her beauty. Vichitra falls in love with Adhvik, a young boy with [[Asperger syndrome]]. The love story comes to an end in the face of extreme reactions from Vichitra’s parents, and she is sent far away from her home. The second part showcases Vichitra, now in her middle age, as a mother, wife and daughter in law. Her days are monotonous and routine, but she finds her escape in the night when she dreams of being a dance diva under the spotlight. Her real and dream worlds start to merge, until one day she is yanked back when she starts hearing voices of her family beseeching her to return to her 'real' self. The final act presents Vichitra in her advanced age, fighting solitude. The show ends with Vichitra accepting Solitude as her lover and vowing to spend her life with him, even as her family and neighbours conclude that senility has caused her to reach the limits of sanity.

==Cast==
All three acts are narrated by Solitude who is portrayed as a character, though he never appears on stage. [[Savitha Sastry]] performs Vichitra’s character.

==Production==
The second act of ''Chains'' was written in 2012. In 2013-14, Srikanth added two more parts as a prequel and a sequel, and the production commenced in March 2014. In line with her other productions such as [[Soul Cages: The story of life, death and beyond|Soul Cages]], [[Yudh: Three perspectives, one truth|Yudh]], and [[The Prophet: Destiny. Divinity. Doubt|The Prophet]], ''Chains'' too steers clear of conventional [[Bharatanatyam]] themes of a nayika (heroine) pining for love, or pieces based on Bhakti (devotion), and instead delivers an original and contemporary story not based in religion or Indian mythology. The production used several effects from theater such as special lighting, use of voiceovers and narratives in the soundtrack.

[[File:Savitha Sastry Chains.jpg|thumb|[[Savitha Sastry]] performing Chains: Love Stories of Shadows at [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA Mumbai]] (Jan 31st, 2015)]]

==Critical reception==
''Chains'' received hugely positive reviews from the critics and the audience. Critic Charu Sharma commented in the Times of India that the production "showcased how a woman's decisions are moulded more by external factors than personal will".<ref>[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/toiFeb222015.jpg ''Dancing full-time was like coming back to my first love'', Times of India, 22 February 2015.]</ref> Critic Narayana Vishwanath of Indian Express wrote 'Savitha Sastry delivered the raging and tumultuous tale of bondage with grace and lucidity' and added that the final effect was 'a visual epiphany'.<ref>[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/indianExpressMar92015.jpg ''Telling the tale of Womanhood'', Indian Express, 9 March 2015.]</ref> Critic Mahalakshmi Subramanian of DNA reported "Indeed a huge accomplishment for Sastry as she has proven this art form can be entertaining and thought-provoking too.".<ref>[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/dnaNaviMumbaiFeb72015.jpg ''A New Margam that frees Bharatanatyam from its shackles'', DNA Navi Mumbai, 7 February 2015.]</ref> DNA also went on to report that the experience was "Unconventional and thought provoking."<ref>[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/dnaNaviMumbaiFeb52015.jpg ''Savitha's Latest Solo Dance Theatre an Ode to Women'', DNA, 5 February 2015.]</ref> Noted art critic Soma Das of Mid-Day said "(the presentation) unshackled age-old chains".<ref>[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/midDayJan292015.jpg ''Unshackle Age-Old Chains'', Mid-Day, 29 January 2015.]</ref> The praise for [[Savitha Sastry|Savitha’s]] attempts to make [[Bharathanatyam]] more accessible was also highly praised by Critic Arun Venkatraman in the Asian Age, when he said "Seamlessly merges tradition with improvisation... refreshing tone to an age old dance form."<ref>[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/asianAgeJan192015.jpg ''A Modern Touch to Ancient Style'', Asian Age, 19 January 2015.]</ref>

[[Savitha Sastry|Savitha's]] performance as Vichitra was highly lauded. A critic from DNA-After Hours reported "[Savitha] delivers original story lines with her impeccable artistry and technique.. the genius of artistic direction, elegance and perfection on stage."<ref>[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/dnaAfterHrsFeb42015.jpg ''Classical Notes'', DNA After Hours, 4 February 2015.]</ref> Critic Anannya Chatterjee referred to her as the "Renaissance-architect of Bharatanatyam" in Absolute India,<ref>[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/absoluteIndiaJan312015.jpg ''Tussle between personal choice and societal expectations is constant'', Absolute India, 31 January 2015.]</ref> while critic Ashok Dhamija of Newsband, Navi Mumbai wrote "Savitha holds the distinction of being the one woman since [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]] to have brought about a revolution in the way Bharatanatyam is presented."<ref>[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/NewsbandJan202015.jpg ''Dance Performance by Savitha Sastry'', Newsband Navi Mumbai, 20 January 2015.]</ref>

