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Ritesh Tiwari

2026-05-07T04:29:55Z

Margaretxro: new basic article v1!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]{{br}}for [[Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency|Kashipur-Belgachhia]]
| predecessor = [[Atin Ghosh]] ([[Trinamool Congress|TMC]])
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 1989)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|06|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[B.A.]])
| occupation = Politician, social worker
}}

'''Ritesh Tiwari''' (born 14 June 1971) is an Indian politician who has been elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] since 2026 from the [[Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency|Kashipur-Belgachhia constituency]]. Before that, he was the vice-president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ritesh Tiwari(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KASHIPUR-BELGACHHIA(KOLKATA NORTH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=2044 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Tiwari was born in Kolkata on 14 June 1971. He currently resides in [[Cossipore]], West Bengal. He has an undergraduate degree from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 2003. He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 1989. He was the vice-president of the state BJP in West Bengal. Previously, he contested in 2014 and 2016 from [[Chowrangee Assembly constituency|Chowrangee]] seat, but lost to Nyana Bandopadhyay twice.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-26 |title=BJP names Ritesh Tiwari for Chowringhee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bjp-names-ritesh-tiwari-for-chowringhee/articleshow/40877865.cms |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2022, he was suspended for anti-party activities. Later in 2025, after [[Samik Bhattacharya]] became party president, Tiwari's suspension was revoked. In 2026, he won the [[Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency]] from the incumbent [[Atin Ghosh]], who was the Kolkata's Deputy mayor, by a margin of 1681 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-01-24 |title=BJP suspends leaders Ritesh Tiwari, Jaiprakash Majumdar, feud in party intensifies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Jan/24/bjp-suspends-leaders-ritesh-tiwari-jaiprakash-majumdar-feud-in-party-intensifies-2410916.html |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2022-01-25 |title=West Bengal BJP suspends senior leaders; actors quit party |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/west-bengal-bjp-suspends-senior-leaders-actors-quit-party/article38322883.ece |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Ritesh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Nor'westers

2026-05-06T14:01:38Z

Margaretxro:

{{Short description|Severe storms in Eastern India and Bangladesh}}
{{hatnote|For other uses, see [[Nor'wester (disambiguation)|Nor'wester]].}}
{{distinguish|Nor'easter}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
[[File:Nor’wester Kolkata 5959.JPG|thumb|Nor'wester in [[Kolkata]], [[India]], 2010]]
The '''Nor'westers''' are a localised rainfall and thunderstorm event which occurs in the region of [[Eastern South Asia]]. This includes the region of [[Bengal]] ([[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]]) and the regions of [[Odisha]], [[Tripura]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] in [[East India]] and [[Northeast India]] and the adjacent regions of [[Nepal]] during the summer months. These storms generally occur in the afternoon or just before sunset, when thick dark black clouds start appearing over the sky and then bring gale-speed wind with torrential rain, often with hail, but spanning only a short period of time.<ref name="skymet 1">{{Cite web|date=2015-03-21|title=Are you petrified by the term Kal Baisakhi?|url=https://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-faqs/what-is-kal-baisakhi-or-norwesters/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.skymetweather.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="nature 1">{{Cite journal|last1=Roy|first1=S. C.|last2=Chatterji|first2=G.|date=September 1929|title=Origin of Nor'westers|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=124|issue=3126|pages=481|doi=10.1038/124481a0|bibcode=1929Natur.124..481R|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Composite characteristics of Nor'westers based on observations and simulations|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169809515000502|date=27 February 2015|website=sciencedirect.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
They are also known as '''kalboisakhi''' or '''kalbaisakhi''' ({{langx|bn|কালবৈশাখী|Kālbôiśākhī}}, {{IPA|bn|kaːlboiʃakʰi|pron}}; {{langx|or|କାଳ ବୈଶାଖୀ|Kāḷa Baiśākhī}}, {{IPA|or|kaɭɔ̟ bɔ̟isakʰi|pron}}), and as '''bordoisila''' ({{langx|as|বৰদৈচিলা|Bôrdôisilā}}, {{IPA|as|bɔ̞ɹdo̞isilä|pron}}).

In these languages, the term ''kālbôiśākhī'' refers to a "fateful thing" which occurs in the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu month]] of [[Baishakh]].<ref name="nature 1"/> The term ''nor'wester'' is more commonly used in English newspapers since these storms travel from northwest to southeast.<ref name="banglapedia 1">{{Cite web |title=Nor'wester |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Nor%E2%80%99wester |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=Banglapedia |language=en}}</ref> In Assamese, the event is known as a ''bôrdôisilā'', which is derived from the [[Bodo language|Bodo]] word ''bôrdôisikhlā'', in which ''bôr'' means wind, ''dôi'' means water and ''sikhlā'' means girl, represents the goddess of nature, wind and rain and also marks the beginning of the Assamese month [[Bohag Bihu|Bôhāg]] or Baishagu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-25|title=Bordoichila: A Pre-Monsoon Weather - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/editorial/bordoichila-a-pre-monsoon-weather-535274|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Genesis ==
[[File:Thakurgaon Hailstorm.webm|thumb|Heavy [[hailstorm]] during a nor'wester in [[Thakurgaon District|Thakurgaon, Northern Bangladesh]] (April 2022)]]
The period of kalboisakhi formation generally begins in April and lasts until the [[monsoon]] establishes itself over [[Northeast India]], although March kalboisakhi are not unknown.<ref name="banglapedia 1"/> Based on event descriptions and the meteorological environments involved, these storms can be classified as progressive [[derecho]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US Department of Commerce|first=NOAA|title=NWS JetStream - Where and When do Derechos Occur|url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/derecho_climo|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.weather.gov|language=EN-US}}</ref> kalboisakhi originate over the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chhotanagpur Plateau]] between the states of Bihar and Jharkhand. They gradually gain strength as they move southeastwards and impact the states of Odisha, West Bengal, and Assam with gale-speed winds (often exceeding {{cvt|100|km/h}}), torrential rains, and [[hail]]storms. On some occasions, incursion of moist air in these elevated places, when combined with high surface temperatures, causes violent thunderstorms.<ref name="skymet 1"/> [[Tornado]]es also rarely form if there is enough moisture, convection and heat in the [[Ganges Delta|Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta]]; [[Daulatpur–Saturia tornado|one such tornado]] killed over a thousand people when it struck Bangladesh in 1989, making it the [[List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths|deadliest tornado in history]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bangladeshtornadoes.org/climo/btorcli0.htm |title= Tornados in Bangladesh and East India –—|access-date=2008-08-23 |last1=Finch |first1=Jonathan |last2=Dewan |first2=Ashraf M. |publisher= Bangladesh tornadoes}}</ref><ref name="skymet 2">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Kalbaisakhi strike to continue over West Bengal, Jharkhand , Odisha, gale winds likely|url=https://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/kalbaisakhi-strike-to-continue-over-west-bengal-jharkhand-odisha-gale-winds-likely/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.skymetweather.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Effects ==
Kalboisakhi brings destruction by uprooting trees due to gale winds and waterlogging roads due to heavy rainfall.<ref name="skymet 2"/> It often damages crop by hailstorms.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taneja|first=Nidhi|date=2020-04-27|title=Hailstorm destroys mango worth Rs 60 crore in West Bengal's Malda|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hailstorm-destroys-mango-worth-rs-60-crore-in-west-bengal-s-malda-611822|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> However it is extremely helpful for [[kharif crop]]s like [[jute]], [[Paddy field|paddy]], etc. and give relief after the mid-day heat and give rainfall to the dry soils for the development of the crops.<ref name="skymet 1"/> Due to [[Climate change|global warming]], these storms are becoming infrequent and becoming stronger, causing more destruction.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalbaisakhi★: The questions are Blowin' in the Wind|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/science-tech/kalbaisakhi-the-questions-are-nbsp-blowin-rsquo-in-the-wind/cid/1377626|access-date=2021-05-12|work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata}}</ref>

== In Bengali literature ==
Many Bengali poets and artists have regarded "kalboisakhi" as events of astounding beauty. Bengali poet [[Mohitlal Majumdar|Mohit Lal Majumder]] described the storm in his poem ''Kalboisakhi'', and the storms also inspired [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s poem ''Esho Hey Boisakh'' ({{lit|Come, oh Boisakh}}).<ref name="skymet 1"/>

== Photography ==
<gallery>
File:বৈশাখ মাসে বৃষ্টি আসার আগ মূহুর্ত.jpg|At 8:28 am on the 8th of Baishakh, 1432 (21 April 2025 CE), the moment before the month's rainfall in [[Bangladesh]].
File:Before the rains arrive in the month of Baishakh in Bangladesh.jpg|Before the rains come in the month of Baishakh in [[Bangladesh]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Bangladesh|India}}
*[[Mango showers]] – pre-monsoon summer rainfall in southern India
*[[Derecho]]
*[[Monsoon]]
*[[Geography of Bangladesh]]
*[[Geography of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Climate of Asia]]
[[Category:Weather events in India]]
[[Category:Weather events in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Weather events in Nepal]]

Penagalur mandal

2026-05-03T14:33:44Z

Margaretxro: new the entry needs work!

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Penagalur mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name3 = [[Penagalur]]
| mapframe = yes
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Penagalur mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Tirupati revenue division]].

== History ==
The mandal was a part of [[Annamayya district]]. It was made a part of the Tirupati district on 31 December 2025.<ref name="districts-20251231">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Pankaj Udhas

2026-05-02T18:16:15Z

Margaretxro:

{{Short description|Indian singer (1951–2024)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pankaj Udhas
| image = Pankaj Udhas in 2015.jpg
| caption = Udhas in 2015
| alt =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1951|05|17}}
| birth_place = [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]], [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]] (now in [[Gujarat]]), India<ref>{{cite web |title=दुनिया को अलव‍िदा कह गए 'च‍िट्ठी आई है' गाने वाले पंकज उधास, 72 की उम्र में ली आख‍िरी सांस |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/pankaj-udhas-death-legendary-singer-no-more-fans-shocked-entertainment-industry-sad-news-tmovh-1887261-2024-02-26 |website=आज तक |language=hi |date=26 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226152216/https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/pankaj-udhas-death-legendary-singer-no-more-fans-shocked-entertainment-industry-sad-news-tmovh-1887261-2024-02-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|02|26|1951|05|17}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = [[Ghazals]]
| occupation = Ghazal Singer
| instrument = [[Vocals]], [[Harmonium]], [[Guitar]], [[Piano]], [[Violin]], [[Tabla]]
| years_active = 1980–2024
| label = [[EMI]], [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| website =
| associated_acts =
}}
|module2 ='''Awards''' [[Padma Shri]] (2006)<ref>{{cite web |title=Pankaj Udhas: Journey from Aahat In 1980 To Winning Padma Shri; Iconic Moments Of Ghazal Maestro |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/pankaj-udhas-journey-from-aahat-in-1980-to-winning-padma-shri-iconic-moments-of-ghazal-maestro/photostory/108021093.cms |website=TimesNow |language=en |date=26 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226183417/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/pankaj-udhas-journey-from-aahat-in-1980-to-winning-padma-shri-iconic-moments-of-ghazal-maestro/photostory/108021093.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pankaj Udhas Birthday: पद्मश्री मिलने की खबर से अनजान थे पंकज उधास, दोस्त ने बताया तो दी थी मजेदार प्रतिक्रिया |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/birthday-special-when-pankaj-udhas-received-the-news-of-padma-shri-award-from-a-friend-know-interesting-things-about-the-ghazal-singer |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226183342/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/birthday-special-when-pankaj-udhas-received-the-news-of-padma-shri-award-from-a-friend-know-interesting-things-about-the-ghazal-singer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tiwari |first1=Himanshi |last2=Hindi |first2=India TV |title='चिट्ठी आई है..' गाने से पंकज उधास को मिला था फेम, पद्मश्री पुरस्कार मिलने के पीछे है दिलचस्प किस्सा |url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/pankaj-udhas-interesting-story-behind-getting-padma-shri-award-2024-02-26-1026648 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi |date=26 February 2024
|access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226183337/https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/pankaj-udhas-interesting-story-behind-getting-padma-shri-award-2024-02-26-1026648 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Balakrishna, Ajith, Shekhar Kapur, Shobana honoured with Padma Bhushan, Arijit Singh, Ricky Kej conferred with Padma Shri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/padma-awards-balakrishna-ajith-shekhar-kapur-shobana-arijit-singh-ricky-kej-9799275/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=25 January 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Pankaj Udhas''' (17 May 1951 – 26 February 2024) was an Indian [[ghazal]] and playback singer known for his works in [[Hindi cinema]], and [[Indian pop]]. He started his career with the release of a ghazal album titled ''Aahat'' in 1980 and subsequently recorded many hits like ''Mukarar'' in 1981, ''Tarrannum'' in 1982, ''Mehfil'' in 1983, ''Pankaj Udhas Live at Royal Albert Hall'' in 1984, ''Nayaab'' in 1985 and ''Aafreen'' in 1986. After his success as a ghazal singer, he was invited to appear and sing for a film by [[Mahesh Bhatt]], ''[[Naam (1986 film)|Naam]]'', in which his song "Chitthi Aayee Hai" (A Letter Has Arrived) became an instant hit. He did playback singing for many Hindi films after that. Albums and live concerts around the globe brought him fame as a singer. In 2006, Pankaj Udhas was awarded [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=420 |title=Padma Shri Awardees |access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> His brothers [[Nirmal Udhas]] and [[Manhar Udhas]] are also singers.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Times of India|title=Hailing from a farmer's family|author=|date=27 February 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hailing-from-a-farmers-family-to-marrying-despite-religious-differences-celebrating-the-lesser-known-side-of-pankaj-udhas/articleshow/108017650.cms|publisher=timesgroup|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227042750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hailing-from-a-farmers-family-to-marrying-despite-religious-differences-celebrating-the-lesser-known-side-of-pankaj-udhas/articleshow/108017650.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Udhas was posthumously awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third-highest civilian award, by the [[Government of India]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arijit Singh, Sharda Sinha and Pankaj Udhas among artists honoured with Padma Awards |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/arijit-singh-sharda-sinha-and-pankaj-udhas-among-artists-honoured-with-padma-awards-article-12919691.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=January 26, 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pankaj Udhas was born in Navagadh village of [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]] in a [[Charan]] family of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tiwari |first1=Himanshi |last2=Hindi |first2=India TV |date=2024-02-26 |title=गजल गायक पंकज उधास का निधन, गम में डूबे सेलेब्स ने दी श्रद्धांजलि |url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/pankaj-udhas-death-nitin-gadkari-to-sonu-nigam-other-celebs-paid-tribute-2024-02-26-1026626 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-26 |title=Singer Jigardan Gadhvi mourns the demise of Pankaj Udhas: It feels like a very personal loss to the Charan-Gadhavi community as he belongs to our community |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/singer-jigardan-gadhvi-mourns-the-demise-of-pankaj-udhas-a-personal-loss-to-the-charan-gadhavi-community/articleshow/108014556.cms |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times - Asia Pecific |title=Pankaj Udhas, Bollywood Singer and Maestro of the Ghazal, Dies at 72 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/27/world/asia/pankaj-udhas-dead.html |date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227135513/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/27/world/asia/pankaj-udhas-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the youngest of the three brothers. His parents were Keshubhai Udhas and Jituben Udhas. His eldest brother [[Manhar Udhas]] achieved some success as a Hindi playback singer in [[Bollywood]] films. His second brother [[Nirmal Udhas]] is also a well-known Ghazal Singer and was the first of the three brothers to start singing in the family.

Udhas had studied in Sir BPTI Bhavanagar. His family moved to [[Mumbai]] and Pankaj attended [[St. Xavier's College, Bombay|St. Xavier's College]] there.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chauhan |first1=Prerit |title=RIP! Ghazal Legend Pankaj Udhas Passes Away |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/viral/rip-ghazal-legend-pankaj-udhas-passes-away-4007815 |website=www.ptcpunjabi.co.in |language=mr}}</ref>

His family hails from a town named Navagadh near [[Rajkot]] and were ''zamindars'' ({{translation|traditional landlords}}). His grandfather was the first graduate from the village and went on to become the [[Dewan|Diwan]] (revenue minister) of the [[Bhavnagar State]]. His father, Keshubhai Udhas, was a government servant and had met the renowned [[Veena]] player, [[Abdul Karim Khan]], who taught him to play the [[dilruba]].<ref name="Hindu-Gautham-Intoxicated-01">{{Cite web|first=Savitha|last=Gautham|date=18 October 2001|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/10/18/stories/13180783.htm|title=Intoxicated with poetry|archive-date=10 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010171618/http://www.hindu.com/2001/10/18/stories/13180783.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=20 July 2021|website=The Hindu}}</ref> When Udhas was a child, his father would play the dilruba, a stringed instrument. Seeing his and his brothers' interest in music, his father enrolled them at the Sangeet Academy in Rajkot. Udhas initially enrolled himself to learn the ''[[tabla]]'' but later began learning Hindustani vocal classical music from Ghulam Qadir Khan Sahab. Udhas then moved to Mumbai to train under the tutelage of Navrang Nagpurkar, a singer from the Gwalior Gharana.<ref name="SundayGuardian-Singh-Tradition-18">{{Cite web|first=Swati|last=Singh|date=12 May 2018|title=Pankaj Udhas: True to tradition|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/pankaj-udhas-true-tradition|access-date=20 July 2021|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|language=en-US|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720211755/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/pankaj-udhas-true-tradition|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
A song titled Chandi Jaisa Rang hai tera, sone jaise bal (i.e. Your colour is like silver, your hair is like gold) was sung by Pankaj Udhas. Pankaj Udhas' older brother, [[Manhar Udhas]] was a stage performer who aided Pankaj in his introduction to musical performance. His first stage performance was during the [[Sino-Indian War]], when he sang "[[Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo]]" and was given Rs. 51 by an audience member as a reward.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Desk |first1=INVC |date=26 February 2024 |title=Pankaj Udhas died today - know what were the reasons for his death |url=https://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/pankaj-udhas-died-today-at-the-age-of-72-raj-kapoor-cried-after-listening-to-the-song-chithi-aayi-hai/ |website=INVC}}</ref>

Four years later he joined the Sangeet Natya Academy in Rajkot and learned the nuances of playing the tabla. After that, he pursued a Bachelor of Science degree at Wilson College and St Xavier's college, Mumbai and started training in Indian classical vocal music under the tutelage of Master Navrang. Udhas's first song was in the film "Kamna" a solo composed by Usha Khanna and written by Naqsh Lyallpuri, the film was a flop, but his rendition was very much appreciated. Subsequently, Udhas developed an interest in ghazals and learned Urdu to try to pursue a career as a ghazal singer. He spent ten months in Canada and the US doing ghazal concerts and returned to India with renewed vigour and confidence. His first ghazal album, ''Aahat'', was released in 1980. From this, he began to have success and, as of 2011 he had released more than fifty albums and hundreds of compilation albums. In 1986, Udhas received another opportunity to perform in film, in the film ''Naam'', which brought him fame. In 1990, he sang the melodious duet "Mahiya Teri Kasam" with [[Lata Mangeshkar]], for the movie ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]''. This song achieved immense popularity. In 1994, Udhas sang the notable song, "Na Kajre Ki Dhar", from the film ''[[Mohra]]'' along with [[Sadhana Sargam]] which also became very popular. He continued working as a playback singer, making some on-screen appearances in films such as ''[[Saajan]]'', ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'', ''[[Naam (1986 film)|Naam]]'' and ''Phir Teri Kahaani Yaad Aayee''. His album ''Shagufta'' launched by Music India in December 1987 was the first to be released on compact disc in India.<ref>''Limca Book of Records 1990''.(Bombay, Bisleri:1990)</ref> Later, Udhas started a talent hunt television program called ''Aadab Aarz Hai'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98sep27/sunday/filmtv.htm |title=Tribuneindia... Film and TV |publisher=TribuneIndia |work=Mukesh Khosala |access-date=18 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222005718/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98sep27/sunday/filmtv.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Actor [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] calls Udhas his mentor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/john-abraham-calls-pankaj-udhas-his-mentor-285117 |title=John Abraham calls Pankaj Udhas his mentor |publisher=[[NDTV]] |work=IANS |date=27 October 2012 |access-date=18 February 2014 |archive-date=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804044957/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/john-abraham-calls-pankaj-udhas-his-mentor-285117 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Udhas's ghazals talk about love, intoxication and ''sharab''.<ref name="Hindu-Gautham-Intoxicated-01" />

[[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Shri to renowned ghazal singer Shri Pankaj Keshubhai Udhas, at investiture ceremony in New Delhi on March 29, 2006.jpg|thumb|The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Shri to renowned ghazal singer Shri Pankaj Keshubhai Udhas, at investiture ceremony in New Delhi on 29 March 2006]]

==Death==
Pankaj Udhas died, aged 72, of a prolonged illness at [[Breach Candy Hospital]] in Mumbai, on 26 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=hindustan |first1=times |title=Pankaj Udhas funeral: Singer laid to rest with gun salute; celebrity friends pay final respects |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/pankaj-udhas-death-live-updates-songs-ghazal-singer-funeral-tribute-bollywood-reaction-latest-news-today-27-february-101709012617906-amp.html |website=hindustantimes.vom |date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227080520/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/pankaj-udhas-death-live-updates-songs-ghazal-singer-funeral-tribute-bollywood-reaction-latest-news-today-27-february-101709012617906-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His funeral was held on 27 February 2024 at the Hindu Crematorium in [[Worli]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Kumud |title=Mumbai: Famous Ghazal Emperor Pankaj Udhas Is No More, Dies At The Age Of 72 After Prolonged Illness |url=https://diarytimes.com/mumbai-famous-ghazal-emperor-pankaj-udhas-is-no-more-dies-at-the-age-of-72-after-prolonged-illness/ |language=en |date=26 February 2024|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=ET |first1=Online |title=Pankaj Udhas funeral: Last journey begins, to be laid to rest with state honours |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pankaj-udhas-funeral-last-journey-begins-to-be-laid-to-rest-with-state-honours/videoshow/108044589.cms |website=economicstimes.com |date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227133156/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pankaj-udhas-funeral-last-journey-begins-to-be-laid-to-rest-with-state-honours/videoshow/108044589.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In memories of Pankaj Udas, his last ghazal was [https://lyricshub.in/baithi-ho-kyun-gumsum-lyrics/ '''"Baithi Ho Kyun Gumsum"'''] re-release T-series YouTube channel.

==Awards==

* 2025: Padma Bhushan<ref name="Balakrishna, Ajith, Shekhar Kapur, Shobana honoured with Padma Bhushan, Arijit Singh, Ricky Kej conferred with Padma Shri">{{cite news |date=25 January 2025 |title=Balakrishna, Ajith, Shekhar Kapur, Shobana honoured with Padma Bhushan, Arijit Singh, Ricky Kej conferred with Padma Shri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/padma-awards-balakrishna-ajith-shekhar-kapur-shobana-arijit-singh-ricky-kej-9799275/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126154012/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/padma-awards-balakrishna-ajith-shekhar-kapur-shobana-arijit-singh-ricky-kej-9799275/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 2024 - Honour [[Lokmat]] [[Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards|Sur Jyotsna National Music]] legends Award 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=author/lokmat-news-network |first=Lokmat |date=2024-03-13 |title='सूर ज्योत्स्ना राष्ट्रीय संगीत पुरस्कार' जाहीर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/nagpur/sur-jyotsna-national-music-award-2024-announced-a-a719/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
* 2006 – Padma shri for his contribution to the art of ghazal singing, his huge contribution to cancer patients and thallasemic children on the occasion of him completing 25 years of ghazal singing.
* 2006 – Prestigious "Kalakar" award at [[Kolkata]] for "Hasrat" as "Best Ghazal album of 2005".
* 2004 – Special Felicitation at the Wembley Conference Center, London for Completing 20 Years of Performance at the Prestigious Venue.
* 2003 – MTV Immies Award for the successful album 'In Search of Meer'.
* 2003 – Special Achievement Award at the Bollywood Music Award, New York for Popularizing Ghazals Across the Globe.
* 2003 – Dadabhai Naoroji Millennium Award conferred by the Dadabhai Naoroji International Society for Contribution to Ghazal and the Music Industry.
* 2002 – Award for Excellence in Music Field presented by Sahyog Foundation at Mumbai.
* 2002 – Honoured by the Indo-American Chamber of Commerce.
* 2001 – Vocational Recognition Award for Outstanding Performance as a Ghazal singer presented by Rotary Club of Mumbai Downtown.
* 1999 – Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, USA Award for extraordinary services to Indian music, especially promotion of ghazals in India and abroad. Presented at the Festival of Ghazals held in New York.
* 1998 – Indian Arts Awards Gala presented by the Mayor of the City of Jersey City.
* 1998 – Outstanding Artistic Achievement Award presented by the American Academy of Artists at Atlantic City.
* 1996 – Indira Gandhi Priyadarshani Award for Outstanding Services, Achievement and Contribution to Music.
* 1994 – Honorary Citizenship of Lubbock Texas, USA.
* 1994 – Radio Lotus Award for Outstanding Achievement and for the many songs featuring on the official hit parade of the radio. Presented by Radio Lotus, South Africa at the University of Durban.
* 1993 – Giants International Award for extraordinary efforts to achieve the highest standards in the field of music thereby motivating the entire community to pursue excellence.
* 1990 – Outstanding Young Persons' Award (1989–90) for positive leadership and distinguished services rendered to the nation. Presented by the Indian Junior Chambers.
* 1985 – K L Saigal Award for being the Best Ghazal Singer of the Year.

==Albums==
*Aahat (1980)
*Nasha (1997)
*Mukarrar (1981)
*Tarrannum (1982)
*Mehfil (1983)
*Shamakhana
*Pankaj Udhas Live at Albert Hall (1984)
*Nayaab (1985)
*Legend
*Khazana
*Aafreen (1986)
*Shagufta
*Nabeel
*Aashiyana (1992)
*Anjana (1992)
*Ek Dhun Pyar Ki (1992)
*Rubayee
*Teen Mausam
*Geetnuma
*Kaif
*Khayaal
*Aman
*Woh Ladki Yaad Aati Hai
*Stolen Moments
*Mahek (1999)
*Ghoonghat
*Muskan
*Dhadkan
*Best of Pankaj Udhas Vol-1, 2
*Pankaj Udas 'Life Story' Vol-1, 2
*Pankaj Udhas Vol-1, 2, 3, 4
*Lamha
*Janeman
* Jashn (2006)
* [[Endless Love (Indian album)|Endless Love]]
* Shaayar
* Rajuat (Gujarati)
* Baisakhi (Punjabi)
* Yaad
* Kabhi Ansoo Kabhi Khushboo Kabhi Naghuma
* Humnasheen
* In Search of Meer (2003)
* Hasrat (2005)
* Bhalobasha (Bengali)
* Yaara – Music by Ustad Amjad Ali Khan
* Shabad – Music by [[Vaibhav Saxena]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Tyagi |first=Avantika |title=blending music to create a heady re-(mix) |url=https://archive.org/details/timesofindia-musicinterview |work=the times of india |location=Noida |access-date=31 January 2015 }}</ref> and Gunjan Jha
* Shaayar (2010)
* Barbad Mohabbat
* Nasheela
*Sentimental (2013)
*Khamoshi Ki Aawaz (2014)
*Khwabon Ki Khahani (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 June 2015|title=पंकज उधास और आलोक श्रीवास्तव के 'ख़्वाबों की कहानी'|trans-title=Pankaj udhas and Alok Srivastava's Ghazal album "Khwabon Ki Kahani"|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/story/pankaj-udhas-and-alok-srivastavas-ghazal-album-khwabon-ki-kahani-cover-revealed--303462-2015-06-28|access-date=20 July 2021|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720213236/https://www.aajtak.in/india/story/pankaj-udhas-and-alok-srivastavas-ghazal-album-khwabon-ki-kahani-cover-revealed--303462-2015-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Madhose
*Nayaab lamhe with Gulzar (2018)

==Tracks==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year of release !! Song !! Movies/Albums !! Singer !! Composer !! Lyricist
|-
|1970 || Munne Ki Amma Yeh To Bata || [[Tum Haseen Main Jawaan]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Kishore Kumar]] || [[Shankar-Jaikishan]] || [[Rajinder Krishan]]
|-
|1986 ||Chitthi aayi hai|| [[Naam (1986 film)|Naam]] || Pankaj Udhas || [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] ||
|-
|1988 || Dil Se Dil Mila, Phir Kaisa Gila, Ho Gaya Pyar || [[Tamacha]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Sharon Prabhakar]] || [[Bappi Lahiri]] ||
|-
|1988 || Chandi Jaisa Rang Hai || [[Ek Hi Maqsad]] || Pankaj Udhas || Pankaj Udhas || [[Mumtaz Rashid]]
|-
|1988 || Gaa Mere Sang Pyar Ka Geet Naya || [[Gunahon Ka Faisla]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Bappi Lahiri]] ||
|-
|1988 || Aaj Phir Tumpe|| [[Dayavan]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Anuradha Paudwal]] || [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] ||
|-
|1988 || Ek Ek Ho Jaye Phir Ghar Chale Jaana ||rowspan="2"|[[Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Kishore Kumar]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Anu Malik]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Indeevar]]
|-
|1988 || Tere Dar Ko Chhod Chale || Pankaj Udhas
|-
|1989 || Sahara Tere Intezaar Ka Hai || [[Hum Intezaar Karenge]] || Pankaj Udhas || [[Bappi Lahiri]] ||
|-
|1989 || Yaad Aayi, Yaad Aayi, Bhuli Woh Kahani Phir Yaad Aayi || [[Gola Barood]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Mohammed Aziz]] || [[Bappi Lahiri]] ||
|-
|1989 || Tumne Rakh To Lee Tasveer Hamari ||rowspan="2"|[[Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka]] ||Pankaj Udhas & Anuradha Paudwal ||rowspan="2"|[[Anand-Milind]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
|1989 || Kuch Baat Hai Tum Mein Jo || Pankaj Udhas & Anuradha Paudwal
|-
|1989 || "Bhool Bhulaiyya Sa Yeh Jeevan"

"Dekh Ke Tumko"

"Dil Ki Baatein Hain"

|| [[Gawaahi]] || Pankaj Udhas & Anuradha Paudwal || Uttam-Jagdish || [[Sardar Anjum]]
|-
|1990 || Maahiya Teri Kasam
|| [[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Bappi Lahiri]] ||
|-
|1990 || Ishq Mein Jaan Gawa Denge || [[Paap Ki Kamaee]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Anuradha Paudwal]] || ||
|-
|1990 || Aur Bhala Main Kya Mangun Rab Se || [[Thanedaar]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || [[Bappi Lahiri]] ||
|-
|1990 || Mohabbat Inayat Karam Dekhte Hain|| [[Bahaar Aane Tak]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Anuradha Paudwal]]|| ||
|-
|1991 || Jeeye To Jeeye Kaise||[[Saajan]] || Pankaj Udhas || [[Nadeem Shravan]] || [[Sameer]]
|-
|1991 || Jaane Jaan Mujhe Aisa Kya Hua||[[Vishkanya (film)|Vishkanya]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Penaz Masani]] || [[Bappi Lahiri]] ||
|-
|1992 || Geet Banke Labon Pe || [[Adharm (1992 film)|Adharm]] || Pankaj Udhas & Anuradha Paudwal|| [[Anand-Milind]] || [[Sameer]]
|-
|1992 || Dhadkane Saansein Jawani || [[Beta (film)|Beta]] || Pankaj Udhas || [[Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen]]|| Dilip Tahir
|-
|1992 || Jo Geet Nahi Janma || [[Sangeet (film)|Sangeet]] || Pankaj Udhas & Anuradha Paudwal || [[Anand-Milind]] || [[Santosh Anand]]
|-
|1992 || Ek Pal Ek Din || [[Jigar]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Sadhana Sargam]] || [[Anand-Milind]] || [[Sameer]]
|-
|1992 || Apni Mohabbat Kabhi Kam Na Ho || Aaja Sanam || Pankaj Udhas || [[Arun Paudwal]] || [[Faaiz Anwar]]
|-
|1992 || Kisi Ne Bhi To Na Dekha || [[Dil Aashna Hai]] || Pankaj Udhas || [[Anand-Milind]] ||
|-
|1993 || Ye Kya Kya Dikhati Hai || [[Meherbaan]] || Pankaj Udhas || [[Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen]]|| Rani Malik
|-
|1993 || Dil Deta Hai Ro Ro Dohai || [[Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee]] || Pankaj Udhas || ||
|-
|1993 || Rabse Bhi Pehle Honthon Pe Meresaajan Tera || [[Izzat Ki Roti]] || Pankaj Udhas & Anuradha Paudwal || [[Bappi Lahiri]] ||
|-
|1993 || Mat Kar Itna Guroor ||rowspan="2"|[[Aadmi Khilona Hai]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Alka Yagnik]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Nadeem-Shravan]] ||
|-
|1993 || Aadmi Khilona Hai (male) || Pankaj Udhas ||
|-
|1993 || Tujhko Saanson Mein || rowspan="2"|Kasam Teri Kasam || rowspan="2"|Pankaj Udhas & [[Anuradha Paudwal]] || rowspan="2"|Naresh Sharma || Qatil Shiphai
|-
|1993 || Teri Aankhen Meri Manzil || [[Faaiz Anwar]]
|-
|1993 || Khuda Kare Mohabbat Mein || [[Sanam (1997 film)|Sanam]] (film released in 1997) || Pankaj Udhas || [[Anand-Milind]] ||[[Sameer]]
|-
|1993 || Aankh Mere Yaar Ki Dukhe (Solo) ||rowspan="2"|[[Ek Hi Raasta (1993 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]] || Pankaj Udhas ||rowspan="2"|Mahesh Kishor ||rowspan="2"|[[Naqsh Lyallpuri]]
|-
|1993 || Aankh Mere Yaar Ki Dukhe (Duet) || Pankaj Udhas & [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|1993 || Chhupana Bhi Nahi Aata || [[Baazigar]] || Pankaj Udhas || Anu Malik || Rani Malik
|-
|1993 || Mohabbaton Kaa Safar Hai (duet) || rowspan="2"|Mohabbaton Kaa Safar || Pankaj Udhas & [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] || rowspan="2"|[[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]] || rowspan="2"|Salahuddin Pervez
|-
|1993 || Mohabbaton Kaa Safar Hai (solo) || Pankaj Udhas
|-
|1993 || Abhi Abhi Yeh Samjha Hai || Dil Apna Aur Preet Paraee || Pankaj Udhas || [[Usha Khanna]] || Yogesh
|-
|1994 || Dil Jab Se Toot Gaya (Duet) ||rowspan="2"|[[Salaami]] || Pankaj Udhas & Alka Yagnik ||rowspan="2"|[[Nadeem-Shravan]] || rowspan="2"|[[Sameer]]
|-
|1994 || Dil Jab Se Toot Gaya (Solo) || Pankaj Udhas
|-
|1994 || Aankhon Ke Kaajal Se || Main Tera Aashiq (unreleased film) || Pankaj Udhas & [[Anuradha Paudwal]] || Naresh Sharma || Deepak Sneh
|-
|1994 || Main Deewana Hoon Jisse|| [[Yeh Dillagi]] || Pankaj Udhas & Saif Ali Khan|| ||
|-
|1994 || Na Kajare Ki Dhaar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/na-kajare-ki-tasveer-teri/1128665020?i=1128665307 |title=Mohra (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Viju Shah on Apple Music |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=2 April 1994 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927032723/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/na-kajare-ki-tasveer-teri/id1128665020?i=1128665307 |url-status=live }}</ref>|| [[Mohra]] || Pankaj Udhas || ||
|-
|1994 || Hothon Pe Tera Naam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/hothon-pe-tera-naam/1128728256?i=1128729393 |title=Main Khiladi Tu Anari (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Anu Malik on Apple Music |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=5 June 1994 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927032607/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/hothon-pe-tera-naam/id1128728256?i=1128729393 |url-status=live }}</ref>|| [[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]] || Pankaj Udhas || ||
|-
|1994 || Main Tumse Pyar Karta || [[Ghar Ki Izzat (1994 film)|Ghar Ki Izzat]] || Pankaj Udhas & Jaishree Shivram || Amar-Utpal ||
|-
|1994 || Rishta tera mera (male version)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/rishta-tera-mera-male-version/1129694081?i=1129694275 |title=Jai Vikraanta (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Anand–Milind on Apple Music |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=3 August 1994 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927032912/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/rishta-tera-mera-male-version/id1129694081?i=1129694275 |url-status=live }}</ref>|| [[Jai Vikraanta]] || Pankaj Udhas || ||
|-
|1995 || Aansu Judai Ke || [[Milan (1995 film)|Milan]] || Pankaj Udhas || [[Anand-Milind]] || [[Sameer]]
|-
|1996 || Humne Khamoshi Se Tumhe Dil Mein Basaya Hai || [[Majhdhaar]] || Pankaj Udhas || [[Nadeem-Shravan]] ||
|-
|1997 || Meethi Meethi Baatein || [[Kaalia (1997 film)|Kaalia]] || Pankaj Udhas & Jaishree Shivram || [[Anand Raj Anand]] ||
|-
|1997 || Zindagi Ko Guzarne Ke Liye || [[Jeevan Yudh]] || Pankaj Udhas & Alka Yagnik || [[Nadeem-Shravan]] || [[Sameer]]
|-
| 1999 ||"Chandakinta Chanda"<ref>{{cite web|title=Sparsha (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sparsha-original-motion-picture/1072056945|publisher=iTunes|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216181441/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/sparsha-original-motion-picture/id1072056945|url-status=live}}</ref>||rowspan="2"|[[Sparsha (film)|Sparsha]]|| Pankaj Udhas||rowspan="2"|[[Hamsalekha]]||Itagi Veeranna
|-
| 1999 || "Bareyada Mounada Kavite" || Pankaj Udhas, [[Kavita Krishnamurti]], [[Archana Udupa]]||[[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|-
|2000 || Ram Kare || [[Jung (2000 film)|Jung]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Karsan Sagathia]]|| [[Anu Malik]]||
|-
|2000 || Teri Aashiqui || [[Ghaath (2000 film)|Ghaath]] || Pankaj Udhas & Alka Yagnik || [[Anu Malik]] ||
|-
|2002 || London Mein India || [[Yeh Hai Jalwa]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Sukhwinder Singh]] || [[Anand Raj Anand]] || [[Dev Kohli]]
|-
|2004 || Chandi Jaisa Rang (Live)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/chandi-jaisa-rang-live-in/id987425689?i=987425831 |title=Ghazal E Mohabbat, Vol. 1 by Various Artists on Apple Music |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927032645/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/chandi-jaisa-rang-live-in/id987425689?i=987425831 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || Ghazal E Mohabbat, Vol. 1|| Pankaj Udhas || ||
|-
|2008 || Ek Toh Sharab Kam || [[Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam]] || Pankaj Udhas || [[Anu Malik]] ||
|-
|2009 || Main Dil Ki Dil Mein || [[Sanam Teri Kasam (2009 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]] || Pankaj Udhas & [[Kumar Sanu]] || [[Nadeem-Shravan]] ||
|-
|2010 || Sai Baba Geet Sudha || [[Malik Ek]] || Pankaj Udhas || [[Anup Jalota]] ||
|-
|2010 || Maango Ram Te
Japp Mann Mere

Sau Din Safal Ganeya

Pucho Sant Mero

Dhan Dhan Hamare

Das Tere Ki Binti

Tu Sabni Thai

Tujh Bin Awar

|| Shabad || Pankaj Udhas ||[[Vaibhav Saxena]] & Gunjan Jha ||[[Guru Granth Sahib]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesmusic.com/album/devotional/shabad-2077.html|title=shabad by pankaj udhas|access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920050124/https://www.timesmusic.com/album/devotional/shabad-2077.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2011 || Palchhin<ref name="apple1">{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/palchhin/449115211?i=449115226 |title=Mata Ki Bhetein by Pankaj Udhas & Sanghamitra Bharali on Apple Music |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=15 July 2011 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927032653/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/palchhin/id449115211?i=449115226 |url-status=live }}</ref>||rowspan="3"|Mata Ki Bhetein ||rowspan="3"|Pankaj Udhas & Sanghamitra Bharali|| ||rowspan="3"|Mohan Sharma
|-
|2011 || Maiyya Pukaare Re (Duet)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/maiyya-pukaare-re-duet/449115211?i=449115223 |title=Mata Ki Bhetein by Pankaj Udhas & Sanghamitra Bharali on Apple Music |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=15 July 2011 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927032720/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/maiyya-pukaare-re-duet/id449115211?i=449115223 |url-status=live }}</ref> ||
|-
| 2011 || Aarti<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Mata-Ki-Bhetein/Aarti/QwMyRgVJYFE |title=Aarti Song By Pankaj Udhas and Sanghamitra Bharali From Mata Ki Bhetein, Download MP3 or Play Online Now |publisher=Saavn.com |date=17 September 2009 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924181148/http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Mata-Ki-Bhetein/Aarti/QwMyRgVJYFE |url-status=live }}</ref> ||
|-
|2016 || Raat Bhar Tanha Raha || [[Dil Toh Deewana Hai]] || Pankaj Udhas || [[Anand Raj Anand]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}
* {{YouTube|yYpzXZuu5Zc&t|''Pankaj Udhas''}} People & History - Biography
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029|state=collapsed}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udhas, Pankaj}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian male ghazal singers]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot]]
[[Category:Gujarati singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]

Shakur Basti Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T12:46:33Z

Margaretxro:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shakur Basti
| mla = [[Karnail Singh (politician)|Karnail Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[Chandni Chowk]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 15
}}
'''Shakur Basti Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India.
Shakur Basti assembly constituency is a part of [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Gauri Shankar Bharadwaj
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" | [[S. C. Vats]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Shyam Lal Garg
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Satyendra Kumar Jain]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Karnail Singh (politician)|Karnail Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Shakur Basti<ref name=election2025>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2020 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Shakur Basti">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0515.htm|title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Shakur Basti|date=8 February 2025|work=|access-date=9 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308164155/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0515.htm|archive-date=8 March 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shakur Basti Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Shakur Basti Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/shakur-basti |accessdate=8 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308164204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/shakur-basti |archivedate=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Karnail Singh (politician) | Karnail Singh]]
| votes = 56,869
| percentage = 57.1
| change = {{Increase}}13.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Satyender Kumar Jain]]|votes=35,871|percentage= 36.0|change={{decrease}}15.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Satish Luthra|votes=5,784|percentage= 5.8|change={{Increase}}2.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=673|percentage= 0.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=20,998|percentage=21.2|change={{increase}}13.54}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=98,979|percentage=63.5|change={{decrease}}4.37}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2025"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Shakur Basti<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2020 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Satyender Kumar Jain]]
| votes = 51,165
| percentage = 51.60
| change = +2.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[S. C. Vats]]
| votes = 43,573
| percentage = 43.94
| change = -1.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Dev Raj Arora
| votes = 3,382
| percentage = 3.41
| change = -1.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 641
| percentage = 0.65
| change = +0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Asha Ram
| votes = 289
| percentage = 0.29
| change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,592
| percentage = 7.66
| change = +4.70
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 99,245
| percentage = 67.87
| change = -4.03
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +2.93
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Shakur Basti}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Satyender Kumar Jain]]
| votes = 51,530
| percentage = 48.67
| change = +6.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[S. C. Vats]]
| votes = 48,397
| percentage = 45.71
| change = +10.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Chaman Lal Sharma
| votes = 4,812
| percentage = 4.54
| change = -15.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 438
| percentage = 0.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3,133
| percentage = 2.96
| change = -4.46
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,05,899
| percentage = 71.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +6.37
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Shakur Basti}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Satyender Kumar Jain]]
| votes = 40,232
| percentage = 42.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Shyam Lal Garg]]
| votes = 33,170
| percentage = 34.87
| change = -15.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Dr. [[S. C. Vats]]
| votes = 18,799
| percentage = 19.76
| change = -25.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jawahar Lal Luthra
| votes = 1,321
| percentage = 1.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 583
| percentage = 0.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,062
| percentage = 7.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 95,252
| percentage = 70.85
| change = +12.52
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Shakur Basti<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Shyam Lal Garg]]|votes=40,444|percentage=50.20|change=+14.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr. [[S. C. Vats]]|votes=36,444|percentage=45.23|change=-10.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jaideep Das Gupta|votes=2,683|percentage=3.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Smarti Goel|votes=497|percentage=0.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sansar Chand|votes=275|percentage=0.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sushil Jain|votes=224|percentage=0.28|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=4,000|percentage=4.97|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=80,567|percentage=58.27|change=+0.01}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}} <section end="Assembly Election 2008" />

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Shakur Basti<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Dr. [[S. C. Vats]]
| votes = 39,200
| percentage = 56.21
| change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Shyam Lal Garg]]
| votes = 25,200
| percentage = 36.14
| change = -6.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Banwari Lal Nagpal
| votes = 3,473
| percentage = 4.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Pappu
| votes = 317
| percentage = 0.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sanjay
| votes = 305
| percentage = 0.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Rajan Gupta
| votes = 279
| percentage = 0.40
| change = +0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Babu Lal Barwa
| votes = 256
| percentage = 0.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Singh
| votes = 227
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Pradeep
| votes = 121
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vipender Singh
| votes = 111
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Pal Bairwa
| votes = 62
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vikram Prasad
| votes = 47
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mangal
| votes = 45
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kishan
| votes = 38
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajender Kumar
| votes = 29
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dharmender
| votes = 26
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,000
| percentage = 20.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 69,736
| percentage = 58.26
| change = +4.18
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Shakur Basti<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr. [[S. C. Vats]]|votes=36,010|percentage=56.14|change=+18.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Gauri Shankar Bharadwaj]]|votes=27,371|percentage=42.67|change=-8.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Pradeep|votes=417|percentage=0.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Party|candidate=Deepak Kumar Gupta|votes=184|percentage=0.29|change=-0.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Ajay Srivastava|votes=166|percentage=0.26|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=8,639|percentage=13.47|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=64,148|percentage=54.08|change=-14.38}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Shakur Basti<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Gauri Shankar Bharadwaj]]|votes=28,933|percentage=51.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kamal Kant Sharma]]|votes=21,437|percentage=38.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal|candidate=Suresh Yadav|votes=2,289|percentage=4.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sukh Charan Kapil|votes=1,701|percentage=3.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Vijay Bhatia|votes=499|percentage=0.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mohan Lal|votes=429|percentage=0.76|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Party|candidate=Anil Kumar Bharu|votes=385|percentage=0.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ajeet Singh|votes=172|percentage=0.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ghanshyam Dass|votes=137|percentage=0.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Mazdoor Dal|candidate=Shiv Lal Yadav|votes=67|percentage=0.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Democratic Socialist Party|candidate=Suresh|votes=40|percentage=0.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Gian Chand Hans|votes=35|percentage=0.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K S Khaira|votes=34|percentage=0.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Kewal Krishan|votes=33|percentage=0.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Pradeep Kumar|votes=22|percentage=0.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Bhagwan Sahai Jarwal|votes=13|percentage=0.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Tejbir Singh|votes=11|percentage=0.02|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,496|percentage=13.33|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=56,237|percentage=68.46|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coord|28.682|77.116|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Bharat Small Modular Reactor

2026-05-01T09:51:47Z

Margaretxro: Info

{{Short description|Indian nuclear reactor design}}

{{Infobox nuclear reactor
| image = File:Kaiga Atomic Power Station.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Kaiga Atomic Power Plant, showing four IPHWR-220 reactors, on which the BSMR is based
| name = Bharat Small Modular Reactor class
| concept = Compact [[pressurized heavy-water reactor]] (Small Modular reactor)
| generation = [[Generation III+ reactor]]
| reactor_line= BSMR
| type_label =
| type =
| design = [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], NPCIL
| maker = [[NPCIL]]
| status = Under development
| fuel_type = NU_SEU_LEU
| fuel_state = Solid
| spectrum = THERMAL
| control = Control rods
| coolant = [[Heavy water]]
| moderator = [[Heavy water]]
| secondary coolant = [[Light water ]]

| electric = 220 MWe
| thermal = 680 MWth

| use = Providing process heat for captive private use, industries
}}
The '''Bharat Small Modular Reactor''', abbreviated as '''BSMR''', is a small modular reactor design being developed in [[India]] by the [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited]] (NPCIL) and [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) in Mumbai. It is a derivative of the [[IPHWR-220]] reactor with innovative safety features and economic benefits. It is a compact [[pressurized heavy water reactor]]. It is being developed under the Nuclear Energy Mission of the [[Government of India]]. It is an initiative towards the 'Net zero goal'.

NPCIL has asked for orders from private companies for construction of the reactors at their manufacturing sites. As of October 2025, six companies including [[Tata Power]], [[JSW Group]], [[Jindal Steel]] and [[Reliance Industries]] have responded to it.<ref>{{cite web | title=Deadline extended to allow wider participation in Indian small reactor RFP | date=8 October 2025 | url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/deadline-extended-to-allow-wider-participation-in-indian-small-reactor-rfp }}</ref>

==History==

The [[Government of India]], in the [[Union Budget]] of 2025–26, announced the Nuclear Energy Mission, which set the goal of a 100GWe installed capacity.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nuclear Power in Union Budget 2025-26 | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2099244 }}</ref> Under this mission, India is developing the BSMR, a gas cooled high temperature reactor along with a fleet mode construction of the [[IPHWR-700]] (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor-700).<ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament Question: Progress of the Bharat Small Modular Reactor | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2118377 }}</ref>

The Union minister of Science and technology [[Jitendra Singh Rana|Jitendra Singh]] mentioned in an answer given to the [[Loksabha]] that it will take around 60-72 weeks to construct the reactor. He also mentioned that the conceptual design for the BSMR had been completed in March 2025, and a detailed analysis of safety and details of the design was being prepared at the BARC. He also said that the reactor will be fuelled by slightly enriched uranium (SEU). He also stated that the BSMR is a modified version of the IPHWR. The minister also informed the parliament that the first units will be built at a BARC campus at [[Vizag]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] at an estimated cost of ₹5700 crores and construction is expected to begin within few years.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Koshy | first1=Jacob | title=Design stage of small modular nuclear reactor completed: Jitendra Singh | work=The Hindu | date=12 March 2025 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/design-stage-of-bharat-small-modular-nuclear-reactor-complete/article69322209.ece }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Minister updates parliament on Indian SMR project | date=12 March 2025 | url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/minister-updates-parliament-on-indian-smr-project }}</ref>

On 12th August 2025, NPCIL signed a memorandum of understanding with Engineers India Limited to provide engineering services for the design and development of the BSMR reactor.<ref>{{cite web | title=EIL to assist in development of Indian SMR design | date=14 August 2025 | url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/eil-to-assist-in-development-of-indian-smr-design }}</ref> This move is expected to reduce time needed for this task, while also helping other companies to begin using nuclear technologies, keeping in mind the amendments to the Atomic Energy Act 1948 and 1962 and Nuclear Liabilities Act 2010 (CLNDA) through the SHANTI Bill 2025 in December 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/transformational-moment-prime-minister-narendra-modi-on-shanti-bill-parliament-rajya-sabha-lok-sabha-2838192-2025-12-18|title=Transformational moment: PM Modi after SHANTI Bill passes Parliament test|first=India Today News|last=Desk|date=December 18, 2025|website=India Today}}</ref>. The [[President of India]] signed the bill shortly thereafter and it was passed into law. In the Union budget for 2026–27, the Government of India has waivered custom duties and import duties levied on the spare parts and other nuclear related components to help foreign cooperation combined with the private sector, which will boost the nation's energy supply from clean sources.<ref>"Union Budget and SHANTI Act 2026: Enablers for India’s Nuclear Ambitions - MP-IDSA" https://idsa.in/publisher/comments/union-budget-and-shanti-act-2026-enablers-for-indias-nuclear-ambitions</ref>

==Design ==

[[File:Pressurized heavy water reactor.png|thumb|Pressurized heavy water reactor schematic diagram]]
The BSMR [[nuclear reactor]] is a horizontal pressure tube type. It is derived from the IPHWR-220 reactor and compacts its design. These tubes are housed in a horizontal vessel called Calandria. It is filled with heavy water moderator. Each independent tube contains circulating [[carbon dioxide]] gas called annulus gas. The tubes contain 12 fuel assemblies/bundles each and circulating pressurized heavy water coolant. This coolant collects heat from the fuel (slightly enriched uranium dioxide) and transfers it to the secondary coolant water to generate steam in the steam generators. This steam turns the turbine coupled to an AC synchronous generator producing 11[[Volt|kV]] or 20kV 50 Hz [[Alternating current|AC]]. The steam passes through various turbine stages after passing through moisture separator reheaters and finally the steam is condensed, reheated, deaerated and pumped back to the reactor. The moderator heavy water is kept circulating and is maintained at around 70 degrees Celsius by cooling it in an external heat exchanger circuit. The [[nuclear fission]] chain reaction is controlled using [[control rods]] of cadmium or boron. There is an emergency scram system to inject a poison (neutron absorbing mixture) called gadolinium nitrate in the moderator. The reactors can be refuelled while on full power giving additional advantages. The reactors will be equipped with advanced control and safety systems, such as advance natural circulation systems and passive heat removal systems. They form the part of India's Nuclear Energy Mission to achieve 100GWe nuclear capacity by 2047, and the net zero goal of 2070. It is being developed for captive and maritime use and will be deployed before 2033. {{cn|date=October 2025}} These nuclear reactors will be factory built.<ref>"Small Modular Reactors India, Capacity, Types, UPSC Notes" https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-exam/small-modular-reactors/</ref>

==Future Plans==

In the Budget of FY 25–26, the central government allocated ₹20,000 crores for development of nuclear power reactors, specifically the [[small modular reactor]] (SMR). Work is underway at the BARC, for the BSMR, along with a 55MWe SMR, and also a 5MWth [[High temperature gas cooled reactor|high temperature gas cooled reactor]] for green hydrogen production through thermochemical [[sulfur-iodine cycle]]. Additionally, the government aims to commission five indigenous SMRs by 2033, as specified by the Nuclear Energy Mission announced in 2025.<ref>{{cite web | title=Small Modular Reactors and India: Institutional Drivers and Challenges | url=https://www.idsa.in/publisher/issuebrief/small-modular-reactors-and-india-institutional-drivers-and-challenges }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=India working on 3 types of small modular reactors: Union minister | url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/india-working-on-3-types-of-small-modular-reactors-union-minister-125032701426_1.html }}</ref>

Recently, the government has also notified that a SMR and a BSMR will be set up by 2033 at the site of [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/indias-gen-next-nuclear-reactors-bsmr-200-and-smr-55-to-come-up-at-maharashtras-tarapur-by-2033-3822316|title=India to Build Next-Gen BSMR-200 & SMR-55 Nuclear Reactors at Tarapur by 2033|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The lead units of the BSMR-200, SMR-55, and the HTGR of 5 MW are being planned to be set up at Tarapur and Vizag.<ref>"Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh proposed for first Indian SMRs - World Nuclear News" https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/maharashtra-and-andhra-pradesh-proposed-for-first-indian-smrs</ref>

Also, the NPCIL has asked the state governments of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Gujarat|Gujrat]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Tamilnadu]], etc. for recommending potential sites for the reactors, and secure water supply for them. The reactors and other components of the plants, will be manufactured in India itself by engineering giants such as [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]], [[Larsen and Toubro|L&T]], etc.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

The Government of India also amended to the Atomic Energy Act 1948 and Atomic Energy Act 1962 and the CLNDA 2010 to allow private sector involvement in nuclear power and help expand the capacity.<ref>{{cite web | title=Govt considering amendments to Atomic Energy Act, nuclear liability law | work=The Economic Times | date=19 May 2025 | url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/energy/power/govt-considering-amendments-to-atomic-energy-act-nuclear-liability-law/articleshow/121266247.cms?utm_source=whatsapp_pwa&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=socialsharebuttons }}</ref> Work is also underway to develop the BSMR for maritime use such as on cargo ships. The maritime department with the [[Department of Atomic Energy|DAE]] is working on the project. This will reduce emissions from shipping sector and also help India become a leader in the ship building sector, even for international clients.<ref>{{cite web | title=From Factories to Ships: India's 200 MW Nuclear Reactors Set to Change the Game | url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/india-200mw-modular-nuclear-reactors-ships-industry-153693/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=India to Explore Supplying Small Reactors for Nuclear-Powered Shipping | url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/india-to-explore-supplying-small-reactors-for-nuclear-powered-shipping }}</ref>

In 2026, it was reported that the government was 6 months away from inviting bidd for the first of the BSMRs. It is aimed to boost the nuclear capacity, in line with the targets set. The cost estimate is about ₹30 cr per MWe. Foreign firms have also been allowed to partner with Indian companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/india-to-invite-bids-for-220-mwe-small-modular-reactor-boosting-nuclear-push-under-green-energy-transition/articleshow/130292200.cms?from=mdr|title=India to invite bids for 220 MWe Small Modular Reactor, boosting nuclear push under green energy transition|first1=Twesh|last1=Mishra|first2=Shilpa|last2=Samant|date=April 16, 2026|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Nuclear power in India]]
*[[Nuclear Reactor]]
*[[Nuclear graphite]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Small modular reactor]]
[[Category:Nuclear power in India]]
[[Category:Nuclear energy in India]]
[[Category:Energy security]]

John Oswald (revolutionary)

2026-04-30T14:14:15Z

Margaretxro: Created some bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Scottish philosopher and revolutionary (c. 1760–1793)}}
{{Other people|John Oswald}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Oswald
| image = The Cry of Nature - Frontispiece.png
| image_caption = Frontispiece of ''The Cry of Nature'' (1791). Caption reads: "The butcher's knife hath laid low the delight of a fond dam, & the darling of Nature is now stretched in gore upon the ground."
| birth_date = {{circa|1760}}
| birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| death_date = {{death date and given age|1793|9|14|33|df=y|1760}}
| death_place = [[Thouars]], [[Deux-Sèvres]], France
| other_names = {{Hlist|Ignotus|Sylvester Otway|H. K.}}
| citizenship = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
* [[French First Republic]] (from 1792)
}}
| occupation = {{Hlist|Philosopher|revolutionary}}
| known_for = {{Hlist|Early advocacy of [[vegetarianism]]|[[republicanism]] during the [[French Revolution]]}}
| notable_works = ''[[The Cry of Nature]]'' (1791)
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* Louisa (died before 1784)
* {{Marriage|Bathesheba Fagge Owen|1784}}
}}
| children = 3
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] [[French First Republic|France]]
| branch = {{Plainlist|
* [[British Army]] (1776/1777–1783)
* [[French Revolutionary Army]] (1792–1793)
}}
| unit = {{Plainlist|
* [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)|18th Regiment of Foot]]
* [[42nd Regiment of Foot]]
}}
| rank = {{Plainlist|
* Lieutenant (British Army)
* Commander (French Revolutionary Army)
}}
| battles_label = Conflict
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[American Revolutionary War]]
* [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]
** [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]]
** [[War in the Vendée]] {{KIA}}
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}

'''John Oswald''' ({{circa|1760}} – 14 September 1793) was a Scottish philosopher, writer, soldier, and revolutionary. He served in the [[British Army]] before becoming involved in [[Classical radicalism|radical]] literary and political circles in London and Paris. His writings addressed [[republicanism]], [[direct democracy]], [[atheism]], [[animal rights]], and [[vegetarianism]].

