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Chief Minister of West Bengal

2026-05-09T05:25:50Z

Margaretzcd: add references further and corrected details based on references

{{short description|Head of Government of West Bengal}}
{{pp-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Chief Minister
| body = West Bengal
| native_name = {{transliteration|ba|ISO|Paścimavaṅgera Mukhyamantrī}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO]])
| insignia = Emblem of India (brown).svg
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of West Bengal]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 125px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| incumbent = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| incumbentsince = 9 May 2026
| department = {{ubl|[[Writers' Building|Chief Minister's Office]]|[[Government of West Bengal]]}}
| style = {{plainlist|
* [[The Honourable]] (formal)
* [[Mister|Mr. Chief Minister]] (informal)
* [[Excellency|His Excellency]] (diplomatic)}}
| type = [[Government of West Bengal|Head of government]]
| status = Leader of the Executive
| abbreviation = CM
| member_of = {{Hlist|[[Government of West Bengal#Council of Ministers|State Cabinet]]|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]}}
| appointer = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| appointer_qualified = by [[Political convention|convention]] based on appointees ability to command [[confidence]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| reportsto = * [[Governor of West Bengal]]
* [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| inaugural = [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] (as Premier) [[Bidhan Chandra Ray]] (as Chief Minister)
| formation = {{Start date and age|1947|08|15|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
| residence =
| seat = [[Writer's Building]], [[Kolkata]]
| precursor = [[Prime Minister of Bengal]]
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly
| termlength_qualified = Chief Minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: Although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of West Bengal as well.</ref>
| nominator = MLAs of the majority party or alliance
| salary = *{{INRConvert|117000}}/monthly
*{{INRConvert|1404000}}/annually
| imagecaption =
| website = {{URL|https://cm.wb.gov.in/ncmo/Portal_Home.aspx|CMO West Bengal}}
| deputy = [[List of deputy chief ministers of West Bengal|Deputy Chief Minister]] (vacant)
| image = File:Shri_Suvendu_Adhikari.jpg
}}

The '''Chief Minister of West Bengal''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|ba|ISO|Paścimavaṅgera Mukhyamantrī}}) is the ''[[de facto]]'' head of the executive branch of the [[Government of West Bengal]], the subnational authority of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The chief minister is the head of the Council of Ministers and advises the governor on the appointment of ministers. Along with the council of ministers, the chief minister exercises executive authority in the state. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. The chief minister also serves as the Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leader of the House – Legislative Assembly |url=https://apuat21.cgg.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/leader-of-the-house}}</ref>

On 17 August 1947, the former [[British Raj|British Indian]] province of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] was [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partitioned]] into the Pakistani province of [[East Bengal]] and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. Since then, West Bengal has had eight chief ministers. [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) became the state's first head of government as ''premier'' before the office of chief minister formally came into effect.<ref>[http://members.tripod.com/~tanmoy/bengal/modern.html Modern Bengal] ''A Short History of Bengal''. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</ref> Following the adoption of the [[Constitution of India]] on 26 January 1950, [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]] became the first chief minister of West Bengal. A period of political instability followed between 1967 and 1972, during which the state witnessed three assembly elections, four coalition governments and three periods of [[President's rule]].<ref name=assembly>[http://wbassembly.gov.in/origin_growth.aspx Origin and Growth of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]. West Bengal Legislative Assembly. Retrieved on 27 July 2018. Note: In case of an error, please click the "Origin & Growth" button in the top left of the website.</ref> [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] of the INC subsequently became the first chief minister after this phase to complete a full five-year term.

The victory of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] in the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977 assembly election]] marked the beginning of 34 years of Left Front rule in West Bengal. [[Jyoti Basu]] served continuously as chief minister for over 23 years, the longest uninterrupted tenure by any chief minister in India at the time. His record was surpassed in 2018 by [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] of Sikkim.<ref>"[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pawan-kumar-chamling-becomes-longest-serving-chief-minister-surpassing-jyoti-basus-record/article23720589.ece Pawan Kumar Chamling crosses Jyoti Basu's record as longest-serving Chief Minister]". ''The Hindu''. 29 April 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180731131703/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pawan-kumar-chamling-becomes-longest-serving-chief-minister-surpassing-jyoti-basus-record/article23720589.ece Archived] on 31 July 2018.</ref> Basu was succeeded by [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]], under whom the Left Front remained in power until 2011.

In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]], the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] defeated the Left Front, ending its 34-year{{efn|33 years 333 days}} rule in the state, one of the longest-serving democratically elected communist governments in the world. The party's leader, [[Mamata Banerjee]], was sworn in on 20 May 2011 as the first woman chief minister of West Bengal. She was subsequently re-elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] and [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]] assembly elections.

In the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 assembly election]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] secured a majority in the legislative assembly, ending the Trinamool Congress's 15-year{{efn|14 years 352 days}} tenure in government. The new chief minister, [[Suvendu Adhikari]] is to take oath on 9 May 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=New West Bengal CM to take oath on May 9, says state BJP chief Samik Bhattacharya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-west-bengal-cm-to-take-oath-on-may-9-says-state-bjp-chief-samik-bhattacharya/articleshow/130817997.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 May 2026 |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>

== Oath as the state chief minister ==
The chief minister serves five years in the office. The following is the oath of the chief minister of state:
{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Chief Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of () and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=}}[[File:Writers building.jpg|thumb|alt=photo of Writers' Building|[[Writers' Building]], an 18th-century [[Company Raj|Company-era]] construction in Kolkata, traditionally served as the office of West Bengal's chief minister.|156x156px]]

== Premiers of West Bengal (1947–1950) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" |#
! colspan="1" scope="col" | Portrait
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Name
! colspan="3" scope="col" | Tenure<ref name="Tenure">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160312211800/http://wbassembly.gov.in/html/permiChMin.html Premiers/Chief Ministers of West Bengal]. [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. Archive link from 12 March 2016.</ref>
! scope="col" | Assembly {{small|(election)}}
!Appointed
by

(Governor)
! colspan="2" |Party
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 1
| [[File:Prafullachandra_Ghosh_at_Writers'_Building_in_1947.jpg|alt=photo of Prafulla Chandra Ghosh|94x94px]]
| scope="row" | [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]]
| 15 August 1947
| 22 January 1948
| {{age in days|1947|8|15|1948|1|22}} days
| rowspan="2" | Provincial Assembly
(1946–52){{efn|This refers to the 90-member [[rump legislature]] that emerged following partition, representing the West Bengali constituencies of the erstwhile [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. It was constituted under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], not the Indian Constitution, which was still in the process of being drafted.<ref name=assembly/>}} {{small|([[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 election]])}}
| rowspan="2" |[[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 2
| [[File:Photograph of Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, 2nd Chief Minister of West Bengal.jpg|95x95px]]
| scope="row" |[[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
| 23 January 1948
| 26 January 1950
| {{ayd|1948|1|23|1950|1|26}}
|}

== Chief Ministers of West Bengal (1950–present) ==

* {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
* {{note label|§|§|§}} Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term

{{efn|name=PR|Under Article 356 of the [[Constitution of India]], [[President's rule]] may be imposed when the government of a state cannot function as per the Constitution. During this time, the council of ministers is dissolved and the governor administers the state.}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;font-size:95%;"
!rowspan="2"|#{{efn|A number in parentheses indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Chief Minister {{small|Constituency}}
! rowspan="2"| Election
! colspan="3"| Tenure{{efn|While the tenures have been primarily sourced to a list on the West Bengal Legislative Assembly website,<ref name=Tenure/> obvious errors (mainly around the 1969–71 period) have been corrected with the help of a historical essay from the same website.<ref name=assembly/>}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em"| Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em"| Ministry
|-
! From
! To
! Period
|-
! rowspan="4"|1
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"|[[File:Photograph of Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, 2nd Chief Minister of West Bengal.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="4"|'''[[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]'''{{ref label|†|†|†}} 
{{small|(1 July 1882 – 1 July 1962)}} 
{{small|MLA for [[Bowbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bowbazar]] (1952–1962) MLA for [[Chowrangee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowrangee]] (1962)}}
|Provincial{{efn|Following the promulgation of the Constitution of India, the provincial assembly carried on as the legislative assembly of West Bengal until fresh elections could be organised in 1952.<ref name=assembly/>}} ([[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 election]])
|26 January 1950
|30 March 1952
| rowspan="4"|{{ayd|1950|1|26|1962|7|1}}
| rowspan="5"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Roy I]]
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]] (1st election)
|31 March 1952
|5 April 1957
|[[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Roy II]]
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]] (2nd election)
|6 April 1957
|2 April 1962
|[[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Roy III]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]] (3rd election)
|3 April 1962
|1 July 1962{{ref label|†|†|†}}
|[[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Roy IV]]
|-
!2
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:PrafullaChandraSen.png|70px]]
|'''[[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]'''
{{small|(10 April 1897 – 25 September 1990)}} 
 {{small|MLA for [[Arambag (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arambagh East]]}}
|2 July 1962
|1 March 1967
|{{ayd|1962|7|2|1967|3|1}}
|[[Prafulla Chandra Sen|Sen]]
|-
!3
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bangla Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ajoy Mukherjee.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ajoy Mukherjee]]'''{{ref label|§|§|§}}
{{small|(15 April 1901 – 27 December 1986)}} 
{{small|MLA for [[Tamluk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]}}
|rowspan="2"|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]] (4th election)
|1 March 1967
|21 November 1967
|{{ayd|1967|3|1|1967|11|21}}
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|[[Ajoy Mukherjee|Mukherjee I]]
|-
!4
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[File:Prafullachandra_Ghosh_at_Writers'_Building_in_1947.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]]'''
{{small|(24 December 1891 – 18 December 1983)}} 
{{small|MLA for [[Jhargram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]}}
|21 November 1967
|20 February 1968
|{{ayd|1967|11|21|1968|2|20}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|[[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh|Ghosh]]
|-
| colspan="10"|'''Position vacant''' (20 February 1968 – 25 February 1969) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|name=PR}} {{small|Period: {{ayd|1968|2|20|1969|2|25}}}}
|-
!(3)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bangla Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ajoy Mukherjee.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ajoy Mukherjee]]'''{{ref label|§|§|§}}
{{small|(15 April 1901 – 27 December 1986)}} 
{{small|MLA for [[Tamluk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]}}
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]] (5th election)
|25 February 1969
|19 March 1970
|{{ayd|1969|2|25|1970|3|19}}
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|[[Ajoy Mukherjee|Mukherjee II]]
|-
| colspan="10"|'''Position vacant''' (19 March 1970 – 2 April 1971) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|name=PR}} {{small|Period: {{ayd|1970|3|19|1971|4|2}}}}
|-
!(3)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ajoy Mukherjee.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ajoy Mukherjee]]'''
{{small|(15 April 1901 – 27 December 1986)}} 
{{small|MLA for [[Tamluk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]}}
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]] (6th election)
|2 April 1971
|29 June 1971
|{{ayd|1971|4|2|1971|6|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Ajoy Mukherjee|Mukherjee III]]
|-
| colspan="10"|'''Position vacant''' (29 June 1971 – 20 March 1972) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|name=PR}} {{small|Period: {{ayd|1971|6|29|1972|3|20}}}}
|-
!5
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SiddharthaShankarRay.png|70px]]
|'''[[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]'''
{{small|(20 October 1920 – 6 November 2010)}} 
{{small|MLA for [[Maldah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maldah]]}}
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]] (7th election)
|20 March 1972
|30 April 1977
|{{ayd|1972|3|20|1977|4|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Siddhartha Shankar Ray|Ray]]
|-
| colspan="10"|'''Position vacant''' (30 April 1977 – 21 June 1977) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|name=PR}} {{small|Period: {{ayd|1977|4|30|1977|6|21}}}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|6
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| rowspan="5"|[[File:Jyoti Basu - Calcutta 1996-12-21 089 Cropped.png|70px]]
| rowspan="5"|'''[[Jyoti Basu]]'''
{{small|(8 July 1914 – 17 January 2010)}} 
{{small|MLA for [[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]}}
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]] (8th election)
|21 June 1977
|23 May 1982
| rowspan="5"|{{ayd|1977|6|21|2000|11|6}}
| rowspan="8"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Jyoti Basu|Basu I]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]] (9th election)
|24 May 1982
|29 March 1987
|[[Jyoti Basu|Basu II]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]] (10th election)
|30 March 1987
|18 June 1991
|[[Jyoti Basu|Basu III]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]] (11th election)
|19 June 1991
|15 May 1996
|[[Jyoti Basu|Basu IV]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]] (12th election)
|16 May 1996
|6 November 2000
|[[Jyoti Basu|Basu V]]
|-
! rowspan="3"|7
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| rowspan="3"|[[File:Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee in 2009.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="3"|'''[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]'''
{{small|(1 March 1944 – 8 August 2024)}} 
{{small|MLA for [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]}}
|6 November 2000
|14 May 2001
| rowspan="3"|{{ayd|2000|11|6|2011|5|20}}
|[[First Bhattacharjee ministry|Bhattacharjee I]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] (13th election)
|15 May 2001
|17 May 2006
|[[Second Bhattacharjee ministry|Bhattacharjee II]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]] (14th election)
|18 May 2006
|20 May 2011
|[[Third Bhattacharjee ministry|Bhattacharjee III]]
|-
! rowspan="3"|8
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"|[[File:Ms. Mamata Banerjee, in Kolkata on July 17, 2018 (cropped) (cropped).JPG|70px]]
| rowspan="3"|'''[[Mamata Banerjee]]'''
{{small|(born 5 January 1955)}} 
{{small|MLA for [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]}}
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] (15th election)
|20 May 2011
|25 May 2016
| rowspan="3"|{{ayd|2011|5|20|2026|5|7}}
| rowspan="3"|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|[[First Banerjee ministry|Banerjee I]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] (16th election)
|26 May 2016
|4 May 2021
|[[Second Banerjee ministry|Banerjee II]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]] (17th election)
|5 May 2021
|7 May 2026<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-07 |title=Mamata Banerjee no longer Bengal CM, governor dissolves assembly |language=en-IN |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-no-longer-bengal-cm-governor-dissolves-cabinet-101778162349319.html |access-date=2026-05-07 }}</ref>
|[[Third Banerjee ministry|Banerjee III]]
|-
!9
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg|Suvendu Adhikari at an event in Kolkata, 6 March 2024|70px]]
|'''[[Suvendu Adhikari]]'''
{{small|(born 15 December 1970)}} 
{{small|MLA for [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]}} 
{{small|MLA for [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]}}
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]] (18th election)
|9 May 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2026|5|9}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Suvendu Adhikari|Adhikari]]
|}

== Statistics ==
{{Pie chart
| caption = Fraction of time of holding CMO by party in West Bengal (as of 9 May 2026)

| label1 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| color1 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| value1 = 44.74


| label2 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value2 = 32.84


| label3 = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| color3 = {{party color|Trinamool Congress}}
| value3 = 19.75


| label4 = [[Bangla Congress]]
| color4 = {{party color|Bangla Congress}}
| value4 = 2.36


| label5 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| color5 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value5 = 0


| label6 = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| color6 = lightgray
| value6 = 0.33
}}

===Timeline of Chief Minister===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" | #
! rowspan="2" | Name
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" | Length of term
|-
! Longest tenure
! Total tenure
|-
| data-sort-value="1" | 1
| [[Jyoti Basu]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| {{Age in years and days|21 June 1977|6 November 2000}}
| {{Age in years and days|21 June 1977|6 November 2000}}
|-
| data-sort-value="2" | 2
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
| {{ayd|20 May 2011|7 May 2026}}
| {{ayd|20 May 2011|7 May 2026}}
|-
| data-sort-value="3" | 3
| [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 12 years, 156 days
| 14 years, 159 days
|-
| data-sort-value="4" | 4
| [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| {{Age in years and days|6 November 2000|20 May 2011}}
| {{Age in years and days|6 November 2000|20 May 2011}}
|-
| data-sort-value="5" | 5
| [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| {{Age in years and days|20 March 1972|30 April 1977}}
| {{Age in years and days|20 March 1972|30 April 1977}}
|-
| data-sort-value="7" | 6
| [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| {{Age in years and days|2 July 1962|1 March 1967}}
| {{Age in years and days|2 July 1962|1 March 1967}}
|-
| data-sort-value="6" | 7
| [[Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bangla Congress}}" |
| [[Bangla Congress|BC]] / [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 1 year, 19 days
| 2 years, 6 days
|-
| data-sort-value="8" | 8
| [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|IND]] / [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 160 days
| 250 days
|-
| data-sort-value="9" | 9
| '''[[Suvendu Adhikari]]'''
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| '''{{Age in years and days|9 May 2026}}'''
| '''{{Age in years and days|9 May 2026}}'''
|}
{{efn|name=durationnote|
* Total period considered is from 15 August 1947 to 9 May 2026.
* Durations are calculated proportionally from percentage share and expressed in years and days.
* Figures are rounded to the nearest day.}}

=== Party-wise tenure over years ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Party !! Total tenure !! Percentage
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || 33 years, 333 days || 44.74%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 24 years, 325 days || 32.84%
|-
| [[Trinamool Congress]] || 14 years, 352 days|| 19.75%
|-
| [[Bangla Congress]] || 1 years, 287 days || 2.36%
|-
| [[Independent politician|Independent]] || 91 days || 0.33%
|-
| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]''' || '''0 days''' || '''0%'''
|}

{{efn|name=durationnote}}

==See also==
*[[History of Bengal]]
*[[Bengal Presidency]]
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[Prime Minister of Bengal]]
* [[ History of West Bengal]]
* [[List of governors of West Bengal]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of West Bengal]]
*[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Elections in West Bengal]]
*[[Chief Minister (India)]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Chief ministers of West Bengal comes from a Mahishya Kshatriya family. }}
*"[http://cpimwb.org.in/upload_all_docs/pdf/lf_govt/L.F._Govt._of_Bengal_-_A_Saga_of_Struggle.pdf Left Front Government of Bengal: A Saga of Struggle]" – a political history of West Bengal from the CPI(M)'s point of view
{{featured list}}

{{Chief Ministers of West Bengal}}
{{Current Indian chief ministers}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Chief ministers of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal politics-related lists|Chief ministers]]

British rule in Portuguese India

2026-05-05T06:04:46Z

Margaretzcd:

{{Main|Portuguese in Goa and Bombay|East India Company|British Bombay|Anglo-Portuguese Alliance}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name = Goa britânica
| conventional_long_name = British occupation of Portuguese India
| common_name = British Goa
| official_languages = [[European Portuguese]] and [[British English]]
| common_languages = [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]& [[Indo-Portuguese]]
| status = [[Protectorate]] of the [[British Empire]]
| era = [[Colonial Era]]
| life_span = 1797 to 1798 1799 to 1813
| p1 = Portuguese India
| flag_p1 = Flag of Portugal (1750).svg
| s1 = Portuguese India
| flag_s1 = Flag of Portugal (1750).svg
| image_flag = Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg
| flag = Flag of Great Britain 
| symbol =
| image_map = British Cemetery, Goa.jpg
| image_map_caption = A British Cemetery is the only remnant of this era
| event_start = [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373|Anglo-Portuguese Treaty]]
| date_start = 16 Jun 1373
| event1 = [[War of the Second Coalition|Portugal joins the Second Coalition]]
| date_event1 = 01 Jun 1798
| event2 = [[War of the Oranges|Defeat of Portugal]]
| date_event2 = 09 Jun 1801
| event_end = [[Battle of Leipzig|First defeat of Napoléon]]
| date_end = 19 Oct 1813
| capital = [[Raj Bhavan, Panaji|Palacio do Cabo]] in [[Pangim]]
| currency = [[Portuguese real]]
| stat_area1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| footnotes =
| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 = 4,305
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today = [[India]]
}}

{{Colonial India}}

[[Goa, Daman and Diu]] (Portuguese: ''Goa, Damaon & Dio'') were one of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]'s oldest colonies, acquired in [[1510 AD]] or the next few years.<ref>{{cite book|first=Roger|last=Crowley|year=2015|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire|publisher=Faber & Faber|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/goa.htm#:~:text=Goa&text=Goa%20was%20one%20of%20Portugal's,French%20or%20her%20allied%20navies |title=Goa |publisher=Britishempire.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref> During the [[Napoleonic War]]s, the Portuguese were concerned at being unable to defend [[Portuguese Empire|their empire]] from the predatory French or her [[Sister republic|allied]] navies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itsgoa.com/british-occupation-of-goa/|title=British occupation of Goa?|date=February 18, 2016|website=ItsGoa}}</ref> Due to the historic [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]], [[Company rule in India|British India]] was keen to assist in Goa's security. Britain dispatched a [[History of the Royal Navy (after 1707)|Royal Navy]] squadron as well as an army of 10,000 soldiers. The British soldiers were posted at strategic locations like [[Aguada fort|Aguada]], [[Miramar, Goa|Miramar]], [[Caranzalem]], [[Raj Bhavan, Panaji|Palacio do Cabo]] and [[Mormugão fort|Morumugão]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Goa|title=Goa - History|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The soldiers built huge fortifications in these areas to help defend them. (These fortifications were subsequently demolished after the British departed.) This amicable agreement ended in 1813, thanks largely to the massive defeat of the French and Spanish fleets at [[Battle of Trafalgar|Trafalgar]] in 1805.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/58cf5e45-1d2d-457e-b3ae-cc533d9735e2 |title='The British Occupation of the Portuguese Settlements in India, Goa, Diu, Damaun,... | The National Archives |publisher=Discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref> There are two distinct phases of the period, from 1797 to 1798 and from 1802 to 1813 (in 1814 [[Napoleon]] was exiled to the island of [[Elba]]). For the next century, no country was capable of challenging the power of the Royal Navy. Goa could benefit from [[Pax Britannica]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Frederic Charles |last=Danvers|date=1988|title=The Portuguese in India: being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=487}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Esdaile|first=Charles|date=2003|title=The Peninsular War|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=1-4039-6231-6}}</ref>

During this time, the Portuguese were still in charge of the administration of the territory (the local government was headed by the Viscount of Mirandela from 1794 to 1806, then by the Count of Sarzedas from 1806 to 1816).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Manoel José Gabriel|last1=Saldanha|title=História de Goa: (Política e arqueológica)|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-0590-X|language=pt}}</ref>

==British cemetery==
{{Further|British Cemetery in Panjim (Goa)}}
A military cemetery is the only evidence of the presence of British forces in Goa that was otherwise ruled by the Portuguese. There are a total of 108 tombs, the oldest of them dates to 1808 and the latest of them dates to 1912.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dona-paulas-forgotten-british-cemetery-gets-a-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/58485876.cms |title=Dona Paula: Dona Paula's forgotten British cemetery gets a new lease of life | Goa News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2017-05-03 |accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1797]]
[[Category:Colonial states of the Portuguese Empire|India, Portuguese]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1813]]
[[Category:1790s in India]]
[[Category:1800s in India]]
[[Category:1810s in India]]
[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:1797 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:1813 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:19th century in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Portugal–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:British military occupations]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia|Raj]]

Irani café

2026-05-04T08:24:04Z

Margaretzcd: added the stub initial version

{{Short description|Iranian style of café in South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
[[File:Yazdani Bakery in Fort.jpg|thumb|[[Yazdani Bakery]] in [[Mumbai, India]]]]
'''Irani cafés''' are [[Iranian cuisine|Iranian]]-style cafés in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |author=Jayshree Bajoria |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4485523.stm |title=India's Iranian cafes fading out |date=27 April 2005 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2007-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008115339/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4485523.stm |archive-date=8 October 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/06/02/711946179/parsi-cafes-a-centuries-old-tradition-in-india-are-vanishing|title=Parsi Cafes, A Centuries-Old Tradition In India, Are Vanishing|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2020-03-14|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712223124/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/06/02/711946179/parsi-cafes-a-centuries-old-tradition-in-india-are-vanishing|url-status=live}}</ref> They were originally opened by [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] [[Irani (India)|Irani immigrants]] to [[British India]] in the 19th century, fleeing [[Qajar Iran|Qajar]] persecution or looking for better economic prospects.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Emigration of Iranian Elites to India during the 16-18th centuries | url = http://asiecentrale.revues.org/480 | access-date = 2013-12-17 | first = Haneda | last = Masashi | journal = Cahiers d'Asie Centrale | date = October 1997 | issue = 3/4 | pages = 129–143 | archive-date = 14 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130714180857/http://asiecentrale.revues.org/480 | url-status = live }}</ref> In India, [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]] and [[Hyderabad]] have a number of Irani cafés, which are popular for '''''Irani chai''''' (tea).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/Quintessentially-Hyderabadi%E2%80%94Irani-Tea/2015/03/05/article2699181.ece |title=Quintessentially Hyderabadi—Irani Tea |date=6 March 2015 |website=New Indian Express |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924025426/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/Quintessentially-Hyderabadi%E2%80%94Irani-Tea/2015/03/05/article2699181.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=iraniloss>{{cite web |author=Naomi Lobo |date=20 May 2007 |url=http://www.fravahr.org/spip.php?breve260 |title=Irani cafés: Inheritance of loss |publisher=India Express |access-date=2007-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206100038/http://www.fravahr.org/spip.php?breve260 |archive-date=6 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 1950s, there were 350 Irani cafés in Mumbai; only 25 remained in the city as of 2005.<ref name=bbc /> Meanwhile, in Hyderabad, it is estimated that the number of Irani cafés has shrunk from 450 in the 2000s to 125 in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-08-12|title=Hyderabad: Why Irani cafes in this Indian city are dying out|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg2rn0kexxo|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]], was also home to many Irani cafés.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1196370/|title=Where have the Iranian restaurants gone?|work=Dawn|date=26 July 2015|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728205214/http://www.dawn.com/news/1196370|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Noorani">{{cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1176209/looking-back-at-karachis-irani-cafe-culture|title=Looking back at Karachi's Irani cafe culture|work=Dawn|date=10 September 2016|access-date=10 September 2016|first=Asif|last=Noorani|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910142212/http://images.dawn.com/news/1176209/looking-back-at-karachis-irani-cafe-culture|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
They were originally opened by [[Zoroastrian]] [[Irani (India)|Irani immigrants]] to British India in the 19th century after they fled from Safavid persecution in [[West Asia|West]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/irani-cafes-make-a-millienial-comeback/article24280012.ece|title=Irani cafes make a millenial comeback|last=Krishna|first=Anubhuti|date=2018-06-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705132940/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/irani-cafes-make-a-millienial-comeback/article24280012.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Writing for the ''Hindu Business Line'', on "Mumbai's Irani hotspots", Sarika Mehta stated, "The classic format of these cafes is basic with a subtle colonial touch; high ceilings with black, bent wooden chairs (now cane in some cafes), wooden tables with marble tops and glass jars that allow a peek into the goodies they hold. With huge glass mirrors on the walls to create a feeling of space, visitors are greeted with eagerness and a whiff of baking. The speed of operations is impressive and service quite hassle-free."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2006/10/06/stories/2006100600020100.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line : Mumbai's Irani hotspots|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002220028/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2006/10/06/stories/2006100600020100.htm|archive-date=2007-10-02|url-status=dead|access-date=2007-12-24}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
B. Merwan and Co., Grand Road, Mumbai (6).jpg|Menu at Merwan Cafe
Irani chai and osmania biscuits.jpg|[[Irani chai]] and [[Osmania biscuit]]s served in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
Britannia irani cafe.jpg|Britannia Café, an Irani café at [[Ballard Estate]], [[South Mumbai]]
Brabourne restaurant dhobi.jpg|Interior of Kayani and Company, an Irani café
</gallery>

==Fare==
Irani cafés may serve ''bun maska'' (bread and butter)<ref>{{cite book | last=Miguel | first=H.S. | title=Mumbai | publisher=Intellect Books | series=Intellect Books - World Film Locations Series | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-84150-632-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0_v3jr6TCAC&pg=PA58 | language=id | access-date=21 February 2018 | page=58 | archive-date=11 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811082957/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0_v3jr6TCAC&pg=PA58 | url-status=live }}</ref> or brun-maska (hard buttered croissants),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/alvida-brun-maska/226888|title=Alvida, Brun-Maska {{!}} Outlook India Magazine|last=Koppikar|first=Smruti|date=28 March 2005|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-03-14|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105065015/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/alvida-brun-maska/226888|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Noronha|first=Paul|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/byebye-to-brun-maska/article4034217.ece|title=Bye-bye to Brun maska?|date=2012-10-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830092952/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/byebye-to-brun-maska/article4034217.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''paani kam chai'' (a strong Iranian tea, {{abbr|lit.|literally}} 'tea with less water'), or ''khari chai'' (very strong tea), mutton [[samosa]]s, and ''[[kheema]] pav'' (minced meat served in bread rolls), [[akuri]] (scrambled eggs and vegetables), berry [[pilaf|pulao]], vegetable puff, vegetarian/chicken [[dhansak]] (a spiced lentil dish with meat and vegetables) and [[biryani]], cherry cream custard, cheese khari biscuits, plain khari biscuits, coconut jam and milk biscuits and [[Duke and Sons|Duke's]] raspberry drink.

Many Irani cafés offer sweet and salted biscuits<ref>{{cite book | last=Damle | first=J.Y. | title=Pune: Tradition to Market: a Study of Changing Trends in Consumption with Special Reference to Service Sector in Hotel Industry | publisher=Kalpaz Publications | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-7835-895-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S95pZp81RSsC&pg=PA117 | access-date=21 February 2018 | page=117}}</ref> like ''rawa'' ([[semolina]]), ''til-rawa'' coconut, ''[[nankhatai]]'' (sweet, crisp flaky Irani biscuits), [[Madeira cake]] ([[Tutti frutti (food)|tutti-frutti]] biscuits).{{fact|date=November 2025}}

== Cultural references ==
[[Nissim Ezekiel]] wrote a poem based on instruction boards found in his favourite Irani café: the defunct Bastani and Company in [[Dhobi Talao]], Mumbai.<ref name=aol>{{cite web|url=http://newsblog.aol.in/bloggers/sunanda-sudhir/|title=Sunanda Sudhir|publisher=newsblog.aol|access-date=2007-12-25|archive-date=11 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111155431/http://newsblog.aol.in/bloggers/sunanda-sudhir/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4485523.stm India's Iranian cafes fading out by Jayshree Bajoria for BBC News, Mumbai]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071002220028/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2006/10/06/stories/2006100600020100.htm Mumbai's Irani hotspots – Sarika Mehta in Hindu Business line]
* [http://newsblog.aol.in/bloggers/sunanda-sudhir/ AOL News Blog - Sunanda Sudhir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111155431/http://newsblog.aol.in/bloggers/sunanda-sudhir/ |date=11 January 2008 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Irani cafe}}
* [http://heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/irani/cafe.htm Irani Cafés and Bakeries: An Irani Zartoshti Tradition]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani cafe}}
[[Category:Irani (India) people]]
[[Category:Indian drinks]]
[[Category:Coffeehouses and cafés in India]]
[[Category:Coffeehouses and cafés in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bakery cafés]]
[[Category:Indian fusion cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani fusion cuisine]]

H. D. Thammaiah

2026-04-28T15:09:22Z

Margaretzcd: added a details added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''H. D. Thammaiah''' (born 1968) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Chikmagalur Assembly constituency]] in [[Chikmagalur district]] representing [[Indian National Congress]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-15 |title=Karnataka: Congress's HD Thammaiah beats friend turned foe and BJP heavyweight CT Ravi in Chikmagalur |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/karnataka-congresss-hd-thammaiah-beats-friend-turned-foe-and-bjp-heavyweight-ct-ravi-in-chikmagalur/articleshow/100213446.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Chikmagalur Election Result 2023: Congress's HD Thammaiah Leads By Margin Of Over 3,600 Votes |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chikmagalur-election-result-2023-karnataka-vip-seat-chikmagalur-winners-name-ct-ravi-hd-thammaiah-bjp-congress-jds-1601959 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Chikmagalur">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Chikmagalur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10125.htm?ac=125 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509143513/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10125.htm?ac=125 |archive-date=9 May 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Thammaiah is from [[Chikmagalur]], Karnataka. He is the son of Degundappa. He did his pre university course at Government Primary College, Chikkamagaluru passing out in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=H. D. Thammaiah(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- CHICKAMAGALUR(CHIKMAGALUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7904 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He belongs to Lingayat community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Chikkamagaluru: Congress wins all five seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/chikkamagaluru-congress-wins-all-five-seats/article66846605.ece |access-date=2024-08-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Thammaiah won from [[Chikmagalur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 85,054 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[C. T. Ravi]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 5,926 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Chikmagalur Election Results 2023 HIGHLIGHTS: Congress's HD Thammaiah beats BJP's CT Ravi by 5,926 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/chikmagalur-election-results-2023-bjp-congress-jds-ct-ravi-thimmashetty-hd-thammaiah-2378514-2023-05-13 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-15 |title=Chikmagalur Election Results 2023 Highlights: Congress' HD Thammaiah beats BJP's CT Ravi by 5,926 votes |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chikmagalur-election-results-2023-live-ct-ravi-hd-thammaiah-bjp-congress-jds-winner-loser-latest-update/3085440/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=H D Thammaiah in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/h-d-thammaiah-chickamagalur-candidate-s10a125c012/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He joined the Congress party just a few days before the election but managed to garner the support of the Congress cadre.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thammaiah, H. D.}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

Vasantha Mullai

2026-04-25T05:28:05Z

Margaretzcd: new some pg added tags

{{Short description|2023 film by Ramanan Purushothama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vasantha Mullai
| image = Vasantha Mullai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ramanan Purushothama
| producer = {{Ubl|Rajani Talluri|[[Reshmi Menon]]}}
| writer = Ramanan Purushothama
| screenplay = {{Ubl|Ramanan Purushothama|Ponnivalavan}}
| based_on =
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Bobby Simha]]|[[Kashmira Pardeshi]]}}
| music = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| cinematography = [[Gopi Amarnath]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|2|10|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}10 crores
| gross = {{est}}2 crores
}}

'''''Vasantha Mullai''''' ({{Translation|Spring jasmine}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language psychological action thriller film written and directed by Ramanan Purushothama, and produced by Rajani Talluri and [[Reshmi Menon]] under, SRT Entertainment and Mudhra's Film Factory. It features [[Bobby Simha]] and [[Kashmira Pardeshi]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2020 |title=Bobby Simha's next titled Vasantha Mullai |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/nov/05/bobby-simhas-next-titled-vasantha-mullai-21166.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421161521/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/nov/05/bobby-simhas-next-titled-vasantha-mullai-21166.html |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> It marked the last film role of [[Sarath Babu]] before his death on 22 May 2023.

It was released on 10 February 2023

==Plot==
Rudhran, a man who works tirelessly for a successful career and money, embarks on a romantic journey to spend quality time with his girlfriend Nila. On the way, he stays at the Vasantha Mullai Motel, which takes him on a rollercoaster ride.

The movie opens with a premise about the importance of sleep. Rudhran, a software engineer, works tirelessly to make his project and company successful. He works day and night with very little sleep that he suffers blackout. Doctors advise him to take enough rest, so he leaves on a vacation along with his girlfriend Nila. They come across a motel "Vasantha Mullai", where they rent a room.

Rudhran and Nila start to get intimate, when suddenly, she gets an asthma attack. Rudhran is not able to find her life-saving inhaler. With Nila suffering with shortness of breath, Rudhran drives back to a pharmacy which he had visited on his drive. He buys the inhaler, but strange things happen when he returns to Vasantha Mullai. The receptionist does not recognize Rudhran at all; there is no record that Rudhran and Nila had checked in; and Nila is missing. Out of the blue, an assassin in a weird costume starts attacking Rudhran. Rudhran successfully defeats the assassin but not before losing his girlfriend.

More strange things are observed, indicating they are caught in a time loop, with a new set of Rudhran and his girlfriend trying to check into the hotel. The same scenes are repeated again. In the next iteration of the time loop, the assassin reveals his face. The assassin, Bharath, accuses Rudhran of killing his daughter, which Rudhran has no idea of.

The scene cuts to the present where we see Rudhran admitted to a hospital and the doctors trying to revive him. We then see that the events that happened at Vasantha Mullai motel did not happen in reality. It is a figment of imagination played in Rudhran's mind due to issues from his [[sleep deprivation]]. The incident was triggered when a clearly disturbed Rudhran was driving to the pharmacy and caused an accident involving Bharath and his child. Though Bharath and his child were unharmed, that was not registered by Rudhran's mind. Instead, his mind registered that Bharath's child was killed and Bharath had come to seek revenge, resulting in playing out the episode at Vasantha Mullai.