==Credits==
* Artistic Direction and Choreography: [[Savitha Sastry]]
* Production, Story, Song Lyrics, Script: [[AK Srikanth]]
* Music: [[Rajkumar Bharathi]]
* Sound Analyst: Sai Shravanam (Resound Studios, Chennai)
* Narration: Hans Kaushik
* Technical Direction: Victor Paulraj (Studio7, Chennai)
* Design and Photographs: Aditya Sastry (Lost Arrow Studio, California)
* Vocals: Keerthana Vaidyanathan
* Keyboard and Harmonica: Vijayshankar
* Percussion: Ganapathy
* [[Shehnai]]: [[S. Ballesh]]
* Veena: Bhavani Prasad
* Sitar and Zitar: L Kishore

==Dance Film==
In 2018, ''Chains'' was released as a dance film and made available on a free to view digital format.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJHO7gkZn0c&t=7s. Chains: Live in Concert]</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bharatanatyam dance theatre productions]]
[[Category:Autism in the arts]]

Toksar

2025-04-22T21:05:30Z

MargeneGoodfello: added...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Toksar
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = Village
|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|coordinates = {{Coord|22|10|28|N|75|59|3|E}}
|population_total =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
}}

'''Toksar''' is a village in Barwah [[tehsil]] in [[Khargone district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It belongs to the [[Indore division]] and is located on the south bank of the [[Narmada River]], about 10 km west of [[Sanawad]] and 75 km south of [[Indore]]. In 2018, its population was 1,473 inhabitants with 758 males and 715 females.<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=611629&category=VILLAGE |title=Toksar |publisher=[[Census of India]]|accessdate=26 March 2016}}</ref>

The majority of the population are Hindi speaking [[Gurjar]], and farmers, mainly growing soya bean, wheat, cotton, [[Eddoe|arbi]] etc. Toksar has become a small stop during the ''[[Parikrama#Panchkosi parikrama|Panchkosi Parikrama]]'' which starts in [[Omkareshwar]] and lasts 5 days.
Toksar was awarded the [[Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan|Nirmal Gram Puraskar]] ("clean village prize") in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nirmalgrampuraskar.nic.in/Report/RptGPAwardedSummaryTill2010.aspx|title=List of Awarded GPs Year :- 2008|publisher=Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation|accessdate=27 March 2016|at=''(navigate forward to 2008/Madhya Pradesh/Khargone)''|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511034737/http://nirmalgrampuraskar.nic.in/Report/RptGPAwardedSummaryTill2010.aspx|archivedate=11 May 2012}}</ref>
It has a school and a hospital.

{{Coord|22.1745|N|75.9841|E|display=title}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Khargone district]]

Binwalia

2025-03-05T20:07:22Z

MargeneGoodfello: updated page

{{Multiple issues|
{{moresources|date=October 2018}}
{{One source|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Binwalia
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|27.108|N|84.464|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Champaran district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Binwalia''' is a village in [[West Champaran]] district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India]], Binwalia had a population of 3668 in 734 households. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 47%. Binwalia has an average literacy rate of 34.24%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 66.64%, and female literacy is 33.35%. In Binwalia, 24.45% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/final_pca.aspx|title=Census of India 2011|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{West Champaran district}}
[[Category:Villages in West Champaran district]]

{{WestChamparan-geo-stub}}

Matheran railway station

2025-02-06T01:19:55Z

MargeneGoodfello:

{{Short description|Hill Terminus of Matheran Light Railway}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Matheran railway station
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type =
| image = File:MHR train at Matheran Station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address =
| borough =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.989|73.271|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| owned =
| operator =
| manager =
| transit_authority =
| line = [[Matheran Hill Railway]]
| distance =
| platforms =
| tracks =
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code =
| iata =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = 1907
| electrified =
| closed =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services =
| other_services =
| other_services2 =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-stroke-color = #C60C30
| mapframe-marker = station
| mapframe-marker-color = #1F2F57
| mapframe-zoom = 9
}}

{{Matheran Hill Railway}}
'''Matheran Railway Station''' is the upper terminus of the [[Matheran Hill Railway]] (MHR). It is the fifth and last station of the narrow gauge line.