Oswald served in India during the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]], where he encountered [[Hindu vegetarianism]] and later adopted vegetarianism. He moved to Paris in 1790, joined the [[Jacobin Club]], edited revolutionary newspapers, and became a commander in the [[French Revolutionary Army]]. He was killed in action during the [[War in the Vendée]] in 1793. His best-known work, ''[[The Cry of Nature; or, an Appeal to Mercy and Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals]]'' (1791), argues against meat consumption and is discussed as an early work in the history of animal rights and vegetarian thought.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Oswald was born in [[Edinburgh]] around 1760.<ref name="Henderson 2004" />{{efn|Some earlier sources, including [[Henry S. Salt]] and [[Howard Williams (humanitarian)|Howard Williams]], give his birth year as 1730.<ref>{{cite book |last=Salt |first=Henry S. |author-link=Henry Stephens Salt |title=Animals' Rights Considered in Relation to Social Progress: Also an Essay on Vivisection in America |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |year=1894 |page=[https://archive.org/details/animalsrightsco00salt/page/113/mode/1up 113]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Williams (humanitarian) |title=The Ethics of Diet |year=1883 |url=http://www.ivu.org/history/renaissance/oswald.html |access-date=25 June 2025 |via=[[International Vegetarian Union]]}}</ref> His rediscovered death certificate records his age as 33 at death, placing his birth around 1760.<ref name="Augris 2022" />}} Contemporary sources differ on his family background. According to one account, his father, also named John Oswald, was a goldsmith of considerable learning who operated a coffee house in Edinburgh.<ref name="Henderson 2004">{{Cite ODNB |id=9780198614128 |title=Oswald, John |last=Henderson |first=T. F. |author-link=Thomas Finlayson Henderson |others=Revised by Ralph A. Manogue |date=2004-09-23}}</ref> Another account states that his mother kept "John's Coffee-house".<ref name="Anderson 1877" />

Oswald was apprenticed to a [[goldsmith]] or jeweller.<ref name="Henderson 2004" /><ref name="Robertson 1822">{{cite book |last=Robertson |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Robertson (historian) |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lives_of_Scottish_Poets/YLRDoZyw9uoC |title=Lives of Scottish Poets |publisher=T. Boys |year=1822 |volume=1 |pages=[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lives_of_Scottish_Poets/YLRDoZyw9uoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA3-PA172&printsec=frontcover 172]–180 |language=en |chapter=John Oswald:—Sylvester Otway}}</ref> He learned Latin and Greek at a young age and later acquired knowledge of Arabic, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese.<ref name="Henderson 2004" />

Accounts of his early military career vary. According to one version, he enlisted as a [[Private (rank)|private]] in the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)|18th Regiment of Foot]] around 1776 or 1777, was promoted to sergeant because of his education, and later used money, either from a legacy or a marriage dowry, to purchase his discharge and a commission as an [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] in the [[42nd Regiment of Foot]].<ref name="Henderson 2004" /><ref name="Anderson 1877">{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=William |author-link=William Anderson (Scottish writer) |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishnationor03ande |title=The Scottish Nation; or, The Surnames, Families, Literature, Honours, and Biographical History of the People of Scotland |publisher=[[A. Fullarton & Co.]] |year=1877 |volume=3 |location=Edinburgh |pages=[https://archive.org/details/scottishnationor03ande/page/268/mode/2up 268–260] |language=en |chapter=Oswald, John}}</ref>

He briefly served during the [[American Revolutionary War]] and, in 1780, was commissioned as a [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] in the newly raised second battalion of the 42nd Foot, which was then sent to India to fight in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]].<ref name="Anderson 1877" /> Before departing, he married his first wife, Louisa, with whom he had two sons.<ref name="Henderson 2004" />

=== India (1780–1783) ===
During the voyage to India, Oswald reportedly fought a duel with Colonel [[Norman MacLeod (British Army officer)|Norman Macleod]].<ref name="Henderson 2004" /> Although Oswald was not the instigator, the two men exchanged two shots without injury.<ref name="Anderson 1877" />

After arriving in India, Oswald did not dine with the officers' mess because of limited personal funds and instead lived on the standard rations issued to enlisted soldiers. He served during the Second Anglo-Mysore War, which had effectively ended by 1783. While in India, he began to express doubts about his military role and about colonialism.<ref name="Anderson 1877" />

Marguerite M. Regan attributes Oswald's changing views to his low social position among fellow officers and his appreciation of the local cultures he encountered in India, which she writes led him to reflect critically on colonialism. Through contact with Indian cultures, Oswald was introduced to vegetarianism and adopted it. He eventually resigned his commission and left the British Army.<ref name="Regan 2014">{{Cite journal |last=Regan |first=Marguerite M. |date=2014 |title=Feminism, Vegetarianism, and Colonial Resistance in Eighteenth-Century British Novels |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23882895 |journal=Studies in the Novel |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=275–292 |issn=0039-3827}}</ref><ref name="Jacobs 2003">{{cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Roger |date=February 2003 |title=John Oswald: De Eerste Theoreticus Van De Directe Democratie? |trans-title=John Oswald: The First Theorist of Direct Democracy? |url=http://www.athene.antenna.nl/ARCHIEF/NR03-Parijs/JACOBS%20-%20Oswald.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317223255/http://www.athene.antenna.nl/ARCHIEF/NR03-Parijs/JACOBS%20-%20Oswald.htm |archive-date=17 March 2007 |website=Athene |language=nl}}</ref>

=== Return to Britain (1783–1790) ===
Oswald returned overland to Britain in 1783.<ref name="Jacobs 2003" /> His first wife having died, he married Bathesheba Fagge Owen (bapt. 1759) in 1784; they had a daughter, Jane, and an infant son.<ref name="Henderson 2004" />

During the 1780s, Oswald moved to London and was active in literary and political circles. He worked on the ''Political Herald and Review'' under the pseudonym Ignotus, and co-published ''The British Mercury'' with [[James Ridgway]], which featured illustrations by [[James Gillray]] and [[Thomas Rowlandson]]. He also reported parliamentary debates for the ''[[London Gazetteer]]'' and took part in public lectures and debates, including at the Society of Free Debate in 1790.<ref name="Henderson 2004" />

Writing under the pseudonym Sylvester Otway, he published poetry and political pamphlets, including ''Review of the Constitution of Great Britain'' (1784), ''Ranae Comicae Evangelizantes'' (1786), ''Euphrosyne; or, An Ode to Beauty'' (1788), and ''The Cry of Nature; or, an Appeal to Mercy and Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals'' (1791). By this time, he was associated with figures including [[Thomas Paine]], [[John Horne Tooke]], and [[James Mackintosh]], and was known for his revolutionary sympathies in England and France. His 1793 work ''Constitution for the Universal Commonwealth'' was circulated alongside writings by Paine, Sieyès, and Mirabeau.<ref name="Henderson 2004" />

=== ''The Cry of Nature'' ===
[[File:Title page of The Cry of Nature.png|thumb|Title page of ''The Cry of Nature'' (1791)]]

Oswald's encounter with [[Hindu vegetarianism]] during his time in India influenced his 1791 work, ''[[The Cry of Nature; or, an Appeal to Mercy and Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals]]''.<ref name="Jacobs 2003" /> A historical overview by Indira Nathan, Frances Robinson, Lynne Burgess, and Allan Hackett describes the book as a contribution to the development of vegetarian thought in the Western tradition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nathan |first1=Indira |last2=Robinson |first2=Frances |last3=Burgess |first3=Lynne |last4=Hackett |first4=Allan |date=20 January 2004 |title=An Historical Perspective on Being Vegetarian |url=http://www.staff.livjm.ac.uk/olfahack/hist.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028223011/http://www.staff.livjm.ac.uk/olfahack/hist.htm |archive-date=28 October 2006 |website=Centre for Consumer Education and Research, Liverpool John Moores University}}</ref>

In the book, Oswald argued that modern society was at odds with innate [[human nature]], in a way comparable to arguments made by [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]. He maintained that humans possess a natural disposition toward mercy and compassion, especially toward animals. Oswald suggested that vegetarianism would be more widely adopted if people were required to witness or carry out the killing of animals themselves. He argued that the division of labour allowed people to consume meat while remaining detached from its ethical consequences, and that social conditioning weakened natural sympathetic responses. Although Oswald promoted compassion and practised vegetarianism, Peter Marshall notes that he did not advocate pacifism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946) |title=Nature's Web: An Exploration of Ecological Thinking |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-671-71065-1 |location=London |page=255 |language=en}}</ref>

=== France (1790–1793) ===

==== Revolutionary activity in Paris ====
By May 1790, Oswald had settled in Paris and became involved in revolutionary politics. He attended sessions of the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] and presented a patriotic ode in September that year. During this period, he came into contact with revolutionary figures including [[Thomas Cooper (American politician, born 1759)|Thomas Cooper]], [[Wolfe Tone]], [[Camille Desmoulins]], [[Georges Danton]], and [[Theroigne de Mericourt|Théroigne de Méricourt]].<ref name="Henderson 2004" />

Contemporary descriptions of Oswald state that he was of average or middle height but had a commanding or noble presence. In Paris, he was said to affect a Roman style of dress, with an open collar and hair styled ''à la Brutus''.<ref name="Robertson 1822" /> One account described him as having a "heroic and grave face, sober manners and [being] a bit stiff".<ref name="Henderson 2004" />

==== Journalism and political involvement ====
Between 1791 and 1793, Oswald co-edited the journal ''Chronique du Mois'' with [[Nicolas Bonneville]], contributing to the [[Cercle social|Cercle Social]], a reformist intellectual circle that included [[Jacques Pierre Brissot|Brissot]] and [[Marquis de Condorcet|Condorcet]]. He also worked briefly on the English-language newspaper ''Universal Patriot'', which reported on political developments in Britain and France.<ref name="Henderson 2004" />

In 1792, Oswald published an expanded French edition of his 1784 pamphlet ''Review of the Constitution of Great Britain''. Its reception helped secure his admission to the [[Jacobin Club]], where he became a prominent English-speaking supporter of the French Revolution.<ref name="Anderson 1877" />

Later that year, Oswald became secretary of the British Club in Paris, a group of British expatriates supporting the [[French Revolution]]. He addressed the Jacobin Club on several occasions, published ''La tactique du peuple'', and produced a subsidised English translation of [[Collot d'Herbois]]'s ''{{Lang|fr|Almanach des père Gérard}}''.<ref name="Henderson 2004" />

==== Military service and death ====
[[File:Death certificate of John Oswald.jpg|thumb|Oswald's death certificate]]

Oswald was granted honorary French citizenship in September 1792 and appointed a commander in the [[French Revolutionary Army]].<ref name="Henderson 2004" /> His two sons joined him as [[Drummer (military)|drummers]]. Oswald's strict discipline made him unpopular among his troops, and his attempt to replace muskets with specially designed pikes met resistance, with soldiers reportedly refusing to train with them.<ref name="Anderson 1877" />

In May 1793, he took command of the Parisian battalion of pikemen, later designated the 14th battalion of Paris, and joined the fighting in the [[War in the Vendée]]. Although his death had previously been attributed to either [[Les Ponts-de-Cé]] or [[Thouars]], official records confirm that he died at Thouars on 14 September 1793. His death certificate, filed under the name "Jean Oswale" by [[Gabriel Venance Rey|Major General Gabriel Rey]], lists his age as 33.<ref name="Augris 2022">{{Cite web |last=Augris |first=Frédéric |date=2022-04-19 |title=Glane Historique : Le décès de l'écrivain John Oswald retrouvé |trans-title=Historical Note: The death of the writer John Oswald rediscovered |url=https://desecritsetdelhistoire.fr/glane-historique-le-deces-de-lecrivain-john-oswald-retrouve/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Des Écrits et de l'Histoire |language=fr}}</ref>

The exact circumstances of his death remain uncertain. He was probably killed in combat between Republican forces and Vendéen troops led by [[Louis Marie de Lescure]].<ref name="Augris 2022" /> Some accounts report that his sons were killed alongside him, while others state that they were wounded but survived.<ref name="Henderson 2004" /><ref name="Henderson 1895">{{cite DNB |wstitle=Oswald, John (d.1793) |volume=42 |last=Henderson |first=Thomas Finlayson |author-link=Thomas Finlayson Henderson |page=328 |year=1895 |short=1}}</ref>

Contemporary sources differ on the details. One account states that Oswald was killed by a cannonball and his sons by [[grapeshot]];<ref name="Henderson 1895" /> another that he and one of his sons were shot while attempting to rally their retreating battalion under heavy fire;<ref name="Jacobs 2003" /> and another that disgruntled soldiers may have used the opportunity to kill Oswald, his sons, and another English officer because of his unpopularity.<ref name="Anderson 1877" />

== Philosophy ==

=== Political thought ===
[[File:Review of the Constitution of Great Britain title page.png|thumb|Third edition title page of ''Review of the Constitution of Great Britain'' (1793)]]

Oswald's political thought has been described as drawing on the [[Scottish Enlightenment]], [[radical egalitarianism]], and [[classical republicanism]]. Anna Plassart describes him as a lesser-known figure among British supporters of the French Revolution and discusses his contributions to debates on commerce, property, and democratic government.<ref name="Plassart 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Plassart |first=Anna |date=2010 |title=A Scottish Jacobin: John Oswald on Commerce and Citizenship |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40783632 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=263–286 |issn=0022-5037}}</ref>

Oswald drew on the ideas of writers including [[David Hume]], [[Adam Smith]], and [[Adam Ferguson]], particularly in his writings for the ''Political Herald and Review'' and ''The British Mercury''. He adopted the four stages theory of social development and praised the social benefits of commerce, while criticising hereditary privilege and advocating [[direct democracy]] and [[civic virtue]]. His ''Review of the Constitution of Great Britain'' opposed representative government and promoted legislation by popular acclamation.<ref name="Plassart 2010" />

Oswald also criticised the concentration of property and defended the idea of land as a common inheritance, influenced by [[William Ogilvie of Pittensear|William Ogilvie]]. His final political text, ''{{Lang|fr|Le gouvernement du peuple}}'' (1793), proposed a universal republic based on decentralised cantonal assemblies and mass approval of laws.<ref name="Plassart 2010" />

His political and military thought were closely linked. Concerned that modern commercial societies might lose their capacity for self-defence, he advocated a citizen militia and published ''{{Lang|fr|La tactique du peuple}}'' (1792), a manual promoting military training for the people without reliance on standing armies. Plassart writes that these ideas combined elements of classical civic humanism with Enlightenment-era commercial republicanism.<ref name="Plassart 2010" />

=== Animal rights and vegetarianism ===
In ''The Cry of Nature'', Oswald rejected the traditional human-animal hierarchy and argued for the moral standing of non-human animals. Sarah R. Cohen, reviewing [[Stephen F. Eisenman]]'s ''The Cry of Nature: Art and the Making of Animal Rights'', writes that Oswald's work challenged human dominion and presented animals as moral subjects.<ref name="Cohen 2017">{{cite web |last=Cohen |first=Sarah R. |date=22 November 2017 |title=Review of ''The Cry of Nature: Art and the Making of Animal Rights'' by Stephen F. Eisenman |url=https://doi.org/10.3202/caa.reviews.2017.172 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=CAA Reviews}}</ref> Oswald argued that hunting was morally indefensible, that killing animals for food was unnecessary, and that animals possess feelings and rights.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oswald |first=John |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003194675 |title=British Politics and the Environment in the Long Nineteenth Century |date=2023-08-30 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-003-19467-5 |editor-last=Hough |editor-first=Peter |edition= |volume=2 |location=London |language=en |chapter=The Cry of Nature. or, an Appeal to Mercy and Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals |doi=10.4324/9781003194675 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003194675-14/cry-nature-appeal-mercy-justice-behalf-persecuted-animals-john-oswald}}</ref>

Regan argues that Oswald treated vegetarianism as a form of political resistance. In ''The Cry of Nature'', he connected abstention from meat with opposition to tyranny and brutality, linking compassion for animals with democratic revolution.<ref name="Regan 2014" />

Oswald practised vegetarianism in daily life. According to one account, he lived on fruits and fruit juices, and when dining in company would eat only potatoes, leaving the meat untouched.<ref name="Robertson 1822" />

=== Religious views ===
Oswald was an atheist, a position reflected in his writings and noted by contemporaries such as [[Henry Redhead Yorke]]. In his 1786 satirical pamphlet ''Ranae Comicae Evangelizantes; or, The Comic Frogs Turned Methodist'', he criticised religious enthusiasm and mocked Methodist preachers.<ref name="Plassart 2010" />

Oswald reiterated his irreligious views while living in revolutionary France. In ''{{Lang|fr|Le gouvernement du peuple}}'' (1793), he argued against the role of religion in public life and government, described Christianity as an "imposture", and advanced arguments associated with radical Enlightenment secularism. Although exposed to Hinduism during his military service in India, he rejected its theological claims, including reincarnation.<ref name="Plassart 2010" />

== Reception ==
Oswald received some recognition during his lifetime. He was included in Francis Marshall's ''Catalogue of Five Hundred Celebrated Authors of Great Britain, Now Living'' (1788), which described him in a fourteen-line entry.<ref name="Berensmeyer 2015">{{Cite journal |last=Berensmeyer |first=Ingo |last2=Guttzeit |first2=Gero |last3=Jameson |first3=Alise |date=2015-06-17 |title='The Brain-Sucker: Or, the Distress of Authorship': A Late Eighteenth-Century Satire of Grub Street |url=https://www.authorship.ugent.be/article/id/63943/ |journal=Authorship |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.21825/aj.v4i1.1103 |issn=2034-4643 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

His political views attracted both support and criticism. He was attacked in the British press as a dangerous Jacobin.<ref name="Plassart 2010" /> In March 1793, [[Edmund Burke]] cited Oswald's ''Constitution for the Universal Commonwealth'' in the [[House of Commons of Great Britain|House of Commons]], presenting it as an example of radical democratic thought.<ref name="Berensmeyer 2015" /> In England, his name became associated with violent republicanism; in France, he was part of the expatriate British revolutionary network, though not fully assimilated into it.<ref name="Plassart 2010" />

Oswald's name later appeared in literary contexts. [[William Wordsworth]] used the name "Oswald" for the antagonist in his play ''[[The Borderers (Wordsworth)|The Borderers]]'', written between 1795 and 1797 and published in 1842, though it is unclear whether this was intended as a direct reference to John Oswald.<ref name="Berensmeyer 2015" />

Oswald's service in the French Revolutionary Army attracted attention in Britain. At one point, the Scottish author William Thomson proposed an unsupported theory that Oswald and [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] were the same person, citing similarities in character and interests. The claim was dismissed after General [[Pasquale Paoli]] affirmed his personal knowledge of Bonaparte's early life, including having acted as his godfather.<ref name="Anderson 1877" />

== Later assessment ==
In the 19th century, Oswald was portrayed as a precursor to socialism and utopian thought, including by [[André Lichtenberger]]. In the 20th and 21st centuries, scholars including [[David V. Erdman]] and Anna Plassart have reassessed his work, especially his combination of Scottish Enlightenment ideas with radical political practice.<ref name="Plassart 2010" />

According to Cohen's review of Eisenman's ''The Cry of Nature: Art and the Making of Animal Rights'', Eisenman treats Oswald's work as part of the development of modern [[animal rights]] thought, because it calls for animals to be recognised as sentient beings with agency rather than as objects of human compassion or utility.<ref name="Cohen 2017" />

In 1996, Éditions de la passion published a collection of Oswald's short texts under the title ''Le gouvernement du peuple : Plan de constitution pour la république universelle''.<ref name="Jacobs 2003" />

In 2022, French researcher Frédéric Augris confirmed the location of Oswald's death by finding his death certificate in the civil records of Thouars. Earlier biographers had debated whether Oswald died at Thouars or Les Ponts-de-Cé during the War in the Vendée. The certificate, found by Augris while examining archival records from communes in northern Deux-Sèvres, places his death in Thouars on 14 September 1793.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desquiens |first=Nadège |date=2022-04-24 |title=L'écrivain et révolutionnaire écossais John Oswald est bien mort à Thouars, a prouvé un chercheur |trans-title=The Scottish writer and revolutionary John Oswald did indeed die in Thouars, a researcher has proven |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/thouars-79100/l-ecrivain-et-revolutionnaire-ecossais-john-oswald-est-bien-mort-a-thouars-a-prouve-un-chercheur-d29ce67a-c152-11ec-9f1f-583f976b4bb7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425100200/https://www.ouest-france.fr/nouvelle-aquitaine/thouars-79100/l-ecrivain-et-revolutionnaire-ecossais-john-oswald-est-bien-mort-a-thouars-a-prouve-un-chercheur-d29ce67a-c152-11ec-9f1f-583f976b4bb7 |archive-date=2022-04-25 |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=Courrier de l'Ouest |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

== Publications ==
* ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_British_Mercury/a8NbAAAAcAAJ Review of the Constitution of Great Britain]'' (London, 1784)
* ''Ranae Comicae Evangelizantes: Or, The Comic Frogs Turned Methodist'' (as Sylvester Otway; London: Mucklow, 1786)
* ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_British_Mercury/jt9bAAAAQAAJ The British Mercury]'' (also served as editor; London: [[James Ridgway|J. Ridgway]]; L. Macdonald, established 1787), contributed essays, articles,<ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Thomas Gisborne |url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_catalogue-of-five-hundre_marshall_1788 |title=Catalogue of Five Hundred Celebrated Authors of Great Britain Now Living |publisher=R. Faulder; J. Sewell; B. Law |year=1788 |location=London |language=en |chapter=Oswald, John |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_catalogue-of-five-hundre_marshall_1788/page/n186/mode/1up}}</ref> and satirical short stories, including [https://www.authorship.ugent.be/article/63936/galley/188309/view/ "The Brain-Sucker: Or, the Distress of Authorship"]<ref name="Berensmeyer 2015" />
* ''The Alarming Progress of French Politics: A Pamphlet on the Commercial Treaty'' (London: Jameson, 1787)
* ''Euphrosyne; or, An Ode to Beauty'' (as Sylvester Otway; addressed to Mrs Crouch of [[Drury Lane theatre|Drury Lane Theatre]]; London, 1788)
* ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Poems_to_which_is_Added_The_Humours_of_J/-E9-xsHO2wMC Poems, to Which Is Added "The Humours of John Bull", an Operatic Farce; in Two Acts]'' (as Sylvester Otway; London: Murray, 1789)
* ''[[iarchive:bim eighteenth-century the-cry-of-nature-or-a oswald-john-miscellane 1791|The Cry of Nature; or, An Appeal to Mercy and Justice on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals]]'' (London: [[Joseph Johnson (publisher)|J. Johnson]], 1791)
* ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32741742s/date.r=.langFR Chronique du Mois]'' (co-editor with [[Nicolas Bonneville]]; 1791–1793)
* ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k83965d.texteImage La tactique du peuple; ou, Nouveau principe pour les évolutions militaires, par lequel le peuple peut facilement apprendre à combattre par lui-même et pour lui-même, sans le secours dangereux des troupes réglées]'' ("The Tactics of the People; or, A New Principle for Military Manoeuvres, by Which the People Can Easily Learn to Fight by Themselves and for Themselves, Without the Dangerous Aid of Regular Troops"; Paris: Gueffier, {{circa|1790s}})
* ''The Government of the People; or, A Sketch of a Constitution for the Universal Commonwealth'' (Paris: The English Press, 1792). Translated and published as ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220201045252/http://www.athene.antenna.nl/ARCHIEF/NR03-Parijs/OSWALD%20-%20Gouvernement.htm Le gouvernement du peuple, ou Plan de constitution pour la République universelle]'' in 1793. Also translated into Dutch as ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070317223316/http://www.athene.antenna.nl/ARCHIEF/NR03-Parijs/OSWALD%20-%20Volksregering.htm De volksregering, of oprichtingsplan voor de universele republiek]''

== See also ==
* [[History of vegetarianism]]
* [[Vegetarianism in the Romantic era]]
* {{Annotated link|Robert Pigott (radical)}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Thomas Gisborne |url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_catalogue-of-five-hundre_marshall_1788 |title=Catalogue of Five Hundred Celebrated Authors of Great Britain Now Living |publisher=R. Faulder; J. Sewell; B. Law |year=1788 |location=London |language=en |chapter=Oswald, John |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_catalogue-of-five-hundre_marshall_1788/page/n186/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book |last=Yorke |first=Henry Redhead |author-link=Henry Redhead Yorke |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Letters_from_France_in_1802/d8ABAAAAYAAJ |title=Letters from France, in 1802 |publisher=[[Henry Delahay Symonds|H. D. Symonds]] |year=1804 |volume=1 |pages=160–162 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Upcott |first=William |author-link=William Upcott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQQUAAAAYAAJ |title=A Biographical Dictionary of the Living Authors of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=[[Henry Colburn|H. Colburn]] |year=1816 |location=London |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RnPTYpnUzewC&vq=Oswald&pg=PA258#v=onepage&q&f=false 258] |language=en |chapter=Oswald, John}}
* {{cite book |last=Michaud |first=Louis Gabriel |author-link=Louis Gabriel Michaud |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Biographie_des_hommes_vivants/taAYAAAAIAAJ |title=Biographie des hommes vivants, ou Histoire par ordre alphabétique de la vie publique de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs actions ou leurs écrits |publisher=[[Louis Gabriel Michaud|L. G. Michaud]] |year=1816 |volume=4 |location=Paris |page=[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Biographie_des_hommes_vivants/taAYAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA573&printsec=frontcover 574] |language=fr |trans-title=Biography of Living Men, or A History in Alphabetical Order of the Public Life of All Men Who Have Become Notable for Their Actions or Their Writings |chapter=Oswald, Jean}}
* {{cite book |last=Robertson |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Robertson (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPc_AQAAMAAJ |title=Lives of Scottish Poets |publisher=T. Boys |year=1822 |volume=1 |pages=172–180 |language=en |chapter=John Oswald:—Sylvester Otway}}
* {{cite book |last=Alger |first=John Goldworth |author-link=John Goldworth Alger |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024312021 |title=Englishmen in the French Revolution |publisher=S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington |year=1889 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924024312021/page/n95/mode/2up 76–77] |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Lichtenberger |first=André |author-link=André Lichtenberger |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5524714f.texteImage |title=Le socialisme utopique : études sur quelques précurseurs inconnus du socialisme |publisher=[[Félix Alcan|Librairie Félix Alcan]] |year=1898 |location=Paris |language=fr |trans-title=Utopian Socialism: Studies on Some Unknown Precursors of Socialism}}
* {{cite book |last=Ioannissian |first=Artem |title=Les idées communistes pendant la Révolution française |publisher=[[Progress Publishers|Éditions du Progrès]] |year=1984 |location=Moscow |language=fr |trans-title=The Communist Ideas During the French Revolution}}
* {{cite book |last=Erdman |first=David V. |author-link=David V. Erdman |title=Commerce des lumières: John Oswald and the British in Paris, 1790–1793 |publisher=[[University of Missouri Press]] |year=1986 |isbn=0-8262-0607-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Aldridge |first=A. Owen |author-link=Alfred Owen Aldridge |date=1990 |title=John Oswald and the French Revolution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41467749 |journal=The Eighteenth Century |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=181–186 |issn=0193-5380}}
* {{Cite ODNB |title=Oswald, John |last=Henderson |first=T. F. |author-link=Thomas Finlayson Henderson |others=Revised by Ralph A. Manogue |date=25 May 2006 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/20922}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Plassart |first=Anna |date=2010 |title=A Scottish Jacobin: John Oswald on Commerce and Citizenship |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40783632 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=263–286 |issn=0022-5037}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource author|wislink=John Oswald|works=or}}
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{Animal rights|advocates}}
{{Vegetarianism}}
{{People in veganism and vegetarianism}}
{{French Revolution}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oswald, John}}
[[Category:1700s births]]
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century atheists]]
[[Category:18th-century British journalists]]
[[Category:18th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish essayists]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish male writers]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish philosophers]]
[[Category:42nd Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:Activists from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Activists from London]]

[[Category:Animal rights writers]]
[[Category:Atheist philosophers]]
[[Category:Scottish anti-hunting activists]]
[[Category:British atheism activists]]
[[Category:British military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in the French Revolutionary Wars]]
[[Category:British philosophy writers]]
[[Category:British radicals]]
[[Category:British revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Direct democracy activists]]
[[Category:Jacobins]]
[[Category:Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars killed in battle]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Philosophers from Edinburgh]]


[[Category:Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922) soldiers]]
[[Category:Scottish animal rights scholars]]
[[Category:Scottish anti-vivisectionists]]
[[Category:Scottish atheists]]
[[Category:Scottish duellists]]
[[Category:Scottish expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Scottish expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Scottish male essayists]]
[[Category:Scottish male journalists]]
[[Category:Scottish magazine editors]]
[[Category:Scottish military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Scottish pamphleteers]]
[[Category:Scottish political philosophers]]
[[Category:Scottish vegetarianism activists]]
[[Category:Scottish vegetarianism writers]]
[[Category:Writers about direct democracy]]
[[Category:Writers from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]

Mohsin Zaidi

2026-04-30T04:50:55Z

Margaretxro: starting new stub initial version...

{{short description|Indian poet of the Urdu language}}
{{for|the British author|Mohsin Zaidi (author)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Mohsin Zaidi
| image = Mohsin Zaidi (1935-2003), Urdu Poet, India.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Mohsin
| birth_name = Saiyed Mohsin Raza Zaidi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1935|07|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bahraich]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|09|03|1935|07|10|df=y}}
| death_place = Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| education = [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in economics
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| occupation = [[Urdu poet]], [[Indian Economic Service]] bureaucrat
| genre = ''[[Ghazal]]''}}

'''Mohsin Zaidi''' (10 July 1935 – 3 September 2003) was an Indian [[Urdu poet]] who used the pen name 'Mohsin'. He is best known as a writer of [[ghazal]]s, who expressed new ideas with this traditional form.

==Early life and education==
Saiyed Mohsin Raza Zaidi ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq| سید محسن رضا زیدی }}}}) was born on 10 July 1935 in [[Bahraich]], a town in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His parents were Saiyed Ali Raza Zaidi and Sughra Begum.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

Zaidi attended the Islamia School in [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], K. P. Hindu High School, and Government High School through the 1940s. He started writing Urdu poetry in 1950 at the age of 15 while in high school in Pratapgarh.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He attended Maharaj Singh Inter College, Bahraich, from 1951 to 1952.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

He received his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in English literature, history and economics from [[Lucknow University]] in 1954,{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} and a master's degree in economics from [[Allahabad University]] in 1956.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

==Bureaucratic career==
Zaidi joined the [[Indian Economic Service]] in 1956 and worked with the [[Government of India]] until his retirement in 1993.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He held positions with the [[Government of India|Central Government]] in the ministries of chemicals and fertilizers, labour, agriculture, and in the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He retired as a senior economist in the Senior Administrative Grade of [[Indian order of precedence|Joint Secretary]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} As part of government assignments, he toured Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Algeria.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

==Poetry==

Zaidi was initially impressed by [[Nazish Pratapgarhi]], yet his major inspiration came from [[Mir Taqi Mir]], [[Momin Khan Momin]], [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish|Haider Ali Aatish]], [[Mir Babar Ali Anis|Mir Anis]], [[Daagh|Daagh Dehlvi]] and [[Khwaja Mir Dard|Mir Dard]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} Among the neoclassical and modern poets his favourites were [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]], [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], and [[Jigar Moradabadi]].<ref>Interview of Mohsin Zaidi broadcast on All India Radio in June 2003, that also appeared in ''Jumbish-e-Nok-e-Qalam'', published in 2005</ref>

Zaidi was a writer of [[ghazal]]s, a traditional form of poetry utilizing specific diction and narration. The study of economics influenced Zaidi's poetry, which includes social commentary.<ref>Foreword to ''Baab-e-Sukhan'' by Gyan Chand Jain, published in 2000</ref>

Kumar Pashi said that Zaidi was among the few poets who used traditional ghazal to express new ideas.<ref>Review by Kumar Paashi in ''Rishta-e-Kalaam'', published in 1978</ref> [[Makhmoor Saeedi]], a contemporary poet and Urdu critic, praised Zaidi's mastery at creating an impression while writing in simple and unadorned language.<ref name="Forewordto">Foreword to ''Mataa-e-Aakhir-e-Shab'' by [[Makhmoor Saeedi]], published in 1990</ref> He noted Zaidi's themes: "integrity of character, opposition to all tyrannical powers, belief in retribution for one's actions, search for virtues in human nature, [and] belief in the victory of truth."<ref name="Forewordto" />

According to Shaarib Rudawlvi, Zaidi's work "had a freshness of thought, intense feelings, and dexterity of expression." He particularly noted the "spontaneity" of Zaidi's poetry which gracefully moved from one idea to another. He wrote that Zaidi's greatest quality was maintaining his unique style instead of bowing to the pressures of short-lived literary movements.<ref>Foreword to ''Jumbish-e-Nok-e-Qalam'' by Dr. Shaarib Rudawlvi, published in 2005</ref>

==Poetic works==
*''Shehr-e-Dil'' (1961)
*''Rishtah-e-Kalaam'' (1978)
*''Mataa-e-Aakhir-e-Shab'' (1990)
*''Baab-e-Sukhan'' (2000)
*''Jumbish-e-Nok-e-Qalam'' (2005)

==Death==
Zaidi died in Lucknow on 3 September 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-15 |title=Mohsin Zaidi: A Journey of Courage, Struggle, and Triumph |url=https://dnn24.com/mohsin-zaidi-a-journey-of-courage-struggle-and-triumph |access-date=2025-09-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/19/39NewsEvents19.pdf ''NewsEvents''], The Annual of Urdu Studies, University of Wisconsin
*[http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/09/21Datelist.pdf Muhsin Zaidi 1935 – A Date List of Urdu Literature] – by [[Shamsur Rahman Faruqi]] & Frances W. Pritchett
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120711224512/http://www.urduyouthforum.org/listofurduauthor.php Muhsin Zaidi 1935–2003] – List of Urdu Authors: Urdu Youth Forum
*[https://www.dawn.com/news/1062134/dawn-features-october-11-2001 Mention of 29th issue of ''Irteqa'' on life & works of Mohsin Zaidi]
*[http://vichardhara.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=73 Vichardhara – excerpts from a mushaira] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023091920/http://www.vichardhara.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=73 |date=23 October 2010 }}
*[http://www.123people.co.uk/ext/frm?ti=personensuche%20telefonbuch&search_term=mohsin%20zaidi&search_country=GB&st=suche%20nach%20personen&target_url=aHR0cDovL2doYWxpYmF5YXoud29yZHByZXNzLmNvbS8yMDEwLzAyLzExL2JhZ2gtc2FhcmFhLXRvLWJheWFhYmFhbi1uYS1odWEtdGhhLXNvLWh1YS8%3D&section=blog&wrt_id=261 A Ghazal of Mohsin Zaidi]



{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaidi, Mohsin}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:People from Bahraich]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Twelvers]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]

Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues

2026-04-28T21:25:18Z

Margaretxro: starting a info from scratch

{{Short description|Indian writer and historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues in December 2025.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Rodrigues in 2025
| birth_name = Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|70|2023|06|21}}<ref name="FreePressFood23" />
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language =
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| education = 
| alma_mater = 
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = History of Goa
| movement =
| notable_works = ''Feasts, Festivals and Observations of Goa''
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| signature_type =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}
'''Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues''' (born {{birth based on age as of date|70|2023|06|21|noage=y}})<ref name="FreePressFood23" /> is an Indian writer and historian, noted for her work on the history, culture, games and cuisine of [[Goa]].

==Life and career==
===Early and personal life===
Rodrigues has a Masters in History and Library and Information Science.<ref name="HeraldGames24">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title=Bringing back the charm of Goan games |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/bringing-back-the-charm-of-goan-games/222376 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref> She had a brother, Pedro, who died in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title=Living forever in the hearts of his patients |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/living-forever-in-the-hearts-of-his-patients-/223446 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

===Initial career===
Rodrigues has previously been a librarian at the [[Goa State Central Library]].<ref name="ToIPanaji17">{{Cite news |date=2017-03-23 |title=Panaji completes 174 years as state's capital city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/panaji-completes-174-years-as-states-capital-city/articleshow/57781746.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> While working as a librarian she uncovered an original photo of Metropolitan Alvares Julius.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gratitude to Maria Costa for Locating the Photo of Mar Alvares Julius |url=https://ocpsociety.org/marp/gratitude-to-maria-costa-for-locating-the-photo-of-mar-alvares-julius/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE (OCP) |language=en-US}}</ref> She also spoke at Goa University’s international conference "Goa: 1961 and Beyond."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-19 |title=Records show colonizers were not done with Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/11162999.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Writing career===
Rodrigues has researched Goan cuisine, documenting its roots, influences, and distinctive features. She has discussed how Goan food culture has evolved over time due to various local and [[Colonialism|colonial]] interactions. Her commentary also touches on how different communities within Goa have contributed to the region’s unique culinary identity. In March 2023, she completed her thesis on ''Food History of Goa: its multifaceted aspects from 1900-1961'', thus completing her [[PhD]] from [[Goa University]].<ref name="FreePressFood23">{{Cite web |last=Suares |first=Nicole |date=2023-02-11 |title=A book that traces the scrumptious history of Goan food |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/a-book-that-traces-the-scrumptious-history-of-goan-food |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref name="HeraldFood23">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=Unraveling the multifaceted aspects behind Goa's love for food |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/unraveling-the-multifaceted-aspects-behind-goa%E2%80%99s-love-for-food/203165 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> This was released as a book in 2025.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-13 |title=Honouring Goan Heritage: Review of the Book Release of “PORTUGUESE COLONIALISM, FOOD, AND SOCIETY IN GOA 1900 – 1961” – 13 October 2025 |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/honouring-goan-heritage-review-of-the-book-release-of-portuguese-colonialism-food-and-society-in-goa-1900-1961/449123/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=O Heraldo |language=en-US}}</ref> The book is titled ''[https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/portuguese-colonialism-food-and-society-in-goa-9789361311567/ Portuguese Colonialism, Food, and Society in Goa: 1900-1961]'' (Bloomsbury, 2025). In an interview about the book with [[R. Benedito Ferrão]], the author explained that the reason she wrote it is because: "Rice is the staple food of the Goan people, and any serious study of the region’s history must acknowledge its central role within the community. In my own writing and research, I’ve explored how rice shaped not just daily sustenance, but also systems of power and survival."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Selma |date=2025-09-05 |title=A Book Full of Rice - Portuguese Colonialism, Food and Society in Goa: 1900-1961 |url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2025/9/3/a-book-full-of-rice-portuguese-colonialism-food-and-society-in-goa-1900-1961 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Rodrigues has also contributed to major publications such as ''[[The Navhind Times]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bravo da Costa Rodrigues |first=Maria de Lourdes |date=2015-09-20 |title=Setembracha Ekvisaveri…a long forgotten day in history |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/09/20/magazines/buzz/setembracha-ekvisaveria-long-forgotten-day-in-history/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bravo da Costa Rodrigues |first=Maria de Lourdes |date=2016-05-08 |title=Celebrating the feast of Our Lady of Victory |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/05/08/magazines/buzz/celebrating-the-feast-of-our-lady-of-victory/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[OHeraldo]]'', ''[[Goa Today]]'' and ''Gomantak Times''.<ref name="GoanetHistorian07">{{Cite web |title=Internationally acclaimed Goan Cuisine Historian Maria Da Costa to highlight Portuguese influence on Goan Food !!! |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg14760.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Goanet}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Feasts, Festivals and Observances of Goa<ref name="CNTravelerCarnival20">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-18 |title=Goa Carnival 2020: The story behind the festival, King Momo, and the parade |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/goa-carnival-2020-story-festival-king-momo-parade/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Condé Nast Traveller}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-31 |title=Diving Into Tradition: Why This Goan Festival Has People Jumping Into Ponds |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/et-al-express-curated/diving-into-tradition-why-this-goan-festival-has-people-jumping-into-ponds/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Games That We Played: Traditional Goan Sports<ref name="HeraldGames24" />''
* ''The Congresso Provincial da India Portuguesa and the problem of alcoholism in Goa<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Book release today at XCHR, Porvorim |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-inshorts/book-release-today-at-xchr-porvorim/72991.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref>''

* ''Tasty Goan Morsels: Goan Food, Preparation and Ingredients and Feasts<ref name="GoanetHistorian07" />''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lobo |first=Joanna |title=In Goa, One Sausage to Rule Them All |url=https://www.whetstonemagazine.com/journal/in-goa-one-sausage-to-rule-them-all |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Whetstone Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Portuguese Colonialism, Food, and Society in Goa 1900-1961'' (2025)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Selma |date=2025-09-05 |title=A Book Full of Rice - Portuguese Colonialism, Food and Society in Goa: 1900-1961 |url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2025/9/3/a-book-full-of-rice-portuguese-colonialism-food-and-society-in-goa-1900-1961 |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women writers from Goa]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sonamarg Tunnel

2026-04-21T00:28:04Z

Margaretxro: put up info

{{short description|Road tunnel in the Indian Himalayas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox tunnel
| name = Sonamarg Tunnel
| other_name =
| image = West_Portal_-_Z_Morh.png
| image_size=300px
| caption= West portal of Sonamarg tunnel
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ref =
| location = [[Sonamarg]] and [[Ganderbal]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|route = [[File:NH1-IN.svg|20px|link=|alt=C2]]
[[National highways of India|National Highway 1]]
|status = {{green|Completed}}
|start = Gagangir<ref name="riskas">{{Cite web | url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/gadkari-to-inaugurate-65-km-z-morh-tunnel-today-23962d72-7741-4dcb-a1c1-e24dc1b18fab | title=Gadkari to inaugurate 6.5 km Z-Morh tunnel today | date=2023-04-10 | publisher=[[Rising Kashmir]] | website=www.risingkashmir.com| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410051218/http://www.risingkashmir.com/gadkari-to-inaugurate-65-km-z-morh-tunnel-today-23962d72-7741-4dcb-a1c1-e24dc1b18fab | archive-date=2023-04-10}}</ref>
|end = [[Sonamarg]]
|startwork = May 2015
|opened = 13 January 2025
|close =
|owner =
|operator = [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited|NHIDCL]]
|traffic = Motor vehicles
|character =
|toll =
|vpd =
|construction = APCO Infratech
|length =
|lanes = Two (one in each direction)
|speed =
|hielevation =
|lowelevation =
|width =
|grade =
|coordinates = {{coord|34|18|24|N|75|11|00|E|display=inline,title|type:pass}}
| mapframe = yes
}}
The '''Sonamarg Tunnel''' ({{langx|hi|सोनमर्ग सुरंग}}) is a {{convert|6.5|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[road tunnel]] connecting [[Ganderbal district|Gagangir]] and [[Sonamarg]] in [[Ganderbal district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. It carries two lanes of [[National Highway 1 (India)|National Highway 1]]. It bypasses a [[Hairpin turn|Z-shaped stretch of road]], which used to be [[avalanche]]-prone and get blocked during the winter months due to heavy snowfall. However, now the tunnel provides all-weather connectivity to Sonamarg.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1915295|title=Press Release: Press Information Bureau}}</ref> It takes only 15 minutes to travel the {{Convert|6.5|km|mi}} long tunnel compared to hours over the previous zig-zag road.

Together with the adjacent [[Zoji-la Tunnel|Zoji-La Tunnel]], this geostrategically important tunnel provides year-round all-weather connectivity to [[Baltal, Jammu and Kashmir|Baltal]] ([[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath cave]]), [[Kargil]] and other places in [[Ladakh]], enhances [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] logistics and boosts tourism and local economy. It is one of [[India-China Border Roads#Tunnels|31 road tunnels]], 20 in J&K and 11 in [[Ladakh]], constructed at a combined cost of [[Indian rupee|₹]]1.4 [[lakh]] [[crore]] (~US$17.5 billion).<ref name=zorawar2>[https://telanganatoday.com/everything-about-zoji-la-tunnel Everything about Zoji La Tunnel], Telangana Today, 29 Oct 2021.</ref><ref name=zorawar3>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/zojila-z-morh-tunnels-all-you-need-to-know/tunnels-on-srinagar-leh-highway/slideshow/86644539.cms Zojila, Z-Morh tunnels: All you need to know about], Economic Times, 30 Sept 2021.</ref><ref name=zorawar4>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/strategic-zojila-tunnel-to-see-defence-forces-crossing-into-ladakh-2-years-ahead-of-deadline/article65267630.ece Strategic Zojila tunnel to see defence forces crossing into Ladakh 2 years ahead of deadline], The Hindu, 28 March 2022.</ref>

== Benefits==

The tunnel lies near Gagangir in [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal District]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Indian Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]], and has great strategic importance for India as it will provide quicker and year-long access to [[Zoji La]]. The older road without this tunnel is vulnerable to dangerous snowfall and avalanches, which necessitates its closure for several months in a year. The Z-Morh Tunnel, along with [[Zoji-la Tunnel|Zoji-La Tunnel]] located 325 km west towards [[Leh]], will ensure uninterrupted connection between [[Srinagar]] and [[Kargil]]. The completion of the Z-Morh tunnel will also significantly reduce the travel time between Srinagar and Leh as commuters will no longer need to stay overnight in Kargil to compete the trip.

The tunnel will increase social and economic development throughout the region and boost tourism in Sonamarg, which boasts attractions including the [[Thajiwas glacier|Thajiwas Glacier]] and activities such as [[Whitewater Rafting|whitewater rafting]] on the [[Sind River]].

==Features==
* The Z-Morh tunnel is a two-lane bi-directional road tunnel between Gagangir and Sonmarg starting at the 69.5 km stone and ending at the 81.3 km stone on [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH 1]].
* The tunnel itself is 6.5 km long and the length of the approach roads between the tunnel portals and NH 1 is 6.05 km for both ends.
* The tunnel is {{Convert|10|m|ft}} wide with a {{Convert|7.5|m|ft}} wide parallel escape tunnel to be used both in an emergency and as a railway tunnel.
* The tunnel is designed for the flow of 1,000 vehicles an hour at an approved maximum speed of {{Convert|80|km/h|mph}}.
* The tunnel is located at an elevation of {{convert|2637|meters||abbr=}} above sea level.
* The total capital cost of the project was approved at ₹2,700 crore in July 2012. This includes ₹36.48 crore for the cost of land, resettlement, rehabilitation, and other pre-construction activities.<ref>{{citation |title=Z-Morh tunnel: All you need to know |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/z-morh-tunnel-jammu-and-kashmir-sonamarg-all-you-need-to-know/article69094356.ece |publisher=The Hindu |date=13 January 2025 }}</ref>
* The tunnel will help keep the highway open the entire year.
* The western portal of the tunnel (towards Srinagar) is located in the village [[Rezang La|Rezan]] just after Gagangir at {{coord|34.295291|N|75.197063|E}} and the eastern portal (towards Sonamarg) is located at village Shetkari at {{coord| 34.305525|N|75.261309|E}}. There is a ventilation tunnel at Adit between the two portals.
* The tunneling has been built using [[New Austrian tunnelling method|NATM tunneling method]] in view of the fragile Himalayan Geology.

==Development and construction agency==
Initially, the Z-Morh Tunnel was a USD 450 million project being executed under [[Public–private partnerships in India|PPP]] (DFBOT - Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer Mode) by Srinagar-Sonamarg Tunnelway Limited, an [[Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services]] (IL&FS) owned company which was also the concessionaire for the project.

Earlier, the project was envisaged to be implemented by the [[Border Roads Organization|BRO]] as owner and nodal agency. However, it was later transferred to [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited|NHIDCL]] for implementation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2017 |title=Z-Morh tunnel unlikely to meet 2020 deadline |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/z-morh-tunnel-unlikely-to-meet-2020-deadline/236581.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421010045/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/z-morh-tunnel-unlikely-to-meet-2020-deadline/236581.html |archive-date=21 April 2017 |website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

ITNL (an IL&FS Group entity) was appointed as the EPC contractor, which in turn appointed Apco - Titan (Joint Venture) as a construction contractor for the project. The work was suspended by the construction contractor in July 2018 due to the financial stress of the concessionaire (IL&FS Group).

The Project Authority (NHIDCL) foreclosed the concession the agreement/contract with Srinagar Sonamarg Tunnelway Limited and reinvited bidding for the construction of the balance work in June 2019. The revised (Balance Work) Total Project Cost stood at ₹2,378 crore (~USD 340 Million). The work was required to be completed in 42 months from the appointed date.

In August 2019, Apco Infratech emerged as the lowest bidder in the International Bidding Process, and in December 2019, the Project Authority issued a Letter of Award (LOA) for the project.

For the development and construction of this PPP project based on an Annuity-based concession (Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer, or DBFOT), Apco Infratech floated a project-specific Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV): Apco Shri Amarnathji Tunnelway Private Limited (ASATPL).

In January 2019, the Concession Agreement between ASATPL and authority was executed, and 24 June 2020 was declared as the contract (concession) start date. In July 2020 it was reported the project will be completed {{as of|2021|06|lc=yes}}.<ref name="complete-by-june-2021">{{cite web |title=Strategic Z-Morh tunnel in Kashmir to be completed by Jun 2021: Official |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/strategic-z-morh-tunnel-in-kashmir-to-be-completed-by-jun-2021-official/articleshow/77066948.cms |date=20 July 2020 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210422012854/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/strategic-z-morh-tunnel-in-kashmir-to-be-completed-by-jun-2021-official/articleshow/77066948.cms |archive-date=22 April 2021}}</ref>

Apco Infratech executed all the EPC (Turnkey) work. M/s Amberg was appointed as the tunnel designer and the approach road design work was given to Transys.

==Status updates==

* '''October 2012:''' Minister of Road Transport and Highways Mr [[C. P. Joshi|CP Joshi]] along with CM [[Omar Abdullah]] and [[Rahul Gandhi]] laid the foundation stone of Z morh Tunnel.

* '''May 2015:''' Construction work started and APCO Infratech will build this tunnel.<ref name="riskas"/>

* '''Jul 2018:''' 22% work completed, but the work stalled by the civil contractor (Apco-Titan JV) due to non-payment of bills and severe financial constraints faced by the developer IL&FS Group.

* '''Oct 2018:''' [[Government of India|Government]] supersedes board of IL&FS Group in view of “financial crisis”.

* '''Mar 2019:''' IL&FS Group requested authority NHIDCL to foreclose the contract. NHIDCL accepted the request and the process of foreclosure initiated.

* '''Jun 2019:''' NHIDCL re-invited bids on DBFOT Annuity Basis for selection of a new contractor for the completion of remaining work with 1 August 2019 as the bid submission date. The revised total project cost is estimated (for balance work) at ₹2,378 crore.

* '''Aug 2019:''' APCO Infratech wins the contract of ₹2,378 crore and will develop the tunnel (balance work) under BOT (annuity) mode.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/apco-infra-bags-rs-2378cr-tunnel-project-in-jk/articleshow/70941189.cms|title=APCO Infra bags Rs 2,378 crore tunnel project in J&K|first=Nishtha|last=Saluja|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2 September 2019 }}</ref> Tunnel will be built in 3.5 years with target completion by December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/nhidcl-awards-rs-2379-crore-z-morh-tunnel-in-j-k-to-apco-amarnathji-tunnelway-official/articleshow/73326509.cms|title=NHIDCL awards Rs 2,379 crore Z-Morh Tunnel in J-K to APCO Amarnathji Tunnelway: Official|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=17 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1599686|title=Concession Agreement signed for construction of Z-Morh tunnel in J&K|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

* '''Jul 2020:''' Work by new contractor APCO Infratech restarted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepublish.in/work-resumes-on-z-morh-tunnel-on-srinagar-leh-road-after-a-year|title=Work resumes on Z-Morh tunnel on Srinagar-Leh road after a year|website=www.thepublish.in}}</ref> Both end of the tunnel were through by end of June 2021.<ref name="complete-by-june-2021" />

*'''Sep 2021''': After inspecting the construction, the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]] [[Nitin Gadkari]] announced the tunnel will be partially opened for controlled traffic (for military and emergency services) by November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-28|title=6.5-km Z-Morh Tunnel is set for early completion; will link Sonmarg, Srinagar all year - The Financial Express|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/6-5-km-z-morh-tunnel-is-set-for-early-completion-will-link-sonmarg-srinagar-all-year/2339238/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=www.financialexpress.com}}</ref>

* '''10 April 2023''': Minister Nitin Gadkari, the [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] and Members of Parliament inspected the tunnel. The Minister said the tunnel is planned to be commissioned by the end of 2023. The Z-Morh tunnel will provide all-weather connectivity to the Sonamarg tourist town.<ref name="auto"/>

*'''13 January 2025''': The tunnel is inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and put into operation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-13 |title=India’s Modi inaugurates a strategic tunnel in disputed Kashmir |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-kashmir-modi-tunnel-ladakh-5d84f263b526263213c7edb9a1535bc9 |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=AP News}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lists of tunnels]]
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Atal Tunnel]] under [[Rohtang Pass]]
* [[Victory Tunnel]] in [[Shimla]]
* [[Chattergala Tunnel]]
* [[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel]] between Chenani and Nashri ([[Patnitop]]) on [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] Jammu-Srinagar Highway
* [[Zoji-la Tunnel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Z-Morh Tunnel}}
[[Category:Road tunnels in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Proposed road infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Proposed road tunnels in Asia]]
[[Category:Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Kargil district]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Limited

2026-04-20T01:02:06Z

Margaretxro: put up data

{{Short description|Indian shipbuilding company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Limited
| logo = SDHI logo.png
| image_caption = [[Golden Ocean Group|Golden Suek]], a 74,500 DWT ship built by the company in 2011
| former_name = {{ubl|Pipavav Shipyard Limited|Pipavav Defence and Offshore Engineering Company Limited|Reliance Defence and Engineering Limited|Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited}}
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|533107}} {{NSE|SWANDEF}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1997|10|17|df=yes}}
| location_city = Pipavav Port, [[Rajula]], Amreli district, Gujarat
| location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| founders = Nikhil Prataprai Gandhi Bhavesh Prataprai Gandhi
| key_people = [[Nikhil Merchant]] {{small|(Chairman and Managing Director)}}
| industry = {{ubl||[[FPSO]]|[[Shipbuilding]]|[[Heavy industry]]|[[Defence industry|Defence]]}}
| products =
| services = Ships & offshore Platforms, Pressure Vessels Design, construction, repair and conversion
| revenue = {{loss}} {{INRConvert|14.13|b}} (2018)<ref name=psl-fr-q42014>{{cite web|url=https://www.rnaval.co.in/documents/1365184/1372035/RNaval_AR_2017-18.pdf|title=Financial Results, Q1 2014–15|publisher=pipavav defence and offshore engineering company limited|access-date=14 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104101307/http://www.pipavavdoc.com/index.php/investors/financial-results-Q1-2014-2015.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{loss}} {{INRConvert|-9.56|b}} (2018)
| assets = {{loss}} {{INRConvert|99.4|b}} (2018)
| equity =
| num_employees = 367 (March 2018)
| parent = Swan Corp Limited
| divisions =
| subsid =
| caption =
| homepage = {{URL|https://sdhi.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Limited''' formerly known as '''Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited''', '''Reliance Defence & Engineering Limited''' and prior to that as '''Pipavav Shipyard Limited''' (PSL) and '''Pipavav Defence & Offshore Engineering Company Limited'''<ref name=SwanRelist>{{Cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/swan-defence-shares-re-list-on-stock-exchanges-up-5-after-listing/articleshow/117388734.cms |title=Swan Defence shares re-list on stock exchanges, up 5% after listing |last=Sharma |first= Riya |date=20 January 2025 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/reliance-defence-is-now-reliance-naval-and-engineering-limited/articleshow/60423001.cms |title=Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited: Reliance Defence is now Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited |website=The Economic Times |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909131350/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/reliance-defence-is-now-reliance-naval-and-engineering-limited/articleshow/60423001.cms |archive-date=9 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is an Indian [[shipbuilding]] and [[heavy industry]] company. The shipyard is located near the village of [[Pipavav]] in [[Gujarat]], at a distance of 90 km South of [[Amreli]], 15 km South of [[Rajula]] and 140 km South West of [[Bhavnagar]]. The company was the first private sector company in India to obtain a license and contract to build warships and owns the largest shipyard in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://shipyards.gr/shipyards/new-buildings/newbuilding-india-arabian/newbuilding-india-arabian-sea/pipavav-shipyard-india | title=Pipavav Shipyard India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.marineinsight.com/naval-architecture/largest-dry-docks/ | title=Top 10 Largest Dry Docks in the World | date=8 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Skillgroup Official |url=https://www.skilgroup.co.in/shipyard-offshore-engineering-facilities |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=skilgroup.co.in}}</ref>

==History==
Pipavav Shipyard Limited was the original company.It was originally built by SKIL Ports & Logistics.<ref>https://www.indiainfoline.com/company/swan-defence-and-heavy-industries-ltd/summary</ref> Pipavav Shipyard is now known as Swan Defence and Heavy Industries.

===Joint ventures===
On 12 September 2011, it was announced that Pipavav Shipyard entered a joint venture with [[Mazagon Dock Limited]] to collaborately build warships and submarines using Pipavav's facilities. The deal was intended to free up the congested order book of Mazagon shipyard and to give Pipavav a much needed boost in defence shipbuilding.<ref name="profit.ndtv_pipavav">{{cite news |url= http://profit.ndtv.com/news/show/pipavav-mazagaon-dock-to-set-up-jv-to-build-warships-for-indian-navy-177197 |title=JV Pipavav Mazagon|publisher= NDTV India|date=11 September 2011|access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref>

In February 2014, Pipavav announced a joint venture with Atlas Elektronik to build Heavy Weight Torpedoes.<ref name="indiastrategic_pipavav">{{cite news |url= http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories3180_Pipavav_defence_partner_Atlas_Elektronik.htm |title=JV Pipavav Atlas Elektronik |publisher= India Strategic |date=7 February 2015 |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>

===Debt restructuring===
On 26 March 2015, Pipavav Shipyard successfully implemented debt restructuring by raising additional debt of INR 5,500 crore resulting in total debt line in excess of INR 12,000 crore (about US$2 billion).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/7uXxyeWSGtCRTqklLuAraM/Pipavav-Defence-set-to-restructure-Rs7600-crore-debt-under.html|title=Pipavav Defence set to restructure Rs 7,600 crore debt under CDR|first=Vishwanath|last=Nair|date=25 March 2015|newspaper=Mint}}</ref>

===Reliance===
17.66 per cent of Pipavav Shipyard was acquired by [[Reliance Infrastructure|Reliance Infrastructure Limited]] on 5 March 2015 in a US$130 mln deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pipavav-defence-reliance-infrast-stake-idINKBN0M01KT20150304|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208224102/http://in.reuters.com/article/pipavav-defence-reliance-infrast-stake-idINKBN0M01KT20150304|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2015|title=Reliance Infra to take control of Pipavav Defence in $130 mln deal|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=4 March 2015|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> Subsequently, Reliance Infrastructure launched an open offer to acquire additional shares to control 25.1 per cent of the company. After the open offer was completed, Reliance Infrastructure held 36.5% equity in Pipavav Shipyard and [[Anil Ambani]] was appointed as the chairman.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/anil-ambani-chairman-of-pipavav-defence-after-rinfra-takes-control/articleshow/50627374.cms|title=Anil Ambani chairman of Pipavav Defence after RInfra takes control|first=Rachita|last=Prasad|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=19 January 2016 }}</ref>

The company was renamed to Reliance Defence and Engineering on 3 March 2016 and again renamed to Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited on 6 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/reliance-defence-and-engineering-limited-is-renamed-r-navel/article19645496.ece|title=Reliance Defence and Engineering Limited is renamed R-NAVEL|date=2017-09-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In January 2020, Reliance Naval triggered a corporate insolvency process by defaulting on bank loan payments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-05 |title=Reliance Naval and Engineering to cancel shares of existing shareholders |url=https://insolvencytracker.in/2023/07/05/reliance-naval-and-engineering-to-cancel-shares-of-existing-shareholders |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Insolvency Tracker}}</ref>

===Swan Energy===
Swan Energy Limited, in partnership with Hazel Mercantile Limited, acquired Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited following the approval of their corporate insolvency resolution plan by the National Company Law Tribunal on 23 December 2022, as dictated by the applicable laws.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/nclt-approves-swan-energy-plan-to-acquire-reliance-naval-and-engineering-15538611.htm |title=NCLT approves Swan Energy plan to acquire Reliance Naval and Engineering |date=29 December 2022 |website=CNBCTV18.com |publisher=TV18 Broadcast Limited}}</ref> As part of the acquisition,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/swan-energy-gets-nod-to-set-up-reliance-naval-board/article67618972.ece|title=Swan Energy gets nod to set up Reliance Naval board|date=8 December 2023|newspaper=Hindu Business Line}}</ref> a new board of directors was appointed on 8 December 2023, and Swan Energy's management officially took over control of the company on 4 January 2024. All actions related to the acquisition proceeded in line with the approved resolution plan.

In January 2025, the new name, Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Limited, became effective and the company relisted on the Indian stock exchanges.<ref name=SwanRelist /> Subsequently, Swan Defence's parent company Swan Energy Limited changed its name to Swan Corp Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/swan-energy-rebrands-as-swan-corp/articleshow/123577433.cms |title=Swan Energy Rebrands as Swan Corp |newspaper=Times of India |date=29 August 2025 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref>

On 24 September, the shipyard signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) with Netherlands-based [[Royal IHC]] to collaborate on te construction of Offshore Construction Vessels. The Royal IHC's representative in India, Alar Infrastructure, is also part of the agreement which includes the design, construction and retrofitting of multiple types of ships like Offshore Construction Vessels, [[Pipe-laying ship|Pipe Laying Vessels]], and Multi-Purpose [[Offshore support vessel|Offshore Support Vessels]] at SDHI's infrastructure based in [[Pipavav Port]]. The shipyard features India's largest [[dry dock]] with a dimension of 662 m × 65 m along with a fabrication capacity of 144,000 tons per annum.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Royal IHC signs MoU with SDHI for build of Offshore Construction Vessels |date=2025-09-24 |publisher=[[Royal IHC]] |url=https://www.royalihc.com/news/royal-ihc-signs-mou-sdhi-build-offshore-construction-vessels |access-date=2025-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-24 |title=Swan Defence jumps on partnership with Royal IHC |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/swan-defence-jumps-on-partnership-with-royal-ihc-125092400307_1.html |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-09-24 |title=SDHI inks MoU with Royal IHC to build offshore vessels in India |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/sdhi-inks-mou-with-royal-ihc-to-build-offshore-vessels-in-india/124093507 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=ETManufacturing.in |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 October, [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders]] (MDL) and Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Limited (SDHI) signed an [[Teaming agreement|Teaming Agreement]] (TA) to partner for the [[Indian Navy amphibious vessel acquisition project|LPD project of the Indian Navy]]. The agreement includes both design and construction of the vessels which will be undertaken by MDL and Swan Defence, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-28 |title=Swan Defence, Mazagon Dock sign pact for design and construction of LPDs for the Indian Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/swan-defence-mazagon-dock-sign-pact-for-design-and-construction-of-lpds-for-the-indian-navy/articleshow/124875153.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhan |first=T. E. Raja |date=2025-10-28 |title=Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders, Swan Defence sign pact to build Landing Platform Docks for Indian Navy |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/mazagon-dock-shipbuilders-swan-defence-sign-pact-to-build-landing-platform-docks-for-indian-navy/article70211839.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

==Ships built by the company==
* Golden Brilliant
* Golden Bull
* Golden Suek
* Golden Diamond
* Golden Amber
* Golden Ruby

==Shipyard facilities==
Swan Defence and Heavy Industries is home to India's largest shipyard. The shipyard is located in [[Port Pipavav]] and spreads over {{convert|600|acre|km2}}.<ref name="psl-about">{{cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.pipavavshipyard.com/overview.html |access-date=3 February 2011 |publisher=Pipavav Shipyard Limited}}</ref> The shipyard has a 1.2 km sea front to support activities including activities like berthing, docking and launching of vessels.. The shipyard has the largest drydock in India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-05-24 |title=Mega dry dock with global ambitions |url=https://www.maritimegateway.com/mega-dry-dock-with-global-ambitions/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=Maritime Gateway |language=en}}</ref> The [[dry dock]] which measures 662 meters in length and 65 meters in breadth, can accommodate ships up to 400,000 DWT. The dry dock is also home to India’s largest Goliath Crane, with a lifting capacity of 600 MT, spanning 148m and hook height of 75m. The facility also features a 100-meter extension track for the Goliath crane to unload heavy machinery and equipment directly from ships and heavy lift barges. Additionally, 2 ELLs of total 80 MT capacity add to the operational heft of the dry dock. A wet basin of 340m x 60m with 5m to 6m draft provides for berthing, assembly and launch of vessels.

The shipyard has a 1.2 km sea front to support activities including activities like berthing, docking and launching of vessels. The state-of-the-art shipyard is home to one of India's largest fabrication sites in a special economic zone (SEZ) – a dedicated 2.41 Mn sq. ft. of covered shed which allows year around fabrication.