At the end, doctors successfully recuperate Rudhran back to health.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Bobby Simha]] as Rudhran
* [[Kashmira Pardeshi]] as Nila
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Bharath (cameo appearance)
* [[Rakshit Shetty]] as Bharath (Kannada version) (cameo appearance)
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Doctor
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Hotel Owner
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Hotel Owner's wife
* Riya Manoj as Laya
* Jason as Doctor
* Mona Bedre as Doctor
* Deepak Parameshwar as Rishi
* Mohan Babu as Rudhran's friend
* Adithya Shivpink as Rudhran's friend
* Gireesh Krish Nair as IT Project Manager
}}

== Production ==
The project was announced in November 2019, with shoot beginning during the following month.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kashmira Pardeshi to pair up with Bobby Simha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kashmira-pardeshi-to-pair-up-with-bobby-simha/articleshow/72021615.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kashmira-pardeshi-to-pair-up-with-bobby-simha/articleshow/72021615.cms |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2020 |title=Bobby Simha's next titled Vasantha Mullai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/nov/07/bobby-simhas-next-titled-vasantha-mullai-2220343.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420082431/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/nov/07/bobby-simhas-next-titled-vasantha-mullai-2220343.html |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film was largely shot by November 2020 across [[Vagamon]] and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2020 |title=Bobby Simha's next titled Vasantha Mullai |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/nov/05/bobby-simhas-next-titled-vasantha-mullai-21166.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421161521/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/nov/05/bobby-simhas-next-titled-vasantha-mullai-21166.html |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=14 February 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In the Tamil version, [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] was signed to portray a guest role, while [[Rakshit Shetty]] performed the same role of the Kannada version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: Ramanan Purushothama is making his debut in Vasantha Kokila |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/web-stories/interview-ramanan-purushothama-is-making-his-debut-in-vasantha-kokila/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150723/https://thesouthfirst.com/web-stories/interview-ramanan-purushothama-is-making-his-debut-in-vasantha-kokila/ |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Rajesh Murugesan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasantha Mullai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/vasantha-mullai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1670375294 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219124001/https://music.apple.com/us/album/vasantha-mullai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1670375294 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>
*Avalo Avalo - Gowtham Bharadwaj
*Vaanmegam - [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
*Theeratha Raakaalam - [[Arivu]]
*Kondridu Vaazhave - Sivam
*Naan Yaar - Rajesh Murugesan

== Reception ==
Logesh Balachandran from ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted "Bobby Simha tries his best to save this mediocre thriller", adding " the idea that it adopts is decent enough to grab the attention of the viewers", "but then, mediocre storyline and unrealistic conflicts make this an average watch".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vasantha Mullai Movie Review : Bobby Simha tries his best to save this mediocre thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vasantha-mullai/movie-review/97781281.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vasantha-mullai/movie-review/97781281.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Navein Darshan from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 2/5 and wrote "this well-shot film needed invested writing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2023 |title=Vasantha Mullai Review: Stuck in a loop of mediocrity |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/feb/10/vasantha-mullai-reviewstuck-in-a-loop-of-mediocrity-39854.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220121518/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/feb/10/vasantha-mullai-reviewstuck-in-a-loop-of-mediocrity-39854.html |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13848958}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mopidevi Venkata Ramana Rao

2026-04-20T04:59:07Z

Margaretzcd: Adding a biography more to come...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mopidevi Venkata Ramana Rao
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|06|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nizampatam]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 22 June 2020
| term_end = 29 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Thota Seetharama Lakshmi]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| office2 = [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy Ministry|Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Marketing]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 30 May 2019
| term_end2 = 21 July 2020
| governor2 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]] [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| predecessor2 = [[Adinarayana Reddy]]
| successor2 = [[Seediri Appalaraju]]
| office3 = [[Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Minister of Excise & Prohibition]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 25 May 2009
| term_end3 = 25 May 2012
| governor3 = [[N. D. Tiwari]] [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| predecessor3 = [[Jakkampudi Rammohan Rao]]
| successor3 =
| office4 = [[First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Minister of Infrastructure & Investment, Ports, Airports and Natural Gas]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start4 = 26 April 2007
| term_end4 = 20 May 2009
| governor4 = [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| predecessor4 = Konathala Ramakrishna
| successor4 = [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
| office5 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency5 = [[Repalle (Assembly constituency)|Repalle]]
| term_start5 = 2009
| term_end5 = 2014
| predecessor5 = Devineni Mallikharjunarao
| successor5 = Anagani Satya Prasad
| constituency6 = [[Kuchinapudi Assembly constituency|Kuchinapudi]]
| term_start6 = 1999
| term_end6 = 2009
| predecessor6 = Seetharamamma Evuru
| successor6 = ''Constituency Dissolved''
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (2024-Incumbent)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1999 - 2012) [[YSR Congress Party]] (2012 - 2024)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mopidevi Venkata Ramana Rao''' (born 1962, [[Nizampatam]]) is an Indian politician, who served as the [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[YSR Congress Party]] representing Andhra Pradesh. He was the former cabinet minister under [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]. He also served as Ports, infrastructure and investments minister under [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]].

==Personal life==
He is S/o late Mopidevi Veeraragaviah, he has completed his graduation from Loyola degree college, Vijayawada.

==Political career==
In 1989, 1994 he contested and lost from Kuchinapudi Assembly Constituency. In 1999, 2004 he won from Kuchinapudi Assembly Constituency. In 2009, he won from [[Repalle (Assembly constituency)|Repalle]] Assembly Constituency. In 2014, 2019 he lost from [[Repalle (Assembly constituency)|Repalle]] Assembly Constituency.

He was elected to [[Rajya Sabha]], Upper House of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha|2020 Rajyasabha elections]] as a member of the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web |date=20 June 2020 |title=Parimal Nathwani among four elected to Rajya Sabha from Andhra Pradesh on YSR Congress tickets |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/parimal-nathwani-among-four-elected-to-rajya-sabha-from-andhra-pradesh-on-ysr-congress-tickets/articleshow/76476874.cms |accessdate=20 June 2020 |work=P Pavan |publisher=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 June 2020 |title=All four Rajya Sabha seats in Andhra Pradesh go to YSRC while TDP secures just 17 votes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/jun/20/all-four-rajya-sabha-seats-in-andhra-pradesh-go-to-ysrc-while-tdp-secures-just-17-votes-2158956.html |accessdate=20 June 2020 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Mopidevi rewarded for loyalty to the YSR family">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=19 June 2020 |title=Mopidevi rewarded for loyalty to the YSR family |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mopidevi-rewarded-for-loyalty-to-the-ysr-family/article31872792.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008015937/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mopidevi-rewarded-for-loyalty-to-the-ysr-family/article31872792.ece |archivedate=8 October 2020 |accessdate=21 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Mopidevi Venkataramana resigned to YSR Congress party's primary membership and also as Rajya Sabha MP on 29 August 2024.<ref name="Two YSRCP MPs of Rajya Sabha resign, party set to lose ground in Upper House">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=29 August 2024 |title=Two YSRCP MPs of Rajya Sabha resign, party set to lose ground in Upper House |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-ysrcp-mps-of-rajya-sabha-resign/article68580468.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205115154/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-ysrcp-mps-of-rajya-sabha-resign/article68580468.ece |archivedate=5 December 2024 |accessdate=5 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He joined [[Telugu Desam Party]] in the presence of Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]] on 9 October 2024.<ref name="YSRCP former MPs Mopidevi, Beeda Masthan Rao join TDP">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=9 October 2024 |title=YSRCP former MPs Mopidevi, Beeda Masthan Rao join TDP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-former-mps-mopidevi-beeda-masthan-rao-join-tdp/article68737691.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205120452/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-former-mps-mopidevi-beeda-masthan-rao-join-tdp/article68737691.ece |archivedate=5 December 2024 |accessdate=5 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Arrest ==
Mpidevi Venkatramana was arrested by CBI in alleged [[VANPIC]] scam along with [[Dharmana Prasada Rao|Dharmana Prasad Rao]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBI shocks Andhra govt, orders prosecution of two Congress ministers in VANPIC case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/cbi-andhra-govt-prosecution-dharmana-prasada-rao-venkataramana-rao-152202-2013-01-20 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> during his [[Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|ministry]] under [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkataramana, Mopidevi}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

Parel Relief

2026-04-19T16:16:18Z

Margaretzcd: Made first entry first draft.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Monolithic bass relief depicting siva -Mumbai -Maharashtra -DSC003.jpg|thumb|300px|The Parel Relief, 5th or 6th century]]
The '''Parel Relief''' or '''Parel Shiva''' is an important monolithic [[relief]] of the Hindu god [[Shiva]] in seven forms that is dated by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) to the late [[Gupta period]], in the 5th or 6th century AD.<ref>ASI; also many other sources. Although Mumbai was never part of the actual [[Gupta Empire]], art from the area is usually treated as part of [[Gupta art]]</ref>

It was found in [[Parel]], once one of the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]], and now a neighbourhood of [[Mumbai]], when a road was being constructed in 1931. Apparently at the insistence of an excited crowd that gathered, it was moved to the nearby Baradevi Temple, where it remains in worship, in its own room. It is thought that it fell from a boat into what would then have been shallow water, and was too heavy to retrieve (or there was no one available to pay for that operation).<ref>ASI; Michell, 355</ref> There is a plaster cast on display in the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] (formerly the Prince of Wales Museum) in Mumbai.<ref>ASI</ref>

The relief, carved in "white [[granite]]",<ref>Though it does not now appear very white; Koller, 234; Chakravarti, 162</ref> shows Shiva seven times, with a central image surrounded by six other Shiva images which overlap with each other; thus it is a ''saptamurti'' ("seven images") composition. All are two-armed except for the top figure which has ten arms.<ref>ASI; Koller, 234; Chakravarti, 162</ref> The images exhibit different [[mudra]]s or hand gestures and some carry attributes, not all now identifiable. There are also five [[gana]] or dwarf musicians (or three musicians and two guardians) in the lower area of the piece. The slab is about 3.06 metres high ({{convert|3.06|m|ft|disp=out}}),<ref>ASI</ref> or about 3.5 metres ({{convert|3.5|m|ft|disp=out}}),<ref>Howard, 63; Michell, 355</ref> with the Shiva figures about three-quarter life-size. It appears to be unfinished, for example in the ganas at lower right.<ref>ASI; Howard, 63</ref>
[[File:Monolithic bass Shiva-6.jpg|thumb|Detail with [[Gana]] musician]]

More precise estimates of the date (all are based on the style) are "around 600",<ref>Howard, 63.</ref> or around 525–530.<ref>Schastok, 52</ref>

==Context==
Apart from being an imposing sculpture of great quality, and in generally good condition, the relief is of special interest because it comes from a similar period to the iconic reliefs at the [[Elephanta Caves]], only a few miles away across [[Mumbai Harbour]]. Despite sharing "both the style and the type of metaphysical concept of the great [trimurti] image at Elephanta",<ref>Harle, 124</ref> they appear to be by different workshops. There are also similarities to two reliefs from the [[Shamlaji]] Caves in [[Gujarat]] (very near the Buddhist site of [[Devni Mori]]), though in these the central Shiva is three-headed, like the famous ''[[Elephanta Caves#Sadashiva: Trimurti|trimurti]]'' image at Elephanta, and one has twenty-three secondary images, rather than the six here. The less crowded composition in the Parel relief is perhaps more successful. A relief of Shiva and [[Vishnu]] combined in [[Harihara]] form at the [[Jogeshwari Caves]] in another Mumbai suburb is also comparable.<ref>Collins, 119–120; Schastok, 50–52</ref> It has been suggested the Parel image was carved at Shamlaji (or by that workshop).<ref>Collins, 120; Schastok, 50</ref>

The relief appears to be a version, with Shiva rather than the usual [[Vishnu]] or [[Krishna]], of Hindu [[Vishvarupa]] ("Universal form", "Omni-form") imagery. The surrounding Shivas "emerge effortlessly" from the standing central figure, and the group should be thought of as a single figure showing typical Hindu multiplicity of form in an unusual fashion,<ref>Howard, 63</ref> and "the god in cosmic form, expanding through multiple figures that extend upwards and outwards".<ref>Michell, 355</ref>

The German Indologist [[Heinrich Zimmer]] (1890–1943) saw the group as a "transcendent Shiva [[linga]]", with the three figures one above the other on the central axis of the group also representing the [[trimurti]] of [[Brahma]], Shiva and Vishnu, but here all as Shiva, as they are "ultimately only different aspects of the same primordial energy-being".<ref>Koller, 234; see also Chakravarti, 162</ref> Zimmer wrote that "The giant granite slab seems to be expanding, both vertically and sideways, with the life-force of the athletic organisms that throb and heave across its surface".<ref>Quoted by Koller, 234</ref>

==Status==
The relief was made a "nationally protected monument" (No. 2/3/75-M or N-MH-M5) by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1985.<ref>ASI</ref> Visitors report that the room is only open during the nine days of the [[Navaratri]] festival, but it appears it can be seen through metal screens at other times.

<gallery widths="150px" heights="200px">
File:SAPTAMURTI.jpg|Another view of the original
File:Monolithic bass shiva-2.jpg|Upper part
File:Monolithic bass Shiva-5.jpg|From the other side
File:Monolithic bass Shiva-7.jpg|Garlanded
File:Monolithic bass Shiva-3.jpg|Worship in 2019
File:Mahadeva.JPG|Cast in the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]]
File:Room for Image.jpg|The image house, 2019
File:Monolithic bass relief depicting siva -Mumbai -Maharashtra -DSC002.jpg|Open for viewing, 29 September 2019
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{commons category}}
*"ASI", [[Archaeological Survey of India]] information [[:File:Text relating to Monolithic bass relief depicting siva -Mumbai -Maharashtra -DSC005.jpg|board at the site]], 2012
*Chakravarti, Mahadev, ''The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages'', 1986, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., {{ISBN|8120800532}}, 9788120800533, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yMFwMHH4HzMC google books]
*Collins, Charles Dillard, ''The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being'', 1988, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|0887067735}}, 9780887067730, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA120 google books]
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Howard, Angela Falco, ''The Imagery of the Cosmological Buddha'', 1986, Brill Archive, {{ISBN|9004076123}}, 9789004076129, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zUFCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 google books]
*Koller, John M, ''The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India'', 2016, Routledge, {{ISBN|1315507404}}, 9781315507408, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 google books]
*Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}
*Schastok, Sara L., ''The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India'', 1985, BRILL, {{ISBN|9004069410}}, 9789004069411, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC&pg=PA50 google books]

[[Category:Sculptures in India]]
[[Category:Shiva in art]]
[[Category:Gupta art]]

Zenith Sangma

2026-04-16T09:40:26Z

Margaretzcd: new the pg initial version...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Zenith M. Sangma
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|11|22}}<ref name="megassembly">{{cite web |title=Zenith M. Sangma |url=https://megassembly.gov.in/storage/Biodata/ZenithM._Sangma.pdf |website=megassembly.gov.in |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
| image = File:FDmoVxAWUAIt90h.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Rangsakona Assembly constituency|Rangsakona]]
| term_start1 = 2003
| predecessor1 = Adolf Lu Hitler R. Marak
| term_end1 = 2008
| successor1 = Adolf Lu Hitler R. Marak
| term_start = 2013
| predecessor = Adolf Lu Hitler R. Marak
| term_end = 2023
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (before 2021, 2025 – present)
| other_party = [[Trinamool Congress]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Members {{!}} Meghalaya Government Portal |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/meghalaya-legislative-assembly/33155 |website=meghalaya.gov.in |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> (2021 – 2025)
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}
'''Zenith Sangma''' is the former member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from the [[Rangsakona Assembly constituency|Rangsakona]] constituency.
He won the election in [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]], [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Warjri is Meghalaya's first woman home minister |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/warjri-is-meghalaya-s-first-woman-home-minister-8877.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=13 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref> and [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |title=Hitler and Frankenstein contest India vote |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/2/17/hitler-and-frankenstein-contest-india-vote |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=www.aljazeera.com |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=17 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kashyap |first=Samudra Gupta |date=26 February 2018 |title=Meghalaya assembly elections: Two prominent families with 7 nominees, and other electoral clans |language=en |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-two-prominent-families-with-7-nominees-and-other-electoral-clans-5078175/ |url-access=limited |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> Sangma was the Sports Minister of the [[Government of Meghalaya|Meghalaya Government]] for the period from 2013 to 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Draft policy proposes rewards to promote sports in Meghalaya |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-draft-policy-proposes-rewards-to-promote-sports-in-meghalaya-2347672 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=DNA India |date=30 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref> He is the brother of former [[Chief Minister of Meghalaya]] [[Mukul Sangma]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zahan |first1=Syeda Ambia |title=Sangma, Khandu, Gogoi, Gamlin...: Dynastic Clouds Loom Over The Seven Sisters |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/sangma-khandu-gogoi-gamlin-dynastic-clouds-loom-over-the-seven-sisters-magazine-220209 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=3 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from South West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Meghalaya-INC-politician-stub}}

National Highway 42 (India, old numbering)

2026-03-30T03:33:17Z

Margaretzcd: Adding a info basic info...

{{Short description|Highway in Odisha, India}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route= 42
|map=National Highway 42 (India).png
|map_notes=|Road map of India with National Highway 42 highlighted in blue
|length_km= 261
|direction_a=East
|terminus_a= [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]] Northeast of [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
|destinations= [[Cuttack]] - [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]] - [[Angul]] - [[Sambalpur]]
|direction_b=West
|terminus_b= Sambalpur, [[Odisha]]
|junction=
|states= Odisha
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=41
|next_type=NH
|next_route=43
}}
'''National Highway 42''' (or '''NH 42''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] of [[India]] entirely within the state of [[Odisha]]. It links [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] northeast of the city of [[Cuttack]] with [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]] in [[Sambalpur]]. NH 6 runs for a total length of {{convert|261|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.nhai.org/nh.asp | title = National Highways and their lengths| accessdate = 2009-02-12 | work = | publisher =National Highways Authority of India }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of National Highways in India by highway number]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/driving-directions-maps/nh42-driving-directions-map.html NH 42 on mapsofindia.com]

{{Indian Highways Network}}

[[Category:National highways in Odisha|42]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Sambalpur]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Dipak Patel (New Zealand cricketer)

2026-03-02T00:40:52Z

Margaretzcd: basic cleanup citations to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{short description|New Zealand cricketer}}
{{About|the cricketer born in 1958|other uses|Dipak Patel (disambiguation){{!}}Dipak Patel}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Dipak Patel
| image = Dipak Patel.jpg
| country = New Zealand
| fullname = Dipak Narshibhai Patel
| height =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|10|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya Colony]]
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Off-break
| role = All-rounder
| family = Kaushik Patel (brother)
| coachclub1 = [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]]
| coachyear1 = 2014–2017
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1987–1997
| testdebutdate = 20 February
| testdebutyear = 1987
| testdebutagainst = West Indies
| testcap = 161
| lasttestdate = 17 March
| lasttestyear = 1997
| lasttestagainst = Sri Lanka
| odidebutdate = 18 March
| odidebutyear = 1987
| odidebutagainst = West Indies
| odicap = 56
| lastodidate = 20 May
| lastodiyear = 1997
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka
| club1 = [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]]
| year1 = 1976–1986
| club2 = [[Auckland cricket team|Auckland]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|1985/86–1994/95}}
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 37
| runs1 = 1,200
| bat avg1 = 20.68
| 100s/50s1 = 0/5
| top score1 = 99
| deliveries1 = 6,594
| wickets1 = 75
| bowl avg1 = 42.05
| fivefor1 = 3
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 6/50
| catches/stumpings1 = 15/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 75
| runs2 = 623
| bat avg2 = 11.75
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| top score2 = 71
| deliveries2 = 3,251
| wickets2 = 45
| bowl avg2 = 50.24
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/22
| catches/stumpings2 = 23/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 358
| runs3 = 15,188
| bat avg3 = 29.95
| 100s/50s3 = 26/66
| top score3 = 204
| deliveries3 = 47,767
| wickets3 = 654
| bowl avg3 = 33.23
| fivefor3 = 27
| tenfor3 = 2
| best bowling3 = 7/46
| catches/stumpings3 = 193/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 347
| runs4 = 5,567
| bat avg4 = 19.32
| 100s/50s4 = 1/17
| top score4 = 125
| deliveries4 = 12,158
| wickets4 = 250
| bowl avg4 = 32.99
| fivefor4 = 1
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/27
| catches/stumpings4 = 102/–
| date = 7 February
| year = 2017
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/38118.html Cricinfo
}}

'''Dipak Narshibhai Patel''' (born 25 October 1958) is a Kenyan-born former New Zealand [[cricket]]er, who played 37 [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and 75 [[One Day International]]s for the [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand cricket team]].

Since retiring in 1997, Patel has coached at a provincial (first-class) level in New Zealand, notably for [[Central Stags|Central Districts]] and the New Zealand under-19 team.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Patel's brother Kaushik represented [[Staffordshire County Cricket Club|Staffordshire]] from 1994 to 1996; while his cousin [[Harshad Patel|Harshad]] represented Worcestershire in 1985.<ref>{{cricketarchive|ref=Archive/Players/7/7278/7278.html||name=Harshad Patel}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
A stylish middle order batsman and a right-arm [[off-break]] bowler, Patel started playing for [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] in 1976, having moved to [[England]] in 1968. He continued to play for them until 1986, playing 236 [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches, scoring 9734 runs at 29.23, and taking 357 wickets at 36.66.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1860/f_Batting_by_Team.html| title = First-class Batting and Fielding for each Team by Dipak Patel|publisher = cricketarchive.com | access-date = 2010-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1860/f_Bowling_by_Team.html| title = First-class Bowling for each Team by Dipak Patel|publisher = cricketarchive.com | access-date = 2010-02-07}}</ref>

In the 1985/86 season, his first playing for [[Auckland Aces|Auckland]], Patel scored 174 on debut, the highest-ever debut score for the province.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/46/46750.html| title = Scorecard: Canterbury v Auckland | date = 6 January 1986 |publisher = cricketarchive.com | access-date = 2010-02-07}}</ref> In his first two seasons in New Zealand, he scored 1234 runs at 38.56 and took 42 wickets at 26.69, so it was no surprise that he was called up to the Test team.

==International career==
Ignored by England's national selectors, Patel emigrated to New Zealand in 1986, although he had spent the last six winters in New Zealand, and this enabled him to qualify to play international cricket for New Zealand straight away {{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}.

Patel made his Test debut against the West Indies in 1987; he scored 18 and 20, both times being dismissed by [[Courtney Walsh]], and bowled 3 overs.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/48/48340.html| title = Scorecard: New Zealand v West Indies | date = 20 February 1987 |publisher = cricketarchive.com | access-date = 2010-02-07}}</ref> He made his ODI debut in the series that followed.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/48/48400.html| title = Scorecard: New Zealand v West Indies | date = 18 March 1987 |publisher = cricketarchive.com | access-date = 2010-02-07}}</ref> His highest score in Tests came when he was run out for 99 against [[England national cricket team|England]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/55/55357.html| title = Scorecard: New Zealand v England | date = 18 January 1992 |publisher = cricketarchive.com | access-date = 2010-02-07}}</ref> His best bowling figures of 6 for 50 also came in 1992 against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/56/56588.html| title = Scorecard: Zimbabwe v New Zealand | date = 7 November 1992 |publisher = cricketarchive.com | access-date = 2010-02-07}}</ref>

In the [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]], Patel was used as an opening bowler, initially against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], in an attempt to counteract the tactic of hitting over the in-field during the first 15 overs. This strategy paid off, and he was often used in the same role in other matches.<ref name="NZ v Eng">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u04SkdZs5c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/-u04SkdZs5c |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Rare: New Zealand vs England World Cup 1992 HQ Extended Highlights (15 March 1992)|date=13 March 2012|via=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[TV One (New Zealand)|TV One]]|access-date=21 February 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/8996320/Can-Black-Caps-recreate-the-summer-of-92|title=1992 Cricket World Cup Memories|last=Longley|first=Geoff|date=3 August 2013|work=[[Stuff.co.nz]]|publisher=[[Fairfax NZ News]]|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
In July 2014, Patel was appointed head coach of the [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/aaa-png-sign-dipak-patel-as-new-head-coach/2014-07-27|title=Barramundis reel in former Black Cap|first=Dan|last=Allan|publisher=Cricket Australia|date=27 July 2014|accessdate=30 January 2023}}</ref> His contract was terminated in July 2017, with Patel stating that the termination was unexpected and came after an extension to December 2017 had been agreed. His tenure saw PNG make its [[One Day International]] (ODI) and [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) debuts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/334908/sport-sudden-exit-leaves-sour-taste-for-png-cricket-coach|title=Sport: Sudden exit leaves 'sour taste' for PNG cricket coach|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=11 July 2017|accessdate=30 January 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricketers born in non-Test playing nations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=38118}}

{{New Zealand Squad 1987 Cricket World Cup}}
{{New Zealand Squad 1992 Cricket World Cup}}
{{New Zealand Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Dipak}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:New Zealand people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Auckland cricketers]]
[[Category:Staffordshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Worcestershire cricketers]]
[[Category:New Zealand expatriate cricketers in England]]
[[Category:Kenyan emigrants to New Zealand]]
[[Category:Kenyan people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:New Zealand cricketers]]
[[Category:New Zealand One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:New Zealand Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarati sportspeople]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Nairobi]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:New Zealand Hindus]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:D. H. Robins' XI cricketers]]
[[Category:Coaches of the Papua New Guinea national cricket team]]
[[Category:New Zealand expatriates in Papua New Guinea]]

List of Telugu films of 1993

2026-02-25T12:41:14Z

Margaretzcd: improved formatting for consistency

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Tollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] (Telugu language film industry) based in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in [[1993 in film|1993]].

==List of released films==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Music director !! Sources
|-
|''[[Aagraham (1993 film)|Aagraham]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] || ||
|-
|''[[Aadarsham (1993 film)|Aadarsham]]''|| [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Mouli]] ||[[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Ashwini Nachappa]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Ankuram]]''
|[[C. Umamaheswara Rao|C. Umamaheshwara Rao]]
|[[Revathi]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Om Puri]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Aasayam]]'' || Mohan Gandhi || [[Vijayashanti]], [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] || ||
|-
|''[[Abbaigaru]]''|| [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Akka Pettanam Chelleli Kapuram]]''||Dasari Narayana Rao||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Aparna, [[Jayasudha]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Allari Alludu]]''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Nagma|Naghma]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Vanisri]] ||[[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Allari Priyudu]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Madhoo]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Amma Koduku]]'' || Vadde Ramesh || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Brahmanandam]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''[[Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)|Bangaru Bullodu]]''|| Raviraja Pinisetty || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Raveena Tandon]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Bava Bavamaridi]]'' || Sarath || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Malashri]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Silk Smitha]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Chirunavvula Varamistava]]''||[[N. H. Chandra]]||[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Chittemma Mogudu]]'' || [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Divya Bharati]], [[Pooja Bedi]], [[Brahmanandam]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Detective Narada]]'' || [[Vamsy|Vamshi]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Nirosha]], [[Mohini]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''[[Evandi Aavida Vachindi]]''||[[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Vanisri]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Gaayam]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] || [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Revathi Menon]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Shiva Krishna]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || ||
|-
|''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1992 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]'' || [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Aamani]], [[Brahmanandam]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Joker (1993 film)|Joker]]'' || [[Vamsy|Vamshi]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Shamili]] || [[Vamsy|Vamshi]]||
|-
|''[[Kannayya Kittayya]]''||[[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Shobana]], [[Aamani]]||
||
|-
|''[[Kondapalli Raja]]''|| Raviraja Pinisetty || [[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Nagma|Naghma]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Kongu Chatu Krishnudu]]'' || K. Ajay Kumar || [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Brahmanandam]] || Sri ||
|-
|''[[Kunti Putrudu]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Vijayashanti]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
| ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1993 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]'' ||[[K. Raghavendra Rao]] ||[[N.T. Rama Rao]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Nagma]], [[Ramya Krishna]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Manavarali Pelli]]'' || P N Ramachandra Rao || [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]], [[Soundarya]], [[Sowcar Janaki]] || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||
|-
|''[[Mayalodu]]'' || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Soundarya]] || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] ||
|-
|''[[Mechanic Alludu]]''|| B. Gopal || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Vijayashanti]]|| [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Money (1993 film)|Money]]''|| [[Shiva Nageswara Rao]] || [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], Chinna, [[Renuka Shahane]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Paresh Rawal]] || Sri ||
|-
|''[[Mister Pellam]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Aamani]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Mutha Mestri]]''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Roja Selvamani]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Nippu Ravva]]''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Balakrishna Nandamuri]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Shobana]] || [[Bappi Lahiri]] ||
|-
|''[[One by Two (1993 film)|One By Two]]''||[[Shiva Nageswara Rao]]||[[Meka Srikanth]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Parugo Parugu]]'' || Relangi Narasimha Rao || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Shruti]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Paruvu Pratishta]]'' ||[[V. C. Guhanathan]] ||[[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Suresh (actor)|Suresh]], [[Malashri]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Srividya]], Raj Kumar, Srinath || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Pekata Papa Rao]]'' || Y Nageshwara Rao || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Nirmalamma]] || [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Pillalu Diddina Kapuram]]''||Perala||[[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Divyavani]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Prema Pusthakam]]''||[[Gollapudi Srinivas]]||[[Ajith Kumar]], [[Kanchan (actress)|Kanchan]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Rajendrudu Gajendrudu]]'' || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Soundarya]] || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] ||
|-
|''[[Rajeswari Kalyanam]]''||[[Kranthi Kumar]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Vanisri]], [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Rakshana]]''|| Uppalapati Narayana Rao || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Shobana]], [[Roja Selvamani]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Ratha Sarathi]]''||[[Sarath (director)|Sarath]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Vinod Kumar Alva|Vinod Kumar]], [[Raveena Tandon]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Rendilla Poojari]]'' || T Prabhakar || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Nagma]], [[Shobana]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Rowdy Annayya]]''||[[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]]||[[Ghattamaneni Krishna]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]||Action||
|-
|''[[Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu]]''||[[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]||[[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Tholi Muddhu]]''||K. Reddy||[[Divya Bharti]], [[Prashanth Thiagarajan]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Topi Raja Sweety Roja]]'' || N Shiva Prasad || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Roja Selvamani]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] ||
|-
|''[[Varasudu]]''|| [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Nagma|Naghma]], [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Telugu cinema|horiz}}
{{1993 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1993]]
[[Category:Lists of 1993 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:1993 in Indian cinema]]

Sant Bhasha

2026-02-17T19:30:18Z

Margaretzcd: adjusted page after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Language of Sikh scripture}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sant Bhasha
| familycolor = Indo-European
| script = [[Gurmukhi]] (including [[Anandpur Lipi]])
| nativename = ਸੰਤ-ਭਾਸ਼ਾ
| ethnicity =
| fam1 = [[Indo-European]]
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| image =
| imagecaption =
| altname =
| speakers = no native-speakers (liturgical language)
| region = Northern [[Indian subcontinent]]
| era = [[Medieval India|Medieval-period]] to present-day
| posteriori = *[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ([[Punjabi dialects and languages|various dialects]])
*regional [[Prakrit]]s
*[[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsa]]
*[[Sanskrit]]
*[[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Hindi languages]] ([[Braj Bhasha|Braj]], [[Kauravi dialect|Kauravi]], [[Haryanvi language|Bangru]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Old Hindi]], [[Deccani language|Deccani]])
*[[Persian language|Persian]]
*[[Arabic]]
*[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
*[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
*[[Marwari language|Marwari]]
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mansukhani |first1=Gobind Singh |title=Introduction to Sikhism : 125 basic questions and answers on Sikh religion and history |date=1998 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788170101819 |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Dalbir Singh |title=Sikhism, Origin and Development |date=1988 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=307–308}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kohli |first1=Surindar Singh |title=History of Punjabi literature |date=1993 |publisher=National Book Shop |location=Delhi |isbn=9788171161416 |pages=24, 48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Johar |first1=Surinder Singh |title=Guru Gobind Singh : a multi-faceted personality |date=1999 |publisher=M.D. Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788175330931 |page=56}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sukhbir Singh Kapoor |author2=Mohinder Kaur Kapoor |title=Dasam Granth: An Introductory Study |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103257 |page=39}}</ref>
| ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]
| ancestor3 = [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]
| ancestor4 = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
| ancestor5 = [[Sanskrit#Classical Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]]
| ancestor6 = ''debated'' [[Prakrit]]{{efn|[[Paishachi]], [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Saurasheni]], or [[Gandhari language|Gandhari]] Prakrits have been proposed as the ancestor [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan language]] to Punjabi.}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Sikander |title=The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language |journal=International Journal of Sikh Studies |date=April 2019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353680383}}</ref>
| ancestor7 = ''debated'' [[Apabhraṃśa]]
| ancestor8 = [[wikt:Old Punjabi|Old Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Gopal |title=Languages of India |date=2000 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123729367 |page=149 |quote=The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |title=Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781136894602 |page=XXV |edition=Reprint |quote=As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781136451089 |edition=First |chapter=0.2.1 – Form |quote=Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195139778 |page=423 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520255609 |page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139465502 |page=411}}</ref>
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Sant Bhasha''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਸੰਤ-ਭਾਸ਼ਾ; {{small|[[Romanisation|romanized]]:}} ''Sant Bhāṣā''; {{lit|language of saints}}) is a liturgical and scriptural language composed of vocabulary common to [[Indo-Aryan languages|northern Indian languages]], which was extensively used by saints and poets to compose religious verses.<ref name="Singh1991">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A history of the Sikhs: Vol. 1. 1469-1839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3i_htgAACAAJ|access-date=17 December 2011|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=298}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Textual sources for the study of Sikhism |date=1990 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |others=W. H. McLeod |isbn=0-226-56085-6 |edition= |location=Chicago |pages=5 |oclc=22243489}}</ref> It can be understood by readers with a background in either [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] and its dialects.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

== Features ==
Sant Bhasha is notable for its high usage of inherited ''[[tadbhava]]'' vocabulary in comparison to Sanskritic ''[[tatsama]]'' borrowings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohli |first=Surindar Singh |title=History of Punjabi literature |date=1993 |publisher=National Book Shop |isbn=81-7116-141-3 |location=Delhi |page=24 |oclc=29595565}}</ref>

== In Sikhism ==
[[File:Painting of Guru Arjan being fanned with a book before him.jpg|thumb|Painting of Guru Arjan being fanned with a book before him. The Sikh gurus employed the Sant Bhasha language for their poetic compositions in the Sikh scriptures]]
Sant Bhasha is most prominently used in the central Sikh scripture, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1443/1/U093328.pdf|title=Religion and Nationalism in India:The Case of Punjab, 1960 -1990|last=Deol|first=Harnik|year=2012|pages=48|quote=Remarkably, neither is the Qur'an written in Urdu language, nor are the Hindu scriptures written in Hindi, whereas the compositions in the Sikh holy scripture, Adi Granth, are a melange of various dialects, often coalesced under the generic title of Sant Bhasha.}}</ref><ref>The making of Sikh scripture by Gurinder Singh Mann. Published by Oxford University Press US, 2001. {{ISBN|0-19-513024-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-19-513024-9}} Page 5. "The language of the hymns recorded in the Adi Granth has been called "Sant Bhasha," a kind of lingua franca used by the medieval saint-poets of northern India. But the broad range of contributors to the text produced a complex mix of regional dialects."</ref><ref>History of Punjabi Literature by Surindar Singh Kohli. Page 48. Published by National Book, 1993. {{ISBN|81-7116-141-3}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7116-141-6}}. "When we go through the hymns and compositions of the Guru written in Sant Bhasha (saint- language), it appears that some Indian saint of 16th century".</ref><ref>[http://www.sikhs.nl/downloads/English/Introduction%20to%20the%20Guru%20Granth%20Sahib.pdf Introduction: Guru Granth Sahib]. "The Guru Granth Sahib is written in Gurmukhi script. The language, which is most often Sant Bhasha, is very close to Punjabi. It is well understood all over northern andnorthwest India and was popular among the wandering holy men. Persian and some local dialects have also been used. Many hymns contain words of different languages and dialects,depending upon the mother tongue of the writer or the language of the region where they were composed."</ref> The languages used include [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Punjabi dialects and languages|its dialects]], [[Lahnda]], regional [[Prakrit]]s, [[Apabhramsa]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi languages|Hindustani languages]] ([[Brajbhasha|Braj Bhasha]], [[Haryanvi language|Bangru]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Old Hindi]], [[Deccani language|Deccani]]), [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Arabic]]. While vocabulary from all of these languages is used, Sant Bhasha is only written in the [[Gurmukhi script]].<ref>Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth By Nirmal Dass. Published by SUNY Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7914-4683-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-4683-6}}. Page 13. "Any attempt at translating songs from the Adi Granth certainly involves working not with one language, but several, along with dialectical differences. The languages used by the saints range from Sanskrit; regional Prakrits; western, eastern and southern Apabhramsa; and Sahaskrit. More particularly, we find sant bhasha, Marathi, Old Hindi, central and Lehndi Panjabi, Sindhi and Persian. There are also many dialects deployed, such as Purbi Marwari, Bangru, Dakhni, Malwai, and Awadhi."</ref><ref>[http://www.sikhwomen.com/sikhism/scriptures/ggs/index.htm Sikhism. The Guru Granth Sahib (GGS)] By Harjinder Singh. "The Guru Granth Sahib also contains hymns which are written in a language known as Sahiskriti as well as Sant Bhasha, it also contains many Persian and Sanskrit words throughout."</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sadhukkari]]
* [[Sadhu Bhasha]]
* [[Khalsa bole]], coded language of Nihang Sikhs
* [[Sikh scriptures]]
* [[Guru Granth Sahib]]
* [[Dasam Granth]]
* [[Sarbloh Granth]]
* [[Sikh art and culture]]
* [[History of Sikhism]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Sikh culture]]

A. C. Muthiah

2026-02-12T06:31:25Z

Margaretzcd:

{{Short description|Indian industrialist and cricket administrator}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. C. Muthiah
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1941}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Province]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater = [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], [[Madras University]], [[University of Detroit Mercy]]
| occupation = Industrialist and cricket administrator
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = Devaki Muthiah
| children = Ashwin and 2 daughters
| parents = [[M. A. Chidambaram]] (father)
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
|embed = yes
|office1 = 25th [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|President of BCCI]]
|term_start1 = 1999
|term_end1 = 2001
|predecessor1 = [[Raj Singh Dungarpur]]
|successor1 = [[Jagmohan Dalmiya]]
}}
}}

{{Indian name|Muthiah|Annamalai Chidambaram}}'''Annamalai Chidambaram Muthiah''' (born 1941) is an Indian industrialist and cricket administrator. He served as the Chairman of Southern Petrochemical Industries Limited (SPIC) and is the chairman of [[Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering]] ('''SVCE'''), [[Sriperumbudur]] near Chennai. He served as the [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|President]] of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] from 1999 to 2001. Muthiah is the only son of [[M. A. Chidambaram]] and the grandson of [[Sir Annamalai Chettiar]].

== Early life and education ==

Muthiah was born in 1941 to industrialist and cricket administrator [[M. A. Chidambaram]]. He was Chidambaram's only son, his other child being a daughter Seetha. He is cousin of former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Home Minister]] [[P. Chidambaram]]. Maternal grandfather of P. Chidambaram is the paternal grandfather of Muthiah.

Muthiah attended the [[Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/BYMBx2uEZyqtp8zEHxG56K/N-Srinivasans-controversial-innings-at-BCCI.html | title=N. Srinivasan's controversial innings at BCCI | publisher=Livemint | date=28 May 2013 | access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> and graduated with a degree in [[Mechanical Engineering]] from the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennai.citizenmatters.in/ceg-alumni-guindy-anna-university-association-petition-6224|title=Why alumni of Chennai's College of Engineering, Guindy are a worried lot today |publisher=Citizen Matters|date=30 August 2018|author=Aruna Natarajan}}</ref> He then proceeded to get his master's degree from the [[University of Detroit Mercy]]. On completion of his education, Muthiah joined the family-run Southern Petrochemical Industries Limited. He also has a post doctorate in science expertise.

== Career ==

Muthiah took charge of the Southern Petrochemical Industries Limited (SPIC) on the death of his father Chidambaram in the year 2000. Muthiah served as the Director of [[Standard (Indian automobile)|Standard Motors]], [[Tamil Nadu Petroproducts Limited]], Southern Petrochemical Industries and SPEL Semiconductor Ltd. He also served as Director of Henkel India Limited, Tuticorin Alkali Chemicals & Fertilisers Ltd.