==Station==
The station is at an elevation of approximately {{Convert|2625|ft|m}} in the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="KonhanWelcomeIn">{{Cite web|url=http://divcomkonkan.gov.in/Document/en/page/MatheranHillStation.aspx|title=Welcome to Konkan Division|website=divcomkonkan.gov.in}}</ref> As no automobiles are allowed in [[Matheran]] it provides the sole mechanised means of transport, the alternative being walking or horseback from the previous station {{rws|Aman Lodge}},<ref name="FPJ-20120929">{{cite news|url=http://freepressjournal.in/aman-lodge-matheran-train-starts-today-neral-matheran-in-pipeline/|title=Aman Lodge-Matheran train starts today, Neral Matheran in pipeline|date=2012-09-29|work=The Free Press Journal|access-date=8 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229053555/http://freepressjournal.in/aman-lodge-matheran-train-starts-today-neral-matheran-in-pipeline/|archive-date=29 December 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> some 3 km distant.,<ref name="IE-20120929">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aman-lodgematheran-station-toy-trains-start-today/1009462/|title=Aman Lodge-Matheran Station toy trains start today|date=2012-09-29|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> with trains to [[Neral, India|Neral]] suspended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irctchelp.in/neral-matheran-toy-train-timings/|title=NERAL - MATHERAN TOY TRAIN TIMINGS|date=12 January 2021|website=irctchelp.in}}</ref>

==Heritage==
The Station buildings, depot and railway infrastructure at Matheran are all mentioned in the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site#Nomination process|nomination tentative list]] for the Matheran Light Railway.<ref name="UNESCO-TL">{{cite web|title=Mountain Railways of India (Extension)|id=Matheran Light Railway (MLR)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5919/|website=|access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref> No. 741, an ML class steam locomotive that originally worked the line is preserved on a plinth at Matheran station. An old bell dated 1907 hangs outside the station office. It has the inscriptions: 'J.Warner London | 1907'

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Matheran Railway Stationː view from northern end.jpg|Matheran Railway Stationː view from platform end
File:Tracks entering Matheran Railway Station.jpg|Tracks into Matheran Railway Station
File:Matheran Railway Station Platform Board.jpg|Platform Board of Matheran Railway Station
File:MatheranStation.JPG| Old image of a train at the station
File:Train entering Matheran Station.jpg|A Train entering Matheran Station
File:A MHR Train halted at Platform no.2 of Matheran Station.jpg|A Train halted at Platform no.2 of Matheran Station
File:Train engine at Matheran station.jpg|MLR No. 741 at Matheran station
File:A 1907 Bell at Matheran Station.jpg|A Bell dated 1907 at Matheran Station
File:A Plaque at Matheran Railway Station.jpg|A Commemoration Plaque at Matheran Railway Station

</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Matheran railway station}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1907]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1907]]
[[Category:Mountain railways in India]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]

Jakhani Kalan

2025-02-03T13:32:04Z

MargeneGoodfello:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

'''Jakhani Kalan''' is a village in [[Lambhua]] block of [[Sultanpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>2011 Census of India - [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=196480 Jakhani Kalan]</ref> The population is 1,111 total according to the [[2011 Census of India]].
if you want to know more about village contact with Mr Arvind singh. my self Vineesh singh .its my village

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Sultanpur district]]

{{Sultanpur district}}
{{Sultanpur-geo-stub}}

Patabari

2024-11-24T15:06:39Z

MargeneGoodfello: Creating basic stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = PATABARI FV
| other_name =
| nickname = Patabari Island
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Aie River Bridge.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aie river bridge
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chirang district|Chirang]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =

| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 689
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1148
| population_as_of = As 2011 census
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = [[Bodo people|Boro]]
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 783394
| registration_plate =
| website = Patabari.org
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS-26]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Patabari''', commonly known as '''Patabari Island''' or '''Patabari Village''', is located in Bengtol Subdivision, [[Chirang district]] in [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Patabari Pin Code |url=https://wwnw.indiatvnews.com/pincode/assam/bongaigaon/patabari/ |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> [[Kajalgaon]] and [[Bengtol]] are the district and sub-district headquarters of Patabari.<ref>{{cite web |title=PUB PATABARI Village PATABARI Panchayat SIDLI CHIRANG Block Chirang, Assam |url=https://www.brandbharat.com/english/assam/districts/Chirang/Chirang_SIDLI%20CHIRANG_PATABARI_PUB%20PATABARI.html/ |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> The nearest city is [[Bongaigaon]] which is about 37 km away from Patabari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Patabari |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Patabari/d30FBYVsz2/ |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Patabari-I, Bengtol, Chirang, Assam, India |url=https://geolysis.com/p/in/as/chirang/bengtol/patabari-i/ |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>

==Population census==
According to 2011 census, the number of children aged 0 to 6 in Patabari was 185, accounting for 16.11% of the total population. Patabari has a higher average sex ratio of 969 than the state average of 958. According to census data, Patabari has a child-to-female ratio of 779, which is lower than the Assam average of 962.