==Achievements and orders==
In June 2010, PSL was awarded a {{INRConvert|26|b|lk=on|year=2010|mode=historical}} contract to build five [[Shachi-class offshore patrol vessel|offshore patrol vessel]]s for the Indian Navy.<ref name=et-2600cr>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-06-07/news/27599411_1_pipavav-shipyard-navy-deal-navy-order|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812035401/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-06-07/news/27599411_1_pipavav-shipyard-navy-deal-navy-order|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2011|title=Pipavav bags Rs 2,600-cr Navy deal|work=The Economic Times|date=7 June 2010|access-date=11 September 2011}}</ref>

In July 2015, Pipavav Shipyard was chosen for a 'Make in India' naval frigate order. The order value exceeds more than US$3 bn. This order is being termed as the private sector's biggest-ever warship-building project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/biggest-warship-project-russia-selects-anil-ambanis-pipavav-to-make-frigates-for-indian-navy/articleshow/48091024.cms|title=Biggest warship project: Russia selects Anil Ambani's Pipavav to make frigates for Indian Navy|first=Manu|last=Pubby|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=14 July 2018 }}</ref>

On 13 February 2017, Reliance Defence and Engineering Limited signed the Master Ship Repair Agreement with the US Navy to maintain the vessels of its Seventh Fleet operating in the region, with the company estimating revenues of about Rs 15,000 crore ($2 billion) over next 3 to 5 years. The Seventh Fleet's area of responsibility included the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean and at any given time there were roughly 140 ships and submarines, 5070 aircraft and approximately 20,000 sailors under its command. Prior to this agreement, these vessels visited Singapore or Japan for such works.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/reliance-defence-signs-warship-repair-pact-with-us-navy/story-YQD4Q27fyCwxRaXQbl3xnK.html |title=Reliance Defence signs warship repair pact with US Navy |date=13 February 2017 |newspaper=The Hindustan Times}}</ref>

As of 2024, the company has delivered five 74,500 DWT [[Panamax]] bulk carrier vessels since the start of commercial operations in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rnaval.co.in/commerical-shipbuilding.html |title=Commercial Shipbuilding |publisher=Reliance Naval & Engineering Limited |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref>

On 10 November 2025, the shipyard signed a [[Letter of Intent]] (LoI) with Norway-based ship owner and operator, Rederiet Stenersen AS, to supply six [[Chemical tanker#Type 2|IMO Type II chemical tankers]]. The contract will be worth $220 million. The vessels, with a 18,000 [[deadweight tonnage]] capacity, will be designed by Norway's Marinform AS & StoGda Ship Design & Engineering and classified by [[DNV]]. They will be built to [[Ice class|Ice Class 1A]] standards while fitted with an advanced hybrid propulsion. They will feature a modular design to be converted into methanol or LPG carrier while the battery capacity can be enhanced to 5,000-[[kWh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-10 |title=Swan Defence inks $220 million LoI for building six chemical tankers at Pipavav |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/swan-defence-inks-220-million-loi-for-building-six-chemical-tankers-at-pipavav/article70263308.ece |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kosmajac |first=Sara |date=2025-11-11 |title=Indian yard clinched by Norwegian player to build six fit-for-future chemical tankers |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/indian-yard-clinched-by-norwegian-player-to-build-six-fit-for-future-chemical-tankers/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-11 |title=Swan Defence and Heavy Industries signs $220 mn deal to build 6 advanced chemical tankers for Norway's Rederiet Stenersen |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/swan-defence-and-heavy-industries-signs-220-mn-deal-to-build-6-advanced-chemical-tankers-for-norways-rederiet-stenersen/articleshow/125244676.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On 23 January 2026, the shipyard received the $227 million contract from Rederiet Stenersen AS for the six chemical tankers. This is reported to be first and largest chemical tanker order received by any [[List of Indian shipbuilders and shipyards|shipyard in the country]]. The dimensions of the ships will be {{Convert|150|m|abbr=on}} by length and approximately {{Convert|23|m|abbr=on}} by [[Beam (nautical)|beam]]. The contract also includes [[option agreement]] for six [[Sister ship|additional vessels]]. The first ship will be delivered within 33 months.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-23 |title=Swan Defence & Heavy Industries bag chemical tanker deal worth $227 million |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/swan-defence-heavy-industries-bag-chemical-tanker-deal-worth-227-million/articleshow/127231476.cms |access-date=2026-01-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On 5 February 2026, the shipyard received a defence export order from the [[Royal Navy of Oman]] for a [[training ship]]. The ship, to be delivered in 18 months, will measure {{Convert|104.25|m|abbr=on}} in length, {{Convert|13.88|m|abbr=on}} in [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] and will [[Displacement (ship)|displace]] 3,500 tonnes. The ship will be equipped with state-of-the-art navigation system, communication suite, [[helicopter deck]]. The vessel will accommodate up to 70 [[cadets]] with modern classrooms and training offices.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-02-05 |title=Indian shipbuilder SDHI wins defence export order from Oman |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/indian-shipbuilder-sdhi-wins-defence-export-order-from-oman/article70595380.ece |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-05 |title=Swan Defence & Heavy Industries bags export order from Oman govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/swan-defence-heavy-industries-bags-defence-export-order-from-oman-govt/articleshow/127923533.cms |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On 7 April 2026, the shipyard received the India's first contract to supply four 92,500 DWT [[bulk carriers]] with [[Ammonia fuel|ammonia-fuelled]], [[Multifuel|dual-fuel]] propulsion system from Energy ONE Limited at a cost of over {{INRConvert|2600|c|lk=on|year=2026}}. The vessels will measure {{Convert|229.5|m|abbr=on}} by length and approximately {{Convert|37|m|abbr=on}} by [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] adn will be designed by South Korea's KMS-EMEC and classified by [[DNV]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-04-07 |title=SDHI wins India’s first ammonia dual-fuel bulk carrier order worth over ₹2,600 crore |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/sdhi-wins-indias-first-ammonia-dual-fuel-bulk-carrier-order-worth-over-2600-crore/130074124 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, Swan Defence and Heavy Industries has also partnered with [[Samsung Heavy Industries]] for two contracts from the [[Shipping Corporation of India]]. The contracts include six of the eight [[Gas carrier|Very Large Gas Carriers]] (VLGC) with 88,000 cubic metre capacity each as well as two Medium Range [[Product tanker|Product Tanker]] at a cost of $200 million with two more ships in option.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=23 February 2026|title=Cochin Shipyard, SDHI, L&T and GRSE-HSL team file bids to build M R tankers for oil PSUs|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/cochin-shipyard-sdhi-lt-and-grse-hsl-team-file-bids-to-build-m-r-tankers-for-oil-psus/128702234|access-date=24 February 2026|website=ETInfra.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[List of Indian shipbuilders and shipyards]]
* [[Cochin Shipyard]]
* [[Hindustan Shipyard]]
* [[Shipbuilding]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.pipavavdoc.com/ Official site of Reliance Defence and Engineering Limited]

{{Coord|20.922351|71.499571|type:landmark_scale:15000|display=title}}

[[Category:Shipbuilding companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Shipyards of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Reliance Group]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

H. K. Kumaraswamy

2026-04-19T10:42:00Z

Margaretxro: Created new bio w/ sources!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = H. K. Kumaraswamy
| image = H. K. Kumaraswamy.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1955|5|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kuppagadde
| education = B.Sc., B.Ed., LLB
| spouse = C. T. Chanchala Kumari
| children = 3
| profession = Politician, coffee planter
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sakleshpur Assembly constituency|Sakleshpur]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2018
| predecessor = H. M. Vishwanath
| party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (since 1984)
| successor = Cement Manju
}}

'''H. K. Kumaraswamy''' (born 31 May 1955) is an Indian politician and a six-time member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. As of 2018, he has been the MLA for the [[Sakleshpur Assembly constituency|Sakaleshpur]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref> constituency for the third consecutive term and serves as the [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] parliamentary board chairman.

He has served as [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] state president<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.K. Kumaraswamy named Karnataka JD(S) chief|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hk-kumaraswamy-named-karnataka-jds-chief/article28281454.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In revamp, JD(S) names H.K. Kumaraswamy as Karnataka unit chief|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/jd-s-begins-rebuilding-party-names-new-state-president-for-karnataka-1562243798301.html |publisher=[[LiveMint]]}}</ref> and as the Cabinet Minister for Women and Child Welfare in the Karnataka government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Cabinet Expansion: Full List Of HD Kumaraswamy Ministers|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/karnataka-cabinet-expansion-full-list-of-hd-kumaraswamy-ministers-3094784/ |website=www.india.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kumaraswamy is married to C.T. Chanchala Kumari. He has a son and two daughters.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumaraswamy, H, K}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{Karnataka-JDS-politician-stub}}

Ashrit Pattanayak

2026-04-18T22:40:29Z

Margaretxro: Post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashrit Pattanayak
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Rudra Pratap Maharathy]]
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Ashrit Pattanayak''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashrit Pattanayak Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=817 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pipili Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Ashrit Pattanayak of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pipili-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8918479.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pipili Assembly Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/pipili-constituency-result-18110 |website=IndiaToday |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ashrit Pattanayak, BJP Election Results LIVE |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/ashrit-pattanayak-18110-1 |website=NDTV |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattanayak, Ashrit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

2005–06 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

2026-04-15T17:46:50Z

Margaretxro: Creating

{{Short description|Indian cricket series edition}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2005/06 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2005-06-221073|title=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2005/06 score, Match schedules, fixtures, points table, results, news|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|image=
|caption=
|date=10 – 13 October 2005
|place= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
|result= Won by India Seniors
|player of series=
|team1=India Seniors
|team2=India A
|team3=India B
|captain1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Kaif]]
|captain2={{flagicon|IND}} [[VVS Laxman]]
|captain3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dinesh Mongia]]
|runs1= [[Venugopal Rao (cricketer)|Venugopal Rao]] (217)
|runs2= [[VVS Laxman]] (158)
|runs3= [[Robin Uthappa]] (135)
|wickets1= [[Murali Kartik]] (7)
|wickets2= [[Ramesh Powar]] (2)
|wickets3= [[Sreesanth]] (7)
|previous= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2004-05|2004–05]]
|next= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2006-07|2006–07]]
}}

The 11th [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]] was an [[Limited overs cricket|Indian domestic cricket]] tournament, played under [[List A cricket|List A]] rules, that was held in [[Mohali]] from 10 October to 13 October 2005. The series involved the domestic teams from India, which were India Seniors, India A, and India B. India Seniors defeated India B by 3 wickets in the final to become the champions of the tournament.

Also, this tournament marked the last time with team names '''India Seniors''', '''India A''' and '''India B''', being used.

==Squads==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/a-lot-at-stake-221406|title=A lot at stake|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India A <ref name="auto"/>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India B <ref name="auto"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Mohammad Kaif]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Satyajit Parab]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Venugopal Rao (cricketer)|Y Venugopal Rao]]
* [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Murali Kartik]]
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Ajit Agarkar]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|JP Yadav]]
* [[Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan]]
|
* [[VVS Laxman]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Dheeraj Jadhav]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Hemang Badani]]
* [[Niraj Patel]]
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ramesh Powar]]
* [[Rudra Pratap Singh|RP Singh]]
* [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
* [[VRV Singh]]
* [[Shahbaz Nadeem]]
* [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]
|
* [[Dinesh Mongia]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Robin Uthappa]]
* [[Sridharan Sriram]]
* [[Sunny Singh (cricketer)|Sunny Singh]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[S Sreesanth|Sreesanth]]
* [[Ranadeb Bose]]
* [[Amit Bhandari]]
* [[Ravikant Shukla]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Sreekumar Nair]]
|}

==Points Table==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2009-10-412587/points-table-standings 'Points Table']
|winpoints=6
|nrpoints=3
|show_tie=no
|showteam={{{team}}}

|team1=India B|team2=India Seniors
|team3=India A

|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=

|win_India B=1 |loss_India B=1 |nr_India B=0 |nrr_India B=+1.200
|win_India Seniors=1 |loss_India Seniors=1 |nr_India Seniors=0 |nrr_India Seniors=+0.400
|win_India A=1 |loss_India A=1 |nr_India A=0 |nrr_India A=-1.600

|name_India B={{flagicon|IND}} '''India B'''
|name_India Seniors={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Seniors'''
|name_India A={{flagicon|IND}} '''India A'''

|col_Q=#cfc
|col_O=#fcc
}}

==Matches==
===Group stage===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 10 October 2005
| team1 = India Seniors {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 289/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 291/9 (49.4 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India A
| runs1 = [[Venugopal Rao (cricketer)|Y Venugopal Rao]] 98 (99)
| wickets1 = [[RP Singh]] 2/34 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[VVS Laxman]] 48 (62)
| wickets2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/69 (10 overs)
| result = India A won by 1 wicket.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2005-06-221073/india-a-vs-india-seniors-221481/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Snrs vs India A 2005/06 - Score Report|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Ivaturi Shivram]] (IND) and [[MR Singh]] (IND)
| motm = [[Venugopal Rao (cricketer)|Y Venugopal Rao]] (India Seniors)
| rain = Points: India A 5, India Seniors 1
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 11 October 2005
| team1 = India B {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 240 (49.4 overs)
| score2 = 242/3 (45.5 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors
| runs1 = [[Parthiv Patel]] 53 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/39 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Venugopal Rao (cricketer)|Y Venugopal Rao]] 101* (125)
| wickets2 = [[Sreesanth]] 2/63 (10 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 7 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2005-06-221073/india-b-vs-india-seniors-221592/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India B vs India Snrs 2005/06 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Ivaturi Shivram]] (IND) and [[Tej Handu]] (IND)
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (India Seniors)
| rain = Points: India Seniors 5, India B 1
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 12 October 2005
| team1 = India A {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 260/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 264/3 (38.5 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India B
| runs1 = [[VVS Laxman]] 143 (143)
| wickets1 = [[Sreesanth]] 2/44 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Robin Uthappa]] 116 (93)
| wickets2 = [[VRV Singh]] 1/51 (10 overs)
| result = India B won by 7 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2005-06-221073/india-a-vs-india-b-221736/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India A vs India B 2005/06 - Score Report|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| toss = India B won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[MR Singh]] (IND) and [[Tej Handu]] (IND)
| motm = [[Robin Uthappa]] (India B)
| rain = Points: India B 5, India A 1
}}

==Final==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 October 2005
| team1 = India B {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 177 (42.5 overs)
| score2 = 181/7 (39 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors
| runs1 = [[Parthiv Patel]] 39 (62)
| wickets1 = [[Murali Kartik]] 5/29 (9.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan]] 87 (107)
| wickets2 = [[Sreesanth]] 3/32 (9 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 3 wickets.
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2005-06-221073/india-b-vs-india-seniors-final-221849/full-scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Ivaturi Shivram]] (IND) and [[MR Singh]] (IND)
| motm = [[Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan]] (India Seniors)
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2005-06}}
[[Category:2005 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2005–06]]
[[Category:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]

Kanhaiya Lal Choudhary

2026-04-14T06:45:46Z

Margaretxro: Created some details first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kanhaiya Lal Choudhary
| image =
| caption = Choudhary in 2024
| office = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 30 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Mahesh Joshi]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| 2blankname = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|
* Public Health Engineering Department (P.H.E.D.)
* Ground Water
}}
| governor = [[Kalraj Mishra]] [[Haribhau Bagade]]
| constituency1 = [[Malpura Assembly constituency|Malpura]]
| office1 = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = Ranveer Pahalwan
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Kalyanpura Jatan, [[Todaraisingh]], [[Tonk district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| children = 5
| spouse = Radha Choudhary
| education = [[Civil Engineering|Civ.Eng.]]
| profession = [[Agriculture]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Kanhaiya Lal Choudhary''' is an Indian politician currently serving as a Cabinet Minister in the [[Government of Rajasthan]], holding the portfolio of Public Health Engineering and Ground Water under the [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry]]. He is a three-time elected member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Malpura Assembly constituency]] as a representative of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-30 |title=Raj Cabinet to be formed today |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/raj-cabinet-to-be-formed-today/articleshow/106393549.cms |access-date=2024-01-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=मालपुरा सीट से जीत की हैट्रिक लगाने वाले कन्हैया लाल चौधरी भजनलाल मंत्रिमंडल में शामिल |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/tonk/rajasthan-cabinet-expansion-malpura-mla-kanhaiya-lal-choudhary-included-in-cabinet/rj20231230180003005005409 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=30 December 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections/malpura-constituency-94|title=Rajasthan Malpura Assembly Election Result 2023 Live: Date, Candidates, Vote Percentage, राजस्थान मालपुरा विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/had-scored-a-hat-trick-of-victory-from-malpura-seat-know-who-is-kanhaiya-lal-chaudhary-who-was-made-a-minister-in-the-rajasthan-government-4769701 |title=Had scored a hat-trick of victory from Malpura seat: Know who is Kanhaiya Lal Choudhary who was made a minister in the Rajasthan government |website=NDTV Rajasthan |access-date=1 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Political career==
Choudhary was first elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in 2013 and subsequently re-elected in 2018 and 2023 from the Malpura constituency. In the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he defeated [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) candidate Ghasi Lal Choudhary by a margin of 16,189 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/malpura-assembly-result-20094|title=Malpura Assembly Election Results 2023: Malpura Election Candidates List, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi |website=आज तक}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/malpura-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470709-2023-12-03|title=Malpura Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP retains Malpura seat, Kanhaiyalal wins with 84803 votes|website=India Today|date=3 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Malpura-94|title=Malpura Assembly Rajasthan Election 2023 Results Live: Rajasthan constituency Results, Winner list and vote share|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

On 30 December 2023, Choudhary was sworn in as a [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry#Cabinet Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] in the presence of [[Governor of Rajasthan|Governor]] [[Kalraj Mishra]], Deputy Chief Ministers [[Diya Kumari]] and [[Prem Chand Bairwa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/rajasthan-cabinet-news-live-updates-ministries-full-list-bhajan-lal-diya-kumari-prem-chand-bairwa-news-dec-30-101703920696442.html|title=Rajasthan cabinet news highlights: 22 ministers take oath, 17 of them first-timers|date=30 December 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election results for Malpura<ref name="toi2023">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/Malpura |title=Malpura Constituency Result |website=The Times of India |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
! Year !! Party !! Opponent (Main) !! Opponent Party !! Votes secured !! Vote share (%) !! Result
|-
| 2013 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || Rambilas Choudhary || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 76,799 || 49.40% || Elected
|-
| 2018 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || Ranveer Pahalwan || [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]] || 93,237 || 52.10% || Elected
|-
| 2023 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || Ghasi Lal Choudhary || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 85,915 || 41.22% || Elected
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Kanhaiya Lal}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Tonk district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan]]

Sonbarsha Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:42Z

Margaretxro: put up data

{{For|constituency with same name in [[Sitamarhi district]]|Sonbarsha, Sitamarhi Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Sonbarsha
|type= SLA
| map_image = 74-Sonbarsha constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Ratnesh Sada]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = 
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|74]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 302,061
|reservation = 
|abolished = 
}}
'''Sonbarsha''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Saharsa district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It has been reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]] since 2010. Earlier, it was an open seat.

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 74 Sonbarsha Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following:
Sonbarsha, Patarghat and Banma Itahri [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Sonbarsha Assembly constituency is part of No. 13 [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)]] .<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Sonbarsa Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sonbarsa.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Jageshwar Hajra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Singheshwar Rai
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Sitaram Mahto
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Raj Nandan Rai
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sitaram Mahto
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Mahamud Alam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Anwarul Haque
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Karpoori Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Jiwan Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ram Chandra Purve]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ratnesh Sada]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS0474.htm
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonbarsha<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ratnesh Sada]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:97833}}
|percentage = 47.39
|change = +7.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sarita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:84379}}
|percentage = 40.87
|change = +8.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Satyendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:5655}}
|percentage = 2.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kiran Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:5019}}
|percentage = 2.43
|change = +0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajesh Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:4038}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change = -0.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Parmod Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:3998}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5522}}
|percentage = 2.67
|change = +1.66
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13454}}
|percentage = 6.52
|change = -1.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206444}}
|percentage = 68.35
|change = +14.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonbarsha<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ratnesh Sada
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:67678}}
|percentage = 40.2
|change = -19.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tarni Rishideo
|votes = {{formatnum:54212}}
|percentage = 32.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Sarita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:13566}}
|percentage = 8.06
|change = -15.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajesh Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:4893}}
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Manoj Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:4790}}
|percentage = 2.85
|change = -0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sikandar Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:3750}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:3382}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kiran Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2848}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change = +0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manjay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2775}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhumi Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2547}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Pawan Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1792}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1701}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change = -3.32
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13466}}
|percentage = 8.0
|change = -28.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:168356}}
|percentage = 53.73
|change = +1.15
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonbarsha<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ratnesh Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:88789}}
|percentage = 59.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Sarita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:35026}}
|percentage = 23.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Manoj Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:5443}}
|percentage = 3.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Rajkumar Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:4830}}
|percentage = 3.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prithvi Chand Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:2246}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Maanavvaadi Janta Party
|candidate = Chandan Rishideo
|votes = {{formatnum:2238}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Satyanarayan Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2007}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajesh Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1809}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6449}}
|percentage = 4.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:53763}}
|percentage = 36.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:148837}}
|percentage = 52.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], Ratnesh Sada of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] won the Sonbarsha assembly seat defeating Sarita Devi of [[Lok Jan Shakti|LJP]].<ref name="election2010">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0474.htm |title = Bihar - Sonbarsha |work =Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-02-01 }}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. Kishor Kumar, Independent, [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]] and Ashok Kumar Singh of RJD in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. Ashok Kumar Singh defeated Kishor Kumar Singh, Independent, in 2000. Ashok Kumar Singh of [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated Tej Narayan Yadav, Independent, in 1995, and K.K. Mandal of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1990. Surya Narayan Yadav of [[Lok Dal|aLD]] defeated Tej Narayan Yadav of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 1985. Surya Narayan Yadav of [[Indian National Congress (Urs)|Congress (U)]] defeated K.K. Mandal of Congress in 1980. Ashok Kumar Singh of [[Janata Party|JP]] defeated Surya Narayan Yadav, Independent, in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp121.htm |title = 121 - Sonbarsa Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}
{{coord|25|41|42|N|86|42|29|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharsa district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Otrai Panai Maram

2026-04-12T01:24:05Z

Margaretxro: new some info basic info!

{{short description|Tamil-language drama film}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Otrai Panai Maram
| image = Otrai Panai Maram.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Puthiyavan Rasaiyah
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = S. Thanigaivel
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Puthiyavan Rasaiyah
*Navayuga Kugaraja
*Ajathika Puthiyavan
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Mahinda Abesinche C J Rajkumar
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = Ashwamithra
| studio = Rsss Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|8||United Kingdom|2024|10|5|India}}
| runtime =
| country = United Kingdom India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Otrai Panai Maram''''' ({{Translation|The lone palm tree}}) is a 2018 Tamil-language [[drama film]] directed by Puthiyavan Rasaiyah and starring himself, Navaayugha, and Ajathika Puthiyavan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=26 September 2019 |title=Watch: Pa Ranjith launches teaser of acclaimed film 'Otrai Panai Maram' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/watch-pa-ranjith-launches-teaser-acclaimed-film-otrai-panai-maram-109526 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2024 |title=ஒற்றைப் பனை மரம் : Otrai Panai Maram Bonus Trailer, Review, Cast & Crew, OTT Release Details in Tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/otrai-panai-maram-160623 |website=www.maalaimalar.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Puthiyavan Rasaiyah as Sundaram
*Navayuga Kugaraja as Kasturi
*Ajathika Puthiyavan

== Release ==
[[Seeman]] opposed the film's release citing that it showed the Eelam struggle in a poor light.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2024 |title=Seeman opposes release of film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/seeman-condemns-upcoming-release-of-otrai-panai-maram-for-distorting-tamil-eelam-struggle/articleshow/114558664.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "''Ottrai'' illustrates the aftermath of Sri Lanka’s brutal civil war and how abuse came from all directions - not just ethnic lines. The execution is a bit lacking, even though the ideas were interesting".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ottrai Panai Maram Movie Review : A well-meaning but static portrait of war survivors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ottrai-panai-maram/movie-review/114496920.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[News Today]]'' wrote, "In all, ''Otrai Panai Maram'' stands as a sincere, heartfelt portrayal of the human cost of conflict and resilience in the face of overwhelming odds".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2024 |title=Otrai Panai Maram - Review |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2024/10/25/otrai-panai-maram-review/ |website=News Today}}</ref>

== Accolades ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|Top Indie Film Awards || rowspan="6"|2018 || Best Original Idea || ''Otrai Panai Maram'' || {{won}} || rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2019 |title=A touchy tale |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2019/01/24/a-touchy-tale/ |website=News Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=23 January 2019 |title=Otrai Panai Maram gets international recognition |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Jan/23/otrai-panai-maram-gets-international-recognition-9754.html |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| Best Writing || style="text-align:center;"|{{emdash}} || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music || Ashwamithra || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Feature || rowspan="3"|''Otrai Panai Maram'' || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Nevada International Film Festival]] || Silver Screen Award || {{won}}
|-
| Hollywood Guild Awards || style="text-align:center;"|{{emdash}} || {{won}}
|}

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9074156}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]

Oru Korean Padam

2026-04-08T13:07:24Z

Margaretxro: new initial post first draft

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Korean Padam
| image = Oru Korean Padam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Sujith S. Nair
| writer = P. N. Ajayakumar Sujith S. Nair
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = S. Murugan Selvan Thamalam
| starring = [[Maqbool Salmaan]] Jwang-ki-Ju
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vipin Chandran
| editing = Pradeep Shankar
| music = Sreekumar Vasudev
| studio = Jesus Creations Kochumaveli Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2014|11|14|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Oru Korean Padam''''' ({{Translation|A Korean film}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] co-written and directed by Sujith S. Nair and starring [[Maqbool Salmaan]] and Jwang-ki-Ju.

== Plot ==
Kishore is a filmmaker who has directed the movie ''Turning Point'', which is an unofficial remake of the Korean film ''Something Out of Nothing'', by Jwang-ki-Ju. Since the Korean film was a failure but the Malayalam film was a success, Jwang-ki-Ju comes to Kerala to claim the rights for the film. At the same time, Kishore is trying to win over his love Eva and prove that he is successful.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/maqbools-next-is-oru-korean-padam/articleshow/21551619.cms|title=Maqbool’s next is Oru Korean Padam|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 August 2013|first=Shiba|last=Kurien|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/oru-korean-padam-by-filmmaker-sujith-s-nair/article6594831.ece|title=Copy, paste script and story|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 November 2014|first=Athira|last=M.|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127052057/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/oru-korean-padam-by-filmmaker-sujith-s-nair/article6594831.ece|archive-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> What happens next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Maqbool Salmaan]] as Kishore Kumar
*Jwang-ki-Ju as Jwang-ki-Ju
*[[Tini Tom]] as Nandakumar
*Basil
*[[Mamukkoya]]
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]
*[[Sunil Sukhada]] as Vijayan
*[[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Peethambaran
*[[Indrans]]
*[[Balaji Sarma]] as Freddy
*[[Pradeep Kottayam]]
*[[Vineeth Mohan]] as Shameer
*[[Vava Suresh]] as himself
*[[Mithra Kurian]] as Eva
*[[Urmila Unni]] as Saramma
*Molly Kannamaly as Whitey
*[[Joy Mathew]] as himself
*[[M. A. Nishad]] as Adv. Prakash Mathew<ref name="TOI 2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/m-a-nishad-to-turn-actor/articleshow/23606334.cms|title=M A Nishad to turn actor?|date=6 October 2013|work=The Times of India|first=Shiba|last=Kurien|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
*[[Saji Surendran]] as himself<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/director-saji-surendran-turns-actor/articleshow/41867072.cms|title=Director Saji Surendran turns actor!|first=Radhika C|last=Pillai|date=6 September 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
*[[Diphan]]
*[[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
*[[Kochaal|Syam Mohan]]
}}

== Production ==
The film is directed by Sujith S. Nair, who previously co-directed ''[[Kaashh]]'' (2012). The film is based on how many Indian films copy Korean films without giving the original film due credit.<ref name="H"/> ''Oru Korean Padam'' began production in September 2013.<ref name="TOI"/> To prepare for the role, Maqbool Salmaan closely observed the mannerisms of assistant directors.<ref name="TOI"/> Theatre actor Jwang-ki-Ju made his feature film debut through this film.<ref name="TOI 2"/> The film was shot in Munnar and Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="TOI"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film is composed by Sreekumar Vasudev.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/oru-korean-padam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1753409802|title=Oru Korean Padam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2014|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Cinema Cinema
| extra1 = Vasudeva Shanmugaraj, Anwar Sadath
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Pournamipenninannu
| extra2 = Vasudeva Shanmugaraj, [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Swetha Mohan]]
| length2 = 4:47
| title3 = Sunday Monday
| extra3 = Alex, Reshma Menon
| length3 = 3:52
| total_length = 13:23
}}

== Reception ==
Deepa Soman of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "It is a onetime watch for its theme, but the overall treatment and entertainment quotient is disappointing".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/oru-korean-padam/movie-review/45165897.cms|title=Oru Korean Padam Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Oru Korean Padam by Times of India|date=14 November 2014|work=The Times of India|last=Soman|first=Deepa|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|4874496}}

[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Sunni, Himachal Pradesh

2026-04-01T05:34:42Z

Margaretxro:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sunni
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town and tehsil
| image_skyline = Sunni town with Satluj river flowing beautiful view 02.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sunni town in valley with [[Satluj]] river flowing as seen from uphill
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Shimla,

Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.24|N|77.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 670
| population_total = 2836
| population_as_of = 2005
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Mahasui]] ([[Keonthali dialect|Keonthali]])<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sunni''' is a town, [[nagar panchayat]] and tehsil in [[Shimla district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It is about {{Convert|38|km|mi}} from the state's capital [[Shimla]]. It is situated in a valley on the banks of [[Sutlej|Satluj]] river. It was the capital of the former [[Bhajji State|Bhajji]] princely state, one of the several states of the [[Punjab States Agency]]. [[Tattapani (Himachal Pradesh)|Tattapani]] in Satluj river is a famous site here, known for its hot springs. It is also an important location for religious purposes.

==Geography==
[[File:Satluj river divides Himachal Pradesh's two districts, Shimla and Mandi, as shown in the image.jpg|thumb|Satluj river divides Himachal Pradesh's two districts, Shimla and Mandi. Sunni is located in Shimla district]]
Sunni is located at {{coord|31.24|N|77.12|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/11/Seoni.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Seoni]</ref> It has an average elevation of 670 [[metre]]s (2198 [[foot (length)|feet]]). The town is situated in Shimla district on border of [[Mandi district]] as [[Sutlej|Satluj]] river divides the two. Sunni has a popular tourist destination [[Tattapani (Himachal Pradesh)|Tattapani]] and near Sunni in Khatnol block, there is a 7 km trek to a popular temple named [[Shali Mata Temple]] situated on [[Shali Tibba]] peak.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sunni had a population of 1529. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Sunni has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 78%. In Sunni, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cities and towns in Shimla district]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Valleys of Himachal Pradesh]]

Sital Kalantry

2026-03-30T07:38:47Z

Margaretxro: put up new info

{{Short description|American law professor}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sital Kalantry
| education = [[Cornell University]] (AB) [[ London School of Economics]] (MSc) [[University of Pennsylvania]] Carey Law School (JD)
| occupation = [[Law professor]]
| years_active = 2021–present
| employer = [[Seattle University School of Law]] (Associate Dean, Professor of Law) [[ Cornell Law School]] (Clinical Professor of Law) [[ University of Chicago Law School]] (Clinical Professor of Law)
| notable_works = Desi Roots & Routes Podcast
| awards = {{bulleted list|South Asian Bar Association Public Interest Award (2021)|Kheel Family Award for Excellence in Teaching (2019)|Fulbright-Nehru Grant (2012)|Award for Outstanding Work for the Advancement of Women at Cornell|University (2010 and 2009)}}
| website = {{url|skalantry.com}}
}}

'''Sital Kalantry''' is an American legal scholar specializing in [[comparative law]] and international human rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steeped in two worlds, law professor crusades for women's rights |url=https://nwasianweekly.com/2022/01/steeped-in-two-worlds-law-professor-crusades-for-womens-rights/ |website=Northwest Asian Weekly |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> She is a Professor of Law at [[Seattle University School of Law]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profiles Sital Kalantry |url=https://law.seattleu.edu/faculty/directory/profiles/kalantry-sital.html |website=Seattle University School of Law |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seattle University School of Law |title=Seattle U Law Welcomes Two New Professors |journal=News Center Articles |issue=99 |year=2021 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/news_center/99?utm_source=digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu%2Fnews_center%2F99&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages }}</ref> Kalantry is the author of ''Court on Trial: A Data-Driven Account of the Indian Supreme Court'' (2022),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalantry |first=Sital |title=Court on Trial |publisher=India Viking |year=2023 |isbn=9780670091584 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Review |url= https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/book-review-court-on-trial-a-slim-read-that-provides-comprehensive-assessment-of-supreme-court-13045182.html |website=Firstpost |date= 27 August 2023 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court: Why India's powerful top court is in a 'crisis' |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66292895 |website=BBC |date= 30 July 2023 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> and ''Women’s Human Rights and Migration: Sex-Selective Abortion Laws in the United States and'' ''India'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalantry |first=Sital |title=Women's Human Rights and Migration |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780812294200 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Apel |first=Marisa Moore |title=Book Review |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=818–827 |year=2021 |doi=10.1353/hrq.2021.0051 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linskey |first=Carol |title=Book Review |journal=Journal of Global South Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=452–454 |year=2018 |doi=10.1353/gss.2018.0037 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Kalantry was born in [[India]] and emigrated to the United States at the age of four.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steeped in two worlds, law professor crusades for women's rights |url=https://nwasianweekly.com/2022/01/steeped-in-two-worlds-law-professor-crusades-for-womens-rights/ |website=Northwest Asian Weekly |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> She grew up in [[Queens, New York]], and attended the [[Bronx High School of Science]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steeped in two worlds, law professor crusades for women's rights |url=https://nwasianweekly.com/2022/01/steeped-in-two-worlds-law-professor-crusades-for-womens-rights/ |website=Northwest Asian Weekly |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

She earned an AB degree from [[Cornell University]], an MSc from the [[London School of Economics]], and a JD from the [[University of Pennsylvania Law School|University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Conversation with Prof. Sital Kalantry |url=https://www.barandbench.com/interviews/law-school-interviews/in-conversation-with-prof-sital-kalantry-seattle-university-school-of-law |website=Bar & Bench |date=16 December 2022 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal Aid |url=https://cornellalumnimagazine.com/legal-aid/ |website=Cornell Alumni Magazine |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sital Kalantry, Eduardo Penalver |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/06/style/sital-kalantry-eduardo-penalver.html?searchResultPosition=1 |website=New York Times | date=6 July 1997 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Kalantry is a Professor of Law and Associate Dean at Seattle University School of Law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profiles Sital Kalantry |url=https://law.seattleu.edu/faculty/directory/profiles/kalantry-sital.html |website=Seattle University School of Law |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> Before joining Seattle University, she taught at Cornell Law School for 15 years, where she directed the International Human Rights Clinic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal Aid |url=https://cornellalumnimagazine.com/legal-aid/ |website=Cornell Alumni Magazine |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> She has also held visiting faculty positions at the [[University of Chicago Law School]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sital Kalantry to Join Faculty |url=https://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/sital-kalantry-join-faculty-bring-international-human-rights-clinic-law-school |website=University of Chicago Law School News |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> and [[Yale Law School]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Yale Law School 2005-2006 |journal=Bulletin of Yale University |volume=101 |issue=8 |page=14 | date=August 2005 |url=https://bulletin.yale.edu/sites/default/files/yale-law-school-2005-2006.pdf}}</ref>

In 2012, Kalantry was a Fulbright-Nehru Senior Research Scholar at O.P. Jindal Global University in India, where she conducted research on the [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sital Kalantry |url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/grantee/sital-kalantry |website=Fulbright Scholar Program |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Law School's Kalantry named a Fulbright-Nehru scholar |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2011/05/law-schools-kalantry-named-fulbright-scholar |website=Cornell Chronicle |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

She has published widely on issues relating to human rights, [[reproductive rights]], and comparative constitutional law. Her scholarship has appeared in journals such as the ''[[Cornell Law Review]]'', the ''[[Stanford Journal of International Law]],'' and ''Forum for Health Economics and Policy''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalantry |first=Sital |title=Do Reason-Based Abortion Bans Prevent Eugenics |journal=Cornell Law Review Online |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |year=2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalantry |first=Sital |title=Intent-to-Benefit: Individually Enforceable Rights in International Treaties |journal=Stanford Journal of International Law |volume=44 |pages=63–100 |year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalantry |first=Sital |title=Sex-selective Abortion Bans are Not Associated with Changes in Sex Ratios at Birth in Illinois and Pennsylvania |journal=Forum on Health and Economic Policy |volume=1 |pages=1–24 |year=2014 |issue=1 |doi=10.1515/fhep-2014-0018 |pmid=31419884 }}</ref>

She has also contributed opinion essays to ''[[The New York Times]], [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', and ''[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Fix India's Sex-Selection Problem |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/27/opinion/how-to-fix-indias-sex-selection-problem.html?smid=tw-share |website=New York Times | date=27 July 2017 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Kalantry |first1=Sital |title=It's a Trick |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/05/its-a-girl-a-pro-life-movie-embraced-by-pro-choice-groups.html |website=Slate |date=6 May 2013 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lessons from India on the issue of Supreme Court justice term limits |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/judiciary/549263-lessons-from-india-on-the-issue-of-supreme-court-justice-term-limits/ |website=The Hill |date=20 April 2021 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> Kalantry has been involved in founding several academic centers and clinics, including the Roundglass India Center at Seattle University,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roundglass India Center at Seattle University |url= https://www.seattleu.edu/newsroom/2023/roundglass-india-center-at-seattle-university.php |website=SU Newsroom |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SU will convene India conference |url= https://www.seattleu.edu/newsroom/2023/seattle-university-will-convene-india-conference-september-6.php |website=SU Newsroom |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SU's Conference to Pitch Relations Between WA State and India |url= https://indiawest.com/seattle-universitys-conference-to-pitch-relations-between-washington-state-and-india/#google_vignette |website=IndiaWest Journal |date= 25 August 2023 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seattle's bridge to India |url=https://nwasianweekly.com/2023/09/seattles-bridge-to-india-insights-from-the-seattle-setu-conference/ |website=Northwest Asian Weekly |date=11 September 2023 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> the Avon Center for Women and Justice at Cornell Law School,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Law School unveils center for women and justice |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2009/03/law-school-opens-center-women-and-justice |website=Cornell Chronicle |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> and the International Human Rights Clinic at University of Chicago Law School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sital Kalantry to Join Faculty |url=https://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/sital-kalantry-join-faculty-bring-international-human-rights-clinic-law-school |website=University of Chicago Law School News |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Pursuit of Global Justice |url=https://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/pursuit-global-justice |website=UChicago Law News |date=5 April 2019 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> Earlier in her career, she practiced corporate law at [[Milbank]] and [[O'Melveny & Myers|O’Melveny & Myers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steeped in two worlds, law professor crusades for women's rights |url=https://nwasianweekly.com/2022/01/steeped-in-two-worlds-law-professor-crusades-for-womens-rights/ |website=Northwest Asian Weekly |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

==Awards==

* South Asian Bar Association Public Interest Award (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nisha Vyas Receives South Asian Bar Association of North Americas Public Interest Achievement Award |url= https://wclp.org/nisha-vyas-receives-south-asian-bar-association-of-north-americas-public-interest-achievement-award/ |website=Western Center on Law & Poverty |date= 4 June 2021 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Congratulations to the 2021 SABA North America Award Winners! |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=4478809612131248&set=pcb.4478824755463067 |website=SABA North America Facebook Page |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
* Kheel Family Award for Excellence in Teaching, Cornell Law School (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=University, College, & External Awards |url= https://facultydevelopment.cornell.edu/grants-awards/university-college-external-awards/ |website=Cornell University Faculty Development & Diversity |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
* 2018 Eric Hoffer Book Award for Best Academic Press Title for ''Women's Human Rights and Migration'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Eric Hoffer Book Award Winners |url=https://www.hofferaward.com/Eric-Hoffer-Award-previous-winners.html#academic |website=Eric Hoffer Book Award |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

==Publications==

===Books===

* ''Court on Trial: A Data-Driven Account of the Indian Supreme Court'' (Cambridge University Press, 2022)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalantry |first=Sital |title=Court on Trial |publisher=India Viking |year=2023 |isbn=9780670091584 }}</ref>
* ''Women’s Human Rights and Migration: Sex-Selective Abortion Laws in the United States and India'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalantry |first=Sital |title=Women's Human Rights and Migration |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780812294200 }}</ref>
===Selected articles===

* “Sex Selection in the United States and India: A Contextualist Feminist Approach” – UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs (2013)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalantry |first=Sital |title=Sex Selection in the United States and India |journal=UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs |volume=18 |page=61 |year=2013 |url= https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/2/7529/files/2017/05/Sex-Selection-in-the-United-States-and-India-A-Contextualist-Fem-1i7pmto.pdf }}</ref>
* “The Intent-to-Benefit: Individually Enforceable Rights under International Treaties”– Stanford Journal of International Law (2007)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalantry |first=Sital |title=Intent-to-Benefit: Individually Enforceable Rights in International Treaties |journal=Stanford Journal of International Law |volume=44 |pages=63–100 |year=2008}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Kalantry is married to [[Eduardo Peñalver]], a legal scholar and the president of Seattle University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sital Kalantry, Eduardo Penalver |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/06/style/sital-kalantry-eduardo-penalver.html?searchResultPosition=1 |website=New York Times | date=6 July 1997 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Furfaro |first=Hannah |title=Seattle University chooses first Latino president |journal=Seattle Times |volume=October 23, 2020 |pages=A8 |year=2020 |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&t=favorite%3ASTBSSTWE%21Seattle%20Times%20Collection%20with%20historical%20archive&sort=YMD_date%3AD&hide_duplicates=2&fld-base-0=alltext&maxresults=60&valbase0=eduardo%20penalver&docref=news/17E4A154A6FE1228}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalantry, Sital}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Improve categories|date=December 2025}}
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
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Book of Job

2026-03-28T14:32:49Z

Margaretxro: fix intro also and improved wording

{{Short description|Book of the Bible}}
{{For|the Indian film|Iyobinte Pusthakam{{!}}''Iyobinte Pusthakam''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Tanakh OT |Ketuvim |WP}}
[[File:POxy n3522.jpg|thumb|[[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522]] (dated to the 1st century CE) contains a partial translation of Job 42 into [[Koine Greek]].]]
The '''Book of Job''' ({{langx|hbo|אִיּוֹב|ʾĪyyōḇ}}), or simply '''Job''', is a book found in the [[Ketuvim]] ('Writings') section of the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the first of the [[Poetic Books]] in the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Christian Bible]].{{sfn|Hartley|1988|p=3}}

The language of the Book of Job, combining post-Babylonian Hebrew and [[Aramaic]] influences, indicates it was composed during the [[Persian period]] (540–330 BCE), with the poet using Hebrew in a learned, literary manner.<ref>{{cite book |title=Job: A New Translation |author-first1=Edward L. |author-last1=Greenstein |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780300163766 |page=xxvii |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8KmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR27 |quote=Determining the time and place of the book's composition is bound up with the nature of the book's language. The Hebrew prose of the frame tale, notwithstanding many classic features, shows that it was composed in the post-Babylonian era (after 540 BCE). The poetic core of the book is written in a highly literate and literary Hebrew, the eccentricities and occasional clumsiness of which suggest that Hebrew was a learned and not native language of the poet. The numerous words and grammatical shadings of Aramaic spread throughout the mainly Hebrew text of Job make a setting in the Persian era (approximately 540–330) fairly certain, for it was only in that period that Aramaic became a major language throughout the Levant. The poet depends on an audience that will pick up on subtle signs of Aramaic.}}</ref> It addresses the [[problem of evil]], providing a [[theodicy]] through the experiences of the [[eponym]]ous protagonist.{{sfn|Lawson|2004|p=11}} It is structured with a prose prologue and epilogue framing poetic dialogues and monologues, including three cycles of debates between Job and his friends, Job's lamentations, the Poem to Wisdom, [[Elihu (biblical figure)|Elihu]]'s speeches, and God's two speeches from a [[whirlwind]].

[[Job (biblical figure)|Job]] is a wealthy God-fearing man with a comfortable life and a large family. God discusses Job's piety with a character called the adversary ({{langx|hbo|הַשָּׂטָן|haśśāṭān|label=none}}, {{lit|the adversary}}; i.e. "the [[satan]]"). The adversary rebukes God, stating that Job would turn away from God if he were to lose everything within his possession. God decides to test that theory by allowing the adversary to inflict pain on Job. Job is tested through extreme suffering, including the loss of his wealth, children, and health, yet he maintains his piety while challenging the justice of God. Job defends himself against his unsympathetic friends, whom God admonishes. The dialogues explore human frailty and the inaccessibility of divine wisdom, culminating in God highlighting His [[omnipotence]] and Job confessing his limited understanding. Job's fortunes and family are restored in the epilogue.

The book has influenced Jewish and Christian [[theology]] and [[liturgy]], as well as Western culture. It parallels [[Wisdom literature|wisdom traditions]] from [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]. In [[Islam]], Job (Ayyub) is revered as a prophet exemplifying steadfast faith.

==Structure==
[[File:Job Scroll (cropped).jpg|thumb|A scroll of the Book of Job, in Hebrew]]
The Book of Job consists of a prose prologue and epilogue narrative framing poetic dialogues and monologues.{{sfn|Bullock|2007|p=87}} It is common to view the narrative frame as the original core of the book, enlarged later by the poetic dialogues and discourses, and sections of the book such as the Elihu speeches and the wisdom poem of [[Job 28|chapter 28]] as late insertions, but recent trends have tended to concentrate on the book's underlying editorial unity.{{sfn|Walton|2008|p=343}}

# {{em|Prologue}}: in two scenes, the first on Earth, the second in Heaven<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|1–2}}</ref>
# {{em|Job's opening monologue}}<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|3}}</ref> – seen by some scholars as a bridge between the prologue and the dialogues and by others as the beginning of the dialogues{{sfn|Walton|2008|p=333}} – and {{em|three cycles of dialogues}} between Job and his three friends;<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|4–27}}</ref> the third cycle is not complete, the expected speech of Zophar being replaced by the wisdom poem of chapter 28.{{sfn|Kugler|Hartin|2009|p=191}}{{pb}}{{bulleted list|{{em|First cycle:}}|[[Eliphaz (Job)|Eliphaz]] and Job's response<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|4–7}}</ref>|[[Bildad]] and Job<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|8–10}}</ref>|[[Zophar]] and Job<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|11–14}}</ref>|{{em|Second cycle:}}|Eliphaz and Job<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|15–17}}</ref>|Bildad and Job<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|18–19}}</ref>|Zophar and Job<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|20-21}}</ref>|{{em|Third cycle:}}|Eliphaz and Job<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|22–24}}</ref>|Bildad and Job<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|25–27}}</ref>}}
# {{em|Three monologues}}:{{pb}}{{bulleted list|A {{em|Poem to Wisdom}}{{efn|Chapter 28,<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|28}}</ref> previously read as part of the speech of Job, is now regarded by most scholars as a separate interlude in the narrator's voice.}}{{sfn|Walton|2008|p=333}}|{{em|Job's closing monologue}}<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|29–31}}</ref>|and {{em|[[Elihu (Job)|Elihu]]'s speeches}}<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|32–37}}</ref>}}
# {{em|Three speeches by God}},<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|38:1–40:2}}, {{bibleverse|Job|40:6–41:34}}, and {{bibleverse|Job|42:7–8}}</ref> with Job's responses
# {{em|Epilogue}} – Job's restoration<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|42:9–17}}</ref>

==Contents==
[[File:Blake 1793 Job's Tormentors (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Job's Tormentors'' from [[William Blake]]'s [[William Blake's Illustrations of the Book of Job|Illustrations for the Book of Job]]]]

===Prologue on Earth and in Heaven===
In [[Job 1|chapter 1]], the prologue on Earth introduces [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]] as a righteous man, blessed with wealth, sons, and daughters, who lives in the [[land of Uz]]. The scene then shifts to Heaven, where God asks [[Satan]] ({{langx|hbo|הַשָּׂטָן|haśśāṭān|the adversary}}) for his opinion of Job's piety. Satan accuses Job of being pious only because he believes God is responsible for his happiness; if God were to take away everything that Job has, then he would surely curse God.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|1:21}}</ref>

God gives Satan permission to strip Job of his wealth and kill his children and servants, but Job nonetheless praises God:
: Naked I came from my mother's womb, and naked shall I return there; the Lord gave, and the Lord has taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|1:21}}</ref>

In [[Job 2|chapter 2]], God further allows Satan to afflict Job's body with disfiguring and painful [[boil]]s. As Job sits in the [[ash]]es of his former estate, his wife prompts him to "curse God, and die", but Job answers:
: You speak as any foolish woman would speak. Shall we receive the good at the hand of God, and not receive the bad?<ref>{{Bibleverse|Job|2:10}}</ref>

=== Job's opening monologue and dialogues between Job and his three friends ===
In [[Job 3|chapter 3]], "instead of cursing God",<ref>{{cite book |author-link=James Crenshaw |last=Crenshaw |first=J.L. |year=2001 |section=17. Job |editor1-last=Barton |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Muddiman |editor2-first=J. |title=The Oxford Bible Commentary |page=335 |section-url=https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193211/http://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 |archive-date=22 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Job laments the night of his conception and the day of his birth; he longs for death, "but it does not come".<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|3:21|NKJV}}</ref>

His three friends, [[Eliphaz (Job)|Eliphaz the Temanite]], [[Bildad|Bildad the Shuhite]], and [[Zophar|Zophar the Naamathite]], visit him. For seven days and nights they mourn with him, but afterwards they accuse him of sinning, and tell him that his suffering was deserved. Job responds with scorn, calling his visitors "miserable comforters".<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|16:2|NKJV}}</ref> Job asserts that since a ''just'' God would not treat him so harshly, patience in suffering is impossible, and the Creator should not take his creatures so lightly, to come against them with such force.{{sfn|Kugler|Hartin|2009|p=190}}

Job's responses represent one of the most radical restatements of Israelite [[theology]] in the Hebrew Bible.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clines |first=David J.A. |date=2004 |title=Job's God |journal=Concilium |volume=2004 |issue=4 |pages=39–51}}</ref> He moves away from the pious attitude shown in the prologue and begins to berate God for the disproportionate wrath against him. He sees God as, among others,
{{div col begin|colwidth=15em}}
* intrusive and suffocating<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|7:17–19}}</ref>
* unforgiving and obsessed with destroying a human target<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|7:20–21}}</ref>
* angry<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|9:13}}; {{bibleverse|Job|14:13}}; {{bibleverse|Job|16:9}}; {{bibleverse|Job|19:11}}</ref>
* fixated on punishment<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|10:13–14}}</ref>
* hostile and destructive<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|16:11–14}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
Job then shifts his focus from the injustice that he himself suffers to God's governance of the world. He suggests that God does nothing to punish the wicked, who have taken advantage of the needy and the helpless, who, in turn, have been left to suffer the significant hardships inflicted on them.<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|24:1–12}}</ref>

=== Three monologues: Poem to Wisdom, Job's closing monologue ===
[[File:Job and his friends.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.3|''Job and His Friends'' by [[Ilya Repin]] (1869)]]
The dialogues of Job and his friends are followed by a poem (the "hymn to wisdom") on the inaccessibility of wisdom: "Where is wisdom to be found?" it asks; it concludes in chapter 28 that wisdom has been hidden from humankind.{{sfn|Seow|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOn3ZK2n0UUC&pg=PA33-34 33–34]}} Job contrasts his previous fortune with his present plight as an outcast, mocked and in pain. He protests his innocence, lists the principles he has lived by, and demands that God answer him.{{sfn|Sawyer|2013|p=27}}

=== Elihu's speeches ===
A character not previously mentioned, [[Elihu (Job)|Elihu]], intrudes into the story and occupies chapters 32–37. The narrative describes him as stepping out of a crowd of bystanders irate. He intervenes to state that wisdom comes from God, who reveals it through dreams and visions to those who will then declare their knowledge.{{sfn|Seow|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOn3ZK2n0UUC&pg=PA33-34 33–34]}}

===Two speeches by God===
From chapter [[Job 38|38]], God speaks from a [[whirlwind]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|38:1}}</ref> God's speeches do not explain Job's suffering, defend divine justice, enter into the courtroom of confrontation that Job has demanded, or respond to his oath of innocence of which the narrative prologue shows God is well aware.{{sfn|Walton|2008|p=339}}

Instead, God changes the subject to human frailty and contrasts Job's weakness with divine wisdom and [[omnipotence]]: "Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth?" Job responds briefly, but God's monologue resumes, never addressing Job directly.{{sfn|Sawyer|2013|p=28}}

In [[Job 42]]:1–6, Job makes his final response, confessing God's power and his own lack of knowledge "of things beyond me which I did not know". Previously, he has only heard God, but now his eyes have seen God, and therefore, he declares, "I retract and repent in dust and ashes".{{sfn|Habel|1985|p=575}}

=== Epilogue ===

God tells Eliphaz that he and the two other friends "have not spoken of me what is right as my servant Job has done".{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

The three are told to make [[Burnt offering (Judaism)|a burnt offering]] with Job as their intercessor, "for only to him will I show favour". Elihu, the critic of Job and his friends, is notably omitted from this part of the narrative.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

The epilogue describes Job's health being restored, his riches and family being remade, and Job living to see the new children born into his family produce grandchildren up to the fourth generation.{{sfn|Kugler|Hartin|2009|p=33}}

===Additions to Job===
Among other alterations to the Book of Job, the Septuagint features an extended epilogue. Continuing from the end of 42:17, the Greek edition confirms that Job will be resurrected with the righteous. The addition further identifies Job with Jobab in Genesis, the great-grandson of Esau and a king of Edom. Furthermore, Eliphaz in the story of Job is identified as Esau's firstborn son, Eliphaz, and the king of Taiman; Baldad is noted as the ruler of the Sauchites, and Sophar is noted as the king of the Minneans.

The addition contains several parallels with the writings of Aristeas the Exegete, quoted by Alexander Polyhistor who in turn was quoted in Eusebius in ''Praeparatio Evangelica'' 9.25.1-4.{{sfn|Charlesworth|1985|p=855}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Composition==
[[File:LB100fol165.JPG|thumb|Anonymous Byzantine illustration; the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|pre-incarnate]] Christ speaks to Job]]

===Authorship, language, texts===
The character Job appears in the 6th-century BCE [[Book of Ezekiel]] as an exemplary righteous man of antiquity, and the author of the Book of Job has apparently chosen this legendary hero for his [[parable]].{{sfn|Fokkelman|2012|p=20}} The language of the Book of Job, combining post-Babylonian [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]] influences, indicates it was composed during the [[Persian period]] (540–330 BCE), with the poet using Hebrew in a learned, literary manner.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Job: A New Translation
| translator = Edward L. Greenstein
| publisher = Yale University Press
| year = 2019
| isbn = 9780300163766
| page = xxvii
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W8KmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR27
| quote = Determining the time and place of the book's composition is bound up with the nature of the book's language. The Hebrew prose of the frame tale, notwithstanding many classic features, shows that it was composed in the post-Babylonian era (after 540 BC). The poetic core of the book is written in a highly literate and literary Hebrew, the eccentricities and occasional clumsiness of which suggest that Hebrew was a learned and not native language of the poet. The numerous words and grammatical shadings of Aramaic spread throughout the mainly Hebrew text of Job make a setting in the Persian era (approximately 540–330) fairly certain, for it was only in that period that Aramaic became a major language throughout the Levant. The poet depends on an audience that will pick up on subtle signs of Aramaic.
}}</ref> The anonymous author was almost certainly an [[Israelites|Israelite]]—although the story is set outside Israel, in southern [[Edom]] or northern Arabia—and alludes to places as far apart as [[Mesopotamia]] and Egypt.{{sfn|Seow|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOn3ZK2n0UUC&pg=PA24 24]}} Despite the Israelite origins, it appears that the Book of Job was composed in a time in which [[wisdom literature]] was common but not acceptable to Judean sensibilities (i.e., during the [[Babylonian exile]] and shortly thereafter).{{sfn|Kugel|2012}}

The speeches of Elihu differ in style from the rest of the book, and neither God nor Job appear to take any note of what he has said; as a result, it is widely believed that Elihu's speeches are a later addition by another author.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elihu |title=Elihu (Biblical figure) |date=20 October 2009 |website=Encyclopedia Brittanica |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Alter|2018}}

The language of Job stands out for its conservative spelling and exceptionally large number of words and word forms not found elsewhere in the Bible.{{sfn|Seow|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOn3ZK2n0UUC&pg=PA17 17-20]}} Many later scholars, down to the 20th century, have looked for an [[Aramaic]], [[Arabic]], or [[Edomite language|Edomite]] origin, but a close analysis suggests that the foreign words and foreign-looking forms are literary affectations designed to lend authenticity to the book's distant setting and give it a foreign flavor.{{sfn|Seow|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOn3ZK2n0UUC&pg=PA24 24]}}{{sfn|Kugel|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iyjzHjnEJ8AC&dq=%22give+the+work+a+foreign+flavor%22&pg=PA641 641]}}

===Modern revisions===

Job exists in a number of forms: the Hebrew [[Masoretic Text]], which underlies many modern Bible translations; the Greek [[Septuagint]] made in Egypt in the last centuries BCE; and Aramaic and Hebrew manuscripts found among the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]].{{sfn|Seow|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOn3ZK2n0UUC&pg=PA1-16 1–16]}}

In the Latin [[Vulgate]], the [[New Revised Standard Version]], and in [[Protestant Bible]]s, it is placed after the [[Book of Esther]] as the first of the [[poetic books]].{{sfn|Hartley|1988|p=3}} In the Hebrew Bible, it is located within the [[Ketuvim]]. John Hartley notes that in [[Sephardic]] manuscripts, the texts are ordered as [[Psalms]], Job, and [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]], but in [[Ashkenazic]] texts, the order is Psalms, Proverbs, and then Job.{{sfn|Hartley|1988|p=3}} In the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Jerusalem Bible]], it is described as the first of the "wisdom books" and follows the two [[books of the Maccabees]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jerusalem Bible|year=1966|chapter=Introduction to the Wisdom Books|page=723}}</ref>

===Job and the wisdom tradition===
Job, [[Ecclesiastes]], and the [[Book of Proverbs]] belong to the genre of wisdom literature, sharing a perspective that they themselves call the "way of wisdom".{{sfn|Farmer|1998|p=129}} ''Wisdom'' means both a way of thinking and a body of knowledge gained through such thinking, as well as the ability to apply it to life. In its Biblical application in wisdom literature, it is seen as attainable in part through human effort and in part as a gift from God, but never in its entirety—except by God.{{sfn|Farmer|1998|pp=129–30}}

The three books of wisdom literature share attitudes and assumptions but differ in their conclusions: Proverbs makes confident statements about the world and its workings that Job and Ecclesiastes flatly contradict.{{sfn|Farmer|1998|pp=130–31}} Wisdom literature from Sumeria and Babylonia can be dated to the third millennium BCE.{{sfn|Bullock|2007|p=84}} Several texts from ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt offer parallels to Job,{{sfn|Hartley|2008|p=346}} and while it is impossible to tell whether any of them influenced the author of Job, their existence suggests that the author was the recipient of a long tradition of reflection on the existence of inexplicable suffering.{{sfn|Hartley|2008|p=360}}

==Themes==
[[File:Destruction of Leviathan.png|thumb|''The Destruction of Leviathan'' by [[Gustave Doré]] (1865)]]
The Book of Job is an investigation of the problem of divine justice.{{sfn|Bullock|2007|p=82}} This problem, known in theology as the [[problem of evil]] or [[theodicy]], can be rephrased as a question: "Why do the righteous suffer?"{{sfn|Lawson|2004|p=11}} The conventional answer in ancient Israel was that God rewards virtue and punishes sin (the principle known as "[[retributive justice]]").{{sfn|Hooks|2006|p=58}} According to this view the moral status of human choices and actions is consequential, but experience demonstrates that suffering is experienced by those who are good.{{sfn|Brueggemann|2002|p=201}}

The biblical concept of righteousness was rooted in the [[Covenant (religion)|covenant]]-making God who had ordered creation for communal well-being, and the righteous were those who invested in the community, showing special concern for the poor and needy (see Job's description of his life in chapter 31). Their antithesis were the wicked, who were selfish and greedy.{{sfn|Brueggemann|2002|pp=177–78}} The Satan (or the Adversary) raises the question of whether there is such a thing as disinterested righteousness: if God rewards righteousness with prosperity, will men not act righteously from selfish motives? He asks God to test this by removing the prosperity of Job, the most righteous of all God's servants.{{sfn|Walton|2008|pp=336–37}}

The book begins with the frame narrative, giving the reader an omniscient "God's eye perspective" which introduces Job as a man of exemplary faith and piety, "blameless and upright", who "fears God" and "shuns evil".{{sfn|Hooks|2006|p=57}}{{sfn|O'Dowd|2008|pp=242–43}} The contrast between the frame and the poetic dialogues and monologues, in which Job never learns of the opening scenes in heaven or of the reason for his suffering, creates a sense of dramatic irony between the divine view of the Adversary's wager, and the human view of Job's suffering "without any reason" (2:3).{{sfn|O'Dowd|2008|pp=242–43}}

In the poetic dialogues Job's friends see his suffering and assume he must be guilty, since God is just. Job, knowing he is innocent, concludes that God must be unjust.{{sfn|Seow|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOn3ZK2n0UUC&pg=PA97-98 97–98]}} He retains his piety throughout the story (contradicting the Adversary's suspicion that his righteousness is due to the expectation of reward), but makes clear from his first speech that he agrees with his friends that God should and does reward righteousness.{{sfn|Kugler|Hartin|2009|p=194}}

The intruder, Elihu, rejects the arguments of both parties:
* Job is wrong to accuse God of injustice, as God is greater than human beings, and
* the visitors are not correct either; for suffering, far from being a punishment, may "rescue the afflicted from their affliction".
That is, suffering can make those afflicted more amenable to revelation – literally, "open their ears" (Job 36:15).<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|36:15}}</ref>{{sfn|Seow|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOn3ZK2n0UUC&pg=PA97-98 97–98]}}

Chapter 28, the Poem (or Hymn) to Wisdom, introduces another theme: Divine wisdom. The hymn does not place any emphasis on retributive justice, stressing instead the inaccessibility of wisdom.{{sfn|Dell|2003|p=356}} Wisdom cannot be invented or purchased, it says; God alone knows the meaning of the world, and he grants it only to those who live in reverence before him.{{sfn|Hooks|2006|pp=329–30}} God possesses wisdom because he grasps the complexities of the world (Job 28:24–26)<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|28:24–26}}</ref> – a theme which anticipates God's speech in chapters 38–41, with its repeated refrain "Where were you when ...?"{{sfn|Fiddes|1996|p=174}}

When God finally speaks he neither explains the reason for Job's suffering (known to the reader to be unjust, from the prologue set in heaven) nor defends his justice. The first speech focuses on his role in maintaining order in the universe: The list of things that God does and Job cannot do demonstrates divine wisdom because order is the heart of wisdom. Job then confesses his lack of wisdom, meaning his lack of understanding of the workings of the cosmos and of the ability to maintain it. The second speech concerns God's role in controlling the formidable '[[behemoth]]' and '[[leviathan]]'.{{sfn|Walton|2008|p=338}}{{efn|
The [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] words ''[[behemoth]]'' and ''[[leviathan]]'' are sometimes naturalistically translated as the 'hippopotamus' and 'crocodile', but more probably representing more ominous primeval cosmic monsters or chaotic forces, in either case demonstrating God's wisdom and power.{{sfn|Walton|2008|p=338}}
}}

Job's reply to God's final speech is longer than his first and more complicated. The usual view is that he admits to being wrong to challenge God and now repents "in dust and ashes" (Job 42:6),<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|42:6}}</ref> but the Hebrew is difficult: An alternative reading is that Job says he was wrong to repent and mourn, and does ''not'' retract any of his arguments.{{sfn|Sawyer|2013|p=34}}

In the concluding part of the frame narrative God restores and increases Job's prosperity, indicating that the divine policy on retributive justice remains unchanged.{{sfn|Walton|2008|pp=338–39}}

==Influence and interpretation==

===History of interpretation===
[[File:Carved wooden figure of Job. Probably from Germany, 1750-1850 CE. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|thumb|A carved wooden figure of Job. Probably from Germany, 1750–1850 CE. The Wellcome Collection, London]]
In the [[Second Temple]] period (500 BCE–70 CE), the character of Job began to be transformed into something more patient and steadfast, with his suffering a test of virtue and a vindication of righteousness for the glory of God.{{sfn|Seow|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOn3ZK2n0UUC&pg=PA111 111]}} The process of "sanctifying" Job began with the Greek [[Septuagint]] translation ({{c.|200 BCE}}) and was furthered in the apocryphal [[Testament of Job]] (1st century BCE–1st century CE), which makes him the hero of patience.{{sfn|Allen|2008|pp=362–63}} This reading pays little attention to the Job of the dialogue sections of the book,{{sfn|Dell|1991|pp=6–7}} but it was the tradition taken up by the [[Epistle of James]] in the [[New Testament]], which presents Job as one whose patience and endurance should be emulated by believers ([[James 5]]:7–11).<ref>{{bibleverse|James|5:7–11}}</ref>{{sfn|Allen|2008|p=362}}

When Christians began interpreting Job 19:23–29<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|19:23–29}}</ref> (verses concerning a "redeemer" who Job hopes can save him from God) as a prophecy of Christ,{{sfn|Simonetti|Conti|Oden|2006|pp=105–06}} the predominant Jewish view became "Job the blasphemer", with some rabbis even saying that he was rightly punished by God because he had stood by while Pharaoh massacred the innocent Jewish infants.{{sfn|Allen|2008|pp=361–62}}{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2010|p=171}}

[[Augustine of Hippo]] recorded that Job had prophesied the coming of Christ, and [[Pope Gregory I]] offered him as a model of right living worthy of respect. The medieval Jewish scholar [[Maimonides]] declared his story a parable, and the medieval Christian [[Thomas Aquinas]] wrote a detailed commentary declaring it true history. In the [[Protestant Reformation]], [[Martin Luther]] explained how Job's confession of sinfulness and worthlessness underlay his saintliness, and [[John Calvin]]'s interpretation of Job demonstrated the doctrine of the resurrection and the ultimate certainty of divine justice.{{sfn|Allen|2008|pp=368–71}}

The contemporary movement known as creation theology, an [[Environmental theology|ecological theology]] valuing the needs of all creation, interprets God's speeches in Job 38–41 to imply that his interests and actions are not exclusively focused on humankind.{{sfn|Farmer|1998|p=150}}

Some modern-day Christians{{who|date=February 2026}} also hold the view that one of the functions of the Book of Job is to highlight the way in which religious people often blame the sufferings of an individual on the sins of the individual, particularly if those sins remain 'unconfessed'. Right from the beginning of the Job story, however, the reader has been given a 'look behind the scenes', as it were, showing them that actually the reasons for Job's sufferings have nothing at all to do with Job himself, and especially not with regard to anything he has done or not done, nor sins he has committed. Indeed, if anything, the context shows that Job is suffering because he is actually a righteous man, not someone hiding unconfessed sins. When read with this concept in mind, the flowery speeches of Job's friends are beautiful declarations of God's glory and righteousness, yes, but they also become a risible commentary on the friends' own self-righteous loquacity, their inherent judgmentalism and even accusatory tendencies, all the time disregarding the known (and indeed affirmed by God) righteousness of the very man they are criticising and accusing, even though they know him really well; they are Job's friends, after all. They really should know him better than that. This reflects and mimics the actions of self-righteous religious people all down through the ages and even up to the present day. The Christians who hold this view see this as good evidence supporting the timeless nature of the Christian Scriptures, in that it presents clear evidence that human nature remains unchanged since Job's time, at least in terms of people's innate judgmentalism.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

===Liturgical use===
Jewish liturgy does not use readings from the Book of Job in the manner of the [[Torah|Pentateuch]], [[Nevi'im|Prophets]], or [[Five Megillot]], although it is quoted at funerals and times of mourning. However, there are some Jews, particularly the [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]], who do hold public readings of Job on the [[Tisha B'Av]] fast (a day of mourning over the destruction of the [[Solomon's Temple|First]] and [[Second Temple|Second]] [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temples]] and other tragedies).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ou.org/holidays/tisha_bav_and_sefer_iyov/|title=The Connection Between Tisha B'Av and Sefer Iyov (Job)|publisher=Orthodox Union|date=19 July 2011}}</ref> The [[Hebrew cantillation|cantillation]] signs for the large poetic section in the middle of the Book of Job differ from those of most of the biblical books, using a system shared with it only by [[Psalms]] and [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]].