Like his father, Muthiah is also a cricket enthusiast and was an active in cricket administration. He served as the president of the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] from the 1994–95 season to the 2001–02 season. From 1999 to 2001, Muthiah served as the President of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]].

Muthiah was the president of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI)]] in its Platinum Jubilee year 2003. Muthiah was a Member of the Prime Minister's Advisory Council on Trade and Industry. He was a member of the executive boards of the [[International Cricket Council]], and the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]. He was also conferred the Rotary International District Vocational Services Award for his outstanding efforts in business ethics in the year 1999. Muthiah awarded an Honorary Doctorate (Honoris Causa) in Science in February 1992 from [[Anna University]].

Muthiah serves as a member of the board of trustees at The Voluntary Health Services. He continues to be associated with Tamizh Isai Sangam which was founded by his father.

Muthiah is the Managing trustee of MAC (Education) Foundation, a public charitable trust founded by his father Dr. M. A. Chidambaram, which runs the School & College of Nursing in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://machidambaram-collegeofnursing.com/ |title=M a CHIDAMBARAM COLLEGE OF NURSING - Home |access-date=2013-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613204349/http://machidambaram-collegeofnursing.com/ |archive-date=2013-06-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> MAC Trust, on the occasion of the birth anniversary of his father M. A. Chidambaram, every year, confers Sir Annamalai Chettiar Award for outstanding contribution to and promotion of [[Tamil language]] and literature; Dr. M. A. Chidambaram Award for excellence in fine arts; and the Dr. A. C. Muthiah Award for achievement as a first generation entrepreneur.

== Family ==

Muthiah is married to Devaki and has a son and two daughters.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== User Guide ==

* {{cite web|title=Executive Profile - A. C. Muthiah|publisher=Business Week|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=13537329&ticker=876447|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192607/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=13537329&ticker=876447|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2012}}
* {{cite web|title=TNCA - Office Bearers|publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]}}

{{Presidents of BCCI}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthiah, A. C.}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:People from Chennai district]]
[[Category:Tamil businesspeople]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of Detroit Mercy alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India]]

Filmfare Award for Best Scene of the Year

2026-02-11T16:07:51Z

Margaretzcd:

{{Short description|Annual award for Hindi films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2025}}
The '''Filmfare Best Scene of the Year Award''' is decided by Sony Executives who nominate five scenes of the most popular movies of the year and telecast them on their channel two weeks prior to the event.

The winner is revealed at the annual Filmfare Awards.

Here is the list of the award winners.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year || Movie || Scene
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
|[[57th Filmfare Awards|2012]]||''[[The Dirty Picture]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>|| Films run on only three reasons: Entertainment, entertainment and entertainment
|-
| [[56th Filmfare Awards|2011]]|| ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' <ref name=":0" />|| Conflict between the brothers when parents watching TV
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[54th Filmfare Awards|2009]]<ref name=":0" />|| ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' || First breakfast flower scene
|-
| [[50th Filmfare Awards|2005]]|| ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''<ref name=":0" />|| Late night snack scene
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[49th Filmfare Awards|2004]]|| ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''<ref name=":0" />|| Diary scene
|-
| [[48th Filmfare Awards|2003]]|| ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''<ref name=":0" />|| Confrontation scene between Parvati and Chandramukhi
|-bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[47th Filmfare Awards|2002]]|| ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''<ref name=":0" />|| Family reunion at the Blue Water Mall
|-
| [[46th Filmfare Awards|2001]]|| ''[[Mohabbatein]]''<ref name=":0" />|| Raj and Narayan confrontation regarding Vicky, Sameer and Karan
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[45th Filmfare Awards|2000]]|| ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''<ref name=":0" />|| Climax scene where Raghu's mother kills him
|-
| [[44th Filmfare Awards|1999]]|| ''[[Ghulam (film)|Ghulam]]''<ref name=":0" />|| Race against train Scene
|}

==See also==
* [[Filmfare Award]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Filmfare Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Best Scene Of The Year Award}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards|Scene]]

Omassery

2026-01-27T05:07:36Z

Margaretzcd: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Omassery
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Omassery, Kozhikode, India (5).png

| image_alt =
| image_caption = Omassery
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|18|0|N|75|58|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Omassery
| seat_type = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| seat = [[Kozhikode]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name1 = [[M. K. Raghavan]]
| leader_title2 = M.L.A
| leader_name2 = [[M. K. Muneer]]
| leader_title3 = Panchayath President
| leader_name3 = [[BASHEER PURAYIL}
]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 25.46
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 25420
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 998
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673582
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91495228
| registration_plate = KL-57
| blank1_name = Nearest city
| blank1_info = [[Kozhikode]], [[koduvally]]
| blank2_name = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info = 1000:1032 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name = Literacy rate
| blank3_info = 88.05%
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Omassery''' is a town in [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]], India and it is a junction between [[Thiruvambady]], [[Thamarassery]], [[Mukkam]], [[Koduvally]], [[Kodencheri|Kodenchery]] and [[Kattangal]]. Omassery is located 29 kilometers southeast of [[Kozhikode]] in the eastern part of Kerala; better known as [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)]]. Omassery is a fast developing place and is well connected to the other parts of the state. Besides that, it is known as the gateway to the hill ranges of [[Western Ghats]] in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]].

==Geography==
[[File:Omassery panchayath map.jpg|thumb|right|Omassery in relation to its neighbouring local government areas]]
Omassery is located at {{coord|11|18|0|N|75|58|30|E|display=inline}}. The total area of the Panchayat is {{convert|25.46|km2}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://lsgkerala.in/omasserypanchayat/general-information/|title=പൊതുവിവരങ്ങള്‍ « ഓമശ്ശേരി ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത് (Omassery Grama Panchayat)|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=11 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911031833/http://lsgkerala.in/omasserypanchayat/general-information/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of 2001 census the total population of the panchayat is 25,420,<ref name="auto"/> which constitute 12511 Males and 12909 females. The population density is 998 per km2 which is more than the state average. The sex ratio is 1000:1032. The literacy rate is 88.05 (Male: 93.62 and female 82.76).

==Towns and suburbs of Omassery==
[[Koduvally]], [[Kunnamangalam]], [[Thamarassery]], [[Mukkam]], [[Thiruvambady]], [[Kodenchery]], NIT(REC)

Koodathai, Venappara, Neeleswaram, [[Ambalakkandy]], Vennakode, Malayamma, Velimanna, Kallurutty, Puthur, north puthur [[Nadammal Poyil]] and Manipuram.

==Panchayath Wards and present members==
Omassery Panchayath consists of 19 wards. In ward number order, with ward, member name and party indicated:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/|title=തദ്ദേശ സ്വയംഭരണ വകുപ്പ് | LSGD Kerala|website=lsgkerala.gov.in|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207192832/https://lsgkerala.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

# [[Koodathai]] Shyni (Koodahai)
# [[Kakkadakunnu]] Shyni Babu (CPIM)
# [[Chemmaruthai]] Manu E J (INC)
# [[Peruvilly]] Gracy (INC)
# [[Korothiri]] Girija Sumod Kumar (CPIM)
# [[Omassery EAST]] CA Ayisha Teacher (Independent)
# [[Omassery WEST]] P.V. Abdu Rahiman Master (IUML)
# [[Ambalakkandy]] yoonus ambalakkandy (IUML)
# [[Allumthara]] ashokan (IUML)
# [[Vennakkode]] C.K. Kkadeeja Muhammed (IUML)
# [[NadammalPoyil]] M.C. Rafeenathulukhan (IUML)
# [[Kaniyarkandam]] Paranghottil Ibrahim (INDEPENDENT)
# [[Kulathakkara]] Sainudheen Bappu (IUML)
# [[Velimanna]] Thatha (IUML)
# [[Puthur.]] Abdul Nasar Pulikkal (IUML)
# [[Mangad WEST]] Chandramathi Puthanpurayil (CPIM)
# [[Mangad EAST]] Sre Eba Areekkal (CPIM)
# [[Chakkikave]] T.T. Mandjkumar (CPIM)
# [[Meppally]] K.K. Radakrishnan (CPIM)

==Major institutions==

# Al irshad Arts And Science, College Thechyad Omassery
# G U P S Puthur
# Wadihuda Higher Secondary School (Unaided), Omassery
# Al Irshad Technical Higher Secondary School, Techyad Omassery
# Vidya Poshini ALP School, Omassery
# Vadihuda English School (CBSE), Omassery
# Al Irshad Central School (English Medium), Techyad Omassery
# Al Irshad High School (Malayalam Medium), Techyad Omassery
# Al Irshad Industrial School, Techyad Omassery
# Santhi School of Nursing, Omassery
# Santhi Paramedical Training Centre, Omassery
# hayathul islam madrasa vellaramchalil
# Wadihuda Arabic College, Omassery
# Pleasant English School Omassery
# Pleasant Arts College., Omassery
# Al Irshad Women's College, Techyad Omassery
# Vadihuda Orphanage & Destitute Home, Omassery
# Ansarul islam sunni madrassa puthur
# Izzathul Islam Madrassa, Omassery
# Winpoint Guidance Academy, Omassery
# Santhi College of Nursing, Omassery
# G.M.U.P. School Velimanna Omassery
# Sunanul Huda Madrasa, Omassery
# Badrul Huda Madrasa, Thazhe Omassery
# Al Madrasathul Islamiya, Omassery
# G.M.L.P. School Kedayathur
# Holy Family Venappara
# St. Mary's Higher Secondary School Koodathai
# Almanar Arabic College Omassery
# Track College Omassery
#DELTA PLUS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

== Nonprofit organisations ==
* Karma Disaster Management Team, Omassery, a group who are ready in need in any emergency situations.
* Sevana Charitable Society, Omassery
* Shihab Thangal Memorial Charitable Trust (SMCT), Omassery
* CMCO GCC, Cholakkal Mahall Charity Omassery, an initiation by 200+ peoples from Omassery Cholakkal Mahall who works in GCC countries
* Karunyam, a charity initiative by youths in Omassery.
* Karuna Charitable Society
* Youth Wing Puthoor
* Sukrutham, a charity initiative by Santi Hospital Omassery for the Kidney patients of the underprivileged sections of the society whose numbers are increasing day by day. Since its inception in May 2008 m ore than 2000 dialysis have been conducted out of which 68% received concession.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.santhihospital.com/socialservies.php|title=Social servies|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=17 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617102302/http://santhihospital.com/socialservies.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Pain and Palliative Care Clinic, a clinic guided by the Pain and Palliative Society of Calicut, Government Medical College was incepted in the year 2003, until now more than 250 patients have been registered in the clinic and among them about 55% were cancer patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.santhihospital.com/socialservies.php|title=Pain and Palliative Care Clinic|accessdate=1 October 2020|archive-date=17 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617102302/http://santhihospital.com/socialservies.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Hospitals ==
* Santhi Hospital Omassery, a 300 bedded hospital multi-specialty hospital. The hospital facilities reach an approximate population of over 10 lakh spread over {{cvt|375|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.santhihospital.com/|title=Santhi Hospital|accessdate=1 October 2020}}</ref>
* Govt. Community Health Centre, Omassery
* Govt. Ayurveda Dispensary, Omassery (Koodathai Bazar)
* Govt. Homeo Dispensary, Omassery
* Govt. Veterinary Hospital Thazhe Omassery

== Other clinics ==
* Taj Yunani Clinic, Omassery
* Similiya Homeo Clinic, Omassery
* Dr Sudhir's Clinic, Thazhe Omasseri
* Calicut Center for Advanced Mental Health Care and Psychotherapy, Venappara
* Nagarjuna Ayurveda Oushadhasala, Omassery
* Good Life Ayurveda clinic Thazhe Omassery
* Darussyifa Ayurveda clinic Omassery
* Mother's Clinic Koduvally road Omassery
* Dr Mohandas evening clinic
* Areekyal Vaidhyar

==Banks==
* Esaf Bank Omassery
* [[Federal Bank]], Omassery
* [[Kerala Gramin Bank]], Omassery
* [[Kerala Bank]], Omassery
* Omassery Merchantile co-operative Bank Omassery
* Omassery Regional Agriculture Society Omassery
* Omassery Service Co-Op. Bank
* Omassery Urban Society Bank Omassery
* [[State Bank Of India]], Omassery

==Non-banking financial companies==

* [[Manappuram Finance]] Omassery
* [[Muthoot Fincorp]] Omassery
* [[Koshamattam finance]] Omassery
* [[MAXVALUE]] Credits and Investment Omassery

== Religious places ==
* Puthur juma masjid pananghadam kunnath
* vellaramchalil juma masjid
* Anwarul Islam Masjid Omassery
* Chokur Sree Rama Temple
* Cholakkal Juma Masjid, Omassery
* Holy Family Church, Venappara
* Kaniyar Kandam Juma Masjid
* Koovvchalil Masjid
* Nadukil Shiva temple
* Pazhedath Shiva Temple
* Puthur Subrahmanya temple, Mangad
* Rayarukandy Sunni Masjid, Omassery
* Thechyad Juma Masjid
* Velimanna Juma Masjid

== Transport ==
[[File:Omassery Bus stand Traffic.jpg|thumb|right|Traffic at Omassery Bus stand]]
;By Air:
:[[Calicut International Airport]] (Karipur), the nearest airport is just 36 kilometres away from this area.
;By Train
:The nearest Railway station is at [[Kozhikode]].

===How to reach by road===
* Thiruvananthapuram - Kochi - Guruvayoor/Thrissur - Pattambi - Perinthalmanna - Manjeri - Areekode - Mukkam - Omassery
* Kozhikode - Kunnamangalam - REC (NIT) / Koduvally - Omassery
* Koyilandy - Thamarassery - Omassery
* Wayanad - Adivaram - Thamarassery - Omassery
* Nilambur - Areekode - Mukkam - Omassery
* Thusharagiri - Kodenchery - Omassery
* [[Kakkadampoyil]] - Koombarakoodaranji - Thiruvambady - Omassery

Omassery is the crossing of State Highways [[Koyilandy - Edavanna]] and [[Kappad-Thusharagiri-Adivaram]]. The location is well connected by roads from various corners and is a main junction for surrounding various panchayaths and villages. Moreover, it gives more geographical importance to this place as this is an important gateway to the hill ranges of western Ghat of Malabar. [[Thiruvambady]], [[Thamarassery]], [[Koduvally]], [[Mukkam]] and [[Kodencheri]] are near by places of Omassery.

There is one bus stand and bus services available to places such as [[Kozhikode]], Mukkam, Koduvally, Thamarassery, Thiruvambady, Kodenchery, [[Anakkampoyil]].

The Kilometer chart from Kozhikode to Omassery is given below.

[[File:Omassery to calicut distance chart.jpg|center|Kozhikode to Omassery Distance Chart]]
The Kilometer chart through road from Omassery is given below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[Kozhikode]] - 29 km
| [[Thamarassery]] - 9 km
| [[Manjeri]] - 36 km
|-
| [[Mukkam]] - 7 km
| [[Malappuram]] - 48 km
| [[Ernakulam]] - 190 km
| [[Guruvayur]] - 115 km
|-
| [[Perinthalmanna]] - 60 km
| [[Areekode]] - 20 km
| [[Palakkad]] - 122 km
|-
| [[Thiruvambady]] - 6 km
| [[Thrissur]] - 133 km
| [[Anakkampoyil]] - 19 km
|-
| [[Koduvally]] - 6 km
| [[Koyilandy]] - 37 km
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]] - 414 km
|-
| [[Kodencheri]] - 10 km
| [[Kalpetta]] - 58 km
| [[Nilambur]] - 50 km
|}

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Omassery, Kozhikode, India (4).png
File:Omassery, Kozhikode, India (2).png
File:Omassery, Kozhikode, India (3).png
File:Omassery, Kozhikode, India (1).png

</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Aripara Falls]]
* [[Thusharagiri Falls]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.omasserypanchayath.com/ Omassery Panchayath] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228214754/http://www.omasserypanchayath.com/ |date=28 December 2011 }}
* [http://lsgkerala.in/omasserypanchayat/general-information/ General Information -Omassery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911031833/http://lsgkerala.in/omasserypanchayat/general-information/ |date=11 September 2011 }}
* [https://cmcomassery.blogspot.com/ ചോലക്കല്‍ മഹല്ല്]
{{Kozhikode district}}

[[Category:Thamarassery area]]
[[Category:Gram panchayats in Kozhikode district]]

Dabbu

2026-01-22T06:46:22Z

Margaretzcd: started first article basic info

{{short description|Indian Bengali film music composer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{multiple issues|
{{COI|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2026}}
{{notability|Music|date=January 2026}}
{{More significant coverage|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dabbu
| image = Dabbu profile pic.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1979|12|02|}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| genre = [[Indian music]], [[Jazz]]
| occupation = [[Composer]], [[music producer]]
| years_active = 2002–present
| website = [http://facebook.com/DabbuOfficial Dabbu]
}}

'''Prasenjit Ghosal''' (born 2 December 1979), known professionally as '''Dabbu''', ({{langx|bn|'''ডাব্বু'''}}) is a music composer based in [[Mumbai]].
He workes as a music composer in [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]. He has closely worked with film production company [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]] and has composed several Bengali films songs which have been sung by artists including [[Arijit Singh]], [[Armaan Malik|Armaan malik]], [[Papon (singer)|Papon]], [[Anupam Roy]], and [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]].

== Performance ==
He plays the guitar and has performed with on albums including ''This is not fusion'' in front of live audience in [[Frankfurt]] at Book Fest, [[Lille]] at Fest, and Bozar Fest in [[Brussels]] in 2006.
DABBU performed at the British Museum, [[Johannesburg]] in 2011 for [[University of the Witwatersrand|WITS university]] and has collaborated with vocalists including [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Gary Lawyer]] during tours.
He has played for bands such as Hip Pocket and also accompanied jazz musicians such as [[Louis Banks|Louis Bankz]] at venues which have included, Blue Frog, Jazz By the Bay, [[Hard Rock Cafe]].

== Career ==
Dabbu was born in Kolkata and started his career as a guitar player, where he played for films, adverts, and songs. He started his music direction career with film production company [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] in Kolkata. He moved to Mumbai in 2009.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Movie
! Language
! Songs
! Director
! Producer
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Bangali Babu English Mem]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Bengali-Babu-English-Mem/movie-review/29776029.cms|title=Bengali Babu English Mem Movie Review|work=The Times of India|accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref>'' || Bengali || Honey Bunny, Hawara Chupi Chupi, Dol Duluni, Ore Mon Udashi || [[Rabi Kinagi]] || [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|-
| 2014 || ''Kokhon Tomar Asbe Telephone<ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=HELLO-THERE-23112014103005|title=HELLO THERE!|work=The Times of India|accessdate=23 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200854/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=HELLO-THERE-23112014103005|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>'' || Bengali || Title Song, Ek Dui Teen, Jokhun Tokhun, Tumio Ki Anmona || Arindam Mamdo Dey || PB Films
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Samraat: The King Is Here]]'' ||Bengali (Bangladesh) || Samraat (Title Track) || Mohammad Mostafa Kamal Raz || Orkee Production & Cinemawala
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Mental (2016 film)|Mental]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://netnewsbd.com/dhallywood-new-film-mental-it-can-be-your-love-story/|title=Dhallywood New Film Mental-It Can Be Your Love Story|publisher=NetNewsBD|accessdate=30 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205005650/http://netnewsbd.com/dhallywood-new-film-mental-it-can-be-your-love-story/|archive-date=5 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>'' ||Bengali (Bangladesh)|| Title Song, Prem Ta Toder Nesha, Mon Najehal, Khaina Jonab, Ureche Dhulo, Bolte Baki Koto Ki || Shamim Ahamed Roni || Bangla Express Films
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Bossgiri]]'' ||Bengali (Bangladesh) || Bossgiri (Title Track) || Shamim Ahamed Roni || Khan Films
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Dhat Teri Ki]]'' || Bengali (Bangladesh) || Title Song || Shamim Ahamed Roni || [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Amar Aponjon]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaper.sangbadpratidin.in/epaper/m/87822/5853a10c0f701|title=জিয়া নস্টাল|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref> || Bengali || Ele Chupi Chupi, Esho Amar Nodir Tire || [[Raja Chanda]] || Sunday Films & Actors Studio
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Rangbaz (2017 film)|Rangbaz]]'' || Bengali (Bangladesh) || Title Song, Rimjhim || Abdul Mannan || [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Mon Jaane Na]]'' || Bengali || Keno Je Toke || [[Shagufta Rafique]] || [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Network (2019 film)|Network]]'' || Bengali || Deewana Bole Dake Amaay || [[Saptaswa Basu]] || Neo Studios<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2017/03/19/upcoming-bengali-film-network-announced-film-to-begin-shooting-soon |title=NETWORK film announced |access-date=27 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119125103/http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2017/03/19/upcoming-bengali-film-network-announced-film-to-begin-shooting-soon/ |archive-date=19 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Beporowa]]'' || Bengali || Beporowa Title Song, Ghum Ghum Adore (ঘুম ঘুম আদরে), Khati Sona (খাঁটি সোনা) || [[Raja Chanda]] || [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Shahenshah (2020 film)|Shahenshah]]'' || Bengali (Bangladesh) || Premer Raja || [[Shamim Ahmed Rony]] || [[Unlimited Audio Video]]
|-
| 2020 || ''Harano Prapti'' || Bengali || All Songs || [[Raja Chanda]] || Greentouch Entertainment
|-
| 2020 || style="background:#ffc;"| ''[[Operation Agneepath]]'' || Bengali (Bangladesh) || Title Song || Ashiqur Rahman || Vertex Production
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Biye.Com|Biye.com]]'' || Bengali || All Songs || Sudeshna Roy, Abhijeet Guha || Shadow Films
|-
| 2020 ||[[Ajob Premer Golpo]]|| Bengali || All Songs || Raja Chanda || Zee Bangla Cinema
|-
|2021 || ''[[Magic (2021 film)|Magic]] '' || Bengali || All Songs || Raja Chanda || SSG Entertainment Pvt. Ltd
|-
|2022 || BhoyPeo Na || Bengali || All Songs || Ayan Dey || Big Screen Production Pvt Ltd

|.<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/magic/GRRKXDpC34k_|title=Magic – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=21 January 2021 |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
7.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/check-out-new-bengali-trending-lyrical-song-music-video-toke-niye-sung-by-santanu-dey-sarkar/videoshow/85234669.cms?from=mdr
8.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/saptaswa-reveals-how-jatugrihos-music-is-shaping-up/articleshow/83303833.cms?s=08&from=mdr

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm6925710}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dabbu}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Indian music directors]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian guitarists]]

Rana Ayyub

2026-01-17T17:32:36Z

Margaretzcd: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian journalist and writer (born 1984)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rana Ayyub
| image = Press Conference pic.jpg
| caption = Ayyub in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1984|5|1}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[Sophia College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|columnist}}
| relatives = [[Abdul Haq Azmi]] (uncle)<ref name="azmi" />
}}

'''Rana Ayyub''' (born 1 May 1984) is an Indian journalist and opinion columnist with ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref name=WP>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/11/11/indias-supreme-court-endorses-right-wing-vision-relegating-muslims-second-class-citizens/|title=India's Supreme Court endorses right-wing vision relegating Muslims to second-class citizens|website=The Washington Post (newspaper)|date=11 November 2019|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> She is author of the investigative book ''[[Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Cover Up]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat Files: Rana Ayyub and stinging truths |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/gujarat-files-rana-ayyub-and-stinging-truths-116062400580_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |access-date=16 November 2019|date=25 June 2016 |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Nilanjan }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/lone-soldier-excerpt-rana-ayyub-gujarat-files | title=A Lone Soldier In The Field: An Excerpt From Rana Ayyub's "Gujarat Files: Anatomy Of A Cover Up" | magazine=[[The Caravan]] | date=25 May 2016 | access-date=23 December 2017 | author=Ayyub, Rana}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Background and family==
Rana Ayyub was born in Mumbai, India. Her father Mohammad Ayyub Waqif,<ref>{{cite tweet|user=RanaAyyub |number=1199756507451146240|title=A moment of immense joy and pride. Just discovered a list of my fathers books, digitised and sequenced on the @Rekhta website. Goosebumps |date=27 November 2019|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> was a writer with [[Blitz (newspaper)|Blitz]]'','' a Mumbai-based magazine, and a member of the progressive writers movement.<ref>{{cite podcast |host=David Remnick |title=Rana Ayyub on India's Crackdown on Muslims |website=The New Yorker |publisher=Publisher |date=2 December 2019 |time=8:57 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-new-yorker-radio-hour/rana-ayyub-on-indias-crackdown-on-muslims |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref> Her uncle, [[Abdul Haq Azmi]], was a distinguished scholar of [[Hadith]] and served as a senior professor at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref name="azmi">{{Cite book |title=Yaad-e-Ayyam |author=Muhammad Ayyub Waqif |language=ur |page=41 |publisher=Tehreer-e-Nau Publications |year=2017}}</ref>

She contracted [[polio]] at the age of five, leaving her left hand and right leg immobile, and eventually recovered from the disease.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gambade |first=Emilie |year=2018 |title=Unbreakable: The Rana Ayyub Story |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/Womens-Interest/Marie-Claire-South-Africa/Unbreakable-The-Rana-Ayyub-Story |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123215338/https://www.magzter.com/stories/Womens-Interest/Marie-Claire-South-Africa/Unbreakable-The-Rana-Ayyub-Story |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=[[Magzter]] |publisher=Marie Claire South Africa |language=en}}</ref> When Mumbai witnessed [[Bombay riots|riots in 1992–93]], Ayyub's father was warned by a Sikh friend that local men were coming after his daughters. Rana, nine at the time, fled with her sister to stay with the Sikh friend's relatives for three months before reuniting with their family in [[Deonar]], a Muslim-majority suburb, which is where she largely grew up.<ref name=":3" /> Ayyub is a practising Muslim.<ref>{{cite news |title=Opinion: I Am A Practicing Muslim. My Concerns Right Now For India Are... |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/in-response-to-naseeruddin-shah-1707581 |access-date=27 September 2019|work=NDTV.com |date=4 June 2017}}</ref>

She graduated in English literature from [[Sophia College for Women|Sophia College]], Mumbai where she was a classmate of [[Richa Chadha|Richa Chada]] and [[Shuchi Talati]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayyub |first=Rana |date=26 January 2025 |title=Films About India That Inspire Hope |url=https://ranaayyub.substack.com/p/films-made-on-india-that-give-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128182639/https://ranaayyub.substack.com/p/films-made-on-india-that-give-us |archive-date=28 January 2025 |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=Rana Ayyub's Newsletter}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Investigative journalist at ''Tehelka'' ===
Ayyub worked for ''[[Tehelka]]'' (''lit.'' "commotion/uproar"), a Delhi-based investigative and political news magazine. By her own account, a report by her was instrumental in sending [[Amit Shah]], a close associate of [[Narendra Modi]], to jail for several months in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Modi aide Amit Shah arrested, jailed in Sohrabuddin case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-aide-amit-shah-arrested-jailed-in-sohrabuddin-case-79246-2010-07-25 |access-date=18 September 2019 |work=India Today |date=25 July 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shah Khan|first=Saba|date=27 August 2019|title=Investigative Journalist Pays the Price for Expose in India|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_investigative-journalist-pays-price-expose-india/6174653.html|access-date=3 February 2022|website=VOA|language=en}}</ref>

At ''Tehelka,'' Ayyub worked as an investigative journalist and her big assignment was to carry out the sting operation upon which her book ''Gujarat Files'' was based. At the end of the sting operation, the management of ''Tehelka'' refused to publish any story written by Rana or based on the data collected by her. Ayyub continued to work with ''Tehelka'' for several months more. In November 2013, her boss [[Tarun Tejpal]], the editor-in-chief and major shareholder of ''Tehelka,'' was accused of sexual harassment by one of his journalist subordinates. Ayyub resigned from ''Tehelka'' in protest against the organisation's handling of the charge against Tejpal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/tehelka-scandal-senior-editor-rana-ayyub-quits-in-protest-1250617.html |title=Tehelka scandal: Senior editor Rana Ayyub quits in protest |website=Firstpost.com website|date=26 November 2013|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> She now works independently.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/author/rana-ayyub|title=Rana Ayyub – Author |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/tehelka-didnt-run-rana-ayyubs-gujarat-riots-story-because-it-was-incomplete-tarun-tejpal-2808414.html |title=We didn't run Rana Ayyub's Gujarat riots story because it was incomplete: Tarun Tejpal|date=31 May 2016|access-date=22 December 2017|website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/authors/rana-ayyub|title=Rana Ayyub|work= Daily News & Analysis|access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref>

=== Opinions writer at ''The Washington Post'' ===

In September 2019, ''[[Washington Post]]'' nominated Ayyub as Contributing Global Opinions Writer with the paper.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=26 September 2019|title=The Washington Post names Rana Ayyub Contributing Global Opinions Writer|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/pr/2019/09/26/washington-post-names-rana-ayyub-contributing-global-opinions-writer/|newspaper=Washington Post|location= |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
In 2021, on the BBC show [[HARDtalk]], Ayyub explained that she is in a position to express critical views about the government because she writes of international media, given that Indian media publications are censoring their journalists.<ref name="Hardtalk">{{cite podcast |host=
Stephen Sackur |title=HARDtalk Rana Ayyub: Abuse, intimidation and legal threats |website=BBC Sounds |publisher=BBC |date=26 November 2021 |time=15:16 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3ct1n25 |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>

In October 2020, [[HarperCollins]] India published an open letter written by Ayyub, to protest the controversial appointment of Actor [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as the Chairman of [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), as part of the book ''Inquilab: A Decade of Protest'' which contains speeches, lectures and letters said to "capture the most important events and issues of the past ten years."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayyub|first=Rana|date=14 July 2015|title=Opinion: Open Letter to Gajendra Chauhan from a Former Film Student|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/open-letter-to-gajendra-chauhan-from-a-former-film-student-781257|access-date=29 October 2020|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Agrawal |first=Aarushi |date=18 October 2020 |title=Books of the week: From Romila Thapar's Voices of Dissent to The Best Stories of Dhumketu, our picks |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/books-of-the-week-from-romila-thapars-voices-of-dissent-to-the-best-stories-of-dhumketu-our-picks-8921471.html |access-date=28 October 2020 |work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOf1DwAAQBAJ&q=Inquilab:+A+Decade+of+Protest|title=Inquilab: A Decade of Protest|date=20 October 2020|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-93-5357-970-8|location=India|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable work ==

=== The Gujarat sting operation ===
As an investigative journalist working with ''Tehelka,'' Rana Ayyub took up a project to conduct a prolonged sting operation aimed at snaring politicians and government officials of [[Gujarat]] and get them to reveal any potential cover-ups regarding the Gujarat riots of 2002. Rana Posing as Maithili Tyagi, a filmmaker from the [[American Film Institute]], and set about befriending her intended targets. She spent around ten months in disguise, and got paid a regular monthly salary from ''Tehelka'' during this period. However, at the end of the exercise, the management of ''Tehelka'' felt that the recordings which she had made over the months did not provide any new or sensational information, that the data gathered by her was of inadequate quality, and that they could not publish any story on the basis of the new data.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Vijayan |first1=Suchitra |title=An unfinished book |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/An-unfinished-book/article14384513.ece |work=The Hindu |date=4 June 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==== The book ====
{{Main|Gujarat Files}}

In her book ''Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Cover Up'', Ayyub documented the verbatim transcripts of recordings, made using a concealed recording device, of many bureaucrats and police officers of Gujarat. The recordings were made in the course of an undercover investigation to reveal the views of bureaucrats and police officers on [[encounter killing]]s and the aftermath of the [[2002 Gujarat violence]]. Ayyub had been posing as 'Maithili Tyagi', a student of the [[American Film Institute]], having an ideological affinity for the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]'s beliefs, to enable her to make the recordings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ayyub |first1=Rana |title=How Rana Ayyub had to become Maithili Tyagi for her investigations in Gujarat |url=https://scroll.in/article/808702/how-rana-ayyub-had-to-become-maithili-tyagi-for-her-investigations-in-gujarat |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kf4jwEACAAJ|title=Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Cover Up|isbn=9781533341525|last1=Ayyub|first1=Rana|year=2016|publisher=Rana Ayub }}</ref><ref name="Outlook">{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/gujarat-gazetteer-by-maithili-tyagi/297417|title=Gujarat Gazetteer, By Maithili Tyagi|publisher=Outlook (magazine)|date=11 July 2016 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Frontline July 2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.frontline.in/books/on-the-trail-of-the-real-culprits/article8755811.ece |title=On the trail of the real culprits |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Mint June 2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/hnE8QCMynIo66eS0VfmChK/Book-review-Gujarat-Files.html|title=Book review: Gujarat Files |publisher=Mint |date=4 June 2016 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Business Standard June 2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/gujarat-files-rana-ayyub-and-stinging-truths-116062400580_1.html |title=Gujarat Files: Rana Ayyub and stinging truths |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=25 June 2016 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Express May 2016">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sting-claims-political-pressure-in-gujarat-riots-narendra-modi-govt-2822765/|title=Gujarat Files: Sting claims political pressure in Gujarat riots|work=[[Indian Express]] |date=30 May 2016 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Wire">{{cite news|url=http://thewire.in/47407/goodbye-satyameva-jayate-telling-silence-on-rana-ayyubs-gujarat-files/|title=What the Silence Over Rana Ayyub's 'Gujarat Files' Tells Us |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=1 July 2016 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

==== Dispute with ''Tehelka'' ====
[[Tarun Tejpal]] and [[Shoma Chaudhury]] have disputed Ayyub's claim that her story on [[Encounter killings by police|fake encounters]] in [[Gujarat]], which was the result of an eight-month long undercover investigation, was dropped by them. According to Tejpal, Ayyub's story was "incomplete".<ref name="FP"/> According to Chaudhury, Ayyub's story "did not meet the necessary editorial standards."<ref name="FP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tehelka-didnt-run-rana-ayyubs-gujarat-riots-story-because-it-was-incomplete-tarun-tejpal-2808414.html|title=We didn't run Rana Ayyub's Gujarat riots story because it was incomplete: Tarun Tejpal|date=31 May 2016|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Ayyub has responded to Tejpal and Chaudhury's assertions by noting that:{{Blockquote|I must say I am not the only one to complain about dropped stories in Tehelka, the list is fairly big… Shoma Choudhury and Tarun Tejpal of Tehelka cited editorial decisions and gaps. The book is a bestseller and is getting rave reviews for its content. Let the reader be the judge.<ref name="FP"/><ref name="Frontline July 2016"/>}}

==== Reception ====
Historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] had called Ayyub's ''Gujarat Files'' "a brave book."<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160625/jsp/opinion/story_93068.jsp#.V92B_TscWgR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626135616/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160625/jsp/opinion/story_93068.jsp#.V92B_TscWgR|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2016|title=Divide and win-The Sanjay Gandhi of this age|newspaper=The Telegraph |date=25 June 2016 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> Jyoti Malhotra has noted that many journalists have privately applauded Ayyub's courage in authoring ''Gujarat Files''.<ref name="Hoot">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehoot.org/research/books/mainstream-media-turns-away-from-gujarat-files-9404 |title=Mainstream media turns away from "Gujarat Files" |publisher=The Hoot |date=3 June 2016 |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727212203/http://www.thehoot.org/research/books/mainstream-media-turns-away-from-gujarat-files-9404 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Priya Ramani has commented: "The abuses from the paid foot soldiers on Twitter bounce off her spiral curls smoothly."<ref name="Mint Sep 2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/aKyGnfUrG0fWxlPzGS1hBM/The-selfpublishing-story-of-dust-and-dreams.html |title=The self-publishing story of dust and dreams |publisher=Mint |date=1 September 2016 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> Reflecting on the procedure used by Ayyub in composing ''Gujarat Files'', Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay has observed: "Going undercover and interviewing many who had been in the thick of gruesome extra-constitutional operations required bravado and this must be appreciated."<ref name="Business Standard June 2016"/>

Ayyub's investigation of the alleged Gujarat fake encounters has been listed by [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']] magazine as one of the twenty greatest magazine stories of all time across the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-20-greatest-magazine-stories/295660|title=The 20 Greatest Magazine Stories|work=Outlook|access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref>
In 2018, Ayyub was awarded the "most Resilient Global journalist" by Dutch non-profit ''Free Press Unlimited'' for resisting attempts to stifle her work.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Free Press Awards 2018: The winners |url=https://www.freepressunlimited.org/en/news/free-press-awards-2018-the-winners |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=freepressunlimited.org |date=2 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124093617/https://www.freepressunlimited.org/en/news/free-press-awards-2018-the-winners |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah Khan |first1=Saba |title=Investigative Journalist Pays the Price for Expose in India |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_investigative-journalist-pays-price-expose-india/6174653.html |access-date=27 September 2019 |work=Voice of America |date=27 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Haren Pandya]] murder case, the [[Supreme Court of India]] dismissed Rana Ayyub's book, stating that "it is based upon surmises, conjectures, and suppositions and has no evidentiary value."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Bureau Of Investigation vs Mohd.Parvez Abdul Kayuum on 5 July, 2019|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2011/37430/37430_2011_4_1501_14733_Judgement_05-Jul-2019.pdf|access-date=18 December 2020|website=main.sci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SC rejects NGO's plea for further probe in Haren Pandya case|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sc-rejects-ngo-s-plea-for-further-probe-in-haren-pandya-case-2768910|access-date=18 December 2020|website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SC rejects NGO's plea for further probe in Haren Pandya case, slaps Rs 50K fine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sc-rejects-ngos-plea-for-further-probe-in-haren-pandya-case-slaps-rs-50k-fine/1569194|access-date=18 December 2020|website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref> Ayyub termed the court's comments "puzzling", stating that the CBI had used her work as evidence in other related cases, and noting that no officer or bureaucrat had denied her claims or taken her to court.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Ayyub|first=Rana|date=11 July 2019|title=An appeal to the SC to examine the Gujarat Files tapes as evidence|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/law/appeal-supreme-court-haren-pandya-examine-gujarat-files-rana-ayyub-evidence|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101135957/https://caravanmagazine.in/law/appeal-supreme-court-haren-pandya-examine-gujarat-files-rana-ayyub-evidence|archive-date=1 November 2020|access-date=22 February 2021|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref>