Patabari village has a lower literacy rate than the rest of Assam. As of 2011, the literacy rate of Patabari was 54.62%, compared to Assam's 72.19%. Male literacy in Patabari is 59.50%, while female literacy is 49.79%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Patabari F.V. Population - Bongaigaon, Assam|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/302025-patabari-f-v--assam}}</ref>

==Educational institutions==
* Rev. Rikum Memorial English School
* Patabari High & M. E. School
* Ouguri High & ME School

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Patabari Village.jpg
Sand of river.jpg
Aie river bamboo bridge.jpg
Fishing point of AIE river.jpg
</gallery>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chirang district]]

Vidarbha Kingdom

2024-10-21T22:34:53Z

MargeneGoodfello: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Vidarbha kingdom]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from over-capitalization}}
}}

Fliegerführer Afrika

2024-10-02T05:59:47Z

MargeneGoodfello: Structure improved and content revised

{{Short description|Division of the German Luftwaffe in the Second World War}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2007}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= {{lang|de|Fliegerführer Afrika}}
|image=
|caption=
|dates=1941–1943
|country={{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|branch=[[Luftwaffe]]
|type= [[Air force]]
|role= [[Aerial warfare]] [[Close air support]]
|size=Air Fleet
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|identification_symbol=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=[[World War II]]
|notable_commanders=[[Stefan Fröhlich (German general)|Stefan Fröhlich]] [[Otto Hoffmann von Waldau]]
}}

'''''Fliegerführer Afrika''''' was part of ''[[Luftflotte 2]]'' (Air Fleet 2), one of the primary divisions of the German [[Luftwaffe]] in the [[Second World War]]. It operated in the Mediterranean and Libya from 1941–1942. The commanders were [[Generalmajor]] [[Stefan Fröhlich (German general)|Stefan Fröhlich]] and Generalleutnant [[Otto Hoffmann von Waldau]], who led the German air support to the German ''[[Afrika Korps]]'' campaign during the winter of 1941–1942.

The aircraft flown by these commanders were a [[Heinkel He 111|He 111 P-4]] (VG+ES), fully equipped (armed with 5 × [[MG 15]] and 1 × [[MG 17 machine gun|MG 17]], capacity to load {{cvt|1000|kg|lb}} of bombs in belly and another {{cvt|1000|kg|lb}} under the wings, also exterior fuel tanks).

==Commanding officers==
* Generalmajor [[Stefan Fröhlich (German general)|Stefan Fröhlich]]<ref>Oberstleutant [[Martin Harlinghausen]] had acted as Fliegerführer Afrika from January 1941 to 20 February 1941 but without any Stab.</ref> 24 February 1941 – 10 April 1942
* Generlmajor [[Theo Osterkamp]] (acting), April 1942
* General der Flieger [[Otto Hoffmann von Waldau]], 12 April – 30 August 1942
* General der Flieger [[Hans Seidemann]], 30 August 1942 – 31 January 1943
* Generalmajor [[Walter Hagen (aviator)|Walter Hagen]], 1 February 1943 – February 1943

==Order of battle==
[[File:Me 109E-4Trop JG27 off North African coast 1941.jpg|thumb|A German Messerschmitt [[Messerschmitt Bf 109|Bf 109]]E-4/Trop of Jagdgeschwader 27 (27th Fighter Wing) in flight, off the North African coast in the summer of 1941.]]
===Luftflotte 2 (1941–42)===
* Fliegerkorps II
* Korpskette X.Fliegerkorps Afrika
** JagdKommando Kreta
* Fliegerführer Afrika (Ägyptenfeldzug)
** [[Ramcke Parachute Brigade]]
** Brigade Hermann Göring
** [[Kampfgruppe Schmid]]
** Luftwaffe Kommando Südost
*** Luftgau Afrika
*** Koluft Libyen
*** 2.(H)/14
** II Seenot-Dienstführer
*** 15. Seenotkommando (Bengasi)
*** 16. Seenotkommando (Derna)
*** Seenotkommando (Tripoli)
** II Sanitäts-Flugbereitschaft Bengasi

===Luftflotte 2 (1942–43)===
* Fliegerführer Afrika (Libyen-Tunesien)
** Fliegerführer Tunis
*** Fliegerkorps Tunis
**** Verbindungsstaffel und Flugbereitschaft der Fliegerkorps Tunis
**** Fliegerführer 1 (Nord)
**** Fliegerführer 2 (Mitte)
**** Fliegerführer 3 (Süd)
**** Fliegerführer Gabes
* General der Deutschen Luftwaffe beim Oberkommand der Kgl. Ital. Luftwaffe (Italuft)
** V Squadra Aerea (Italian 5th Air Fleet)
*** Bataglione Paracadutisti Libiche Fanti dell'Aria
*** Bataglione Paracadutisti Folgore
*** Commando Aeronautica Tripolitana
*** Settore Centrale Cirenaica
*** Settore Est Fuka (Egypt)
* Deutsch-Italienische Panzerarmee/Armata Corazzata Italo-Tedesca (Flak Div.) Kommando (Anti-Air)