The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] reads from Job and Exodus during [[Holy Week]]; Exodus prepares for the understanding of Christ's exodus to His Father and his fulfillment of the whole history of salvation, while Job, the sufferer, is viewed as the Old Testament icon of Christ.<ref>{{cite web |title=With the beginning of the Holy Week they are replaced by Exodus and Job |date=2 April 2015 |url=https://omhksea.org/archives/5755 |publisher=OMHKSEA (Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia) |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

The [[Roman Catholic Church]] reads from Job during [[Matins]] in the first two weeks of September and in the Office of the Dead,{{sfn|Dell|1991|p=26}} and in the revised [[Liturgy of the Hours]] Job is read during the Fifth, Twelfth, and Twenty Sixth Week in [[Ordinary Time]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bergsma |first1=John Sietze |title=A Catholic introduction to the Bible. Volume 1, The Old Testament |date=2018 |first2=Brant James|last2=Pitre|publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-1-58617-722-5 |location=San Francisco |pages=556–558 |oclc=950745091}}</ref>

In the modern [[Roman Rite]], the Book of Job is read during:
* 5th and 12th Sunday in Ordinary Time – ''Year B''
* Weekday Reading for the 26th Week in Ordinary Time – ''Year II Cycle''
* Ritual Masses for the Anointing of the Sick and Viaticum – ''First Reading'' options
* Masses for the Dead – ''First Reading'' options

===In music, art, literature, and film===
[[File:Georges de La Tour 044.jpg|thumb|[[Georges de La Tour]], ''Job Mocked by his Wife'']]
The Book of Job has been deeply influential in Western culture, to such an extent that no list could be more than representative. Musical settings from Job include [[Orlande de Lassus]]'s 1565 cycle of [[motet]]s, the {{lang|la|Sacrae Lectiones Novem ex Propheta Iob}}, and [[George Frideric Handel]]'s use of Job 19:25 ("I know that my redeemer liveth") as an aria in his 1741 oratorio ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]''.

Modern works based on the book include [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]'s ''[[Job: A Masque for Dancing]]''; French composer [[Darius Milhaud]]'s ''Cantata From Job''; and Joseph Stein's Broadway interpretation ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]'', based on the [[Tevye the Dairyman]] stories by [[Sholem Aleichem]]. Neil Simon wrote ''[[God's Favorite]]'', which is a modern retelling of the Book of Job. Breughel and [[Georges de La Tour]] depicted Job visited by his wife. [[William Blake]] produced an entire cycle of [[William Blake's Illustrations of the Book of Job|illustrations for the book]]. It was [[Job (radio play)|adapted for Australian radio in 1939]].

Strong parallels between the Book of Job and the novel ''[[The Trial]]'' by [[Franz Kafka]] have been pointed out by many people. Some scholars think Kafka deliberately based ''The Trial'' on the Book of Job.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Kartiganer |first= Donald M. |date= Spring 1962 |title= Job and Joseph K.: Myth in Kafka's "The Trial" |journal= Modern Fiction Studies |volume= 8 |issue= 1 |publisher= The Johns Hopkins University Press |pages= 31–43 |jstor= 26277307 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26277307 |access-date= 22 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Lasine |first= Stuart |date= Spring 1990 |title= The Trials of Job and Kafka's Josef K. |journal= The German Quarterly |volume= 63 |issue= 2 |publisher= Wiley |pages= 187–198 |doi= 10.2307/406344 |jstor= 406344 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/406344 |access-date= 22 January 2026|url-access= subscription }}</ref>

Archibald MacLeish's drama ''[[J.B. (play)|JB]]'', one of the most prominent uses of the Book of Job in modern literature, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1959. Verses from the Book of Job {{bibleverse-nb|Job|3:14|9}} figure prominently in the plot of the film ''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission: Impossible]]'' (1996).<ref>{{ cite book| title= The Bible in Motion: A Handbook of the Bible and Its Reception in Film|volume=2 |series= Handbooks of the Bible and Its Reception (HBR) | editor-first= Rhonda | editor-last= Burnette-Bletsch | publisher= Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG | year= 2016 | isbn= 9781614513261 | page= 372}}</ref> Job's influence can also be seen in the [[Coen brothers]]' 2009 film, ''[[A Serious Man]]'', which was nominated for two [[Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tollerton | first1 = David | author-link1 = David Tollerton | title = Job of Suburbia? A Serious Man and Viewer Perceptions of the Biblical Biblical | journal = Journal of Religion & Film | volume = 15 | issue = 2, Article 7 | pages = 1–11 | publisher = University of Nebraska | location = Omaha | date = October 2011 | url = https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol15/iss2/7}}</ref>

[[Terrence Malick]]'s 2011 film ''[[The Tree of Life (film)|The Tree of Life]]'', which won the [[Palme d'Or]], is heavily influenced by the themes of the Book of Job, with the film starting with a quote from the beginning of God's speech to Job.{{sfn|McCracken|2012}}

The Russian film ''[[Leviathan (2014 film)|Leviathan]]'' also draws themes from the Book of Job.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moss |first1=Walter G. |title=What Does the Film Leviathan Tell Us about Putin's Russia and Its Past? |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/159579 |website=History News Network|date=16 June 2015 }}</ref>

The 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' ({{lit|Book of Job}}) by [[Amal Neerad]] tells the story of a man who is losing everything in his life.

"The Sire of Sorrow (Job's Sad Song)" is the final track on Joni Mitchell's 15th studio album, ''[[Turbulent Indigo]]''.

In 2015 two Ukrainian composers Roman Grygoriv and Illia Razumeiko created the opera-requiem ''[[IYOV]]''. The premiere of the opera was held on 21 September 2015 on the main stage of the international multidisciplinary festival [[Gogolfest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2015.gogolfest.org/eng/programm/1247/|title=Program 2015|author=GogolFest|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202102315/http://2015.gogolfest.org/eng/programm/1247/|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 3rd episode of the 15th season of ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', the lines of Job 3:23 are quoted by doctor Abby Lockhart shortly before she and her husband (Dr. Luka Covac) leave the series forever.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ER: Season 15 Episode 3 Transcript |url=https://subslikescript.com/series/ER-108757/season-15/episode-3-The_Book_of_Abby |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323135319/https://subslikescript.com/series/ER-108757/season-15/episode-3-The_Book_of_Abby |archive-date=23 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>

In season two of ''Good Omens'', the tale of Job and his struggles with good and evil are demonstrated and debated as the demon Crowley is sent to plague Job and his family by destroying his property and children, and the angel Aziraphale struggles with the implications of the actions of God.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rogerebert.com/streaming/good-omens-2-tv-review | title=David Tennant, Michael Sheen Continue to Elevate Quality of Good Omens 2 |website=Roger Ebert | date=26 July 2023|author-first1=Max |author-last1=Covill |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224213928/https://www.rogerebert.com/streaming/good-omens-2-tv-review|archive-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

In the ''[[South Park]]'' episode ''[[Cartmanland]]'', [[Kyle Broflovski]], who is [[Judaism|Jewish]], experiences a major crisis of faith. [[Gerald and Sheila Broflovski|His parents]] try to cheer him up by reading from the Book of Job, which only serves to demoralize Kyle even more, who despairs at Job's horrific trials by God to prove a point to Satan.<ref>[[South Park]], Season 5, Episode 6, "[[Cartmanland]]". Directed and written by [[Trey Parker]].</ref>

In a series of (now deleted) cryptic [[Tweet (social media)|tweets]] detailing the story of an unconfirmed meeting with [[Bob Dylan]], comedian [[Norm Macdonald]] makes allusions and references to The Book of Job, calling it his favorite book of the Bible. Dylan allegedly preferred [[Ecclesiastes]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Loofbourow |first=Lili |date=16 September 2021 |title=Norm Macdonald Never Stopped Bulls–tting |url=https://slate.com/culture/2021/09/norm-macdonald-death-anti-confessional-comic.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author-first1=Ben |author-last1=Yakas |date=22 January 2015 |title=Here's Norm Macdonald's Magical Twitter Story About Meeting Bob Dylan |url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/heres-norm-macdonalds-magical-twitter-story-about-meeting-bob-dylan |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=Gothamist |publisher=New York Public Radio |language=en}}</ref>

===In Islam and Arab folk tradition===
{{Main|Job in Islam}}
Job ({{langx|ar|ايوب|Ayyub}}) is one of the 25 prophets mentioned by name in the [[Quran]], where he is lauded as a steadfast and upright worshipper ([[Q.38:44]]). His story has the same basic outline as in the Bible, although the three friends are replaced by his brothers, and his wife stays by his side.{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2010|p=171}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2002|p=8}}

In Lebanon the Muwahideen (or [[Druze]]) community have a shrine built in the Shouf area that allegedly contains Job's tomb.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} In [[Turkey]], Job is known as {{lang|tr|Eyüp}}, and he is supposed to have lived in [[Şanlıurfa]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} There is also a tomb of Job outside the city of [[Salalah]] in Oman.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://sacredsites.com/middle_east/oman/tomb_of_prophet_job_salalah.html |title=Tomb of Prophet Job, Salalah |last= Gray |first= Martin |publisher= World Pilgrimage Guide |access-date= 3 August 2021}}
</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Answer to Job]]'' by Carl Jung
* [[Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts]]
* ''[[Moralia in Job]]''
* {{transliteration|akk|[[Ludlul bēl nēmeqi]]}}, the "Babylonian Job"
* ''[[Testament of Job]]''
* ''[[God's Favorite]]'', a play by [[Neil Simon]], loosely based on the Book of Job

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|25em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last = Allen | first = J. | chapter = Job III: History of Interpretation |editor1-last=Longman III| editor1-first = Tremper | editor2-last = Enns | editor2-first = Peter | title = Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings | publisher = InterVarsity Press | year = 2008 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kE2k36XAkv4C&pg=PA361 | isbn = 978-0-83081783-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Alter |first=Robert |year=2018 |title=The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary|volume= 3 |publisher=W. W. Nortion & Company |isbn=978-0393292497}}
* {{Cite book | last = Brueggemann | first = Walter | title = Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes | publisher = Westminster John Knox | year = 2002 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dBJQ71RIpdMC | isbn = 978-0-66422231-4 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Bullock | first = C. Hassell | title = An Introduction to the Old Testament Poetic Books | publisher = Moody Publishers | year = 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QSGZbt7isfQC | isbn = 978-1-57567450-6 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Dell | first = Katherine J. | title = The Book of Job as Sceptical Literature | publisher = Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin | year = 1991 |oclc=857769510 |isbn=978-3-11-085873-0}}
* {{Cite book | last = Dell | first = Katharine J. | chapter = Job | editor1-last = Dunn | editor1-first = James D. G. | editor2-last = Rogerson | editor2-first = John William | title = Eerdmans Bible Commentary | publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| year = 2003 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA337 | isbn = 978-0-80283711-0 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Farmer | first = Kathleen A. | chapter = The Wisdom Books | editor1-last = McKenzie | editor1-first = Steven L. | editor2-last = Graham | editor2-first = Matt Patrick | title = The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | year = 1998 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC | isbn = 9780664256524 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/hebrewbibletoday0000unse }}
* {{Cite book | last = Fiddes | first = Paul | author-link = Paul Fiddes | title = After the Exile: Essays in Honour of Rex Mason | editor1-last = Barton | editor1-first = John | editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor2-last = Reimer | editor2-first = David | publisher = Mercer University Press | year = 1996 | chapter = 'Where Shall Wisdom be Found?' Job 28 as a Riddle for Ancient and Modern Readers | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sUb7EDXODOwC | isbn = 978-0-86554524-3 }}
* {{Cite book
| last = Fokkelman
| first = J.P.
| title = The Book of Job in Form: A Literary Translation with Commentary
| publisher = BRILL
| year = 2012
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LImUbvrCysoC
| isbn = 978-9-0042-3158-0
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Hartley
| first = John E.
| title = The Book of Job
| publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
| year = 1988
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=f-m5GnRjDckC
| isbn = 978-0-8028-2528-5
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Hartley
| first = John E.
| chapter = Job II: Ancient Near Eastern Background
| editor1-last = Longman
| editor1-first = Tremper
| editor2-last = Enns
| editor2-first = Peter
| title = Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings
| publisher = InterVarsity Press
| year = 2008
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kE2k36XAkv4C&pg=PA346
| isbn = 978-0-8308-1783-2
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Habel
| first = Norman C
| author-link = Norman Habel
| title = The Book of Job: A Commentary
| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
| year = 1985
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N9F1hkMuN0gC
| isbn = 978-0-6642-2218-5
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Hooks
| first = Stephen M.
| title = Job
| publisher = College Press
| year = 2006
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aJDCpR9qvuoC
| isbn = 978-0-8990-0886-8
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Kugel
| first = James L.
| title = How to Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now
| publisher = Simon and Schuster
| year = 2012
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iyjzHjnEJ8AC
| isbn = 978-1-4516-8909-9
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Kugler
| first1 = Robert
| last2 = Hartin
| first2 = Patrick J.
| title = An Introduction to the Bible
| publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
| year = 2009
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC
| isbn = 978-0-8028-4636-5
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Lawson
| first = Steven J.
| title = Job
| publisher = B&H Publishing Group
| year = 2004
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x5lkMJ92gNwC
| isbn = 978-0-8054-9470-9
}}
* {{Cite web
| author-last1 = McCracken
| author-first1 = Brett
| url =https://www.brettmccracken.com/blog/2012/05/21/the-divine-guide-in-terrence-malicks-tree-of-life
| date = 21 May 2012
| title = The Divine Guide in Terrence Malick's "Tree of Life"
| access-date = 3 August 2025
| url-status = live
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20250113091157/https://www.brettmccracken.com/blog/2012/05/21/the-divine-guide-in-terrence-malicks-tree-of-life
| archive-date = 13 January 2025
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Noegel
| first1 = Scott B.
| last2 = Wheeler
| first2 = Brannon M.
| title = The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism
| publisher = Scarecrow Press
| year = 2010
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lNAWAgAAQBAJ
| isbn = 978-1-4617-1895-6
}}
* {{Cite book | last = O'Dowd | first = R. | chapter = Frame Narrative | editor1-last = Longman | editor1-first = Tremper | editor2-last = Enns | editor2-first = Peter | title = Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings | publisher = InterVarsity Press | year = 2008 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kE2k36XAkv4C&pg=PA242 | isbn = 978-0-8308-1783-2 }}
* {{Cite book
| last = Sawyer
| first = John F.A.
| chapter = Job
| editor1-last = Lieb
| editor1-first = Michael
| editor2-last = Mason
| editor2-first = Emma
| editor3-last = Roberts
| editor3-first = Jonathan
| title = The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 2013
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iePi5FO-bxAC&pg=PA25
| isbn = 978-0-1992-0454-0
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Seow
| first = C.L.
| title = Job 1–21: Interpretation and Commentary
| publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
| year = 2013
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOn3ZK2n0UUC
| isbn = 978-0-8028-4895-6
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Simonetti
| first1 = Manlio
| last2 = Conti
| first2 = Marco
| last3 = Oden
| first3 = Thomas C.
| title = Job
| publisher = InterVarsity Press
| year = 2006
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PW_FPxKr9t4C
| isbn = 9780830814763
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Walton
| first = J.H.
| chapter = Job I: Book of
| editor1-last = Longman
| editor1-first = Tremper
| editor2-last = Enns
| editor2-first = Peter
| title = Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings
| publisher = InterVarsity Press
| year = 2008
| isbn = 9780830817832
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kE2k36XAkv4C&pg=PA333
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wheeler |first1=Brannon M. |title=Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis |date=18 June 2002 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-4957-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC |language=en }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|translator-first1=Michael|translator-last1=Wise|translator-first2=Martin|translator-last2=Abegg Jr|translator-first3=Edward|translator-last3=Cook|year=1996|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation|publisher=Harper |location=San Francisco|edition=paperback|isbn=0-06-069201-4}} (contains the non-biblical portion of the scrolls)
* {{Cite book| last = Murphy| first = Roland Edmund| title = The Tree of Life: An Exploration of Biblical Wisdom Literature| publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| year = 2002| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zKykx-9zf9EC| isbn = 978-0-8028-3965-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Schmid|first=Konrad|author-link=Konrad Schmid (theologian)|title=Hiob als biblisches und antikes Buch. Historische und intellektuelle Kontexte seiner Theologie|trans-title=Job as a biblical and an ancient book. Historical and intellectual contexts of its theology|location=Stuttgart|year=2010|isbn=978-3-460-03194-4}}
* {{cite book|first1=Stella |last1=Papadaki-Oekland|title=Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts of the Book of Job|isbn=978-2-503-53232-5|publisher=Brepols|year=2009}}
* {{Cite book | last = Vicchio | first = Stephen J. | title = The Book of Job: A History of Interpretation and a Commentary | publisher = Wipf & Stock | year = 2020 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Piv4DwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1-7252-5726-9 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Wilson | first = Gerald H. | author-link = Gerald H. Wilson | title = Job | publisher = Baker Books | year = 2012 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Od8mk7QIO4AC | isbn = 978-1-44123839-9 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Witte|first=Markus|title=Hiobs viele Gesichter. Studien zur Komposition, Tradition und frühen Rezeption des Hiobbuches|trans-title=Job's Many Faces. Studies on the Composition, Tradition and Early Reception of the Book of Job|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|location=Göttingen|year=2018|isbn=978-3-525-55265-0}}
* {{Cite book | last = Wollaston | first = Isabell | chapter = Post-Holocaust Interpretations of Job | editor1-last = Lieb | editor1-first = Michael | editor2-last = Mason | editor2-first = Emma | editor3-last = Roberts | editor3-first = Jonathan | title = The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0-19967039-0 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iePi5FO-bxAC&pg=PA488 }}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|Book of Job}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.pizmonim.org/taamim.php|title=Sephardic Cantillations for the Book of Job|first1=David M. |last1=Betesh|publisher=Sephardic Pizmonim Project}}
* [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+1&version=NIV Translations of The Book of Job] at [[BibleGateway.com]]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2701.htm|title=Hebrew and English Parallel and Complete Text of the Book of Job|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016133348/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2701.htm |archive-date=16 October 2011|url-status=live|via=Mechon Mamre}} English Translation is the 1917 [[Jewish Publication Society of America Version|Old JPS]]
* {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906131613/http://www.vts.edu/ftpimages/95/download/download_group10629_id432547.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=live |date=6 September 2015 |title=Introduction to the Book of Job|url=http://www.vts.edu/ftpimages/95/download/download_group10629_id432547.pdf}}{{dead link|date=April 2025}}
* {{librivox book | dtitle = Bible: Job | stitle = 18: Job }}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou | [[Wisdom literature]] }}
{{S-bef | before = [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] }}
{{S-ttl | title = [[Tanakh|Hebrew Bible]] }}
{{S-aft | after = [[Song of Songs]] }}
{{S-bef | before = [[Book of Esther|Esther]] }}
{{S-ttl | title = [[Protestant]] [[Old Testament]] }}
{{S-aft | after = [[Psalms]] | rows = 3 }}
{{S-bef | before = [[2 Maccabees]] }}
{{S-ttl | title = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Old Testament]] }}
{{S-bef | before = [[3 Maccabees]] }}
{{S-ttl | title = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] [[Old Testament]] }}
{{S-end}}
{{Book of Job}}
{{Books of the Bible}}
{{Satan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Job, Book Of}}
[[Category:Book of Job| ]]
[[Category:6th-century BC books]]
[[Category:Job (biblical figure)]]
[[Category:Ketuvim| 03]]
[[Category:Poetic Books]]
[[Category:Satan in religious literature]]
[[Category:Tisha B'Av]]

Kunaal Roy Kapur

2026-03-28T02:25:42Z

Margaretxro: improved layout for consistency as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1979)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Kunaal_Roy_Kapur.jpg
| caption = Kapur in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|02|13}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| othername =
| occupation = Actor
| years active = 1999–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Shayonti Salvi|2005}}
| children = 2
| family = See [[List of Hindi film families#Roy Kapur family|Roy Kapur family]]
| known_for =
}}
'''Kunaal Roy Kapur''' (born 13 February 1979) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor, best known for his roles in ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' (2011), ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013) and ''[[TVF Tripling]]'' (2016–2022).

==Background and personal life==
Kunaal comes from a family of mixed [[Hindu]] [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] and [[Baghdadi Jew]]ish heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4402232,00.html |title=History of India's Jewish beauty queens |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=3 August 2013 |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307024335/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4402232,00.html |url-status=live |last1=Aafreedi |first1=Dr Navras Jaat }}</ref> His paternal grandfather, Raghupat Roy Kapur (or Raghupat Rai Kapoor), was a film producer. Kunaal's father was Kumud Roy Kapur,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sophia |date=2025-07-04 |title=Kumud Roy Kapur Biography, Age, Career, NetWorth And Family |url=https://themovieapk.com/kumud-roy-kapur-biography-age-career-networth/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=themovieapk.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and his mother, Salome Roy Kapur, is of [[Baghdadi Jew]]ish descent whose ancestors migrated to [[India]] from [[Palestine]] and [[Iraq]] as merchants. A dancer, dance instructor, stage choreographer and former Miss India, Salome is the daughter of Sam and Ruby Aaron, who were among the earliest accredited teachers of Ballroom and Latin American dancing in India.

Kunaal is the second of three brothers. His elder brother is [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]], CEO of UTV and Disney India, and his younger brother is film actor [[Aditya Roy Kapur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/mushkil-screening-kunaal-roy-kapur-joined-brothers-siddharth-roy-kapur-and-aditya-roy-kapur|title=Mushkil Screening: Kunaal Roy Kapur joined by brothers Siddharth Roy Kapur and Aditya Roy Kapur|date=9 August 2019|access-date=13 May 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513074750/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/mushkil-screening-kunaal-roy-kapur-joined-brothers-siddharth-roy-kapur-and-aditya-roy-kapur|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kunaal-roy-kapur-we-both-go-to-the-gym-but-it-is-aditya-not-i-who-gets-clicked/story-0dA87QjgrSwRUDPoud1pIO.html Hindustan Times]</ref> Actress [[Vidya Balan]] is married to Siddharth.

Kunaal has been married to Shayonti Salvi since 2005. Shayonti is of mixed [[Maharashtrian people|Maharashtrian]] and [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] heritage. The couple has a son named Ishan and a daughter named Shaziyah.<ref name=tek>{{cite web |title='Strange things are possible in Mumbai' |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=hub060811psychologies.asp |volume=8 |issue=31 |date=6 Aug 2011 |work=[[Tehelka]] Magazine |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924113239/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=hub060811psychologies.asp |archive-date=24 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Kapur started his acting career with the Indian soap ''[[Just Mohabbat]]'' (1997–98), which aired on [[Sony TV]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Direction comes first'|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Direction-comes-first/Article1-721079.aspx|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=14 July 2011|access-date=1 August 2011|archive-date=15 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715232619/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Direction-comes-first/Article1-721079.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then appeared in a cameo role in the 2007 film, ''[[Loins of Punjab Presents]]'' opposite [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Ishita Sharma]]. He was also seen in ''Panga Naa Lo''.

In 2006, Kunaal directed the comedy play, ''The President Is Coming''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Director's cut – Kunaal Roy Kapur |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2008/07/31/stories/2008073150690500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 Jul 2008 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110091829/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2008/07/31/stories/2008073150690500.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He adapted the play into film, to make his directorial debut with the [[mockumentary]] ''[[The President Is Coming]]'' (2009), starring [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] and [[Shernaz Patel]], which opened to mixed reviews<ref name="The President Is Coming: Review (Time of India)">{{cite news| title=''The President Is Coming: Review''| work=Time of India| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/english/The-President-Is-Coming/movie-review/3953342.cms| first1=Nikhat| last1=Kazmi| author-link=Nikhat Kazmi| date=8 January 2009| access-date=4 July 2013| archive-date=22 October 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022231133/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/english/The-President-Is-Coming/movie-review/3953342.cms| url-status=live}}</ref> and was declared a "Semi-Hit".{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

Kapur appeared in six episodes of British-Indian comedy series ''[[Mumbai Calling]]'' (2009) as a call centre operator. He then appeared in Aamir Khan Productions' ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' (2011)<ref name=it>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20110620-kunal-roy-kapur-in-delhi-belly-746457-2011-06-11 The good buddy: Kunal Roy Kapur plays role of a 'messy' boy in 'Delhi Belly'], ''[[India Today]]'', 20 June 2011.</ref> alongside [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] and [[Vir Das]]. Thereafter, he acted in ''[[Nautanki Saala]]'' (2013) with [[Ayushman Khurana]] and did a small role in ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013) with an ensemble cast, including [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Deepika Padukone]], and his younger brother Aditya. Then he appeared in ''Action Jackson'' directed by Prabhu Deva, along with Ajay Devgan, Sonakshi Sinha and Yami Gautam and ''Gollu Aur Pappu'', along with Vir Das and Karishma Tanna. His last release was ''Azhar'', where he played Reddy (Azharuddin's lawyer). He then appeared in the 2017 release ''[[The Final Exit]]''. He was next seen in [[Vishal Mishra (Director)|Vishal Mishra]] directorial [[Hotel Milan]] alongside [[Zeishan Quadri]], [[Karishma Sharma]], [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] and [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]].<ref>https://www.bollywoodchronicle.com/bollywood/kunal-roy-kapurs-hotel-milan-is-based-on-anti-romeo-squad-and-moral-policing-in-up/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> Then he acted in an eight episode web series called ''Going Viral'', which aired on Amazon prime and in Eros Now's comedy ''Side Hero''. In 2019, he starred in another Mishra directored film, [[Marudhar Express (2019 film)|Marudhar Express]]. It was a sweet small town romantic film set in Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/marudhar-express-here-first-look-kunaal-roy-kapur-and-tara-alisha-berrys-small-town-love-story-422215 |title=Marudhar Express: Here is the first look of Kunaal Roy Kapur and Tara Alisha Berry's small-town love story |date=3 August 2018 |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117141837/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/marudhar-express-here-first-look-kunaal-roy-kapur-and-tara-alisha-berrys-small-town-love-story-422215 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also seen on web series ''[[TVF Tripling]]'' (season 1 and 2) as Pranav.

Kunaal appeared in a short film named Smartphone which also starred [[Hina Khan]] and [[Akshay Oberoi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-kunaal-roy-kapur-working-hina-khan-smartphone-apprehensions-multi-starrer-and-more-526003|title=EXCLUSIVE: Kunaal Roy Kapur on working with Hina Khan in Smartphone, apprehensions on a multi starrer and more|date=20 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/celebrities-digital/hina-khan-amazingly-professional-total-sport-kunaal-roy-kapur/2020/04/18|title = Hina Khan is amazingly professional and a total sport: Kunaal Roy Kapur|date = 18 April 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Title || Role || Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007
| ''Panga Na Lo''
| Bhura
|
|-
| ''[[Loins of Punjab Presents]]''
| Mr. White
| Indo-American film
|-
| 2008
| ''Revolution''
| Feroz's father
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[The President Is Coming]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Director only
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]''
| Nitin Berry
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
| ''[[Nautanki Saala]]''
| Mandar Lele
|
|-
| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| Taran
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Gollu Aur Pappu]]''
| Gollu
|
|-
| ''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]''
| Musa
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]''
| Lawyer Reddy
|
|-
|2017
| ''[[The Final Exit]]''
| Photographer
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2018
|''[[Kaalakaandi]]''
|Zubin
|
|-
|''[[Love per Square Foot]]''
|Samuel Masquita
|[[Netflix]] film
|-
|''[[Hotel Milan]]''
|Vipul ||
|-
|2019
|''[[Marudhar Express (2019 film)|Marudhar Express]]''
|Marudhar
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Footfairy]]''
|Jashua Mathews
| Television film
|-
|2021
|''[[Tribhanga (film)|Tribhanga]]''
|Milan Upadhyay
|[[Netflix]] film
|-
|2022
|''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
|Vedant
|Telugu-Hindi bilingual film
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Dil Dosti Aur Dogs]]''
| Arjun Kamat
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Title || Role || Notes
|-
| 1999–2000
| ''[[Just Mohabbat]]''
| Sanjay
| Television debut
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Mumbai Calling|Mumbai calling]]''
| Call center operator
|
|-
| 2016–2022
| ''[[TVF Tripling]]''
| Pranav, Chanchal's Husband
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Going Viral''
| Gaurav
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Side Hero]]''
| Kunaal Roy Kapur
| [[Eros Now]] series
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Parchhayee: Ghost Stories by Ruskin Bond]]''
| Ganpat
| Episodic role; [[Zee5]] series
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020–2024
| ''[[Bandish Bandits]]''
| Arghya
| {{no wrap|[[Amazon Prime Video]] series}}
|-
| ''[[Sandwiched Forever]]''
| Sameer Shastry
| [[Sony LIV]] series
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Aadha Ishq]]''
| Milind
| [[Voot]] series
|-
|2025
|''[[Thode Dur Thode Paas]]''
|Kunal Mehta
|<ref name="toi">{{cite news |date=29 October 2025 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas: Pankaj Kapur, Mona Singh and Kunaal Roy Kapur star in family drama; explores the need to unplug in digital age |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/thode-door-thode-paas-pankaj-kapur-mona-singh-and-kunaal-roy-kapur-star-in-family-drama-explores-the-need-to-unplug-in-digital-age/articleshow/124890735.cms |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Artist
|-
| 2022
| "Hairaan"
| {{no wrap| Lead}}
| [[Javed Ali]] featuring [[Nia Sharma]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Kunal Roy Kapoor}}

* {{iMDb name|2622986}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080418012822/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/16870/index.html Filmography] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapur, Kunaal Roy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Jewish male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Indian podcasters]]

Joss Stone

2026-03-27T13:57:42Z

Margaretxro: updated details

{{Short description|English singer, songwriter, and actress (born 1987)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Joss Stone
| image = Joss Stone (ZMF 2023) IMGP6369.jpg
| caption = Stone performing in 2023
| birth_name = Joscelyn Eve Stoker
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Dover, Kent]], England
| genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]<ref name="AM">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/joss-stone-mn0000286572/biography|title=Joss Stone|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|last=Leahey|first=Andrew|date=2003|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Tudors">{{cite web|url=http://www.buddytv.com/articles/the-tudors/rb-singer-josse-stone-joins-th-21801.aspx|title=R&B Singer Joss Stone Joins the Cast of 'The Tudors'|publisher=Kris De Leon|date=6 August 2008|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922180558/http://www.buddytv.com/articles/the-tudors/rb-singer-josse-stone-joins-th-21801.aspx|archive-date=22 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>|[[Soul music|soul]]<ref name="crazy">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/11746691/Joss-Stone-interview-I-didnt-change.-It-was-everyone-around-me-who-went-crazy.html|title=Joss Stone interview:'I didn't change. It was everyone around me who went crazy'|work=The Guardian|last=McCormick|first=Neil|date=21 July 2015|access-date=1 July 2016|quote=After rumours of unhappiness the soul singer is back with her best album yet. How did she deal with the haters?}}</ref>|[[blue-eyed soul]]<ref name="bes">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/11746691/Joss-Stone-interview-I-didnt-change.-It-was-everyone-around-me-who-went-crazy.html|title=Joss Stone interview:'I didn't change. It was everyone around me who went crazy'|work=The Guardian|last=McCormick|first=Neil|date=21 July 2015|access-date=1 July 2016|quote=Stone was launched into a whirlwind career as a blonde, blue-eyed soul sensation}}</ref>|[[reggae]]<ref name="Britton">{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/joss-stone/90492|title=Joss Stone named reggae artist of the year|work=[[NME]]|last=Britton |first=Luke Morgan |date=23 December 2015|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref>}}
| occupations = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|actress}}
| years_active = 2001–present
| label = {{hlist|[[Relentless Records|Relentless]]|[[S-Curve Records|S-Curve]]|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]|[[Stone'd Records|Stone'd]]|[[Surfdog Records|Surfdog]]|Bay Street}}
| past_member_of = [[SuperHeavy]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Cody DaLuz|2023}}
| website = {{URL|jossstone.com}}
| module = {{Infobox person|child=yes
| children = 4
}}
}}

'''Joscelyn Eve Stoker''' (born 11 April 1987),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Joss Stone Bio |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/joss-stone-mn0000286572 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> known professionally as '''Joss Stone''', is an English singer, songwriter and actress. She rose to prominence in late 2003 with her multi-platinum debut album, ''[[The Soul Sessions]]'', which made the 2004 [[Mercury Prize]] shortlist. Her second album, ''[[Mind Body & Soul]]'' (2004), topped the [[UK Albums Chart]] and spawned the top-ten single "[[You Had Me]]", Stone's most successful single on the [[UK Singles Chart]] to date. Both the album and single received one nomination at the [[47th Grammy Awards|2005 Grammy Awards]], while Stone herself was nominated for [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]], and in an annual [[BBC]] poll of music critics, [[Sound of 2004]],<ref name="Sound of 2004">{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3369355.stm | title=Sound of 2004 |publisher=BBC | date=9 January 2004 | access-date=24 March 2010 | location=London}}</ref> was ranked fifth as a predicted breakthrough act of 2004.<ref name="Sound of 2004"/> She became the youngest British female singer to top the UK Albums Chart. Stone's third album, ''[[Introducing Joss Stone]]'', released in March 2007, achieved gold record status by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) and yielded the second-ever highest debut for a British female solo artist on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], and became Stone's first top-five album in the US.

Her two subsequent albums, ''[[Colour Me Free!]]'' and ''[[LP1 (Joss Stone album)|LP1]]'', released in 2009 and 2011, respectively, also reached the top-ten on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] and saw moderate success worldwide. Throughout her career, Stone has sold 15 million records worldwide, establishing herself as one of the best-selling soul artists of the 2000s, and the best-selling British artists of her time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jossstone.com/lp1.html|title=LP1|publisher=jossstone.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609080818/http://www.jossstone.com/lp1.html|archive-date=9 June 2011|access-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her first three albums have sold over 2,722,000 copies in the US, while her first two albums have sold over 2 million copies in the UK.

Stone has earned several awards including two [[Brit Awards]] and one [[Grammy Award]] out of five nominations. She made her film acting debut in 2006 with the fantasy adventure film ''[[Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'', and made her television debut portraying [[Anne of Cleves]] in the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] series ''[[The Tudors]]'' in 2009.<ref name="tudors">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0525768620080805 |title=Joss Stone playing homely wife in "Tudors" |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=5 August 2008 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |agency=Reuters}}</ref> Stone was the youngest woman on the 2006 ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]''—an annual list of the UK's wealthiest people—with £6 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.movies.yahoo.com/08122006/5/harry-potter-joss-stone-richest-uk-teens-0.html |title=Harry Potter and Joss Stone richest UK teens |access-date=2 February 2008 |date=8 December 2006 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies|Yahoo! Movies UK]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831211843/http://uk.movies.yahoo.com/08122006/5/harry-potter-joss-stone-richest-uk-teens-0.html |archive-date=31 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socialbc.com/en/node/7831 |title=The Sunday Times Rich List 2006 |access-date=2 February 2008 |date=21 April 2006 |work=Social Business Club |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208132751/http://www.socialbc.com/en/node/7831 |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, her net worth was estimated to be £10 million, making her the fifth richest British musician under 30.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/public/richlist/article1014156.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522194624/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/public/richlist/article1014156.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 May 2012 |title=The Sunday Times Rich List 2012 |access-date=12 April 2012 |date=12 April 2012 |work=Sunday Times}}</ref> Her sixth studio album, ''[[The Soul Sessions Vol. 2]]'' (2012), became her fourth consecutive album to reach the top-ten on the ''Billboard'' 200. She followed this with ''[[Water for Your Soul]]'' (2015), a reggae inspired album which reached number one on the US [[Billboard charts#Albums|Reggae Albums]] chart, and became the best-selling reggae album of the year in the country. Her eighth studio album, ''[[Never Forget My Love]]'', was released in 2022, followed by her first Christmas album, ''[[Merry Christmas, Love]]'', in the same year.

==Early life==
Joscelyn Eve Stoker was born on 11 April 1987 at [[Buckland Hospital]] in [[Dover]], [[Kent]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://doversoul.tripod.com/id64.html |title=Dover's Soul Sensation Joss Stone |access-date=5 February 2008 |date=16 October 2004 |work=Devon Soul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070731013102/http://doversoul.tripod.com/id64.html |archive-date=31 July 2007}}</ref> and spent her teenage years in [[Ashill, Devon|Ashill]], a small village near [[Cullompton]] in Devon. She is the third of four children born to Wendy (née Skillin) and Richard Stoker.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,18909-1243965,00.html |title=Joss Stone |access-date=27 January 2007 |last=Jackson |first=Alan |date=4 September 2004 |work=The Times |location=London}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kerins |first=Suzanne |date=12 June 2005 |title=Radar: Joss in 999 DASH; Atlantic trip to be with sick grandad. |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Radar%3A+JOSS+IN+999+DASH%3B+Atlantic+trip+to+be+with+sick+grandad.-a0133166091 |access-date=4 June 2014 |website=Sunday Mirror |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com}}</ref> Her father owns a fruit and [[nut (fruit)|nut]] import–export business Western Commodities;<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2006-Ra-Z/Stone-Joss.html |title=Joss Stone Biography |access-date=30 January 2009 |last=Frick |first=Lisa |work=Notable Biographies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamford |first=Vince |date=2016-02-23 |title=Processor-turned-manufacturer aims to grow presence in snack bar market |url=https://www.bakeryandsnacks.com/Article/2016/02/23/Western-Commodities-aims-to-grow-presence-in-snack-bars |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=bakeryandsnacks.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> her mother worked as Stone's manager until October 2004.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Pointer |first=Anna |date=2016-05-06 |title=Joss Stone: 'It's an injustice that we don't talk about marijuana properly in Britain' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/may/06/joss-stone-its-an-injustice-that-we-dont-talk-about-marijuana-properly-in-britain |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Stone attended the [[Uffculme School|Uffculme Comprehensive School]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/jul/23/mercuryprize2004.popandrock |title=The Guardian profile: Joss Stone |access-date=11 May 2007 |last=Sullivan |first=Caroline |date=23 July 2004 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> in [[Uffculme]], Devon, where she first performed with a cover version of [[Jackie Wilson]]'s 1957 song "[[Reet Petite]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kendall |first=Ellie |date=2021-02-13 |title=Joss Stone: How Masked Singer star rose to fame |url=https://www.devonlive.com/whats-on/whats-on-news/masked-singer-joss-stone-sausage-4998616 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Devon Live |language=en}}</ref> Stone has [[dyslexia]] and left school at age sixteen with three [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSE]] qualifications.<ref name=":0" />

Stone grew up listening to a wide variety of music including 1960s and 1970s American R&B and soul music performed by such artists as [[Dusty Springfield]] and [[Aretha Franklin]]. As a result, she developed a soulful style of singing like her idols. "My first CD that I owned was ''Aretha Franklin: [[Greatest Hits (Aretha Franklin album)|Greatest Hits]]''. And I saw the advert on TV and it was just like little clips of her songs. I had no idea who she was—I was only like 10 so. I said, 'Oh yeah, that looks really good', so I wrote it down and I said to my mum, 'Can I have that for Christmas?' So she told my friend Dennis, who always gets me good music anyway, and he got that for me. So that was one of my first albums that I loved."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/31/mroom.stone/ |title=Joss Stone takes on soul |access-date=15 June 2008 |date=2 January 2004 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> She would later tell [[MTV News]]: "I kind of clicked into soul music more than anything else because of the vocals. You've got to have good vocals to sing soul music and I always liked it ever since I was little."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/stone_joss/ |title=You Hear It First – Joss Stone |access-date=15 November 2007 |last=D'Angelo |first=Joe |publisher=[[MTV News]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105113130/http://www.mtv.com/news/yhif/stone_joss/ |archive-date= 5 November 2011}}</ref>

==Career==

===2001–2003: Beginnings and ''The Soul Sessions''===
[[File:Joss Stone.jpg|thumb|Stone performing live in Milan in 2005, during ''Mind, Body & Soul Sessions Tour'']]
In 2001, aged 13, Stone auditioned for the [[BBC Television]] talent show ''[[Star for a Night (British TV series)|Star for a Night]]'' in London, singing Aretha Franklin's 1968 [[Gerry Goffin|Goffin]]-[[Carole King|King]] hit "[[(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman]]" and [[Whitney Houston]]'s 1999 single, "[[It's Not Right but It's Okay]]".<ref name="bio"/> After passing her audition, she sang [[Donna Summer]]'s "[[On the Radio (Donna Summer song)|On the Radio]]" for the broadcast, and eventually won the contest. She also appeared on and won ''Steps to the Stars'' (a TV programme hosted by H & Claire of the group [[Steps (group)|Steps]]).<ref name="bio"/> Stone then performed on a charity show, where she drew the attention of the Boilerhouse Boys, composed of London-based producers Andy Dean and Ben Wolfe, who contacted [[S-Curve Records]] founder and CEO, [[Steve Greenberg (record producer)|Steve Greenberg]] in December 2001 telling him "they had just heard the greatest singer they'd ever heard from their country".<ref name="indielondon">{{cite web |url=http://www.indielondon.co.uk/music/mu_joss_stone_bio.html |title=The lowdown on Dover's soul sensation, Joss Stone |access-date=15 November 2007 |last=Foley |first=Jack |publisher=IndieLondon.co.uk}}</ref> In early 2002, Greenberg flew Stone to New York for an audition, in which she sang to backing tracks of classic soul songs: [[Otis Redding]]'s 1968 "[[(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay]]", [[Gladys Knight & the Pips]]' 1973 "[[Midnight Train to Georgia]]", and Franklin's "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman";<ref name="indielondon"/> Greenberg instantly signed her to his label.<ref name="bio"/>

After being signed by [[S-Curve Records]], her US market album was released by S-Curve Records and on the international market her album was released by [[EMI Music]]. Stone flew to Miami and Philadelphia to start work on her debut album, ''[[The Soul Sessions]]'', released on 16 September 2003. She collaborated with people with solid credentials in the Miami soul scene such as [[Betty Wright]], [[Latimore (musician)|Benny Latimore]], [[Timmy Thomas]] and [[Willie Hale|Little Beaver]] as well as contemporary acts [[Angie Stone]] and [[the Roots]]. The album, produced by [[Steve Greenberg (record producer)|Steve Greenberg]], Mike Mangini and [[Betty Wright]], consists of little-known soul tracks by Franklin, [[Laura Lee (singer-songwriter)|Laura Lee]], [[Bettye Swann]] and others. Released in late 2003, it reached the top five on the [[UK Albums Chart]] as well as the top forty of the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart. The lead single, "[[Fell in Love with a Boy]]", a reworking of [[the White Stripes]]' 2001 "[[Fell in Love with a Girl]]", reached the top 20 of the [[UK Singles Chart]], as did the second single, a cover version of Sugar Billy's 1974 song "[[Super Duper Love (Are You Diggin' on Me)]]". The album eventually went triple platinum by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] in mid-April 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32181 |title=BPI Certified Awards – The Soul Sessions |access-date=9 February 2008 |work=[[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] |date=15 April 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220133205/http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumRight.asp?rq=search_plat |archive-date=20 February 2008}}</ref> and gold by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] in late March 2004.<ref name="riaa">{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Joss%20Stone&perPage=25 |title=Gold & Platinum |access-date=9 February 2008 |work=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref>

===2004–2006: ''Mind Body & Soul'' and film debut===
[[File:Jossstone07.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Joss Stone in 2007]]
After achieving critical acclaim with ''The Soul Sessions'', Stone worked on new material, and recorded her second album, ''[[Mind Body & Soul]]'', which was released on 28 September 2004, produced by the same team as her first album. She called the album her real debut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soundgenerator.com/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=3973 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110811025734/http://www.soundgenerator.com/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=3973 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Joss Stone Prepares To Deliver "Mind Body & Soul" |access-date=7 April 2008 |date=3 August 2004 |publisher=Soundgenerator.com}}</ref> It debuted at No. one in the UK, breaking the record for the youngest female ever to top the UK Albums Chart,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3739464.stm |title=US chart success for Joss Stone |access-date=16 February 2008 |date=13 October 2004 |publisher=BBC News | location=London}}</ref> and just missed the top ten of the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] after peaking at No. 11. The lead single, "[[You Had Me]]", became her biggest hit to date when it rose to No. 9 in the UK. Follow-up singles "[[Right to Be Wrong]]" and "[[Spoiled (song)|Spoiled]]" both made the top 40, and "[[Don't Cha Wanna Ride]]", the top 20. "Spoiled" landed just outside the top 50 of US [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]], peaking at No. 54. In early September 2005, ''Mind, Body & Soul'' was certified triple platinum by the BPI<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat |title=BPI Certified Awards – Mind, Body & Soul |access-date=10 February 2008 |work=BPI |date=9 September 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220133205/http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumRight.asp?rq=search_plat |archive-date=20 February 2008}}</ref> and platinum by the RIAA.<ref name="riaa"/>

In April 2004, Stone performed during the [[VH1]]'s benefit concert [[VH1 Divas|Divas Live 2004]] alongside [[Ashanti (entertainer)|Ashanti]], [[Cyndi Lauper]], [[Gladys Knight]], [[Jessica Simpson]] and [[Patti LaBelle]], in support of the Save the Music Foundation. Stone joined [[Band Aid 20]] on 14 November 2004 in benefit of [[Sudan]]'s troubled [[Darfur]] region. The group, which included [[Coldplay]] lead singer [[Chris Martin]] and U2 lead singer [[Bono]], re-recorded the 1984 song "[[Do They Know It's Christmas?]]", written by [[Band Aid (band)|Band Aid]] organisers [[Bob Geldof]] and [[Midge Ure]]. Stone, who was born two years after the release of the original single, was not initially aware of who Bob Geldof was,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp/news/top5/2005/05/10/19220.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514022056/http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp/news/top5/2005/05/10/19220.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2005 |title=Top of the Pops – Top 5 – Lord of the Blings |access-date=9 January 2007 |last=Cooke |first=Matthew |date=10 May 2005 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> with media reporting that she repeatedly referred to him as Bob [[Gandalf]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressureworks.org/frontline/features/LIVE8_2.html |title=LIVE8: the backlash |access-date=9 January 2007 |date=7 June 2005 |publisher=PressureWorks.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222100202/http://www.pressureworks.org/frontline/features/LIVE8_2.html |archive-date=22 December 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite some criticism, the single became the UK's biggest-selling single of 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/pdf/BestSellingSingles01-05.pdf |title=The UK's Best Selling Singles 2004 |access-date=9 January 2007 |work=BPI |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230017/http://www.bpi.co.uk/pdf/BestSellingSingles01-05.pdf  |archive-date = 30 September 2007}}</ref> as well as the 2004 [[Christmas number-one single]].

At the [[2005 BRIT Awards]], Stone won for British Female Solo Artist and British Urban Act—entering the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the youngest BRIT Award solo winner at age seventeen, and was nominated for British Breakthrough Act.<ref name="brits">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4162591.stm |title=Brits 2005: The winners |access-date=17 February 2009 |date=9 February 2005 |publisher=BBC News | location=London}}</ref> She also received a nomination for Best UK Act of the Year at the 2005 [[MOBO Awards]],<ref name="mobo2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.mobo.net/?page=455 |title=MOBO Awards – Nominees 2005 |access-date=17 February 2009 |publisher=MOBO.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417044708/http://www.mobo.net/?page=455 |archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> as well as three nominations for the [[47th Grammy Awards|2005 Grammy Awards]]—[[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]], [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] for "You Had Me", and [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]] for ''Mind Body & Soul'',<ref name="bio"/> where she sang with rock performer [[Melissa Etheridge]], in tribute to blues-rock singer [[Janis Joplin]]. Their performance of "Cry Baby/[[Piece of My Heart]]" was released as a single, and through the aid of strong digital download sales, became Stone's first single to enter the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], when it debuted and peaked at No. 32 the week of 2 April 2005.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/63581/50-cent-nets-a-fourth-top-10-hit |title=50 Cent Nets A Fourth Top 10 Hit |access-date=3 November 2008 |last=Whitmire |first=Margo |date=24 March 2005 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>

[[File:Chris and joss.jpg|thumb|left|Stone with then BBC Radio 2 presenter [[Chris Evans (presenter)|Chris Evans]] in 2005]]
In March 2005, Stone was named the spokesperson for the [[Gap (clothing retailer)|Gap]] clothing company, replacing the actress [[Sarah Jessica Parker]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andpop.com/article/4065 |title=Gap Replaces Sarah Jessica Parker with Joss Stone |access-date=17 June 2007 |last=Gonshor |first=Adam |date=23 March 2005 |work=andPOP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120075632/http://www.andpop.com/article/4065 |archive-date=20 November 2007}}</ref> She appeared in a television advertisement for that store chain singing a cover of [[Ray Charles]]'s 1958 song "[[Night Time Is the Right Time]]" (retitled "The Right Time").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Joss-Stone-s-Butt-Replaced-In-A-Gap-Ad-5157.shtml |title=Joss Stone's Butt Replaced in a Gap Ad |access-date=3 May 2008 |date=21 July 2005 |work=[[Softpedia]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209020830/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Joss-Stone-s-Butt-Replaced-In-A-Gap-Ad-5157.shtml |archive-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> Stone also appeared in one of Gap's Fall 2005 "Favorites" commercials, singing [[the Beach Boys]]' 1966 song "[[God Only Knows]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/mnr/gap/22461/ |title=Jeans and Music – The Perfect Fit at Gap this Fall |access-date=3 May 2008 |date=22 August 2005 |work=MultiVu}}</ref> By that time, rumours circulated about her being dropped from the campaign because she was living with then-25-year-old songwriter and producer Beau Dozier (son of Motown producer and composer [[Lamont Dozier]]) in Los Angeles while she was only 17.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fazed.com/musicnews/Stone_axed.html |title=Stone axed |access-date=18 May 2007 |date=25 July 2005 |work=Fazed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514091952/http://www.fazed.com/musicnews/Stone_axed.html |archive-date=14 May 2007}}</ref> However, Gap later denied the rumours, stating that they were very happy with Stone and telling [[BBC Radio 1]] that the claims were "absolute tosh" and "a complete fabrication".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/a22942/joss-stone-not-axed-by-gap.html |title=Joss Stone not axed by GAP |access-date=17 June 2007 |last=Green |first=Kris |date=25 July 2005 |work=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> On 11 April 2005, Stone performed "Spoiled", [[Rufus (band)|Rufus]]' 1974 song "[[Tell Me Something Good]]" with John Legend, [[Otis Redding]]'s 1966 song "[[Try a Little Tenderness]]" with [[Donna Summer]], and 1977's "[[Hot Legs]]" with [[Rod Stewart]] at "Save the Music: A Concert to Benefit the VH1 Save the Music Foundation", in benefit of [[VH1]]'s Save the Music Foundation.<ref name="vh1">{{cite web |url=http://news.sawf.org/Entertainment/1025.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113090333/http://news.sawf.org/Entertainment/1025.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2013 |title=Mariah Carey, Alicia Keys, Rod Stewart And Others Sing at VH1's Most Unforgettable Night |access-date=17 May 2008 |date=14 April 2005 |work=Sawf News}}</ref> Three months later, on 2 July 2005, Stone performed "Super Duper Love", "I Had a Dream", and "Some Kind of Wonderful" at the [[Live 8 concert, London|Live 8 concert]] at [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]], London. Stone was an opening act for [[the Rolling Stones]] during their 2005 [[A Bigger Bang Tour|A Bigger Bang tour]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 July 2005|title=Stones roll back with a 'Bang'|pages=437|work=The Miami Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78953699/stones-roll-back-with-a-bang/|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

Stone performed a [[medley (music)|medley]] of "[[It's a Man's Man's Man's World|It's a Man's World]]" and "[[Papa's Got a Brand New Bag]]" with [[James Brown]] on [[BBC One]]'s chat show ''[[Friday Night with Jonathan Ross]]'' on 1 July 2005.<ref name="jamesbrown">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/06_june/29/ross.shtml |title=James Brown and Joss Stone rip it up with Jonathan Ross |access-date=3 May 2008 |date=29 June 2005 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Stone collaborated with [[jazz]] pianist [[Herbie Hancock]] and [[blues]] singer-guitarist [[Jonny Lang]] on a cover of [[U2]]'s 1988 song "[[When Love Comes to Town]]" for Hancock's 2005 album ''[[Possibilities (album)|Possibilities]]''. That same year, Stone was featured along with [[Sean Paul]] on [[Carlos Santana|Santana]]'s "[[Cry Baby Cry (Santana song)|Cry Baby Cry]]", and worked on a remake of [[Patti LaBelle]]'s 1985 song "[[Stir It Up (Patti LaBelle song)|Stir It Up]]" for the soundtrack to the [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] animated film ''[[Chicken Little (2005 film)|Chicken Little]]''.<ref name="elle">{{cite web |url=http://www.elle.com/coverfullstory/7685/joss-stone-page2.html |title=Joss Stone – ELLE |access-date=19 May 2007 |last=Dunn |first=Jancee |work=[[ELLE]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525223021/http://www.elle.com/coverfullstory/7685/joss-stone-page2.html |archive-date=25 May 2007}}</ref> She also collaborated with [[Lemar]] in 2006 on his third studio album, ''[[The Truth About Love (Lemar album)|The Truth About Love]]'', on the track "Anniversary".

On 5 February 2006, Stone joined [[Stevie Wonder]], [[India.Arie]], and John Legend during the [[Super Bowl XL]] pre-game ceremonies to perform a medley of Wonder's hits. Three days later, on 8 February, on the night of the [[48th Grammy Awards|2006 Grammy Awards]], she helped perform a medley of [[Sly & the Family Stone]]'s hits alongside Legend, [[Ciara]], [[Maroon 5]], [[will.i.am]], [[Robert Randolph and the Family Band|Robert Randolph]], [[Steven Tyler]] and [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]]. Stone made her film debut in the fantasy adventure film ''[[Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'' (based on the [[Eragon|2003 novel of the same name]] by [[Christopher Paolini]]), directed by [[Stefen Fangmeier]] and released on 15 December 2006, playing the fortune teller [[characters in the Inheritance Trilogy#Angela|Angela]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1547720/story.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011232043/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1547720/story.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2007 |title=Joss Stone Gets in Touch With Witchy Side For Film Debut In 'Eragon' |access-date=3 May 2008 |last=Carroll |first=Larry |date=12 December 2006 |work=MTV Movie News}}</ref> At the [[49th Grammy Awards|2007 Grammy Awards]], Stone shared the award for [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals]] for her collaboration with [[John Legend]] and [[Van Hunt]] on their 2005 cover of [[Sly & the Family Stone]]'s 1971 chart-topper "[[Family Affair (Sly & the Family Stone song)|Family Affair]]".<ref name="grammy2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx#06 |title=49th Annual Grammy Awards Winners List |access-date=30 January 2009 |publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061220160454/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx |archive-date=20 December 2006}}</ref>

===2007–2008: ''Introducing Joss Stone''===
[[File:MMVA2007 Joss Stone 3A2V0205.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Stone at the Much Music Video Awards in 2007]]
Stone caused controversy at the [[2007 BRIT Awards]] ceremony on 14 February 2007 while presenting the award for British Male Solo Artist (won by [[James Morrison (singer)|James Morrison]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJWO5CLo4zI | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211109/xJWO5CLo4zI| archive-date=2021-11-09 | url-status=live|title=James Morrison wins British Male presented by Joss Stone – BRIT Awards 2007 |website=[[YouTube]] | date=20 November 2012|access-date=23 April 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Speaking in an [[American English|American accent]], she circled the podium and gave a speech about [[Robbie Williams]], who had been the target of earlier jokes made by host [[Russell Brand]]. Williams had been reported as going into [[drug rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] that same week. As her speech continued, she made remarks about Brand, implying that he was heading for rehabilitation himself (while singing a passage of [[Amy Winehouse]]'s hit "[[Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)|Rehab]]").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/joss%20brits%20dont%20like%20me_1049939 |title=Joss: BRITs Don't Like Me |access-date=31 December 2007 |date=14 November 2007 |work=ContactMusic.com}}</ref> The following year, in response to the British media's negative reaction of her American accent, Stone said, "The words I say do not change. I'm not being a cruel person by sounding a different way. And I can't help it. I've been [in America working] since I was, like, 14."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/joss-stone-england-doesnt-like-me-any-more-771027.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220617/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/joss-stone-england-doesnt-like-me-any-more-771027.html |archive-date=17 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Joss Stone: 'England doesn't like me any more' |access-date=13 March 2008 |date=20 January 2008 |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref>

[[File:Joss Stone Heart Truth5.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Stone walking at the Heart Truth charity fashion show 2008]]
Stone began work on her third studio album, ''[[Introducing Joss Stone]]'', at [[Compass Point Studios]] in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], Bahamas, in May 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psychopedia.com/dailynews/2006/10/my_town_barbadossoul_princess.html |title=Soul Princess Joss Stone's Favorite Isle |access-date=9 March 2007 |date=13 October 2006 |work=psychoPEDIA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927115814/http://www.psychopedia.com/dailynews/2006/10/my_town_barbadossoul_princess.html |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Released on 12 March 2007, the album was coordinated by A&R [[Chris Anokute]], produced by [[Raphael Saadiq]], and included collaborations with [[Lauryn Hill]], [[Common (rapper)|Common]], and [[Joi (singer)|Joi]].<ref name="hitquarters.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |title=Interview With Chris Anokute |publisher=[[HitQuarters]]|date=18 October 2010 |access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> [[Virgin Records]] describes the album as "an electrifying mix of warm vintage soul, 1970s-style R&B, [[Motown Records|Motown]] [[girl group|girl-group]] [[harmony|harmonies]], and [[hip hop music|hip-hop]] [[groove (music)|grooves]]".<ref name="harp">{{cite web|url=http://harpmagazine.com/news/detail.cfm?article=10828 |title=Joss Stone Discusses New Album, Due March 20, With HARP |access-date=27 January 2007 |last=Konrad |first=Ashley |date=18 January 2007 |work=[[Harp (magazine)|Harp]] |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629114523/http://www.harpmagazine.com/news/detail.cfm?article=10828 |archive-date=29 June 2007}}</ref> Stone herself describes it as "truly me. That's why I'm calling it ''Introducing Joss Stone''. These are my words, and this is who I am as an artist."<ref name="harp"/> She also revealed on ''[[The Tavis Smiley Show]]'' that her break-up with Beau Dozier was a source of inspiration while writing ''Introducing Joss Stone''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200703/20070319_stone.html |title=Tavis Smiley Archives – Joss Stone |access-date=23 March 2007 |date=19 March 2007 |work=[[PBS]] |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133355/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200703/20070319_stone.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The album debuted and peaked at No. 12 on the UK Albums Chart, not managing to match the success of Stone's two previous albums. It nevertheless debuted at No. 2 on the ''Billboard'' 200 selling 118,000 copies in its first week,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1053393/modest-mouse-steers-its-ship-to-no-1-debut |title=Modest Mouse Steers Its 'Ship' To No. 1 Debut |access-date=30 April 2008 |last=Hasty |first=Katie |date=28 March 2007 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref> becoming the highest debut for a British solo female artist on the US chart, surpassing the record previously held by [[Amy Winehouse]] with ''[[Back to Black]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/29032007/joss_beats_winehouse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514211725/http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/29032007/joss_beats_winehouse |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2007 |title=Joss Beats Winehouse |access-date=29 March 2007 |last=James |first=Sarah-Louise |date=29 March 2007 |work=[[MTV UK and Ireland|MTV UK]]}}</ref> (which in turn would later be outdone by [[Leona Lewis]], whose album ''[[Spirit (Leona Lewis album)|Spirit]]'' debuted at No. 1 the week of 26 April 2008).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=f740df1e-f0b0-4ace-8777-a06238236cd5 |title=That's the ''Spirit''! Leona Lewis' Historic No. 1 |access-date=20 April 2008 |last=Jenison |first=David |date=16 April 2008 |work=[[E! News]]}}</ref>

"[[Tell Me 'Bout It]]", the album's lead single, debuted and peaked at No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart. The second single, "[[Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now]]", a collaboration with rapper Common, failed to chart inside the UK top seventy-five.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Stone and Common turned the single's music video into a [[Product Red]], reverting 100% of the gains from copies of the video purchased from iTunes to [[the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]]. Stone is the first Product Red artist to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joinred.com/news/ |title=Joss Stone and Common turn (RED) |access-date=13 July 2007 |work=[[Product Red]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704123752/http://www.joinred.com/news/ |archive-date= 4 July 2007}}</ref> Stone also sampled Franklin's "[[Respect (song)|Respect]]", taking the texture and sound of the song, but keeping her own composition.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schloss|first=Joseph |date=2004 |title=Making Beats: The Art of Sample-Based Hip-Hop |url=https://archive.org/details/makingbeatsartof0000schl|url-access=registration|publisher=MIddletown:Wesleyan University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingbeatsartof0000schl/page/164 164] |isbn=9780819566966}}</ref> "[[Baby Baby Baby (Joss Stone song)|Baby Baby Baby]]" was released digitally in December 2007 and physically in January 2008 as the third single. In support of the album, Stone embarked on a North American tour which began on 27 April at [[Foxwoods Resort Casino]] in [[Ledyard, Connecticut|Ledyard]], Connecticut and ended on 13 June at the Filene Center in [[Vienna, Virginia|Vienna]], Virginia, visiting sixteen cities in total including Philadelphia, San Francisco, Vancouver, Chicago, Toronto, New York and Boston.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1054121/joss-stone-reintroducing-herself-on-tour |title=Joss Stone Reintroducing Herself on Tour |access-date=5 November 2007 |last=Cohen |first=Jonathan |date=8 March 2007 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref> Two months later, she went on a North American late-summer tour which kicked off on 27 August at the [[Greek Theatre (Los Angeles)|Greek Theatre]] in Los Angeles and ended on 29 September at the Crossroads in Kansas City, Missouri, covering twelve cities—this time including Mexico City.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1051739/joss-stone-solidifies-late-summer-tour |title=Joss Stone Solidifies Late Summer Tour |access-date=5 November 2007 |last=Cohen |first=Jonathan |date=4 June 2007 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref>

===2009–2010: ''Colour Me Free!'' and departure from EMI===
[[File:Joss Stone @ Stockholm jazz fest 01 new.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Stone at the [[Stockholm Jazz Festival]] in 2009]]
Stone was photographed by Canadian singer-guitarist and photographer [[Bryan Adams]] for [[Phonak]]'s ''Hear the World'' initiative, whose main goal is to raise global awareness for the topic of [[Hearing (sense)|hearing]] and [[Hearing impairment|hearing loss]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hear-the-world.com/botschafter/botschafter_joss.htm |title=Joss Stone on ''Hear the World'' |access-date=18 April 2007 |work=Hear the World |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080215215518/http://www.hear-the-world.com/botschafter/botschafter_joss.htm  |archive-date = 15 February 2008}}</ref> On 7 July 2007, Stone performed at the [[Live Earth concert, Johannesburg|South African leg]] of the [[Live Earth]] concerts at the [[Coca-Cola Dome]] in [[Johannesburg]], to promote awareness of [[global warming]]. She sang the ''Introducing Joss Stone'' tracks "Girl They Won't Believe It", "Headturner", "Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now", "Music", and "Tell Me 'bout It", as well as ''Mind, Body & Soul''{{'s}} "Right to Be Wrong" and "Gimme Shelter", the latter with [[Angélique Kidjo]]. In a 2022 interview, Stone said "Right to Be Wrong" is the song she is most attached to as she wrote it with late [[Betty Wright]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pingitore |first=Silvia |date=2022-10-24 |title=Soul & blues superstar Joss Stone about her 20 years in music: interview with the UK's Aretha Franklin |url=https://the-shortlisted.co.uk/joss-stone-interview/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website= |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Stone covered [[Nat King Cole]]'s 1965 song "[[L-O-V-E]]" for an advertising campaign for [[Chanel]]'s [[Coco Mademoiselle]] fragrance.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

On 29 November 2007, Stone joined [[Jeff Beck]] on a duet of [[the Impressions]]'s 1965 song "[[People Get Ready (song)|People Get Ready]]" as part of his series of concerts at London's [[Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club]], documented on the DVD ''Performing This Week: Live at Ronnie Scott's''. To raise the awareness of AIDS, [[Annie Lennox]] joined forces with twenty-three female acts (including Stone) and recorded the song "[[Sing (Annie Lennox song)|Sing]]", which was released on [[World AIDS Day]] on 1 December 2007, when Lennox performed at one of [[Nelson Mandela]]'s [[46664 (concerts)|46664 concerts]] at [[Johannesburg]]'s [[Ellis Park Stadium]]. In mid-December 2007, Stone was named the new [[Flake (chocolate)|Flake]] girl to star in a series of television adverts for the [[Cadbury Schweppes]] product in the spring of 2008. According to the company, she is the first non-model to take the role.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/devon/7146879.stm |title=Singer Stone is new Flake girl |access-date=17 December 2007 |date=16 December 2007 |publisher=BBC News | location=London}}</ref>

In March 2008, Stone landed the role of lesbian [[bingo caller]] Stephanie in the British romantic comedy film ''Snappers'', for which she also wrote music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metro.co.uk/2008/03/27/josss-lesbian-kiss-in-movie-role-54750/ |title=Joss's lesbian kiss in movie role |work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |date=27 March 2008 |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> However, the film was never released.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kinser |first=Jeremy |url=https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/entertainment-news/2011/10/14/joss-stone-ricky-martin-and-kissing-girls |title=Joss Stone On Ricky Martin and Kissing Girls |work=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|Advocate]] |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> Stone made her television debut portraying [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s fourth wife [[Anne of Cleves]] in the third season of the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] series ''[[The Tudors]]''.<ref name="tudors"/> She reprised the role in the show's final season in 2010,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvsquad.com/2009/05/12/joss-stone-agrees-to-return-for-the-tudors-final-season/ |title=Joss Stone agrees to return for The Tudors final season |access-date=14 July 2009 |last=Hughes |first=Jason |date=12 May 2009 |work=TV Squad}}</ref> appearing in two episodes.