=== Reporting from Kashmir ===
In 2019, Ayyub accompanied [[Dexter Filkins]] from ''[[The New Yorker]]'' on a trip to Kashmir to report on the violence by the government towards the Kashmiri population following the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir | revocation of the special status of Kashmir]] by the Modi-led Indian government.<ref name=":3">{{cite magazine |last=Filkins |first=Dexter |date=2 December 2019 |title=Blood and Soil in Narendra Modi's India |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india |magazine=The New Yorker |location= |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> Their report of torture inflicted on the Kashmiri population, including minors, sharply contrasted with official accounts from the Indian state and state media, which portrayed the region as calm. Prior to their report, the Indian government's claims could not be verified due to a full communication blackout and a de facto curfew imposed in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite AV media |people= Christiane Amanpour|date=10 December 2019 |title=Dexter Filkins & Rana Ayyub Discuss the Situation in Kashmir |trans-title= |type= |language= |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/dexter-filkins-rana-ayyub-situation-kashmir-s93vfu/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |format= |time= |location= |publisher=PBS |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= }}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Judicial proceedings ===
In February 2022, Ayyub received scrutiny after the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) locked assets worth over ₹1.77 crore of hers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enforcement Directorate attaches journalist Rana Ayyub's assets worth Rs 1.77 crore|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/02/11/enforcement-directorate-attaches-journalist-rana-ayyubs-assets-worth-rs-177-crore|access-date=14 February 2022|website=Newslaundry|date=11 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|last=PTI|title=Enforcement Directorate seizes deposits, journalist cries vendetta|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/enforcement-directorate-seizes-deposits-journalist-rana-ayyub-cries-vendetta/cid/1851407|access-date=14 February 2022|work=The Telegraph|date=11 February 2022}}</ref> This was done in relation to a money laundering case filed against her, for allegedly embezzling funds she acquired from the public in the name of charity. ED stated that Ayyub had transferred those funds to other accounts for personal spendings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=
11 February 2022 |title=ED attaches Rs 1.77cr of journalist Rana Ayyub in money laundering case |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/india/ed-attaches-rs-177cr-of-journalist-rana-ayyub-in-money-laundering-case |access-date=14 February 2022 |work=Greater Kashmir|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pandey|first=Devesh K.|date=11 February 2022|title=Assets worth ₹1.77 crore linked to journalist Rana Ayyub attached|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assets-worth-177-crore-linked-to-journalist-rana-ayyub-attached/article38409631.ece|access-date=14 February 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) in Mumbai has pointed out that only 10 per cent of the COVID relief funds were used for relief work, and the rest of the funds were transferred to her father's and sister's accounts and then transferred again to her personal account. <ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Funds, Family Accounts & Fixed Deposits: ITAT Dismantles Rana Ayyub's COVID Relief Drive |url=https://lawbeat.in/top-stories/if-intention-was-so-pious-itat-says-rana-ayyubs-relief-funds-are-taxable-1512579 |website=lawbeat.in |date=9 July 2025 }}</ref>

The money laundering charges against Ayyub have been described as sham charges by international observers.{{Who|date=December 2024}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nawaz |first1= Amna|last2=Warsi|first2=Zeba |date= 6 January 2023 |title=Journalist and critic of Indian government faces sham charges designed to silence her|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/journalist-and-critic-of-indian-government-faces-sham-charges-designed-to-silence-her |work=PBS|location= |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref> According to commentators,{{Who|date=December 2024}} the money laundering allegations are part of a broader campaign by the Indian authorities aimed at intimidating Ayyub and silencing her criticism of Modi's government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hassan|first=Aakash|date= 30 March 2023|title=Rana Ayyub, journalist and Modi critic, barred from leaving India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/30/rana-ayyub-india-journalist-stopped-from-boarding-london-flight |work= Aljazeera|location= |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>

FIR was filed against Ayyub in [[Dharwad]] due to her alleged comments against anti-hijab protestors as Hindu terrorists.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rakesh |first1=K. M |date=5 March 2022 |title=Karnataka: Journalist Rana Ayyub booked over 'Hindu terrorists' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/karnataka-journalist-rana-ayyub-booked-over-hindu-terrorists/cid/1854599 |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=FIR against journalist Rana Ayyub in Dharwad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/fir-against-journalist-rana-ayyub-in-dharwad/article65191320.ece |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=4 March 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 2022, [[United Nations|UN]] experts have called on the Indian government to stop the judicial harassment against Ayyub, that included twice freezing Ayyub's bank account. The experts labelled the accusations related to the funds raised by Ayyub for pandemic relief work as "the bogus allegations [that] can be traced back to a far-right social media group."<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=21 February 2022 |title=Halt all retaliation attacks against Indian journalist Rana Ayyub – UN experts |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1112362|work=Unites Nations |location= |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* In October 2011, Rana Ayyub received the Sanskriti award for excellence in journalism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanskriti awards to Kashmiri writer, sarangi maestro|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sanskriti-awards-to-kashmiri-writer-sarangi-maestro/861865/|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>
* The 'Citation of Excellence' was conferred to Rana Ayyub in the 2017 edition of the [[Global Shining Light Award]] for her undercover investigation revealing state's top officials' complicity during the [[2002 Gujarat Riots]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theshahab.com/2017/11/18/rana-ayyub-wins-global-shining-light-award-gujarat-files-anatomy-coverup/|title=Rana Ayyub received Citation of Excellence in Global Shining Light Award for 'Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Coverup'|date=18 November 2017|work=The Shahab|access-date=21 November 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402110826/https://theshahab.com/2017/11/18/rana-ayyub-wins-global-shining-light-award-gujarat-files-anatomy-coverup/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Actress [[Richa Chadda]] claimed to have been inspired by Rana Ayyub, who is also her friend, in 2016 film ''[[Chalk n Duster]]'', where she plays a journalist.<ref>{{cite news |last=IANS |date=25 June 2015 |title=Richa Chadha to play journalist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/richa-chadha-to-play-journalist/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
* In 2018, Ayyub was awarded the Most Resilient Journalist Award by Free Press Unlimited for continuing her work "despite being harassed both online and offline and receiving death threats."<ref name=":1" />
* In 2019, Ayyub has been listed as one of ten global journalists who face maximum threats to their lives by the ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1 April 2019 |title=Read About 10 Journalists Now Facing the 'Most Urgent' Threats to Press Freedom Around the World |url=https://time.com/5560829/one-free-press-10-most-urgent-journalists-april/ |magazine=Time |language=en|access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref>
* In February 2020, Ayyub was awarded with McGill Medal for journalistic courage at University of Georgia's [[Grady College]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Washington Post writer Rana Ayyub awarded with McGill Medal for journalistic courage |journal=Grady College |date=24 February 2020 |url=https://grady.uga.edu/washington-post-writer-rana-ayyub-awarded-with-mcgill-medal-for-journalistic-courage/ |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
* Ayyub is the 2020 Voices of Courage and Conscience Awardee from the Muslim Public Affairs Council of America.<ref>{{cite news|title=Building a Better Normal: MPAC Virtual Gala|url=https://betternormal.mpac.org/|website=mpac.org|language=en|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101025144/https://betternormal.mpac.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 2021, Ayyub received the Excellence in International Journalism and Human Rights Award by [[Texas Tech University]] College of Media and Communication.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.depts.ttu.edu/comc/about/news/posts/2022/04/graduate-symposium-hosts-international-jour.php?v=preview|title=Symposium Hosts and Honors International Journalists |last=Loss |first=James D. |date= 20 April 2022|website= |publisher=Texas tech University |access-date=29 July 2024|quote=}}</ref>
* In 2021, Ayyub was awarded the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award for best commentary on international news for her op-eds in ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://opcofamerica.org/Awardarchive/the-flora-lewis-award-2021/ |title=The Flora Lewis Award 2021|last= |first= |date=8 April 2022|website=OPC of America|publisher= |access-date= 29 July 2024|quote=}}</ref>
* On 28 June 2022, Ayyub was awarded the International John Aubuchon Award by the [[National Press Club (United States)|National Press Club]].<ref>{{Cite press release |last=Club |first=National Press |title=National Press Club Names Indian Journalist Rana Ayyub 2022 Aubuchon International Honoree |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/national-press-club-names-indian-journalist-rana-ayyub-2022-aubuchon-international-honoree-301577070.html |access-date=30 June 2022 |website= [[PR Newswire]] |language=en}}</ref>
* On 23 October 2024, Ayyub was awarded [[Canadian Journalists for Free Expression|Canadian Journalists for Free Expression (CJFE)]] International Press Freedom Award.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Takagi |first=Andy |date=23 October 2024 |title=This journalist has faced physical threats and been sued by the Indian government. Here's why her work matters so much to her 2024 |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/this-journalist-has-faced-physical-threats-and-been-sued-by-the-indian-government-heres-why/article_e343d48c-915e-11ef-ace7-4391837ad49e.html |work=[[Toronto Star]]|access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref>

==Threats==
Online violence against Ayyub is primarily driven by Twitter users aligned with Hindu nationalism and the ruling BJP. An [[International Center for Journalists|International Center for Journalists (ICFJ)]] report found that Twitter has failed to address the abuse against her while withholding some of her tweets at the demand of the Indian Government.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Posetti |first1=Julie |author-link1=Julie Posetti |last2=Zaffar |first2=Hanan |last3=Shabbir |first3=Nabeelah |last4=Bontcheva |first4=Kalina |last5=Maynard |first5=Diana |author-link5=Diana Maynard |last6=Pandya |first6=Mugdha |date=14 February 2023 |title=Rana Ayyub: Targeted online violence at the intersection of misogyny and Islamophobia |url=https://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/Rana%20Ayyub_Case%20Study_ICFJ.pdf |access-date=24 October 2024 |publisher=[[International Center for Journalists]]}}</ref> As per ICFJ's analysis, Ayyub receives abuse within 14 seconds of posting a tweet.

In 2018, Ayyub was at the receiving end of multiple death and [[Rape threat|rape threats]] on twitter. Her personal details were made public and a [[Deepfake pornography|deepfake pornographic]] video was released.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shah Khan|first=Saba|date=27 August 2019|title=Investigative Journalist Pays the Price for Expose in India|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_investigative-journalist-pays-price-expose-india/6174653.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723122124/https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/investigative-journalist-pays-price-expose-india|archive-date=23 July 2021|access-date=25 July 2021|website=Voice of America|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 April 2019|title=Rana Ayyub on global list of journalists under threat: Abuse of those pursuing truth must be stemmed with govt action|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/rana-ayyub-on-global-list-of-journalists-under-threat-abuse-of-those-pursuing-truth-must-be-stemmed-with-govt-action-6390521.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121023128/https://www.firstpost.com/india/rana-ayyub-on-global-list-of-journalists-under-threat-abuse-of-those-pursuing-truth-must-be-stemmed-with-govt-action-6390521.html|archive-date=21 November 2020|access-date=25 July 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="Lawfare2020">{{Cite web|url=https://lawfaremedia.org/article/alls-clear-deepfakes-think-again|title=All's Clear for Deepfakes: Think Again|last1=Chesney|first1=Bobby|last2=Citron|first2=Danielle|last3=Farid|first3=Hany|date=11 May 2020|website=[[Lawfare (website)|Lawfare]]|publisher=|access-date=24 August 2021|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824154249/https://www.lawfareblog.com/alls-clear-deepfakes-think-again
|archive-date=24 August 2021|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gavilan|first=Jodesz|date=3 June 2018|title=India journalist gets death threats, online hate over gov't exposé|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/south-central-asia/india-rana-ayyub-gujarat-files-death-threats-harassment-modi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001051803/https://www.rappler.com/world/south-central-asia/india-rana-ayyub-gujarat-files-death-threats-harassment-modi|archive-date=1 October 2020|access-date=25 July 2021|website=Rappler|language=en}}</ref> In April 2018 she filed a complaint with Delhi Police, who subsequently decided to close the case in August 2020 saying that "despite efforts the culprits could not be identified yet."<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 August 2020|title=Delhi Police To Close Case On Violent Abuse And Threats Against Rana Ayyub|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-police-threats-against-rana-ayyub_in_5f2d22f2c5b6b9cff7f05ba5|first=Betwa|last=Sharma|access-date=22 October 2020|work=HuffPost India|language=en}}</ref>

Several United Nations [[United Nations special rapporteur|Special Rapporteurs]], associated with the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]] have intervened in her case three times, warned of the "serious risk" to her life, and called on the authorities in India to "act urgently to protect" her from death threats following an online hate campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OHCHR {{!}} UN experts call on India to protect journalist Rana Ayyub from online hate campaign|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23126&LangID=E|access-date=24 December 2020|website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The US State department's 2020 Human Rights Report specifically mentions the online trolling and death threats faced by Ayyub.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2021|title='Media Outlets Critical of Govt Harassed, Pressured in India': US State Department Report|url=https://thewire.in/media/us-state-department-human-rights-report-press-freedom-narendra-modi-india|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401115043/https://thewire.in/media/us-state-department-human-rights-report-press-freedom-narendra-modi-india|archive-date=1 April 2021|access-date=12 April 2021|work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=INDIA 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT|url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/INDIA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331044348/https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/INDIA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|archive-date=31 March 2021|access-date=12 April 2021|website=US Department of State}}</ref> In its report documenting online attacks against journalists around the world, the international non-profit [[Reporters Without Borders]] discussed the hate speech unleashed against Ayyub and called on the government and Delhi police to protect her.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 July 2018|title=Online harassment of journalists: the trolls attack|url=https://rsf.org/sites/default/files/rsf_report_on_online_harassment.pdf|journal=RSF|type=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717005121/https://rsf.org/sites/default/files/rsf_report_on_online_harassment.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 April 2018|title=RSF urges Indian authorities to protect woman journalist {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-urges-indian-authorities-protect-woman-journalist|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702064344/https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-urges-indian-authorities-protect-woman-journalist|archive-date=2 July 2021|access-date=25 July 2021|website=RSF|language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, [[Trads (Hindu nationalism)|Trads]] (members of [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] [[alt-right]] groups) had created [[Bulli Bai case|Bulli Bai]], an app for fake online auction of Muslim women in India with intention to denigrate and harass the minorities. Ayyub and several prominent women journalists in India were targeted. They were also targeted with thousands of hate messages by the secret app [[Tek Fog]] allegedly used by the [[BJP]] supporters. The app was used to spread right wing propaganda online.<ref name="vice 12 Jan">{{cite news |title=These Muslim Women Were Fetishized for Their Faith and 'Auctioned' Online |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/muslim-women-fetishized-auctioned-online-india/ |access-date=13 January 2022 |work=Vice.com |date=12 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

in November 2024, Ayyub was [[Doxing|doxxed]], and her phone number was leaked by a right-wing account on X. As a result, she received hundreds of calls and messages and states that she received no respite despite filing a complaint with the police.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jaiswal |first=Nancy |date=19 November 2024 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/gallery/how-does-a-journalist-report-asks-rana-ayyub-after-her-number-is-leaked-her-phone-flooded-with-hate-photogallery/cid/2064343 |title=How does a journalist report, asks Rana Ayyub after her number is leaked, her phone flooded with hate |work=The Telegraph |access-date=30 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119084532/https://www.telegraphindia.com/gallery/how-does-a-journalist-report-asks-rana-ayyub-after-her-number-is-leaked-her-phone-flooded-with-hate-photogallery/cid/2064343 |archive-date=19 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2025, Ayyub received threats of violence against her and her father from an unknown international number. Rana claimed that these threats were made to intimidate her into writing a column on the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] that occurred after the assassination of Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. <ref>{{Cite news |title=CPJ seeks security for journalist Rana Ayyub and her father |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cpj-seeks-security-for-journalist-rana-ayyub-and-her-father/article70238745.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |date=4 November 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{Twitter}}
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/rana-ayyub/ Rana Ayyub] at [[Washington Post]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyub, Rana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Indian investigative journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:People involved in the Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Journalists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sophia College for Women alumni]]

Anwar Agewan

2026-01-07T13:33:16Z

Margaretzcd: small changes

{{Short description|Writer-editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Anwar Mohammadbhai Agewan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1936|12|04}}
| birth_place = [[Akola, Maharashtra]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1991|07|06|1936|12|04}}
| death_place =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Biographer
* folklorist
* editor
}}
| nationality =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| influences =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Anwar Mohammadbhai Agewan'''<ref name=":0" /> (4 December 1936 – 6 July 1991) was an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] biographer, folklorist and editor. Born in [[Akola, Maharashtra|Akola]] and educated in [[Gujarat]] and [[Bombay]], he edited several publications. He wrote on religious thought and various saints of Gujarat.

==Biography==
Agewan was born on 4 December 1936 in [[Akola, Maharashtra|Akola]] (now in [[Maharashtra]], India). He completed his primary and secondary education in [[Shivrajgadh]] and [[Gondal, India|Gondal]] respectively. He passed [[matriculation]] from [[Bombay]]. He obtained a graduation from Agra Hindi Vidyapith. He worked with ''Jay Gujarat'' and ''Rooplekha'' weeklies in Bombay. He also edited ''Aastha'' magazine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vora |first=Niranjan |title=ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યકોશ: અર્વાચીનકાળ |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |year=1990 |editor-last=Soni |editor-first=Raman |editor-link=Raman Soni |edition=1st |volume=II |location=Ahmedabad |pages=18 |language=gu |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature: Modern Era |oclc=312020358 |editor-last2=Dave |editor-first2=Ramesh R. |editor-last3=Topiwala |editor-first3=Chandrakant |editor-link3=Chandrakant Topiwala}}</ref><ref name="gsp">{{cite web|url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Anvar-Agewan.html|title=સવિશેષ પરિચય: અનવર આગેવાન, ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય પરિષદ|website=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|language=gu|trans-title=Anwar Agewan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407193523/http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Anvar-Agewan.html|archive-date=7 April 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=2 August 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

He died on 6 July 1991.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતના સારસ્વતો - ૧|last=Shastri|first=Keshavram Kashiram|publisher=[[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]]|edition=Updated|location=Ahmedabad|publication-date=January 2013|pages=4–5|language=gu|script-title=gu:Gujaratna Saraswato - 1|trans-title=Who's Who in Gujarati Literature|oclc=900401455|author-link=Keshavram Kashiram Shastri}}</ref>

==Works==
He wrote works on religious thoughts such as ''Vedsahityano Parichay'' (1965), story collection ''Advaita'' (1974), ''Sadhna ane Sakshatkar'' (1989), ''Chinmaya Gayatri ''(1989).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="gsp"/><ref name=":1" />

''Rahiman Ane Jamal'' (1952), ''Girdhar Kaviray'' (1952), ''Sai Deendarvesh'' (1953), ''Sant Deendayalgiri'' (1954), ''Dasi Jeevan'' (1956), ''Kavi Gang'' (1954), ''Sant Dadu'' (1987, on [[Dadu Dayal]]) are works on saints of Gujarat while ''Rannade'' (1966), ''Rajasthanni Rasdhar'' (1974) and ''Kasumbino Rang'' (1988) are compilations of folk literature of western India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="gsp"/><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Gbooks-author|Anwar Agewan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agewan, Anwar}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:People from Akola]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]

List of populated places in Kangpokpi district

2026-01-03T15:53:56Z

Margaretzcd: Adding basic location and citations...

{{short description|Villages in Kangpokpi district of Manipur, India}}
{{how-to|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

The [[Kangpokpi district]] of [[Manipur]] state in India has 9 subdivisions.<ref name="blocks"/> It was created in 2016: at the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], it was a part of the [[Senapati district]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-violence-new-districts-okram-ibobi-united-naga-council-4436039/ |title=Simply put: Seven new districts that set Manipur ablaze |author=Esha Roy |date=2016-12-06 |access-date=2022-12-22 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Senapati - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6463 |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref>

== Blocks ==

The Kangpokpi district has 9 subdivisions or Tribal Development (T.D.) blocks:<ref name="blocks">{{cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks |publisher=District Administration Kangpokpi |url=https://kangpokpi.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref>

* Kangpokpi
* Saikul
* Saitu Gamphazol
* Tujang Waichong
* Champhai
* Kangchup Geljang
* Bungte Chiru
* Island
* Lhungtin

At the time of the 2011 census of India, the area of the district was part of three subdivisions of the [[Senapati district]].<ref name="new_blocks">{{cite news |title=EMRS row: KSO strikes back at TSA, sets record straight |date=2022-04-15 |newspaper=The Sangai Express |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/4/15/Our-CorrespondentKANGPOKPI-Apr-15-The-Kuki-Students-Organization-Moltam-Block-has-reacted-sharp.amp.html }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! [[Effective literacy rate]]
! Sex ratio
! [[Scheduled caste|SC]] population %
! [[Scheduled tribe|ST]] population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| Sadar Hills West
{{small|(now sub-divided into Kangpokpi, Saitu Gamphazol, Tujang Waichong, and Champhai)}}
| 71844
| 73.15%
| 968
| 0.67%
| 63.73%
| 01861
|-
| Saitu-Gamphazol
{{small|(now sub-divided into Kangchup Geljang and Bungte Chiru)}}
| 58536
| 75.49%
| 896
| 0.23%
| 81.8%
| 01862
|-
| Sadar Hills East
{{small|(now sub-divided into Island, Lhungtin, and Saikul)}}
| 63364
| 73.98%
| 1009
| 0.15%
| 96.05%
| 01863
|}

== Towns ==

The district has one town:<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Type
! Block
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Kangpokpi]]
| [[Census town#India|Census Town]]
| Sadar Hills West
| 7476
| 85.12%
| 1010
| 0.04%
| 75.64%
| 268681
|}

== Villages ==

Following is a list of the villages as per the 2011 census:<ref name="census_2011"/>

=== Sadar Hills West block ===

The Sadar Hills West block is now sub-divided into Kangpokpi, Saitu Gamphazol, Tujang Waichong, and Champhai blocks.<ref name="new_blocks"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Bollen, Manipur|Bollen]]
| 70
| 70.59%
| 944
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268543
|-
| [[Khommunom]]
| 220
| 70.59%
| 849
| 0.0%
| 99.55%
| 268544
|-
| [[Geljang]]
| 129
| 58.12%
| 897
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268545
|-
| [[Songjang Pakang]]
| 487
| 35.65%
| 1064
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268546
|-
| [[Kotlen]]
| 976
| 36.34%
| 791
| 0.72%
| 87.5%
| 268547
|-
| [[Leisang]]
| 65
| 40.0%
| 1097
| 0.0%
| 64.62%
| 268548
|-
| [[12 Miles It Road]]
| 328
| 45.1%
| 665
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268549
|-
| [[Holjang]]
| 79
| 32.81%
| 1079
| 0.0%
| 89.87%
| 268550
|-
| [[Songpijang]]
| 433
| 9.17%
| 959
| 0.0%
| 98.61%
| 268551
|-
| [[Khollen]]
| 37
| 74.29%
| 1312
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268552
|-
| [[Paodel Basti]]
| 1195
| 70.56%
| 969
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268553
|-
| [[Selsi]]
| 455
| 14.29%
| 1031
| 0.0%
| 99.78%
| 268554
|-
| [[Songjang Phailen]]
| 168
| 34.39%
| 909
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268555
|-
| [[Thonglang Akutpa]]
| 950
| 85.63%
| 992
| 0.0%
| 77.47%
| 268556
|-
| [[Thonglang Atongba]]
| 429
| 61.54%
| 803
| 0.0%
| 81.35%
| 268557
|-
| [[Jhil]]
| 247
| 77.63%
| 1111
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268558
|-
| [[Kharpani]]
| 293
| 63.49%
| 866
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268559
|-
| [[Makui Asang]]
| 503
| 79.69%
| 734
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268560
|-
| [[Maokot]]
| 141
| 45.19%
| 1136
| 0.0%
| 97.87%
| 268561
|-
| [[Gelnel]]
| 1534
| 93.35%
| 1043
| 0.0%
| 93.61%
| 268562
|-
| [[T.Waichong]]
| 1003
| 95.09%
| 974
| 1.5%
| 62.01%
| 268563
|-
| [[Joupi]]
| 80
| 23.08%
| 1162
| 0.0%
| 88.75%
| 268564
|-
| [[Gelbung]]
| 301
| 27.11%
| 942
| 0.0%
| 98.01%
| 268565
|-
| [[Dahalthari]]
| 144
| 81.67%
| 870
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268566
|-
| [[Harup Kuki]]
| 109
| 81.11%
| 946
| 0.0%
| 93.58%
| 268567
|-
| [[Naibet]]
| 421
| 76.37%
| 863
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268568
|-
| [[Gorkha Harup]]
| 520
| 82.7%
| 933
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268569
|-
| [[Timsina]]
| 307
| 61.94%
| 827
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268570
|-
| [[Makui Mayangkhang]]
| 860
| 44.92%
| 1053
| 0.0%
| 98.37%
| 268571
|-
| [[Govajang]]
| 301
| 78.54%
| 1007
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268572
|-
| [[Santing (West)]]
| 86
| 80.0%
| 1150
| 0.0%
| 98.84%
| 268573
|-
| [[Chalwa]]
| 1319
| 83.09%
| 1039
| 0.0%
| 98.33%
| 268574
|-
| [[T. Khonomphai]]
| 359
| 63.99%
| 1137
| 0.0%
| 73.82%
| 268575
|-
| [[N.Teikhang]]
| 176
| 67.61%
| 1095
| 0.0%
| 98.86%
| 268576
|-
| [[Haimol]]
| 239
| 59.45%
| 1173
| 0.0%
| 99.16%
| 268577
|-
| [[Phoikon]]
| 463
| 42.43%
| 1031
| 0.0%
| 99.35%
| 268578
|-
| [[Thardara]]
| 435
| 73.43%
| 867
| 96.55%
| 0.23%
| 268579
|-
| [[Harup Naga]]
| 497
| 58.1%
| 957
| 0.0%
| 82.09%
| 268580
|-
| [[Dhori Ghari]]
| 193
| 70.78%
| 856
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268581
|-
| [[Chuchekhup]]
| 641
| 65.86%
| 937
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268582
|-
| [[Tahar Basti]]
| 384
| 72.29%
| 714
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268583
|-
| [[Lamchok]]
| 447
| 70.73%
| 902
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268584
|-
| [[School Parganda]]
| 251
| 69.85%
| 887
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268585
|-
| [[Maohing Nepali]]
| 1613
| 71.76%
| 948
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268586
|-
| [[Ghimithari]]
| 542
| 77.31%
| 908
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268587
|-
| [[M.Chaljang]]
| 664
| 93.44%
| 930
| 0.0%
| 99.7%
| 268588
|-
| [[Laloi, Manipur|Laloi]]
| 327
| 17.2%
| 982
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268589
|-
| [[Makui Naga]]
| 1616
| 72.75%
| 973
| 0.0%
| 99.57%
| 268590
|-
| [[Kolghari]]
| 158
| 56.72%
| 795
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268591
|-
| [[Thulochor]]
| 315
| 50.18%
| 921
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268592
|-
| [[Riyar Tahar]]
| 194
| 70.0%
| 1132
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268593
|-
| [[Manedra]]
| 243
| 72.45%
| 898
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268594
|-
| [[Harup Khopi]]
| 646
| 70.47%
| 906
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268595
|-
| [[Maohing Kuki]]
| 293
| 86.48%
| 980
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268596
|-
| [[Aveil, Manipur|Aveil]]
| 112
| 68.42%
| 931
| 0.0%
| 57.14%
| 268597
|-
| [[Chawangkening]]
| 160
| 75.37%
| 818
| 0.0%
| 91.88%
| 268598
|-
| [[Haizawl]]
| 122
| 80.67%
| 906
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268599
|-
| [[Bileijang]]
| 140
| 78.63%
| 818
| 0.0%
| 99.29%
| 268600
|-
| [[Tapon Naga]]
| 331
| 59.18%
| 829
| 0.0%
| 99.09%
| 268601
|-
| [[Gorkha Tapon]]
| 1082
| 82.57%
| 885
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268602
|-
| [[Noonpani]]
| 510
| 36.84%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268603
|-
| [[Kailenjang]]
| 163
| 61.98%
| 895
| 0.61%
| 98.77%
| 268604
|-
| [[Laikot]]
| 185
| 89.93%
| 968
| 0.0%
| 89.19%
| 268605
|-
| [[Langka, Manipur|Langka]]
| 594
| 91.96%
| 1020
| 0.0%
| 94.28%
| 268606
|-
| [[S.Keithelmanbi]]
| 344
| 58.02%
| 830
| 0.0%
| 99.42%
| 268607
|-
| [[Natheljang]]
| 286
| 59.79%
| 1150
| 0.0%
| 91.26%
| 268608
|-
| [[Satikhola]]
| 331
| 57.6%
| 829
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268609
|-
| [[Santolabari]]
| 655
| 72.57%
| 915
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268610
|-
| [[Kharkhari, Manipur|Kharkhari]]
| 147
| 70.49%
| 1070
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268611
|-
| [[Panikheti]]
| 166
| 73.38%
| 886
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268612
|-
| [[Has Pukhri]]
| 284
| 66.38%
| 775
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268613
|-
| [[Bajaghara]]
| 274
| 77.37%
| 815
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268614
|-
| [[Toribari, Manipur|Toribari]]
| 786
| 87.66%
| 975
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268615
|-
| [[Songtun (J)]]
| 243
| 86.13%
| 1025
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268616
|-
| [[Songpekjang]]
| 33
| 71.88%
| 1200
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268617
|-
| [[Songpekjang Nepali]]
| 397
| 77.78%
| 1068
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268618
|-
| [[Taphou Kuki]]
| 1270
| 82.47%
| 1099
| 0.0%
| 84.33%
| 268619
|-
| [[Maramei]]
| 158
| 69.5%
| 1135
| 0.0%
| 75.32%
| 268620
|-
| [[Hengbung]]
| 1226
| 64.34%
| 1033
| 0.0%
| 73.74%
| 268621
|-
| [[Mayangkhang Khunou]]
| 478
| 41.31%
| 912
| 0.0%
| 87.87%
| 268622
|-
| [[Mayangkhang]]
| 848
| 77.03%
| 1034
| 0.0%
| 79.36%
| 268623
|-
| [[M.Ningthoupham]]
| 1201
| 77.03%
| 1049
| 0.0%
| 81.02%
| 268624
|-
| [[T. Khullen]]
| 1625
| 85.17%
| 953
| 0.0%
| 89.05%
| 268625
|-
| [[N.Changoubung]]
| 235
| 62.82%
| 926
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268626
|-
| [[Chingloubung]]
| 435
| 45.81%
| 1197
| 0.0%
| 99.77%
| 268627
|-
| [[Saikotjang]]
| 361
| 55.3%
| 1099
| 0.0%
| 99.72%
| 268628
|-
| [[Tokpa Naga]]
| 171
| 71.43%
| 1012
| 0.0%
| 97.66%
| 268629
|-
| [[Jangnom]]
| 169
| 34.23%
| 878
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268630
|-
| [[Mahabir]]
| 233
| 59.38%
| 910
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268631
|-
| [[Washangpung]]
| 202
| 40.4%
| 942
| 13.37%
| 86.63%
| 268632
|-
| [[K. Gamnom]]
| 220
| 49.09%
| 1037
| 0.0%
| 99.55%
| 268633
|-
| [[Chandraman]]
| 166
| 79.29%
| 824
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268634
|-
| [[Makuli]]
| 178
| 82.05%
| 935
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268635
|-
| [[Kharkhola]]
| 381
| 78.61%
| 934
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268636
|-
| [[Thanamba]]
| 405
| 73.35%
| 910
| 0.0%
| 99.01%
| 268637
|-
| [[Haipi]]
| 965
| 82.9%
| 1049
| 0.0%
| 94.61%
| 268638
|-
| [[Lungphou]]
| 291
| 85.02%
| 1109
| 0.0%
| 77.32%
| 268639
|-
| [[Lungphou Nepali]]
| 328
| 74.72%
| 864
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268640
|-
| [[S.Changoubung]]
| 592
| 66.45%
| 1056
| 0.0%
| 98.48%
| 268641
|-
| [[V.Changoubung]]
| 162
| 40.13%
| 800
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268642
|-
| [[Kholjang]]
| 887
| 83.51%
| 1021
| 0.0%
| 94.36%
| 268643
|-
| [[P.Khothah]]
| 253
| 83.33%
| 1057
| 0.0%
| 99.21%
| 268644
|-
| [[S. Khomunnom]]
| 259
| 83.1%
| 1106
| 0.0%
| 97.3%
| 268645
|-
| [[Ameladara]]
| 254
| 35.53%
| 984
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268646
|-
| [[Parsain]]
| 561
| 60.93%
| 996
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268647
|-
| [[Kongpao]]
| 348
| 61.81%
| 891
| 0.0%
| 99.71%
| 268648
|-
| [[Tumnoupokpi]]
| 814
| 93.09%
| 985
| 0.0%
| 81.57%
| 268649
|-
| [[Tumuyon Khunou]]
| 632
| 72.38%
| 1032
| 0.0%
| 97.94%
| 268650
|-
| [[Daili]]
| 931
| 83.83%
| 952
| 0.0%
| 89.04%
| 268651
|-
| [[Phyapau]]
| 711
| 55.38%
| 809
| 0.0%
| 97.89%
| 268652
|-
| [[Haijang]]
| 361
| 88.61%
| 890
| 0.0%
| 99.17%
| 268653
|-
| [[Upper Kalapahar]]
| 472
| 83.84%
| 808
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268654
|-
| [[Mahika, Manipur|Mahika]]
| 329
| 98.74%
| 838
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268655
|-
| [[Gopibung Kuki]]
| 298
| 59.78%
| 1113
| 0.0%
| 99.66%
| 268656
|-
| [[Gopibung Nepali]]
| 462
| 78.66%
| 933
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268657
|-
| [[Liyai Kalapahar]]
| 353
| 64.21%
| 1040
| 0.0%
| 98.87%
| 268658
|-
| [[Manidara]]
| 466
| 60.3%
| 902
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268659
|-
| [[Chandmari, Manipur|Chandmari]]
| 318
| 77.04%
| 849
| 0.0%
| 99.69%
| 268660
|-
| [[Tokpa Nepali]]
| 559
| 74.51%
| 948
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268661
|-
| [[Tujang Pt. I]]
| 589
| 78.15%
| 818
| 0.0%
| 95.93%
| 268662
|-
| [[Tujang Pt. Ii]]
| 139
| 65.67%
| 853
| 0.0%
| 29.5%
| 268663
|-
| [[Canaanphai]]
| 223
| 68.65%
| 973
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268664
|-
| [[Paspati]]
| 500
| 83.55%
| 845
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268665
|-
| [[Jangmol]]
| 246
| 1.03%
| 952
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268666
|-
| [[Molsang]]
| 390
| 80.06%
| 866
| 0.0%
| 88.72%
| 268667
|-
| [[S.Jalenmol]]
| 246
| 13.36%
| 1050
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268668
|-
| [[Lower Kalapahar]]
| 1725
| 82.56%
| 1027
| 0.35%
| 0.06%
| 268669
|-
| [[Songtun (K)]]
| 272
| 59.74%
| 1015
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268670
|-
| [[L. Sehjang]]
| 56
| 73.58%
| 647
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268671
|-
| [[S.Phoibung]]
| 243
| 55.77%
| 1042
| 0.0%
| 97.53%
| 268672
|-
| [[Lhangnomphai]]
| 189
| 94.84%
| 783
| 0.0%
| 95.24%
| 268673
|-
| [[Lhangnom]]
| 30
| 61.54%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268674
|-
| [[S.Molnom]]
| 260
| 76.85%
| 884
| 0.0%
| 94.23%
| 268675
|-
| [[T.Lhanghoi]]
| 485
| 98.21%
| 823
| 0.0%
| 97.53%
| 268676
|-
| [[Bolsang]]
| 234
| 96.57%
| 814
| 0.0%
| 99.57%
| 268677
|-
| [[N. Gamhoi]]
| 261
| 27.63%
| 1071
| 0.0%
| 98.85%
| 268678
|-
| [[Bongmol]]
| 406
| 92.24%
| 1126
| 0.0%
| 99.26%
| 268679
|-
| [[Keithelmanbi]]
| 4075
| 89.22%
| 1075
| 0.0%
| 99.19%
| 268680
|}