==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://niehorster.org/011_germany/42-oob/42-10-23/flifu_afrika.html Flifu Africa]

{{German World War II (Jagd)Fliegerführer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fliegerfuhrer Afrika}}
[[Category:Military history of Germany during World War II]]
[[Category:Luftwaffe Fliegerführer]]
[[Category:North African campaign]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1943]]

Trams in India

2024-09-25T14:31:35Z

MargeneGoodfello: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[List of town tramway systems in India]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kallakudy

2024-07-04T08:59:52Z

MargeneGoodfello: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Kallakudi]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Millet Network of India

2024-02-17T03:28:26Z

MargeneGoodfello: minor cleanup

[[file:Millet Network members.jpg|thumb|Millet Network members]]
The '''Millet Network of India''' supports [[millet]] farmers. It was created by one hundred women who realised the qualities of the traditional crop.<ref name=citation>{{Cite web|last=PIB India|date=8 March 2018|title=Nari Shatki Puraskar citation|url=https://twitter.com/PIB_India/status/971642193403244544|access-date=21 February 2021|website=PIB India via Twitter}}</ref> The group have helped village farmers to grow millet with low water usage and organic fertiliser while highlighting the injustice of government subsidies which encourage competitor crops like rice. It has received both the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] and the [[Equator Prize|Equator Award]].

==Background==
[[File:MILLET grains India.jpg|right|thumb|Indian [[millet]] grains|alt=refer to caption]]
Millet is a traditional grain in India and the Millet Network of India promotes it because the crop will grow with less water than other crops. This is particularly apparent when it is compared with rice which enjoys a subsidy in India. Millet will grow on poor soil, it suffers from few diseases and the harvested crop can be kept for a long time.<ref name=ukg>{{Cite web|last=Nagaland|first=Anne Pinto-Rodrigues in|date=2020-02-25|title=Against the grain: why millet is making a comeback in rural India|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/25/against-the-grain-why-millet-is-enjoying-an-indian-revival-nagaland|access-date=2021-02-21|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Millet can be fed with natural fertilisers, but not many farmers still grow it, stopping because there is little demand. White rice is more popular and rice growing attracts a government subsidy.<ref name=ukg/>

In 2016, the network was campaigning and lobbying government to get millet recognised by legislation which currently excludes it. They wanted the [[National Food Security Act, 2013|National Food Security Act]] amended so that millet would be included in the [[Public Distribution System|subsidised food that is made available to the poor]]. The month long campaign was designed to end on [[World Food Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kurmanath|first=K. V.|title=Millet Network launches national campaign to include grain in PDS|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/millet-network-launches-national-campaign-to-include-grain-in-pds/article9114633.ece|access-date=2021-02-21|website=@businessline|date=16 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Millet Sisters award.jpg|thumb|left|A network representative accepts the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]]]
By 2018, the network had 5,000 members <ref name=citation/> and Moghulamma received the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] on behalf of the network on [[International Women's Day]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-03-10|title=Millet Network of India's success story|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/sharing-their-success-story/article23022979.ece|access-date=2021-02-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This is the highest civilian honour for women, given for an outstanding contribution to women's empowerment and presented by the [[President of India]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]] on 8 March 2018. The network was one of 39 recipients from all over India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/09/international-womens-day-president-kovind-honours-39-achievers-with-nari-shakti-puraskar-1784159.html|title=International Women's Day: President Kovind honours 39 achievers with 'Nari Shakti Puraskar'|date=2018-03-09|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref> Moghulamma, who collected the award, was aged 36 and had become a full time farmer after her husband and his mother died. It was her mother-in-law who had got her involved with the Millet Network and she has gained attention for her success at organically growing millet. The network supplies advice on pest control and the organic use of [[vermicompost]], manure and [[panchgavya]]. In 2019 she went to New York to receive the [[Equator Prize|Equator Award]] from UNESCO.<ref name=hbl>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Subir|title=How millet farming empowers women|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/how-millet-farming-empowers-women/article29965030.ece|access-date=2021-02-21|website=@businessline|date=14 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

[[Category:Organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]

Chatta Singh

2023-12-09T13:33:53Z

MargeneGoodfello: page fix

{{Short description|Indian Victoria Cross recipient (1886–1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
|name = Sepoy Thakur Chatta Singh
|birth_place = Chauhan Estate Tilsara [[Cawnpore]], [[North-Western Provinces]], British India
|death_place = Chauhan Estate Tilsara, [[Kanpur Nagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|image = Chatta Singh.jpg
|caption = Singh, 9th Bhopal Infantry, meeting Army Chief [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]] in 1953
|other name =
|parents =
|allegiance = [[British India]]
|serviceyears =
|rank = [[Subedar]]
|branch = [[British India Army]]
|commands =
|unit = [[9th Bhopal Infantry]]
|battles = [[First World War]]
|awards = [[Victoria Cross]]
|laterwork =
}}