Stone launched a legal battle in a bid to leave her record label, [[EMI]], and free her of her current three-album deal with the record label in April 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2008/04/21/joss_stone_begins_battle_to_leave_emi/ |title=Joss Stone Begins Battle To Leave EMI |access-date=25 April 2008 |date=21 April 2008 |work=Starpulse |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424075428/http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2008/04/21/joss_stone_begins_battle_to_leave_emi |archive-date=24 April 2008}}</ref> Stone performed at the 19th Annual [[GLAAD Media Awards]] at the [[Kodak Theatre]] in Hollywood, Los Angeles on 26 April 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/mediaawards/19thAnnual/LAAwardsPost.php |title=19th Annual GLAAD Media Awards – Los Angeles, April 26, 2008 |access-date=5 July 2008 |work=[[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation|GLAAD]] |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080614195806/http://www.glaad.org/mediaawards/19thAnnual/LAAwardsPost.php  |archive-date = 14 June 2008}}</ref> She also performed "Right to Be Wrong" at the LA PRIDE 2008—produced by Christopher Street West, a non-profit organisation in [[West Hollywood]], California, on 7 June 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nationalgaynews.com/content/view/3689/173/ |title=LA Pride Entertainment |access-date=13 June 2008 |date=1 June 2008 |publisher=NationalGayNews.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208162325/http://nationalgaynews.com/content/view/3689/173/ |archive-date=8 December 2008}}</ref> On 26 October 2008, Stone sang the British national anthem, "[[God Save the Queen]]", before the [[2008 NFL season|NFL]] match between the [[San Diego Chargers]] and the [[New Orleans Saints]], held at [[Wembley Stadium]] in London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daylife.com/photo/0d9Lbi8axU41a |title=Photo from Getty Images – Daylife |access-date=3 November 2008 |date=26 October 2008 |work=[[Daylife]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208090629/http://www.daylife.com/photo/0d9Lbi8axU41a |archive-date=8 December 2008}}</ref>

[[File:Joss Stone HagenU.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Stone performing during a festival, as part of the Colour Me Free! World Tour]]
On 7 December 2008, Stone performed [[the Who]]'s 1965 song "[[My Generation (The Who song)|My Generation]]" on [[CBS]]'s [[Kennedy Center Honors]] TV special at the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|Kennedy Center]], Washington, D.C., honouring [[Pete Townshend]] and [[Roger Daltrey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/ent/stories/DN-kennedy_1230gd.ART.State.Edition1.4a528ae.html |title=Kennedy Center honors six classics |access-date=1 January 2009 |last=Boedeker |first=Hal |date=30 December 2008 |work=[[The Dallas Morning News]]}}</ref> In 2010, Stone also appeared on [[Ringo Starr]]'s album, ''Y Not'' on the song "Who's Your Daddy" in which she sang and co-wrote with the ex-Beatle; appeared on Jeff Beck's album, ''Emotion and Commotion'' on the songs "There's No Other Me" and "[[I Put a Spell on You]]", being the last one nominated for the [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] at [[53rd Grammy Awards]]. In late 2010, Stone's voice and likeness were used for the "[[Bond girl]]" character of Nicole Hunter, a jewellery designer and MI6 agent, in the video game ''[[James Bond 007: Blood Stone]]''. In addition to portraying the character, she also performed the game's theme song, "I'll Take It All", which was co-written and performed with [[Dave Stewart (Eurythmics)|Dave Stewart]].

In 2010, Stone provided vocals on two songs for the charity-focused audio drama production, ''A Voyage For Soldier Miles''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soldiermiles.com|title=A Voyage For Soldier Miles|website=Soldiermiles.com|access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref> The songs are "Lover Earth" written by [[Dave Stewart (Eurythmics)|Dave Stewart]] and Mark Warford and "Never Gonna Be The Same" written and performed by Mark Warford and Niels Lan Doky.

Stone's fourth studio album was written and recorded in about a week in Devon in early 2008. She said: "It's very, very raw. It's a bunch of musicians, writers and myself, and we're just jamming, basically."<ref name="newalbum">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1043594/joss-stone-rocks-the-vote-with-new-song |title=Joss Stone Rocks The Vote With New Song |access-date=5 November 2008 |last=Peters |first=Mitchell |date=4 November 2008 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref> In promotion of the album, entitled ''[[Colour Me Free!]]'', Stone played concerts throughout the UK in February and March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jossstone.echoconnect.com/ |title=Joss Stone : Home |access-date=19 February 2009 |work=jossstone.echoconnect.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307063623/http://jossstone.echoconnect.com/ |archive-date= 7 March 2009}}</ref> Originally scheduled for release in April 2009, ''[[Colour Me Free!]]'' was finally released on 20 October 2009. Stone said that her record company also fought her about the original cover of her new album, calling it "offensive". It was changed to simple text and no picture of Stone on the American edition. The original cover was used on the other editions worldwide. In late August 2010, it was reported that Stone had left EMI<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jossstone.com/forum/index.php?topic=1177.0 |title=downloads |access-date=26 August 2010 |publisher=jossstone.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713121338/http://www.jossstone.com/forum/index.php?topic=1177.0 |archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref> and formed her own independent record label, [[Stone'd Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stoned-records.com/ |title=Stone'd Records | Joss Stone |publisher=Stoned-records.com |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> EMI announced in late December that they would be releasing a greatest hits album, ''[[The Best of Joss Stone 2003–2009]]''. The compilation was released on 30 September 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.de/dp/B004G6OFC8 |title=The Best of Joss Stone 2003–2009: Amazon.de: Musik |website=Amazon Germany |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>

In 2010, Stone collaborated with [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] recording artist [[Ricky Martin]] for "[[The Best Thing About Me Is You]]", and peaked at No. 74 on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] and which topped the ''Hot Latin Songs'' and ''Latin Pop Songs'' chart, this was Stone's first number-one on all two charts, which also made her the first Briton of non-Hispanic origin to reach No. 1 on the ''Hot Latin Tracks'' and ''Latin Pop Songs'' chart.

===2011–2018: ''LP1'', ''The Soul Sessions Vol. 2'' and ''Water for Your Soul''===
[[File:Joss Stone en concierto. Managua, Nicaragua N3A5793 (24481876201).jpg|thumb|180px|right|Stone performing in January 2016]]
On 14 June 2011, police arrested two men in [[Cullompton]], Devon, near Stone's home, for plotting to rob and murder her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/252876/Two-men-arrested-over-plot-to-rob-and-murder-Joss-Stone |title=Two men arrested over plot to 'rob and murder' Joss Stone | Showbiz |work=Daily Express |date=15 June 2011 |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> After a trial at [[Exeter Crown Court]] for conspiracy to rob, murder and commit grievous bodily harm against her, they were found guilty on 3 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-22013160 |title=Joss Stone death plot: Junior Bradshaw and Kevin Liverpool convicted |publisher=BBC |date=3 April 2013 |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>

Stone partnered with [[Surfdog Records]] to release ''[[LP1 (Joss Stone album)|LP1]]'' on 26 July 2011, through her own label Stone'd Records.<ref name="off">{{cite web|url=http://www.jossstone.com/articles.html?n_id=4667|title=Joss Stone Announces Release of New Album, LP1, on July 26|publisher=JossStone.com|date=5 May 2011|access-date=24 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620141807/http://www.jossstone.com/articles.html?n_id=4667|archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref> The album was recorded in [[Nashville, Tennessee]] in six days, where Stone co-wrote and co-produced the album with [[Eurythmics]] co-founder, [[Dave Stewart (Eurythmics)|David Stewart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theaudioperv.com/2011/05/05/joss-stone-announces-new-album-lp1-due-out-july-26/ |title=Joss Stone Announces New Album LP1 Due Out July 26 |publisher=The Audio Perv |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609033357/http://theaudioperv.com/2011/05/05/joss-stone-announces-new-album-lp1-due-out-july-26/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The lead single, "[[Somehow (Joss Stone song)|Somehow]]", was released on 24 June 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a324224/joss-stone-unveils-new-single-somehow.html |title=Joss Stone unveils new single 'Somehow' – Music News |work=Digital Spy |date=10 June 2011 |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> Stone also joined the supergroup [[SuperHeavy]] which was formed by [[Mick Jagger]] of the [[Rolling Stones]], together with [[Dave Stewart (Eurythmics)|Dave Stewart]] (credited by Mick with the original idea of SuperHeavy), [[Damian Marley]] (the youngest son of [[Bob Marley]]) and the Indian musician and producer [[A.R. Rahman]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/mick-jagger-forms-supergroup-with-dave-stewart-joss-stone-and-damian-marley-20110520 |title=Mick Jagger Forms Supergroup with Dave Stewart, Joss Stone and Damian Marley |first=Andy |last=Greene |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=20 May 2011 |access-date=22 May 2011 |archive-date=23 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523052409/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/mick-jagger-forms-supergroup-with-dave-stewart-joss-stone-and-damian-marley-20110520 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The album was recorded at [[Jim Henson Studios]] in Los Angeles and was released on 20 September 2011 by [[A&M Records]]. The debut single, "Miracle Worker", was released on 19 July 2011.

Released in July 2012, ''[[The Soul Sessions Vol. 2]]'' saw Stone return to her original label, [[S-Curve Records]], who released the album jointly with the artist's Stone'd Records, and features production from [[Steve Greenberg (record producer)|Steve Greenberg]] (producer of the first "Soul Sessions"). The album finds Stone largely covering lesser-known soul songs from the 1970s and 1980s by acts including [[the Chi-Lites]], [[the Honey Cone]], [[the Dells]], [[Sylvia Robinson|Sylvia]], [[Labi Siffre]] and [[Linda Lewis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/777/soulsational_stone/ |title=Joss Stone: Soulsational Stone |publisher=Bluesandsoul.com |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> The album reached the top 10 on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] and the [[UK album chart]]. In the UK it was her first top 10 album since 2004's ''Mind Body & Soul''. In 2013 she performed live shows including Indonesia and the Philippines. She also made an appearance on UK television series ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]''.

Stone announced to newspaper ''La Vanguardia'' in July 2012 that she would work on a reggae album. She stated that it would be recorded and produced by her and Damian Marley, who previously worked in SuperHeavy. In March 2014, she elaborated that the new album would be a little bit different and "more eclectic" with a "little bit more hip-hop and reggae".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scenestr.com.au/music/music-all/joss-stone-soul-sister |title=Joss Stone: Soul Sister |publisher=Scenestr.com.au |access-date=4 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526075812/http://scenestr.com.au/music/music-all/joss-stone-soul-sister |archive-date=26 May 2014}}</ref> On 31 July 2015 her album ''[[Water for Your Soul]]'' was released, and was the number-one reggae album the week it came out.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/water-for-your-soul/joss-stone|title=Water For Your Soul|publisher=metacritic|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> In April 2014 she began the ''[[Total World Tour]]'' with the intention of performing in as many countries as possible.<ref>{{cite web|first=Peter |last=Moore |url=http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/articles/interviews/joss-stones-world-tour |title=Joss Stone's Every-Country-in-the-World tour | Interviews |publisher=Wanderlust |date=27 June 2013 |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-03-18-joss-stone-makes-her-way-to-sa |title=UK singer Joss Stone makes her way to SA|work=Mail & Guardian |date=18 March 2014 |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Joss Stone's 'Total World Tour' lands in Tel Aviv|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Joss-Stones-Total-World-Tour-lands-in-Tel-Aviv-462170|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com}}</ref> In November 2017 Stone, along with [[Nitin Sawhney]], Jonathan Shorten, Jonathan Joseph and Cameroonian multi-instrumentalist Étienne M'Bappé released the ''Project Mama Earth'', an 11-track EP comprising full-length songs and interludes, inspired by [[Mother Nature]] concept and African rhythms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mascotlabelgroup.com/project-mama-earth/biography/|title=PROJECT MAMA EARTH|website=Mascotlabelgroup.com|access-date=30 May 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140034/https://www.mascotlabelgroup.com/project-mama-earth/biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/joss-stone-project-mama-earth-album-interview-8053940/ |title= Joss Stone Talks New Musical Direction with Garden-Inspired 'Project Mama Earth' |website= Billboard.com |date= 29 November 2017 |access-date= 30 May 2018}}</ref> In the same month, she was co-headliner in [[Night of the Proms]] in Nederland and Belgium.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/cultuur+en+media/muziek/1.3043149 |title= "Sporty Spice" en Joss Stone op affiche Night of the Proms |website= Deredactie.be |date= 10 August 2017 |access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, Stone was cast as a guest-star in season 5 of [[Musical film|musical]] drama television series ''[[Empire (2015 TV series)|Empire]]''.<ref name=empire>{{cite web|url=https://tvline.com/2018/10/04/joss-stone-empire-season-5-cast-wynter/|title=Empire: Joss Stone Is Jamal's [Spoiler]|date=4 October 2018|last=Ausiello|first=Michael|access-date=5 October 2018|work=[[TVLine]]|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031054051/https://tvline.com/2018/10/04/joss-stone-empire-season-5-cast-wynter/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2019–2022: Finishing of the ''Total World Tour'' and ''Never Forget My Love''===
[[File:Joss Stone Tom Brasil (44386659660).jpg|thumb|180px|left|Stone performing in [[São Paulo, Brazil]], December 2018]]
At the beginning of 2019 Stone sang with [[James Morrison (singer)|James Morrison]] on the song "My Love Goes On", making it four years since both singers last released studio albums.<ref>{{cite web |last=Eames |first=Tom |url=https://www.smoothradio.com/news/music/james-morrison-new-album-joss-stone-video/ |title=Joss Stone is back on James Morrison's new song 'My Love Goes On' |work=[[Smooth Radio (2014)|Smooth Radio]] |date=18 January 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019}}</ref>

In 2019, Stone finished her six-year ''[[Total World Tour]]''. To perform in every country of the world, she crossed into Syria illegally in March to perform at [[Al-Malikiyah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/joss-stone-syria-war-border-gig-world-tour-kurdistan-a8805316.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220617/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/joss-stone-syria-war-border-gig-world-tour-kurdistan-a8805316.html |archive-date=17 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Joss Stone reveals fear of crossing Syria border for gig|date=3 March 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> Later the same month, she performed in [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://turkmenportal.com/blog/17779/v-ashhabade-s-uspehom-proshel-koncert-britanskoi-pevicy-dzhoss-stoun|title=В Ашхабаде с успехом прошёл концерт британской певицы Джосс Стоун | Культура|website=Turkmenportal.com|date=8 March 2019 |access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://turkmenistan.un.org/en/1217-musical-performance-joss-stone-british-singer-known-worldwide-within-crc30-years-celebration|title=Musical performance by Joss Stone, British singer known worldwide within CRC@30 years celebration | United Nations in Turkmenistan|website=Turkmenistan.un.org|access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/tk?id=18286|title=Turkmenistan Altyn Asyr|website=Turkmenistan.gov.tm|access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref> and [[North Korea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47556969 |title=Joss Stone performs in North Korea on world tour |newspaper=BBC News |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> In July 2019, Stone was denied entry into [[Iran]], the last stop on her tour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-48867060 |title=Joss Stone 'deported from Iran' on last stop of world tour |newspaper=BBC News |date=4 July 2019 |access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref>

In April 2020, Stone's single "Lean On Me" was released, the song was sung with [[Beverley Knight]], for which a music video was made showing the work of [[National Health Service]] helpers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/lean-on-me-single/1509058230 |title=Lean on Me – Single by Beverley Knight, Joss Stone & OMAR |website=Apple Music |date=20 April 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref>

In August 2020, Stone became the host of a podcast, ''A Cuppa Happy'', in which she aims to better understand the elusive, fleeting nature of happiness.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kendall |first1=Ellie |title=Joss Stone: How rumoured Masked Singer star rose to fame |url=https://www.devonlive.com/whats-on/whats-on-news/masked-singer-joss-stone-sausage-4998616 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=DevonLive |publisher=[[Reach plc]] |date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213213245/https://www.devonlive.com/whats-on/whats-on-news/masked-singer-joss-stone-sausage-4998616 |archive-date=13 February 2021 |quote=In August 2020, she became the host of her own podcast ''A Cuppa Happy'', in which she aims to better understand the elusive, fleeting nature of happiness.}}</ref>

In February 2021, Stone won the [[The Masked Singer (British series 2)|second series]] of ''[[The Masked Singer (British TV series)|The Masked Singer]]'' masked as Sausage.<ref>{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Adam |title=Joss Stone wins Masked Singer as she's revealed as Sausage |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/masked-singer-uk-final-time-tonight-who-win-sausage-badger-robin-b1801861.html |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213213554/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/masked-singer-uk-final-time-tonight-who-win-sausage-badger-robin-b1801861.html |archive-date=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sulway |first1=Verity |title=The Masked Singer unmasks Joss Stone as Sausage as she wins the 2021 series |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/breaking-masked-singer-unmasks-joss-23496600 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |publisher=[[Reach plc]] |date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213213737/https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/breaking-masked-singer-unmasks-joss-23496600 |archive-date=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hogan |first1=Michael |title=The Masked Singer UK: the Final, review: Joss Stone a worthy winner as show goes out with a bang |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2021/02/13/masked-singer-uk-final-review-joss-stone-worthy-winner-show/ |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213213931/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2021/02/13/masked-singer-uk-final-review-joss-stone-worthy-winner-show/ |archive-date=13 February 2021 |quote=The Masked Singer (ITV) went out with a banger as soul diva Joss Stone, dressed as a 7ft anthropomorphic sausage, was crowned champion.}}</ref> Stone gave a live interview on ITV's ''[[This Morning (TV programme)|This Morning]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Becquart|first=Charlotte|date=15 February 2021|title=Joss Stone's gorgeous baby melts hearts in This Morning interview|url=https://www.devonlive.com/news/devon-news/joss-stones-baby-interrupts-morning-5005060|access-date=15 February 2021|website=DevonLive}}</ref> beamed from her Nashville, Tennessee, home on 15 February 2021, to discuss her winning performance on Series 2 of ''The Masked Singer'', which attracted 8.6 million viewers over Valentine's weekend.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 February 2021|title=The Masked Singer: Finale attracts 8.6 million viewers|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-56067767|access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref> The finale was recorded while she was heavily pregnant in September 2020. Her singing character was disguised in a sausage and chips suit, with her true identity kept secret until she was revealed as the second series winner.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jackson |first1=James |title=The Masked Singer final review — Silly sausage fun in music hall tradition |url=https://www.thetimes.com./article/the-masked-singer-final-review-silly-sausage-fun-in-music-hall-tradition-3mv69p8dx |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=[[The Times]] |date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215014245/https://www.thetimes.co.uk./article/the-masked-singer-final-review-silly-sausage-fun-in-music-hall-tradition-3mv69p8dx |archive-date=15 February 2021 |location=[[London]] |url-status=live |quote=On Saturday, ten and a half million people watched a singing sausage be crowned the queen of Saturday nights. It was, in fact, the Devonian soul singer Joss Stone, and she seemed overcome with delight to have spent eight weeks dressed as a giant wiener.}}</ref>

On 11 November 2021, she released "Never Forget My Love", for which a video was shot immediately, the lead single and title track from [[Never Forget My Love|her new album]], released on 11 February 2022.<ref name="NFML">{{cite web|url=https://parade.com/1291616/laurawhitmore/joss-stone-never-forget-my-love-song/|title=Joss Stone's "Never Forget My Love" Will Mesmerize You With Soulful Finesse|work=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]|last=Whitmore|first=Laura|date=12 November 2021|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

===2023–present: ''20 Years of Soul'' - the 20th anniversary; a new direction: ''disco music''===
In 2023, Stone celebrated the 20th anniversary of her career, embarking on a European tour to perform at several summer festivals.

In October 2024, she revealed on ''The Allison Hagendorf Show'' that she had begun working on a new album based on her daughter's idea, which would be in the genre of disco music. The album is expected to be released in 2025. As she said: "I figured soul music is sort of just where I'm comfortable and I think disco that's soul, it's just faster".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=MwT_KQMXTPE&t=0s Joss Stone On New Music, Motherhood & Killing With Kindness / www.youtube.com]</ref>

==Artistry==
[[File:Joss Stone 08 (8132151434).jpg|thumb|upright|Joss Stone performing barefoot on stage]]
Stone possesses the vocal range of a [[mezzo-soprano]] and [[contralto]].<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/blogcritics/article/Music-Review-Joss-Stone-The-Best-of-Joss-2208568.php| title = Music Review: Joss Stone - The Best of Joss Stone: 2003-2009| work=seattlepi.com| date=7 October 2011| access-date=2 July 2019| first=Jordan| last=Richardson}}</ref> She often performs barefoot and has been described as "the white [[Aretha Franklin]]" since her debut in music industry.<ref>{{cite news|first=Polly |last=Vernon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/jan/18/popandrock.shopping1 |title=Joss Stone: the barefoot diva | The Observer |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8576782/Joss-Stone-the-white-Aretha-Franklin-of-soul.html|title=Joss Stone: the 'white Aretha Franklin' of soul|first=Andrew|last=Hough|date=15 June 2011|access-date=17 May 2018|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/nov/14/popandrock1|title=Is Joss Stone the new Aretha Franklin?|first=Alexis|last=Petridis|date=14 November 2003|website=The Guardian|access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> However, Stone was the subject of some contention in the United States, according to [[Alexis Petridis]], writing in ''The Guardian'' in 2003, where, he claims, her audience expected soul artists "to have been born in poverty and have had a rough and painful life" in order to sing soul music due to its emotional nature.<ref name="theguardian.com"/>

==Personal life==
[[File:P20221130AS-2599 (52650423117)(cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|left|Washington, D.C., USA, 2022]]
In 2004, Stone began dating [[Beau Dozier]], with whom she co-wrote the song "Spoiled". Dozier is the son of Motown producer [[Lamont Dozier]], part of the team [[Holland-Dozier-Holland]]. The couple ended their relationship in November 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-138961585.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526224745/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-138961585.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2012|title=Joss tells of broken heart over love split|access-date=7 June 2008|date=21 November 2005|newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]]}}</ref>

In a 2016 interview, Stone revealed that she had been in a relationship with music promoter SiChai for three years.<ref>{{cite news|first=Katie |last=Law |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/joss-stone-talks-freezing-her-eggs-reverse-racism-and-being-pals-with-prince-harry-a3188951.html |title=Joss Stone talks freezing her eggs, reverse racism and being pals with Prince Harry |newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]] |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref>

Stone is a lifelong [[vegetarianism|vegetarian]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Briffa|first=John|date=2008|title=What's in your basket?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/feb/24/foodanddrink.shopping15|website=The Guardian|language=en-GB|archive-date=April 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410000515/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/feb/24/foodanddrink.shopping15|url-status=live}}</ref> She owns a number of [[rescue dogs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fromthegrapevine.com/arts/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-joss-stone|title=5 things you didn't know about Joss Stone|website=From the Grapevine|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>

The Joss Stone Foundation ultimately supported more than 200 charities across the globe as Stone completed her world tour. The primary aim was to help raise public awareness and support for these charities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jossstone.com/|title=The Official Website of Joss Stone|website=JossStone.com|access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, she was awarded [[The National German Sustainability Award]].

In September 2020, Stone announced via [[Instagram]] that she was pregnant with her first child with boyfriend Cody DaLuz.<ref>{{cite web|last=Juneau|first=Jen|date=5 October 2020|url=https://people.com/parents/joss-stone-pregnant-expecting-first-child-boyfriend-cody-daluz/|title=Joss Stone Expecting First Child After Months of Trying to Conceive: 'Don't Give' Up|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|access-date=}}</ref> She gave birth to a daughter on 29 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cardoza |first=Riley |date=1 February 2021 |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/joss-stone-gives-birth-welcomes-1st-child-with-boyfriend-cody-daluz/ |title=New Mom! Joss Stone Welcomes 1st Child With Boyfriend Cody DaLuz |work=[[Us Weekly]] |access-date=}}</ref> In April 2022, Stone announced via Instagram that she was pregnant with her second child with DaLuz.<ref>{{cite web |last=Etienne |first=Vanessa |date=12 April 2022 |url=https://people.com/parents/joss-stone-expecting-second-baby-after-suffering-miscarriage/ |title=Joss Stone Expecting Second Baby After Suffering Miscarriage: 'There Are Rainbows After Storms' |work=People |access-date=}}</ref> She gave birth to her second child on 18 October 2022, a son.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joss Stone Gives Birth, Welcomes Baby No. 2 With Boyfriend Cody DaLuz'|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/joss-stone-gives-birth-welcomes-baby-no-2-with-cody-daluz/|access-date=2 November 2022|website=USmagazine|date=2 November 2022}}</ref> Stone relocated to [[Nashville, Tennessee]], in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ewers |first1=Josh |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Joss Stone abandons nomadic lifestyle, settles in Nashville |url=https://www.mainstreet-nashville.com/music/joss-stone-abandons-nomadic-lifestyle-settles-in-nashville/article_a9786e70-dabd-11ec-a251-37cc17624c75.html |website=Main Street Nashville}}</ref> In October 2023, Stone married DaLuz.<ref>{{cite web |last=Duncan |first=Charlie |date=5 November 2023 |title=The Masked Singer winner Joss Stone confirms she's married musician partner |url=https://gyonlineng.com/cody-daluz/ |accessdate=5 November 2023 |work=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=[[Hearst Magazines UK]]}}</ref>

In December 2024, Stone adopted a baby boy. Just weeks later on 19 December 2024, Stone announced she was pregnant for the third time with their fourth child.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Colosi |first1=Rosie |date=December 20, 2024 |title=Singer Joss Stone adopted a baby ... and found out she was pregnant just weeks later |url=https://www.today.com/parents/celebrity/joss-stone-pregnant-after-adopted-baby-rcna185057 |website=Today}}</ref> Her daughter was born in June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Joss |date=16 June 2025 |title=Happy #mummymondays. Welcome our beautiful Nalima Rose to the world. we are so in love |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1248249353339294&set=a.252521016245471 |access-date=9 July 2025 |website=Facebook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/joss-stone-welcomes-fourth-baby-welcome-our-beautiful-nalima-rose-11755865|title=Joss Stone Welcomes Fourth Baby: 'Welcome Our Beautiful Nalima Rose'|language=en|author=Madison E. Goldberg|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=2025-06-16|access-date=2025-06-28}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Joss Stone discography}}
{{see also|SuperHeavy}}
* ''[[The Soul Sessions]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Mind Body & Soul]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Introducing Joss Stone]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Colour Me Free!]]'' (2009)
* ''[[LP1 (Joss Stone album)|LP1]]'' (2011)
* ''[[The Soul Sessions Vol. 2]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Water for Your Soul]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Never Forget My Love]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Merry Christmas, Love]]'' (2022)

==Tours==
* Mind, Body & Soul Sessions Tour (2003–2005)
* Introducing Joss Stone World Tour (2007–2008)
* Colour Me Free! World Tour (2009–2011)
* [[LP1 World Tour]] (2011)
* [[Total World Tour]] (2014–2019)
* 20 Years of Soul (2023)
* Ellipsis (2024–2025)
* Less Is More (2025–2026)

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film credits
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|-
| 2005|| ''[[Quincy Jones|An Evening of Stars: Tribute to Quincy Jones]]'' || Herself || TV film
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Eragon (film)|Eragon]]'' || [[Angela (Inheritance)|Angela]] || Film debut
|-
| 2007|| ''Park City: Where Music Meets Film'' || Herself || TV film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008|| ''Snappers'' || Stephanie || TV film; the film was never released
|-
|''[[Smokey Robinson|An Evening of Stars: Tribute to Smokey Robinson]]'' || Herself || TV film
|-
| 2010 || ''The Funeral Planner''|| Eve Gardner || [[Video short]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Tomorrow (2018 film)|Tomorrow]]'' || Mandy || TV film
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of television credits
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Star for a Night (British TV series)|Star for a Night]]'' || Herself/Contestant || "Junior Star for a Night"
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kennedy Center Honors]]'' || rowspan="2" | Herself || Tribute to James Brown
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Austin City Limits]]'' || Season 30, episode 4
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[American Dreams]]'' || Singer in the Lair || Episode: "Starting Over"
|-
|''[[Punk'd]]'' || rowspan="2" |Herself|| Season 4, episode 6
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kennedy Center Honors]]'' || Tribute to Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey
|-
| 2009 || ''[[American Dad!]]'' || Voice || One episode
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[The Tudors]]'' || [[Anne of Cleves]] || 5 episodes; seasons 3–4
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'' || Herself || Series 20, Episode 1
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Grace and Frankie]]'' || Performer of song "Free Me" || guest-star
|-
| 2017 || ''Nigella: At My Table'' || Herself || TV programme<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7657386/soundtrack |title=Nigella: At My Table Episode #1.5 Soundtracks |work=[[imdb.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019 || ''[[Empire (2015 TV series)|Empire]]'' || Wynter || 3 episodes
|-
| 2020–2021 || ''[[The Masked Singer (British TV series)|The Masked Singer UK]]'' || Contestant || [[The Masked Singer (British series 2)|Series 2]]; winner of the series
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of video games credits
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[James Bond 007: Blood Stone]]'' || Nicole Hunter || Voice
|}

==Awards and nominations==
During her career, Stone won nine awards, including one [[Grammy Award]] and two [[Brit Awards]].
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3|[[Brit Awards]]
| rowspan=3|[[2005 Brit Awards|2005]]
| rowspan=3|Herself
| |[[Brit Award for British Urban Act|British Urban Act]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref name="brits"/>
|-
|[[Brit Award for British Female Solo Artist|British Female Solo Artist]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Brit Award for British Breakthrough Act|British Breakthrough Act]]
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Children's and Family Emmy Awards]]
| [[1st Children's and Family Emmy Awards|2022]]
| ''Paper Birds''
| Outstanding Interactive Media
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0048941/2022/1?ref_=nmawd_ev_3 | title=Children's & Family Emmy Awards (2022) | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[Game Audio Network Guild Awards]]
| 2011
| "[[James Bond 007: Blood Stone|I'll Take It All]]"
| Best Original Vocal Song – Pop
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=G.A.N.G. Awards|url=http://gangawards.com/|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015221949/http://www.gangawards.com/|archive-date=15 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[The National German Sustainability Award|German Sustainability Awards]]
| 2021
| Herself
| German Sustainability Awards
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://sustainable-event-solutions.de/en/joss-stone-erhaelt-den-deutschen-nachhaltigkeitspreis/ | title=Joss Stone receives the German Sustainability Award | date=31 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=5|[[Grammy Awards]]
| rowspan=3|[[47th Annual Grammy Awards|2005]]
| Herself
| [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan=5|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/joss-stone/6411|title=Joss Stone | Artist | GRAMMY.com|website=grammy.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mind Body & Soul]]''
| [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| "[[You Had Me]]"
| [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[49th Annual Grammy Awards|2007]]
| "[[Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song)|Family Affair]]" {{small|(with [[John Legend]] and [[Van Hunt]])}}
| [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[53rd Annual Grammy Awards|2011]]
|"[[I Put a Spell on You]]" {{small|(with [[Jeff Beck]])}}
| [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]]
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2|Groovevolt Music and Fashion Awards
| 2005
| Herself
| Best New Artist
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308110025/http://www.groovevolt.com/gvawards/general.asp | archive-date=2005-03-08 | url=http://www.groovevolt.com/gvawards/general.asp | title=General Awards}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Mind Body & Soul]]''
| Best Pop Album - Female
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726165601/http://www.groovevolt.com/vote/general.asp | archive-date=2011-07-26 | url=http://www.groovevolt.com/vote/general.asp | title=GENERAL NOMINATIONS}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=5|[[MOBO Awards]]
| rowspan=2|2004
| ''[[Mind Body & Soul]]''
| Best Album
| {{nom}}
| rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3595280.stm?fbclid=IwAR2MfrkhvN3jOlIR0NOGjhLo4RUtpUL0UF0awKpAdz4e_iB__K_9TObGs-Q | title=Mobo Awards 2004: The nominees | date=24 August 2004 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|Herself
| rowspan=2|UK Act of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2005
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4273504.stm | title=Mobo awards 2005: The winners | date=22 September 2005 }}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| Best UK Female
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7003572.stm | title=Mobo Awards 2007: Winners in full | date=19 September 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| Best R&B/Soul Act
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/mobo-awards-2015-nominations-revealed-6546542 | title=MOBO Awards 2015 revealed as Krept & Konan lead the way in four categories | website=[[Daily Mirror]] | date=30 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[Meteor Music Awards]]
| [[2005 Meteor Awards|2005]]
| Herself
| Best International Female
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EltPXo7RdigC&dq=joss+stone+meteor+music+awards&pg=PT224 | title=PJ Harvey: Siren Rising | isbn=978-0-85712-110-3 | last1=Blandford | first1=James R. | date=17 December 2009 | publisher=Omnibus Press }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[NRJ Music Awards]]
| 2005
| Herself
| [[:fr:NRJ Music Award de la révélation internationale de l'année|International Breakthrough of the Year]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>https://nostalgie2000s.com/index.php/2025/01/22/les-nrj-music-awards-2005-fetent-leurs-20-ans/</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2|Pop Awards
| 2020
| "My Love Goes On" (with [[James Morrison (singer)|James Morrison]])
| Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pop-awards.com/2020/|title=Pop Awards 2020, the third annual Pop Awards|website=Pop-awards.com|access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| Herself
| Female Artist of the Year
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://pop-awards.com/2023/ | title=Pop Awards 2023, the sixth annual Pop Awards|website=Pop-awards.com|access-date=16 July 2023 }}</ref>
{{end}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Association
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |2004
|[[Mercury Prize]]
|Album of the Year
|''The Soul Sessions''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/arts/pictures/0,,1265232,00.html |title=Mercury music prize 2004 shortlist index |access-date=17 February 2009 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref>
|-
| [[Teen Choice Awards]]
| Choice R&B Track
| "[[Fell in Love with a Boy]]"
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|IFPI Hong Kong Top Sales Music Awards
|Top 10 Best Selling Foreign Albums{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}
|''Mind Body & Soul''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] Women of the Year Awards
|Newcomer of the Year
| rowspan="4" |Joss Stone
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/200806413122039 |title=Glamorous Christina Is Woman of the Year |access-date=17 February 2009 |date=9 June 2004 |publisher=[[Sky News]]}}</ref>
|-
| Žebřík Music Awards
| Best International Surprise
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anketazebrik.cz/historie/2010-2004/|title = 2010-2004 – Anketa Žebřík|website=Anketazebrik.cz}}</ref>
|-
|[[HUMO]]'s Pop Poll de Luxe
|Best International Female Singer
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBwp9M4FBe0 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211109/PBwp9M4FBe0| archive-date=2021-11-09 | url-status=live|title=Joss Stone @ Humo's Pop Poll | date=8 November 2007|access-date=17 February 2009 |publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sound of...]]
|Sound of 2004
|align="center" style="background:lightblue"|Fifth
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2005
|[[95.8 Capital FM|Capital FM]] Award
|London's Favourite UK Album
| ''Mind Body & Soul''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/information.aspx?id=403 |title=2005 Glastonbury Abbey Extravaganza |access-date=17 February 2009 |work=[[Glastonbury Festival]] |archive-date=19 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219045105/http://glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/information.aspx?id=403 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2010
|[[GMA Dove Awards]]
|[[41st GMA Dove Awards|Special Event Album of the Year]]
|''[[Oh Happy Day: An All-Star Music Celebration]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2013
|[[Soul Train Music Awards]]
|[[2013 Soul Train Music Awards#Centric Award|Centric Certified Award]]
| rowspan=2|Joss Stone
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=1|2015
| Lunas del Auditorio
| Jazz Y Blues
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=1|2021
| [[The Masked Singer (British TV series)|The Masked Singer UK]]
| 'Sausage' contestant
| rowspan=1|Joss Stone
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of barefooters]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.jossstone.com}}
* {{AllMusic|joss-stone-mn0000286572}}
* {{IMDb name|1510184}}

{{Joss Stone}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Joss Stone
|list =
{{Brit British Female}}
{{Brit Hip Hop/Grime/Rap Act}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stone, Joss}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:21st-century English actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century English women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century English singers]]
[[Category:Actors from Dover, Kent]]
[[Category:Actresses from Devon]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kent]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:English contemporary R&B singers]]
[[Category:English child singers]]
[[Category:English contraltos]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:English soul singers]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:English women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:English singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:The Masked Singer (British TV series) winners]]
[[Category:Musicians from Devon]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kent]]
[[Category:Neo soul singers]]
[[Category:People from Mid Devon]]
[[Category:Musicians with dyslexia]]
[[Category:Actors with dyslexia]]
[[Category:English people with disabilities]]
[[Category:Relentless Records artists]]
[[Category:SuperHeavy members]]
[[Category:Third British Invasion artists]]
[[Category:Virgin Records artists]]

Santhana Bharathi

2026-03-24T03:03:09Z

Margaretxro: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian film director and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Santhana Bharathi
| image = Santhana Bharathi at Sathuranga Vettai Audio Launch.jpg
| caption = Santhana Bharathi in 2014
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[Actor]]}}
| yearsactive = 1975–present
| children = 
| father = M. R. Santhanam
| family = [[R. S. Shivaji]] (brother)
| credits = {{Ubl
| ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]''
| ''[[Guna (film)|Gunaa]]''
}}
}}

'''Santhana Bharathi''' is an Indian film director and actor who has primarily worked in [[Tamil cinema]]. He directed ''[[Gunaa]]'' (1991), which won third prize for the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]].<ref name="ie.1992.10.30"/> He also directed ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' (1994), which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]<ref name="hindu.srivatsan.s.2019.08.21"/> and the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]].<ref name="pride.dhananjayan.2014"/>

== Personal life ==
Bharathi's father M. R. Santhanam was an actor and producer, one of the earliest members of the [[Nadigar Sangam]]. His brother [[R. S. Shivaji]] was also an actor. Bharathi's son Sanjay Bharathi is also a director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=11 December 2019 |title=Sanjay Bharathi: I hope to do a film like Guna some day |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/dec/11/sanjay-bharathi-i-hope-to-do-a-film-like-guna-some-day-dhanusu-raasi-neyargalae-15999.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725094952/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/dec/11/sanjay-bharathi-i-hope-to-do-a-film-like-guna-some-day-dhanusu-raasi-neyargalae-15999.html |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=14 November 2015 |title=A brief history of Nadigar Sangam |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-brief-history-of-nadigar-sangam/article7877460.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160614142516/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-brief-history-of-nadigar-sangam/article7877460.ece |archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref>

== Career ==
Santhana Bharathi joined director [[C. V. Sridhar]] as an assistant. Bharathi started his career with [[P. Vasu]] as a co-director and made films such as ''[[Panneer Pushpangal]]'' (1981), ''Madhu Malar'' (1981), ''[[Mella Pesungal]]'' (1983), ''[[Sahasame Jeevitham]]'' (1984) and ''[[Needhiyin Nizhal]]'' (1985). According to Vasu, "We compromised on certain things as we had different approaches to the subject. That's the reason why some of our other movies failed to make a big impression in the box office, prompting us to take our own paths".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-09-09 |title=In the right direction |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/in-the-right-direction/article3199228.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208052251/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/in-the-right-direction/article3199228.ece |archive-date=8 December 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== As actor ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Santhana Bharathi film credits as actor
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
|'''Notes'''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1988 || ''[[En Uyir Kannamma]] '' ||Velayudham
|
|-
| ''[[Ullathil Nalla Ullam]]'' || Father
|
|-
| 1988 || ''[[En Jeevan Paduthu]]'' ||
|
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Karagattakaran]]'' || Chinnarasu
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1990 || ''[[Aarathi Edungadi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ethir Kaatru]]'' || Minister Azhagesan
|
|-
| ''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]'' || Speaker
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1991 || ''Onnum Theriyatha Papa '' || Jana
|
|-
| ''Thambikku Oru Pattu'' || Ponnusaamy
|
|-
| ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' || Michael's foster father
|
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Ele, My Friend]]'' || Kallar Village Chief
|English film
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1994 || ''[[Nammavar]]'' || Sakthivel
|
|-
| ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' || Father of the groom
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1995 || ''[[Mr. Madras]]'' || Guest appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Seethanam]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1996 || ''[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Amman Kovil Vaasalile]]'' || Guest appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Tamizh Selvan]]'' ||
|
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Vivasaayi Magan]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1998 || ''[[Velai]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Veera Thalattu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Poonthottam]]'' || Suresh's father
|
|-
| ''[[Guru Paarvai]]'' || Priya's father
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1999 || ''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Unnaruge Naan Irundhal]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aasaiyil Oru Kaditham]]'' || Chandini's father
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2000 || ''[[Mugavaree]]'' || RK Ram
|
|-
| ''[[Budget Padmanabhan]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Vaanavil]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Penngal]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2001 || ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' || Sethupathi
|
|-
|''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'' || Doctor
|
|-
|''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Dosth]]'' || Judge
|
|-
| ''[[Samudhiram]]'' || Lakshmi's father
|
|-
| ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2002 || ''[[Alli Arjuna]]'' || House owner
|
|-
| ''[[Panchatanthiram]]'' || Bharathi
|
|-
|''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' || Sambandam's uncle
|
|-
| ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' || Dr. Cheenu
|
|-
| ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' || Father Karunakaran
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2003 || ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' || Padayatchi's assistant
|
|-
| ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' || Flight Passenger
|
|-
| ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' || Neelaveni's uncle
|
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' || Gangadharan
|
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2005 || ''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Sukran]]''|| Judge
|
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Xpress (2005 film)|Mumbai Xpress]]''|| Chettiar
|
|-
| ''[[Amudhey]]'' || Nancy's father
|
|-
| ''[[Kaatrullavarai]]'' || Peethambharan
|Hindi film
|-
| ''[[White Rainbow (2005 film)|White Rainbow]]'' || Priest
|
|-
| ''[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]'' || College Chairman
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2006 || ''[[Aathi]]'' || Pottabhi
|
|-
| ''[[Jerry (film)|Jerry]]'' || Jerry's father
|
|-
| ''[[Keerthi Chakra (film)|Aran]]'' || Sandhya's father
|
|-
| ''[[Paramasivan]]'' || Malar's father
|
|-
| ''[[Varalaru]]'' || Gayathri's servant
|
|-
| ''[[Kizhakku Kadarkarai Salai]]'' || Politician
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2007 || ''[[Nam Naadu (2007 film)|Nam Naadu]]'' || Political member
|
|-
| ''[[Puli Varudhu]]'' || Shenbagam's father
|
|-
| ''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2008 || ''[[Thotta]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || Ragavendra's brother-in-law
|
|-
| ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Satyam]]'' || Minister Malarmannan
|
|-
| ''[[Kuselan]]'' || Kuppusamy's assistant
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2009 || ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' || Ramalingam
|
|-
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2009 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ragavan]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Maasilamani]]'' || Councillor
|
|-
| ''[[Madurai Sambavam]]'' || Caroline's father
|
|-
| ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'' || Karamchand Lala
|Bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2010 || ''[[Porkkalam]]'' || Sadha
|
|-
| ''[[Kattradhu Kalavu]]'' || Vaikavardhan
|
|-
| ''[[Ochayee]]'' || Aandi Thevar
|
|-
| ''[[Virudhagiri]]'' || Police commissioner
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2011 || ''[[Siruthai]]'' || Home Minister
|
|-
| ''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Eththan]]'' || Selvi's father
|
|-
| ''[[Marudhavelu]]'' || Judge
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Maasi (film)|Maasi]]'' || Maasilamani's Corrupt Senior Officer
|
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Pisase]]'' || Businessman
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2013 || ''[[Alex Pandian]]'' || Home Minister
|
|-
| ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Oruvar Meethu Iruvar Sainthu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' || Khader Bhai
|
|-
| ''[[Jannal Oram]]'' || Senior Bus Repair Mechanic
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2014 || ''[[Vallinam]]'' || Puzhaldasan
|
|-
| ''[[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]'' || Ex Chettiar/Man
|
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai]]'' || Chairman
|
|-
| ''[[Poojai]]'' || Annathandavam's lawyer
|
|-
| ''[[Pagadai Pagadai]]'' || Priya's father
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2015 || ''[[Aambala]]'' || Thalaivar
|
|-
| ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' || Magistrate
|
|-
| ''[[Eli (2015 film)|Eli]]'' || Jail Warden Ezhumalai
|
|-
|''Kathirvel Kakka'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]'' || Thandapani
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2016 || ''[[Thozha (2016 film)|Thozha]]'' || Police officer
|
|-
|''[[Oopiri]]'' (Telugu)
|Police officer
|
|-
| ''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]'' || Pavithra's grandfather
|
|-
| ''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]'' || Church Priest
|
|-
| ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' || Chellaiya
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2017 || ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]'' || Abdullah
|
|-
| ''[[7 Naatkal]]'' || Chief Minister
|
|-
| ''[[Yaanum Theeyavan]]'' || Sethuramalingam
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018 || ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' || Ganesh's foster father
|
|-
| ''[[Diya (film)|Diya]]'' || Chief Minister
|
|-
|[[Diya (film)|''Kanam'']] (Telugu)
|Chief Minister
|
|-
| ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' || Nakul
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2019 || ''[[Goko Mako]]'' || Yamagundan
|
|-
|''[[LKG (film)|LKG]]'' || Politician
|
|-
| ''[[Ayogya (2019 film)|Ayogya]]'' || Home Minister
|
|-
| ''[[Gorilla (film)|Gorilla]]'' || Ramaiya
|
|-
| ''[[Thavam (2019 film)|Thavam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[RK Nagar (film)|RK Nagar]]'' || Chairman Sundaramoorthy
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020 || ''[[Dagaalty]]'' || Malli's father
|
|-
| ''[[Indha Nilai Maarum]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || ''Operation JuJuPi'' || Politician
|
|-
| ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]'' || Karikalan
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022 || ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' || Agent Uppiliappan
|
|-
| ''Rivet'' ||
|
|-
| ''Dha Dha'' ||
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Ghosty (film)|Ghosty]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2024 || ''[[Sooriyanum Sooriyagandhiyum]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nirangal Moondru]]'' || Minister Iyyappan
|
|-
| ''[[Sorgavaasal]]'' || Minister
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2025 || ''[[Otha Votu Muthaiya]]'' || Minister
|
|-
| ''[[Jenma Natchathiram]]'' || Film producer
|
|-
| ''[[Gangers (film)|Gangers]]'' || Agasalingam
|
|-
| ''[[Madharaasi]]'' || Raghu's grandfather
|
|-
| ''[[Aaromaley]]'' || Xavier
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Santhana Bharathi television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Platform
|-
|1998|| ''Sakthi'' || || Sun TV
|-
|2006–2008|| ''[[Lakshmi (2006 TV series)|Lakshmi]]'' || ||Sun TV
|-
|2013|| ''[[Ponnunjal (TV series)|Ponnunjal]]'' || ||Sun TV
|-
|2019||Pondati|| ||Roadside Romeos
|-
|2021|| ''[[Kuruthi Kalam]]'' ||Paneerselvam ||[[MX Player]]
|-
|2022|| ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' ||Kodandaraman||[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
|2022–2024|| ''[[Iniya (2022 TV series)|Iniya]]'' ||Tiruvasagam||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2024|| ''[[Thalaimai Seyalagam]]'' || Minister Selvapuviarasan ||[[ZEE5]]
|-
|2024|| ''[[Veera (Tamil TV series)|Veera]]'' ||Special Appearance||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|}

=== As director ===
* ''All works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] unless noted otherwise''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Santhana Bharathi film credits as director
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Panneer Pushpangal]]'' || Co-directed with [[P. Vasu]]
|-
| 1981 || ''Madhu Malar'' ||Co-directed with P. Vasu
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Mella Pesungal]]'' || Co-directed with P. Vasu
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Sahasame Jeevitham]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film; Co-directed with P. Vasu
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Needhiyin Nizhal]]'' ||Co-directed with P. Vasu
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu]]'' ||remake of ''[[Aavanazhi]]''
|-
| rowspan=2|1988 || ''[[En Thamizh En Makkal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Poovizhi Raja]]'' ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Kavalukku Kettikaran]]'' ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Guna (film)|Guna]]'' || 3rd prize – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]<ref name="ie.1992.10.30">{{Cite news |date=30 October 1992 |title='Chinnathambi' bags six awards |pages=3 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |agency=Express News Service |location=Madras |access-date=9 March 2021 |quote='En Raasaavin Manasile' was declared the second best film for 1991. 'Guna' won the third prize and 'Cheran Pandiyan' the special prize.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Chinna Mapillai]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1994 || ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]<ref name="pride.dhananjayan.2014">{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}</ref> [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]<ref name="hindu.srivatsan.s.2019.08.21">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=21 August 2019 |title=Madras through the eyes of filmmaker Santhana Bharathi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/madras-through-the-eyes-of-a-filmmaker/article29210200.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207204643/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/madras-through-the-eyes-of-a-filmmaker/article29210200.ece |archive-date=7 February 2022 |quote=Santhana Bharathi has won a National Award for directing Mahanadi (1994).}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vietnam Colony (1994 film)|Vietnam Colony]]'' ||remake of Malayalam film of same name
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Engirundho Vandhan]]'' ||remake of Malayalam film ''[[Chithram]]''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

*{{IMDb name|0080248}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharathi, Santhana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:People from Dindigul district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

Annada Munsi

2026-03-22T17:43:10Z

Margaretxro:

{{Short description|Indian artist (1905–1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Annada Munshi
| image = Annada Munsi.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1905|11|27}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1985|01|14|1905|11|27}}
| birth_place = Born Annada Munshi Shibnagar, [[Pabna]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Bangladesh]])
| alma_mater = [[Government College of Art and Craft]], [[Calcutta]]
| death_place = [[Paikpara]], [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| notable_works = ''Tea is 100% Swadeshi'' ''Tea Fights Fatigue'' ''Lord Gouranga Travels''
| movement = [[Commercial art]] and modern Indian advertising
| known_for = Painting and [[calligraphy]]
| spouse = Jayati Munshi
| children = 8, including [[Manto Munshi (musician)|Manto Munshi]] and [[Bubu Eklund]]
| relatives = [[Manu Munsi|Manu Munshi]] (half-brother)
}}

'''Annada Munshi''' ([[transliterated]] as Annada Munsi; 27 November 1905 – 14 January 1985) was an Indian painter, designer, [[calligrapher]], draughtsman, [[musicologist]], writer and a noted figure of modern advertising in India.<ref name="auto1">"Santanu Ghosh: মুন্সিয়ানায় চল্লিশ পুরুষ (in Bengali)">{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Santanu|title=Santanu Ghosh: মুন্সিয়ানায় চল্লিশ পুরুষ (in Bengali)|year=2016|publisher=Dey's Publishing|location=Kolkata|isbn=|pages=65–67}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Satyajit Ray: An Intimate Master|last=Das|first=Santi|date=1998|publisher=Allied|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HNxEAAAQBAJ&dq=annada+munshi+musicologist&pg=PA8|page=8 |isbn=978-81-7023-748-8 }}</ref> He is credited with demolishing British monopoly in the field of modern Indian advertising establishing [[Swadeshi]] culture instead.<ref name="ghosh">[https://lithub.com/steeped-in-war-and-erasure-amitav-ghosh-on-how-tea-funded-the-british-empires-expansion/ Steeped in War and Erasure: Amitav Ghosh on How Tea Funded the British Empire’s Expansion], LITERARY HUB, 14 February 2024</ref><ref name="doctor">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tea-right-choice/articleshow/1773236.cms?from=mdr Tea right choice], The Economic Times, 19 July 2006</ref><ref name="telegraph">[https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/from-imperial-product-to-national-drink-exhibition-traces-the-origin-and-heritage-of-tea-in-india/cid/1654221 From imperial product to national drink – Exhibition traces the origin and heritage of tea in India], The Telegraph (India), 12 December 2005</ref> He was widely recognised as the finest [[Page layout|layout]] artist in the country during his era.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Great Shankars|last=Ghosh|first=Dibyendu|date=1983|publisher=India Book House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCL0AAAAMAAJ&q=annada+munsi+finest|page=29}}</ref> A pioneer of [[commercial art|commercial design]] in India, he is considered as the undisputable ''Father of Commercial Art in India''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Smoke and Ashes|last=Ghosh|first=Amitav|date=2024|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIm5EAAAQBAJ&dq=annada+munshi+pioneer&pg=PT20|page=20 |isbn=978-93-5699-266-5 }}</ref><ref>[https://arthive.com/artists/97276~Annada_Munshi#:~:text=Annada%20Munshi%20(1905%2D1985),Father%20of%20Indian%20Commercial%20Art'. "Annada Munshi". publisher: Arthive]</ref><ref name="telegraph-tagore">[https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/swede-sound-of-tagore/cid/1486293 Swede sound of Tagore], ''The Telegraph (India)'', 2 December 2015</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Manek |first=Mira |author-link= |date= 18 April 2024|title=The Book of Chai: History, Stories and More Than 60 Recipes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_GvEAAAQBAJ&dq=annada+munshi+father+of+indian+art&pg=PT44 |publisher=Headline |isbn=9781035402243}}</ref><ref name="localsamosa-annada">[https://www.localsamosa.com/people-culture/annada-munshi-9014937 Meet Annada Munshi: Mentor of Satyajit Ray and the Forgotten Father of Indian Commercial Art], ''Local Samosa'', 6 May 2025</ref>

==Birth and education==
Munshi was born in Shibnagar, [[Pabna]] of [[Bengal Presidency]] (present day in [[Bangladesh]]) to renowned artist Anukul Munshi and Pranmohini Devi in the [[Munshi family]] on 27 November 1905. His grandfather [[Banwari Munshi|Babu Banwari Charan Munshi]] was the [[zamindar]] of [[Chougachi Estate|Chougachi]]. He was educated at Nakail Raicharan Institute and Pathartala Aryan Academy of [[Pabna]].<ref name="auto12">{{Cite book|title=কুড়িয়ে বাড়িয়ে|last=Majumdar|first=Kaushik|publisher=Sristisukh Prokashan|location=Kolkata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwPoDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF&pg=PA171|page=171|isbn=9789388887526}}</ref> While in Pabna, Munshi became involved in the [[Indian independence movement]], influenced by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]’s principles of [[Nonviolent resistance]]. Known for his singing ability, he used to perform ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' and ''[[Takbir|Allāhu ʾAkbar]]'' in villages under the leadership of [[Indian National Congress]] leaders Prabhash Lahiri and Naresh Lahiri. He received training in [[mother-of-pearl]] art from his father, Anukul Munshi, at the Chougachi Mother-of-Pearl Factory, which his father had established.<ref name="auto12"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Art in Industry|date=1946 |publisher=Indian Institute of Art in Industry|location=Kolkata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_AH2HOgJIj4C&q=annada+munsi+mother+of+pearl|page= 82}}</ref> He accompanied his father annually to sell mother-of-pearl artefacts at the ''Harihar Chhatrer Mela'' and at the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] in Calcutta.<ref name="auto12"/> According to Anandagopal Sengupta, Munshi was a childhood friend of [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]], the third [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], as his father served as the [[Dewan]] to the [[Nawab of Bogra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=আমি ও ঘোড়া করো ভগবান (একুশ নম্বর পর্ব, in Bengali) : Anandagopal Sengupta|website=Page Four News|date=18 October 2023|url=https://pagefournews.com/ami-o-ghora-koro-bhagoban-ramyo-rachona-anandagopal-sengupta-20/}}</ref> Later, he relocated to [[Calcutta]] to attend the Government Art School (now [[Government College of Art and Craft]]).<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="ghosh"/>[[File:Entrance - Government College of Art & Craft - Chowringhee Road - Kolkata 2013-04-15 6072.JPG|thumb|Entrance of [[Government College of Art & Craft]] (then known as Government Art School), Chowringhee Road, Kolkata, where Munshi was educated for some time]]

==Career==
Munshi started his career at the ''Army Navy Stores'' in [[Calcutta]] as a Shepherd designer. Then he moved to [[Bombay]] (present day [[Mumbai]]) in 1930. There, he started working in the ''[[Times of India]]''{{'}}s advertising department. In addition to this employment, he used to sing ''Swadeshi Jagaran'' at ''Prabhat Ferry'' and also [[Rabindra Sangeet]] at [[All India Radio|Aakashvani]]'s [[Bombay]] centre once in a month. Along with being a skilled commercial artist, he also excelled in [[fine arts]] and sketching scenes for films. As a result of his success, he was appointed as a visualiser by the global advertising agency "DJ Keymer" and came back to Calcutta in 1935. Here he mentored his the then assistant [[Satyajit Ray]], along with O. C. Ganguly, [[Raghunath Goswami]], Makhan Dutta Gupta and so on.<ref name="Firstpost">[https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/an-ad-mi-ray-ble-vision-revisiting-satyajit-rays-foray-into-the-advertising-industry-9643661.html An AD-mi-RAY-ble vision: Revisiting Satyajit Ray's foray into the advertising industry], Pinaki De, ''Firstpost'', 24 May 2021</ref><ref name="Mint">[https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/hhjvwnpxxMSzLGooej82oK/The-masters-eye.html The master's eye], Supriya Nair, ''Mint'', 26 August 2012</ref><ref name="Juggernaut">[https://www.jgnt.co/the-visual-language-of-satyajit-ray The Visual Language of Satyajit Ray], Bedatri D. Choudhury, ''Juggernaut'', 12 May 2021</ref> Here, he became especially well-known for his notable works in tea board (for example, ''Tea is 100% Swadeshi'' and ''Tea Fights Fatigue''), and railway advertisings (for example, ''Lord Gouranga Travels''). In 1948, again he was appointed as the Art Director of a [[Mumbai]]-based Advertising agency called ''Sisters' Limited'' and relocated in [[Mumbai]]. He retired as the Art Director of ''Publicity Forum'' in [[Kolkata]] where he mentored noted commercial artists like [[Ranen Ayan Dutt]] and Ahibhusan Malik.<ref name="RDutt">[http://www.galerie88.in/nt/doc/RDutt-writeup.pdf A Periscopic Journey Through Seven Decades], Ranen Ayan Dutt, ''Galerie 88'', 2016</ref><ref name="Bengal">Anisha Datta, ''Through the eyes of an artist: consumption ethos and commercial art in Bengal'', [Journal of Historical Research in Marketing], [10(3)], [2018]</ref>

==Contributions in Indian advertising==
Appointed as the Art Director of D. J. Keymer, Munshi introduced [[Bangaliana]] ([[Bengali culture]]) into [[advertising]]. He excelled in the advertisements of [[Tea Board of India|Indian Tea Market Expansion Board]] and [[Indian Railways|Railways]]. He first conceived the idea that train travel could make it much easier to reach places once visited on foot by great spiritual leaders through long and difficult journeys. He incorporated depictions of prominent religious figures such as [[Shri Chaitanya]], [[Swami Vivekananda]] and [[Lord Buddha]] into railway advertisements based on this idea. In campaigns for the Tea Board, he employed indigenous narrative and folk-style illustrations, including designs inspired by the traditional [[pattachitra|pattachitra paintings]] of Bengal. His work also incorporated rhymes and ritual narratives associated with festivals and vows, an approach not previously used in advertising. He adapted excerpts from the poetry of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] for tea advertisements. He was the first Indian artist to use a photograph of his wife Jayati Devi, rather than that of a professional [[model (person)|model]], in a commercial context, which was an unconventional and pioneering practice for that period.<ref name="auto12"/>

==Notable works in advertising==
Some of Munshi's notable works are:
* ''Tea is 100% Swadeshi'' (1947): Created in the year of [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]], this poster by Munshi promoted [[tea]] as an indigenous product instead of a colonial one. Munshi removed imperial symbols and used the [[Gandhian]] [[spinning wheel]] as the main emblem, which depicted the rejection of [[British Raj|imperial]] associations with tea. The poster blended nationalist imagery with an inspiration from [[Jamini Roy]]'s [[Kalighat painting|Kalighat-style pat painting]].
[[Philip Lutgendorf]], noted American scholar of [[South Asia]] and Professor Emeritus of [[Hindi]] and Modern Indian Studies at the [[University of Iowa]], wrote:
<blockquote>“.....Another remarkable Annada Munshi poster, dated to the year of Independence, presciently heralds this transition: borrowing elements of traditional Kalighat ‘Pat’ painting and the primitive modernism of Bengali artist Jamini Roy (1887-1972), it presents a chaste, sari-clad ‘mother India’, seated behind the iconic charkha (spinning wheel) of Gandhian homespun, enjoying a cup of tea, against a field of little cups-and-saucers and wheels, and above the triumphant announcement – contra much nationalist discourse of the preceding half-century – that tea was now 100 per cent ‘indigenous’ (swadeshi) and hence okay to drink.”<ref name="Lutgendorf2012">Philip Lutgendorf, ''Making Tea in India: Chai, Capitalism, Culture'', ''Thesis Eleven'', vol. 113, no. 1 (December 2012), pp. 11–31, [https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513612456896 doi:10.1177/0725513612456896]</ref>
</blockquote>
* ''Tea Fights Fatigue'' (1948)<ref name="auto1"/>
* ''Lord Gouranga Travels''<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="ghosh"/>

==Style of painting==
Munshi also invented the technique of using rubber solution in his paintings along with various colour combinations. The principal characteristics of his paintings were simplicity and brightness which even grabbed the attention of [[Pablo Picasso]], renowned Spanish painter and sculptor. Some of his paintings acquired place within personal collections of [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]] and [[Yehudi Menuhin]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="ghosh"/>

==Literary works==
In 1978, the book named ''Crucified India'' (in Bengali accent: ''Krushbiddha Bharat'') authored by Munshi, which was dedicated to his junior and colleague [[Satyajit Ray]], was published.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="ghosh"/>

==Death==
Munshi died at the age of 79 on 14 January 1985 at Paikpara, [[Kolkata]], India.<ref name="auto1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Annada Munsi}}

[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian calligraphers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]

2017 Unnao rape case

2026-03-20T05:27:17Z

Margaretxro:

{{short description|Gang rape involving a politician in Unnao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
|location=[[Unnao]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
|type=[[Rape]], and [[murder]]
|date={{start date|df=yes|2017|06|4}}
|image=File:Protests for the Kathua Unnao Rape cases.jpg|caption=Joint protests for the Unnao and [[Kathua rape case]]
|convicted=[[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]]|verdict=[[Life imprisonment]]}}
The '''Unnao rape case''' refers to the [[gang rape]] of a 17-year-old girl on 4 June 2017 in [[Unnao]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chronology-of-events-in-unnao-rape-case-14641|title=Chronology of events in Unnao rape case|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> On 16 December 2019, former [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] MLA [[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]] was convicted of the rape and on 20 December 2019 he was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/unnao-rape-case-expelled-bjp-mla-kuldeep-sengar-convicted/articleshow/72750747.cms|title=Unnao rape case: Expelled MLA Kuldeep Singh Sengar convicted|date=16 December 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ex-bjp-mla-kuldeep-sengar-gets-life-imprisonment-in-unnao-rape-case-1630067-2019-12-20|title=Expelled (only after public outcry in media after almost 10 months after rape) BJP MLA Kuldeep Sengar gets life for raping Unnao minor, fined Rs 25 lakh|last=Sharma|first=Poonam|date=20 December 2019|website=India Today|access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref> Sengar was also found guilty in the death of the girl's father in judicial custody.