=== Saitu-Gamphazol block ===

The Saitu-Gamphazol block is now sub-divided into Kangchup Geljang and Bungte Chiru blocks.<ref name="new_blocks"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Haijol]]
| 38
| 50.0%
| 1533
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268682
|-
| [[Beleijang]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 268683
|-
| [[Phailenkot]]
| 202
| 32.18%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 98.51%
| 268684
|-
| [[Thomjang]]
| 283
| 88.98%
| 1021
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268685
|-
| [[L. Gamngai]]
| 63
| 84.91%
| 615
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268686
|-
| [[Saitu]]
| 242
| 64.9%
| 952
| 0.0%
| 98.35%
| 268687
|-
| [[S.Boungpi]]
| 140
| 49.58%
| 1029
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268688
|-
| [[S.Silen]]
| 84
| 69.86%
| 867
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268689
|-
| [[S.Lhangnom]]
| 64
| 75.93%
| 1207
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268690
|-
| [[Kholep]]
| 416
| 58.1%
| 900
| 0.0%
| 99.76%
| 268691
|-
| [[Bongjol]]
| 275
| 88.28%
| 1022
| 0.0%
| 98.18%
| 268692
|-
| [[L.Singhol]]
| 186
| 77.84%
| 979
| 0.0%
| 98.39%
| 268693
|-
| [[Kolpechang Kuki]]
| 232
| 78.74%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 94.4%
| 268694
|-
| [[Kolpechang Nepali]]
| 165
| 75.17%
| 774
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268695
|-
| [[M.Songpi]]
| 165
| 48.65%
| 793
| 0.0%
| 98.18%
| 268696
|-
| [[S.Chajang]]
| 116
| 65.69%
| 1035
| 0.0%
| 99.14%
| 268697
|-
| [[K.Songlung]]
| 413
| 74.18%
| 903
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268698
|-
| [[G.Gelbung]]
| 369
| 61.88%
| 1027
| 0.0%
| 99.19%
| 268699
|-
| [[Joujang]]
| 300
| 88.69%
| 935
| 0.0%
| 75.0%
| 268700
|-
| [[G.Thangbuh]]
| 111
| 87.23%
| 947
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268701
|-
| [[Koubru Leikha]]
| 662
| 76.55%
| 936
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268702
|-
| [[L.Khomunnom]]
| 150
| 81.06%
| 923
| 0.0%
| 96.67%
| 268703
|-
| [[Tuipajang]]
| 224
| 62.5%
| 931
| 0.0%
| 99.11%
| 268704
|-
| [[S.Gamnomjang]]
| 24
| 4.17%
| 714
| 0.0%
| 95.83%
| 268705
|-
| [[Phoibi]]
| 127
| 20.0%
| 954
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268706
|-
| [[Motjang]]
| 58
| 79.25%
| 1231
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268707
|-
| [[S.Buning]]
| 153
| 45.27%
| 889
| 0.0%
| 99.35%
| 268708
|-
| [[Sipijang]]
| 359
| 78.18%
| 1176
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268709
|-
| [[Khokheng]]
| 237
| 55.83%
| 1155
| 0.0%
| 98.31%
| 268710
|-
| [[W.Buning]]
| 167
| 73.28%
| 1141
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268711
|-
| [[Sapermeina]]
| 613
| 88.09%
| 1121
| 1.63%
| 86.95%
| 268712
|-
| [[E.Sapermeina]]
| 248
| 68.44%
| 1255
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268713
|-
| [[U.Sapermeina]]
| 300
| 85.66%
| 961
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268714
|-
| [[S.Bolen]]
| 160
| 87.32%
| 1388
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268715
|-
| [[Saitu Sapermeina]]
| 317
| 73.09%
| 626
| 0.32%
| 62.78%
| 268716
|-
| [[Gamnom Sapermeina]]
| 245
| 80.66%
| 870
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268717
|-
| [[C.Munnom]]
| 108
| 96.94%
| 895
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268718
|-
| [[Lhangjol]]
| 174
| 80.15%
| 776
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268719
|-
| [[G.Phalbung]]
| 118
| 82.47%
| 1145
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268720
|-
| [[G.Bunglen]]
| 108
| 86.05%
| 1118
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268721
|-
| [[S. Hengmol]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 268722
|-
| [[Moljol]]
| 367
| 43.56%
| 995
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268723
|-
| [[Leikot]]
| 512
| 64.82%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268724
|-
| [[Molnoi]]
| 345
| 60.29%
| 938
| 0.0%
| 99.42%
| 268725
|-
| [[Simol]]
| 165
| 56.67%
| 854
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268726
|-
| [[Chalbol]]
| 84
| 73.08%
| 867
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268727
|-
| [[Pangsang, Manipur|Pangsang]]
| 175
| 58.24%
| 944
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268728
|-
| [[Haiken]]
| 304
| 34.07%
| 842
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268729
|-
| [[N.Khonom]]
| 191
| 45.71%
| 873
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268730
|-
| [[Thingbongjang]]
| 122
| 80.56%
| 1033
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268731
|-
| [[Mongjang]]
| 84
| 67.9%
| 867
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268732
|-
| [[Hengjang]]
| 101
| 65.59%
| 980
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268733
|-
| [[Phaijang]]
| 633
| 72.85%
| 1029
| 0.0%
| 99.05%
| 268734
|-
| [[Bethsaida, Manipur|Bethsaida]]
| 152
| 87.22%
| 1054
| 0.0%
| 99.34%
| 268735
|-
| [[Mongpijang]]
| 160
| 98.36%
| 928
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268736
|-
| [[Lhangkhichoi]]
| 345
| 81.08%
| 1078
| 0.0%
| 98.55%
| 268737
|-
| [[A.Songpijang]]
| 228
| 58.67%
| 854
| 0.0%
| 99.12%
| 268738
|-
| [[Khonomjang]]
| 65
| 81.03%
| 1241
| 0.0%
| 98.46%
| 268739
|-
| [[N.Songlung]]
| 248
| 65.52%
| 1157
| 0.0%
| 95.56%
| 268740
|-
| [[Santing]]
| 214
| 97.31%
| 877
| 0.0%
| 99.07%
| 268741
|-
| [[L.Mangjol]]
| 273
| 96.55%
| 845
| 0.0%
| 97.8%
| 268742
|-
| [[Pangmol]]
| 510
| 89.84%
| 1082
| 0.2%
| 98.04%
| 268743
|-
| [[Molthang]]
| 130
| 84.68%
| 1167
| 0.0%
| 99.23%
| 268744
|-
| [[Siloi, Manipur|Siloi]]
| 220
| 89.06%
| 964
| 0.0%
| 76.82%
| 268745
|-
| [[Motbung Nepali]]
| 683
| 80.74%
| 919
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 268746
|-
| [[Bethany, Manipur|Bethany]]
| 91
| 65.88%
| 1220
| 0.0%
| 98.9%
| 268747
|-
| [[Jampi, Manipur|Jampi]]
| 32
| 88.46%
| 882
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268748
|-
| [[Khochal]]
| 67
| 80.65%
| 914
| 0.0%
| 91.04%
| 268749
|-
| [[Charhazar]]
| 2760
| 78.58%
| 966
| 0.47%
| 1.01%
| 268750
|-
| [[Chalbung]]
| 291
| 60.67%
| 819
| 0.0%
| 98.97%
| 268751
|-
| [[Goungaiphai]]
| 54
| 95.56%
| 1348
| 0.0%
| 98.15%
| 268752
|-
| [[Bolkot]]
| 205
| 97.13%
| 898
| 0.0%
| 99.51%
| 268753
|-
| [[Mapao Kanglatongbi]]
| 5
| 50.0%
| 667
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268754
|-
| [[Phailen]]
| 129
| 93.97%
| 1016
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268755
|-
| [[K.C.Home]]
| 345
| 89.86%
| 788
| 0.29%
| 93.91%
| 268756
|-
| [[Laikong Avenue]]
| 212
| 72.78%
| 1078
| 0.0%
| 90.09%
| 268757
|-
| [[Gamgiphai]]
| 243
| 93.97%
| 1077
| 0.0%
| 91.36%
| 268758
|-
| [[Kontam]]
| 113
| 91.84%
| 1093
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268759
|-
| [[Leikhampokpi]]
| 177
| 71.9%
| 903
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268760
|-
| [[Khengjang]]
| 942
| 88.56%
| 1013
| 0.0%
| 99.47%
| 268761
|-
| [[K.Lhangnom]]
| 161
| 90.54%
| 1012
| 0.0%
| 93.79%
| 268762
|-
| [[Makhan, Manipur|Makhan]]
| 598
| 86.0%
| 1027
| 0.0%
| 99.33%
| 268763
|-
| [[Khunkhu Naga]]
| 798
| 66.04%
| 905
| 0.0%
| 54.76%
| 268764
|-
| [[Khunkhu Kuki]]
| 652
| 68.66%
| 976
| 0.77%
| 82.21%
| 268765
|-
| [[Hengjang]]
| 347
| 87.02%
| 1065
| 4.32%
| 93.95%
| 268766
|-
| [[K.Phoibung]]
| 503
| 93.93%
| 1061
| 0.0%
| 99.8%
| 268767
|-
| [[Motbung]]
| 3601
| 88.51%
| 994
| 0.36%
| 90.5%
| 268768
|-
| [[Samuk, Manipur|Samuk]]
| 333
| 67.49%
| 994
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268769
|-
| [[Konsa Khul]]
| 295
| 76.36%
| 867
| 0.0%
| 98.98%
| 268770
|-
| [[Ireng Naga]]
| 1038
| 87.92%
| 977
| 0.0%
| 99.81%
| 268771
|-
| [[Molhoi]]
| 441
| 84.35%
| 986
| 0.0%
| 98.64%
| 268772
|-
| [[Ch. Ebenezer]]
| 488
| 80.95%
| 1025
| 0.0%
| 96.93%
| 268773
|-
| [[P.Molding]]
| 1049
| 85.63%
| 935
| 0.0%
| 68.06%
| 268774
|-
| [[Leimakhong]]
| 3544
| 95.86%
| 364
| 0.68%
| 25.0%
| 268775
|-
| [[Leilon Khunou]]
| 273
| 66.82%
| 950
| 0.37%
| 95.97%
| 268776
|-
| [[Leilon Phoikot]]
| 567
| 74.79%
| 1054
| 0.0%
| 98.06%
| 268777
|-
| [[Leilon Vaiphei]]
| 694
| 55.01%
| 1116
| 0.0%
| 99.86%
| 268778
|-
| [[Leilon Phaijang]]
| 176
| 94.48%
| 1120
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268779
|-
| [[L.Chamchai]]
| 171
| 69.78%
| 1311
| 0.0%
| 97.66%
| 268780
|-
| [[Haraothel]]
| 349
| 89.37%
| 1029
| 0.0%
| 99.43%
| 268781
|-
| [[Kharam Thadoi]]
| 159
| 82.61%
| 963
| 0.0%
| 93.71%
| 268782
|-
| [[Nakhujang]]
| 147
| 85.37%
| 1014
| 0.0%
| 99.32%
| 268783
|-
| [[Kharam Vaiphei]]
| 339
| 77.24%
| 982
| 0.0%
| 99.12%
| 268784
|-
| [[Singda Kuki]]
| 152
| 92.25%
| 949
| 0.0%
| 98.03%
| 268785
|-
| [[Kangchup Geljang]]
| 358
| 88.12%
| 689
| 0.0%
| 80.73%
| 268786
|-
| [[Songjang Khullen]]
| 13
| 69.23%
| 1167
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268787
|-
| [[Songjang Waphong]]
| 121
| 43.36%
| 921
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268788
|-
| [[Waphong Inthan]]
| 235
| 47.37%
| 958
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268789
|-
| [[Kangchup Songlung]]
| 274
| 48.91%
| 1141
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268790
|-
| [[Songjang Khunou]]
| 196
| 63.1%
| 1042
| 0.0%
| 99.49%
| 268791
|-
| [[Kangchup Khomunnom]]
| 142
| 89.09%
| 732
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268792
|-
| [[Kangchup Patbung]]
| 292
| 96.53%
| 1086
| 0.0%
| 99.66%
| 268793
|-
| [[Kangchup Tuikon]]
| 229
| 90.67%
| 957
| 0.0%
| 95.63%
| 268794
|-
| [[Kangchup Joute]]
| 88
| 71.79%
| 796
| 0.0%
| 97.73%
| 268795
|-
| [[Kangchup Ponlen]]
| 168
| 99.3%
| 931
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268796
|-
| [[G.Lhangsom]]
| 95
| 68.97%
| 727
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268797
|-
| [[S. Kajang]]
| 107
| 83.53%
| 1229
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268798
|-
| [[Kangchup Chingkhong]]
| 304
| 72.96%
| 987
| 0.0%
| 99.34%
| 268799
|-
| [[Kangchup Patjang]]
| 134
| 87.3%
| 1161
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268800
|-
| [[Langdeibung]]
| 58
| 94.0%
| 1231
| 1.72%
| 5.17%
| 268801
|-
| [[Kangchup Makhong]]
| 276
| 90.75%
| 865
| 0.0%
| 97.1%
| 268802
|-
| [[C.Phailen]]
| 167
| 60.28%
| 1352
| 1.8%
| 95.81%
| 268803
|-
| [[Kangchup Chiru]]
| 565
| 86.06%
| 935
| 0.0%
| 97.88%
| 268804
|-
| [[L.Jangnomphai (Veitumkhunou)]]
| 176
| 48.53%
| 1071
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268805
|-
| [[Natop Boljang]]
| 147
| 36.28%
| 986
| 3.4%
| 95.92%
| 268806
|-
| [[Natop Kuki]]
| 182
| 77.99%
| 1022
| 0.0%
| 98.9%
| 268807
|-
| [[Khokhen]]
| 387
| 73.22%
| 925
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268808
|-
| [[Natop Kabui]]
| 60
| 77.19%
| 818
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268809
|-
| [[Veitum Khullen]]
| 151
| 56.92%
| 888
| 5.96%
| 94.04%
| 268810
|-
| [[Kotlen]]
| 293
| 41.96%
| 940
| 0.0%
| 97.27%
| 268811
|-
| [[Kharam Pallen]]
| 414
| 57.42%
| 762
| 0.0%
| 99.76%
| 268812
|-
| [[Thangjing Chiru]]
| 59
| 86.36%
| 1107
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268813
|-
| [[Longa Koireng]]
| 457
| 86.93%
| 1077
| 0.0%
| 99.12%
| 268814
|-
| [[Thanglong Molbung]]
| 129
| 34.19%
| 1016
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268815
|-
| [[Pholjang]]
| 106
| 43.18%
| 1255
| 0.0%
| 99.06%
| 268816
|-
| [[Lhongching]]
| 111
| 50.53%
| 1018
| 0.0%
| 99.1%
| 268817
|-
| [[Khonglong Kabui]]
| 304
| 68.75%
| 1111
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268818
|-
| [[Thanglong Kabui]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 268819
|-
| [[New Keithelmanbi]]
| 2269
| 91.09%
| 366
| 1.5%
| 31.95%
| 268820
|-
| [[Maha Kabui]]
| 583
| 71.88%
| 997
| 0.0%
| 97.08%
| 268821
|-
| [[Manamjang]]
| 352
| 48.01%
| 966
| 0.0%
| 94.6%
| 268822
|-
| [[Khoripok]]
| 160
| 43.31%
| 720
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268823
|-
| [[Haibung, Manipur|Haibung]]
| 420
| 93.22%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 99.29%
| 268824
|-
| [[S.Laijang]]
| 238
| 83.51%
| 1017
| 0.0%
| 99.58%
| 268825
|-
| [[T.Laijang]]
| 213
| 88.2%
| 1088
| 0.0%
| 99.06%
| 268826
|-
| [[Sinam Jonhol]]
| 244
| 39.05%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268827
|-
| [[Sinam Khaithong]]
| 154
| 54.11%
| 1053
| 0.0%
| 98.7%
| 268828
|-
| [[Bijang]]
| 108
| 54.32%
| 964
| 0.0%
| 99.07%
| 268829
|-
| [[Longjang]]
| 115
| 50.0%
| 1170
| 0.0%
| 94.78%
| 268830
|-
| [[Thingkongjang]]
| 64
| 52.73%
| 778
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268831
|-
| [[S.Sehjang]]
| 273
| 63.57%
| 635
| 0.0%
| 75.46%
| 268832
|-
| [[Charoipandongba Kabui]]
| 816
| 54.83%
| 1040
| 0.0%
| 99.63%
| 268833
|-
| [[Mongbung Tongneh]]
| 181
| 56.93%
| 1235
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268834
|-
| [[Sadar Joute]]
| 160
| 61.6%
| 975
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268835
|-
| [[Loibol Khullen]]
| 127
| 72.5%
| 868
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268836
|-
| [[Sadu Mongsaba Kuki]]
| 252
| 73.4%
| 1118
| 0.0%
| 99.21%
| 268837
|-
| [[Charoipandongba Chiru]]
| 259
| 61.9%
| 863
| 0.0%
| 99.61%
| 268838
|-
| [[Waroiching]]
| 93
| 62.82%
| 898
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268839
|-
| [[Ichum Keirap]]
| 590
| 78.78%
| 1007
| 0.0%
| 99.66%
| 268840
|-
| [[Tingkai Khunou]]
| 285
| 83.95%
| 1143
| 0.0%
| 99.65%
| 268841
|-
| [[Tingkai Khullen]]
| 195
| 77.07%
| 990
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268842
|-
| [[Laimaton Thangbuh]]
| 184
| 65.24%
| 1022
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268843
|-
| [[Tuikhang Aimol]]
| 148
| 61.42%
| 973
| 0.0%
| 99.32%
| 268844
|-
| [[Wainem Kabui]]
| 282
| 84.65%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 97.87%
| 268845
|-
| [[Nungang Kabui]]
| 650
| 59.54%
| 1181
| 0.0%
| 98.92%
| 268846
|-
| [[Sadu Monsaba Kabui]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 268847
|-
| [[Bungte Chiru]]
| 1172
| 34.43%
| 1038
| 0.0%
| 97.78%
| 268848
|-
| [[Joupi]]
| 73
| 23.44%
| 872
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268849
|-
| [[Parengba]]
| 219
| 52.24%
| 1047
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268850
|-
| [[Chini Ingkhol]]
| 651
| 49.76%
| 882
| 0.0%
| 99.69%
| 268851
|-
| [[Wajang Mangkhosum]]
| 162
| 83.59%
| 976
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268852
|-
| [[Dolang Khunou]]
| 1206
| 63.04%
| 1027
| 0.0%
| 96.35%
| 268853
|-
| [[Nungsai Chiru]]
| 882
| 78.38%
| 905
| 0.11%
| 97.62%
| 268854
|-
| [[Bethel, Manipur|Bethel]]
| 192
| 81.55%
| 882
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268855
|-
| [[Namthanjang Rongmei]]
| 132
| 60.94%
| 970
| 0.0%
| 99.24%
| 268856
|-
| [[L. Hengjol]]
| 120
| 63.11%
| 1143
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268857
|-
| [[M.Jangnomphai]]
| 128
| 91.51%
| 1246
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268858
|-
| [[C. Joujang]]
| 118
| 47.22%
| 662
| 0.0%
| 90.68%
| 268859
|}

=== Sadar Hills East block ===

The Sadar Hills East block is now sub-divided into Island, Lhungtin, and Saikul blocks.<ref name="new_blocks"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[C.Khullen]]
| 127
| 68.63%
| 841
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268860
|-
| [[Thingphai]]
| 263
| 70.87%
| 963
| 0.0%
| 94.68%
| 268861
|-
| [[Jangnoi]]
| 684
| 97.4%
| 1073
| 0.15%
| 98.68%
| 268862
|-
| [[N.Phailen]]
| 176
| 95.95%
| 872
| 0.0%
| 92.05%
| 268863
|-
| [[Tingpibung]]
| 731
| 41.08%
| 1003
| 0.14%
| 89.6%
| 268864
|-
| [[Zalenphai]]
| 644
| 84.8%
| 1205
| 0.78%
| 97.52%
| 268865
|-
| [[Gangpikon]]
| 381
| 52.17%
| 896
| 0.0%
| 96.06%
| 268866
|-
| [[Lhangsom]]
| 187
| 89.6%
| 928
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268867
|-
| [[Gampum]]
| 431
| 92.8%
| 916
| 0.0%
| 96.98%
| 268868
|-
| [[S.Khonomphai]]
| 449
| 94.22%
| 903
| 0.0%
| 99.78%
| 268869
|-
| [[T.Gamnom]]
| 544
| 38.51%
| 922
| 0.0%
| 88.42%
| 268870
|-
| [[Songbem]]
| 442
| 29.71%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268871
|-
| [[Gallam]]
| 295
| 50.42%
| 954
| 0.0%
| 99.32%
| 268872
|-
| [[Chonjang]]
| 232
| 34.95%
| 950
| 0.0%
| 74.57%
| 268873
|-
| [[Phuleijang]]
| 264
| 70.2%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268874
|-
| [[Phoikon]]
| 340
| 40.68%
| 1429
| 0.0%
| 99.71%
| 268875
|-
| [[Wapabung]]
| 275
| 83.12%
| 993
| 0.0%
| 84.36%
| 268876
|-
| [[M.Ngamneh]]
| 249
| 87.89%
| 1041
| 0.0%
| 99.6%
| 268877
|-
| [[Sonphung]]
| 322
| 67.53%
| 1077
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268878
|-
| [[Denglen]]
| 397
| 90.91%
| 937
| 0.0%
| 83.12%
| 268879
|-
| [[Molkon]]
| 1359
| 63.19%
| 1041
| 1.55%
| 65.78%
| 268880
|-
| [[Waichei]]
| 301
| 54.44%
| 893
| 0.0%
| 91.69%
| 268881
|-
| [[Naphai]]
| 319
| 77.97%
| 888
| 0.0%
| 97.81%
| 268882
|-
| [[Ng. Phainom]]
| 444
| 89.2%
| 1065
| 0.0%
| 99.77%
| 268883
|-
| [[Maojang]]
| 352
| 63.21%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 99.72%
| 268884
|-
| [[Songphel Khullen]]
| 188
| 87.01%
| 1136
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268885
|-
| [[Tengkonphai]]
| 276
| 50.2%
| 930
| 0.36%
| 87.68%
| 268886
|-
| [[Khayang]]
| 81
| 77.94%
| 800
| 0.0%
| 88.89%
| 268887
|-
| [[Tusam]]
| 359
| 75.78%
| 951
| 0.0%
| 99.72%
| 268888
|-
| [[C.Aisan]]
| 546
| 83.81%
| 929
| 0.0%
| 76.01%
| 268889
|-
| [[Pangjang]]
| 620
| 92.25%
| 944
| 0.0%
| 98.71%
| 268890
|-
| [[Bunglung]]
| 562
| 94.71%
| 986
| 0.0%
| 79.89%
| 268891
|-
| [[N.Zilphai]]
| 216
| 97.31%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268892
|-
| [[Saikul]]
| 2767
| 78.21%
| 1041
| 0.0%
| 98.81%
| 268893
|-
| [[New Saikul]]
| 263
| 77.78%
| 1138
| 0.0%
| 99.24%
| 268894
|-
| [[Saijang, Manipur|Saijang]]
| 461
| 58.12%
| 1049
| 0.0%
| 97.83%
| 268895
|-
| [[Ichai Goyang]]
| 668
| 87.52%
| 1094
| 0.0%
| 99.55%
| 268896
|-
| [[Saikho (Ichai Lamlan)]]
| 574
| 93.33%
| 959
| 0.0%
| 99.65%
| 268897
|-
| [[Nungka]]
| 404
| 91.61%
| 980
| 0.0%
| 99.26%
| 268898
|-
| [[T.Goyang]]
| 221
| 59.57%
| 1210
| 0.0%
| 89.14%
| 268899
|-
| [[Thangkanphai]]
| 1105
| 63.75%
| 1024
| 4.98%
| 90.05%
| 268900
|-
| [[Makokching]]
| 505
| 91.81%
| 1078
| 0.0%
| 98.61%
| 268901
|-
| [[Moljol]]
| 134
| 96.33%
| 696
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268902
|-
| [[H. Jangnom]]
| 173
| 96.99%
| 922
| 0.0%
| 99.42%
| 268903
|-
| [[Phaijang]]
| 192
| 84.46%
| 1043
| 0.0%
| 97.4%
| 268904
|-
| [[Sadu Koireng]]
| 218
| 83.58%
| 1247
| 0.0%
| 95.87%
| 268905
|-
| [[A.Longa Koireng]]
| 96
| 85.9%
| 959
| 0.0%
| 98.96%
| 268906
|-
| [[Utonglok]]
| 252
| 84.79%
| 1049
| 0.0%
| 97.62%
| 268907
|-
| [[H.Gelmol]]
| 166
| 81.56%
| 1338
| 0.0%
| 90.96%
| 268908
|-
| [[Belei, Manipur|Belei]]
| 318
| 86.45%
| 963
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268909
|-
| [[Holbung]]
| 116
| 40.59%
| 1231
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268910
|-
| [[Old Boljang]]
| 144
| 95.33%
| 1057
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268911
|-
| [[New Boljang]]
| 198
| 59.49%
| 980
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268912
|-
| [[Satang Kuki]]
| 361
| 89.17%
| 842
| 0.0%
| 99.17%
| 268913
|-
| [[Changsang]]
| 90
| 90.0%
| 800
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268914
|-
| [[E.Mullam]]
| 286
| 71.71%
| 1014
| 0.0%
| 75.87%
| 268915
|-
| [[Ekouphai]]
| 101
| 87.1%
| 980
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268916
|-
| [[Y.Langkhong]]
| 552
| 45.78%
| 957
| 0.0%
| 97.83%
| 268917
|-
| [[Thangal Surung]]
| 460
| 62.26%
| 983
| 0.0%
| 64.13%
| 268918
|-
| [[Thangkan Thanglunpa]]
| 339
| 68.44%
| 1055
| 0.0%
| 99.41%
| 268919
|-
| [[Lamkajang]]
| 61
| 63.27%
| 1103
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268920
|-
| [[Dimjang]]
| 68
| 56.6%
| 943
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268921
|-
| [[Ankhumbung]]
| 182
| 86.58%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 99.45%
| 268922
|-
| [[Twichamphai]]
| 167
| 82.39%
| 1088
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268923
|-
| [[Lhungjang]]
| 281
| 84.58%
| 873
| 0.0%
| 98.22%
| 268924
|-
| [[N.Chaljang]]
| 247
| 74.87%
| 960
| 0.0%
| 99.6%
| 268925
|-
| [[A.Tuisomjang]]
| 168
| 66.43%
| 1333
| 0.0%
| 98.81%
| 268926
|-
| [[S.Mongbung]]
| 737
| 85.28%
| 992
| 0.0%
| 99.19%
| 268927
|-
| [[S.Bolkot]]
| 154
| 87.88%
| 1200
| 0.0%
| 99.35%
| 268928
|-
| [[Molvom (Heinoupokpi)]]
| 150
| 79.2%
| 923
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268929
|-
| [[L.Haibung]]
| 98
| 82.95%
| 1042
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268930
|-
| [[Khouchangbung]]
| 97
| 88.16%
| 1064
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268931
|-
| [[L.Layang]]
| 52
| 36.73%
| 857
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268932
|-
| [[Gunphaijang]]
| 431
| 70.21%
| 1062
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268933
|-
| [[Molkot]]
| 65
| 86.79%
| 1097
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268934
|-
| [[Chalkot, Manipur|Chalkot]]
| 111
| 81.19%
| 682
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268935
|-
| [[Luwang Sangol]]
| 625
| 89.11%
| 984
| 0.0%
| 95.04%
| 268936
|-
| [[Phaileng]]
| 136
| 66.67%
| 1092
| 0.0%
| 94.85%
| 268937
|-
| [[Ekpan Chingkha]]
| 108
| 48.24%
| 964
| 0.0%
| 97.22%
| 268938
|-
| [[A. Geljang]]
| 174
| 98.67%
| 1023
| 0.0%
| 98.85%
| 268939
|-
| [[Thingsat]]
| 114
| 96.81%
| 1375
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268940
|-
| [[Mapao Khullen]]
| 259
| 74.37%
| 1123
| 0.0%
| 99.61%
| 268941
|-
| [[Mapao Thangal]]
| 137
| 68.03%
| 957
| 0.0%
| 98.54%
| 268942
|-
| [[Mapao Christian]]
| 614
| 88.81%
| 1013
| 0.0%
| 97.72%
| 268943
|-
| [[Khongnangpokpi]]
| 330
| 75.44%
| 988
| 0.0%
| 98.48%
| 268944
|-
| [[Sijang & Sijang Molcham]]
| 319
| 58.39%
| 945
| 0.0%
| 99.06%
| 268945
|-
| [[Mongyang, Manipur|Mongyang]]
| 75
| 36.07%
| 1143
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268946
|-
| [[Lhangjol]]
| 22
| 64.71%
| 833
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268947
|-
| [[S.Jangnomphai]]
| 150
| 67.83%
| 1113
| 0.0%
| 98.0%
| 268948
|-
| [[Dongsum]]
| 633
| 78.85%
| 901
| 0.0%
| 93.52%
| 268949
|-
| [[Leplen]]
| 599
| 77.03%
| 914
| 0.0%
| 73.96%
| 268950
|-
| [[B.Khayang]]
| 96
| 83.87%
| 778
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268951
|-
| [[B.Bolyang]]
| 204
| 66.47%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 99.02%
| 268952
|-
| [[Tuisomjang]]
| 366
| 62.66%
| 1068
| 0.0%
| 99.18%
| 268953
|-
| [[Chahmol]]
| 153
| 41.89%
| 1186
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268954
|-
| [[Khongbal Kuki]]
| 258
| 40.79%
| 985
| 0.0%
| 99.61%
| 268955
|-
| [[K.Nomjang]]
| 138
| 50.83%
| 1190
| 0.0%
| 92.75%
| 268956
|-
| [[Simol]]
| 268
| 51.59%
| 887
| 0.0%
| 99.25%
| 268957
|-
| [[K.Khonom]]
| 160
| 49.61%
| 1025
| 0.0%
| 98.12%
| 268958
|-
| [[Samusong (Chahmol)]]
| 256
| 45.13%
| 1081
| 0.0%
| 97.66%
| 268959
|-
| [[Urangpat]]
| 314
| 84.98%
| 938
| 0.0%
| 99.68%
| 268960
|-
| [[N.Molhoiphai]]
| 170
| 98.11%
| 1179
| 0.0%
| 98.24%
| 268961
|-
| [[Gwaltabi Kuki]]
| 131
| 100.0%
| 899
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268962
|-
| [[Mongneljang]]
| 368
| 98.34%
| 978
| 0.0%
| 99.73%
| 268963
|-
| [[Wunghol Tangkhul]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 268964
|-
| [[Saibol]]
| 119
| 64.55%
| 951
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268965
|-
| [[P.Phaimol]]
| 184
| 49.69%
| 978
| 0.0%
| 99.46%
| 268966
|-
| [[Twichin]]
| 218
| 58.17%
| 896
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268967
|-
| [[Laikot Kom]]
| 200
| 76.47%
| 923
| 0.0%
| 98.5%
| 268968
|-
| [[Laikot Phaijol]]
| 236
| 78.24%
| 1017
| 0.0%
| 95.76%
| 268969
|-
| [[S.Phailenkot]]
| 318
| 94.14%
| 1092
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268970
|-
| [[Chingdai Khullen]]
| 222
| 92.31%
| 695
| 0.0%
| 99.55%
| 268971
|-
| [[Thingjang]]
| 171
| 76.51%
| 727
| 0.0%
| 99.42%
| 268972
|-
| [[Chingmang]]
| 273
| 86.15%
| 993
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268973
|-
| [[Chingdai Khunou]]
| 147
| 55.22%
| 1130
| 0.0%
| 99.32%
| 268974
|-
| [[Tuinomjang]]
| 143
| 76.99%
| 882
| 0.0%
| 97.2%
| 268975
|-
| [[L.Chayang]]
| 286
| 69.71%
| 1014
| 0.0%
| 99.3%
| 268976
|-
| [[P.Geljang]]
| 155
| 90.97%
| 1183
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268977
|-
| [[Purum Khullen]]
| 123
| 97.39%
| 952
| 0.0%
| 99.19%
| 268978
|-
| [[Happy Valley, Manipur|Happy Valley]]
| 116
| 86.92%
| 933
| 0.0%
| 99.14%
| 268979
|-
| [[Khamenlok]]
| 241
| 98.62%
| 975
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268980
|-
| [[D.Leikot]]
| 215
| 93.64%
| 937
| 0.0%
| 97.21%
| 268981
|-
| [[H.Khopibung]]
| 208
| 71.17%
| 1167
| 0.96%
| 97.12%
| 268982
|-
| [[Thombol]]
| 107
| 88.76%
| 1610
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268983
|-
| [[Aigejang]]
| 412
| 80.32%
| 890
| 0.0%
| 96.12%
| 268984
|-
| [[Jordanphai]]
| 169
| 89.93%
| 1036
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268985
|-
| [[Govajang]]
| 160
| 86.92%
| 818
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268986
|-
| [[Challouphai]]
| 120
| 62.37%
| 905
| 0.0%
| 95.0%
| 268987
|-
| [[Khongbal Tangkhul]]
| 415
| 89.47%
| 976
| 0.96%
| 92.77%
| 268988
|-
| [[Gangpiyang]]
| 486
| 95.05%
| 1104
| 0.0%
| 90.74%
| 268989
|-
| [[Purum Likli]]
| 226
| 84.62%
| 1260
| 0.44%
| 95.13%
| 268990
|-
| [[Wakan, Manipur|Wakan]]
| 204
| 58.43%
| 943
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268991
|-
| [[Songphel]]
| 173
| 84.25%
| 901
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268992
|-
| [[T.Wakanphai]]
| 205
| 58.24%
| 952
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268993
|-
| [[Khokon (village)|Khokon]]
| 189
| 56.68%
| 969
| 0.0%
| 94.18%
| 268994
|-
| [[Maibung Likli]]
| 161
| 65.22%
| 1091
| 0.0%
| 98.76%
| 268995
|-
| [[Songjang]]
| 183
| 40.25%
| 1103
| 0.0%
| 99.45%
| 268996
|-
| [[H.Champhai]]
| 520
| 73.21%
| 926
| 0.0%
| 99.62%
| 268997
|-
| [[Ngakhapat]]
| 104
| 86.32%
| 1167
| 0.0%
| 95.19%
| 268998
|-
| [[P.Khonomphai]]
| 338
| 61.77%
| 1036
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 268999
|-
| [[Sinam Kom]]
| 264
| 88.76%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 98.11%
| 269000
|-
| [[Maibung Kom]]
| 127
| 80.53%
| 954
| 0.0%
| 93.7%
| 269001
|-
| [[Ngarumphung]]
| 400
| 61.6%
| 914
| 0.0%
| 99.0%
| 269002
|-
| [[Sailent]]
| 363
| 72.42%
| 1006
| 0.0%
| 98.35%
| 269003
|-
| [[S.Loushing]]
| 134
| 89.26%
| 1094
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269004
|-
| [[Maphou Tangkhul]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269005
|-
| [[Happy Land, Manipur|Happy Land]]
| 232
| 89.9%
| 886
| 0.0%
| 99.14%
| 269006
|-
| [[Tongkoi]]
| 190
| 93.17%
| 1111
| 0.0%
| 99.47%
| 269007
|-
| [[Moirangpan]]
| 316
| 87.9%
| 1039
| 0.0%
| 98.1%
| 269008
|-
| [[Laikoiching]]
| 659
| 79.44%
| 1015
| 0.0%
| 99.24%
| 269009
|-
| [[Siloijang]]
| 154
| 80.0%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269010
|-
| [[Bethelphai]]
| 261
| 97.81%
| 1212
| 0.0%
| 99.23%
| 269011
|-
| [[Maphou Kuki]]
| 509
| 53.2%
| 1028
| 0.0%
| 98.43%
| 269012
|-
| [[Thangjingpokpi]]
| 546
| 62.61%
| 985
| 0.0%
| 97.25%
| 269013
|-
| [[Rishophung]]
| 354
| 74.05%
| 967
| 0.0%
| 99.72%
| 269014
|-
| [[Leishiphung]]
| 180
| 88.55%
| 1143
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269015
|-
| [[Kamu Saichang]]
| 411
| 60.54%
| 986
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269016
|-
| [[Saichang]]
| 173
| 50.89%
| 1012
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269017
|-
| [[L.Songphel]]
| 164
| 93.28%
| 885
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269018
|-
| [[Chaningpokpi]]
| 192
| 88.17%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269019
|-
| [[Molkonbung]]
| 174
| 91.88%
| 1023
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269020
|-
| [[L.Molnom]]
| 274
| 88.7%
| 1076
| 0.0%
| 95.62%
| 269021
|-
| [[S.Bungjang]]
| 154
| 80.0%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 99.35%
| 269022
|-
| [[Kaihao Tangkhul]]
| 264
| 80.18%
| 1062
| 0.0%
| 98.86%
| 269023
|-
| [[Bongbal Khullen]]
| 304
| 88.14%
| 1082
| 0.0%
| 99.34%
| 269024
|-
| [[K.Hengjang]]
| 114
| 88.79%
| 781
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269025
|-
| [[K.Nungmanbi]]
| 75
| 80.82%
| 1083
| 0.0%
| 98.67%
| 269026
|-
| [[Leingangpokpi]]
| 15
| 92.31%
| 875
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269027
|-
| [[Kamuching]]
| 789
| 77.08%
| 1013
| 0.0%
| 99.87%
| 269028
|-
| [[C.Moljol]]
| 161
| 59.69%
| 963
| 0.62%
| 98.14%
| 269029
|-
| [[Gotangkot]]
| 192
| 35.76%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 98.96%
| 269030
|-
| [[Pheitaiching]]
| 65
| 78.18%
| 1167
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269031
|-
| [[Heirokland]]
| 208
| 93.72%
| 891
| 0.0%
| 99.52%
| 269032
|-
| [[Zerukanan]]
| 51
| 83.78%
| 759
| 0.0%
| 98.04%
| 269033
|-
| [[Kamu Tangnom]]
| 128
| 81.31%
| 1286
| 0.0%
| 91.41%
| 269034
|-
| [[Kamu Lairok]]
| 125
| 40.71%
| 1049
| 0.0%
| 98.4%
| 269035
|-
| [[Kamu Koireng]]
| 324
| 45.12%
| 976
| 0.0%
| 99.07%
| 269036
|-
| [[Heichanglok (K.Salemphai)]]
| 238
| 74.88%
| 1034
| 0.0%
| 99.58%
| 269037
|-
| [[Lairok Vaiphei]]
| 116
| 72.55%
| 1367
| 5.17%
| 94.83%
| 269038
|-
| [[Kamu Tampak]]
| 159
| 59.09%
| 1446
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269039
|-
| [[New Salem, Manipur|New Salem]]
| 191
| 42.6%
| 910
| 0.0%
| 97.38%
| 269040
|-
| [[Thayong]]
| 680
| 58.83%
| 1006
| 0.0%
| 99.26%
| 269041
|-
| [[Nungkot Kom]]
| 158
| 63.83%
| 1194
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269042
|-
| [[Nungkot Khuman]]
| 136
| 58.27%
| 1030
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269043
|-
| [[Tombi Hangbu]]
| 127
| 49.55%
| 984
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269044
|-
| [[N.Terakhong]]
| 193
| 86.71%
| 771
| 0.0%
| 99.48%
| 269045
|-
| [[N.Heikon]]
| 194
| 54.86%
| 813
| 0.0%
| 95.36%
| 269046
|-
| [[Songpehjang]]
| 62
| 77.08%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269047
|-
| [[Nongmaiban]]
| 94
| 81.58%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269048
|-
| [[Teraphai]]
| 27
| 60.0%
| 1077
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269049
|-
| [[Tuisenphai]]
| 162
| 77.44%
| 884
| 0.0%
| 97.53%
| 269050
|-
| [[Ayokpa Kabui]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269051
|-
| [[Keirao Chingdong]]
| 81
| 85.48%
| 841
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269052
|-
| [[Uran Chiru]]
| 268
| 75.76%
| 956
| 0.0%
| 95.9%
| 269053
|-
| [[Laiphrok Maring]]
| 452
| 69.72%
| 1045
| 0.0%
| 98.45%
| 269054
|-
| [[Sandangsemba Maring]]
| 665
| 59.57%
| 944
| 0.0%
| 95.49%
| 269055
|-
| [[Karpur Sungba]]
| 145
| 77.17%
| 933
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269056
|-
| [[Lemba Khul]]
| 205
| 80.63%
| 990
| 0.0%
| 99.51%
| 269057
|-
| [[Waithou Chiru]]
| 671
| 62.75%
| 1222
| 0.0%
| 95.68%
| 269058
|-
| [[Saman Tangkhul]]
| 100
| 83.67%
| 1326
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269059
|-
| [[Phunal Maring]]
| 1212
| 63.91%
| 1065
| 0.0%
| 97.44%
| 269060
|-
| [[Poirou Tangkhul]]
| 289
| 87.27%
| 993
| 0.0%
| 97.58%
| 269061
|-
| [[Leisem Lok]]
| 203
| 84.85%
| 1071
| 0.0%
| 94.58%
| 269062
|-
| [[Kaprang]]
| 156
| 83.89%
| 1108
| 0.0%
| 98.08%
| 269063
|-
| [[Salam Patong]]
| 957
| 70.13%
| 1032
| 0.0%
| 99.27%
| 269064
|-
| [[Somrei]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269065
|-
| [[Komla Ching]]
| 104
| 71.08%
| 1122
| 0.0%
| 98.08%
| 269066
|-
| [[Soraland]]
| 173
| 92.86%
| 966
| 0.0%
| 98.27%
| 269067
|-
| [[Tangkhul Khullen]]
| 255
| 66.96%
| 917
| 0.0%
| 95.29%
| 269068
|-
| [[Phungton]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269069
|-
| [[Irong Tangkhul]]
| 284
| 69.78%
| 1470
| 0.0%
| 99.3%
| 269070
|-
| [[Ngoupikhong Vaiphei]]
| 285
| 54.12%
| 1192
| 0.0%
| 96.14%
| 269071
|-
| [[Phowoibi]]
| 230
| 32.98%
| 966
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269072
|-
| [[Phainom]]
| 225
| 55.98%
| 1045
| 0.0%
| 98.67%
| 269073
|-
| [[Nongmaiching Tampak]]
| 359
| 73.23%
| 1075
| 0.0%
| 99.16%
| 269074
|-
| [[Th.Salemphai]]
| 164
| 86.25%
| 822
| 0.0%
| 99.39%
| 269075
|-
| [[Haokhongching]]
| 252
| 90.62%
| 1211
| 0.0%
| 96.43%
| 269076
|-
| [[S.Kanan]]
| 159
| 68.09%
| 916
| 0.0%
| 97.48%
| 269077
|-
| [[Phailenjang]]
| 135
| 94.64%
| 776
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269078
|-
| [[Vaiphei Pakai]]
| 122
| 93.58%
| 1140
| 0.0%
| 98.36%
| 269079
|-
| [[Horton, Manipur|Horton]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269080
|-
| [[Lungther]]
| 431
| 96.24%
| 995
| 0.0%
| 98.38%
| 269081
|-
| [[Heinganglok]]
| 242
| 93.81%
| 1017
| 0.0%
| 97.93%
| 269082
|-
| [[Selhao Vaiphei]]
| 173
| 83.45%
| 1035
| 0.0%
| 99.42%
| 269083
|-
| [[Sada Tangkhul]]
| 60
| 100.0%
| 935
| 0.0%
| 98.33%
| 269084
|-
| [[Kharam Tangkhul]]
| 234
| 60.56%
| 950
| 0.0%
| 98.72%
| 269085
|-
| [[Leihaopokpi]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269086
|-
| [[Kwarok Maring]]
| 277
| 44.53%
| 1007
| 0.0%
| 96.75%
| 269087
|-
| [[Elimphai]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269088
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of populated places in Manipur|Kangpokpi]]

Chhatriwali

2025-12-21T18:02:51Z

Margaretzcd: started basic biography w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chhatriwali.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| story =
| based_on =
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Nilesh Moharir]]
| open_theme = "Chhatriwali" by [[Bela Shende]] and Jaydeep Bagwadkar
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_episodes = 389
| producer = Jitendra Gupta Mahesh Tagde
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Tell-a-tale media Pvt. Ltd.
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|09|21|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
}}

'''''Chhatriwali''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series that aired on [[Star Pravah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=मधुरा-विक्रमच्या अजब लग्नाची गजब कहाणी 'छत्रीवाली' मालिकेत |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/beautiful-story-madhura-vikrams-wonderful-movie-chatriwali-series/amp/ |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> It premiered on 18 June 2018 and ended on 21 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=छत्रीवाली, छोटी मालकीण आणि ललित २०५ या मालिकांच्या महाएपिसोडमध्ये पाहायला मिळणार या गोष्टी |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/maha-episode-star-pravahs-chhatriwali-chhoti-malkin-and-lalit-205/amp/ |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> It stars Namrata Pradhan and Sanket Pathak in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title='छत्रीवाली' मालिकेतून झळकणार ही नवी नायिका, संकेत पाठकसोबत जमली जोडी |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-iftm-new-marathi-serial-chatrivali-on-star-pravah-channel-5891586-pho.html |website=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Malayalam]] TV series ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='छत्रीवाली' मालिकेचे कथानक उत्कंठावर्धक वळणावर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/chatriwali-serial-intresting-track/amp/ |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A perfect take on opposites attract, independent Madhura meets the carefree Vikrant. Hatred soon turns into love when fate intervenes.