'''Chatta Singh''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (1886{{snd}}28 March 1961) was an Indian recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Details==
He was about 29 years old, and a [[Sepoy]] in the [[9th Bhopal Infantry]], [[British Indian Army]] during the [[World War I|First World War]] when he performed the deed for which he was awarded the VC. On 13 January 1916 during the [[Battle of the Wadi]], [[Mesopotamia]], Sepoy Chatta Singh left cover to assist and to rescue his commanding officer, who was lying wounded and helpless in the open.

[[File:Sep Chatta Singh, VC, 9th Bhopal Inf.jpg|thumb|right|Sepoy Chatta Singh, 9th Bhopal Infantry, winning the Victoria Cross on 13 January 1916. The Tigris Front, Mesopotamia.|330px]]

The citation reads:

{{blockquote|His Majesty the [[George V|KING]] has been graciously pleased to award the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned ... Man: —

For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty in leaving cover to assist his Commanding Officer who was lying wounded
and helpless in the open. Sepoy Chatta Singh bound up the Officer's wound and then dug cover for him with his entrenching tool, being exposed all the time to very heavy rifle fire. For five hours until nightfall he remained beside the wounded Officer, shielding him with his own body on the exposed side. He then, under cover of darkness, went back for assistance, and brought the Officer into safety.
|London Gazette, 21 June 1916.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 29633 |supp= y |page=6191 |date= 21 June 1916 }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31340 |page=6085 |date=15 May 1919 }}</ref>}}

The Governor-General of India, [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]], at a special parade on Tuesday, 30 January 1917, at the vice-regal lodge, Delhi, India, presented medals and orders to 200 Indian officers and men including the Victoria Cross to Sepoy Chatta Singh, 9th Bhopal Infantry, and two other Indian soldiers.<ref>INDIAN PATRIOTISM: THREE VICTORIA CROSSES. ''The Advertiser'' (Adelaide, SA) Thursday, 1 February 1917, p. 8. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5558034</ref>

He later rose to the rank of [[Havildar]].

== The Medal ==
A contemporary copy of the Victoria Cross, which is believed to have been presented to Sepoy Chatta Singh 'in the field' on 8 March 1916, was sold by Dix Noonan Web on 22 September 2006.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/gginatof.htm Burial location]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Chatta}}
[[Category:Indian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British Indian Army soldiers]]
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur Dehat district]]

Mangarh Hills

2023-11-21T21:14:33Z

MargeneGoodfello: put up a post

{{One source|date=November 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
The '''Mangarh Hills''' are part of the [[Aravali Range]] situated in [[Rajasthan]]. They are known for the memorial site of the [[Mangarh Massacre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/mangarh-a-battle-for-tribal-legacy/|title = Mangarh: A battle for tribal legacy|date = 21 November 2015}}</ref>

{{coord missing|India}}The massacre took place on 17 November 1913 in the Banswara district of Rajasthan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Aravalli Range]]
[[Category:Hills of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hills of Rajasthan]]

{{gujarat-geo-stub}}
{{Rajasthan-geo-stub}}

List of Indian High Commissioners to Tanzania

2023-08-22T12:33:30Z

MargeneGoodfello: correct section and updated info

#REDIRECT [[List of high commissioners of India to Tanzania]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Ilaiyaraaja 1981

2023-06-11T08:50:52Z

MargeneGoodfello: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 1980s]]

Tourist attractions in Palakkad district

2023-05-13T18:39:53Z

MargeneGoodfello: new...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
'''Palakkad district''' has a large number of temples, churches, mosques and other tourist attractions. Palakkad district is situated in the middle of Kerala state in South India. The nearest airports are at [[Coimbatore Airport|Coimbatore]] in Tamil Nadu and [[Cochin airport|Cochin]] in Kerala.