Two [[chargesheet]]s had been filed in this case. The first one was filed a full year after the rape, due to public pressure as the rape victim attempted to self-immolate at the residence of the [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]. The first charge, filed by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] on 11 July 2018, accused Sengar, a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from Uttar Pradesh, of the rape.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cbi-files-charge-sheet-against-bjp-mla-kuldeep-singh-sengar-in-unnao-rape-case/article24390137.ece|title=Unnao gang rape case: BJP MLA Kuldeep Singh Sengar named in CBI charge sheet|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=2018-07-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The second was filed two days later accusing Sengar, his brother, three policemen and five other individuals of framing the rape survivor's father as the perpetrator.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/unnao-case-cbi-files-charge-sheet-against-mla-9-others-for-criminal-conspiracy/story-ZND6Iu54yg4g24kkIPclWL.html|title=Unnao case: CBI files charge sheet against MLA, 9 others for criminal conspiracy|date=2018-07-14|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-07-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/too-early-to-act-bjp-on-cbi-chargesheet-against-mla-in-unnao-gangrape-case-1283806-2018-07-12|title=Too early to act, BJP on CBI chargesheet against MLA in Unnao gangrape case|website=India Today|date=12 July 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/unnao-rape-case-live-updates-kuldeep-singh-sengar-up-police-fir-against-bjp-mla-yogi-adityanath/1130176/|title=Unnao rape case: Will arrest BJP MLA Kuldeep Singh Sengar, SIT tells Allahabad HC; Highlights here|work=financialexpress.com|access-date=17 April 2018}}</ref>

Citing police inaction on rape case and her father's arrest on false charges, the rape survivor attempted to [[self-immolation|immolate herself]] at the residence of [[Yogi Adityanath]], the [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], on 8 April 2018. Her father died in [[judicial custody]] shortly thereafter. These incidents brought public attention to the case, and the incident was widely reported on in the national media in April 2018.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/all-that-has-happened-in-unnao-rape-case-a-timeline/story-mawXOV70RXnt74VNdiJ02I.html|title=All that has happened in Unnao rape case, a timeline|date=10 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/unnao-rape-case-bjp-mla-kuldeep-singh-sengar-arrested-5137445/|title=Unnao rape case: Here's everything you need to know|date=14 April 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=14 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43735542|title=Rape inquiry against India BJP lawmaker|date=12 April 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=14 April 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Kathua rape case|Another rape case]], in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], also received national attention during the same period, leading to joint protests seeking justice for both victims.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/congress-march-live-updates-party-holds-nationwide-protest-seeks-justice-in-kathua-unnao-rape-cases-4430627.html|title=Congress march highlights: Party holds nationwide protest, seeks justice in Kathua, Unnao rape cases|work=Firstpost|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/mumbai-protests-against-kathua-unnao-rapes|title=Chennai, Kolkata Take to Streets to Protest Kathua, Unnao Rapes|work=The Quint|access-date=14 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/hundreds-of-mumbaikars-assemble-to-protest-kathua-unnao-rape-cases-1837404|title=Hundreds Of Mumbaikars Assemble To Protest Kathua, Unnao Rape Cases|work=NDTV.com|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>

Following a truck collision on 28 July 2019, resulting in the serious injury of the victim and death of two relatives, it was revealed that the family had been threatened and had written to the [[Chief Justice of India]] for help. On 31 July 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] and Chief Justice acknowledged the case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-seeks-report-from-its-secretary-general-on-unnao-rape-survivors-letter/article28767327.ece|title=Unnao rape case: Supreme Court takes note of complaint by survivor's family|last=|first=|date=2019-07-31|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2019-08-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Incident ==
=== Previous events ===
The victim stated that she was lured by a woman named Shashi Singh, her son, Shubham Singh, and her daughter, Nidhi Singh, to move to [[Kanpur]] with the allurement of securing employment. On the night of 11 June 2017, she went with Shubham Singh and later was allegedly raped multiple times by him and his driver, Awdhesh Tiwari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/unnao-16261359.html|title=सामूहिक दुष्कर्म के बाद किशोरी को बेचा|work=Dainik Jagran|access-date=2018-05-20|language=hi}}</ref> She was later assaulted by unknown individuals and allegedly sold to one Brajesh Yadav for ₹ 60,000.<ref name=":0" /> A [[First Information Report]] (FIR) was registered under section 363 and 366 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC) on 20 June 2017 against Shubham Singh and Awdhesh Tiwari. A day later, [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] located the victim in a village in [[Auraiya]] and sent her for a medical examination. On 22 June 2017, she recorded her statement in front of a Judicial Magistrate under Section 164 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.ipleaders.in/recording-of-statement-under-section-164-crpc/|title=Examination of witness under section 164 of CrPc - iPleaders|last=Pandey|first=Sushant|date=2018-01-12|work=iPleaders|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref> (CrPC) in which she narrated her ordeal and named Shubham Singh, Awdhesh Tiwari, Brijesh Yadav and other unknown assailants for abduction and gang rape.<ref name=":0" /> A second FIR was registered later under [[Child sexual abuse laws in India#The Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act|the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act]] (POCSO) and the accused were subsequently detained.

=== Complaint ===
In an open letter written on 17 August 2017 to the [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Yogi Adityanath]], the victim stated that, prior to the events of 11 June, she had been raped on 4 June at 8:00 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) in the house of Sengar, a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] from the [[Unnao (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Unnao constituency]], and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. The complaint said that she had entered the house seeking Sengar's assistance in finding employment.<ref name="Hindustan Times" /><ref name="Indian Express" /> Her statement was recorded by the police on 22 June, but did not allow her to name her assailant.<ref name="Hindustan Times" /><ref name="Indian Express" /> On 5 April 2018, the woman's father was arrested and placed in [[judicial custody]], allegedly after he was assaulted by supporters of Sengar. A medical examination found injuries consistent with his having been beaten. He stated that Sengar's brother Atul had led the assault; no action was taken in response to this complaint at that time.<ref name="Hindustan Times" /><ref name="Indian Express" /> Four days later, the victim attempted to [[self-immolation|immolate herself]] in front of the residence of Adityanath, stating that the police had taken no action against the accused.<ref name="Hindustan Times" /><ref name="Indian Express" /> A day later, on 9 April, her father died in hospital of his injuries, leading to the arrest of Atul Sengar and the suspension of six police officers.<ref name="BBC" /> The death and the immolation attempt led to widespread outrage, after which an FIR was registered against Sengar. The state government handed the case over to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]. The case was subsequently shifted to the [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Indian Express" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/unnao-rape-case-live-updates|title=Unnao Rape: FIR Filed Against BJP MLA, Case Transferred to CBI|work=The Quint|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hc-takes-up-unnao-rape-case/article23505711.ece|title=Allahabad HC takes up Unnao rape case|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=11 April 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/unnao-gang-rape-case-bjp-mlas-wife-demands-narco-test/article23501739.ece|title=Unnao gang rape case: BJP MLA's wife demands narco test of husband, minor|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=11 April 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Arrests ===
On 13 April 2018, Kuldeep Sengar was taken in by the CBI for questioning.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rape-accused-bjp-lawmaker-kuldeep-singh-sengar-taken-in-for-questioning-by-cbi-1836914|title=Rape-Accused BJP Lawmaker Kuldeep Singh Sengar Taken In For Questioning By CBI|work=NDTV.com|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/allahabad-high-court-orders-arrest-of-bjp-lawmaker-kuldeep-singh-sengar-1837187|title=Allahabad High Court Orders Arrest Of BJP Lawmaker Kuldeep Singh Sengar|work=NDTV.com|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> Later in the day, on the basis of the Allahabad High Court order, he was arrested and spent a week in judicial custody, and new FIRs were registered.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rape-accused-bjp-mla-kuldeep-singh-sengar-arrested-by-cbi/articleshow/63752330.cms|title=Unnao rape case: Accused BJP MLA Kuldeep Singh Sengar arrested by CBI|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-kuldeep-singh-sengar-sent-to-7-days-cbi-custody-in-unnao-rape-case-1837622|title=BJP's Kuldeep Singh Sengar Sent To 7 Days' CBI Custody In Unnao Rape Case|work=NDTV.com|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> A second arrest in the case was made on 14 April of Shashi Singh, who allegedly took the survivor to Sengar on the same day as the incident.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/unnao-rape-case-cbi-makes-second-arrest/article23542193.ece|title=Unnao rape case: CBI makes second arrest|date=14 April 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=14 April 2018|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The rape victim's uncle, who had started a campaign accusing Sengar of the rape of his niece and the death of the rape victim's father, his elder brother, in custody, was arrested on 21 November 2018 in an 18-year-old gun-firing case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/unnao-rape-victim-s-uncle-sent-to-jail-hearing-today/story-hLRZVaywqnOz6BcMxAfXpK.html|title=Unnao rape victim's uncle sent to jail, hearing today|date=2018-11-22|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-11-22|language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

=== Protests ===
The incident made headlines in India in April 2018. Joint protests were held across India demanding justice for both victims. The Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], issued a statement condemning the incidents. Following the truck collision on 28 July 2019, there were protests once again, including protests by the opposition in the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] on 30 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/unnao-protests-live-updates-bjp-kuldeep-sengar-5862983/|title=Unnao protests LIVE updates: Rape case rocks Parliament, Pralhad Joshi tells Oppn don't politicise it|date=2019-07-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/storm-in-lok-sabha-over-unnao-accident-case-dont-politicise-issue-says-govt/articleshow/70445672.cms|title=Unnao Case: Opposition attacks govt over Unnao accident case; 'don't politicise issue,' counters Union minister|date=30 July 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30|agency=Ist}}</ref>

=== Truck collision ===
On 28 July 2019, the rape victim and her lawyer were seriously injured and two of her family members died when a truck struck their car. The truck had blackened license plates, and the police officers assigned to provide security for the victim were not present, with the explanation that there was no space in the car in which the victim was traveling.<ref name="unnaoIT1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/unnao-rape-survivor-car-accident-all-you-need-to-know-timeline-1574828-2019-07-29|title=Unnao rape survivor accident: What happened and what we know so far|website=India Today|date=29 July 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref> These circumstances have led to the wide suspicion of a conspiracy to eliminate the witness and her family.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/unnao-rape-survivor-injured-family-member-killed-as-truck-hits-her-car-in-rae-bareli/article28739623.ece|title=The Hindu}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| width =
| image1 = Protests for the Kathua Unnao Rape cases.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Protests at Parliament Street New Delhi for Unnao Kathua rape cases.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = Joint protests for the Unnao rape case and [[Kathua rape case]] at [[Sansad Marg|Parliament Street]], [[New Delhi]] on 15 April 2018.
}}

=== Supreme Court Intervention ===

The Chief Justice of India was anguished by the events and, in view of the situation, the CJI-led bench of the Supreme Court ordered the transfer of a total of five cases related to the Unnao incident to Delhi in the court of the District & Sessions Judge, West District, Tis Hazari Court, and also directed protection to the victim's family members, her lawyer and his family members. The victim was also awarded ₹25 lakhs as interim compensation to be paid by the Uttar Pradesh Government.

Further, on 2 August 2019 the same bench also directed that Mahesh Singh, uncle of the rape victim and said to be a key witness in the case, be transferred to Tihar Jail in Delhi from Raebareli Jail.

== Conviction ==
On 16 December 2019, Sengar was convicted of the rape.<ref name=":1" /> On 20 December, he was sentenced to life imprisonment by a Delhi court and he was fined {{INRConvert|25|l|lk=on|year=2019}} from which Rs 15 lakhs will be paid to the state government to meet the trial and prosecution expenses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/unnao-rape-kuldeep-sengar-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-by-delhi-court-119122000557_1.html|title=Unnao rape: Kuldeep Sengar sentenced to life imprisonment by Delhi court|last=Team|first=BS Web|date=2019-12-20|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref> Further in March 2020, Sengar was found "guilty of culpable homicide and criminal conspiracy in her father's death".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/unnao-rape-victim-father-death-kuldeep-singh-sengar-convicted-1652295-2020-03-04|title=Unnao rape case: Kuldeep Singh Sengar convicted for death of victim's father|date=4 March 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref>

On 23 December 2025, the [[Delhi High Court]] suspended the life sentence and granted bail to Sengar pending appeal. The court directed the convict to furnish a personal bond with sureties of Rs 15 lakh and imposed conditions, including remaining in Delhi, not approaching within a radius of five kilometers of the survivor’s residence, and refraining from contacting, intimidating, or influencing the survivor or her family during the pendency of the appeal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi HC suspends sentence in Unnao rape case, grants bail |work=NDTV |date=23 December 2025}}</ref>

The order drew reactions from the survivor and her family, who expressed concerns regarding their safety. Protests were also reported in New Delhi following the decision.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unnao rape survivor reacts to Delhi HC order |work=The Week |date=23 December 2025}}</ref> The CBI eventually appealed the decision to the Supreme Court, arguing that it undermines public trust and safety.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indianewsnetwork.com/en/cbi-appeals-supreme-court-against-kuldeep-singh-sengar-bail-20251228|title= CBI Appeals Supreme Court Against Kuldeep Singh Sengar's Bail}}</ref>

On 29 December 2025, the Supreme Court stayed the Delhi High Court order that suspended Sengar's life term.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-stays-delhi-high-courts-bail-to-ex-mla-kuldeep-sengar-in-2017-unnao-rape-case-says-he-should-not-be-released-10052342?pfrom=home-ndtv_topscroll|title= Ex MLA Kuldeep Sengar To Stay In Jail, Supreme Court Stays Bail In Unnao Case}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Unnao rape: 'Still hope for justice,' say Kuldeep Sengar's daughters after SC suspends his bail |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/12/29/unnao-rape-still-hope-for-justice-say-kuldeep-sengar-s-daughters-after-sc-suspends-his-bail.html |website=The Week |access-date=29 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kuldeep Sengar: Supreme Court stays suspension of life sentence in Unnao rape case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2lvljx2dqqo |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=29 December 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pararia mass rape (1988)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rape in India}}

[[Category:2017 crimes in India]]
[[Category:June 2017 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:June 2017 in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Sex crimes in India]]
[[Category:Unnao district]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]

North Bihar

2026-03-13T23:03:29Z

Margaretxro: Expanded content with additional details

{{For|state of India|Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = North Bihar
| settlement_type = Geographic Region
| coordinates = {{coord|26.07|N|85.45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| unemployment_rate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 21
| website = {{URL|https://state.bihar.gov.in/main/CitizenHome.html|Official Website}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 127+2
| blank3_name_sec1 = Districts
| blank3_info_sec1 = 21
| blank4_name_sec1 = Main Languages
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], and [[Hindi]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = Emerging towns
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Samastipur]], [[Supaul]], [[Araria]], [[Madhepura]], [[Samastipur]], [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]], [[Bettiah]], [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]], [[Saharsa]], [[Sitamarhi]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = Emerged towns
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Motihari]], [[Purnea]], [[Begusarai]],[[Katihar]]
| blank7_name_sec1 = Industrial and Financial capital
| blank7_info_sec1 = [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
| image_skyline = North Bihar.gif
| imagesize =
| image_seal = Bihar Government Banner.png
| seal_size =
| seal_alt = Emblem of Bihar
}}
'''North Bihar''' is the northern region of the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It lies between the [[Ganga River]] in the south and the [[India–Nepal border]] in the north. The region forms part of the fertile [[Gangetic Plain]] and is mainly flat in terrain.

== Geography ==
North Bihar lies in the northern part of the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It is bounded by the [[Ganges|Ganga River]] to the south and the [[India–Nepal border]] to the north. The region forms a part of the [[Gangetic Plain|Middle Gangetic Plain]] and is one of the most fertile areas of eastern India due to continuous deposition of alluvium by Himalayan rivers.

=== Physiography ===
The terrain of North Bihar is almost entirely flat and low-lying, with a gentle slope from north to south. The average elevation ranges between 40 and 100 metres above sea level. The land is composed mainly of recent alluvial deposits, making it suitable for intensive agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Profile of Bihar |url=https://bsdma.org/Geographical_Profile.html |website=Bihar State Disaster Management Authority |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Rivers ===
North Bihar is drained by several perennial rivers originating in the Himalayas. Major rivers include the [[Kosi River|Kosi]], [[Gandak River|Gandak]], [[Bagmati River|Bagmati]], [[Burhi Gandak River|Burhi Gandak]], [[Kamla River|Kamla]], [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]] and the Adhwara river system. Most of these rivers flow southwards and ultimately join the Ganga.<ref>{{cite web |title=River System of Bihar |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/rivers-bihar |website=India Water Portal |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

The Kosi River is known for frequent changes in its course and is often referred to as the ''Sorrow of Bihar'' due to recurrent floods and heavy sediment deposition.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Geomorphology and Flood Hazard of the Kosi River |journal=Current Science |volume=90 |issue=3 |year=2006 |pages=346–350}}</ref>

=== Floodplains ===
Large parts of North Bihar fall within active floodplains. Seasonal flooding during the monsoon is common, especially in districts such as [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]], [[Supaul district|Supaul]], [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]], [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]], [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] and [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]. While floods enrich the soil, they also cause regular damage to crops, settlements and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floods in Bihar |url=https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/Bihar_Floods.pdf |website=National Institute of Disaster Management |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Soil ===
The soil of North Bihar is predominantly alluvial. Sandy loam soils are found near riverbanks, while clayey soils occur in low-lying areas. These fertile soils support crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses and sugarcane.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soils of Bihar |url=https://www.nbsslup.in/bihar |website=ICAR–NBSS&LUP |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
North Bihar experiences a humid subtropical climate with hot summers, a monsoon season from June to September, and cool winters. The average annual rainfall ranges between 1,100 and 1,400 mm, most of which is received during the southwest monsoon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate of Bihar |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/patna/ |website=India Meteorological Department |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Seismicity ===
The region falls under Seismic Zones IV and V, indicating high seismic risk due to its proximity to the Himalayan tectonic region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seismic Zoning Map of India |url=https://ndma.gov.in/Natural-Hazards/Earthquakes |website=National Disaster Management Authority |access-date=1 January 2024}}</REF>

== Divisions and Districts of North Bihar ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa; width:100%;"
|+ '''North Bihar – Divisions, Districts, Area & Population (2011 Census)'''
|-
! Division
! Division HQ
! District
! District HQ
! District Area (km2)
! District Population
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Tirhut Division|Tirhut]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]] || [[Bettiah]] || 5,228 || 3,935,042
|-
| [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]] || [[Motihari]] || 3,969 || 5,082,868
|-
| [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] || [[Muzaffarpur]] || 3,174 || 4,801,062
|-
| [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] || [[Sitamarhi]] || 2,294 || 3,419,622
|-
| [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]] || [[Sheohar]] || 443 || 656,246
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Hajipur]] || 2,036 || 3,495,249
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Saran Division|Saran]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Chhapra]]
| [[Saran district|Saran]] || [[Chhapra]] || 2,641 || 3,951,862
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]] || 2,219 || 3,330,464
|-
| [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]] || [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]] || 2,033 || 2,562,012
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Darbhanga division|Darbhanga]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Darbhanga]]
| [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]] || [[Darbhanga]] || 2,279 || 3,937,385
|-
| [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]] || [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]] || 3,501 || 4,487,379
|-
| [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]] || [[Samastipur]] || 2,904 || 4,261,566
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Kosi Division|Kosi]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Saharsa]]
| [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]] || [[Saharsa]] || 1,686 || 1,900,661
|-
| [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]] || [[Madhepura]] || 2,407 || 2,001,762
|-
| [[Supaul district|Supaul]] || [[Supaul]] || 2,410 || 2,229,076
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Purnia Division|Purnea]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Purnia|Purnea]]
| [[Purnia district|Purnia]] || [[Purnia]] || 3,229 || 3,264,619
|-
| [[Katihar district|Katihar]] || [[Katihar]] || 3,057 || 3,071,029
|-
| [[Araria district|Araria]] || [[Araria]] || 2,830 || 2,811,569
|-
| [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]] || [[Kishanganj]] || 1,884 || 1,690,400
|}

==Languages==
*[[Bajjika]], is predominantly Spoken in [[Muzaffarpur district]], [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]], [[Sitamarhi]], [[Samastipur]] & its Nearby Districts
*[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is predominantly spoken in [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]], [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]] districts and [[Saran division]].
*[[Maithili language|Maithili]] is spoken in [[Darbhanga division]], [[Kosi division]] and in some parts of [[Purnia division]].
*[[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]] is spoken in [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]] and in some eastern parts of [[Purnia district]] and [[Katihar District|Katihar]].

==Economy & Industries in North Bihar==
North Bihar, spanning the fertile plains north of the Ganga river, remains a region deeply rooted in agriculture, while also showing signs of growing industrial diversification.

===Economy & Industry===
Muzaffarpur is the most industrialized district of North Bihar and is often referred to as the economic and financial capital of the region. Muzaffarpur and Vaishali are among the fastest-growing and most developed districts of Bihar after Patna.

'''Reowned Indsutrial Units'''
*[[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah|Diesel Locomotive Factory- Saran]]
*Muzaffarpur Bag Cluster
*[[Kanti Thermal Power Station|Kanti Thermal Power Station - Muzaffarpur]]
*Mega Food Park Muzaffarpur
*Oswal Logistics - Hajipur
*AFP Manufacturing Co. Pvt. Ltd - hajipur

==Rivers and floods==
There are several rivers flowing through this region from north to south and merge in the [[Ganges]] river.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/bihar-floods-2017/|title=Bihar's scary new flood|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419152715/https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/bihar-floods-2017/|url-status=dead}}</ref> These rivers, along with floods, bring fertile soil to the region on a yearly basis. However, sometimes government sponsored floods<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sudhir |date=22 July 2022 |title=Flood: राहत बंटवारे में घोटाला उजागर, 25 के नाम पर एक ने किया दस्तखत; सीओ को शोकॉज |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-flood-relief-scam-in-muzaffarpur-bihar-adm-dclr-investigation-report-sho-cause-to-co-6826802.html |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=Hindustan}}</ref> causes loss of thousands of lives. Major rivers of North Bihar are [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]], [[Gandaki River|Gandak]], [[Koshi River|Kosi]], [[Bagmati River|Bagmati]], [[Kamala River|Kamala]], [[Balan River|Balan]], [[Burhi Gandak River|Budhi Gandak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bihar.ws/info/Geography-of-Bihar/Rivers-of-Bihar.html|title=Rivers of Bihar | Bihar Articles|publisher=Bihar.ws|access-date=4 May 2012|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723055131/http://www.bihar.ws/info/Geography-of-Bihar/Rivers-of-Bihar.html|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Natural floods===
Since the beginning of human civilization, rivers have been an important part of human life. North Bihar has 7 major rivers and several tributaries to them. North Bihar districts are vulnerable to at least five major flood-causing rivers during the [[monsoon]] – [[Mahananda River]], [[Koshi River]], [[Bagmati River]], [[Burhi Gandak River]] and [[Gandaki River|Gandak]] – which originate in Nepal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-gears-up-to-fight-annual-floods/articleshow/76268881.cms#:~:text=The%20area%20is%20vulnerable%20to, Sone%2C%20Punpun%20and%20Falgu%20rivers.|title=Bihar gears up to fight annual floods|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 June 2020 }}</ref> All these rivers receive water from the [[Himalaya]]s, so these rivers always have an adequate water supply. Every year, these rivers bring valuable floods for the people of North Bihar. Flood waters used to enter the agricultural land, leave their quite fertile silt and recede to the river. This pattern of humane flood was beneficial for North Bihar, making the land perfectly fertile. However, there are no more natural floods as of today.

===Man-made floods===
Soon after independence, the Congress [[Government of Bihar]] made several attempts to domesticate these rivers. High barriers or Bandhs were made on their both banks. This resulted in inhumane and destructive floods. Bandhs caused deposition of silts in the bottom of rivers, because of which, depth of rivers decreased, and so their water holding capacity also decreased. This is the reason these rivers bring more frequent floods now. With flood water, sand comes in force and gets deposited on the land. This way the land of the region in turning barren. Floods, once a boon for North Bihar, has now become a curse.

===Kosi flood 2008,===
{{Infobox flood
| image location = Flooded Bihar.JPG
| image name = Flooded North Bihar
| name = 2008 Kosi flood
| duration = 18 August 2008
| total damages =
| total fatalities = 434<ref>A report by the Department of disaster management, Government of Bihar</ref> (Dead bodies were found until 27 November 2008)
| areas affected = North Bihar
}}

The '''2008 Kosi flood''' was one of the most disastrous floods in the history of North Bihar, an impoverished and densely populated region in [[India]]. A breach in the [[Kosi embankment]] near the Indo-Nepal border (at [[Kusha (Buddhism)|Kusha]] in [[Nepal]]) occurred on 18 August 2008. The river changed course and inundated areas which were not flooded in decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/dalit-watchs-report-bihar-flood-relief-camps-wake-devastating-floods-india-nepal-border|title=A Dalit watch report on the flood camps in Bihar|publisher=India Water Portal|date=22 June 2011|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103510/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/dalit-watchs-report-bihar-flood-relief-camps-wake-devastating-floods-india-nepal-border|archive-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The flood affected over 2.3 million people in North Bihar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/half-of-bihar-under-water-30-lakh-suffer/72587-3.html|title=Half of Bihar under water, 30 lakh suffer|date=1 September 2008|agency=CNN IBN|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080903134616/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/half-of-bihar-under-water-30-lakh-suffer/72587-3.html|archive-date=3 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The flood killed 250 people and forced nearly 3 million people from their homes in North Bihar.<ref name=abc>{{cite news|author=Michael Coggan in New Delhi|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-08-29/death-toll-rises-from-indian-floods/493582|title=Death toll rises from Indian floods - Just In (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|publisher=ABC|date=29 August 2008|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105081642/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-08-29/death-toll-rises-from-indian-floods/493582|archive-date=5 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> More than 300,000 houses were destroyed and at least {{convert|340,000|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of crops were damaged.<ref name=abc/> Villagers in North Bihar ate raw rice and flour mixed with polluted water. Hunger and disease were widespread. The [[Supaul district]] was the worst-hit; surging waters swamped {{convert|1,000|km2|acre|abbr=off|sp=us}} of farmlands, destroying crops.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sunil Kataria|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35231420080829?sp=true|title=Bihar villagers desperate as floods spread|work=[[Reuters]]|date=29 August 2008|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103657/https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35231420080829?sp=true|archive-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<gallery>
Image:The Kosi, August 8, 2008.jpg|The Kosi before it flooded in August 2008
Image:The Kosi, August 24, 2008.jpg|The Kosi during the August 2008 flood

</gallery>

===2017 North Bihar Floods===
{{Infobox flood
| duration = August 2017
| image =
| name = 2017 North Bihar Flood
| total affected = 17.18 Million
| total fatalities = 514
| areas affected = North Bihar, [[India]]
}}
{{Main|2017 Bihar Flood}}
The 2017 North Bihar Floods affected 19 districts of North Bihar causing death of 514 people.<ref>{{cite news|author=Abhay Singh|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/floods-in-state-not-man-made-says-minister/articleshow/60265509.cms|title=Floods in state not man-made, says minister|agency=TNN|date=29 August 2017|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/floods-in-state-not-man-made-says-minister/articleshow/60265509.cms|archive-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/flood-situation-improves-in-bihar-number-of-dead-at-514-1743155|title=Flood Situation Improves In Bihar, Number Of Dead At 514|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=28 August 2017|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103712/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/flood-situation-improves-in-bihar-number-of-dead-at-514-1743155|archive-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/flood-situation-worsens-in-bihar-death-toll-rises-to-253/articleshow/60147634.cms|title=Flood situation worsens in Bihar, death toll rises to 253|work=Times of India|agency=PTI|date=20 August 2017|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231210806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/flood-situation-worsens-in-bihar-death-toll-rises-to-253/articleshow/60147634.cms|archive-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-floods-119-dead-rains-likely-to-continue-for-a-week/articleshow/60113191.cms|title=Bihar floods: 119 dead; bridge collapse caught on camera|work=Times of India|date=18 August 2017|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027104517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-floods-119-dead-rains-likely-to-continue-for-a-week/articleshow/60113191.cms|archive-date=27 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/bihar-floods-death-toll-rises-to-202-in-18-districts-thundershowers-likely-to-continue-today-3951357.html|title=Bihar floods: Death toll rises to 202 in 18 districts; thundershowers likely to continue today|date=20 August 2017|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825163802/http://www.firstpost.com/india/bihar-floods-death-toll-rises-to-202-in-18-districts-thundershowers-likely-to-continue-today-3951357.html|archive-date=25 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This flood was result of sudden increase in water discharge through the Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, [[Kamla River|Kamla]], Kosi and Mahananda Rivers due to heavy rain in the catchment areas of the major rivers of north Bihar in Nepal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/alert-sounded-in-north-bihar-plains/articleshow/60026125.cms|title=Alert sounded in north Bihar plains|work=Times of India|agency=TNN|date=12 August 2017|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/alert-sounded-in-north-bihar-plains/articleshow/60026125.cms|archive-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Araria district]] accounted for 95 deaths alone,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-floods-death-toll-mounts-to-304/articleshow/60163110.cms|title=Death toll in Bihar floods mounts to 304; situation grim in UP|work=Times of India|agency=PTI|date=21 August 2017|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-floods-death-toll-mounts-to-304/articleshow/60163110.cms|archive-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> followed by Sitamarhi (34), West Champaran (29), Katihar (26), East Champaran (19) while 22 have died in Madhubani, Supaul (13) and Madhepura (15). 11 deaths were reported in Kishanganj, while Darbhanga accounted for 19 deaths, Purnea (9), Gopalganj (9), Sheohar (4), Muzaffarpur (7), Samastipur (1) and Saharsa (4) registered four deaths each while Khagaria and Saran accounted for 7 deaths each. Nowadays, around 1.71 people on average are affected by floods alone.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-flood-deaths-rise-to-440-prime-minister-announces-rs-500-crore-relief-1742458|title=Bihar Flood Deaths Rise To 440; Prime Minister Announces Rs. 500 Crore Relief|publisher=NDTV|date=27 August 2017|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919041915/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-flood-deaths-rise-to-440-prime-minister-announces-rs-500-crore-relief-1742458|archive-date=19 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Q0VX3xLI4jLwhnX5hfQWpI/Bihar-floods-death-toll-touches-440-171-crore-people-stil.html|title=Bihar floods' death toll touches 440, 1.71 crore people still affected|date=26 August 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827090850/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Q0VX3xLI4jLwhnX5hfQWpI/Bihar-floods-death-toll-touches-440-171-crore-people-stil.html|archive-date=27 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bihar-floods-cost-39-more-lives-up-staggers/article9831334.ece|title=Bihar floods cost 39 more lives, UP staggers|date=25 August 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510203710/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bihar-floods-cost-39-more-lives-up-staggers/article9831334.ece|archive-date=10 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/bihar-floods-death-toll-rises-to-304-1-38-crore-people-still-battling-deluge-in-18-districts-3958457.html|title=Bihar floods: Death toll rises to 304, 1.38 crore people still battling deluge in 18 districts|work=[[The Hindu]] [[Business Line]]|date=21 August 2017 |agency=PTI|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015321/http://www.firstpost.com/india/bihar-floods-death-toll-rises-to-304-1-38-crore-people-still-battling-deluge-in-18-districts-3958457.html|archive-date=28 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bihar]]
*[[North India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.Tirhutlive.blogspot.com Tirhut]
*[http://www.NorthBihar.in North Bihar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011012321/http://www.northbihar.in/ |date=11 October 2012 }}

[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Regions of Bihar]]

Kathakali

2026-03-13T10:16:47Z

Margaretxro: Enhanced content and organization

{{Italic title}}
{{Short description|Classical Indian dance}}
{{distinguish|Kathak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = ''Kathakali''
| image = File:Kathakali -Play with Kaurava.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| etymology =
| genre = [[Indian classical dance]]
| signature =
| instruments =
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = [[Kerala]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''''Kathakali''''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Kathakaḷi {{pronunciation|LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-കഥകളി.wav}}) is a traditional form of [[Indian Classical Dance]], and one of the most complex forms of [[Theatre of India|Indian theatre]]. It is native to the [[Malayalam]]-speaking state of [[Kerala]] and is almost entirely practiced by the [[Malayali]] people.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p359">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |page=359 }}</ref><ref name="claus2003p332">{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 |pages=332–333 }}</ref><ref name="zarrilli17">{{cite book|author=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play|url=https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-13109-4 |pages=xi, 17–19 }}</ref>
It is a play of verses. These verses are called Kathakali literature or ''[[Aattakatha (performance)|Attakatha]]''. Mostly played in the courts of kings and temple festivals. Hence it is known as suvarna art forms. This performance uses the ''[[navarasas]]'' from the [[Natya Shastra]] text, authored by sage Bharata. Makeup and costumes are unique and large. It represents one of Kerala's traditional theater artforms.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p359" /><ref name="claus2003p332" />
Kathakali is closely related to a more ancient theater artform of Kerala called ''[[Koodiyattam]]'' which is the only surviving specimen of the ancient [[Sanskrit theatre]], thought to have originated around the beginning of the common era, and is officially recognized by [[UNESCO]] as a [[Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dharwadker|first=Aparna|title=Theatres of Independence: Drama, Theory, And Urban Performance in India|year=2005|publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=0877459614|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C}}</ref>

[[File:Kathakali BNC.jpg|thumb|Kathakali is one of the eight classical dances of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=kathakali kalamandalam sivadath in 2025 |url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/870320696753265002/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Pinterest |language=en}}</ref>]]

==Overview==

The fully developed style of Kathakali originated around the 16th century, but its roots are in the temple and folk arts (such as [[Krishnanattam]] and religious drama of the kingdom of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]) of the southwestern Indian peninsula, which are traceable to at least the 1st millennium [[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p359" /><ref name="zarrilli191">{{cite book|author=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play|url=https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-13109-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr/page/22 22]–25, 191 }}</ref> A Kathakali performance, like all classical dance arts of India, synthesizes music, vocal performers, choreography and hand and facial gestures together to express ideas. However, Kathakali differs in that it also incorporates movements from ancient Indian martial arts and athletic traditions of South India.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p359" /><ref name="claus2003p332" /><ref name="zarrilli17" /> Kathakali also differs in that the structure and details of its art form developed in the courts and theatres of Hindu principalities, unlike other classical Indian dances which primarily developed in [[Hindu temple]]s and monastic schools.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p359" /><ref name="zarrilli191" />{{Citation needed|date=June 2022|reason=Kathakali is typically called a 'temple art' and has always been organised and performed at temples until recently.}}

The traditional themes of the Kathakali are folk stories, religious legends and spiritual ideas from the Hindu epics and the [[Puranas]].<ref name="zarrilli3">{{cite book|author=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play|url=https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-13109-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr/page/3 3] }}, '''Quote:''' "Like most traditional modes of storytelling and performance in India, Kathakali plays enact one or more episodes from regional versions of the pan-Indian religious epics (Ramayana and Mahabharata) and Puranas."</ref> The vocal performance has traditionally been performed in Sanskritised [[Malayalam]].<ref name="zarrilli191" /> In modern compositions, Indian Kathakali troupes have included women artistes,<ref name="Kramarae2004p295" /> and adapted Western stories and plays such as those by [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]].<ref name="daugherty52">{{cite journal | last=Daugherty | first=Diane | title=The Pendulum of Intercultural Performance: Kathakalī King Lear at Shakespeare's Globe | journal=Asian Theatre Journal | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | volume=22 | issue=1 | year=2005 | pages=52–72 | doi=10.1353/atj.2005.0004 | s2cid=161340863 }}</ref> In 2011, a performance expressing Christian doctrine was staged for the first time in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/kathakali-makes-christian-debut-2429628 |title=Kathakali makes Christian debut |date=16 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Etymology and nomenclature==
The term ''Kathakali'' is derived from ''katha'' ({{Langx|ml|കഥ, from Sanskrit}}) which means "story or a conversation, or a traditional tale", and ''kaḷi'' ({{langx|ml|കളി}}) which means "performance" or "play". The dance symbolises the eternal fight between good and evil.<ref name="James G. Lochtefeld 2002 358–359">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=358–359 }}</ref><ref name="JonesRyan2006p230">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |pages=230 }}</ref>

==History==
Elements and aspects of Kathakali are taken from ancient [[Sanskrit]] texts such as the [[Natya Shastra]].<ref name=zarrillinatya>{{cite book|author=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play|url=https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-13109-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr/page/25 25]–29, 37, 49–56, 68, 88–94, 133–134 }}</ref> The Natya Shastra is attributed to sage [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]], and its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BC and 200 AD,{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|pp=xxiv, 19–20}} but estimates vary between 500 BC and 500 AD.{{Sfn|Wallace Dace|1963|p=249}}

The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters.{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn|Emmie Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=1–25}} The text, states Natalia Lidova, describes the theory of Tāṇḍava dance ([[Shiva]]), the theory of rasa, of bhāva, expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, standing postures–all of which are part of Indian classical dances including Kathakali.<ref name=zarrillinatya/>{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn| Kapila Vatsyayan | 2001}} Dance and performance arts, states this ancient Hindu text,<ref>{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-61117-108-2|pages=138–139 |quote='''Quote:''' "A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan Schwartz, "In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)".}}</ref> are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues and the essence of scriptures.<ref name=mog17>{{cite web|title=The Mirror of Gesture|author=Coormaraswamy and Duggirala|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1917|page=4|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up}}; Also see chapter 36</ref>

The roots of Kathakali are unclear. Jones and Ryan state it is more than 500 years old. Kathakali emerged as a distinct genre of performance art during the 16th and 17th centuries in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play|url=https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-13109-4 |pages=xi, 3 }}</ref> The roots of Kathakali, states Mahinder Singh, are more ancient and some 1500 years old.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mahinder Singh|title=Kathakali|journal=Interscæna, Acta Scænographica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs8-AQAAIAAJ|volume=2|year=1972|publisher=Scénografický ústav v Praze|pages=1–17}}</ref>

===Links to older performance arts: Kutiyattam, Krishnanattam and Koothu===
{{Main article|Kutiyattam|Koothu}}
According to [[Farley Richmond]] and other scholars, Kathakali shares many elements such as costumes with ancient Indian performance arts such as ''[[Koodiyattam|Kutiyattam]]'' (classical Sanskrit drama) and medieval era ''[[Krishnanattam]]'', even though a detailed examination shows differences.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Farley P. Richmond|author2=Darius L. Swann|author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0981-9|page=100}}</ref> ''Kutiyattam'', adds Richmond, is "one of the oldest continuously performed theatre forms in India, and it may well be the oldest surviving art form of the ancient world".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Farley P. Richmond|author2=Darius L. Swann|author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0981-9|page=87}}</ref> ''Kutiyattam'', traditionally, was performed in theatres specially designed and attached to Hindu temples, particularly dedicated to the [[Shiva]] and later to [[Krishna]].<ref name=richmond95>{{cite book|author1=Farley P. Richmond|author2=Darius L. Swann|author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0981-9|pages=95–96 }}</ref> The designs of these theatres usually matched the dimensions and architecture recommended as "ideal" in the ancient ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', and some of them could house 500 viewers.<ref name=richmond95/>

''Krishnanattam'' is the likely immediate precursor of Kathakali, states Zarrilli.<ref name=richmond317>{{cite book|author1=Farley P. Richmond|author2=Darius L. Swann|author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0981-9|pages=317–318}}</ref> ''Krishnanattam'' is dance-drama art form about the life and activities of Hindu god [[Krishna]], that developed under the sponsorship of Sri Manavedan Raja, the ruler of Calicut (1585-1658 AD).<ref name=richmond317/> The traditional legend states that Kottarakkara Thampuran (also known as Vira Kerala Varma) requested the services of a ''Krishnanattam'' troupe, but his request was denied. So Kottarakkara Thampuran created another art form based on ''Krishnanattam'', called it ''Ramanattam'' because the early plays were based on the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', which over time diversified beyond ''Ramayana'' and became popular as 'Kathakali'.<ref name=richmond317/>

Another related performance art is ''Ashtapadiyattom'', a dance drama based on the Gita Govinda of the twelfth-century poet [[Jayadeva]], told the story of Krishna embodied as a humble cowherd, his consort Radha, and three cow girls.{{Sfn|D. Appukuttan Nair, Ayyappa K. Paniker|1993|pp=31-34}} Kathakali also incorporates several elements from other traditional and ritualistic art forms like Mudiyettu, Theyyam and Padayani besides folk arts such as Porattu Nadakam that shares ideas with the Tamil ''Therukoothu'' tradition.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ayyappappanikkar|title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA317 |year=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=317 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ananda Lal|title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564446-3 |pages=245 }}</ref><ref name="ClausDiamond2003p331"/> The south Indian martial art of ''[[Kalaripayattu|Kalarippayattu]]'' has also influenced Kathakali.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p331"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=J. Harding|author2=C. Rosenthal|title=The Rise of Performance Studies: Rethinking Richard Schechner's Broad Spectrum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvRZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |year=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-30605-9|page=178}}</ref>

Despite the links, ''Kathakali'' is different from temple-driven arts such as "Krishnanattam", ''Kutiyattam'' and others because unlike the older arts where the dancer-actor also had to be the vocal artist, ''Kathakali'' separated these roles allowing the dancer-actor to excel in and focus on choreography while the vocal artists focused on delivering their lines.<ref name=richmond317/> ''Kathakali'' also expanded the performance repertoire, style and standardized the costume making it easier for the audience to understand the various performances and new plays.<ref name=richmond317/>

==Repertoire==
''Kathakali'' is structured around plays called '''''Attakatha''''' (literally, "enacted story"<ref name="claus2003p332"/>), written in Sanskritized Malayalam.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p331"/><ref name=richmond326>{{cite book|author1=Farley P. Richmond|author2=Darius L. Swann|author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0981-9|pages=326–328}}</ref> These plays are written in a particular format that helps identify the "action" and the "dialogue" parts of the performance.<ref name=richmond326/> The ''Sloka'' part is the metrical verse, written in third person – often entirely in Sanskrit - describing the action part of the choreography.<ref name="claus2003p332"/><ref name=richmond326/> The ''Pada'' part contains the dialogue part.<ref name=richmond326/> These ''Attakatha'' texts grant considerable flexibility to the actors to improvise. Historically, all these plays were derived from Hindu texts such as the ''Ramayana'', the ''Mahabharata'' and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kevin J. Wetmore, Jr.|author2=Siyuan Liu|author3=Erin B. Mee|title=Modern Asian Theatre and Performance 1900-2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o68AAwAAQBAJ |date=8 May 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4081-7720-4 |pages=196–197 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|p=59}}

A ''Kathakali'' repertoire is an [[opera]]tic performance where an ancient story is playfully dramatized.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p331">{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 |pages=57, 332–333 }}</ref> Traditionally, a Kathakali performance is long, starting at dusk and continuing through dawn, with interludes and breaks for the performers and audience.<ref name="claus2003p332"/> Some plays continued over several nights, starting at dusk every day. Modern performances are shorter. The stage with seating typically in open grounds outside a temple, but in some places, special theatres called ''Kuttampalam'' built inside the temple compounds have been in use.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=49-50}}

The stage is mostly bare, or with a few drama-related items.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p331"/> One item, called a Kalivilakku (kali meaning dance; ''vilakku'' meaning lamp), can be traced back to Kutiyattam. In both traditions, the performance happens in the front of a huge Kalivilakku with its thick wick sunk in coconut oil, burning with a yellow light.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=49-50}} Traditionally, before the advent of electricity, this special large lamp provided light during the night. As the play progressed, the actor-dancers would gather around this lamp so that the audience could see what they are expressing.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=49-50}}

The performance involves actor-dancers in the front, supported by musicians in the background stage on right (audience's left) and with vocalists in the front of the stage (historically so they could be heard by the audience before the age of microphone and speakers).<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p331"/>{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=49-50}}{{Refn|group=note|Modern performances with microphone and speakers sometimes position the vocalists in the back.}} Typically, all roles are played by male actor-dancers, though in modern performances, women have been welcomed into the Kathakali tradition.<ref name="Kramarae2004p295"/><ref name="ClausDiamond2003p331"/>

===Costumes===
[[File:Kalamandalam k g vasudevan nair.jpg|thumb|Kathakali artist K.G. Vasudevan Nair]]
Of all classical Indian dances, Kathakali has the most elaborate costumes, consisting of head dresses(കിരീടം), vests, face masks and vividly painted faces.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p230" />{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=53-56}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Janelle G. Reinelt|author2=Joseph R. Roach|title=Critical Theory and Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asORYuvznpQC |year=2007|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-06886-9 |pages=110–111}}</ref> It typically takes several evening hours to prepare a Kathakali troupe to get ready for a play.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Schechner|title=Between Theater and Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C|year=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0092-8|pages=17–18}}</ref>{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=57-58}} Costumes have made Kathakali's popularity extend beyond adults, with children absorbed by the colors, makeup, lights and sounds of the performances.<ref name="richmond317" />

The makeup follows an accepted code, that helps the audience easily identify the archetypal characters such as gods, goddesses, demons, demonesses, saints, animals and characters of a story.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=53}} Seven basic makeup types are used in Kathakali, namely ''Pachcha'' (green), ''Pazhuppu'' (ripe), ''Kathi'', ''Kari'', ''Thaadi'', ''Minukku'' and ''Teppu (red)''.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=53}} These vary with the styles and the predominant colours made from rice paste and vegetable colors that are applied on the face.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p230" />{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=50-58}} Pachcha (green) with lips painted brilliant coral red portrays noble characters and sages such as [[Krishna]], [[Vishnu]], [[Rama]], [[Yudhishthira]], [[Arjuna]], [[Nala]] and philosopher-kings.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=53-54}}

''Thaadi'' (red) is the code for someone with an evil streak such as [[Dushasana]] .

''Kathi'' (knife) characters have a green face (representing heroic or excellence as a warrior) with red dots or lines on their cheeks or red-coloured knife like moustache or red-streaked beard (representing evil inner nature), while others have a full face and beard coloured red, the latter implying excessively evil characters.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=54}}

Kari (black) is the code for forest dwellers, hunters, and middle ground character.{{Sfn| Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=55}} Demonesses and treacherous characters are also painted black but with streaks or patches of red.{{Sfn| Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=55}}

Yellow is the code for monks, mendicants, and women. ''Minukka'' (radiant, shining) with a warm yellow, orange or saffron typifies noble, virtuous feminine characters such as [[Sita]], [[Draupadi|Panchali]] and [[Mohini|Mohini.]]{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=55}} Men who act the roles of women also add a false top knot to their left and decorate it in a style common to the region.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=55}} Vella Thadi (white beard) represents a divine being, someone with virtuous inner state and consciousness such as [[Hanuman]].{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=54}} ''Teppu'' is for special characters found in Hindu mythologies, such as [[Garuda]], Jatayu and [[Hamsa (bird)|Hamsa]] who act as messengers or carriers, but do not fit the other categories.{{Sfn| Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=55}} Face masks and headgear is added to accentuate the inner nature of the characters. The garments colours have a similar community accepted code of silent communication.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=54-55}}

[[File:MINUKKA, the feminine character of Kathakali.jpg|thumb|right|''Minukka'', the feminine character]]

The character types, states Zarrilli, reflect the [[Guṇa]] theory of personalities in the ancient [[Samkhya]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]].{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=55-57}} There are three Guṇas, according to this philosophy, that have always been and continue to be present in all things and beings in the world.<ref name="jamesg">James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3179-8}}, page 265</ref> These three ''Guṇas'' are ''{{IAST|[[sattva]]}}'' (goodness, constructive, harmonious, virtuous), ''{{IAST|[[rajas]]}}'' (passion, aimless action, dynamic, egoistic), and ''{{IAST|[[tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]}}'' (darkness, destructive, chaotic, viciousness). All of these three ''gunas'' (good, evil, active) are present in everyone and everything, it is the proportion that is different, according to the Hindu worldview.<ref name="jamesg" /><ref>M Innes-Brown and S Chatterjee (1999), The Relevance of the Guna Theory in the Congruence of Eastern Values and Western Management Practice, Journal of Human Values, 5(2), pages 93-102</ref><ref>N Pani (2009), Hinduism, in Handbook of Economics and Ethics (Editors: Jan Peil and Irene Staveren), Edward Elgar, {{ISBN|978-1-84542-936-2}}, 216-221</ref> The interplay of these ''gunas'' defines the character of someone or something,<ref name="jamesg" /> and the costumes and face colouring in Kathakali often combines the various colour codes to give complexity and depth to the actor-dancers.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=55-57}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Alice Boner |title= Kathakali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGt1AAAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Museum Rietberg (Zürich)| oclc= 603847011 |pages=36–38}}</ref>

=== Makeup ===
In Kathakali, the makeup known as Chutti (ചുട്ടി) is both symbolic and artistic. It goes beyond mere decoration; the colors and patterns are carefully designed to represent and distinguish various character types

* '''Green (പച്ച):''' This base color represents noble and heroic characters who embody virtue, such as kings, divine beings, and idealized heroes.
* '''Red and Black Accents (കത്തി and കരി):''' These are used to depict villainous or demonic characters. Kathi (knife) characters are anti-heroes or arrogant villains, while Kari (black) denotes demons or forest-dwelling evil beings.
* '''Soft Yellow or Orange (''മിനുക്കു'')''': Typically applied to female characters or sages, this coloring signifies gentleness, spirituality, and inner peace.

===Acting===
[[File: Mani Madhava Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg|thumb|'' Sringara'', one of the nine facial expressions mentioned in Natyasastra]]
Like many classical Indian arts, Kathakali is choreography as much as it is acting. It is said to be one of the most difficult styles to execute on stage, with young artists preparing for their roles for several years before they get a chance to do it on stage. The actors speak a "[[sign language]]", where the word part of the character's dialogue is expressed through "hand signs (mudras)", while emotions and mood is expressed through "facial and eye" movements.<ref name="claus2003p332" /> In parallel, vocalists in the background sing rhythmically the play, matching the beats of the orchestra playing, thus unifying the ensemble into a resonant oneness.<ref name="claus2003p332" />

Several ancient Sanskrit texts such as ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' and ''Hastha Lakshanadeepika'' discuss hand gestures or mudras. Kathakali follows the ''Hastha Lakshanadeepika'' most closely, unlike other classical dances of India.<ref name="claus2003p332" /><ref name="zarrilli17" />

There are 24 main [[mudras]], and numerous more minor ones in Kathakali.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p230" />{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=73-79, 93}} There are nine facial expressions called ''[[Navarasas]]'', which each actor masters through facial muscle control during his education, in order to express the emotional state of the character in the play.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=73-79, 93}} The theory behind the ''[[Navarasas]]'' is provided by classical Sanskrit texts such as Natya Shastra, but sometimes with different names, and these are found in other classical Indian dances as well. The ''Navarasas'' express nine ''bhava-''s (emotions) in Kathakali as follows:

# ''Sringara'' expresses ''Rati'' (love, pleasure, delight)
# ''Hasya'' expresses ''Hasa'' (comic, laugh, mocking)
# ''Karuna'' expresses ''Shoka'' (pathetic, sad)
# ''Raudra'' expresses ''Krodha'' (anger, fury)
# ''Vira'' expresses ''Utsaha'' (vigor, enthusiasm, heroic)
# ''Bhayanaka'' expresses ''Bhaya'' (fear, concern, worry)
# ''Bibhatsa'' expresses ''Jugupsa'' (disgust, repulsive)
# ''Adbhuta'' expresses ''Vismaya'' (wondrous, marvel, curious)
# ''Shanta'' expresses ''Sama'' (peace, tranquility).{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|p=134}}

===Sequence===
[[File:Kathakali of Kerala at Nishagandhi dance festival 2024 (190).jpg|thumb|]]
A Kathakali performance typically starts with artists tuning their instruments and warming up with beats, signalling to the arriving audience that the artists are getting ready and the preparations are on. The repertoire includes a series of performances. First comes the ''Thodayam'' and ''Purappadu'' performances, which are preliminary 'pure' (abstract) dances that emphasize skill and pure motion.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=62}} ''Thodayam'' is performed behind a curtain and without all the costumes, while ''Purappadu'' is performed without the curtain and in full costumes.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=62}}
[[File:Kathakali Costume.jpg|thumb|Kathakali Krishna Vesham (Kalamandalam sivadath)]]
The expressive part of the performance, which constitutes the dance-drama, is split into four types: ''Kalasham'' (major and most common), ''Iratti'' (special, used with battles-related ''Chempata'' rhythm), ''Thonkaram'' (similar to ''Iratti'' but different music), and ''Nalamiratti'' (used for exits or link between the chapters of the play).{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=62}}

The entrance of characters onto the Kathakali stage can be varied. Many of these ways are not found in other major Indian classical dance traditions. Kathakali employs several methods:

# direct without special effects or curtain
# through the audience, a method that engages the audience, led by torchbearers since Kathakali is typically a night performance
# tease and suspense called ''nokku'' or ''thirasheela'' or ''tiranokku'', where the character is slowly revealed by the use of a curtain.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|p=166}} The "tease" method is typically used for characters with hidden, dangerous intentions.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|p=166}}

==Songs and musical instruments==
{{multiple image
| footer = Three types of drums of Kathakali: ''Maddalam'' (left), ''Chenda'' and ''Idakka'' (right)
| image1 = Maddalam.jpg | width1=170
| image2 = Chenda 1.JPG | width2=150
| image3 = ഇടയ്ക്ക.JPG | width3=85
}}
The play is in the form of verses that are metered and lyrical, sung by vocalists whose voice has been trained to various melodies (''ragas''), music and synchronized with the dance-acting on the stage. The vocalists not only deliver the lines, but help set the context and express the inner state of the character by modulating their voice. For example, anger is expressed by the use of sharp high voice and pleading is expressed by the use of a sad tone.

Music is central to a Kathakali performance. It sets the mood and triggers emotions resonant with the nature of the scene.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|p=61}} It also sets the rhythm to which the actor-dancers perform the choreography and scenes. Some major musical patterns, according to Clifford and Betty, that go with the moods and content of the scene are: '''''Chempada''''' (most common and default that applies to a range of moods, in battles and fights between good and evil, also to conclude a scene); ''Chempa'' music (depict tension, dispute, disagreement between lovers or competing ideas); ''Panchari'' (for odious, preparatory such as sharpening a sword); ''Triputa'' (thought-provoking, scenes involving sages and teachers); '''''Adantha''''' (scenes involving kings or divine beings); '''''Muri Adantha''''' musical style (for comic, light-hearted, or fast-moving scenes involving heroic or anger-driven activity).

Many musical instruments are used in Kathakali. Three major drums found are ''Maddalam''(barrel-shaped), Chenda (cylindrical drum played with curved sticks) and ''Idakka'' ([[Idakka]], hourglass-shaped drum with muted and melodious notes played when female characters perform).