== Cast ==
* Sanket Pathak as Vikram Suryakant Gayakwad
* Namrata Pradhan as Madhura Madhav Jamkar/Madhura Vikram Gayakwad
* Sayali Salunkhe as Aakanksha Madhav Jamkar
* Asha Shelar as Surekha Madhav Jamkar
* [[Ashok Shinde]] as Suryakant Gayakwad
* [[Ramesh Deo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=रमेश देव यांची 'छत्रीवाली' मालिकेत एंट्री! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/ramesh-devas-entry-chhatriwali-serial/amp/ |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> as Sadanand Kulkarni
* Suparna Shyam as Neelam Kulkarni
* Milind Phatak as Ramakant Gayakwad
* Mrunal Deshpande as Shashikala Ramakant Gayakwad
* Unknown / Aniruddha Hari as Ajinkya Ramakant Gayakwad
* Pratiksha Mungekar as Amrapali
* Vijay Mishra as Madhav Jamkar
* Jyoti Chandekar as Aajji
* Sukhada Porkar as Meghana Madhav Jamkar
* Sunil Godabole as Aniket's father
* Tushar Sali as Aniket
* Hrishikesh Shelar
* Prajakta Dighe-Kulkarni
* Mayuri Kapadne
=== Guest appearances ===
* [[Shilpa Shinde]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=After quitting Twitter, Shilpa Shinde to be seen in this TV show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/after-quitting-twitter-shilpa-shinde-to-be-seen-in-this-tv-show-1442040-2019-01-29 |website=India Today}}</ref>
* Rishi Saxena<ref>{{Cite web |title='छत्रीवाली' मालिकेतील विक्रमच्या साखरपुड्याला सेलिब्रिटींची हजेरी |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/celebrity-attendance-vikrams-engagement-ceremony-chhathriali-serial/amp/ |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt12657726}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/chhatriwali/18012 ''Chhatriwali''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]

Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani

2025-12-18T04:12:31Z

Margaretzcd: Made first stub more to come

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image= Holotype of Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani.png
| genus = Nyctibatrachus
| species = pulivijayani
| authority = Garg, Suyesh, Sukesan, and [[Sathyabhama Das Biju|Biju]], 2017<ref name="Garg et al. 2017"/>
}}

'''''Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani''''', or '''Vijayan's night frog''', is a species of [[Nyctibatrachus|night frogs]], family [[Nyctibatrachidae]]. The frog is [[endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]], India, and is only known from its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]], Pandipath, in the [[Agasthyamalai Hills]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], [[Kerala]].<ref name=Frost/> Smaller than a human fingernail, it is among the smallest frog species in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/22/516661301/behold-4-new-species-of-tiny-frogs-smaller-than-a-fingernail|title=Behold: 4 New Species Of Tiny Frogs Smaller Than A Fingernail|work=NPR.org|access-date=2017-03-14|language=en}}</ref> ''Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani'' is part of a genus that evolved in India around 70–80 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/170221080504.htm |title=Seven new species of night frogs from India including four miniature forms |website=www.sciencedaily.com |access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref> The species of frog was discovered by scientists from the [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/39052823|title=Newly discovered finger-nail sized night frogs - CBBC Newsround|date=2017-02-22|access-date=2017-03-14|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''pulivijayani'' honours Mr. Vijayan Kani, who supported [[S. D. Biju|Biju]] and his students during their field campaigns. He got the name Pulivijayan after braving a leopard attack (''puli'' is [[Malayalam]] for "leopard"). The word ''puli'' can also allude to leopard-like spots on the dorsal surface of this species.<ref name="Garg et al. 2017"/>

==Description==
Five adult males in the [[type series]] measure {{convert|13.3|-|14.9|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in snout–vent length; no females were collected. The snout is rounded. The [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]] is indistinct. The fingers and toes have discs but no webbing. The [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] is light brown to silvery-brown and has prominent dark brown spots. The venter is light yellowish-brown with minute black speckles. The hands and feet are darker. The throat is light grey. Weakly developed dorso-lateral glandular folds are present and re separated by scattered granular projections.<ref name="Garg et al. 2017"/>

==Habitat==
The type locality is an evergreen forest at {{convert|1250|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]]. Specimens were found hiding under herbs and grasses on marshy ground, usually away from water. Males were observed [[Sexual selection in amphibians#Vocal signaling in frogs|calling]] both during the day and in the late evening.<ref name="Garg et al. 2017"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Nyctibatrachidae/Nyctibatrachus/Nyctibatrachus-pulivijayani |title=''Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani'' Garg, Suyesh, Sukesan, and Biju, 2017 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2018 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Garg et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Garg|first1=Sonali|last2=Suyesh|first2=Robin|last3=Sukesan|first3=Sandeep|last4=Biju|first4=SD |name-list-style=amp |title=Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms |journal=PeerJ |date=2017 |volume=5 |article-number=e3007 |doi=10.7717/peerj.3007 |doi-access=free |pmid=28243532 |pmc=5322763}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q30594621}}

[[Category:Nyctibatrachus|pulivijayani]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2017]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sathyabhama Das Biju]]

Sheila Lawrence

2025-12-08T12:46:57Z

Margaretzcd: new a info added tags

{{orphan|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|birth_name = Sheila Ann Lawrence
|birth_date = {{birth date|1945|12|12|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Ooty|Ootakamund]], Tamil Nadu State, India
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|genre = Classical
|instrument = Organ
|occupation = Musician
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1990|2|25|1945|12|12}}
|death_place = [[Esher]], Surrey, England
}}

'''Sheila Ann Lawrence''' (December 12, 1945 – February 25, 1990) was a concert organist who performed throughout the UK and broadcast frequently on BBC Radio 3.

== Life and career ==
Sheila Lawrence was born in [[Ooty|Ootakamund]], India in December 1945 to Edward Lawrence and Helena Campbell. Her father was a mercantile assistant and travelled widely.
She studied at the [[Royal Academy of Music]] in London<ref name=WhosWho1980>{{cite book |last1=Gaster |first1=Adrian |title=International Who's Who in Music |date=1980 |publisher=Melrose Press |location=Cambridge |page=426 |edition=9th}}</ref> and made her debut at the [[Purcell Room]], London on 13 December 1973.<ref>{{cite journal |title=London Diary for December |journal=The Musical Times |date=November 1973 |volume=114 |issue=1569 |page=1194}}</ref> Lawrence performed at the Purcell Room throughout her career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Music – South Bank |work=Illustrated London News |date=1 October 1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Langley |first1=Robin |title=Organ Recitals |journal=The Musical Times |date=December 1974 |volume=115 |issue=1582 |page=1079}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Millington |first1=Barry |title=Organ Recitals |journal=The Musical Times |date=December 1975 |volume=116 |issue=1594 |page=1092|doi=10.2307/960376 |jstor=960376 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=London Diary for October |journal=The Musical Times |date=September 1975 |volume=116 |issue=1591 |pages=847}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Music – South Bank |work=Illustrated London News |date=1 December 1978}}</ref>

In April 1978, Lawrence appeared at the [[Wigmore Hall]], London with Elisabeth Perry (violin), Christian Rutherford (French horn) and Jonathan Rutherford (piano) in a programme of Bach-Rutherford, Jonathon Rutherford, Mozart, Bach and Brahms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Music – Wigmore Hall |work=Illustrated London News |date=1 April 1978}}</ref> Sheila Lawrence was married to Peter Mitton and had three children.<ref>England & Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1916-2005</ref> She died in 1990 at the age of 44.

== Organ building ==
Lawrence was a member of the Incorporated Society of Organ Builders with a special interest in organ reform, and had built a portable chamber organ.<ref name=WhosWho1980/> The portable organ was built from her design by [[Peter Collins (organ builder)|Peter Collins]], and was a portable concert pipe organ. It was played by Lawrence in October 1980 at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in an organ concert which featured [[Carlo Curley]], [[Noel Rawsthorne]] and William Davies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Music – Albert Hall |work=Illustrated London News |date=1 October 1980}}</ref> It was again played by her in the Albert Hall in April 1982, at an event called 'The Organists Entertain', directed by the organ virtuoso [[Carlo Curley]]. Also performing at the event were [[Pierre Cochereau]], [[Robin Richmond]] and Lyn Larsen.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Front Matter - Royal Albert Hall, The Organists Entertain |journal=The Musical Times |date=March 1982 |volume=123 |issue=1669 |page=156}}</ref>

== Recitals and performances ==
She broadcast on [[BBC Radio 3]] frequently during the 1970s and 1980s and was the Director of Music at the [[Our Lady of Dolours, Chelsea|Servite Priory]] in Chelsea, London.
In 1983, to mark the 750th anniversary of the founding of the [[Servite Order]], Lawrence released an LP, on the Meridian Label, of Organ Music from the Servite Priory, entitled 'Magnificat'. It featured works by Buxtehude, A. Schlick, J.S. Bach, N. Bruhns, S. Scheidt, J. Bull and F. Correa de Arauxo. The album was featured on BBC Radio 3's ''New Records'' programme, broadcast in March 1984.<ref>{{cite journal |date=17 March 1984 |title=New Records |journal=The Radio Times |issue=3149}}</ref>

Some of her notable recitals, recorded and broadcast for BBC Radio 3, include: Music for Two Organs, with the organist Robert Munns (July 1975);<ref>{{cite journal |title=Music for Two Organs |journal=Radio Times |date=19 July 1975 |issue=2697}}</ref> Organ works by [[Louis-Nicolas Clérambault|Clerambault]], J.S. Bach and Mendelssohn (June 1977);<ref>{{cite journal |title=Music for Organ |journal=The Radio Times |date=25 June 1977 |issue=2798}}</ref> A performance of works by renaissance composers [[Jean Titelouze]], [[Paul Hofhaimer]], [[Arnolt Schlick]] and [[Peeter Cornet]] with the [[BBC Singers]], conducted by Simon Joly (April 1985).<ref>{{cite news |title=Today's Radio Programmes, Radio 3. |work=Reading Evening Post |date=22 April 1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=BBC Radio 3 - Music for the Iron Voice |journal=Radio Times |date=20 April 1985 |issue=3205}}</ref>

Lawrence also broadcast for [[BBC Radio 4]], playing for the [[The Daily Service|Morning Service]] in April 1984.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Morning Service |journal=The Radio Times |date=31 March 1984 |issue=3151}}</ref>
In February 1989 she played organ and [[virginals]] on BBC Radio 4's ''Saturday Feature,'' which explored the diary of the Elizabethan organ-builder [[Thomas Dallam]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Saturday Feature - Dallam's Organ and the Grand Sultan |journal=The Radio Times |date=4 February 1989 |issue=3400}}</ref>

As well as performing around the UK, Lawrence gave recitals in Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands and Italy.<ref name=WhosWho1980/> She was a founding member of the British Organ Archive, the archive of the [[British Institute of Organ Studies]].<ref name=WhosWho1980/> In 1982 she wrote an article entitled ''Technique - a key to interpretation'' in the Journal of the British Institute of Organ Studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=Sheila |title=Technique - a key to interpretation |journal=Journal of the British Institute of Organ Studies |date=1982 |volume=6}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, Sheila}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:British classical organists]]
[[Category:English classical organists]]
[[Category:British women organists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music]]
[[Category:Women classical organists]]

2025 Women's Cricket World Cup final

2025-11-15T13:56:42Z

Margaretzcd: Creating initial article w/ refs

{{Short description|Women's Cricket World Cup final}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}

{{Infobox limited overs final
| title = 2025 ICC Women's World Cup Final
| image =
| event = {{nobr|[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup]]}}
| team1 = [[India women's cricket team|India]]
| team1flag = {{crwicon|India|size=30px}}
| team1score = 298/7
| team1overs = (50 overs)
| team2 = [[South Africa women's national cricket team|South Africa]]
| team2flag = {{crwicon|South Africa|size=30px}}
| team2score = 246
| team2overs = 45.3 overs
| details = India won by 52 runs
| date = 2 November 2025
| stadium = [[DY Patil Stadium]]
| attendance = 39,555<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2025 |title=Women's World Cup final equals viewership record of 2024 Men's T20 World Cup final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/womens-world-cup-final-equals-viewership-record-of-2024-mens-t20-world-cup-final-1510398 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>
| city = [[Navi Mumbai]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Shafali Verma]] (Ind)
| umpires = [[Eloise Sheridan]] (Aus) and [[Jacqueline Williams]] (WI)
| previous = [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup final|2022]]
| next = [[2029 Women's Cricket World Cup final|2029]]
}}
{{2025 Women's Cricket World Cup sidebar}}

The '''2025 ICC Women's Cricket World Cup final''' was a [[Women's One Day International]] (WODI) [[cricket]] match played at the [[DY Patil Stadium]] in [[Navi Mumbai]] on 2 November 2025 to decide the winner of the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup]]. It was played between host nation [[India women's cricket team|India]] and [[South Africa women's national cricket team|South Africa]]. This was the second time that Women's Cricket World Cup final was held in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] after [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup final|2013]], and the first in Navi Mumbai.

India defeated South Africa by 52 runs to win their maiden World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 November 2025 |title=India Scale Summit! Women In Blue Win Maiden ICC World Cup Crown With Win Over South Africa |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/india-scale-summit-women-in-blue-win-maiden-icc-womens-world-cup-crown-with-win-over-south-africa-9675558.html |publisher=News18}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup]] was the thirteenth edition of the [[Women's Cricket World Cup]], a quadrennial [[World Cup]] for Women's cricket in [[Women's One Day International|One Day International]] (ODI) format organised by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). In July 2022, the ICC announced India as the host nation for the tournament, as part of the [[ICC Future Tours Programme|2024–2027 ICC Women's Hosts Cycle]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Hosts for ICC Women's global events until 2027 announced |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/hosts-for-icc-womens-global-events-until-2027-announced |access-date=2024-12-23 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103005907/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/hosts-for-icc-womens-global-events-until-2027-announced |url-status=live }}</ref> However, following an agreement between the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] and [[Pakistan Cricket Board|PCB]], the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] confirmed that matches between India or Pakistan at ICC events in [[ICC Future Tours Programme#Tournaments summary|2024–2027]] will be played at neutral venues when either of them are the hosts.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-12-19 |title=Update issued on India and Pakistan hosted matches at ICC events |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/champions-trophy-2025/news/update-issued-on-india-and-pakistan-hosted-matches-at-icc-events |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>

On 2 June, the ICC announced the venues for the tournament, with the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] in [[Bengaluru]] named as the venue for the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dates, venues confirmed for 2025 Women's Cricket World Cup |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-cricket-worldcup-2025/news/dates-venues-confirmed-for-2025-women-s-cricket-world-cup |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=2 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> However, on 22 August, a revised list of venues was released, in which the [[DY Patil Stadium]] in [[Navi Mumbai]] replaced Bengaluru as the final venue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/revised-schedule-confirmed-for-icc-women-s-cricket-world-cup |title=Revised schedule confirmed for ICC Women's Cricket World Cup |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=22 August 2025 |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

This was South Africa's maiden final of the Women's World Cup,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/136133/records-shatter-as-south-africa-enter-maiden-odi-world-cup-final |title=Records shatter as South Africa enter maiden ODI World Cup final |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/womens-world-cup-2025/77096-laura-wolvaardt-and-marizanne-kapp-lead-south-africa-to-their-maiden-world-cup-final.html |title=Laura Wolvaardt and Marizanne Kapp Lead South Africa to their Maiden World Cup Final |work=Female Cricket |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> while India reached their third final, having been runners-up on both the occasions ([[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]] against [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]] and [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]] against [[England women's cricket team|England]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-cricket-worldcup-2025/news/live-india-face-australia-in-second-cwc25-semi-final |title=Jemimah's ton guides India to historic CWC25 Final spot |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=1 November 2025|date=30 October 2025}}</ref> It was also the first Women's World Cup final that featured neither Australia nor England.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 November 2025 |title=Women's cricket prepares to crown a new world champion |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193/india-women-vs-south-africa-women-final-1490443/match-preview |work=[[ESPNCricinfo]]}}</ref>

==Route to the final==
{{main|2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#League stage}}

Each team played the other seven teams in the league stage; the top four teams advanced to the semi-finals.<ref name="ICCFR">{{cite web |title=2025 Women's World Cup fixtures and results |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-cricket-worldcup-2025/matches |access-date=31 October 2025 |work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>

{| style="text-align:center;margin:auto;white-space:nowrap;font-size:90%"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! scope="col" colspan="4" width="40%" | {{crw-rt|IND}}<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 November 2025 |title=Road to the ICC Women's Cricket World Cup Final - India |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-cricket-worldcup-2025/news/road-to-the-icc-women-s-cricket-world-cup-final-india |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=November 2025 }}</ref>
! scope="row" width="10%" | vs
! scope="col" colspan="4" width="40%" | {{crw|RSA}}<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 October 2025 |title=Road to the Women's Cricket World Cup Final - South Africa |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-cricket-worldcup-2025/news/road-to-the-women-s-cricket-world-cup-final-south-africa |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=31 October 2025 }}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! Opponent || Date || Result || Points || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#League stage|League stage]] || Opponent || Date || Result || Points
|-
| {{crw|SL}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match1|30 September 2025]] || Won by 59 runs (DLS) || 2
| style="background:#C1E0FF" | Match 1
| {{crw|ENG}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match4|3 October 2025]] || Lost by 10 wickets || 0
|-
| {{crw|PAK}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match6|5 October 2025]] || Won by 88 runs || 4
| style="background:#C1E0FF" | Match 2
| {{crw|NZ}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match7|6 October 2025]] || Won by 6 wickets || 2
|-
| {{crw|RSA}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match10|9 October 2025]] || Lost by 3 wickets || 4
| style="background:#C1E0FF" | Match 3
| {{crw|IND}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match10|9 October 2025]] || Won by 3 wickets || 4
|-
| {{crw|AUS}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match13|12 October 2025]] || Lost by 3 wickets || 4
| style="background:#C1E0FF" | Match 4
| {{crw|BAN}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match14|13 October 2025]] || Won by 3 wickets || 6
|-
| {{crw|ENG}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match20|19 October 2025]] || Lost by 4 runs || 4
| style="background:#C1E0FF" | Match 5
| {{crw|SL}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match18|17 October 2025]] || Won by 10 wickets (DLS)|| 8
|-
| {{crw|NZ}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match24|23 October 2025]] || Won by 53 runs (DLS) || 6
| style="background:#C1E0FF" | Match 6
| {{crw|PAK}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match22|21 October 2025]] || Won by 150 runs (DLS) || 10
|-
| {{crw|BAN}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match28|26 October 2025]] || No result || 7
| style="background:#C1E0FF" | Match 7
| {{crw|AUS}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match26|25 October 2025]] || Lost by 7 wickets || 10
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match30|Semi-final 2]]
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]}}
! scope="col" colspan="4" | [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match29|Semi-final 1]]
|-
| {{crw|AUS}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match30|30 October 2025]] || colspan="2" | Won by 5 wickets
| style="background:#C1E0FF" | [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#Semi-finals|{{Abbr|'''SF'''|Semi-finals}}]]
| {{crw|ENG}} || [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup#match29|29 October 2025]] || colspan="2" | Won by 125 runs
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
! colspan="9" |Source: ICC <ref name="ICCFR" />
|}

==Match==
=== Match officials ===

On 31 October 2025, the ICC announced the match officials for the final.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 October 2025 |title=Match officials named for ICC Women's Cricket World Cup 2025 Final |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/match-officials-named-for-icc-women-s-cricket-world-cup-2025-final |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=31 October 2025 }}</ref>

* '''On-field umpires''': [[Eloise Sheridan]] (Aus) and [[Jacqueline Williams]] (WI)
* '''TV umpire''': [[Sue Redfern]] (Eng)
* '''Reserve umpire''': [[Nimali Perera]] (SL)
* '''Match referee''': [[Michell Pereira]] (SL)

=== Team and toss ===
[[South Africa women's national cricket team|South African]] captain [[Laura Wolvaardt]] won the [[Toss (cricket)|toss]] and elected to [[Fielding (cricket)|field]] first. Both teams were unchanged from their respective semi-final matches.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 November 2025 |title=India vs South Africa toss update, Women's World Cup final: SA wins toss, elects to bowl against IND |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-vs-south-africa-women-odi-world-cup-final-toss-update-live-navi-mumbai-2025/article70232158.ece |publisher=Sportstar}}</ref>

=== Match details ===
{{#section:2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|match31}}

{{Cot|Match scorecard<ref name=finalscorecard>{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs SA-W Live score – ICC Women's World Cup 2025 November 2, 2025 Final in Navi Mumbai|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193/india-women-vs-south-africa-women-final-1490443/live-cricket-score |access-date=2 November 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=2 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>|bg=lightblue}}

; 1st innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{crw|IND}} batting<ref name=finalscorecard/>}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Smriti Mandhana]]|status=c †Jafta b Tryon |runs=45|balls=58|4s=8|6s=0|strike_rate=77.58}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shafali Verma]]|status=c Luus b Khaka |runs=87|balls=78|4s=7|6s=2|strike_rate=111.53}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jemimah Rodrigues]]|status=c Wolvaardt b Khaka|runs=24|balls=37|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=64.86}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Harmanpreet Kaur]]|status=b Mlaba |runs=20|balls=29|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=68.96}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Deepti Sharma]]|status=run out (Tryon/†Jafta)|runs=58|balls=58|4s=3|6s=1|strike_rate=100.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Amanjot Kaur]]|status=c & b de Klerk |runs=12|balls=14|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=85.71}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Richa Ghosh]]|status=c Dercksen b Khaka|runs=34|balls=24|4s=3|6s=2|strike_rate=141.66}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Radha Yadav]]|status=not out|runs=3|balls=3|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=100.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Kranti Goud]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shree Charani]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]]|status=did not bat |runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
|- align=left
| Extras || (lb 2, nb 1, w 12) || {{align|right|15}} || || || ||
|- align=right
| {{align|left|'''Total'''}} || {{align|left|(7 wickets; 50 overs)}} || '''298''' || || 25 || 5 || RR: 5.96
{{Cricket match box end}}

'''Fall of wickets:''' 1/104 (Mandhana, 17.4 ov), 2/166 (Shafali, 27.5 ov), 3/171 (Rodrigues, 29.4 ov), 4/223 (Harmanpreet, 38.6 ov), 5/245 (Amanjot, 43.1 ov), 6/292 (Ghosh, 48.6 ov), 7/298 (Deepti, 49.6 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{crw|SA}} bowling<ref name=finalscorecard/>}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Marizanne Kapp]]|overs=10|maiden=1|runs=59|wickets=0|econ=5.90|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ayabonga Khaka]]|overs=9|maiden=0|runs=58|wickets=3|econ=6.44|wides=3|no-balls=1}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Nonkululeko Mlaba]]|overs=10|maiden=0|runs=47|wickets=1|econ=4.70|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Nadine de Klerk]]|overs=9|maiden=0|runs=52|wickets=1|econ=5.77|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Suné Luus]]|overs=5|maiden=0|runs=34|wickets=0|econ=6.80|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Chloe Tryon]]|overs=7|maiden=0|runs=46|wickets=1|econ=6.57|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

; 2nd innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{crw|SA}} batting<ref name=finalscorecard/>}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Laura Wolvaardt]]|status=c Amanjot b Deepti|runs=101|balls=98|4s=11|6s=1|strike_rate=103.06}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Tazmin Brits]]|status=run out (Amanjot) |runs=23|balls=35|4s=2|6s=1|strike_rate=65.71}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Anneke Bosch]]|status=lbw b Charani |runs=0|balls=6|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Suné Luus]]|status=c & b Shafali|runs=25|balls=31|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=80.64}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Marizanne Kapp]]|status=c †Ghosh b Shafali |runs=4|balls=5|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=80.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Sinalo Jafta]]|status=c Radha b Deepti |runs=16|balls=29|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=55.17}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Annerie Dercksen]]|status=b Deepti |runs=35|balls=37|4s=1|6s=2|strike_rate=94.59}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Chloe Tryon]]|status=lbw b Deepti |runs=9|balls=8|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=112.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Nadine de Klerk]]|status=c Harmanpreet b Deepti|runs=18|balls=19|4s=3|6s=0|strike_rate=94.73}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ayabonga Khaka]]|status=run out (Deepti/†Ghosh) |runs=1|balls=7|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=14.28}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Nonkululeko Mlaba]]|status=not out |runs=0|balls=0|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=–}}
|- align=left
| Extras || (nb 2, w 12) || {{align|right|14}} || || || ||
|- align=right
| {{align|left|'''Total'''}} || {{align|left|(all out; 45.3 overs)}} || '''246''' || || 23 || 4 || RR: 5.40
{{Cricket match box end}}

'''Fall of wickets:''' 1/51 (Brits, 9.3 ov), 2/62 (Bosch, 11.5 ov), 3/114 (Luus, 20.2 ov), 4/123 (Kapp, 22.1 ov), 5/148 (Jafta, 29.3 ov), 6/209 (Dercksen, 39.3 ov), 7/220 (Wolvaardt, 41.1 ov), 8/221 (Tryon, 41.4 ov), 9/246 (Khaka, 44.6 ov), 10/246 (de Klerk, 45.3 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{crw|IND}} bowling<ref name=finalscorecard/>}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]]|overs=8|maiden=0|runs=28|wickets=0|econ=3.50|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Kranti Goud]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=16|wickets=0|econ=5.33|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Amanjot Kaur]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=34|wickets=0|econ=8.50|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Deepti Sharma]]|overs=9.3|maiden=0|runs=39|wickets=5|econ=4.10|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Shree Charani]]|overs=9|maiden=0|runs=48|wickets=1|econ=5.33|wides=3|no-balls=1}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Radha Yadav]]|overs=5|maiden=0|runs=45|wickets=0|econ=9.00|wides=0|no-balls=1}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Shafali Verma]]|overs=7|maiden=0|runs=36|wickets=2|econ=5.14|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}
{{cob}}
== Aftermath ==
=== Post-match ===
This was India's maiden Women's World Cup title victory.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-11-02 |title=Deepti, Shafali shine as India claim maiden World Cup title |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-cricket-worldcup-2025/news/live-india-south-africa-eye-maiden-title-at-cwc25-final |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=International Cricket Council |language=en}}</ref> [[Shafali Verma]] was awarded with the Player of the Match award<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 November 2025 |title=Shafali Verma: The Women's World Cup Final Player Of The Match Who Wasn't Even In Squad Till Semis |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/women-s-odi-world-cup-2025/shafali-verma-the-womens-world-cup-final-player-of-the-match-who-wasnt-even-in-squad-till-semi-final-9562798 |publisher=NDTV Sports}}</ref> while [[Deepti Sharma]] was awarded with the Player of the Tournament for her all-round performance throughout the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 November 2025 |title=Deepti Sharma's glorious run to be World Cup's player of the tournament |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/deepti-sharma-womens-world-cup-player-of-the-tournament-glorious-run-10354239/ |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

India further received a record $6.58 million and South Africa received $3.24 million as prize money from the ICC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Record prize money revealed for Women's Cricket World Cup|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-cricket-worldcup-2025/news/record-prize-money-revealed-for-women-s-cricket-world-cup |access-date=31 August 2025| work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

=== Celebrations ===
After India's historic victory the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] announced a cash reward of ₹51 crore for the players, coaching staff and support staff.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 November 2025 |title=BCCI announces Cash Prize of INR 51 Crore for India's victorious ICC Women's Cricket World Cup 2025 contingent |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2025/news/55556284/bcci-announces-cash-prize-of-inr-51-crore-for-india-s-victorious-icc-women-s-cricket-world-cup-2025-contingent |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]}}</ref> Later, team India was felicitated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 5 November 2025 at his residence in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 November 2025 |title=PM Modi meets India's World Cup-winning women's cricket team; hails their 'inspiring' victory |work=The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/pm-modi-meets-indias-world-cup-winning-womens-cricket-team-praises-their-inspiring-victory/articleshow/125110949.cms }}</ref> On 6 November 2025, the team was felicitated by Indian President [[Droupadi Murmu]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 November 2025 |title=India's World Cup-winning women's team meets the President, gifts her a signed team jersey |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/indias-world-cup-winning-womens-team-meets-the-president-gifts-her-a-signed-team-jersey-101762424902609.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On 4 November 2025, the team landed at Delhi and arrived in a bus at Taj Palace, Delhi, with a warm welcome with [[Dhol|Dhols]], dances and cake cutting ceremony to celebrate the victory over South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Drums, Dance, Cakes And More: Indian Women's World Cup-Winning Team Gets Rousing Welcome In Delhi |url=https://www.sports.ndtv.com/women-s-odi-world-cup-2025/drums-dance-cakes-and-more-indian-womens-world-cup-winning-team-gets-rousing-welcome-in-delhi-9576067 |url-status=live |access-date=November 15, 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref> The team also met with Narendra Modi that night in New Delhi, and a special [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]] charter flight for the team flew them from Mumbai to Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Indian team to meet PM Modi Highlights: PM Modi felicitates Team India in his Delhi residence after Women's World Cup win |url=https://www.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-women-cricket-team-world-cup-champions-harmanpreet-mandhana-deepti-pm-modi-live-updates/liveblog/125106689.cms |url-status=live |archive-date= |access-date=November 15, 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2025-26-1478193 Series home at ESPN Cricinfo]
{{Women's Cricket World Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2025–26}}
{{South Africa women's national cricket team}}
{{India women's national cricket team}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:World Cup}}
[[Category:2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|!]]
[[Category:Women's Cricket World Cup finals|2025]]
[[Category:South Africa women's national cricket team|World Cup 2025]]
[[Category:India women's national cricket team matches|World Cup 2025]]
[[Category:India–South Africa sports relations|2025]]

Solapur–Miraj Express

2025-11-11T17:43:52Z

Margaretzcd: new a data nd citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kalburgi–Miraj-Kolhapur Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|02|18}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Kalburgi}} (KLBG)
| stops = 10
| end = {{stnlnk|Kolhapur }} (KOP)
| distance = {{convert|268|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7 hours 50 minutes
| frequency = Daily{{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper 3 Tier, Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage =
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22155/22156
| speed = {{cvt|47|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Kalburgi–Miraj-Kolhapur Superfast Express''' is an intercity [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Kalburgi}} in [[Karnataka]] and {{stnlnk|Kolhapur}} of Maharashtra.

It is the highest priority daily Superfast train of Miraj-Pandharpur-Kurduwadi section.

Kolhapur is a tourist hub and gateway of Konkan located in [[Kolhapur]] District of [[India]], Kolhapur is famous for Goddes Mahalaxmi temple and Lord jyotiba temple

It is currently being operated with 22155/22156 train numbers on a daily basis by Solapur Division of Central Railway.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-five-day-block-near-cr-s-solapur-to-lay-new-tracks-starting-february1-2296726 "Five day block near CR's Solapur to lay new tracks starting February 1"]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Need-to-improve-Churchorem-railway-station-Cabral/articleshow/54708603.cms Need to improve Churchorem railway station: Cabral]</ref>

== Service==

The 22155/Kalburgi–Kolhapur Express has Superfast speed of 4hrs 50mins journey. The 22156/Kolhapur–Kalburgi Express has Superfast speed and covers the journey in 4 hours 50 mins.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:
* {{stnlnk|Solapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Mohol}}
* {{stnlnk|Madha}}
* {{stnlnk|Kurduvadi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Modnimb}}
* {{stnlnk|Pandharpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Sangola}}
* {{stnlnk|Jath Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhalgaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Kavathe Mahankal}}
* {{stnlnk|Sulgare}}
* {{stnlnk|Arag}}
* {{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train consists of 14 coaches:

* 7 General
*5 Reserved seating.
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a Pune Loco Shed-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive from Solapur to Miraj and vice versa.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/miraj-solapur-express-11310/41814/78/147 11310/Miraj–Solapur Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/solapur-miraj-express-11309/41799/147/78 11309/Solapur–Miraj Express] India Rail Info

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solapur-Miraj Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Solapur]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Chettinad

2025-10-19T05:44:59Z

Margaretzcd:

{{Short description|Region in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
[[File:The Chettinad palace karaikudi 2013-09-07 00-11.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The Heritage Palace, Chettinad]]

'''Chettinad''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chettinad |url=https://www.wmf.org/project/chettinad |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=World Monuments Fund |language=en}}</ref> (also known as '''Chettinadu''') is a region in [[Tamil Nadu]] comprising 56 villages in [[Sivaganga district]] and 20 villages in [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukottai district]],<ref>https://www.shanlaxjournals.in/wp-content/uploads/ASH_V5_N3_018.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref> which was historically ruled by the [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad kingdom]] of [[Pandya Nadu]]. It has a small portion extending into the [[Pudukottai District]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]; [[Karaikudi]] is the major city of this area and is considered the urban centre for the Chettinadu villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 10,000 forgotten mansions |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230404-indias-10000-forgotten-mansions |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=www.bbc.com |date=5 April 2023 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''chettinad(u)'' comes from 2 Tamil words ''Chettiar'' and ''Nadu''. ''[[Chettiar]]'' refers to a specific community of traders, Landlords people and ''Nadu'' means land. Collectively called as '''''"land of the [[Chettiar]]s"'''''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Heritage Holidays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSNuAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Outlook Publishing|location=India|isbn=978-81-901724-5-5|page=409|quote=Chettinadu / Chettinad is the land (''nadu'') of the Chettiars|access-date=10 September 2020|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122162424/https://books.google.com/books?id=jSNuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demography==
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many residents of Chettinad were trading in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], particularly [[Burma]], [[Ceylon]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Malaysia]]. By 2010, only 74 villages remained of the original 96,<ref>{{cite news | first= Guy | last= Trebay | title= Houses of the Holy | work= The New York Times | date= 21 November 2010 | accessdate= 24 November 2017 | url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE5D91E3DF932A15752C1A9669D8B63&pagewanted=2 | archive-date= 1 December 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032456/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE5D91E3DF932A15752C1A9669D8B63&pagewanted=2 | url-status= live }}</ref> organised in clusters spread over a territory of {{convert|1550|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}} in the districts of Sivagangai and Pudukottai in the State of Tamil Nadu. It finds itself in the UNESCO nomination for palatial house sites of historic and cultural value.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chettinad, Village Clusters of the Tamil Merchants |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5920/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=13 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518215344/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5920/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is located on [[National Highway 536 (India)|National Highway 536]] between [[Trichy]] and [[Karaikudi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover Chettinad heritage – SARATHA VILAS CHETTINAD |url=https://sarathavilas.com/discover-chettinad-heritage/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> which is approximately 10kms away from this place.