==Places of interest==

*
*
*[[Palakkad Fort]] – Situated in the heart of town, this is the most beautiful and best preserved fort in [[Kerala]], recalling many old tales of valour and courage. The Fort, which dates back to 1766, was built by [[Hyder Ali]] of [[Mysore]]. In 1784, after a siege which lasted for eleven days, British Col. [[William Fullarton]]  (1754–1808) stormed the fort. Later it fell into the hands of the [[Zamorin]]’s troops, but was recaptured by the British in 1790. This well-preserved fort is also known as Tipu's Fort, after [[Tipu Sultan]] the son of Hyder Ali. It is under the protection of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].
* [[Malampuzha Dam|Malampuzha]] dam garden – A large irrigation dam on the [[Bharatapuzha]] river, on the valley of [[Western Ghats]]. There is a beautiful gardens, an amusement park for children and a boating facility on the reservoir.
* [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]], sprawling over 285 km2., is 135 km from Palakkad and adjacent to the [[Indira Gandhi National Park|Indira Gandhi National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Besides being an abode of elephants, wild boar, [[Sambar (deer)|sambar]], bison, [[guar]], crocodiles, and a few tigers and panthers, it has a rich assortment of semi-tropical plants and trees. Trekking in the forest is allowed with prior permission. Boating can be done at the lake. The ''Cannimare [[Teak]] Tree'', which is said to be Asia’s largest, is here near Thunakadavu.
* [[Silent Valley National Park]] – A thick [[rain forest]], with many rare species, it has been declared a [[National parks of India|National Park]]. It is 80 km. from Palakkad. It is popularly known as the "Evergreen Forest" and noted for its eerie silence because of the lack of [[cicada]]s, which are common elsewhere. It is an important [[biosphere reserve]] in the Western Ghats and the home of [[Indian tribes (India)|tribal people]]. The valley is a habitat for the rare [[lion-tailed macaque]]. The park is also a protected area for tigers.
* [[Killikkurussimangalam]] – The birthplace of [[Kunchan Nambiar]], the great Malayalam satirical poet and creator of the [[Ottamthullal]] art form. There is a library dedicated to him in the village. The very famous and old Killikkurussi [[Shiva|Siva]] temple is situated here. The home of [[abhinaya]] (acting) authority, Natyacharya Vidushakaratnam [[Padma Shri]] Guru [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]] (who took [[Koodiyattam]] to new heights), is also a special cultural attraction of the village. The ''Mani Madhava Chakyar Smaraka [[Gurukulam]]'', a school devoted to the teaching of Koodiyattam, is located at the same site.
[[File:KillikkurussiMahadevaKshetram.jpg|''[[Sri Killikkurussi Mahadeva Kshetram]]'' [[Shiva]] temple of Kiillikkurussimangalam|thumb|200px]]
* [[Nelliyampathi]] – Known as the [[Ooty]] of Kerala, about 80 km from Palakkad and 29 km from Nemmara Town. It is a hill station in the forest between a series of ridges cut off from one another by valleys of dark evergreen forests
* Sholayar – Highest peak in the district, with coffee and tea plantations.
* [[Attappady]] – About 38 km. northeast of [[Mannarkkad]]. It is a place of great interest to anthropologists, as many [[Irulas]] and [[Mudugar]]s live here. These [[Adivasi]]s worship the mountain peak [[Malleswaran]] as a gigantic [[Shiva Lingam]]. This peak and the River [[Bhavani]] are of great mythological significance to the tribes.
* [[Pothundi Dam]] - It is about 8 km from Nemmara town and the second earth dam (Dam built using mud, not using cement) in India. This dam is in the valley of Nelliyampathy hills. There is a beautiful garden and the view of nelliyampathy hills are interesting.
* [[Walayar Dam]] – It is around 25 km from Palakkad town, on the border of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is an easily accessible location. There is also a deer park located 3 km from [[Walayar]].
* [[Chulanur]] – A peacock sanctuary.
* Sholayar Forest – Highest peak in the district, with coffee and tea plantations and Sholayar dam bordering Valparai and Athirapally Waterfalls near Chalakkudy.
* [[Dhoni]] – A reserve forest area about 15 km. from Palakkad. This forest has many interesting sights including a small but splendid waterfall. The site can be reached after a fairly long climb of three hours from the base of the Dhoni hills.
* [[Jainimedu Jain temple]] of Jainimedu – Situated on the western border of Palakkad town, not far from the Railway station, is a historic [[Jain temple]]. The place around the temple is known as Jainimedu. This is one of the few places in Kerala where the vestiges of [[Jainism in Kerala]] have survived. The granite walls are devoid of decoration. The 32 × 20 ft. temple consists of four divisions with images of [[tirthankara]]s and [[yakshini]]s in three of them. [[Kumaran Asan]] wrote his monumental poem ''Veena Poovu'' "The Fallen Flower" at a house here during a brief stay with his master [[Narayana Guru]].
* Nerchappara. A Forest area about 13 km from Nemmara Town and 1 km from Olippara. It consists of several secured small waterfalls and streams for swimming and favorite place for people for spend their day. this is one of the recharger to Mangalam River. Mangalam Dam and Pothundi Dam are the nearest tourist Places.
*Meenvallam Water Falls. Situated near Kalladikode is a famous water fall. Water fall is divided into number of smaller ones on top of other. It was a famous Hiking destination before the Hydro electric power Station proposed.
*Kanjirapuzha Dam and garden.about 37.4 km from Palakkad town. kanjirapuzha dam built for large area irrigation purpose, very beautiful place comfortable for visiting with family. And also available fresh water fish from Dam .
*[[Kottayi-I|Kottayi]], a village about 16 km from Palakkad town. It is the birthplace of famous Carnatic music singer [[Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar]].