Traditional plays{{Further|Aattakatha (performance)}}
[[File:Sree Rama Pattabhishekam Kathakali.jpg|alt=|thumb|SreeRama Pattabhishekam Kathakali]]
Over five hundred Kathakali plays called ''[[Aattakatha (performance)|Aattakatha]]'' exist, most of which were written before the 20th century.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|pp=59-60}} Of these, about four dozen are most actively performed.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|p=60}} These plays are sophisticated literary works, states Zarrilli, and only five authors have written more than two plays.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|p=60}} The late 17th century [[Unnayi Variyar]], in his short life, produced four plays which are traditionally considered the most expressive of the Kathakali [[playwright]]s. Typically, his four plays are performed on four nights, and they relate to the mythical Hindu love story of [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]].{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|p=60}} The Nala-Damayanti story has roots in the texts of 1st millennium BCE and is found in the Mahabharata, but the Kathakali play version develops the characters, their inner states, the emotions and their circumstances far more than the older texts.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|p=60}}

A tradition Kathakali play typically consists of two interconnected parts, the third-person ''Shlokas'' and first-person ''Padams''. The ''Shlokas'' are in Sanskrit and describe the action in the scene, while ''Padams'' are dialogues in Malayalam (Sanskritized) for the actors to interpret and play.<ref name="claus2003p332"/> A ''Padam'' consists of three parts: a ''[[Pallavi]]'' (refrain), ''[[Anupallavi (music)|Anupallavi]]'' (subrefrain) and ''[[Charanam]]'' (foot), all of which are set to one of the ancient ''[[Raga]]s'' ([[Mode (music)|musical mode]]), based on the mood and context as outlined in ancient Sanskrit texts such as the ''Natya Shastra''.<ref name="claus2003p332"/>{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=41-44}} In historic practice of a play performance, each ''Padam'' was enacted twice by the actor while the vocalists sang the lines repeatedly as the actor-dancer played his role out.{{Sfn|Phillip Zarrilli|2000|pp=41-44}}

The traditional plays were long, many written to be performed all night, some such as those based on the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' written to be performed for many sequential nights. However, others such as the ''Prahlada Charitham'' have been composed so that they can be performed within four hours.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|p=61}} Modern productions have extracted parts of these legendary plays, to be typically performed within 3 to 4 hours.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|pp=61-62}}

===Offshoots and modern adaptations===
Kathakali is still practiced in its Traditional ways and there are experimental plays based on European classics and Shakespeare's plays. Recent productions have adapted stories from other cultures and mythologies, such as those of Miguel de Cervantes,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-25|title=Don Quijote viaja a la India en 'Kijote Kathakali'|url=https://www.elnortedecastilla.es/culturas/201607/25/quijote-medio-camino-entre-20160721111257.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=El Norte de Castilla|language=es-ES}}</ref> Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and [[William Shakespeare]].<ref name=daugherty52/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Farley P. Richmond|author2=Darius L. Swann|author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C |year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0981-9 |page=327}}</ref>

==Styles: Sampradayam ==
Kathakali has lineages or distinctive schools of play interpretation and dance performance called ''Sampradayam''. These developed in part because of the [[gurukula]] system of transmission from one generation to the next.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|pp=26-27}} By the 19th-century, many such styles were in vogue in Kerala, of which two major styles have crystallized and survived into the modern age.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|pp=26-27}}{{Sfn|D. Appukuttan Nair, Ayyappa K. Paniker|1993|pp=35-38}}

The ''Kidangoor'' style is one of the two, that developed in [[Travancore]], and it is strongly influenced by ''Kutiyattam'', while also drawing elements of ''Ramanattam'' and ''Kalladikkotan''.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|p=26}} It is traditionally attributed to Nalanunni, under the patronage of Utram Tirunal Maharaja (1815-1861).{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|p=26}}

The ''Kalluvazhi'' style is second of the two, which developed in [[Palakkad]] ([[Olappamanna Mana]]) in central Kerala,<ref name="The Treasure Chest of Cultural Patronage">{{Cite web |url=https://www.webindia123.com/user_interaction/asp/article/article.asp?a_no=2267&article=Olappamanna+Mana+%7C+The+Treasure+Chest+of+Cultural+Patronage%21+ |title=The Treasure Chest of Cultural Patronage |website=webindia123.com |language=en |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> and it is a synthesis of the older ''Kaplingadan'' and ''Kalladikkotan'' performance arts.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|pp=26-27}}{{Sfn|D. Appukuttan Nair, Ayyappa K. Paniker|1993|pp=35-38}} It is traditionally attributed to Unniri Panikkar, in a [[Brahmin]] household (~1850), and became the dominant style established in [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] – a school of performance arts.{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|pp=26-27}}

==Training centres and awards==
[[File:കൂത്തമ്പലം.jpg|thumb|[[Kerala Kalamandalam]] is a major centre for Kathakali studies.]]
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/on-women-artistes-in-kathakali/article19313819.ece|title=The woman's role in Kathakali|last=Nambudiri|first=Haripriya|date=2017-07-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Kathakali has traditionally been an art that has continued from one generation to the next through a [[guru]]-disciples [[Gurukula|(''gurukkula'']]{{Sfn|Philip Zarrilli|1984|pp=75-76}}) based training system.<ref name=richmond318>{{cite book|author1=Farley P. Richmond|author2=Darius L. Swann|author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0981-9|pages=318–319}}</ref> Artist families tended to pick promising talent from within their own extended families, sometimes from outside the family, and the new budding artist typically stayed with his guru as a student and treated like a member of the family.<ref name=richmond318/> The guru provided both the theoretical and practical training to the student, and the disciple would accompany the guru to formal performances.<ref name=richmond318/> In modern times, professional schools train students of Kathakali, with some such as those in Trivandrum Margi school emphasizing a single teacher for various courses, while others such as the Kerala Kalamandalam school wherein students learn subjects from different teachers.<ref name=richmond318/> Kathakali schools are now found all over India, as well as in parts of Western Europe and the United States.<ref name=richmond318/>

A typical Kathakali training centre auditions for students, examining health and physical fitness necessary for the aerobic and active stage performance, the body flexibility, sense of rhythm and an interview to gauge how sincere the student is in performance arts.<ref name=richmond320>{{cite book|author1=Farley P. Richmond|author2=Darius L. Swann|author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0981-9|pages=320–321}}</ref> A typical course work in Kathakali emphasizes physical conditioning and daily exercises,<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Schechner|title=Between Theater and Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C|year=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0092-8|pages=213–218}}</ref> yoga and body massage to tone the muscles and sculpt the growing body,<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Schechner|title=Between Theater and Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C|year=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0092-8|pages=100–102}}</ref> along with studies and dance practice.<ref name=richmond320/> Per ancient Indian tradition, young students continue to start their year by giving symbolic gifts to the [[guru]], such as a few coins with betel leaves, while the teacher gives the student a loincloth, a welcome and blessings.<ref name=richmond320/>

Kathakali is still hugely male-dominated, but since the 1970s, women have made entry into the art form on a recognisable scale. The central Kerala temple town of [[Tripunithura]] has a ladies' troupe ([[Tripunithura Kathakali Kendram Ladies Troupe]]) who perform Kathakali. The troupe won a national award, i.e. [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], for their work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nari Shakti Awardees - Tripunithura Kathakali Kendram Ladies Troupe, Kerela {{!}} Ministry of Women & Child Development|url=https://wcd.nic.in/nari-shakti-awardees-tripunithura-kathakali-kendram-ladies-troupe-kerela|access-date=2021-02-20|website=wcd.nic.in}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|The gender exclusivity is one of the significant differences between Kathakalī and other classical Indian dances which either included or favored female actor-dancers.<ref name="Kramarae2004p295">{{cite book|author1=Cheris Kramarae |author2=Dale Spender |title=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ |year=2004|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96315-6 |pages=295–296 }}</ref>}}

===Awards for Kathakali artistes===
{{Main article|Awards for Kathakali artistes}}

* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Awardees - Kathakali (1956–2005)
* Nambeesan Smaraka Awards — For artistic performances related kathakali (1992–2008)<ref>[http://www.kathakaliclubchalakudy.com/awards.htm Nambeesan Smaraka Awards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722200324/http://www.kathakaliclubchalakudy.com/awards.htm |date=2010-07-22 }}, Kathakali Club Awards</ref>
* International Centre for Kathakali Award

==Related dance forms==
{{multiple image
| footer = The Japanese performance arts'' [[Kabuki]]/[[Noh]]'' and Chinese performance art [[Peking Opera]] are similar in many ways to Kathakali.
| image1 = Renjishi by Heisei Nakamura-za during the APEC Summit week.jpg
| width1 = 170
| image2 = Peking Opera Bao.jpg
| width2 = 184
}}

The theory and foundations of ''Kathakali'' are same as other major classical Indian dances, traceable to Sanskrit texts such as the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', but the expression style in each is very different and distinctive.<ref name="Kramarae2004p295"/> ''Kathakali'' is different from a similar-sounding ''[[Kathak]]'', though both are Indian classical dance traditions of "story play" wherein the stories have been traditionally derived from the Hindu epics and the Puranas. Kathak is an ancient performance art that emerged in North India, with roots in traveling bards retelling mythical and spiritual stories through dance-acting.<ref name="James G. Lochtefeld 2002 358–359"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Banham|title=The Cambridge Guide to Theatre|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43437-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/522 522]–525}}</ref> Kathak traditionally has included female actor-dancers, unlike Kathakali which has traditionally been performed by an all-male troupe.<ref name="claus2003p332"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Cheris Kramarae|author2=Dale Spender|title=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ |year=2004|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96315-6|page=296}}</ref> Kathak deploys much simpler costumes, makeup and no face masks. Both dance forms employ choreography, face and hand gestures traceable to the ''Natya Shastra'', but ''Kathak'' generally moves around a straight leg and torso movements, with no martial art leaps and jumps like Kathakali. Kathak uses the stage space more, and does not typically include separate vocalists. Both deploy a host of similar traditional Indian musical instruments.<ref name="claus2003p332"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bruno Nettl|author2=Ruth M. Stone, James Porter and Timothy Rice|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=331–343}}</ref>

Kathakali-style, costume rich, musical drama are found in other cultures. For example, the Japanese ''[[Noh]]'' (能) integrates masks, costumes and various props in a dance-based performance, requiring highly trained actors and musicians. Emotions are primarily conveyed by stylized gestures while the costumes communicate the nature of the characters in a ''Noh'' performance, as in Kathakali.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eric C. Rath|title=The Ethos of Noh: Actors and Their Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6gbAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|isbn=978-0-674-01397-1|pages=1–27}}</ref> In both, costumed men have traditionally performed all the roles including those of women in the play.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Emigh | first1=John | last2=Zarrilli | first2=Phillip | title=Beyond the Kathakalī Mystique | journal=The Drama Review | publisher=MIT Press | volume=30 | issue=2 | year=1986 | pages=172–175 | doi=10.2307/1145740 | jstor=1145740 }}</ref> The training regimen and initiation of the dance-actors in both cultures have many similarities.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Schechner|author2=Willa Appel|title=By Means of Performance: Intercultural Studies of Theatre and Ritual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfPLCgAAQBAJ |date=25 May 1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-58330-2|pages=131–132, 142–143}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Wootten | first=Claire F. | title=Navigating Liminal Space in the Feminist Ballet Class | journal=CORD: Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=41 | issue=S1 | year=2009 | pages=122–129 | doi=10.1017/s204912550000100x }}</ref>

[[Kabuki]], another Japanese art form, has similarities to Kathakali.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ewan Fernie|title=Reconceiving the Renaissance: A Critical Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuoTDAAAQBAJ |year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-926557-2 |page=191}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Schechner|title=Performance Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akSAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT376| year=2004| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-134-37943-9|pages=376 footnote 11}}</ref> [[Peking opera|Jīngjù]], a Chinese art of dance-acting (''zuo''), like Kathakali presents artists with elaborate masks, costumes and colorfully painted faces.<ref>{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Wichmann|title=Listening to Theatre: The Aural Dimension of Beijing Opera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ok0dxV9K10C|year=1991|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1221-8|pages=1–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Wichmann | first=Elizabeth | title=Tradition and Innovation in Contemporary Beijing Opera Performance | journal=TDR | publisher=MIT Press | volume=34 | issue=1 | year=1990 | pages=146–178 | doi=10.2307/1146013 | jstor=1146013 }}</ref> [[Balinese dance]] as well as tibetan art forms also shares similarities.

==See also==
* [[Koodiyattam]]
* [[Krishnanattam]]
* [[Mohiniyattam]]
* [[Chakyar koothu]]
* [[Nangiar koothu]]
* [[Garudan Thookkam]]
* [[Ottan Thullal]]
* [[Koothambalam]]
* [[Kerala Kalamandalam]]
* [[Panchavadyam]]
* [[Kabuki]]
* [[Peking Opera]]
* [[Noh]]
* [[Bugaku]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|author=Vellinezhi Achuthankutty|title=Kathakaliyute Kaipusthakam|year=2013|publisher=Thiranottam|isbn=978-93-5279-490-4}}
* Alice Boner (1935), "Kathakali", ''Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art'', June 1935, pp 1–14.
* {{citation|author=D. Appukuttan Nair, Ayyappa K. Paniker|title=Kathakali: The Art of the Non-Worldly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0jkAAAAMAAJ|year= 1993| publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-22-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Alice Boner|author-link=Alice Boner|title=On Kathakali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGt1AAAAIAAJ| year=1996|publisher=Alice Boner Foundation}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kalamandalam Govindan Kutty|title=Kathakali, the dance theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYwnAQAAIAAJ| year=1999|publisher=Asiatic Society}}
*{{cite book|author=Philip Zarrilli| title=The Kathakali Complex: Performance & Structure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjwYysH2ZQIC |year=1984 |publisher= Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-187-4}}
* {{citation|author=Phillip Zarrilli|title=Kathakali Dance-Drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHCnqglqyoC |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-19766-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071 |title= Natyashastra }}
*{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova |title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C |date=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1234-5 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Drid|title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing|url=http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=17|issue=1|year=2004|pages=69–98|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.1080/08949460490274013|s2cid=29065670|access-date=25 July 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121105/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |author=Tarla Mehta | title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC | year=1995| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1057-0 }}
*{{cite book|author= Emmie Te Nijenhuis |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis |title=Indian Music: History and Structure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ |year=1974|publisher= BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03978-3 }}
*{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Bharata, the Nāṭyaśāstra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKW1PAAACAAJ |year=2001|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1220-6}}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts |year=1977 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc= 233639306}}, [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf Table of Contents]
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Indian classical dance |year=1974 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc= 2238067 }}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition |year=2008 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc= 286469807| isbn= 978-8187586357}}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Dance In Indian Painting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-153-9}}
*{{cite journal | author =Wallace Dace | title=The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory | journal=Educational Theatre Journal | volume=15 | issue=3 | year=1963 | pages=249–254 | jstor=3204783 | doi=10.2307/3204783 }}
* {{cite book|author=K.K. Gopalakrishnan|title=Kathakali Dance-Theatre: A Visual Narrative of Sacred Indian Mime| url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/27917038| year=2016|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=9789385285011}}
* {{cite book|author=Leela Venkataraman|title=Indian Classical Dance: The Renaissance and Beyond| url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25371954| year=2015|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=9789383098644}}
* {{cite book|author=K. P. Padmanabhan Tampy|title=Kathakali: an indigenous art-form of Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ycpRvhe_3QC|year=1963|publisher=Indian Publications}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Dance in India}}
{{Culture of Kerala}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Kathakali| ]]
[[Category:Theatre in Kerala]]
[[Category:Classical dance genres of India]]
[[Category:Classical theatre of india]]
[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]

Bangladesh–India relations

2026-03-09T05:38:29Z

Margaretxro: formatting fix

{{Update|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations
|mission1=[[High Commission of India, Dhaka]]
|mission2=[[High Commission for the People's Republic of Bangladesh, New Delhi]]
|envoytitle1=[[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|Indian High Commissioner to Bangladesh]]
|envoy1=[[Pranay Kumar Verma]]
|envoytitle2=[[List of High Commissioners of Bangladesh to India|Bangladeshi High Commissioner to India]]
|envoy2=[[M. Riaz Hamidullah]]
|Bangladesh-India|India|Bangladesh|filetype=svg}}
The [[bilateral relations]] between the neighboring [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]] and the [[Republic of India]], formally began in 1971 with India's recognition of an independent Bangladesh (which was formerly known as East Pakistan) following India's military intervention in support of the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladeshi resistance forces]] in their [[Bangladesh liberation war|war of independence]] against [[Pakistan]].

Although some disputes remain unresolved, the relations between the two countries have been characterised as cooperative.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/50yrs-bangladesh-india-ties-focus-should-be-trade-connectivity-2911171|title=50yrs of Bangladesh-India Ties: Focus should be on trade, connectivity|date=2021-12-06|access-date=2021-12-30|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|url-status=live|quote=We've a very special relationship with India. The relationship is the friendliest. The friendship of Bangladesh and India is in our hearts. The bonds of friendship will remain firm and long-lasting," she quoted Bangabandhu as saying in 1972.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206184938/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/50yrs-bangladesh-india-ties-focus-should-be-trade-connectivity-2911171 |archive-date=6 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-bangladesh-ties-special-and-unique-not-comparable-with-relationship-with-other-countries-foreign-secretary-harsh-vardhan-shringla/articleshow/88305727.cms|title=India-Bangladesh ties 'special' and 'unique', not comparable with relationship with other countries: Foreign secretary Harsh Vardhan Shringla|date=2021-12-15|access-date=2021-12-30|work=[[The Times of India]]|quote=India doesn't look at what relationships are there with other countries when it celebrates the "uniqueness" of its "special relationship" with Bangladesh, he said on a day when President Kovind held wide-ranging talks with his Bangladeshi counterpart M Abdul Hamid.|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526053518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-bangladesh-ties-special-and-unique-not-comparable-with-relationship-with-other-countries-foreign-secretary-harsh-vardhan-shringla/articleshow/88305727.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-enduring-logic-of-india-bangladesh-ties/|title=The enduring logic of India-Bangladesh ties|date=2020-07-29|access-date=2021-10-29|website=ORF - Observer Research Foundation|last1=V. Pant|first1=Harsh|last2=Bhattacharjee|first2=Joyeeta|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210033039/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-enduring-logic-of-india-bangladesh-ties|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh and India are common members of [[SAARC]], [[BIMSTEC]], [[Indian Ocean Rim Association|IORA]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. The two countries share many cultural ties. In particular, Bangladesh and the east Indian states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]] are [[Bengali language|Bengali-speaking]]. A historic land boundary agreement was signed on 6 June 2015 which settled decades-old [[India–Bangladesh enclaves|border disputes]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Serajul Quadir |date=6 June 2015 |title=India, Bangladesh sign historic land boundary agreement |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/bangladesh-india-land-treaty-idINKBN0OM0IV20150606 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227220120/http://in.reuters.com/article/bangladesh-india-land-treaty-idINKBN0OM0IV20150606 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 December 2015 |work=Reuters India}}</ref> while negotiations are still ongoing over the sharing of water of the [[transboundary river]]s.

In recent years, Bangladesh has seen rising [[anti-India sentiment]]s among its citizens due to the Indian government's perceived anti-Muslim and anti-Bangladeshi activities including India's interference in internal politics of Bangladesh, [[Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border|killings of Bangladeshis by Indian BSF]], [[Citizenship Amendment Act]], rise of [[Hindutva]] in India, [[2024 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence#Misinformation|anti-Bangladeshi misinformation in Indian media]] as well as India's reluctance in solving the water disputes in common rivers with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title='India Out' Campaign Gains Traction in Bangladesh |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/india-out-campaign-gains-traction-in-bangladesh/7497217.html |access-date=13 January 2026 |work=Voice of America |date=21 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Impact of CAA on Bangladesh: Despite Dhaka's efforts, anti-India sentiment on the rise among its citizens |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/impact-of-caa-on-bangladesh-despite-dhakas-efforts-anti-india-sentiment-on-the-rise-among-its-citizens-7796251.html |access-date=29 March 2021 |agency=Firstpost |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121090823/https://www.firstpost.com/india/impact-of-caa-on-bangladesh-despite-dhakas-efforts-anti-india-sentiment-on-the-rise-among-its-citizens-7796251.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Violent protests spread in Bangladesh after Modi visit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/28/violent-protests-spread-in-bangladesh-after-modi-visit |access-date=29 March 2021 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204095224/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/28/violent-protests-spread-in-bangladesh-after-modi-visit |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2024 |title=Attacks and online misinformation frighten Bangladeshi Hindus |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240811-attacks-and-online-misinformation-frighten-bangladeshi-hindus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811150354/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240811-attacks-and-online-misinformation-frighten-bangladeshi-hindus |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=16 October 2024 |publisher=France 24}}</ref> In 2019, several Bangladeshi ministers cancelled their scheduled state visits to India as a response to India's Citizenship Amendment Bill.<ref name="ie13Dec2016" /> In 2021, [[2021 Bangladesh anti-Modi protests|massive protests]] in Bangladesh against the state visit by Indian PM Narendra Modi to the country led to the deaths of at least 14 people.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three killed in Hefazat mayhem during hartal |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/03/28/hefazat-observing-hartal |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429053851/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/03/28/hefazat-observing-hartal |url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, India continued to support former Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] during her tenure, even as her administration has faced accusations of increasing authoritarianism and [[Corruption in Bangladesh|corruption]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Masks of Authoritarianism Hegemony, Power and Public Life in Bangladesh |date=18 October 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=9789811643149 |pages=112 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rafiq |first=Arif |date=2024-08-06 |title=Why India Is Panicking Over the Fall of Bangladesh's Sheikh Hasina |url=https://globelynews.com/south-asia/india-sheikh-hasina-bangladesh/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Globely News |language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, India provided shelter to Sheikh Hasina after [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|her resignation]] in the [[Student–People's uprising]] in Bangladesh, which further boosted Bangladeshi people's anger towards India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Yashraj |title=Why India likely won’t return Hasina to face Bangladesh death penalty |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/11/18/why-india-likely-wont-return-hasina-to-face-bangladesh-death-penalty |access-date=13 January 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Pre-21st century ===
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender WaPo.jpg|thumb|[[AAK Niazi]] signing the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|instrument of surrender]], ending the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.]]

The links between the republics of modern-day India and Bangladesh are civilizational, cultural, social, and economic. There is much that unites the two countries – a shared history of the end and common heritage originating from the [[Bengal region]], linguistic and cultural ties, passion for music, literature and the arts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bangladesh_Brief.pdf |title=India-Bangladesh Relations |website=Ministry of External Affairs |publisher=Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205139/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bangladesh_Brief.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=December 2021}} Both the countries were under the [[British Raj]] during the colonial era, with Bengal having been the first major region conquered by the British, and British India's capital having been established in Calcutta (now Kolkata - very near the modern [[India-Bangladesh border]]) until 1911.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Schendel |first=Willem |date=2023-01-02 |title=Rebuffing Bengali dominance: postcolonial India and Bangladesh |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14672715.2022.2150870#d1e125 |journal=[[Critical Asian Studies]] |volume=55 |pages=105–135 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2022.2150870 |issn=1467-2715|hdl=20.500.11755/d180033a-2d28-4f5a-9c32-dc7ae2858052 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Rabindranath Tagore]], the Bengali [[Polymath]] from [[colonial India]] created the national anthems of both today's Bangladesh and India in 1905 and 1911 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tagore composed national anthems of 2 countries |url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/tagore-composed-national-anthems-of-2-countries-1470580366623 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Inshorts - Stay Informed |language=en}}</ref>

The initial basis for modern-day Bangladesh came with the 1905 [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-16 |title=The Partition of Bengal, 1905: South Asia's first Look East Policy? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/the-partition-bengal-1905-1476952 |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Though this was reversed in 1911 amid much uproar, Bengal still lost some of its prestige with the simultaneous announcement at the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1911|Delhi Durbar]] that the capital was to be moved to Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 The Fall Of Calcutta? |url=https://calcuttachronicle.co.in/1911-the-fall-of-calcutta/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=calcuttachronicle.co.in}}</ref> During the [[partition of British India]] in 1947, the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Bengal region was again partitioned]] based on religious lines,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.partitionmuseum.org/partition-of-india/bengal-assam/ |title=The Partition of Bengal & Assam |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718143730/https://www.partitionmuseum.org/partition-of-india/bengal-assam |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[East Bengal]] was transferred under the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] and [[West Bengal]] under the [[Dominion of India]]. East Bengal was later renamed as [[East Pakistan]] during the implementation of the [[One Unit Scheme]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan - Political decline and bureaucratic ascendancy |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/Political-decline-and-bureaucratic-ascendancy |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107105103/https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/Political-decline-and-bureaucratic-ascendancy |url-status=live}}</ref> after which in 1971, the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] occurred which resulted in its independence from Pakistan. The Indian Republic was a strong ally during the war, due to which it fought the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref name="time-edge">{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155,00.html |title=India and Pakistan: Over the Edge |magazine=Time |date=13 December 1971 |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008221847/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

From the mid-1970s, however, relations worsened because Bangladesh developed closer ties with [[Muslim world|Muslim nations]], participated in the [[Organization of the Islamic Conference]], and increased emphasis on Islamic identity over the country's ethnolinguistic roots.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huque |first1=Ahmed Shafiqul |last2=Akhter |first2=Muhammad Yeahia |year=1987 |title=The Ubiquity of Islam: Religion and Society in Bangladesh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2758132 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=200–225 |doi=10.2307/2758132 |jstor=2758132 |issn=0030-851X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The two countries developed different [[Cold War]] alliances in the 1980s, which further chilled bilateral relations.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Lewis |author-link=David Lewis (academic) |date=2011 |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=31–32 |isbn=978-1-139-50257-3 |quote=By 1974, Pakistan had recognised Bangladesh, and Mujib ... began participating in the Organization of the Islamic Conference. This, in turn, brought an end to the early positive phase of Bangladesh's relationship with India ... Saudi Arabia to recognise Bangladesh ... Zia's new emphasis on building a stronger Islamic identity in place of the earlier emphasis on an ethnolinguistic foundation. This shift also contributed to the creation of a more anti-Indian domestic political climate ... Ershad's government continued to build on the positive relation that Zia started building with the United States ... Relations with China also continued to remain close, but unlike Zia, Ershad did not make any effort to maintain friendly relations with the Soviet Union.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=M. Saleem Kidwai |date=2010 |title=US Policy Towards the Muslim World: Focus on Post 9/11 Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVNRX5QRXTkC&pg=PA240 |publisher=University Press of America |pages=240– |isbn=978-0-7618-5158-5}}</ref> However, the state visit by [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad|President Ershad]] in 1982 was perceived as a "new chapter" in relations.<ref>{{cite journal |date=August 2013 |title=Lt-General Ershad's India visit opens 'new chapter' in Indo-Bangladesh relations : NEIGHBOURS |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19821031-lt-general-ershads-india-visit-opens-new-chapter-in-indo-bangladesh-relations-772341-2013-08-01 |url-status=live |journal=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125008/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lt-general-ershads-india-visit-opens-new-chapter-in-indo-bangladesh-relations/1/392243.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref> With the onset of [[economic liberalization]] in South Asia, they forged greater bilateral engagement and trade. The historic [[Ganges]] Water Sharing Treaty was concluded in 1996. India and Bangladesh are close strategic partners in [[counter-terrorism]]. They are also one of the largest trading partners in South Asia.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2014 |title=Trade between India and Bangladesh |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/trade-between-india-and-bangladesh-114121800028_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225043136/https://www.business-standard.com/government-press-release?time=1545712295 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Post-21st century ===
[[File:The Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Ms Khaleda Zia inspecting Guard of Honour at a Ceremonial Reception, in New Delhi on March 21, 2006.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Prime Minister of Bangladesh [[Khaleda Zia]] inspecting Guard of Honour at a Ceremonial Reception in New Delhi, March 2006.]]
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited India in 2010 to sign a number of deals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Bangladesh Joint Statement, January 2010 |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/document/papers/indiabangjoint2010.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101001049/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/document/papers/indiabangjoint2010.htm |archive-date=1 November 2017 |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] visited Dhaka in 2011 to sign number of deals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |url=https://mea.gov.in/error.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202163822/https://mea.gov.in/error.htm |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Bangladesh which was historic as land boundary agreement was solved in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 June 2015 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi's two-day Bangladesh visit |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modis-twoday-bangladesh-visit/article7286042.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516150055/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modis-twoday-bangladesh-visit/article7286042.ece |archive-date=16 May 2020 |access-date=11 December 2024 |newspaper=The Hindu |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

==== Relationship under Sheikh Hasina (2009–2024) ====
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Ms. Sheikh Hasina, on the sidelines of the 4th BIMSTEC Summit, in Kathmandu, Nepal on August 30, 2018.JPG|thumb|The Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]] meeting the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, [[Sheikh Hasina]] on the sidelines of the 4th BIMSTEC Summit, in [[Kathmandu|Kathmandu, Nepal]] on 30 August 2018]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Ms. Sheikh Hasina, in New York, USA on September 27, 2019 (1).jpg|thumb|Hasina and Modi in New York City on 27 September 2020]]
Throughout the [[premiership of Sheikh Hasina]] between 2009 and 2024, India and Bangladesh enjoyed the best time in their bilateral relationship.

In September 2011, the two countries signed a major accord on border demarcation to end the 4-decade old disputes over boundaries. This came to be known as the [[Tin Bigha Corridor]]. India also granted 24-hour access to Bangladeshi citizens in the Tin Bigha Corridor. The agreement included exchange of adversely held enclaves, involving 51,000 people spread over 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh and 51 Bangladeshi enclaves in India. The total land involved is over 24,000 acres.

<ref>{{cite news |author=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=15 December 2021 |title=India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement 2015 |url=https://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/24529_LBA_MEA_Booklet_final.pdf |access-date=2021-12-15 |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405071837/https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/24529_LBA_MEA_Booklet_final.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Azmeary Ferdoush |date=15 December 2021 |title=India and Bangladesh: Exchanging border enclaves & (re-)connecting with new citizens |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/05/12/sambandh-blog-india-and-bangladesh-exchanging-border-enclaves-re-connecting-with-new-citizens/ |access-date=2021-12-15 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330173538/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/05/12/sambandh-blog-india-and-bangladesh-exchanging-border-enclaves-re-connecting-with-new-citizens/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 October that year, Indian and Bangladeshi armies participated in Sampriti-II (Unity-II), a 14-day-long Joint military exercise at Sylhet to increase synergy between their forces.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2011 |title=Bangladesh-India joint military exercise begins |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/bangladesh-india-joint-military-exercise-begins_735673.html |newspaper=Zee News |access-date=2012-10-24 |archive-date=22 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222052910/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/bangladesh-india-joint-military-exercise-begins_735673.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, Bangladesh allowed India's [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] to ferry heavy machinery, turbines and cargo through [[Ashuganj]] for [[ONGC Tripura Power Company|Palatana Power project]] in southern [[Tripura]].<ref name="foodgrains" />

From October 2013, India started exporting 500 megawatts of electricity a day to Bangladesh on a cross-border power line that opened that month.<ref>{{cite news |author=Haroon Habib |date=6 October 2013 |title=India begins power export to Bangladesh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-begins-power-export-to-bangladesh/article5205415.ece |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114101822/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-begins-power-export-to-bangladesh/article5205415.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2013 |title=India-Bangladesh power transmission link open |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/indiabangladesh-power-transmission-link-open/1178942/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827182132/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/indiabangladesh-power-transmission-link-open/1178942/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Indian External Affairs Minister [[Sushma Swaraj]] visited Bangladesh in her first official overseas trip in June 2014. During her first official overseas visit, Foreign Minister of India, Sushma Swaraj concluded various agreements to boost ties. They include:
* Easing of Visa regime to provide 5-year multiple entry visas to minors below 13 and elderly above 65.
* Proposal of a special economic zone in Bangladesh.
* Agreement to send back a fugitive accused of murder in India.
* Provide an additional 100 MW power from [[Tripura]].
* Increase the frequency of [[Maitree Express]] and start buses between [[Dhaka]] and [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]].
* Bangladesh allowed India to ferry food and grains to the landlocked [[North East India|Northeast India's]] using its territory and infrastructure.<ref name="foodgrains">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh allows transit of Foodgrain to Northeast Indian States |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/bangladesh-allows-transit-of-foodgrain-to-northeast-indian-states/ |newspaper=Bihar Prabha News |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=2014-06-12 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201181352/https://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/bangladesh-allows-transit-of-foodgrain-to-northeast-indian-states/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s state visit to Bangladesh during June 2015 and the visit of Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to India in 2017, as many as 22 agreements were signed by two sides. Notable developments included resolution of long-pending land and maritime boundaries asserting the issue of enclaves, conclusion of over ninety instruments comprising in the hi-tech areas, i.e., electronics, cyber-security, space, information technology, and civil nuclear energy and observed increase in bilateral trade from US$9 billion to US$10.46 billion in the fiscal year (FY) 2018–19, preceded by US$7 billion to US$9 billion in FY 2017–18, an increase of 28.5 percent. During the visit India extended a US$2 billion line of credit to Bangladesh & pledged US$5 billion worth of investments. As per the agreements, India's [[Reliance Power]] agreed to invest US$3 billion to set up a 3,000 MW LNG-based power plant (which is the single largest foreign investment ever made in Bangladesh). [[Adani Power]] also pledged to set up a 1600 MW coal-fired power plant at a cost of US$1.5 billion.<ref name=":6">{{cite news |author=Haroon Habib |date=7 June 2015 |title=Adani, Reliance sign deals for power generation in Bangladesh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/adani-reliance-sign-deals-for-power-generation-in-bangladesh/article7289550.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=13 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413190708/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/adani-reliance-sign-deals-for-power-generation-in-bangladesh/article7289550.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The agreements included the ones on maritime safety co-operation and curbing [[Human trafficking in Bangladesh|human trafficking]] and fake Indian currency. Modi also announced a [[line of credit]] of $2 billion to Bangladesh.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Modi announces $2-bn credit to Bangladesh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modis-twoday-bangladesh-visit/article7289488.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2015-06-07 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417165052/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modis-twoday-bangladesh-visit/article7289488.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Latifee |first1=Enamul Hafiz |last2=Hossain |first2=Md. Sajib |date=22 August 2019 |title=Forging stronger Indo-Bangla economic ties |url=http://m.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/212209 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825032307/http://m.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/212209 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |work=The Independent |publisher=Independent Publications Limited}}</ref> The Bangladeshi government initiated three significant infrastructure projects with the backing of India's financial assistance. These projects encompassed a power plant and railway links among other crucial developments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=PM Sheikh Hasina's upcoming visit: Three infrastructure projects to be launched by Bangladesh with Indian assistance |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/90914/pm-sheikh-hasina-s-upcoming-visit-three-infrastructure-projects-to-be-launched-by-bangladesh-with-indian-assistance.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Indiablooms |language=en}}</ref>

{{anchor|Diesel}}In 2018, the leaders of both the countries inaugurated the 130 km long Bangladesh-India Friendship pipeline to supply 4 lakh [[tonne]]s of diesel to Bangladesh. In September 2018, the Bangladesh cabinet approved the draft of a proposed agreement with India to allow it to use the [[Chittagong]] and [[Port of Mongla|Mongla]] sea ports for transporting goods to and from its land-locked northeastern states.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-sheikh-hasina-inaugurate-india-bangladesh-oil-pipeline-construction-1343280-2018-09-19 |title=PM Modi, Sheikh Hasina inaugurate India-Bangladesh oil pipeline construction |magazine=India Today |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614022104/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-sheikh-hasina-inaugurate-india-bangladesh-oil-pipeline-construction-1343280-2018-09-19 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/cabinet-approves-use-of-bangladesh-ports-for-indian-shipments-to-north-east/1316609/ |title=Cabinet approves use of Bangladesh ports for Indian shipments to North-East |work=The Financial Express |date=17 September 2018 |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201181352/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/cabinet-approves-use-of-bangladesh-ports-for-indian-shipments-to-north-east/1316609/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===== 2015 Land Boundary Agreement =====
On 7 May 2015, the [[Indian Parliament]], in the presence of Bangladeshi diplomats, unanimously passed the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) as its 100th Constitutional amendment, thereby resolving all 68-year-old border disputes since the end of the British Raj. The bill was pending ratification since the 1974 Mujib-Indira accords.

At midnight of 31 July 2015, Bangladesh and India swapped territories along their ill-defined border. More than 15,000 people became citizens of India while 36,000 people took Bangladeshi citizenship after living without nationality for decades. Ending a prolonged dispute, the two nations swapped 162 enclaves on the border region, allowing the people living there to stay or opt out to the other country.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=India and Bangladesh settle old dispute in land swap |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/8/1/india-and-bangladesh-settle-old-dispute-in-land-swap |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==== Relationship with interim government (2024–2026) ====
[[File:PM_Modi_meeting_with_the_Chief_Adviser_of_the_People’s_Republic_of_Bangladesh,_Mr._Muhammad_Yunus_at_Bangkok,_in_Thailand_on_April_04,_2025.jpg|thumb|280x280px|[[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh]] [[Muhammad Yunus]] meeting the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] on the sidelines of the 6th [[BIMSTEC]] summit in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], on 2 April 2025.]]
According to India's foreign secretary, [[Vikram Misri]], prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] was among the first foreign leaders to greet [[Muhammad Yunus]] after he assumed office as Chief Adviser.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Arushi |date=2024-12-09 |title=Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri meets Bangladesh's Muhammad Yunus amid strained ties |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/foreign-secretary-vikram-misri-meets-bangladesh-s-muhammad-yunus-amid-strained-ties-latest-updates-2024-12-09-965449 |access-date=2025-01-03 |publisher=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> However, [[August 2024 Bangladesh floods]] hampered Bangladesh–India relations.<ref name="Millions in this country are stranded by flooding. Many blame their neighbor">{{Cite news |date=26 August 2024 |title=Millions in this country are stranded by flooding. Many blame their neighbor |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/26/asia/bangladesh-flood-disaster-india-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826152016/https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/26/asia/bangladesh-flood-disaster-india-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=CNN World |language=en}}</ref>

In early December 2024, the tensions between the two countries reduced after a diplomatic visit by India's foreign secretary. He called on the Yunus and the meeting concluded on a positive note. The foreign secretary conveyed that New Delhi envisaged "joint and concerted efforts" and desired increased engagement with Dhaka. However, he also raised the issue of attacks on cultural and religious sites. Yunus described relations with India as "very solid".<ref name=":4" />

On 25 December 2024, the Indian High Commissioner Pranay Verma expressed optimism about Bangladesh–India relations, highlighting mutual benefits from their growing capabilities. A "strong support" for a "democratic, stable, peaceful, progressive, and inclusive" Bangladesh was stated by the high commissioner. The high commissioner also said that New Delhi and Dhaka have a strong stake in each other's progress and prosperity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-25 |title=We've many things to offer each other |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/weve-many-things-offer-each-other-3783606 |access-date=2025-01-06 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

On 1 January 2025, an interview of the Bangladesh Army Chief [[Waker-Uz-Zaman]] with Prothom Alo English hinted at a positive outlook towards India. General Waker emphasized the importance of a balanced and mutually beneficial relationship between Bangladesh and India. He acknowledged both countries' dependence on each other, with India playing a significant role in trade, work, and medical services. Waker stressed the need for fairness and equality in their interactions, ensuring Bangladeshis didn't feel dominated, preserving national interests while fostering good relations. The relationship was described as a "give and take". When questioned on security cooperation, the general stated that Bangladesh would not do anything that goes against India's strategic interests and expected India to reciprocate.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rahman |first1=Matiur |last2=Ejaz |first2=Raheed |date=2025-01-01 |title=We are amid a new dream, a new time of transition |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/opinion/interview/grmo9njtwj |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en}}</ref> On the same day, Bangladesh Foreign Affairs Adviser [[Md. Touhid Hossain]] mentioned that Bangladesh's ties with India would "extend beyond a single issue" and assured that maintaining good relations with India was among the priorities in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhaka-Delhi ties: The wind blows towards positive change |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/369949/dhaka-delhi-ties-the-wind-blows-towards-a |access-date=2025-01-06 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

On 4 April 2025, Yunus and Modi met each other for the first time since the resignation of Hasina in August 2024. Both leaders engaged in a bilateral meeting on the sidelines of 6th [[BIMSTEC]] summit in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Narendra Modi, Bangladesh's Yunus hold first talks amid tensions since Sheikh Hasina fled to India |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-bangladesh-s-yunus-hold-first-talks-amid-tensions-since-sheikh-hasina-fled-to-india-101743747060332.html |date=4 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi meets Bangladesh's Muhammad Yunus in Bangkok, first since Sheikh Hasina's ouster |website=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-meets-bangladesh-muhammad-yunus-bangkok-9924206/ |date=4 April 2025}}</ref> Amongst the discussed topics, were extradition of Hasina, border killings, Ganges and [[Teesta River]] water sharing, [[Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh|persecution of Hindu minorities in Bangladesh]], and provocative statements made from the both sides.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:অধ্যাপক ইউনূস ও নরেন্দ্র মোদীর প্রথম বৈঠক, শেখ হাসিনার প্রত্যর্পণ নিয়ে আলোচনা |website=[[BBC Bangla]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cdrg0xg748zo |date=4 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:অধ্যাপক ইউনূসের সাথে বৈঠকে মোদীর বক্তব্য কী ছিল |website=[[BBC Bangla]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/ce82nz7nk1lo |date=4 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=At meeting with Yunus, Modi raises safety of Hindus in Bangladesh, says vitiating rhetoric best avoided |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/at-meeting-with-yunus-modi-raises-safety-of-hindus-in-bangladesh-says-vitiating-rhetoric-best-avoided/2577914/?amp |website=[[The Print]] |date=4 April 2025}}</ref> Press Secretary [[Shafiqul Alam]] described the meeting as "constructive, productive, and fruitful".<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Modi, Bangladesh's Yunus hold first talks since 2024 uprising |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/4/indias-modi-bangladeshs-yunus-hold-first-talks-since-2024-uprising |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=4 April 2025}}</ref> In the meeting, Yunus also gifted a picture of Modi honouring him in 102nd Indian Science Congress in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh's Muhammad Yunus's throwback gift to PM Modi during meeting in Thailand |website=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bangladeshs-muhammad-yunuss-throwback-gift-to-pm-modi-during-meeting-in-thailand-2703986-2025-04-04 |date=4 April 2025}}</ref> Bangladesh's largest opposition [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) welcomed the meeting, with its General Secretary [[Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir]] calling it a "ray of great hope".<ref>{{cite news |title=Yunus-Modi talks offer ray of hope: Fakhrul |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/1f50b07cb442 |work=bdnews24.com |date=4 April 2025}}</ref>

On 26 June 2025, Bangladeshi Adviser of Foreign Affairs Md Touhid Hossain noted that Bangladesh–India relations were going through a "readjustment phase", while refuting the claim to be frozen & asserting that Bangladesh had always been open to engage with India.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ভারতের সঙ্গে সম্পর্ক 'পুনর্বিন্যাস' পর্যায়ে: পররাষ্ট্র উপদেষ্টা |trans-title=Relations with India in a 'readjustment' phase: Foreign Adviser |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/970577 |website=Daily Jugantor |date=26 June 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

==== Relationship under Tarique Rahman (2026-present) ====
Before [[Tarique Rahman]] was even officially sworn in as the PM, Indian PM Narendra Modi personally congratulated him on his victory in the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election|2026 Bangladesh general elections]] in a direct phone call. Modi described Rahman's electoral victory as decisive.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-13 |title=Narendra Modi talks to Tarique over phone, reaffirms India’s support |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/foreign%20affairs/291119/narendra-modi-talks-to-tarique-over-phone-reaffirms-indias-support |work=NEW AGE}}</ref>

A reset in ties was observed with the victory of BNP and swearing in of Tarique Rahman. Rahman's adviser suggested the same. India welcomed the transition to the elected government. Modi was officially invited to Rahman's swearing-in ceremony. Lok Sabha speaker [[Om Birla]] met Rahman at the ceremony and conveyed wishes from India. An official statement said that it reflected the "deep and enduring friendship" between the two countries and reaffirmed New Delhi’s commitment to the democratic processes. Birla, accompanied by [[Vikram Misri]], handed over a personal congratulatory letter from Modi to Rahman that also invited Rahman and his family to India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh wants to reset ties with India: Tarique’s adviser |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/bangladesh-wants-to-reset-ties-with-india-tariques-adviser/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-17 |title=Om Birla meets new Bangladesh PM Tarique Rahman, hands over PM Modi’s letter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/om-birla-meets-new-bangladesh-pm-tarique-rahman-hands-over-pm-modis-letter/articleshow/128464614.cms |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarique Rahman Invited To India By Modi {{!}} Modi invites Tarique and family for official visit to India {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/modi-invites-tarique-and-family-official-visit-india-4108436 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, [[Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir]] indicated that Bangladesh would not restrict itself in its pursuit of broader relations with New Delhi over Sheikh Hasina's presence in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=2026-02-16 |title=Sheikh Hasina’s presence in India will not be a ‘deterrent’ to broader India-Bangladesh relation: BNP’s Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/hasinas-presence-in-india-will-not-be-a-deterrent-to-broader-india-bangladesh-relation-bnps-mirza-fakhrul-islam-alamgir/article70638064.ece |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Diplomatic events==
On 6 December, Bangladesh and India celebrate Friendship Day commemorating India's recognition of Bangladesh and the continued friendship between the two countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Missions of India and Bangladesh observe Maitri Diwas on Bangladesh's 50th year of liberation |url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/missions-of-india-and-bangladesh-observe-maitri-diwas-on-bangladeshs-50th-year-of-liberation-9620.html |publisher=Connected to India |date=7 December 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012040234/https://www.connectedtoindia.com/missions-of-india-and-bangladesh-observe-maitri-diwas-on-bangladeshs-50th-year-of-liberation-9620.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since November 2013, a "[[Wagah border ceremony|Wagah Border]]-like ceremony" was being organised at [[Petrapole]]-[[Benapole]] border checkpoint. The ceremony included parades, march-past and lowering of the national flags of both the countries at sundown on the eastern border.<ref>{{cite news |author=Abhishek Law |title=Wagah-like retreat ceremony on India-Bangladesh border |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/wagahlike-retreat-ceremony-on-indiabangladesh-border/article5322459.ece |newspaper=Business Line |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111153659/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/wagahlike-retreat-ceremony-on-indiabangladesh-border/article5322459.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, the Indian Parliament passed the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]] (CAA),<ref>{{Cite news |author=Helen Regan, Swati Gupta and Omar Khan |title=India passes controversial citizenship bill that excludes Muslims |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/asia/india-citizenship-amendment-bill-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2020-09-12 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215224043/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/asia/india-citizenship-amendment-bill-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> following which Bangladesh's Foreign Minister [[AK Abdul Momen]] and Home Minister [[Asaduzzaman Khan]] cancelled their trips to India.<ref name="ie13Dec2016">{{Cite news |date=2019-12-13 |title=Bangladesh ministers cancel visit to India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bangladesh-ministers-cancel-visit-to-india-citizenship-amendment-bill-6164430/ |access-date=2020-09-12 |work=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130063305/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bangladesh-ministers-cancel-visit-to-india-citizenship-amendment-bill-6164430/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, minister [[Shahriar Alam (politician)|Shahriar Alam]] also cancelled his visit to India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Roche |first=Elizabeth |date=2020-01-11 |title=Bangladesh foreign minister cancels visit to India |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bangladesh-foreign-minister-cancels-visit-to-india-11578724311181.html |access-date=2020-09-12 |work=mint |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405211748/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bangladesh-foreign-minister-cancels-visit-to-india-11578724311181.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sheikh Hasina]] was critical of the CAA, describing it as "not necessary", but nevertheless affirmed CAA and the [[National Register of Citizens]] were "internal matters" of India.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |title=PM on CAA, NRC: Don't understand why India did this |date=19 January 2020 |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2020/01/19/pm-caa-nrc-are-india-s-internal-matter |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022160305/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2020/01/19/pm-caa-nrc-are-india-s-internal-matter |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Bangladesh backed India in its [[Canada–India relations#2023 diplomatic row|diplomatic feud]] with Canada over the killing of [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]], describing Canada as a "hub for murderers".<ref>{{cite news|work=India Today|title='Canada has become a hub for murderers': Bangladesh Foreign Minister backs India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/canada-has-become-a-hub-for-murderers-bangladesh-foreign-minister-backs-india-2442068-2023-09-29|date=29 September 2023|access-date=11 December 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114123635/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/canada-has-become-a-hub-for-murderers-bangladesh-foreign-minister-backs-india-2442068-2023-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Areas of cooperation==
{{Update section|date=December 2024}}

===Economic===
Bangladesh-India bilateral trade was over US$10 billion in 2018–19.<ref name="IndBangla1">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-plans-to-enhance-trade-with-bangladesh/articleshow/76881534.cms India plans to enhance trade with Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714055959/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-plans-to-enhance-trade-with-bangladesh/articleshow/76881534.cms |date=14 July 2024 }}, Economic Times, July 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India-Bangladesh trade may double by 2018|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/india-bangladesh-trade-may-double-by-2018-30237|newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=11 December 2024|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414112001/https://www.thedailystar.net/india-bangladesh-trade-may-double-by-2018-30237|url-status=live}}</ref> Bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh stood at US$6.6 billion in 2013–14 with India's exports at US$6.1 billion and imports from Bangladesh at US$462 million, representing more than double the value of US$2.7 billion five years ago.<ref>{{cite news |title=India-Bangladesh trade may almost double to $10 billion by 2018: CII|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-24/news/50825908_1_h-mahmood-ali-bangladesh-exports-industry-body-cii-today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628012139/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-24/news/50825908_1_h-mahmood-ali-bangladesh-exports-industry-body-cii-today |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2014 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Bangladesh cabinet approved a revised trade deal with India under which the two nations would be able to use each other's land and water routes for sending goods to a third country, removing a long-standing barrier in regional trade. Under the deal India would also be able to send goods to [[Myanmar]] through Bangladesh. It incorporated a provision that the deal would be renewed automatically after five years if neither of the countries did not have any objection.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh Cabinet approves revised trade agreement with India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-bangladesh-trade-may-almost-double-to-10-billion-by-2018-cii/articleshow/37126716.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407215852/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-bangladesh-trade-may-almost-double-to-10-billion-by-2018-cii/articleshow/37126716.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the state visit by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to New Delhi in September 2022, she has urged with Indian businesses to invest in her nation's burgeoning manufacturing, energy, and transportation sectors, as well as its infrastructure projects. In his response to her invitation, CII President [[Sanjiv Bajaj]] discussed energy and infrastructure, as well as the ways in which connectivity can be utilized to promote shared prosperity. He went on to say that "India's experience with [[Digital India]] ought to be utilized in order to better sync it with [[Digital Bangladesh]] in order to provide more opportunities for digital and financial inclusion."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2022-09-08 |title=Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Urges Indian Businesses To Invest In Bangladesh |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/bangladesh-prime-minister-sheikh-hasina-urges-indian-businesses-to-invest-in-bangladesh--news-221962 |access-date=2022-09-30 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404053338/https://www.outlookindia.com/business/bangladesh-prime-minister-sheikh-hasina-urges-indian-businesses-to-invest-in-bangladesh--news-221962 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Loans====
In 2011, India approved a $750 million loan for developing Bangladesh infrastructure<ref>{{cite news|author=Serajul Islam Quadir|date=4 September 2011|title=India approves $750 mln infrastructure loan for Bangladesh|work=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-59137520110904|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042344/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-59137520110904|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> and offered another $1 billion soft loan for infrastructure development in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's $1b loan offer|newspaper=The Daily Star|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/indias-1b-loan-offer-15485|access-date=11 December 2024|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424200136/http://www.thedailystar.net/indias-1b-loan-offer-15485|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Historical economic cooperation ===
==== Cement sector ====
India has been of indirect assistance for the creation of cement sector in Bangladesh that eventually propelled it to the league of top 20 cement producers in the world. India and France first brought cement production to Bangladesh. In 1974, the French company [[Lafarge (company)|Lafarge]] decided to set up a factory in Sylhet that used limestone from the Indian state of Meghalaya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Indo-Bangla economic relations |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/339699/indo-bangla-economic-relations |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Aid provided by India ===
==== Post liberation aid program ====
During the first 6 months right after the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|liberation war]], until June 1972, India committed $220 million or approximately $1.6 billion if adjusted with inflation as of 2024, to Bangladesh which made it the largest aid provider at that time.<ref name=":2" />

==== Annual aid ====
* In 2021, India allocated INR 200 crores for the fiscal year 2021–2022.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2022-02-01 |title=India announces Rs 300cr financial aid for Bangladesh in budget |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/asia/south-asia/news/india-announces-rs-300cr-annual-budgetary-financial-aid-bangladesh-2952051 |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2022, India announced approximately INR 300 crores in aid to Bangladesh.<ref name=":3" />
* In 2023, India allocated INR 200 crores in aid.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-01 |title=India allocates Rs200 crore for Bangladesh as development aid |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/india-allocates-rs200-crore-bangladesh-development-aid-3236431 |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2024, India allocated INR 120 crores for Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-24 |title=India's foreign aid diplomacy: Union budget 2024-25 boosts global partnerships with ₹22,154 crore allocation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-foreign-aid-surge-union-budget-2024-25-boosts-global-partnerships-with-22154-crore-allocation/photostory/111968700.cms?picid=111968735 |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* In 2025, India allocated INR 120 crores.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Indian Aid To Bangladesh 2026 {{!}} India allocates Rs 60 crore for Bangladesh, far below aid for other neighbours {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/india-allocates-rs-60-crore-bangladesh-far-below-aid-other-neighbours-4095936 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2026, India allocated INR 60 crores. The budget was slashed due to tense relations with the outgoing [[Interim government of Muhammad Yunus|interim government]] and alleged violence against minorities.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-02 |title=India slashes aid to Bangladesh by half amid diplomatic tensions |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-bangladesh-aid-slashed-budget-2026-b2912087.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

==== India's line of credit program ====
India has provided Bangladesh about $7.862 billion through four different Lines of Credit (LOC) programs, making Bangladesh the largest recipient under India's LOC initiative. This assistance has supported infrastructure development across various sectors, with 14 projects successfully completed out of 43 under implementation as of 2021. By October 2021, $865 million had been disbursed, and contracts worth over $990.85 million had been awarded in the preceding three years, with an additional $325.58 million in the finalization stage. India's active coordination with Bangladesh's Economic Relations Division (ERD) and other stakeholders has significantly improved project execution speeds, fostering mutual progress and regional development.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-28 |title=Bangladesh, India satisfied as 14 Lines of Credit projects completed |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-india-satisfied-14-lines-credit-projects-completed-322333 |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

===Defence===
[[File:Bangladesh Air Chief Marshal Serniabat after flying Tejas.webm|thumb|300px|Chief of Air Staff of Bangladesh, Air Chief Marshal [[Masihuzzaman Serniabat]] after taking the demo flight of [[LCA Tejas]] .]]
During Sheikh Hasina's four-day visit to New Delhi in April 2017, Bangladesh and India signed two defence agreements, the first such agreements between India and any of its neighbours. Under the agreements, the militaries of the two countries will conduct joint exercises and training. India will help Bangladesh achieve self-sufficiency in defence manufacturing, and will also provide the Bangladesh military with expert training, and technical and logistic support. India also extended its first ever defence-related line of credit to a neighbouring country, by providing Bangladesh with $500 million to purchase defence equipment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-to-sign-two-major-defence-deals-with-bangladesh/articleshow/58068508.cms|title=India to sign two major defence deals with Bangladesh|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233509/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-to-sign-two-major-defence-deals-with-bangladesh/articleshow/58068508.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Also, the militaries of the two countries have played quite an extensive role in taking up common issues to enhance and conduct training programmes to deal with counter terrorism issues, natural disasters, ensure Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Reliefs (HADR). In March 2019, [[Indian Army]]'s [[Commander-in-Chief, India|GOC-in-C]] of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army Command]], [[Manoj Mukund Naravane|General M.M. Naravane]] visited to the [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff, of Bangladesh]] [[Aziz Ahmed (general)|General Aziz Ahmed]] to hold talks related to boosting of Intelligence sharing between the 2 countries along with developing other areas of defence cooperation. The visit has most importantly come up at the time, when Myanmar decided to take strong actions in order to act against the operating insurgent groups which were operating foiling up terrorist activities on both the sides of India and Myanmar, along with that had discussions on various options to enhance the conduction of Military exercises at a more rapid and strong scale.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/23/Top-Indian-military-officer-visits-Bangladesh-discusses-steps-boost-defence-ties.html|title=Top Indian military officer visits Bangladesh, discusses steps to boost defence ties|date=23 March 2019|work=The Week Magazine|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>

Prime Minister Narendra Modi said: "India would not like to impose anything which Bangladesh may find not suitable to its requirement. The bilateral document under consideration is aimed at institutionalizing the existing mechanism and streamlining the ongoing cooperation between both the countries", an official said. A potential joint road-map for developing the [[blue economy]] in the area was discussed.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roy Chowdhury|first=Dipanjan|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-to-sign-two-major-defence-deals-with-bangladesh/articleshow/58068508.cms?from=mdr|title=India to sign two major defence deals with Bangladesh|date=12 July 2018|work=The Economic Times, Defence|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806125340/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-to-sign-two-major-defence-deals-with-bangladesh/articleshow/58068508.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

Also, both Prime Ministers of India and Bangladesh, had welcomed their initiatives for developing a closer effort to strengthen Maritime Security Partnerships and also they appreciated the finalization of a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) related to the establishment of a Coastal Surveillance Radar System in Bangladesh's [[Chittagong Port|Chittagong]] and [[Port of Mongla|Mongla]] ports.<ref name="mea.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/31911/IndiaBangladesh+Joint+Statement+during+Official+Visit+of+Prime+Minister+of+Bangladesh+to+India|title=India-Bangladesh Joint Statement during Official Visit of Prime Minister of Bangladesh to India|date=5 October 2019|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203223243/https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F31911%2FIndiaBangladesh%20Joint%20Statement%20during%20Official%20Visit%20of%20Prime%20Minister%20of%20Bangladesh%20to%20India|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Counterterrorism cooperation ====
During Sheikh Hasina’s 2019 state visit to New Delhi, she held talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who praised Bangladesh’s zero-tolerance policy on terrorism and its efforts to promote regional peace and stability. Both leaders acknowledged that terrorism remained a major threat and reaffirmed their shared commitment to eliminating it in all forms. They also noted ongoing cooperation between the two countries, including agreements reached during the Bangladeshi home minister’s visit to India in August 2019 to strengthen collaboration against terrorism, extremist groups, arms and drug smuggling, counterfeit currency, and organized crime.<ref name="mea.gov.in" />

=== United Nations and international community ===

==== Bangladesh's inclusion in United Nations ====
According to the Diplomatic Bluebook for 1972 published by [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|MoFA Japan]], India acted behind the scenes in 1972 which led to the recognition of Bangladesh by 98 countries which subsequently helped unlocked $1,300 million in aid. Indian bid for recognition of Bangladesh at UN faced tough opposition from Pakistan and China and the process was prolonged.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Situation in the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1972/1972-1-9.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323235940/https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1972/1972-1-9.htm |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=mofa.go.jp |url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh was eventually recognized by the United Nations in September 1974.[[File:Vice Admiral Satish Soni, High Commissioner of Bangladesh to India Tariq Ahmad Karim and Bangladesh Navy Captain Mir Ershad Ali.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[High Commissioner]] of [[Bangladesh]] to India (centre) with [[Indian Navy]] officials.]]

===Energy===
In 2016 a deal between Modi and Hasina was criticized. Bangladeshi critics accused the deal for setting a high price for the import of electricity, especially from [[Tripura]]. Equipment for the plant was sent through Bangladesh which waived most of the transit fees.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/the-overton-window/the-devils-the-details-1391908 |title=The devils in the details |date=2017-04-17 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-04-17 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707122024/https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/the-overton-window/the-devils-the-details-1391908 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Adani Power said on 8 November 2017 its arm Adani Power ([[Jharkhand]]) has inked long-term pact with [[Bangladesh Power Development Board]] to supply electricity from its upcoming 1,600 MW plant at [[Godda]] in Jharkhand.