==Community==
Chettinad is the home of the Nattukottai Chettiars ([[Nagarathar]]), a prosperous banking and business community and for high hierarchy, non-Brahmin Vallambar feudal community with an aristocrat title Nattar - Ambalam. It is also known for its local cuisine, architecture, and religious temples.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbase.com/oochappan/chettinad | title=Chettinad | publisher=Pbase.com | accessdate=22 March 2012 | archive-date=25 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225052643/http://www.pbase.com/oochappan/chettinad | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Chettinad cuisine===
{{main|Chettinad cuisine}}
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
Chettinad Cuisine.jpg|Chettinad cuisine
ChickenChettinad.JPG|Chicken Chettinad, a popular dish from the region
</gallery>
The word "Chettiar" refers to the social caste of mercantile bankers. The ''Chettiars'' are known to be traders in salt and spices and this is reflected in the Chettinad cuisine. Meals also consist of cooked lentils, [[eggplant|Brinjal]] curry, drumstick [[sambar (dish)|sambar]], [[ghee]] for flavouring rice, and sweet meals like ''[[payasam]]'' and ''paal paniyaram''. Some well-known local dishes are Chicken Chettinad (spicy chicken curry), Vegetable Chettinad (a vegetable curry) and dishes featuring seafood.

===Architecture===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
Chettinad palatial house.jpg|A palatial house in Chettinad
Kanadukathan Chettinadu Palace entrance - chettinadu architecture.jpg|[[Kanadukathan]] Chettinadu Palace entrance
Inside of a typical chettinadu house - chettinadu architecture.jpg|Inside of a typical Chettinadu house
Rooftop of a typical chettinadu house - chettinadu architecture.jpg|Rooftop of a typical Chettinadu house
Dining hall inside a chettinadu house - chettinadu architecture.jpg|Dining hall inside a Chettinadu house
</gallery>
The Chettinad region is well known for its 19th-century [[Chettinad Mansions|mansions]], whose wide courtyards and spacious rooms are embellished with [[marble]] and [[teak]]. Construction materials, decorative items, and furnishings were mostly imported from East Asian countries and Europe. The marble was brought from Italy, [[chandeliers]] and teak from [[Burma]], crockery from [[Indonesia]], crystals from Europe and wall-to-wall mirrors from [[Belgium]].

Many of these mansions were built using a type of limestone known as ''karai.''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cecri.res.in/AboutUs/AboutKaraikudi.aspx | title=About Karaikudi | publisher=cecri.res.in | accessdate=22 September 2013 | archive-date=27 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927170552/http://www.cecri.res.in/AboutUs/AboutKaraikudi.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> According to locals the mansion walls were polished with a paste made out of egg whites and palm sugar to give them a smooth texture and for their cooling qualities.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

===Temples===
Originally built by early [[Tamil people|Tamil]] dynasties like the [[Chola]]s, the temples of Chettinad stand testimony to the spiritual beliefs of local people. Temples are built according to Vaastu Shastras and Agamas as the Chettinad wealthy sponsored the buildings and the ''shilpis'' after the royal families declined. On a side note, traditional houses were also built according to ancient text in an architectural style called Vaastu Shastras.

Each temple has its own tank called ''oorani'' where water lilies are grown and used for holy rituals. Even today, much of Chettinad's daily activities are centered around the festivities of the temple. Among the many famous temples are: Vairavan Kovil, Iraniyur, [[Karpaka Vinayakar Temple|Karpaga Vinayakar]], Kundrakudi Murugan, Kottaiyur Sivan, and Kandanur Sivan temples, with each having its own unique deity.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://www.pillaiyarpattitemple.com/history.html | title=Temple history | publisher=pillaiyarpattitemple.com | accessdate=26 September 2013 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921015554/http://pillaiyarpattitemple.com/history.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chettinadtemples.chettinadsilksandcrafts.com/category/nine-nagara-kovil/|title=Nine Nagara Kovil – Chettinad Temples|accessdate=26 December 2019|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225081506/http://www.chettinadtemples.chettinadsilksandcrafts.com/category/nine-nagara-kovil/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayagar Chathurthi]] is celebrated every year, on the day when the two stars Shasti and Sadhayam mingle together. This day typically falls as the 22nd day after Periya Karthigai. Pillaiyar Nonmbu, its name, is usually in the month of December. On this day, they sing songs of the deity [[Lord Vinayagar]] and then take a sweet called ''Ellai''.<ref name="auto"/>

==Local crafts==

===Sari===
The cotton [[sari]], also known as ''[[Kandangi|kandaangi]]'', is unique in its dramatic patterns and colours.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/11/stories/2005081109360100.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060305112055/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/11/stories/2005081109360100.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=5 March 2006| title=A Legacy called Chettinad Saris| accessdate=2 October 2013| work=[[The Hindu]]| date=11 August 2005}}</ref> Its vibrance and weight are its distinguishing factors. Records and old photographs show the use of sari by previous generations, before the advent of blouses and underskirts, and thus worn rather differently from the typical contemporary sari. At present, it is available in Kundi.

===Aathangudi tiles===
[[Attangudi|Athangudi]] tiles, named after the place of the manufacture in Chettinad, come in a myriad of colours and patterns, and are made by a unique process using local soil and glass plates.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/legacy-of-athangudi-tiles/article3534495.ece | title=Legacy of Athangudi tiles | work=The Hindu | accessdate=26 September 2013 | date=16 June 2012 | last1=Varanashi | first1=Sathya Prakash | archive-date=7 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092235/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/legacy-of-athangudi-tiles/article3534495.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> These tiles are a testament to the rich cultural heritage of the Chettiar community, who effectively adapted many influences to their own brand of local craftsmanship. The designs and colours used in Athangudi tiles are still those of a bygone era. However, of late, new designs and patterns are being incorporated.

The Athangudi tiles are hand-made. However, with a short shelf life and relatively slow manufacturing process, these tiles are not much in demand. The situation has led to the decline in the market.

==Industry==
[[File:Central Electro Chemical Research Institute.JPG|thumb|right|CECRI entrance.]]
Chettinad's principal town, Karaikudi is also the location of a branch of the [[Central Electro Chemical Research Institute]] (CECRI), one of the forty national laboratories under the aegis of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) in New Delhi. The CSIR lab specialises in electro-chemical research and has been operational for more than fifty years. The campus is on over 300 scenic acres (120 ha), filled with traditional and ornamental vegetation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cecri.res.in/AboutUs/AboutKaraikudi.aspx | title=Campus Ambiance | publisher=cecri.res.in | accessdate=2 October 2013 | archive-date=27 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927170552/http://www.cecri.res.in/AboutUs/AboutKaraikudi.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> CECRI conducts four-year Engineering and Technology courses in chemical and electro-chemical engineering and technology affiliated with the [[Anna University]] in [[Chennai]].

==Travel==
The nearest airports are [[Madurai Airport|Madurai International Airport]] and [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] while the largest towns in the area are [[Karaikudi]] and [[Devakottai]].

Chettinad has its own railway station, but expresses don't stop here. The only halting train is the thrice daily [[MEMU]] train running from [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirapalli]] to [[Virudhunagar Junction railway station|Virudhunagar]] connecting [[Pudukkottai railway station|Pudukottai]], [[Karaikkudi Junction railway station|Karaikudi]], [[Devakottai]], [[Sivaganga railway station|Sivaganga]], [[Manamadurai Junction railway station|Manamadurai]] and [[Aruppukkottai railway station|Aruppukottai]] with Chettinad station. All the trains running in the Chennai-Tiruchirapalli-Manamadurai Section stop at Karaikudi. [[Karaikudi Junction railway station]] is the nearest major station.There are also frequent town buses connecting Chettinad to Karaikudi, Ponnamaravathy, Devakottai Pudukkottai and Aranthangi.

== Agriculture college ==
[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University|The Tamil Nadu Agriculture University]] established a '''Dryland Agriculture Research Station (DARS)''' in Chettinad which was later upgraded to Agriculture College and Research Institute. It has a total of 450 acres (182 ha) of Farmland adopted for Research and Education. It houses a Centre of Excellence in Dryland Farming (CEDF) and a Food Processing Research and Training Centre (FPRTC). The college currently offers an Undergraduate Course of Bachelor of science Honours in Agriculture.

==Notable people==
* [[Alagappa Chettiar]] - founder of the various educational institutions in [[Karaikudi]] and its surroundings. [[Alagappa University]], [[Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology]], and [[Alagappa Government Arts College]] are a few institutes named in his honour.
* [[Annamalai Chettiar]] - founder of [[Indian Bank]] and the [[Annamalai University]] bears his name.
* [[M. A. Muthiah Chettiar|Muthiah Chettiar]]
* [[S. Rm. Muthiah Chettiar]]
* [[M. A. M. Muthiah]]
* [[M. A. M. Ramaswamy]]
* [[M. A. Chidambaram]]
* [[P. Chidambaram]] - former [[Finance Minister of India]].
* [[Kaviarasar Kannadasan]] - [[Tamil people|Tamil]] poet.
* Justice [[A. R. Lakshmanan]] (b. 1942) - former judge of the Supreme Court of India and current chairman of the Law Commission of India.
* [[Lena Chettiar]]
* [[A. V. Meiyappan]] - founder of [[AVM Productions]], the oldest and largest film production studio in [[Kollywood]], the [[Tamil language]] film industry of India.
* [[Hari Sevugan]]
* [[Rama Narayanan]], film director and producer
* [[S. P. Muthuraman|Sp Muthuraman]], film director and producer
* [[Vasanth]], director
* [[Soma Valliappan]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Chettinad}}

* ({{coord|10.1605|N|78.7772|E}}) - Geocoordinates

[[Category:Sivaganga district]]

Kapur Singh (artist)

2025-10-14T06:20:28Z

Margaretzcd: added a bio needs work

{{Short description|Sikh artist}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Kapur Singh
| image = Portrait of the Sikh artist Kapur Singh.jpg
| style = [[Sikh art|Sikh School]]
| children = Sardul Singh
}}

'''Kapur Singh''' ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1860–1890<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toor |first=Davinder S. |date=2018 |title=Artists |url=https://toorcollection.com/artists |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=Toor Collection}}</ref>), commonly referred to as '''Kapur Singh of Amritsar''' and also as '''Kapur Singh of Kapurthala''', was a Sikh artist who experimented in murals, oil paintings, and works on paper.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lot 218: Kapur Singh of Amristar attributed, study of a glassblower, circa 1880, gouache on paper, within mauve border, 16.2 x 11.2cm. |url=https://www.roseberys.co.uk/a0541-lot-522454 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Roseberys}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kapur Singh of Amritsar |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Kapur-Singh-of-Amritsar/D771E21442453804/Biography |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=Mutual Art}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Relia |first=Anil |title=The Indian Portrait - 10 |last2=Roberts |first2=Julian |date=17 September 2019 |publisher=Archer Art Gallery |isbn=9788193171851 |pages=94–95}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Narula |first=S. S. |title=Aspects of Punjabi Culture |publisher=Department of Development of Punjabi Language, Punjabi University |year=1995 |pages=99}}</ref> He was the son of [[Kishan Singh (artist)|Kishan Singh]] and nephew of [[Bishan Singh (artist)|Bishan Singh]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He was amongst the most famous Sikh painters of the 19th century. He worked almost entirely in [[Watercolor painting|watercolour]], focusing on [[Company style|Company paintings]] depicting normal life in the Punjab.<ref name=":0" /> Kapur Singh painted a large number of figure subjects, miniature in size.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Archer |first=William George |title=Paintings of the Sikhs |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1966 |pages=95}}</ref> Kapur Singh would depict everyday life scenes of the local populace, such as different occupational workers in varying crafts and trades.<ref name=":202">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Sukhandeep |last2=Viranjan |first2=Ram |date=January–June 2023 |title=A Historical Overview of Emergence and Development of Sikh Art in Punjab |url=https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/Arts-Journal/ShodhKosh/article/download/293/408/3680 |journal=ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=389–402 |doi=10.29121/shodhkosh.v4.i1.2023.293 |eissn=2582-7472 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Kapur Singh closely observed the European painters whilst he was in Kapurthala, and made detailed note of their usage of oil painting procedures. After observing the foreign artists, Kapur Singh would adopt their techniques of oil and watercolour painting and become a master in it himself. However, Kapur also delved in producing miniatures.<ref name=":202" />

Kapur Singh is noted for being the only late-19th century Sikh artist who successfully made the transition toward [[oil painting]] in the western style.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Lot 241: THE GOLDEN TEMPLE OF AMRITSAR |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5125368 |access-date=14 October 2025 |website=Christie's}}</ref> Much of his surviving work was inscribed in English. His realistic portrayals betray his miniaturist-origins in the attention to detail evident in them.<ref name=":0" /> Though many works of his have survived, a fact owing to his popularity of the time, his works were never able to be innovative like that of his father and uncle before him.<ref name=":1" />

Kapur Singh had a son named Sardul Singh, whom was an esteemed painter and photographer of Amritsar active around the year 1900.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |date=25 October 2020 |title=The little-known artists from region |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/arts/the-little-known-artists-from-region-160869 |work=The Tribune |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616224834/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/arts/the-little-known-artists-from-region-160869 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Punjabi women riding on a bullock cart.jpg|Ladies riding a cart, by [[Kishan Singh (artist)|Kishan Singh]] or Kapur Singh, ca.1874
File:Gulab Singh riding on elephant.jpg|Gulab Singh riding on elephant, Kishan Singh or Kapur Singh, ca.1874
File:The Tortoise Avatar of Vishnu- Churning of the Milky Ocean (6125139478).jpg|The Tortoise Avatar of Vishnu: Churning of the Milky Ocean, by Kapur Singh, ca.1865
File:Six ox-ploughs at work in one field (6125139574).jpg|Six ox-ploughs at work in one field, by Kapur Singh, ca.1865
File:Study of a glassblower, by Kapur Singh, ca.1880.jpg|Study of a glassblower, by Kapur Singh, ca.1880
File:Watercolour of a boy, by Kapur Singh, ca.1866.jpg|Watercolour of a boy, by Kapur Singh, ca.1866
File:Study of a silversmith or jeweler, by Kapur Singh, ca.1880.jpg|Study of a silversmith or jeweler, by Kapur Singh, ca.1880
File:W. Kapur Singh, 'Guru Nanak'.jpg|'Guru Nanak', by Kapur Singh
File:A duck by Kapur Singh.jpg|A duck, by Kapur Singh
File:A hawk by Kapur Singh.jpg|A hawk, by Kapur Singh
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:19th-century Indian male artists]]

Santhipuram, Visakhapatnam

2025-10-03T19:30:36Z

Margaretzcd:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Santhipuram
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Visakhapatnam
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Visakhapatnam
| coordinates = {{coord|17.736804|N|83.305483|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP 31, AP 32 and AP 33
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''Santhipuram''' is a locality in [[Visakhapatnam]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is in the Central part of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title= Power shutdown in Vizag tomorrow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/power-shutdown-in-vizag-tomorrow/article31742491.ece|publisher=thehindu|access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>

==About==
This area is beside [[Dwaraka Nagar]] and it is mostly a commercial and residential area. It is well connected with all the major parts of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title= Onion does the vanishing act from city’s street food scene |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/onion-does-the-vanishing-act-from-citys-street-food-scene/article30199361.ece|publisher=thehindu|access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]

{{Visakhapatnam-geo-stub}}

Toliyasar

2025-08-18T02:18:34Z

Margaretzcd: new the details added tags...

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Toliyasar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|42|0|N|73|58|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Toliyasar''' is a Village in Sri Dungargarh Tehsil in [[Bikaner District]] of [[Rajasthan]] State, [[India]].Toliyasar's local language is Rajasthani. Toliyasar Village Total population is 3194 and number of houses are 523.It's also known for the '''Toliyasar Bheruji Temple''', a significant religious and cultural site in the region.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toliyasar Village Population - Sridungargarh - Bikaner, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69875-toliyasar-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Toliyasar Pin Code - 331803, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search bikaner Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/bikaner/toliyasar-pincode-331803.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Toliyasar BO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Toliyasar BO locality of Rajasthan - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/rajasthan/bikaner/toliyasar-bo |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Toliyasar Bheruji Temple==
The Toliyasar Bheruji Temple, dedicated to the Hindu deity [[Bhairava]].It's known for its peaceful atmosphere and is a popular destination for devotees seeking blessings and fulfilling vows.
[[File:Kala Bhairava in the night.JPG|thumb|[[Bhairava|Kala Bhairava]] |354x354px]]

This temple is a prominent feature of the village, attracting both religious pilgrims and visitors interested in its architecture and cultural significance.
<ref>{{Cite web |last=शर्मा |first=सुरभि |date=2024-05-01 |title=Toliyasar Bheruji Temple: बीकानेर के डूंगरपुर में स्थापित है देश का सबसे अनोखा तोलियासर भेरूजी मंदिर, जानिए इस मंदिर के बारे में |url=https://janbhakti.in/hindu-temples/toliyasar-bheruji-temple/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=JanBhakti |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Vilangadupakkam

2025-08-12T02:48:25Z

Margaretzcd: cleanup content after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vilangadupakkam
| native_name = விளாங்காடுபாக்கம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.195905|N|80.22093|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|link=|alt=|Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ponneri taluk|Ponneri]]
| subdivision_type4 = Metro
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chennai]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 18
| population_total = 5668<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India: Vilangadupakkam |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=719807 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref>
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600052
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 044-xxxx
| registration_plate = TN-18-xxxx & TN-20-xxxx(old)
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[List of cities and towns in India by population|City]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chennai]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Thiruvallur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)|Thiruvallur]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Ponneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Ponneri]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vilangadupakkam''' ({{langx|ta|விளாங்காடுபாக்கம்}}), is a suburb located North of [[Chennai]], a metropolitan city in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Location==
Vilangadupakkam is located in between [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]], [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]], [[Manali New Town]] and [[Gnayiru]] in North of Chennai. The arterial road in Vilangadupakkam is Madhavaram - Arumandai Road.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/ CMDA Official Webpage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008183728/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/ |date=8 October 2021 }}

{{Adjacent communities
|title =
|Northwest = [[Sholavaram]]
|North = [[Arumandai]], [[Gnayiru]]
|Northeast = [[Vallur, Chennai|Vallur]], [[Minjur]]
|West = [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]]
|Centre = Vilangadupakkam
|East = [[Manali New Town]]
|Southwest = [[Puzhal]]
|South = [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]]
|Southeast = [[Mathur, Chennai|Mathur]], [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]]
}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Areas of Chennai}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}

{{Tiruvallur district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

{{Chennai-geo-stub}}

Ramchandra Manjhi

2025-08-01T21:35:57Z

Margaretzcd: Made first article more to come

{{Short description|Bhojpuri folk dancer (1925–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramchandra Manjhi
| image = Ramchandra Manjhi.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1925
| birth_place = Tajpur, [[Chhapra]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|df=No|2022|09|07|97}}
| death_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India
| occupation = Folk Dancer, Theatre Artist
| known for = [[Launda Naach]]
| years_active = 1935–2022
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Ramchandra Manjhi''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Rāmcaṃdra māṃjhī, [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]: 𑂩𑂰𑂧𑂒𑂢𑂹६ 𑂧𑂰𑂖𑂹𑂕𑂲; 1925 – 7 September 2022) was an Indian Bhojpuri folk dancer and theatre artist who is famous as a [[Launda Naach]] performer. He was one of the members of [[Bhikhari Thakur|Bhikhari Thakur's]] drama team and was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2017<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shrivastava|first=Girish|title=The fire is still burning|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/the-fire-is-still-burning/article24580281.ece/amp/}}</ref> and was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award the [[Padma Shri]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 |title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs | access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

==Biography==
Manjhi was born in Tajpur in the [[Saran district]] of [[Bihar]] in 1925 in a [[Dalit]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yashee |last2=Jha |first2=Ashish Kumar |date=7 February 2021 |title=Padma Shri Ramchandra Manjhi and Dulari Devi: Tale of two artists, and of art, caste and grit in Bihar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tale-of-two-padma-shri-winners-of-art-caste-and-grit-in-bihar-7167011/ |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> At the age of 10, he joined the drama team of [[Bhikhari Thakur]] and until his demise (1971) he worked with him. He was the oldest member of the Drama team.<ref>{{Cite news|title=''लौंडा नाच'' को राष्ट्रीय पहचान देने की कवायद, भिखारी ठाकुर के इस चहेते कलाकार को मिलेगा संगीत नाटक अकादमी पुरस्कार !|work=Prabhat Khabar|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/1169391}}</ref> In his life he performed before many big names like [[Suraiya]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Meena Kumari]], Helen etc. In 2017, he won the Sangeet Natak Academy award, however his felicitation happened in 2019 by the President of India.<ref name="SAF">{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=aa|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards|access-date=4 January 2017|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|location=New Delhi}}</ref> In January 2021, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] award in the field of Arts. He died on 7 September 2022 at [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences|IGIMS, Patna]] at the age of 97 due to heart related disease.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/bhojpuri-folk-dance-exponent-ramchandra-manjhi-passes-away-8138258/lite/ Bhojpuri folk dance exponent Ramchandra Manjhi passes away]</ref>

== Filmography ==
* He worked in 72 minutes long [[Documentary film]] on [[Launda Naach]] named "Naach Bhikhari Naach".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chatarjer|first=Shoma A.|title=Naach Bhikari Naach: A Film on the Fading Folk Art of Naach|work=The Citizen|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/16/19303/Naach-Bhikari-Naach-A-Film-on-the-Fading-Folk-Art-of-Naach|archive-date=9 May 2021|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509071702/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/16/19303/Naach-Bhikari-Naach-A-Film-on-the-Fading-Folk-Art-of-Naach|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2017)
* [[Padma Shri]] (2021)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjhi, Ramchandra}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Dalit people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Dancers from British India]]
[[Category:Folk dancers]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:People from Chhapra]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Nai Talim

2025-07-22T09:03:50Z

Margaretzcd: brief update references as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Principle which states that knowledge and work are not separate}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Rquote|right|The principal idea is to impart the whole education of the body, mind and soul through the handicraft that is taught to the children.|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]|}}
[[File:Shri Chitta Bhusan a hardcore Gandhian.jpg|thumb|In 1940 Shri Chitta Bhusan, hardcore Gandhian freedom fighter and follower of 'Basic Education', came to a remote village named Majhihira in the then Manbhum district of Bihar (now in West Bengal), where he founded the Majhihira National Basic Education Institution (MNBEI).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171207140515/http://www.citizenside.com/en/photos/hot-topics/2009-05-30/16873/mahatma-gandhi-s-legacy-in-majhihira-ashram.html Mahatma Gandhi's Legacy in Majhihira Ashram Vidyalaya school]</ref> He took his last breath on 7th February 2016 at 101 years old. He enjoyed a simple life and used a [[Charkha (spinning wheel)|Charkha]].]]
'''Nai Talim''', or '''Basic Education''', is a principle which states that knowledge and work are not separate. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] promoted an educational curriculum with the same name based on this pedagogical principle.<ref>{{citation|author=Richards, Glynn|title=A Source-Book on Modern Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGxgNTBmFNEC&q=Nai+Talim&pg=PA202|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=9780203990612}}</ref>

It can be translated with the phrase 'Basic Education for all'.<ref>Basic Education (buniyadi shiksha)</ref> However, the concept has several layers of meaning. It developed out of Gandhi's experience with the English educational system and with colonialism in general. In that system, he saw that Indian children would be alienated and 'career-based thinking' would become dominant. In addition, it embodied a series of negative outcomes: the disdain for [[manual work]], the development of a new elite class, and the increasing problems of [[industrialization]] and [[urbanization]].

The three pillars of Gandhi's pedagogy were its focus on the ''lifelong character'' of education, its ''social character'' and its form as a ''holistic process''. For Gandhi, education is 'the moral development of the person', a process that is by definition 'lifelong'.<ref>[http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/sept-oct2006/engpdf/11-15.pdf Dinabandhu Dehury: Mahatma Gandhi's Contribution to Education]</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Spinning wheel represents Swadeshi and self suffficiency - Nai Talim-a basic education system A concept by Mahatma Gandhi implemented at Majhihira, Purulia- August 2011-P1480448-2.jpg|thumb|Spinning wheel represents ''Swadeshi'' and self sufficiency - Nai Talim-a basic education system A concept by Mahatma Gandhi implemented at Majhihira, Purulia- August 2011]]
Gandhi's model of education was directed toward his alternative vision of the social order: "Gandhi's basic education was, therefore, an embodiment of his perception of an ideal society consisting of small, self-reliant communities with his ideal citizen being an industrious, self-respecting and generous individual living in a small cooperative community.
Nai Talim also envisaged a different role for the new teacher, not simply as a professional constrained by curricula and abstract standards, but rather as a person relating directly to the student in the form of a dialogue:
"A teacher who establishes rapport with the taught, becomes one with them, learns more from them than he teaches them. He who learns nothing from his disciples is, in my opinion, worthless. Whenever I talk with someone I learn from him. I take from him more than I give him. In this way, a true teacher regards himself as a student of his students. If you will teach your pupils with this attitude, you will benefit much from them."

Gandhi's disciple, [[Vinobha Bhave]], developed the idea further as a means of social transformation: "The crux of Nai Talim lay in overcoming distinctions between learning and teaching, and knowledge and work. Vinoba discusses the need to redefine the relationship between teacher and student, "they must each regard the other as a fellow worker..." Instead, the 'teacher' was to be skilled in a kala/hunar (and to derive sustenance from this and not a teaching salary). The student was to live, work and grow with the teacher and his/her family. In this process s/he would learn the kala/hunar — the skill as part of a way of life, code of ethics, web of relationships, etc.".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/vimukt_08.html#naitalim |title=Vimukt Shiksha #7 |website=www.swaraj.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020501204337/http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/vimukt_08.html |archive-date=2002-05-01}} </ref>
Finally, Buniyadi shiksha was conceived as a response to one of the main dialectics of modernity as Gandhi saw it--the dialectic between human being and 'machine' or 'technology': "In this dialectic, man represented the whole of mankind, not just India, and the machine represented the industrialized West."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/gandhie.PDF |title=Archived copy |website=www.ibe.unesco.org |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003011657/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/gandhie.PDF |archive-date=3 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is for this reason, among others, that Gandhi placed such central emphasis in his pedagogy on the role of handcrafts such as weaving, metal work, pottery, spinning; they symbolized the values of self-sufficiency or [[Swaraj]] and independence or [[Swadeshi]].

==Handicrafts==
Traditional and colonial forms of education had emphasized literacy and abstract, text-based knowledge which had been the domain of the upper castes. Gandhi's proposal to make handicrafts the centre of his pedagogy had as its aim to bring about a "radical restructuring of the sociology of school knowledge in India" in which the 'literacies' of the lower castes--"such as spinning, weaving, leatherwork, pottery, metal-work, basket-making and book-binding"—would be made central.<ref name="WwwibeunescoorgpublicationsThinkersPdfgandhisPDF">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/gandhis.PDF |title=Archived copy |website=www.ibe.unesco.org |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003005759/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/gandhis.PDF |archive-date=3 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The other aim of this use of handicrafts was to make schools financially and socially independent of the state—an even more radical concept. Thus in his influential article on education in ''[[Harijan]]'' in 1937 he argued: "By education I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in child and man-body, mind and spirit. Literacy is not the end of education nor even the beginning. It is only one of the means by which man and woman can be educated. Literacy in itself is no education. I would therefore begin the child's education by teaching it a useful handicraft and enabling it to produce from the moment it begins its training. Thus every school can be made self-supporting."<ref>{{cite web | title=The story of Nai Talim | website=iitk.ac.in| date=30 May 1910 | url=https://home.iitk.ac.in/~amman/soc748/sykes_story_of_nai_talim.html | access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Gandhi's first experiments in education began at the [[Tolstoy Farm]] ashram in [[South Africa]].<ref name="Httphomeiitkacinammansocsykes_story_of_nai_talimhtml">{{Cite web|url=http://home.iitk.ac.in/~amman/soc748/sykes_story_of_nai_talim.html|title=The Story of Nai Talim}}</ref> It was much later, while living at Sevagram and in the heat of the Independence struggle, that Gandhi wrote his influential article in ''[[Harijan]]'' about education. In it, he mapped out the basic pedagogy:

{{cquote|I hold that the highest development of the mind and the soul is possible under such a system of education. Only every handicraft has to be taught not merely mechanically as is done today, but scientifically i.e. the child should know the why and wherefore of every process....I have myself taught sandal- making and even spinning on these lines with good results. This method does not exclude a knowledge of history and geography. But I find that this is best taught by transmitting such general information By word of mouth. One imparts ten times as much in this manner as by reading and writing. The signs of the alphabet may be taught later...Of course, the pupil learns mathematics through his handicraft.

I attach the greatest importance to primary education, which according to my conception should be equal to the present matriculation less English...."Harijan of the 31st July 1937 "<ref name="Httphomeiitkacinammansocsykes_story_of_nai_talimhtml" />}}

A national education conference was held at Wardha on 22–23 October 1937. Afterwards two model schools were opened at [[Wardha]] and nearby Segaon. Post-basic education and pre-basic education schools were developed after Gandhi's death.

The National Planning Commission set up by the central government expressed its opposition to Gandhi's vision of Basic Education on several grounds. The Nehru government's vision of an industrialized, centrally [[planned economy]] had no place for 'basic education' or self-supported schools, rather it reflected the "vision of a powerful and growing class of industrialists, their supporters in politics and intellectuals with high qualifications in different areas, including science and technology."<ref name="WwwibeunescoorgpublicationsThinkersPdfgandhisPDF" />
A further detailed history of the attempts to implement basic education in India is given by [[Marjorie Sykes]], [http://home.iitk.ac.in/~amman/soc748/sykes_story_of_nai_talim.html The History of Nai Talim].
Finally, as has been noted by [https://web.archive.org/web/20061003005759/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/gandhis.PDF Krishna Kumar], "the implementation of Gandhi's plan could not survive the 'development decade' of the 1960s when the Indian economy and its politics entered into a new phase featuring the penetration of Indian agriculture by the advanced economies of the West and the centralization of power."

==Quotations==
{{quote|''“Basic education links the children, whether of cities or the villages, to all that is best and lasting in us.”''}}

{{quote|''“The principal idea is to impart the whole education of the body, mind and soul through the handicraft that is taught to the children.”''
::–Mahatma Gandhi}}
{{quote|''“An education which does not teach us to discriminate between good and bad, to assimilate the one and eschew the other, is a misnomer.”''
::–Mahatma Gandhi}}

{{quote|''“The aim of university education should be to turn out true servants of the people who will live and die for the country's freedom.”''
::–Mahatma Gandhi}}

{{quote|''“The schools and colleges are really a factory for turning out clerks for Government.”''
::–Mahatma Gandhi}}

{{quote|''“The real difficulty is that people have no idea of what education truly is. We assess the value of education in the same manner as we assess the value of land or of shares in the stock-exchange market. We want to provide only such education as would enable the student to earn more. We hardly give any thought to the improvement of the character of the educated. The girls, we say, do not have to earn; so why should they be educated? As long as such ideas persist there is no hope of our ever knowing the true value of education.”''
::–M. K. Gandhi, ''True Education'' on the [[National Council for Teacher Education|NCTE]] [http://www.ncte.gov.in/ site]}}

==See also==
*[[Basic Education]]
*[[Gandhigram Rural Institute]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/naitalimmarjoriesykes.htm THE STORY OF NAI TALIM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726034602/http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/naitalimmarjoriesykes.htm |date=26 July 2012 }}

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

[[Category:1937 introductions]]
[[Category:Gandhism]]
[[Category:History of education in India]]

Kottagiri Saddle Dam

2025-06-30T17:44:05Z

Margaretzcd: added initial data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Earthen Dam in Kerala, India}}
[[File:Kottagiri saddle dam.jpg|thumb|]]
'''Kottagiri Saddle dam''' (Malayalam:കോട്ടഗിരി തടയണ) is an earthen dam constructed across Karamanthodu which is a tributary of [[Kabini River|Kabani river]] at [[Thariyode]] village of [[Wayanad district]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a [[saddle dam]] of the [[Banasura Sagar Dam|Banasura sagar reservoir]] built as part of The Kuttiyadi Augmentatuin Scheme. The dam was constructed and is maintained by [[Kerala State Electricity Board]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Revised List of DRIP Dams {{!}} DRIP - Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project|url=https://damsafety.in/?page=Revised%20List%20of%20DRIP%20Dams&origin=front-end&page_id=81&lang=&tp=1&rn=1|access-date=2021-07-30|website=damsafety.in}}</ref>

The Kuttiyadi Augmentation Scheme comprises a main dam known as [[Banasura Sagar Dam|Banasurasagar Dam]], an earth fill dam and a concrete gravity [[Kuttiyadi Augmentation Spillway Dam|spillway dam]] and six saddle dams:
* [[Kosani Saddle Dam|Kosani]] – Earth fill dam – 13.8 m high
* [[Near Kottagiri Saddle Dam|Near Kottagiri]] – Earth fill dam – 11.0 m high
* '''Kottagiri''' – Earth fill dam – 14.5 m high
* [[Kuttiyadi saddle dam|Kuttiyadi]] – Concrete dam – 16.5 m high
* [[Nayamoola Saddle Dam|Nayamoola]] – Earth fill dam – 3.5 m high
* [[Manjoora Saddle Dam|Manjoora]] – Earth fill dam – 4.0 m high
All the dams, except Kuttiady saddle, are earth fill dams. The Kuttiyadi saddle dam is a concrete dam. The spillway is located adjacent to the main dam at the right bank of the original river course. The water spread area at FRL / MWL is 12.77 km2.. The catchment area of Banasurasagar Dam is 61.44 km2..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banasurasagar Dam – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=1|access-date=2021-07-30|language=en-US}}{{CC-notice|cc=bysa2.5}}</ref>
[[File:Kutyadi augmentation Reservoir.jpg|thumb|Kutyadi Reservoir layout]]

==Specifications==
*LocationLatitude:11⁰36’53”N
*Longitude:75⁰54’58”E
*Panchayath : Thariode
*Village : Thariode
*District : Wayanad
*River Basin : Kabani
*River : Karamanthodu
*Release from Dam to river : NA
*Year of completion : 2004
*Name of Project : Kuttiady Augmentation Scheme
*Type of Project : Multi purpose
;Dam Features
*Type of Dam : Homogeneous rolled earth fill
*ClassificationLH : ( Low Height)
*Maximum Water Level (MWL) : EL 775.60 m
*Full Reservoir Level ( FRL) : EL 775.60 m
*Storage at FRL : 209.25 Mm3
*Height from deepest foundation : {{Convert|14.50|m}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dams in Kerala|url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=dams_in_kerala}}</ref>
*Length : {{Convert|90.0|m}}
*Spillway : No spillway
*Crest Level : NA
*River Outlet : Nil
*Officers in charge & phone No.Executive Engineer, Dam Safety Division No. V, Thariode, PIN- 673122 Phone – 9446008415
*Installed capacity of the Project : 231.75 MW
*Assistant Executive Engineer, Dam Safety Sub Division, Thariode PIN- 673122 Phone- 9496004480
*Project Identification Code ( PIC) : KL29LH0054
*Assistant Engineer, Dam Safety Section, Thariode PIN- 673122 Phone – 9496005761

==Reservoir==

[[File:Banasura sagar reservoir.jpg|left|500px|thumb|Kutyadi Augmentation Reservoir]]
[[File:Kutyadi augmentation Reservoir.jpg|thumb|Kutyadi Reservoir]]
The gross storage of Kuttiyadi Augmentation (Banasura sagar) Reservoir is 209 Mm3 and live storage 185 Mm3. The water stored in the reservoir is diverted to the reservoir of Kuttiyadi Hydro Electric Project through an interconnecting tunnel. The sill level of diversion tunnel at inlet is 750.83 m. The size and shape of tunnel is varying. It is varying from 2.35 m dia. circular lined tunnel for a length of 890 m and 2.85 m D-shaped unlined tunnel for a length of 3873 m. Maximum diversion is11.6 m3/s. The diverted water is used for power generation from Kuttiyadi Power Station. FRL of the reservoir is 775.60 m. Top level of dam is 778.50 m. There are four radial gates, each of size 10.97 m x 9.20 m. Crest level of spillway is 767.00 m. Spillway capacity is 1664 m3/s. One lower level outlet is provided in the spillway structure at 750.75 m of size 1.10 m X 1.75 m to release irrigation requirement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited - Emergency Action Plan (Tier-I) Kuttiyadi Augmentation Dams (Kuttiyadi Main, Spillway, Nayanmoola & Manjoora)|url=https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&view=download&id=18125:emergency-action-plan-tier-i-kuttiyadi-augmentation-dams-kuttiyadi-main-spilway-nayanmoola-manjoora&catid=3&Itemid=654&lang=en|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.kseb.in|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730161301/https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&view=download&id=18125:emergency-action-plan-tier-i-kuttiyadi-augmentation-dams-kuttiyadi-main-spilway-nayanmoola-manjoora&catid=3&Itemid=654&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dams in Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 2004]]
[[Category:Dams in Wayanad district]]

Brahmapuram Diesel Power Plant

2025-05-21T06:35:47Z

Margaretzcd: started a info w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Brahmapuram Diesel Power Plant
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map =
| location_map_size =
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| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location =
| status =
| construction_began =
| commissioned = February 1997
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = Kerala State Electricity Board
| operator = Kerala load Distribution Centre(KLDC)
| th_fuel_primary = [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational= 5 x 21.32 MW
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity= 106.6 MW Planned: 400 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac=
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Brahmapuram Diesel Power Plant''' is a 106.6 MW public sector [[power station]] in [[Kochi]], [[India]] run by the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]], commissioned in 1997. It is controlled by Kerala load Distribution Center(KLDC).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://enipedia.tudelft.nl/wiki/Brahmapuram_Powerplant | title=Brahmapuram Powerplant - Enipedia | accessdate=13 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914144203/http://enipedia.tudelft.nl/wiki/Brahmapuram_Powerplant | archive-date=14 September 2016 | url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Overview==
The plant is based on large-bore 4 stroke diesel engines from [[MAN B&W]], Germany. The plant has a total of five machines with capacity to generate 21.32 MW power each. Though the station is still known as diesel power plant, it has been using low sulphur heavy stock (LSHS) -- a residual fuel processed from indigenous crude, provided by IOC—in place of diesel. LSHS is in semisolid form. It is heated by steam to make it liquid form. When melts it becomes the same form of diesel. The transfer of diesel to LSHS is done by a three valve mechanism(first diesel, then a mixture of diesel and LSHS, then LSHS).
*Number of Cylinders : 18
*Cylinder configuration : V type
*Engine capacity : 18000 cc/cylinder
*Engine power : 30,000 bhp
*Fuel used : Diesel (for starting), LSHS(low sulphur heavy stock)