==Festivals==

Navaratri, the festival of nine nights is the most popular festival, celebrated throughout India with varied customs and traditions. Though, this Navaratri Festival is celebrated all over India, different part of it makes a different way of celebration as it symbolizes different things in different regions. They celebrate this festival in a unique way of their own as the people in the Agraharam of Kodunthirapully Palakkad do.
Nestling in small beautiful landscape about 3 km west of Palakkad town limit, the Agraharam boasts with the collection of Vaishnavates 'Jaiminiya Samavedi Thalavakara Guru' sakha Tamil Brahmins in about 100 uniform row houses, arranged properly on both sides of the streets facing north and south directions. The Agraharam retain much of their original character and housed only Brahmins.
The Agraharam may not attract devotees from far and wide to its precincts daily, yet it has its own unique features which could not be seen anywhere else.
Apart from other usual Agraharam festivals the most important festivals of the Village is Navaratri festival, which is conducted for nine days. It is celebrated once every year during the end of September month and in the beginning of the month of October. It starts from bright fortnight day just after the Mahalayapaksha Ammavasa.
* [[Nenmara Vallanghy Vela]]
* [[Kalpathi Ratholsavam]]
*[[Sekharipuram Ratholsavam]]
Shekaripuram (sometimes spelt Sekharipuram or Shekharipuram) is a village in the town of Palakkad in Kerala, India. This village consists of five main streets, each containing its own temple. The main temple is situated on "Ratta Theruvu" (translated as Double Street). This is the Lakshminarayan Temple.

== Festivals ==

The Chariot (Theru) Festival occurs during the month of May.

A major Mahakumbabishekam festival in May 2007 was conducted at the Lakshminarayan Temple.
* [[Puthusseri Vedi Ulsavam]]
* [[Chinakkathoor Temple|Chinakkathoor Pooram]]
* [[Manappullikavu Vela]]
* [[Padur]] Vela at Sri Ayyappan Temple (Panicknarappan), Padur in the month of February every year.
* [[Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela]]
* [[Kongad Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram]]
* [[Mancherikkavu (Manjerikkavu) Kummatty]]
* [[Cheraya Monnumoorthy temple Ardhra Darshanam]]
* [[Kannyar Kali]] at [[Vadavannur]], [[Coyalmannam]], [[Puthucode]], [[Kattussery]]
* [[Thattamangalam]] [[Ayyappan]] Festival at West Village
* [[Mannarkkad]] [[Pooram]]
* [[Pattanchery]] Kummatty, [[Karivela]], followed by Pavakoothu and Koothabhishekam
* [[Kannyar Kali]] & [[Kummatty]] at [[Kunissery]]
* [[VELA Maholsavam]] [{in every year in Medam months Avittam Stars}]
* [[Uthram-Atham Vilakku]], Ayyappan Kavu, Kottayi

==History==
The Palakkad Fort is said to have existed from very ancient times, but believed to be constructed in present form in 1766 A.D, but little is known of its early history. The local ruler, ''Palakkad Achchan'', was originally a tributary of the [[Zamorin]], but had become independent before the beginning of the eighteenth century.<ref>Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 19, p. 358. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_364.gif</ref> In 1757 he sent a deputation to [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]] seeking help against an invasion threatened by the Zamorin. [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]] seized upon the opportunity to gain possession of a strategically important location such as Palghat, and from that time until 1790 the fort was continually in the hands of the Mysore Sultans or the British. It was first taken by the latter in 1768 when Colonel Wood captured it during his raid on [[Hyder Ali]]'s fortresses, but it was retaken by Haider a few months later. It was recaptured by Colonel Fullarton in 1783, after a siege that lasted eleven days but was abandoned the following year. It later fell into the hands of the [[Zamorin]]’s troops. In 1790 it was finally captured by the British under Colonel Stuart. It was renovated and was used as a base for operations that ended with the storming of [[Srirangapatnam]]. The fort continued to be garrisoned until the middle of 19th century. In the early 1900s it was converted into a [[taluk]] office.<ref>Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 19, p. 359.</ref>

The fort is also known as Tipu's Fort (after [[Tipu Sultan]], the son of Hyder Ali).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Palakkad district| ]]

Mahanavami (TV series)

2023-04-05T18:52:08Z

MargeneGoodfello: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[Colors Kannada]]