===Electrical section===
The engine is coupled with an [[alternator]]. The alternator consists of a stator and a rotor and the entire assembly is under one case. Switchgear of 220 kV, 25000 A is used to control the supply. Then the load is reduced to 11 kV for transmission, with the help of step down transformers

It uses [[direct current]] for all its applications (easy to store). The cost of power production at the existing diesel plant at Brahmapuram is Rs. 13 per kWh, considering the cost the three machines are operated only when it is absolutely necessary. The power produced from here is connected to the KSEB grid and supplied to the consumers in the state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kseboa.org/kseb/lng-power-plant-to-come-up-at-brahmapuram-23113999.html | title=LNG Power Plant to Come up at Brahmapuram | accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref>

==Expansion==
The Kerala State Electricity Board has decided to set up a 400MW combined cycle power generation facility on the premises of the existing power plant at Brahmapuram, using [[natural gas]] as the feedstock.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/works-on-gasfired-plant-at-brahmapuram-get-off-starting-blocks/article5086545.ece | title=Works on gas-fired plant at Brahmapuram get off starting blocks | publisher=The Hindu | date=2 September 2013 | accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> [[GAIL]] will be supplying LNG for the new power plant from the Petronet [[LNG]] Terminal. The power plant is likely to be completed by early 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fkochi%2FNatural-Gas-Power-Plant-for-Brahmapuram%2F2014%2F03%2F26%2Farticle2130261.ece | title=Natural Gas Power Plant for Brahmapuram | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=26 March 2014 | accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bhramapuram landfill]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Power stations in Kochi]]
[[Category:Oil-fired power stations in India]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1997]]

2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A

2025-03-24T09:32:24Z

Margaretzcd: adjusted lead per standard format

{{Update|the matches|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = {{Start date|2017|02|25|df=y}}
| todate = 6 March 2017
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[playoff format]]
| host = [[Delhi & District Cricket Association|Delhi]]
| champions =
| count =
| runner up =
| participants = 7
| matches = 21
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-hazare-trophy-2016-17/ Official website]
| drs =
| previous_year = 2015–16
| previous_tournament = 2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy
| next_year = 2017–18
| next_tournament = 2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy
}}
The '''2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy''' is the 15th season of the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], a [[List A]] cricket tournament in India. It will be contested by 28 domestic cricket teams of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-hazare-trophy-2016-17/overview |title=Tournament home |access-date=2017-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223214054/http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-hazare-trophy-2016-17/overview |archive-date=2017-02-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/vijay-hazare-trophy-2016-17/content/series/1053437.html?template=fixtures Fixtures @ Espncricinfo]</ref>

== Points table ==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|winpoints=4
|tiepoints=2
|nrpoints=2

|team1=VIDAR |team2=BRODA |team3=HRYNA |team4=PNJB |team5=ODSH |team6=RLYS |team7=ASSAM

|win_VIDAR=5 |loss_VIDAR=1 |rs_VIDAR=1342 |or_VIDAR=280.3 |rc_VIDAR=1147 |ob_VIDAR=286.1
|win_BRODA=4 |loss_BRODA=2 |rs_BRODA=1435 |or_BRODA=291.2 |rc_BRODA=1342 |ob_BRODA=295.0
|win_HRYNA=3 |loss_HRYNA=3 |rs_HRYNA=1348 |or_HRYNA=297.2 |rc_HRYNA=1352 |ob_HRYNA=290.4
|win_PNJB=3 |loss_PNJB=3 |rs_PNJB=1254 |or_PNJB=282.0 |rc_PNJB=1396 |ob_PNJB=298.4
|win_ODSH=2 |loss_ODSH=4 |rs_ODSH=1353 |or_ODSH=285.3 |rc_ODSH=1286 |ob_ODSH=283.5
|win_RLYS=2 |loss_RLYS=4 |rs_RLYS=1372 |or_RLYS=299.0 |rc_RLYS=1331 |ob_RLYS=292.3
|win_ASSAM=2 |loss_ASSAM=4 |rs_ASSAM=1233 |or_ASSAM=295.4 |rc_ASSAM=1483 |ob_ASSAM=284.3

|result1=Q |result2=Q

|res_col_header=Q
|text_Q=Knockout Stage
|col_Q=#cfc

|name_ASSAM=[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
|name_BRODA=[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
|name_HRYNA=[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
|name_ODSH=[[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
|name_PNJB=[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|name_RLYS=[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
|name_VIDAR=[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
}}</onlyinclude>

== Fixtures ==

=== Round 1 ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 February 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 259/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepak Hooda]] 119 (106)
| wickets1 = [[ Anureet Singh ]] 2/43 (10 overs)
| score2 = 229 (46.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Saurabh Wakaskar]] 58 (83)
| wickets2 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 3/32 (6.4 overs)
| result = Baroda won by 30 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053709.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm =
| toss = Railways won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Babashafi Pathan]], [[Atit Sheth]], [[Soaeb Tai]] (Baroda) and [[Mrunal Devdhar]] (Railways) all made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 February 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| team2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| score1 = 229 (47.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sandeep Pattnaik]] 91 (121)
| wickets1 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 2/33 (8 overs)
| score2 = 230/5 (48.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chaitanya Bishnoi]] 83[[not out|*]] (126)
| wickets2 = [[Govinda Poddar]] 2/30 (10 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053711.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]]
| motm =
| toss = Odisha won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Himanshu Rana]], [[Shubham Rohilla]], [[Rahul Tewatia]] (Haryana); [[Abhishek Yadav (cricketer)|Abhishek Yadav]], [[Sandeep Pattnaik]] and [[Subhranshu Senapati]] (Odisha) all made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 February 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 218 (49.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 86 (109)
| wickets1 = [[Siddharth Kaul]] 4/33 (10 overs)
| score2 = 219/4 (41.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mandeep Singh ]] 86 (104)
| wickets2 = [[Akshay Karnewar]] 1/39 (10 overs)
| result = Punjab won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053707.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm =
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Abhishek Sharma]], [[Shubman Gill]] (Punjab); [[Rushabh Rathod]] and [[Yash Thakur]] (Vidarbha) all made their List A debuts.
}}

=== Round 2 ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 February 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 243 (49.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 121(129)
| wickets1 = [[Arup Das]] 3/27 (10 overs)
| score2 = 247/7 (48.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]] 65(91)
| wickets2 = [[Sandeep Sharma]] 3/52 (9.4 overs)
| result = Assam won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053731.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm =
| toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 February 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 251/5 (45 overs)
| runs1 = [[Apoorv Wankhade]] 62(46)
| wickets1 = [[Babashafi Pathan]] 2/44 (8 overs)
| score2 = 229 (42.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aditya Waghmode]] 79(91)
| wickets2 = [[Yash Thakur]] 3/64 (8.4 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 22 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053733.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm =
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Abhishek Chaurasia]] (Vidarbha) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 February 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| team2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| score1 = 252/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Arindam Ghosh (cricketer)|Arindam Ghosh]] 76 (86)
| wickets1 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 2/46 (10 overs)
| score2 = 181 (38 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dagar]] 57 (68)
| wickets2 = [[Hitesh Kadam]] 4/38 (6 overs)
| result = Railways won by 71 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053735.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Yeshwant Barde]]
| motm =
| toss = Railways won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Amit Rana]], [[Shivam Chauhan]] (Haryana); [[Hitesh Kadam]] and [[Pratham Singh]] (Railways) all made their List A debuts.
}}

=== Round 3 ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 February 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| score1 = 207 (48.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Arun Karthik]] 56 (73)
| wickets1 = [[Basant Mohanty]] 5/26 (9.2 overs)
| score2 = 213/1 (35.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anurag Sarangi]] 104[[not out|*]] (121)
| wickets2 = [[Arup Das]] 1/48 (9 overs)
| result = Odisha won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053755.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm =
| toss = Odisha won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 February 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 249 (48.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 78 (105)
| wickets1 = [[Baltej Singh]] 4/47 (9 overs)
| score2 = 174 (40.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gurkeerat Singh]] 62 (85)
| wickets2 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 3/26 (8.4 overs)
| result = Baroda won by 75 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053757.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm =
| toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 February 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 199 (41.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Manjeet Singh (cricketer)|Manjeet Singh]] 54 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Akshay Karnewar]] 3/32 (9 overs)
| score2 = 200/2 (45.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 84 (114)
| wickets2 = [[Hitesh Kadam]] 1/41 (7 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053759.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm =
| toss = Railways won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

=== Round 4 ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 306/6 (49 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubham Rohilla]] 118(136)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]] 3/47 (6 overs)
| score2 = 253/9 (49 overs)
| runs2 = [[ Pritam Das ]] 65 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Chaitanya Bishnoi]] 2/15 (4 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 53 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053783.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]]
| motm =
| toss = Haryana won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Match was reduced to 49 overs per side.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 281/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Govinda Poddar]] 77 (86)
| wickets1 = [[Swapnil Singh]] 3/58 (10 overs)
| score2 = 284/5 (46.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aditya Waghmode]] 92 (82)
| wickets2 = [[Dhiraj Singh]] 2/51 (9 overs)
| result = Baroda won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053779.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm =
| toss = Baroda won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 246/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Arindam Ghosh (cricketer)|Arindam Ghosh]] 83 (100)
| wickets1 = [[ Yuvraj Singh ]] 2/35 (7 overs)
| score2 = 247/7 (49.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[ Gurkeerat Singh Mann]] 69 (84)
| wickets2 = [[ Ashish Yadav ]] 3/41 (10 overs)
| result = Punjab won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053781.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm =
| toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Mohit Handa]] (Punjab), [[Akash Yadav]] and [[Gaurav Khatri]] (Railways) all made their List A debuts.
}}

=== Round 5 ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 216/6 (48 overs)
| runs1 = [[Pallavkumar Das]] 44(48)
| wickets1 = [[ Ashish Yadav ]] 3/26 (10 overs)
| score2 = 215/10 (48.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[ Akash Verma ]] 55(82)
| wickets2 = [[ Arup Das ]] 3/36 (9 overs)
| result = Assam won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053803.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes = [[Riyan Parag]] and [[Mrinmoy Dutta]] (Assam) both made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 196/10 (48.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[ Nitin Saini]] 48(80)
| wickets1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 4/33 (10 overs)
| score2 = 200/5 (41.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gurkeerat Singh Mann]] 91(86)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 3/49 (9 overs)
| result = Punjab won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053805.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes = [[Anmolpreet Singh]] and [[Nikhil Chaudhary (cricketer)|Nikhil Chaudhary]] (Punjab) both made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 162 (45.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Govinda Poddar]] 59 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Akshay Karnewar]] 4/21 (10 overs)
| score2 = 163/3 (40.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 70 (71)
| wickets2 = [[Rajkishan Patel]] 2/32 (10 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053807.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm =
| toss = Odisha won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Rajkishan Patel]] (Odisha) made his List A debut.
}}

=== Round 6 ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 233/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 72 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Pritam Das]] 3/37 (8 overs)
| score2 = 141 (42.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishav Das]] 44 (99)
| wickets2 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 4/20 (7.3 overs)
| result = Baroda won by 92 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053827.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]]
| motm =
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 169(42.3 OVERS)
| runs1 = [[ Shivam Chauhan ]] 46(62)
| wickets1 = [[Akshay Wakhare]] 3/38 (10 overs)
| score2 = 237/9(50 OVERS)
| runs2 = [[ Ganesh Satish]] 78(116)
| wickets2 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 2/36 (8 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 68 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053831.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes = [[Sanjay Pahal]] (Haryana) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 228/8(50 OVERS)
| runs1 = [[Sandeep Pattnaik]] 85(117)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Mishra]] 2/31 (6 overs)
| score2 = 231/4(49 OVERS)
| runs2 = [[Mahesh Rawat]] 88(97)
| wickets2 = [[Govinda Poddar]] 2/35 (8 overs)
| result = Railways won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053829.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes = [[Ambikeshwar Mishra]] and [[Satender Thakran]] (Railways) both made their List A debuts.
}}

=== Round 7 ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 169(41.1 OVERS)
| runs1 = [[Rishav Das]] 57(96)
| wickets1 = [[Abhishek Chaurasia]] 6/37 (10 overs)
| score2 = 273/9(50 OVERS)
| runs2 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 83(80)
| wickets2 = [[Pritam Das]] 3/52 (10 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 104 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053853.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes = [[Siddhesh Wath]] (Vidarbha) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 266/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 78[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets1 = [[Swapnil Singh]] 2/27 (10 overs)
| score2 = 181 (40.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kedar Devdhar]] 81 (113)
| wickets2 = [[Ashish Hooda]] 3/32 (8 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 85 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053855.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Yeshwant Barde]]
| motm =
| toss = Haryana won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 March 2017
| time = 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 240(49.5 OVERS)
| runs1 = [[ Govinda Poddar]] 120(119)
| wickets1 = [[Siddarth Kaul]] 3/32 (10 overs)
| score2 = 171(30 OVERS)
| runs2 = [[Anmolpreet Singh]] 58(41)
| wickets2 = [[Dhiraj Singh]] 5/49 (10 overs)
| result = Odisha won by 69 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053851.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes = [[Debabrata Pradhan]], [[Prayash Singh]] (Odisha) and [[Varun Khanna]] (Punjab) all made their List A debuts.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vijay Hazare Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2016–17}}
{{2016–17 Indian domestic cricket season}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2016-17 Group A}}
[[Category:2016 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2016–17]]
[[Category:Vijay Hazare Trophy seasons]]

St. John's Orthodox Church, Kadammanitta

2025-03-16T03:42:41Z

Margaretzcd: corrected article for consistency and added references

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Geo|date=January 2018}}
{{More sources needed|date=January 2018}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = St. John's Orthodox Church, Kadammanitta
| native_name = Malankara Orthodox Church
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kadammanittapally
| settlement_type = Church
| image_skyline = Kadammanittapally.jpg
| nickname = Kadammanitta pally
| coordinates = {{coord|9|18|0|N|76|46|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Naranganam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = unknown
| leader_title = Vicar
| leader_name = Rev. Fr. Sam K Daniel
| website = {{URL|kadammanittapally.com}}
}}

'''Kadammanittapally''' (also known as '''St. John's Orthodox Church''') in [[Kadammanitta]], [[Kerala]], India, is a church in the Thumpamon Diocese of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], named after [[St John the Baptist]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=kadammanittapally.com |url=https://kadammanittapally.com/static/about/}}</ref> Sacred footprints of [[Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala]] are claimed to be in the parish.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://kadammanittapally.com/}}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint John's Orthodox Church, Kadammanitta}}
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian church buildings]]
[[Category:Churches in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1989]]
[[Category:20th-century churches in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings]]

11th Hour (web series)

2025-03-02T07:54:45Z

Margaretzcd: fixed issues

#REDIRECT [[11th Hour (TV series)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Nagpur–Varanasi high-speed rail corridor

2025-02-08T20:40:40Z

Margaretzcd: Adding the info needs work...

{{refimprove|date=August 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{short description|Under-construction high-speed rail line}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Nagpur–Varanasi High Speed Rail Corridor
| other_name =
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[High-speed rail]]
| system =
| status = Planned
| locale = {{unbulleted list|[[Maharashtra]]|[[Madhya Pradesh]]|[[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| start = [[Nagpur]]
| end = [[Varanasi]]
| stations = 10 (expected)
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| planopen = {{Start date and age|2041|df=y}} <ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/railway-budget-2021-bullet-train-expectations-list-mumbai-ahmedabad-varanasi/articleshow/80419088.cms|title=Railway Budget 2021: Indian Railways to focus on new bullet train networks in coming years?|work=The Times of India|date=23 January 2021}}</ref>
| open = 
| yearcommenced =
| yearcompleted = 
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]]
| character = Elevated, underground and [[grade-separated]]
| depot =
| stock = [[E5 Series Shinkansen]]
| linelength_km = 760<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Indian Railways conducts feasibility studies for high-speed rail on THESE three Golden Quadrilateral routes – Details here |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-conducts-feasibility-studies-for-high-speed-rail-on-these-three-golden-quadrilateral-routes-details-here-3390101/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|1,435 mm|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]], 50 Hz, [[overhead catenary]]
| speed_km/h = 320
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website = {{URL|https://www.nhsrcl.in/}}
| map = {{Nagpur–Varanasi high-speed rail corridor}}
| map_name =
| map_state = uncollapsed
}}

The '''Nagpur–Varanasi High Speed Rail Corridor''' is one of the six new proposed [[high-speed rail]] lines that will connect [[Maharashtra]]'s eastern city [[Nagpur]] to [[Uttar Pradesh]]'s [[Varanasi]].<ref name="auto"/>

This line will link with the [[Delhi–Kolkata high-speed rail corridor|Delhi–Kolkata line]], hence connecting [[Mumbai]] with the eastern India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bullet-train-in-india-new-routes-jammu-guwahati-varanasi-ayodhya-patna-bengaluru-mumbai-indian-railways/articleshow/79808273.cms|title=Bullet train to Jammu, Guwahati? Indian Railways proposes to connect these major cities with high-speed rail|work=The Times of India|date=19 December 2020}}</ref>

==Possible stations==
The stations are on the planned alignment as shown on National Rail Plan's (NRP) High-speed rail line map.

==Project status==
===2021===
*'''December''': Ministry of Railways had planned to propose four new high-speed rail corridors in India, including a 855 km corriodor from [[Nagpur]] to [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/dec/31/railways-likely-to-propose-creation-of-four-new-bullet-train-corridors-taking-total-to-12-2401643.html|title=Railways likely to propose creation of four new bullet train corridors taking total to 12|publisher=New Indian Express|date=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/india-high-speed-rail-cmd/index.html|title=Slow progress for India's high-speed rail revolution|publisher=CNN|date=2 March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
** [[Mumbai–Nagpur high-speed rail corridor]]
** [[Delhi–Varanasi high-speed rail corridor]]
** [[Varanasi–Howrah high-speed rail corridor]]
** [[Patna–Guwahati high-speed rail corridor]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|https://www.nhsrcl.in/en/home|NHRCL official website}}
* {{URL|http://www.jterc.or.jp/english/kokusai/conferences/pdf/130211-jic-presentation.pdf|Preliminary Study}}

{{High-speed rail in India}}
{{Railways in Central India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna - Guwahati high-speed passenger corridor}}
[[Category:High-speed railway lines in India|N]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:India–Japan relations]]
[[Category:2020 in rail transport]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh]]

Neeraj Singh Lodhi

2025-01-26T20:35:05Z

Margaretzcd: Adding the biography initial version...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bargi Assembly constituency|Bargi]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Yadav (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Neeraj Singh Lodhi''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Bargi Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bargi Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Bargi Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/bargi-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bargi assembly election results 2023: Bargi Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/bargi-assembly-result-12096 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodhi, Neeraj Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Guttahalli, Bangarapet South

2024-12-07T00:59:37Z

Margaretzcd: brief improve information and fixed typos

{{Other uses|Guttahalli (disambiguation){{!}}Guttahalli}}
{{distinguish|Guttahalli, Bangarapet North}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Guttahalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.863574708538222|N|78.11376784218608|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]≈
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bangarapet]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 300<ref>{{cite web | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2927_PART_B_DCHB_KOLAR.pdf | title=2011 census | work=censusindia.gov.in | access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref>
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08153
| registration_plate =KA
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 608581
}}

'''Guttahalli''' is a small village in the [[Bangarapet]] Taluk of [[Kolar district|Kolar]] district in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is situated about 7 kilometers from [[Bangarapet]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2927_PART_A_DCHB_KOLAR.pdf | title=2011 census | work=censusindia.gov.in | access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Indian Census]], the village consists of 300 people. The town has a literacy rate of 62.33 percent which is lower than [[Karnataka]]'s average of 75.36 percent.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Total Number of Household : 57<ref>{{cite web | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=709009 | title=2011 census | work=censusindia.gov.in | access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref>
!Population
!Persons
!Males
!Females
|-
|Total
|300
|147
|153
|-
|In the age group 0–6 years
|35
|12
|23
|-
|Scheduled Castes (SC)
|107
|51
|56
|-
|Scheduled Tribes (ST)
|34
|17
|17
|-
|Literates
|187
|111
|76
|-
|Illiterate
|113
|36
|77
|-
|Total Worker
|164
|102
|62
|-
|Main Worker
|123
|89
|34
|-
|Main Worker - Cultivator
|73
|60
|13
|-
|Main Worker - Agricultural Labourers
|32
|15
|17
|-
|Main Worker - Household Industries
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Main Worker - Other
|18
|14
|4
|-
|Marginal Worker
|41
|13
|28
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator
|14
|2
|12
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers
|26
|10
|16
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Workers - Other
|1
|1
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker (3-6 Months)
|41
|13
|28
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (3-6 Months)
|14
|2
|12
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (3-6 Months)
|26
|10
|16
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (3-6 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other (3-6 Months)
|1
|1
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other Workers (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Non Worker
|136
|45
|91
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Kolar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kolar district]]

{{Kolar-geo-stub}}

Iron Bridge (Thrippunithura)

2024-08-28T06:55:32Z

Margaretzcd: added first pg v1

{{Short description|Bridge in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox bridge
| bridge_name = Iron Bridge
| native_name = ഇരുമ്പ് പാലം
| native_name_lang = ml
| image =Tripunithura Iron Bridge (2).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Entry to the bridge
| official_name =
| other_name = Irumbu Palam
| carries =
| crosses =
| locale = [[Thrippunithura]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] [[Kerala]], India
| owner =
| maint =
| architect =
| designer =
| engineering =
| design =
| material = cast iron
| length =
| width =
| height =
| builder = Westwood Bailey Engineering Construction
| begin =
| complete =
| cost =
| open = 1890
| inaugurated =
| followed =
| heritage =
| collapsed =
| closed =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.94504|76.34014|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Irumbu Palam''' (Iron Bridge) in [[Thrippunithura]], [[Kerala]] is one of the earliest iron bridges in India. The bridge was built across the Champakara canal (part of [[National Waterway 3]]) connecting Tripunithura and Poonithura which is part of the present [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]]. It was built by the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British]] in 1890 during the reign of [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran|Keralavarma V]]. The bridge, which is still in use is considered as an heritage landmark of the city of Thrippunithura.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-18 |title=The bridge over the Padinjare Puzha |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-bridge-over-the-padinjare-puzha/article7665128.ece |access-date=2023-07-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==
The bridge was built by ''Westwood Bailey Engineering Construction Company'' of [[London]] at a time when there was welding not used for construction works in India. The piers of the bridge are made of cast iron. In the days when there was no piling like today, cast iron pillars were installed in the river. Parts for the bridge were assembled from Britain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It’s not water under Irumbu Palam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jun/18/its-not-water-under-irumbu-palam-2317723.html |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Before the construction of the Tripunithura Mini Bypass, people used to rely on this bridge to travel from [[Maradu]] and Gandhi Square to Tripunithura and back. Footbridges were also added to it later on for the smooth passage of pedestrians.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-10 |title=127-year-old ‘Irumbu Paalam’ is now a foot overbridge |work=The Economic Times |url=https://timesofindia-indiatimes-com.translate.goog/city/kochi/127-yr-old-irumbu-paalam-is-now-a-foot-overbridge/articleshow/61585029.cms?from=mdr&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ml&_x_tr_hl=ml&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2023-07-22 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bridges and flyovers in Kochi]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1890]]
[[Category:19th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]

Salwa kingdom

2024-08-20T14:01:23Z

Margaretzcd: new basic pg v1...

{{Short description|Kingdom in the Mahabhrata epic}}
{{about|the kingdom Indian epic literature|the historical tribe|Salva (India)}}
'''Salwa''' (also written as Śalva [Shalva]) is a kingdom grouped among the western kingdoms in the [[Epic poetry|epic]] [[Mahabharata]]. It was close to [[Madra kingdom]] as both are mentioned together in many places. '''Saubha''' was its capital. [[Martikavati]] (alias Matika, Matrika, Matrikavati) also was mentioned as the capital of Salwa kingdom. The famous prince [[Satyavan]] was from Salwa. He married the Madra princess, [[Savitri and Satyavan|Savitri]], the daughter of Madra king Aswapati. Their history is a famous narration in Mahabharata. Seven chapters 3:291 to 3:297 is dedicated to this history of Satyavan and Savitri.

==References in Mahabharata==

===The common ancestry of Salwas and Madras===
There was, in ancient times, a king in the race of [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]], known by the name of Vyushitaswa. He was devoted to truth and virtue. Vyushitaswa, who was endued with the strength of ten elephants very soon performed the horse-sacrifice, overthrowing, all the kings of the East, the North, the West and the South, and exacted tributes from them all. The seven children all of whom became king, three Salwas and four Madras were sons of Vyushitaswa. (1:121).

===Location of Salwa kingdom===
Salwa kingdom is mentioned very close to Madra kingdom at (6:9) which describe kingdoms of Bharata Varsha. Another kingdom named '''Salwasena''' is mentioned close to [[Trigarta kingdom]]. The Matsyas, the Panchalas, the '''Salways''' and the Surasenas were mentioned as not very far away from Kuru kingdom at (5:54). King [[Jayadratha]] of [[Sauvira kingdom]] is mentioned as travelling to Salwa kingdom through Kamyaka woods. (3:262).

===Salwa culture===
''Salwas were included in the kingdoms that falls in the larger circle of the mainstream culture propounded by the Kurus and Panchalas''

The [[Kuru kingdom|Kauravas]] with the [[Panchala kingdom (Mahabharata)|Pancalas]], the Salwas, the [[Matsya kingdom|Matsyas]], the Naimishas, the [[Kosala kingdom|Koshalas]], the Kasapaundras, the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalingas]], the [[Magadha kingdom|Magadhas]], and the [[Chedi kingdom|Cedis]] who are all highly blessed, know what the eternal religion is. (8:45).

===King Dyumatsena of Salwa===
[[Dyumatsena]] was the father of [[Satyavan]], the famous prince who wedded the [[Madra kingdom|Madra]] princess [[Savitri and Satyavan|Savitri]]. Section 3:292 describes the history of Dyumatsena:-

There was, amongst the Salwas, a virtuous [[Kshatriya]] king known by the name of Dyumatsena. And it came to pass that in course of time he became blind. And that blind king possessed of wisdom had an only son. And it so happened that an old enemy dwelling in the vicinity, taking advantage of the king's mishap, deprived him of his kingdom. And thereupon the monarch, accompanied by his wife bearing a child on her breast, went into the woods. His son, born in the city, began to grow in the hermitage. The Brahmanas have named the son Satyavan. In his childhood he took great delight in horses, and used to make horses of clay. And he used also to draw pictures of horses. And for this that youth is sometimes called by the name of Chitraswa. The [[Madra]] princess Savitri knew about this prince and fell in love with him. Later she married him. Dyumatsena's minister somehow slew the enemy king and Dyumatesena regained his kingdom.

===Salwa king contemporary to Bhishma===
A Salwa king named [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Shalva|Shalva]] Kumara (5:179) was mentioned as a lover of [[Amba (fictional character)|Amba]], the eldest princess of [[Kasi kingdom]], who was abducted by [[Bhishma]], a warrior from [[Kuru kingdom]], along with her sisters Ambika and Ambalika. Bhishma wished to make her the wife of Kuru prince [[Vichitravirya]], but Amba wished to marry the Salwa king. Bhishma sent her to Salwa but the Salwa king rejected her.

===Salwa king contemporary to Krishna===
[[File:"King Sal Visits Kala Yavana", Folio from a Harivamsa (Legend of Hari (Krishna)).jpg |thumb|king salwa visiting kalayawana]]
Yet another Salwa king (3:12, 7:11) attacked [[Dwaraka kingdom|Dwaraka]], this Salwa king was an ally of [[Shishupala]], [[Dantavakra]] and [[Rukmi]]. According to the narration in the epic, he possessed an aircraft known as '''Saubha Vimana''' and used it for travel and for aerial warfare.
In detail, according to mahabharata, when Krishna had gone for Pandavas Rajasuya, king of Saubha attacked his city Dwarawati. To encounter him, Samva, Charudeshna, Pradyumna(Rukmani son) came out. They speedily defeated enemy commander and made him flee the battle, and killed all of the Danavas aiding him in battle by fiery weapons. To fight enemy king, Krishna son Pradyumna challenged him. They first commenced an aerial battle and later for better encounter descended from their cars. They both started to pierce each other with greater weapons making other unconscious each time. At last when about to be killed, King Salwa retreated from battle. When Krishna returned, he found his city gardens and damsels devoid of beauty. Upon knowing everything that had happened, he promised them to slay his enemy.
Krishna with his army marched for the attack and found King Salwa in an island pursuiting ocean coarse. And when battle began, both side started to shower arrows upon each other. Krishna started to kill all the Danavas aiding to the latter side. Seeing his side at loss, Salwa used an illusion causing enemy heroes to get confused of the environment and killed Krishna charioteer. And also made Vasudeva to get stuck in his illusion causing him to desist from fight. Later concluding in his mind that it was illusion he recovered his senses and started to fight afresh by discharging fiery weapons. Seeing this opponent Danavas showered mighty rocks upon them killing Krishna steeds but Krishna destroyed their shower by using thunderbolt as his weapon. At last, Krishna hurled his powerful discus Sudarshana and killed all the remaining tribes including Salwa. Killing everyone at the lord command it returned to Krishna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harekrsna.com/philosophy/associates/demons/dwarka/salva.htm|title=The Hare Krsnas - Krsna's Later Pastimes with Demons - King Salva}}</ref> (See [[Dwaraka kingdom]] for more details).

===Impact of Magadha over Salwa===
The eighteen tribes of the Bhojas, from fear of [[Magadha kingdom|Magadha]] king [[Jarasandha]], have all fled towards the west; so also have the Surasenas, the Bhadrakas, the Vodhas, the Salwas, the Patachchavas, the Susthalas, the Mukuttas, and the Kulindas, along with the Kuntis. And the king of the '''Salwayana''' tribe with their brethren and followers; and the southern Panchalas and the eastern Kosalas have all fled to the country of the Kuntis. (2:14).

===Salwas in Kurukshetra War===
A Salwa king allied with [[Duryodhana]] in [[Kurukshetra War]] (5:161). At (9:20) his final battle against the [[Pandavas]] is mentioned. A Salwa king has sided with [[Pandavas]] too in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. (7:23) Bhimaratha, (brother of [[Duryodhana]]), with six sharp shafts of great swiftness and made wholly of iron, despatched Salwa along with his steeds and charioteer to [[Yama]]’s abode. Salwakas along with [[Malava kingdom|Malavakas]] were mentioned as allies of the [[Pandavas]] ( 5:57). At (5:30) Salwakas were mentioned as fighting for [[Kauravas]].

===Other cultural references===
*Son of Salwa is mentioned as present in the self choice ceremony at [[Panchala kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala kingdom]]. (5:4)
*The Salwa prince Dyutimat of great splendour attained to the highest regions by giving his kingdom to Richika. (13:137) (12,233).

==See also==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*''[[Mahabharata]]'' of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]

Lodhipur, Bewar

2023-12-11T00:53:53Z

Margaretzcd: Adding first stub w/ refs...

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{other uses|Lodhipur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lodhipur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.21101|N|79.26076|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.494
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 594
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lodhipur''' ({{IAST|Lodhīpur}}) is a village in [[Bewar, Mainpuri|Bewar]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 594, in 90 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Lodhipur had a population of 594, in 90 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|193}} This population was 53.4% male (317) and 46.6% female (277). The 0-6 age group numbered 97 (47 male and 50 female), or 16.3% of the total population. 299 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 50.3% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|142-3}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Lodhipur as having a population of 343 people, in 49 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|186-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Lodhipur as comprising 1 hamlets, with a total population of 218 people (116 male and 102 female), in 38 households and 24 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 124 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Lodhipur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|193-8}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Bhogpur railway station

2023-12-06T08:46:03Z

Margaretzcd: added info

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bhogpur
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Railway station pic.jpg
| caption = Bhogpur railway station
| address = [[Bhogpur, Purba Medinipur|Bhogpur]], [[Purba Medinipur district]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.40194|87.80954|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 4
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code = BOP
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Bhogpur
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=South Eastern|left=Narayan Pakuria Murail|right=Nandaigajan|to-left=Midnapore|to-right=Howrah Junction|type=[[Howrah–Kharagpur line]]}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Kharagpur line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Bhogpur railway station''' is situated in [[Bhogpur (Purba Medinipur)|Bhogpur]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhogpur Railway Station, Kolaghat, Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, 721151|url=https://maps.mapmyindia.com/@5Q33XO|access-date=2021-10-29|website=maps.mapmyindia.com|language=en}}</ref> in the district of [[Purba Medinipur]] in [[West Bengal]] in the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway Zone]], India. The station lies between [[Howrah]] and [[Kharagpur, West Bengal|Kharagpur]]. Special EMU trains are available here, and local EMU trains Howrah–Panskura, Howrah–Balichak, Howrah–Kharagpur, Howrah–Medinipur, Howrah–Haldia stop here.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhogpur Railway Station (BOP) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/bhogpur-bop-station|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} Also a few MEMU and passenger trains are available here, MEMU trains to TATA, BELDA are available here.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} Also trains to [[Digha]] and [[Puri]] also stop here. One pair of Santragachi–Digha and Mecheda–Digha trains are available here. The station has four platforms.

Approximately 15 villages use this station. people use this station to reach [[Kolkata]]. Local trains take 1.5 hours to reach to [[Howrah station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/howrah|title=Howrah |publisher=West Bangal Tourism |access-date=12 April 2019}}{{failed verification|date=April 2019}}</ref> This station is in between Nandaigazan and Naryan pakuriya Murail Rail station. [[Panskura]] and [[Mecheda]] are large rail stations situated near this station. The first train to Howrah is at 3.09 am and last train to Howrah is 11.44 pm. The first train to Kharagpur is at 3.54 am and last is at 1.41 am.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

Bhogpur railway station was opened in 1900.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bhogpur-bop/5979 The station map of Bhogpur railway station]
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, South Eastern}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Power Play with Champions

2023-11-28T00:13:34Z

Margaretzcd: Made initial data w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian cricket game show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Power Play With Champions season 2.jpeg
| language = Hindi
| caption = Show poster
| genre = [[Game show]]
| creator =
| writer =
| director =
| presenter = [[Virender Sehwag]] [[Samir Kochhar]].
| country = India
| italic_title =
| num_episodes = 60
| num_seasons = 1
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| runtime = 12 minutes
| company =
| released = {{Start date|2020|09|18|df=y}}
}}

'''''Power Play with Champions''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Interactive film|interactive]] [[cricket]]-based [[Game show|quiz show]] that aired on the [[Flipkart]] app on 18 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-09-16|title=IPL 13 promises to bring joy to the fans, feels Sehwag {{!}} english.lokmat.com|url=https://english.lokmat.com/cricket/ipl-13-promises-to-bring-joy-to-the-fans-feels-sehwag/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-22|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=en}}</ref> It is an original series of [[Flipkart Video]] hosted by former Indian cricketer [[Virender Sehwag]] and television presenter [[Samir Kochhar]] who discuss various aspects of the upcoming matches and present their own perspectives so as to help the viewers predict the correct answers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=16 September 2020|title='This season's IPL promises to bring joy to the fans', feels Virender Sehwag|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/ipl/news/2020/sep/16/this-seasons-iplpromises-to-bring-joy-to-the-fans-feels-virender-sehwag-2197627.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-22|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2020: वीरेंद्र सहवाग और समीर कोचर पेश करेंगे 'पावर प्ले विद चैंपियंस'|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/cricket/story-virender-sehwag-samir-kochhar-present-power-play-with-champions-for-ipl-2020-3495143.html|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref> The show concluded its first season on 16 November 2020 with 60 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-09-16|title=IPL 13 promises to bring joy to the fans, feels Sehwag {{!}} english.lokmat.com|url=https://english.lokmat.com/cricket/ipl-13-promises-to-bring-joy-to-the-fans-feels-sehwag/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-22|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=16 September 2020|title='This season's IPL promises to bring joy to the fans', feels Virender Sehwag|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/ipl/news/2020/sep/16/this-seasons-iplpromises-to-bring-joy-to-the-fans-feels-virender-sehwag-2197627.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-22|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2020: वीरेंद्र सहवाग और समीर कोचर पेश करेंगे 'पावर प्ले विद चैंपियंस'|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/cricket/story-virender-sehwag-samir-kochhar-present-power-play-with-champions-for-ipl-2020-3495143.html|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref>

The second season of Power Play with Champions was announced by Flipkart on its official YouTube channel on 7 April 2021 with a trailer and launched on 8 April 2021. This season is also being hosted by Virender and Samir.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Vineeta |title=Virendra Sehwag Biopic: Samir Kochchar Reveals Who Can Play The Cricketer on-screen |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-virendra-sehwag-biopic-samir-kochchar-reveals-who-can-play-the-cricketer-on-screen-4568350/ |work=India.com |date=8 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
It is a daily game show which will have each new episode based on a match scheduled for the next day. The show host [[Virender Sehwag]] and [[Samir Kochhar]] provide critical analysis of previous matches and performances of the teams and players who are scheduled to play the next day. Based on this analysis users are provided with 6 questions in a bid to win rewards. The participants are tested on various parameters of the game; they have to answer the questions based on analysis and their own knowledge and skills about the game of cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=IPL 2020: Virender Sehwag in new role in 'Power Play with Champions'|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/cricket-sports/ipl-2020-virender-sehwag-in-new-role-power-play-with-champions-apc-qgqygh|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-22|website=[[Asianet News]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Hosts ==
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Samir Kochhar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=13119048}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Indian sports television series]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Cricket on television]]
[[Category:Flipkart]]
[[Category:Interactive films]]

Kudva (disambiguation)

2023-09-27T01:31:09Z

Margaretzcd: added initial info w/ refs

'''[[Kudva]]''' is a village in Uttar Pradesh, India. It may also relate to:

*[[Vaman Srinivas Kudva]], the founding director of [[Syndicate Bank]] in India

{{disambig}}

Warisaliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-11T20:08:45Z

Margaretzcd: Content refreshed with new edits

#REDIRECT [[Warisaliganj Assembly constituency]]

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{{R from move}}
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