=== Readymade garment sector ===

==== Import of cotton ====
Readymade Garments account for majority of Bangladesh's exports, but the sector itself is heavily reliant on import of Cotton from countries like India, China, and Brazil. Bangladesh's economic boom reliant on this sector relies heavily on raw materials imported from India.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=A New Bangladesh Is Emerging But It Needs India Too |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/08/a-new-bangladesh-is-emerging-but-it-needs-india-too/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |magazine=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref> According to The Observatory of Economic Complexity, in the year 2022 alone, raw cotton accounted for about 21% of Indian exports to Bangladesh. Bangladesh imports cotton primarily from India at about $942 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raw Cotton in Bangladesh |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/raw-cotton/reporter/bgd |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh (BGD) and India (IND) Trade |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/bgd/partner/ind?depthSelector=HS2Depth |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en}}</ref>

===Scholarship===
Every year 200 Bangladeshi students receive ICCR scholarships.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/01/03/indian-scholarships-open-for-2015-2016 |title=Indian scholarships open for 2015-2016 |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=2 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002230415/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/01/03/indian-scholarships-open-for-2015-2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> India has offered scholarships for meritorious Bangladeshi under and post graduate students and PhD researchers to undertake studies in traditional systems of medicines like [[Ayurveda]], [[Unani]] and [[Homeopathy]], according to Indian High Commission in Dhaka.<ref>{{cite news |title=India offers scholarships for Bangladeshi students for higher studies |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/8876 |work=The Independent |location=Dhaka |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130070204/https://theindependentbd.com/post/8876 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, 400 Indian medical students protested in Chittagong after they failed to register with the Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/despite-sushma-swaraj-s-assurance-indian-students-in-bangladesh-continue-protests/story-5BWRvEEmrskRcwPNKiTm7I.html |title=Despite Sushma Swaraj's assurance, Indian students in Bangladesh continue protests |date=2017-01-14 |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-04-17 |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121559/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/despite-sushma-swaraj-s-assurance-indian-students-in-bangladesh-continue-protests/story-5BWRvEEmrskRcwPNKiTm7I.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bangladesh-indian-students-take-to-streets-as-medical-board-fails-to-register-them/story-vcII9wzC4IeKHv7f63KBhN.html |title=Bangladesh: Indian students protest as medical board fails to register them |date=2017-01-12 |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-04-17 |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530121607/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bangladesh-indian-students-take-to-streets-as-medical-board-fails-to-register-them/story-vcII9wzC4IeKHv7f63KBhN.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Medical Cooperation ===
Following the J-7 crash in Milestone School, Indian Prime Minister Modi extended condolences and medical help to Yunus administration.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 July 2025 |title=Indian medical team reaches Dhaka to assist with treatment of Bangladesh military plane crash victims: MEA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dhaka-deadly-air-crash-indian-medical-team-assist-treatment-victims-10145907/ |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign adviser: Dhaka always wanted a good working relationship with Delhi |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/387296/foreign-adviser-dhaka-always-wanted-a-good |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> An Indian medical team was sent to help.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Indian medical team begins consultations in Dhaka |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/815911 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=daily-sun |language=}}</ref>

==== COVID-19 pandemic cooperation ====
Bangladesh started mass COVID-19 vaccinations with India's Serum Institute [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|Covishield]] vaccines on 7 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Ruma |date=7 February 2021 |title='The wait is over': Bangladesh begins COVID-19 vaccinations |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-bangladesh-vaccine-idUSKBN2A70I0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429113912/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-bangladesh-vaccine-idUSKBN2A70I0 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref> Due to a second wave of COVID-19 in India, the vaccine export was halted. It hampered the vaccination program in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2021 |title=Bangladesh halts administering 1st dose of COVID jabs |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/bangladesh-halts-administering-1st-dose-of-covid-jabs/2220334 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428134119/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/bangladesh-halts-administering-1st-dose-of-covid-jabs/2220334 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021 |work=[[Anadolu Agency]] |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2021, Bangladesh sent medicines and medical equipment to India following the deteriorating [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 situation in India]]. The relief package consisted of approximately 10,000 vials of [[Remdesivir]], (produced in Bangladesh by [[Beximco]]) anti-viral injections, oral anti-viral, 30,000 PPE kits, and several thousand Zinc, Calcium, Vitamin C and other necessary tablets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-29 |title=COVID-19: Bangladesh offers emergency medical supplies to India |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/coronavirus-deadly-new-threat/news/covid-19-bangladesh-offers-emergency-medical-supplies-india-2085785 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623054733/https://www.thedailystar.net/coronavirus-deadly-new-threat/news/covid-19-bangladesh-offers-emergency-medical-supplies-india-2085785 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |access-date=2021-05-03 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|Daily Star]] |language=en}}</ref> In May 2021, the government of Bangladesh sent a second consignment of COVID-19 relief consisting of antibiotics, paracetamol, protective equipment and hand sanitiser.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-18 |title=Bangladesh sends second consignment of medicines to India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-sends-second-consignment-of-medicines-to-india/article34590277.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518172026/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-sends-second-consignment-of-medicines-to-india/article34590277.ece |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=2022-01-27 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
==Contentions==
{{Update section|date=December 2024}}
{{Further|Indian influence in Bangladesh}}
{{multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| width = 150
| image1 = Bangladesh India internal border, showing Bangladesh side.jpg
| alt1 = Bangladesh
| caption1 =
| image2 = Bangladesh India internal border, showing India side.jpg
| alt2 = India
| caption2 =
| footer = A post of the Bangladesh–India border
}}

===Farakka Barrage===
{{Main|Farakka Barrage}}

{{See also|Sharing of Ganges Waters}}
A major area of contention has been the construction and operation of the [[Farakka Barrage]] by India to increase water supply in the [[Hooghly River|River Hooghly]]. Bangladesh insists that it does not receive a fair share of the [[Ganges]] waters during the drier seasons, and gets flooded during the monsoons when India releases excess waters.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

===Border killings===
{{Main|Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border}}

Deaths of Bangladeshi citizens in the [[Indo-Bangladesh border]] became one of the embarrassments between the two nation's bilateral relations in recent years. The so-called "shoot-to-kill" policy by India's [[Border Security Forces]] (BSF)<ref name="HRW1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/12/06/indiabangladesh-indiscriminate-killings-abuse-border-officers |title=India/Bangladesh: Indiscriminate Killings, Abuse by Border Officers |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=9 December 2010 |access-date=2012-10-29 |archive-date=25 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425223728/http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/12/06/indiabangladesh-indiscriminate-killings-abuse-border-officers |url-status=live}}</ref> that according to [[Human Rights Watch]] killed nearly 1,000 Bangladeshis between 2001 and 2011 has remained at the core of the talks between Bangladeshi and Indian officials visiting each other.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-29 |title=Khaleda Zia assures counter-terror co-operation to India |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/khaleda-zia-assures-counter-terror-cooperation-india-103814719.html |newspaper=[[Yahoo News]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=2012-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107110414/http://in.news.yahoo.com/khaleda-zia-assures-counter-terror-cooperation-india-103814719.html |archive-date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Indian officials visiting Bangladesh including the [[Indian Foreign Minister|Indian foreign ministers]] and BSF chiefs numerously vowed to stop BSF shootings, but Bangladeshi nationals, comprising mostly illicit border crossers, have continued to be shot dead by the Indian troops.<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite news |author=Haroon Habib |date=1 October 2012 |title=BSF promises to bring down border casualties to zero |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bsf-chief-promises-to-bring-down-border-casualties-to-zero/article3952115.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-10-29 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107101123/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bsf-chief-promises-to-bring-down-border-casualties-to-zero/article3952115.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

While anger grew in Bangladesh because of the continued BSF shootings and subsequent deaths,<ref name="HRW1" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=195668 |title=Bangladeshi dies as BSF throws stones |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=2012-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPLf9ngkcis |title=WB: Video showing BSF torture surfaces |newspaper=[[IBN Live]] |date=18 January 2012 |access-date=2012-10-29}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> Indian officials argue that heightened security has followed the increasing flow of [[illegal emigration|illegal migrations]] into India as well as continued misuse of the border by [[Smuggling|illicit traders]]. Indian officials, vowing to cut down the number of casualties at border, showed statistics that the number of Bangladeshi deaths was in a steady decline in recent years.<ref name="Hindu1" /> The Bangladeshi deaths caused by BSF shootings at the border became subject to a so-called [[cyber war]] between the hackers of the two countries that took the websites of BSF, [[National Informatics Centre]] and [[Trinamool Congress]] as victims.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 February 2012 |title=Bangladesh group hacks BSF website to 'avenge border killings' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bangladesh-group-hacks-BSF-website-to-avenge-border-killings/articleshow/11892684.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510112352/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/india/31062663_1_pakistani-hackers-indian-websites-indian-hackers |url-status=live |archive-date=10 May 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-10-29}}</ref> The government of Bangladesh was found to comment on the issue condemning the cyber attacks on Indian websites.{{fact|date=November 2025}}

The Bangladesh side has also been found to have indulged in violation of border between the two countries. One such incident was the [[2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes|2001 Invasion of the Padua or Pyrdiwah Village]]. Between 16–19 April 2001, Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) intruded into Pyriduwah, Meghalaya, triggering border tensions. Heavy firing followed in Boraibari, Assam, on 17–18 April, during which 16 [[Border Security Force|BSF]] personnel went missing. India engaged through BSF and diplomatic channels, demanding an end to hostilities, BDR withdrawal, and restoration of the status quo, which, according to India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], was completed by 19 April.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=Statement by Shri Jaswant Singh, External Affairs Minister Recent Incidents at India-Bangladesh Border |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/10368/Statement+by+Shri+Jaswant+Singh+External+Affairs+Minister+Recent+Incidents+at+IndiaBangladesh+Border |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222073850/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/10368/Statement+by+Shri+Jaswant+Singh+External+Affairs+Minister+Recent+Incidents+at+IndiaBangladesh+Border |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US |url-status=live}}</ref> When the bodies of the 16 missing personnel were returned on 20 April, some of them showed signs of mutilation, with eight soldiers shot at point-blank range "through the eyes". The incident raised grave concerns over violations of international norms and human rights. In photographs circulated in the media, some Bangladeshi villagers could be seen carrying the body of one of the victims of the killings dangling by his hands and feet from a bamboo pole "like a dead tiger". The unprovoked intrusion and the inhumane treatment and killing of the soldiers was condemned by India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |date=2001-04-26 |title=16 Indian Soldiers Are Victims in Bangladesh Border Skirmish |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/26/world/16-indian-soldiers-are-victims-in-bangladesh-border-skirmish.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-05-07 |title=Barbaric killing of BSF jawans puts India-Bangladesh relations under severe strain |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/20010507-barbaric-killing-of-bsf-jawans-puts-india-bangladesh-relations-under-severe-strain-776193-2001-05-06 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The soldiers did not die during skirmishes but were killed after the fighting ended as evident in the case of Deputy Commander Mandal where rigor-mortis was just setting in after his corpse was returned indicating death within a period of 24 hours.<ref name=":5" />

Attempts have been made to reduce killings on the border. BSF brought about a policy change to minimize fatalities in shooting incidents involving trespassers and pledged use of non-lethal weaponry that may not kill hostiles at a safe distance and may only cause fatalities should the hostile actors get too close with intent to kill.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-10 |title=BGB-BSF meet: Zero border killing pledged yet again |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/bgb-bsf-meet-zero-border-killing-pledged-yet-again-3563001 |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

=== Diplomatic incidents ===
In November 2015, Bangladeshi Commerce Minister [[Tofail Ahmed (politician)|Tofail Ahmed]] was critical of India's [[2015 Nepal blockade]], stating that "blockades hit at agreements like the [[BBIN]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-minister-pitches-for-end-to-nepal-blockade/article7778250.ece |title=Bangladesh Minister pitches for end to Nepal blockade |author=Kallol Bhattacherjee |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422041917/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-minister-pitches-for-end-to-nepal-blockade/article7778250.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 2024 attack on the Bangladesh Assistant High Commission in India ====
{{Main|2024 attack on the Bangladesh Assistant High Commission in India}}

In late November 2024, several reports of desecration of Indian flags and ISKON emblems emerged. The incidents reportedly took place at the [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]], [[Bogra Government Polytechnic Institute]], [[University of Dhaka|Dhaka University]], and [[Noakhali Science and Technology University]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seli |first=Yeshi |date=2024-11-30 |title=Students in Bangladesh urged to desecrate Indian tricolour, ISKCON emblem |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2024/Nov/30/students-in-bangladesh-urged-to-desecrate-indian-tricolour-iskcon-emblem |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 2 December 2024, members of the Hindu Sangharsh Samity attacked the Bangladesh Assistant High Commission in [[Agartala]], Tripura. They entered the premises and "took down the [[Bangladesh flag]], set it on fire, and caused some vandalism inside the building".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-02 |title=Bangladesh assistant high commission in Agartala attacked, flag torched |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/international/india/0sprwqe5ux |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Ministry]] expressed regret over the incident in Tripura capital and assured Bangladesh that it was "stepping up security arrangements" at Bangladesh missions in India.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Kallol Bhattacherjee |author2=Syed Sajjad Ali |date=2024-12-02 |title=Protesters barge into Bangladesh mission in Agartala, pull down flag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ministry-of-external-affairs-statement-on-breach-of-premises-of-bangladesh-mission-in-agartala/article68938499.ece |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 3 December 2024, the Indian police also made seven arrests related to the incident which was described by India's foreign ministry as "extremely regrettable".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-12 |title=Bangladesh summons India envoy after consulate attack |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bangladesh-summons-india-envoy-after-consulate-attack/a-70951855 |access-date=2025-01-17 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=en}}</ref>

===Teen Bigha Corridor===
{{Main|Teen Bigha Corridor}}

There have also been disputes regarding the transfer of [[Teen Bigha Corridor]] to Bangladesh. Part of Bangladesh is surrounded by the Indian state of West Bengal. On 26 June 1992, India leased three ''[[bigha]]'' land to Bangladesh to connect this [[enclave]] with mainland Bangladesh. There was a dispute regarding the indefinite nature of the lease. The dispute was resolved by a mutual agreement between India and Bangladesh in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |author=Nishit Dholabhai |date=21 July 2011 |title=24/7 access for Bangla via corridor |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110721/jsp/nation/story_14268412.jsp |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002122534/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110721/jsp/nation/story_14268412.jsp |archive-date=2013-10-02 |access-date=2012-10-24}}</ref>

===Terrorism===
{{Further|Terrorism in Bangladesh|Terrorism in India}}
Terrorist activities targeting India are carried out by certain terror-outfits based in Bangladesh, like Ansarullah Bangla Team affiliated to Al-Qaeda and [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 May 2008 |title=Bangladeshi Immigrants Stoke Terror in India |url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1200&Itemid=35 |newspaper=Asia Sentinel |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717232450/http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1200&Itemid=35 |archive-date=2012-07-17 |access-date=2012-10-24}}</ref>

===Illegal migration===
{{Main|Illegal immigration to India}}

Illegal Bangladeshi immigration into India has also been a major area of contention in the relations.<ref name="ODI1">{{cite journal |author1=Fiona Samuels |author2=Sanju Wagle |year=2011 |title=Population mobility and HIV and AIDS: review of laws, policies and treaties between Bangladesh, Nepal and India |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5733&title=hiv-aids-migration-emphasis-bangladesh-nepal-india |location=London |website=Overseas Development Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920024611/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5733&title=hiv-aids-migration-emphasis-bangladesh-nepal-india |archive-date=20 September 2012}}</ref> The border is porous and migrants are able to cross illegally, though sometimes only in return for financial or other incentives to border security personnel.<ref name="ODI1" /> Bangladeshi officials have denied the existence of Bangladeshis living in India and those illegal migrants found are described as having been [[Human trafficking|trafficked]].<ref name="ODI1" /> This has considerable repercussions for those involved, as they are stigmatized for having been involved in prostitution, whether or not this has actually been the case. Cross border migrants are also at far higher risk of [[HIV/AIDS]] infection.{{fact|date=November 2025}}

=== Cyberattacks ===
Bangladeshi cyberattacks on India largely took the form of hacktivist activity by Mysterious Team Bangladesh, a group founded in 2020 that gained international attention in 2022. Since mid-2023, the group carried out more than 750 [[Denial-of-service attack|DDoS attacks]] and over 70 website defacements, with about 34 percent of its targets located in India, primarily aimed at disrupting websites and spreading political or ideological messages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi hacktivists targeting India, Israel with DDoS attacks |url=https://therecord.media/bangladesh-hacktivistis-targeting-india |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=therecord.media |language=en}}</ref>

India-based [[Hacktivism|hacktivist group]] [[Trojan 1337]], known for politically motivated [[cyberattack]]s against nations with strained relations with India, too gained attention.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের শতাধিক ওয়েবসাইটে হামলার দাবি ভারতীয় হ্যাকার গ্রুপের |url=https://samakal.com/technology/article/310792/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0 |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=Samakal |language=bn}}</ref> Active since 2023, the group has targeted [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]], [[website defacement|defacing]] government and educational institution websites, notably on India's Independence Day (15 August) in 2023 and 2025, including attacks on Savar Union Parishad, Rohitpur Union Parishad, and several schools like Rupnagar Government Secondary School.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K.RAHIB |date=2025-08-16 |script-title=bn:স্বাধীনতা দিবসে শতাধিক বাংলাদেশি ওয়েবসাইটে ভারতীয় হ্যাকারদের সাইবার হামলার দাবি |url=https://probashinews24.tv/2025/08/153080/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Probashinews24.tv |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:স্বাধীনতা দিবসে শতাধিক বাংলাদেশি ওয়েবসাইটে ভারতীয় হ্যাকারদের সাইবার হামলার দাবি |url=https://www.bd-journal.com/bangladesh/293085/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Bangladesh Journal Online |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 August 2025 |script-title=bn:শতাধিক বাংলাদেশি ওয়েবসাইটে সাইবার হামলার দাবি ভারতীয় হ্যাকারদের |url=https://www.thedhakaxpress.com/technology/news/11340 |website=Dhaka Xpress |language=bn}}</ref> The actions included data breaches such as the [[National Board of Revenue]] (NBR) breach and a [[Dhaka WASA]] Scada was hacked.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kantho |first1=Kaler |date=August 2025 |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের শতাধিক ওয়েবসাইটে হামলার দাবি হ্যাকার গ্রুপের |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/info-tech/2025/08/16/1563380 |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-16 |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের শতাধিক ওয়েবসাইটে ভারতীয় হ্যাকার গ্রুপের হামলা |url=https://www.songbadprokash.com/science-technology/118639 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=songbadprokash.com |language=bn}}</ref>

===Others===
Both Bangladesh and India made claims over the same seawater at the [[Bay of Bengal]] before settlement of the issue.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2010 |title=India, Bangladesh to discuss maritime dispute |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/india-bangladesh-to-discuss-maritime-dispute_100301031.html |newspaper=Thaindian News |access-date=2012-10-24 |archive-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126141454/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/india-bangladesh-to-discuss-maritime-dispute_100301031.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

There was a minor hiccup in the relations of the two nations when Indian Prime Minister Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] claimed that "25% of Bangladeshis are anti-Indian", during an informal press meet.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jayanth Jacob |date=24 July 2011 |title=After gaffe, PM calls Sheikh Hasina, announces Bangladesh dates |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/After-gaffe-PM-calls-Sheikh-Hasina-announces-Bangladesh-dates/Article1-717281.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022050652/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/After-gaffe-PM-calls-Sheikh-Hasina-announces-Bangladesh-dates/Article1-717281.aspx |archive-date=2012-10-22 |access-date=2012-10-24}}</ref>

In 2019, despite Bangladesh's efforts, Bangladeshi media claimed increased anxiety among a section of people with [[anti-India sentiment]]s while a sudden rise in illegal border-crossing was observed after the [[Citizenship Amendment Act]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Impact of CAA on Bangladesh: Despite Dhaka's efforts, anti-India sentiment on the rise among its citizens |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/impact-of-caa-on-bangladesh-despite-dhakas-efforts-anti-india-sentiment-on-the-rise-among-its-citizens-7796251.html |access-date=29 March 2021 |agency=Firstpost |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121090823/https://www.firstpost.com/india/impact-of-caa-on-bangladesh-despite-dhakas-efforts-anti-india-sentiment-on-the-rise-among-its-citizens-7796251.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Several Bangladeshi ministers cancelled their scheduled state visits to India as a response to India's Citizenship Amendment Bill.<ref name="ie13Dec2016" /> In 2021, [[2021 Bangladesh anti-Modi protests|violent protests]] in Bangladesh against the state visit by Indian PM Narendra Modi to the country led to the deaths of at least 14 people. The protesters, mostly from the [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh|Hefazat-e-Islam]], also attacked Hindu temples and a train in eastern Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Violent protests spread in Bangladesh after Modi visit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/28/violent-protests-spread-in-bangladesh-after-modi-visit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204095224/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/28/violent-protests-spread-in-bangladesh-after-modi-visit |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Three killed in Hefazat mayhem during hartal |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/03/28/hefazat-observing-hartal |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429053851/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/03/28/hefazat-observing-hartal |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Diaspora==
{{Main|Bangladeshis in India|Indians in Bangladesh}}

{{Expand section|date=December 2025}}

== Cultural relations ==

=== Sports ===
{{See also|Bangladesh–India cricket rivalry}}
Bangladesh and India have been major cricket-playing nations since the colonial era. Bangladesh got Full membership at the [[International Cricket Council]] in 2000 with India's help.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-18 |title=Cricket's fiercest rivalry? Why Bangladesh vs India is no longer just a game |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/crickets-fiercest-rivalry-why-bangladesh-vs-india-no-longer-just-game-1072161 |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> The two countries also share kabaddi as a traditional heritage, with India's [[Pro Kabaddi League]] helping to grow the game in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Kabaddi is Bangladesh's national sport but you'd never have guessed |url=https://www.espn.com/kabaddi/story/_/id/20376030/kabaddi-bangladesh-national-sport-never-guessed |access-date=2025-02-19 |publisher=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Bangladesh|India|Politics}}
* [[Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
* [[Bangladesh–India border]]
* [[Eastern South Asia]]
* [[Asian relations with Northeast India#Bangladesh|Bangladesh's relations with Northeast India]]
* [[Foreign relations of Bangladesh]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC)

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)'' [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp 384–397.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Relations of Bangladesh and India}}
* [https://i0.wp.com/www.insightsonindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/BBIN.jpg?resize=1303%2C859 Map of India-Bangladesh border links]

{{Bangladesh-India relations}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Bangladesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh-India Relations}}
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Bangladesh|India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]

North India Institute of Post Graduate Theological Studies

2026-03-04T05:48:43Z

Margaretxro: new basic stub v1!

{{Short description|Academic institution in Calcutta, India and Serampore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = North India Institute of Post Graduate Theological Studies (NIIPGTS)
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = ''to educate women and men and mould them as leaders in religious life as scholars, teachers, ministers, and other professionals for leadership and service both nationally and internationally enabling them to build a world beyond cultural and religious divide.''
| founder = [[Bishop’s College, Calcutta]] and [[Serampore College]], [[Serampore]]
| established = 1980<ref name="Aleaz">K. P. Aleaz, ''Theology of Religions: Birmingham Papers and Other Essays'', Moumita Publishers and Distributors, Calcutta, 1998, p.257. [https://books.google.com/books?id=izjkAAAAMAAJ&q=1973]</ref>
| mission =
| focus =
| president =
| chairman =
| head_label = Registrar
| head = The Rev. K. K. Chatry, [[Presbyterian Church of India|PCI]], Ph.D. (Birmingham)
| faculty =
| adjunct_faculty =
| staff =
| key_people =
| budget =
| endowment =
| debt =
| num_members =
| subsidiaries =
| owner =
| non-profit_slogan =
| former_name =
| location =
| city = [[Kolkata]] and [[Serampore]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| address = [[Bishop’s College, Calcutta]], 224, A.J.C Bose Road, [[Kolkata]] 700 017, West Bengal
| website = https://niipgts.in/
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
'''North India Institute of Post Graduate Theological Studies (NIIPGTS)''' is an academic institution of higher learning promoted by the [[Bishop’s College, Calcutta]] and the [[Serampore College]], [[Serampore]] comprising faculty from both the institutions affiliated to the nation's first University, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]].

The NIIPGTS was started in 1980<ref name="Aleaz"/> to offer postgraduate courses under the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] with select specialisations. In 1998,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8BXkAAAAMAAJ&q=North+India+Institute+of+Post+Graduate+Theological+Studies Somen Das, ''Mission and Evangelism'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 1998, p.130]</ref> the Institute started offering specialisation in [[Missiology]]. In 1999,<ref>Monica J. Melanchton, ''Graduate Biblical Studies in India'' in Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, Kent Harold Richards (Edited), ''Transforming Graduate Biblical Education: Ethos and Discipline'', SBL, Atlanta, 2010, p.120. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzhvp2AtOCgC&q=niipgts&pg=PA120]</ref> the NIPPGTS was recognised as an institution offering doctoral-level courses by the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]].

==Succession of Registrars of the NIIPGTS==
The following have been Registrars of the NIIPGTS:<ref>[http://niipgts.net/management/ NIIPGTS, ''Management'']</ref>

* The Rev. D. V. Singh, [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]],<ref>''Indian Church History Review'', Volume 19, Church History Association of India, 1985, p.94. [https://books.google.com/books?id=H8XYAAAAMAAJ&q=D.+V.+Singh+theology]</ref> [[D.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),<ref name="DTH">[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], ''List of Recipients of Doctor of Theology Degree''. [https://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/hall-of-fame/doctor-of-theology/]</ref>
* The Rev. S. D. L. Alagodi, [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[M.Th.]] (Serampore),
* The Rev. D. A. K. Mondal, [[Th.D.]] ([[Graduate Theological Union|GTU]]),<ref>[[Louise Pirouet]], Ian Breward, ''Church history 4'', SPCK, 1989, pp.73, 74, 79.[https://books.google.com/books?id=lKBQAQAAIAAJ&q=mondal]</ref>
* The Rev. K. David, [[CBCNC]], Ph.D. ([[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]),<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=998XAQAAIAAJ&q=University+of+Edinburgh+Journal+serampore ''University of Edinburgh Journal'', Volume 35, 1991, p.193]</ref>
* The Rev. A. Behera, [[CBCNEI]],<ref>[http://www.kabc.in/2013/03/the-genesis-of-kabc.html Karbi Anglong Baptist Convention]</ref> [[D.Th.]] (Serampore),<ref name="DTH"/>
* The Rev. D. K. Sahu, [[Church of North India|CNI]], Ph.D. ([[University of Birmingham|Birmingham]]),<ref>D. K. Sahu, ''The Church of North India - A historical and systematic theological inquiry into an ecumenical ecclesiology'', Peter Lang, Frankfurt, 1994. [http://www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/31183/datasheet_46908.pdf.]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* The Rev. [[T. Hembrom]], [[Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church|NELC]], D.Th. (Serampore),<ref name="DTH"/>
* The Rev. [[Siga Arles]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], Ph.D. ([[University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen]]),<ref>Siga Arles, ''Theological Education in Relation to the Identification of the Task of Mission and the Development of Ministries in India: 1947 to 1987 with Special Reference to the Church of South India'', University of Aberdeen, 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XCMbOAAACAAJ&q=siga+arles+aberdeen]
</ref>
* The Rev. V. J. John, [[MMTSC]], D.Th. (Serampore),<ref name="DTH"/>
* The Rev. Ivy Singh, CSI, D.Th. (Serampore),<ref>{{cite journal |author= |date=2003 |title=Eco-feminism as a Paradigm Shift in Theology |url=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/45_015.pdf |journal= Indian Journal of Theology|volume=45 |issue=1&2 |pages=15-29 |doi= |access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>
* The Rev. Samuel Longkumer, CBCNEI, D.Th. (Serampore),<ref name="DTH"/>
* The Rev. P. C. Gine, BBU,<ref>[http://indiamissionsummit.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/5/1/26512485/india_mission_summit_prg.pdf. India Mission Summit, 2014 Kohima]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> [[D.Theol.]] ([[University of Melbourne|Melbourne]])<ref>[[Serampore College]], ''Theology Department''. [http://www.seramporecollege.org/theology/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/profile_pratapc.pdf]</ref>
* The Rev. Limatula Longkumer, CBCNEI,<ref>[https://www.cbcnei.in/images/Baptist_News/65-2.pdf ''Baptist News'', April-June 2014]</ref> D.Th., (Serampore)<ref name="NIIPGTS 2016 brochure">[http://niipgts.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Mth_dth_information2016.pdf NIIPGTS 2016 brochure]</ref>
* The Rev. Aswathy John, MMTSC,<ref>[http://www.seramporecollege.org/theology/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/profile_aswathyj.pdf Serampore College, ''Faculty profiles'']</ref> D.Th., (Serampore)<ref name="NIIPGTS 2016 brochure"/>
* The Rev. T. Chuba Jamir, CBCNEI, Ph.D. ([[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|MGU]]),
* The Rev. K. K. Chatry, [[Presbyterian Church of India|PCI]], Ph.D. (Birmingham),

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author=K. P. Aleaz
| title=The role of Pramāṇas in Hindu Christian epistemology
| year=1991
| volume=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=5MoMAAAAIAAJ&q=North+India+Institute+of+Post+Graduate+Theological+Studies
| publisher=Punthi-Pustak, Kolkata
| isbn=9788185094397
}}
* {{cite book
| editor=V. J. John
| title=Water Struggle
| year=2007
| volume=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=YSzBLY8Ar_kC&dq=North+India+Institute+of+Post+Graduate+Theological+Studies&pg=PR3
| publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, New Delhi
| isbn=978-81-7214-983-3
}}
* {{cite book
| author=V. S. Lalrinawma
| title=Major Faith Traditions of India
| year=2007
| volume=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SIQzukwrqXQC&dq=North+India+Institute+of+Post+Graduate+Theological+Studies&pg=PR3
| publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, New Delhi
| isbn=978-81-7214-961-1
}}
* {{cite book
| editor1=Joseph Mattam
| editor2=Joseph Valiamangalam
| title=Building Solidarity: Challenge to Christian Mission
| year=2008
| volume=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=afukSpS2YqEC&dq=North+India+Institute+of+Post+Graduate+Theological+Studies&pg=PR4
| publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, New Delhi
| isbn=978-81-8458-063-1
}}
* {{cite book
| editor=Darren C. Marks
| title=Shaping a Global Theological Mind
| year=2008
| volume=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=LjnJCnZQwY0C&dq=North+India+Institute+of+Post+Graduate+Theological+Studies&pg=PP1
| publisher=Ashgate, Hampshire
| isbn=978-0-7546-6003-3
}}
* {{cite book
| editor1=Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza
| editor2=Kent Harold Richards
| title=Transforming Graduate Biblical Education: Ethos and Discipline
| year=2010
| volume=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzhvp2AtOCgC&dq=niipgts&pg=PA120
| publisher=Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta
| isbn=978-1-58983-504-7
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1980]]
[[Category:Reformed church seminaries and theological colleges]]
[[Category:Anglican seminaries and theological colleges]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni| ]]
[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges affiliated to the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]

Manipayal

2026-03-04T04:52:40Z

Margaretxro: starting a data with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manipayal
| image = Manipayal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Jagannathan]]
| screenplay = [[R. M. Veerappan]]
| story = Poovai Krishnan
| producer = R. M. Veerappan
| starring = [[A. V. M. Rajan]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] [[Sekhar (actor)|Master Sekhar]] Baby Indra
| cinematography = Dutt
| editing = Krishnan Sundaram
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Sathya Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1973|01|14}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Manipayal''''' ({{Translation|Good Boy}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[A. Jagannathan]] in his debut and produced by [[R. M. Veerappan]]. The film stars [[Sekhar (actor)|Master Sekhar]] and Baby Indra, with [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] and S. V. Subbaiah playing supporting roles. It was released on 14 January 1973.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 1973 |title=மணிப்பயல் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_3/4.jp2/0,0,5774,8413/5774,8413/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260114171708/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_3/4.jp2/0,0,5774,8413/5774,8413/0/default.jpg |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=14 January 2026 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2023}}
A cobbler finds himself in prison after being wrongly accused of a crime. He must find a way to prove his innocence in order to lead a dignified life.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Arun
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Shanthi
* [[Sekhar (actor)|Master Sekhar]] as Ilangovan
* Baby Indra as Selvi
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Ponnambalam
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Parasuram
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Amavasai
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Andal
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Kandhan
* [[Master Prabhakar]] as Kasi
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] as Sivagami
* [[Rajakokila]] as Rossie
* [[Shanmugasundari]] as Arun's mother
* [[Isari Velan]] as Shanthi's house cook
* [[Ennathe Kannaiah]] as Constable Alwar Naidu
* Kundumani as Kalimuthu
*[[Usilai Mani]] in Cameo Appearance
* Haalam as Dancer
}}

== Production ==
A. Jagannathan, who earlier assisted [[T. Prakash Rao]] and [[P. Neelakantan]] made his directorial debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2012 |title=Man who shored up MGR's film career is no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Man-who-shored-up-MGRs-film-career-is-no-more/articleshow/16716784.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416154233/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Man-who-shored-up-MGRs-film-career-is-no-more/articleshow/16716784.cms |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2012 |title=Jaya condoles Jagannathan’s death |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2012/oct/08/jaya-condoles-jagannathans-death-413171.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517092838/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2012/oct/08/jaya-condoles-jagannathans-death-413171.html |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and lyrics were by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], Avinasimani and [[Pulamaipithan]]. Jayachandran made his debut in Tamil as a singer with the song "Thangachimizh Pol" in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JAYACHANDRANS COMMENTS AND TALENTS |url=http://www.jayachandransite.com/html/difference.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320044759/http://www.jayachandransite.com/html/difference.html |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=jayachandransite.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Engal Tamil Annai" Kanchiyile Oru Buthan || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]] ||[[Pulamaipithan]]|| 05:46
|-
| "Thanga Chimizh Pol" || [[P. Jayachandran]] & Pushpalatha || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 04:42
|-
| "Naan Aadinaal Oru Vagai" || [[S. Janaki]] || Vaali || 04:01
|-
| "Enadi Ammo" || Latha & Radha || Avinashi Mani || 04:31
|-
| "Naan Ulle" || L. R. Eswari || Vaali || 04:06
|}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Dutt's cinematography and Jagannathan's direction, calling ''Manipayal'' an entertaining film in many aspects.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=25 February 1973 |title=மணிப்பயல் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1973/feb/25-02-1973/p51.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727055524/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1973/feb/25-02-1973/p51.jpg |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=17 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=51 |language=ta}}</ref> ''Navamani'' found the film to be similar to the films of [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and praising the cast, dialogues, music and direction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 1973 |title=மணிப்பயல் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_5/4.jp2/0,0,5775,8413/5775,8413/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260114170906/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_5/4.jp2/0,0,5775,8413/5775,8413/0/default.jpg |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=14 January 2026 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. Jagannathan}}

[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1973 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Jagannathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Uyarnthavargal

2026-03-04T04:48:48Z

Margaretxro: put up a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Uyarnthavargal.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[T. N. Balu]]
| screenplay = T. N. Balu
| story = [[Gulzar]]
| producer = H. R. Mehra
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kamal Haasan]]|[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]}}
| cinematography = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| editing = R. Bhaskaran
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Raasleela Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1977|1|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Uyarnthavargal''''' ({{translation|Noble people}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[T. N. Balu]], starring [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]. The film deals with a [[deaf-mute]] couple and their struggle in society. It is a remake of the 1972 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Koshish]]'', which itself was inspired by the 1961 [[Cinema of Japan|Japanese film]] ''Happiness of Us Alone''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Sayantan |date=13 December 2017 |title=Gulzar's 'Koshish' was inspired by a Japanese film, but it is no unthinking remake |url=https://scroll.in/reel/860661/gulzars-koshish-was-inspired-by-a-japanese-film-but-it-is-no-unthinking-remake |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824015828/https://scroll.in/reel/860661/gulzars-koshish-was-inspired-by-a-japanese-film-but-it-is-no-unthinking-remake |archive-date=24 August 2020 |access-date=18 November 2020 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2022}}
Aarumugam and Aarthi are [[deaf-mute]]. They meet and fall in love and later get married. They get blessed with a child, but the child accidentally dies due to a petty thief which devastates the couple. Aarumugam and Aarthi's life comes back to normal after their second child is born. They take all care in bringing him up to be well educated. Ironically, their employer's daughter is also deaf-mute. They want to get their son married to the employer's daughter, but the son opposes the matrimonial alliance.

== Cast ==
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Aarumugam<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2016 |title=Happy Birthday Kamal Haasan: A lone wolf of Indian cinema who never compromised |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-a-lone-wolf-of-indian-cinema-best-films-350573-2016-11-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195530/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-a-lone-wolf-of-indian-cinema-best-films-350573-2016-11-07 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Aarthi<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2011 |title=We will miss you, Sujatha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/We-will-miss-you-Sujatha/article14677027.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120034356/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/We-will-miss-you-Sujatha/article14677027.ece |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=திரைப்படச்சோலை 23: அன்னக்கிளி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/659588-thiraippada-solai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504085320/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/659588-thiraippada-solai.html |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]]
*[[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as the thief
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[Master Sridhar]]
*[[Typist Gopu]]
*[[Loose Mohan]]

;Guest actors
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]]
*[[Prem Nazir]]
*[[N. T. Rama Rao|N.T. Rama Rao]]
*[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Sankar
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
*[[Suruli Rajan]]
*[[S. A. Ashokan]]

== Production ==
''Uyarnthavargal'' was produced under production banner Raasleela Pictures. The film was launched at AVM Recording Studios.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 1976 |title=டி.என்.பாலு டைரக்ஷனில் 'உயர்ந்தவர்கள்'
|url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_139/4.jp2/full/1000,1424/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108172341/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_139/4.jp2/full/1000,1424/0/default.jpg |archive-date=8 January 2025 |access-date=16 November 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The final length of the film was {{Convert|3982.51|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=14 January 1978 |title='Uyarnthavarkal' (Tamil) (35mm.) (B&W) (India.) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.csl_weekly.1978-01-14.O-1110-1978-0002-48460/page/n27/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240409150148/https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.csl_weekly.1978-01-14.O-1110-1978-0002-48460/page/n27/mode/2up |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |magazine=[[The Gazette of India]] |pages=530 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uyarndhavargal |url=https://isaishop.com/item/uyarndhavargal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620081803/https://isaishop.com/item/uyarndhavargal |archive-date=20 June 2019 |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=isaishop.com}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Iraivan Irandu Bommaigal" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
| "Raman neeye" || [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
|-
| "Uyarthavargal" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Uyarnthavargal'' was released on 14 January 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uyarnthavargal (1977) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/uyarnthavargal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130061237/https://screen4screen.com/movies/uyarnthavargal |archive-date=30 November 2023 |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film for not having fight sequences or duet songs picturised on the lead characters, considering their deaf-muteness.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=6 February 1977 |title=உயர்ந்தவர்கள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1977/feb/06-02-1977/p33.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=33 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728081100/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1977/feb/06-02-1977/p33.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0372010}}

[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films about deaf people]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. N. Balu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Japanese films]]
[[Category:Indian Sign Language films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Devadas (2011 film)

2026-03-04T04:40:10Z

Margaretxro: starting

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devadas
| image = Devadas (2011 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = ABCD Shanthakumar
| writer = ABCD Shanthakumar S. Manjunath (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = HM Krishnamurthy
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]]
*Jenile Pandya
*Natanya
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Renukumar
| editing =
| music = [[Joshua Sridhar]]
| studio = Deepika Enterprises
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|5|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Devadas''''' is a 2011 Indian Kannada-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by ABCD Shanthakumar and starring [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], Jenile Pandya and Natanya. The film was released on 13 May 2011.

== Cast ==
*[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Devu
*Jenile Pandya as Paro aka Parvathi
*Natanya as Chandramukhi
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as Devu's father
*[[Ramesh Bhat]] as Paro's father
*[[Pramila Joshai]]
*Shanthakumar
*Kari Subbu

== Production ==
The film was in the cans for two years.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film is composed by [[Joshua Sridhar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/devadas-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/664920453|title=Devadas (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2011|access-date=2023-04-20|archive-date=2023-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420030156/https://music.apple.com/us/album/devadas-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/664920453|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Sarayi Sheesheyali" from ''Mangalya Sakshi'' (1995) was reused in the film.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:43
| title1 = Aadona Stepsu
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Sayanora Philip|Sayanora]]
| length1 = 4:05
| title2 = Bengaluru Galligella
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length2 = 3:57
| title3 = Bul Bul
| extra3 = [[Shashank Sheshagiri|Shashank]]
| length3 = 4:34
| title4 = Devureno Neenu
| extra4 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]]
| length4 = 4:07
| title5 = Koko Koko
| extra5 = Karthik, [[Shweta Mohan|Shwetha]]
| length5 = 4:27
| title6 = Sarayi Sheesheyali
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length6 = 4:56
| title7 = Sayyare Sayyare
| extra7 = Karthik, Shwetha
| length7 = 4:37
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "This ''Devdas'' will cry his way out of theatres very soon. Give the film a miss".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-movie-review-devdas/20110516.htm|title=Review: Yogi disappoints with Devdas|last=Lakshminarayana|first=Shruti Indira|date=16 May 2011|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=20 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420030157/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-movie-review-devdas/20110516.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Even for Yogesh’s hardcore fans, it will be difficult to fathom. Should we say more?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/devadas-mocking-devdas/articleshow/21604468.cms|title=''Devadas'': Mocking Devadas|date=13 May 2011|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=20 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420030157/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/devadas-mocking-devdas/articleshow/21604468.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13906778}}

[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Shrungara Kavya

2026-03-03T22:08:01Z

Margaretxro: put up article

{{short description|1993 film by S. Mahendar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shrungara Kavya
| image = Shrungara Kavya poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[S. Mahendar]]
| writer = S. Mahendar
| starring = [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]] [[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]]
| producer = M Govindraj M Udayakumar Babu
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Suresh Kalyani
| editing = Shyam Yadav
| studio = Hemanjali Productions
| released = {{Film date|1993|03|01|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Shrungara Kavya''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance drama]] film directed by [[S. Mahendar]] and starring [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]] and [[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chaitrada-premanjali-actor-raghuveer-no-more/articleshow/34862723.cms|title=Chaitrada Premanjali actor Raghuveer no more|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 May 2014|access-date=26 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426055119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chaitrada-premanjali-actor-raghuveer-no-more/articleshow/34862723.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/photos/tragedy-actor-raghuveer-and-sindhu-daughter-shrea-daughter-family-photos-181675430751198-1.html|title=Raghuveer Daughter: ಮದುವೆಯಾಗಿ ಚೆನ್ನೈನಲ್ಲಿ ನೆಲೆಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ ದುರಂತ ನಾಯಕ ರಘುವೀರ್‌-ಸಿಂಧು ದಂಪತಿ ಮೊದಲ ಪುತ್ರಿ..ಫೋಟೋ ಗ್ಯಾಲರಿ|date=3 February 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=kn|access-date=26 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426055121/https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/photos/tragedy-actor-raghuveer-and-sindhu-daughter-shrea-daughter-family-photos-181675430751198-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a box office success.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abbas to Uday Kiran: Southern stars who plunged from great heights to oblivion|url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/abbas-to-uday-kiran-southern-stars-who-plunged-from-great-heights-to-oblivion/|first=Shreyas|last=Raghuraman|work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai TV|The Federal]]|date=7 January 2023 |access-date=26 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426062125/https://thefederal.com/entertainment/abbas-to-uday-kiran-southern-stars-who-plunged-from-great-heights-to-oblivion/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]] as Shrungar
* [[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]] as Kavya
* Ashok Rao<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/feb/02/senior-kannada-actorashok-rao-passes-away-29468.html|title=Senior Kannada actor Ashok Rao passes away|work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]|date=2 February 2022|access-date=26 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426055119/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/feb/02/senior-kannada-actorashok-rao-passes-away-29468.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Shobaraj]]
*[[Tennis Krishna]]

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Chaitrada Premanjali]]'' (1992), [[S. Narayan]] was to write the film's dialogues. However, he left the film and made ''[[Anuragada Alegalu]]'' (1993) based on [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]]'s script.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/may/18/raghuveer-back-from-hiatus-50155.html|title=Raghuveer back from hiatus|date=18 May 2009|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=27 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426235630/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/may/18/raghuveer-back-from-hiatus-50155.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed and written by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/shrungara-kavya-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1161687171|title=Shrungara Kavya (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2014|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=26 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426055120/https://music.apple.com/au/album/shrungara-kavya-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1161687171|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/apr/07/hamsalekha-launching-my-audio-labelis-a-dream-fulfilled-vasishta-simha-2438821.html|title=Hamsalekha launching my audio label is a dream fulfilled : Vasishta Simha|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 April 2022|access-date=26 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426055119/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/apr/07/hamsalekha-launching-my-audio-labelis-a-dream-fulfilled-vasishta-simha-2438821.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:50
| title1 = Kannada Gangeyali
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:59
| title2 = O Meghave Meghave
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 4:52
| title3 = Shrungara Kaavya
| extra3 = L.N Shastry
| length3 = 4:15
| title4 = Ambara Chumbitha
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 4:57
| title5 = Jeevanavellavu Naa Haduve
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 4:48
| title6 = Yaaru Nodaru Yaaru Kelaru
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Latha Hamsalekha]]
| length6 = 4:59
}}

== Release ==
When this film was ready for release, many distributors wanted to buy the film. However, Raghuveer who had faced insults earlier during the release of ''[[Chaitrada Premanjali]]'' (1992) refused to sell the rights to people who had rejected him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/sandalwood-actor-raghuveer-life-story-what-really-happened-in-his-last-days-vdd-807359.html|title=Raghuveer: ಇವ್ನ ಮುಸುಡಿ ನೋಡಿ ಹೀರೋ ಆಗ್ತಾನಾ! ಅವಮಾನ ಮಾಡಿದವ್ರ ಮುಂದೆಯೇ ಗೆದ್ದು ಬೀಗಿದ್ದ ನಟ ರಘುವೀರ್|work=[[News18]]|language=kn|date=26 July 2022|access-date=26 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426055121/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/sandalwood-actor-raghuveer-life-story-what-really-happened-in-his-last-days-vdd-807359.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the success of this film, Raghuveer and Sindhu starred together in ''Thungabhadra'' (1995) and ''Naviloora Naidile'' (1995) and got married in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/sindhu-actress|title=Sindhu|work=Chiloka|access-date=26 April 2023|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220123809/https://chiloka.com/celebrity/sindhu-actress|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2005/01/07/sindhu.html|title=நடிகை சிந்து மரணம்|accessdate=5 February 2015|work=[[Oneindia]]|date=7 January 2005 |language=ta|archive-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205184612/http://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2005/01/07/sindhu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{S. Mahendar}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1993 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Sethurama Iyer CBI

2026-03-03T21:37:19Z

Margaretxro: expand lead based on references to improve readability

{{About|the film|the character|Sethurama Iyer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sethurama Iyer CBI
| image = Sethurama Iyer CBI.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| director = [[K. Madhu]]
| producer = [[K. Madhu]]
| writer = [[S. N. Swamy]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Saloo George]]
| editing = P. C. Mohanan
| studio = Krishnakripa Release
| distributor = Swargachitra films
| released = {{Film date|2004|1|23|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|1.35 crore}}<ref name=R1 />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|16 crore}}<ref name=R /><ref name=R1 />
}}

'''''Sethurama Iyer CBI''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[crime film]] directed by [[K. Madhu]] and written by [[S. N. Swamy]]. It stars [[Mammootty]] in the title role, alongside [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] in supporting roles. [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] composed the background score for the film.

The film is the third installment in the ''[[CBI (film series)|CBI film series]]'', featuring Mammootty as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer [[Sethurama Iyer]]. The film was the highest-grossing film of the year, collecting around distributors share of ₹4 crore and a gross around ₹16 crore.<ref name=R>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-11|title=Mohanlal: The star who blends acting brilliance with box office might|website=[[Malayalam Manorama]] |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/04/11/malayalam-cinema-box-office-hits-mohanlal-films.html|access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref><ref name=R1>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-18|title=Mammootty-Man of the Year|website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Mammootty-Man-Of-The-Year-imagegallery-6-Movies-jdwmGdfhdgi.html|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182754/http://www.sify.com/movies/Mammootty-Man-Of-The-Year-imagegallery-6-Movies-jdwmGdfhdgi.html|archive-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> The success of the film made Mammootty "Man of the year".<ref name=R1 /> The base story and initial scenes are adopted from [[Arthur Hailey]]'s novel [[Detective (novel)|''Detective'']]. Some of the scenes of the film are also loosely based on the [[2001 Aluva massacre]].<ref>[[Detective (novel)]]</ref>

== Plot ==
The movie begins with [[Sethurama Iyer]] visiting Isow Alex, a convicted serial killer who is awaiting his execution. Alex was arrested and convicted for the cold-blooded murder of seven people in two different families, unrelated to each other, on the same night. Alex, who had been living a wild life then, had committed the crime high on narcotic drugs. The murder case was left to the CBI for investigation and an able officer, Balagopal, nabbed Alex in no time. Alex is now a new man, mainly due to the influence of a priest, who requests Iyer to visit Alex.

What Alex tells Iyer is startling; he didn't commit one of the seven murders he was convicted for. The murder was that of Manikkunju, a businessman. Manikkunju, along with his daughter-in-law Mosi, was murdered at his house. Alex tells this all the same confessing that he murdered Mosi. The possibility of another killer involved is very remote and Alex is a serial killer who thoroughly denied any hand in the murders when he was arrested, but yet Iyer decides to reopen the case and investigate. He faces many odds; to prove Alex right would be proving his own bureau wrong and to prove Alex wrong would be wasting time and money.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mammootty]] as [[Sethurama Iyer]], SP of Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Chacko, Inspector of CBI
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Vikram, DYSP of CBI
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Balagopal, DYSP of CBI
* [[Jagadish]] as Tailor Mani
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Isho Alex
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Sathyadas
* [[Vineeth Kumar]] as Ganesh, SI of CBI
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Ouseppachan
* [[Sreenath]] as Sunny
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Sub Registrar Bahuleyan
* [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Adiyodi
* [[Paravoor Ramachandran]] as Zachariah (Manikunju)
* [[Geetha Vijayan]] as Mosi
* [[Navya Nair]] as Rachana, Sethurama Iyer's niece
* [[Nandana (actress)|Nandana]] as Reshmi, Sethurama Iyer's niece
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Krishna Iyer
* [[Urmila Unni]] as Meenakshi Iyer
* Appa Haja as Monichan
* Poornima Anand as Dr. Vijayalakshmi (police surgeon)
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Vijayamma Mani
* [[Mala Aravindan]] as Kuzhivetti Mathai
* [[Kalasala Babu]] as Nair, CBI director
* [[Bharath Gopi]] as Fr. Gomez
* [[Adoor Bhavani]] as Mary
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Pavithran, Crime Branch
* [[Subair]] as Sharngadaran
* KPAC Sabu as Kolady Varkey
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as a broker
* [[Kollam Ajith]] as Sub-inspector
* [[J. Pallassery]] as Temple committee member
* [[K. T. S. Padannayil]] as Temple committee member
* Kochaniyan as Simon Thomas , Mosi's father
* Lissy Jose as Molly, Mosi's mother
* [[Kulappulli Leela]] as Servant Mariyakkutty
* Aniyappan as Auto driver
* [[Kailas Nath]] as Chef Ambiswamy
* [[Sukumaran]] as Retd. DYSP Devadas, Sathyadas's late father (photo presence)
* [[Prathapachandran]] as Narayanan, Ouseppachan's late friend (photo presence)
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Johnykutty (mentioned only)
* [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]] as Omana, Sunny's late wife (mentioned only)
}}

== Production ==
Originally, the CBI officer in the film ''Oru CBI Diary Kuruppu'' was supposed to be a rough-and-tough cop named Ali Imran. It was Mammootty who suggested that a simple-looking [[brahmin]] who uses his brains more than his brawn would be a better idea.<ref name=aliimranref1>{{cite web
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/22/stories/2005072202270100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070105012805/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/22/stories/2005072202270100.htm
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 5 January 2007
| title = I want to play lead roles
| first = Sreedhar
| last = Pillai
| date = 22 July 2005
| work = The Hindu
}}</ref><ref name=aliimranref2>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/73661/
| title = Never Say Never Again
| date = 3 July 2005
| work = The Indian Express
}}</ref><ref name=aliimranref3>{{cite web
| url = http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13934763&cid=2406
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050922125544/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13934763&cid=2406
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2005-09-22
| title="Investigation stories are universal" : Mammootty
| department = Moviebuzz
| website = Sify Movies
}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film was commercial success and became [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films#Highest-grossing films by year|highest grossing Malayalam film]] of the year 2004 and also collected around ₹16 crore from the box office.<ref name=R1 /><ref name=R>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-11|title=Mohanlal: The star who blends acting brilliance with box office might|website=[[Malayalam Manorama]] |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/04/11/malayalam-cinema-box-office-hits-mohanlal-films.html|access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref> The film ran around 200 days in theatres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/mammootty-10-movies-which-completed-200-days-at-the-theatres-247132.html|author=Akhila Menon|title=10 Mammootty Movies Which Completed 200 Days at the Theatres|work=Filmibeat|date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2001 Aluva massacre]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0393724}}

{{CBI film series}}
{{S. N. Swamy}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|#CBIDiary3]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by S. N. Swamy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Madhu]]
[[Category:2004 thriller films]]

Navaratri (1966 film)

2026-03-03T20:35:48Z

Margaretxro: revise

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Navaratri
| image = Navaratri (1966 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. Rama Rao]]
| producer = A. V. Subba Rao
| writer = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] (dialogues)
| story = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| screenplay = T. Rama Rao
| narrator = [[Jaggayya]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| music = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = J. Krishna Swamy
| studio = [[Prasad Art Productions]]
| based_on = [[Navarathri (1964 film)|Navarathri]] (1964) and nine nights
| released = {{Film date|1966|04|22}}
| runtime = 165 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Navaratri''''' ({{translation|[[Navaratri|Nine Nights]]}}) is a 1966 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by A. V. Subba Rao under the [[Prasad Art Pictures]] banner and directed by [[T. Rama Rao]].<ref>{{cite book|title=1966-97 released movies|last1=Madras Film Diary|publisher=Goteti Books|edition=kala Printers|page=19}}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], with music composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]. The film is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film with the [[Navarathri (1964 film)|same title]] (1964),<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=2018-08-31|title=Tinsel-edged memories: glory days of Central Talkies in Tiruchi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/s-rahima-shahul-hameed-central-talkies-nahla-nainar-interview-tamil-cinema/article24831877.ece|access-date=2021-03-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and has Savitri reprising her role.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1252929372559831045|user=baraju_SuperHit|title=Natasamrat #ANR garu, Savitri combinationlo andarnee alarinchina vibhinna chithram #Navaratri Music by T Chalapathi… |date=22 April 2020}}</ref> Nageswara Rao got high critical acclaim for his portrayal of nine characters. This film is regarded to have some of the finest ever performances by him. In the song ''Addala Meda Vundi'', heavy star cast [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] and [[Girija (actress)|Girija]] make guest appearances as patients admitted in mental hospital.

==Plot==
The plot of the movie is based on what happens during [[Navaratri]] ("nine nights"). The film opens with the narrator explaining that there are nine types of human behaviors (Navarasam), such as Wonder, Fear, Compassion, Anger, Equanimity, Disgust, Elegance, Bravery and Bliss and that Nageswara Rao's nine roles represents one character per role.

Radha ([[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]) is the only daughter of a rich man. When she happily celebrates [[Navaratri]] festival at her home with her friends, her father informs her about the visit of a groom and his parents for her wedding. Radha is reluctant to the proposal as she wants to marry her college mate Venu Gopal. After arguments with her father, she leaves home without her father's knowledge at the first Navaratri night.

'''''First Night (Wonder)''''': She searches for her lover in the college hostel, but finds that he has gone to get married. Radha feels cheated by Venu and attempts suicide, where she is stopped by a widower Anand ([[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]). He takes her to his house and introduces her to his daughter. He urges her to tell her address to drop her safely. Unwilling to return home, she leaves the place the next early morning.

'''''Second Night (Fear)''''': The next day she damages the pot of a vendor by mistake. When vendor fights with her she was rescued by a homely looking woman. The woman takes Radha to her home. Radha meets several women in her house. But the house is actually a brothel. She is trapped by a drunkard ([[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]). The drunkard justifies this, that he cannot seduce his own wife as she is a T.B. patient. Though he does not want to betray his wife, he is not able to resist his feelings. Radha advises and warns him in order to escape from him, but he does not want to hear it. After much struggle, the drunkard falls on the floor and faints. Radha escapes from the place.

'''''Third night (Compassion)''''': After escaping from the brothel, Radha is caught by a patrol policeman for wandering into the road at an unusual time. At the police station she pretends to be a mentally ill woman. The police admit her to a mental hospital. The old aged lonely doctor Karunakar ([[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]) understands that Radha is fine, but is pretending to be ill to escape from the cops and so he helps her. She stays in the hospital the whole night. Meanwhile, Radha's father comes, in search of her, to the Doctor. The Doctor eventually understands the situation and asks one of the nurses to call Radha. But Radha has escaped.

'''''Fourth Night (Anger)''''': Radha misunderstands that the police jeep is coming for her. She dashes with a man with a gun ([[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]) and faints. The man takes her to his place. Radha understands police is not looking for her but looking for the man as he is a killer who killed a rich businessman in revenge for his brother's death. The gunman insists that Radha should leave. But she doesn't as she feels he is a good person and convinces him to surrender to police. In an attack, the gunman is killed by the businessman's henchmen. Radha escapes from the place.

'''''Fifth night (Equanimity)''''': Radha runs into a farmer group cheering and dancing while harvesting the crop. An innocent villager ([[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]), takes her to his house and introduces to his elder sister. A local priest ([[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]) visits their home and says that Radha is possessed by a spirit in order to cheat her of money by performing some fake rituals. Radha gets irritated by their acts and escapes away that night.

'''''Sixth Night (Disgust)''''': Radha meets an old aged leper ([[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]), who once upon a time was a rich man. The man lost all his money in the treatment and charity (hoping that it would help him from the disease). He is disgusted by everyone including his own son who discarded him when his money ran out. Radha helps him by taking him to a hospital. The doctor is surprised as he is one who has benefited with a medicine degree by the charity of the rich man. The doctor decides to stay with him until he is cured. Radha leaves the hospital.

'''''Seventh Night (Elegance)''''': Radha feels very tired and asks for water from one of the houses. People offer water for her. One of the men "Bhagavatha Rao" ([[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]), is a director and actor of stage plays and road side plays. They have been committed for nine stage plays in the village on the account of Navaratri celebration. But the heroine elopes with a harmonium player and his whole troop are in critical position in search of a replacement for the seventh day play failing on which will make them to lose their money and reputation in the village. He asks Radha to help by acting with him for the day's play. Radha agrees on a condition that she should be let gone after the play is over. The play is successful that night. The agent tries to misbehave with Radha and the actor pulls him away and warns him. But he finds that Radha has left.

'''''Eighth Night (Bravery)''''': Radha disguises herself as a man and visits the house of a hunter ([[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]). The hunter has been there for hunting a tiger and for another purpose. Radha introduces herself a secret agent in search of a criminal. The hunter seems to believe her and gives her an earnest welcome, feast and hospitality. Radha finds that the hunter is actually a commissioner of police staying in search of a criminal, which is actually faked by Radha. She tries to escape from the place, but she is caught by the hunter.

The hunter introduces himself as the paternal uncle of the groom whom her father proposed for her and the groom is none other than her lover - Venu Gopal ([[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]). Radha has actually left her home before her father knew that she was in love with a person and the lover is the same man he has arranged for his daughter. Also Radha misunderstands that Venu Gopal actually is going to marry another girl but the girl is actually herself. Radha leaves for Venu Gopal's place the ninth day.

'''''Ninth Day (Bliss)''''': Venu Gopal ([[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]), looks pale and dull after Radha left her home. He is neither interested in living, nor in continuing with his studies. His parents are worried and scold him for wasting his life for a girl after all. Angered by this, he shuts himself into a room. Radha reaches his home that time. Venu's parents and Radha fear that he is attempting suicide. But suddenly the room opens and Radha runs inside.

Venu Gopal actually wanted to surprise Radha about their marriage and that is why he did not inform her about the engagement. Due to miscommunication, Radha left home on the first Navaratri Night and comes back on ninth Navaratri night.

Venu Gopal and Radha happily marry. Except the dead gunman named Gopal Rao of the fourth night, her marriage is attended by the all the seven characters (portrayed by [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]) she met during those eight days.

==Cast==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Akkineni Nageshwara Rao]] in nine characters as
** Anand Rao (the widower) (Wonder)
** Devadasu (the drunkard) (Fear)
** Karunakar (the doctor) (Compassion)
** Gopal Rao (the gunman) (Anger)
** Shantaiyah (the villager) (Equanimity)
** Siripuram Sundaramaiyah (the leper) (Disgust)
** Bhagavatha Rao (the actor) (Elegance)
** Veerabhadra Rao (the hunter/the commissioner of police) (Bravery)
** Venu Gopala Rao (the bridegroom) (Bliss)
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Radha
* [[Jaggayya]] as doctor
* [[V. Nagayya]] as Lawyer Venkateswam, Venu's father
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Bhimashankaram, Radha's father
* [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Gauraiah
* [[Ramana Reddy]] as drama contractor
* [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] as Raju
* [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]]
* [[Chadalavada Kutumba Rao|Chadalavada]]
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] as police inspector
* [[Rushyendramani]] as brothel-house head
* [[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Venu's mother
* [[Suryakantam (actress)|Suryakantam]] as mental patient
* [[Chhaya Devi]] as mental patient
* [[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as mental patient
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as mental patient
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] as mental patient
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as mental patient
* [[Geetanjali (actress)|Geethanjali]] as mental patient
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Lachakka
* [[Kutty Padmini|Baby Padmini]] as Ananda Rao's daughter
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Navaratri
| type = film
| artist = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1966
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 29:36
| label =
| producer = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]. Music released on Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Addala Meda Undi"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|[[P. Susheela]], B. Vasantha, B. Manohari
|3:46
|-
|2
|"Cheppana Katha Cheppana"
|Dasaradhi
|P. Susheela
|3:17
|-
|3
|"Nisha Leni Naadu"
|Dasaradhi
|Ghantasala
|3:38
|-
|4
|"Navaratri Shubharatri"
|Dasaradhi
|P. Susheela
|4:35
|-
|5
|"Raju Vedale Sabhaku"
|Kosaraju
|Ghantasala, Savitri, Ramu, Seetaram, Nalla Ram Murthy
|9:48
|-
|6
|"Yempillo Yekkadiki"
|Kosaraju
|Ghantasala
|4:32
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0260224/ Navaratri film at IMDb.]

{{T. Rama Rao}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Navaratri (Film)}}
[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:1966 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. Chalapathi Rao]]

Srivalli (2017 film)

2026-03-03T17:56:00Z

Margaretxro: put up pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Srivalli.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
| writer = V. Vijayendra Prasad
| starring = [[Neha Hinge]] Rajath Krishna
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Reshma Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|09|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross =
| producer = Sunitha Rajkumar Brindaavan
}}

'''''Srivalli''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[science fiction]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] and produced by Sunitha and Rajkumar Brindaavan. The film stars [[Neha Hinge]] and Rajath Krishna in the lead roles. [[M. M. Srilekha]] has done the music for the film. The film opened to negative reviews criticising the screenplay, story and bad execution of the film. Neha Hinge's performance as Valli was praised.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-srivalli/articleshow/57078682.cms|title=Music Review: Srivalli|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-16 |title=Srivalli - Movie Review |url=https://archive.telugucinema.com/reviews/srivalli-movie-review |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=[[telugucinema.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Srivalli Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/srivalli/movie-review/60529175.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Srivalli is a movie about neuroscientist Srivalli who does an experiment about brainwave simulation. The story is about the effects and the consequences she faces once her brain starts reacting to the experiment. Srivalli loses track of the past, present and future, unable to recognize the difference between simulation and reality, which leads to unexplainable results.

==Plot==

The story is about Srivalli, an NRI pursuing a doctorate on the subconscious memory effects of the human brain. Her father Ramachandra, a doctor had died in a car accident and her brother is in a coma. Currently having a single parent, Srivalli became an orphan and started taking care of her brother and started running her father's trust which encourages work on scientific research. She is in love with her childhood friend Gowtham who is also a PhD scholar in the same field, but she breaks up with him due to her situation.

An old scientist called Verma is researching the power of the subconscious mind which can cure mental illnesses and seeks to understand human mind. He reaches them for funding of his research. Srivalli was amazed by his research and joins with him as a subject for his research and they successfully saved her subconscious memory and Verma helps Valli treating his brother through the subconscious mind. Later Verma went to US for presenting his thesis.

Andria, a lesbian who was once Srivalli's classmate in US tries to stalk her. Then Valli informs it to Gowtham. Knowing this, angered Gowtham kills Andria and he removes all traces. Later in Valli's dream a mysterious person named Majnu comes at every night and is having sex with Valli, every night at the beginning, Valli tries to stop him, but later she was enjoying it. Feeling ashamed and afraid, Valli explains her mysterious situation with Gowtham. Then Gowtham hatches a plan to stop him, but it utterly fails and Majnu tied Gowtham with his mysterious powers and ended up having sex with her again. while having sex, Valli gains her consciousness and tries to scuffle him then the wounded Majnu reveals that Valli is his Laila in her previous birth and he was waiting for her arrival from the day of her death and reveals he is Andria in this birth. Then the angered Andria tries to kill her, but Valli manages to come out from the dream. Coming to reality, her home was completely damaged and Gowtham was tied hard. Valli became paranoid of Majnu and later in a road she sees a blind person who look likes Majnu, makes havoc and it ends up in joining in an asylum.

Later after a recovery from the horrific night she found out that she was virgin and not raped by anyone and Gowtham explains her that Majnu is invisible and he can't be attacked due to his invisibility. The confused pair on the suggestion of Verma meet an exorcist (Jhansi), who reveals that Andria is the devil or the ghost which comes in Valli's dream and tries to dominate her. The exorcist calls Andria's spirit, she reveals that she wants to kill Valli and takes her soul with her. Later at night, Andria comes in Valli's dream and tries to seduce her again, Gowtham comes to her rescue, then suddenly Andria takes both of them to the devil world. There Gowtham successfully destroys Andria then suddenly Valli proposes him for the marriage and asks to take over her property.

Then it is revealed that Gowtham is a fraud who wants revenge on Valli's father Ramachandra for his mother's leaving as a harlot. Because once his mother and Ramachandra were lovers in their college days, being a harlot she was cheating on him, which he found out later and broke up with her. Taking a grudge against him, she continues in her ways, brainwashes her son to destroy him and his family and acquires his property for making Ramachandra responsible for her dirty life. Then it is revealed that Gowtham was responsible for Valli's condition and kidnaps Verma while going to the airport, learns to operate the subconscious memory through him and tries to control Valli's subconscious mind, creating her fears in the dreams and successfully makes her depend on him emotionally. Then it is also revealed that he was the person who caused the accident on Ramachandra to kill him and sent Valli's brother into a coma.

So coming to the present, Valli goes to Shiva's temple, there a thief snatches her rudraksh pendant which her brother had dropped unconsciously to her in the treatment. While in a rough chase the rudraksh jumped into a storeroom, there she finds tied Verma and knowing his evil intentions through him and feels betrayed having loved him truly. Then she understands that her brother was fearing whether Gowtham kills her if she removed her fear on him he will be cured. Then in Verma's laboratory they try to interlink Valli's memory with her brother's. Meanwhile, knowing the doctor has escaped, Gowtham comes to Verma's laboratory to kill all of them. Then Valli comes to the rescue and a fight ensues between Gowtham and Valli in front of her brother who has successfully come out from the coma in an abandoned construction site. There at last Gowtham tries to kill Valli's brother, but to his surprise he was not injured. Then it is revealed that Valli is now controlling Gowtham's and her brother's subconscious mind at a time with utmost concentration and Gowtham realises that Valli is in his dream, in reality Gowtham was facing none and in trance at the same construction site. Then finally Valli gives a death blow to him which makes him fall from the top and kills him.

Finally, the film ends up praising Verma for his research by Indian Government and Srivalli continues her research and her father's goals along with her brother.

==Cast==
* [[Neha Hinge]] as Srivalli
* Rajath Krishna as Gowtham
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Ramachandra, Srivalli's father
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
* [[Arhaan Khan (actor)|Arhaan Khan]] as Majnu

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Srivalli
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 13:49
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| prev_title = Kadhal Solla Aasai
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]]. Music released on Aditya Music Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:49
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Laali Laali
| extra1 = M. M. Srilekha
| length1 = 2:10
| lyrics1 = Shivaa Shakthi Datta

| title2 = Saavariya
| extra2 = M. M. Srilekha
| length2 = 3:14
| lyrics2 = [[Ananta Sriram]]

| title3 = Chinukai Chinukai
| extra3 = M. Ashirwad Luke, Srividhya, Srikar Jonnalagadda
| length3 = 2:41
| lyrics3 = Chaitanya Prasad

| title4 = lla lla
| extra4 = M. M. Srilekha
| length4 = 3:44
| lyrics4 = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao]]

| title5 = Hara Om Hara
| extra5 = Surya Karthik
| length5 = 2:00
| lyrics5 = Bharathibabu

}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s science fantasy films]]
[[Category:2010s science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Srilekha]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:Techno-thriller films]]

Khaki (2020 film)

2026-03-03T12:14:23Z

Margaretxro: Created basic stub added tags!

{{short description|2020 Indian Kannada vigilante action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khaki
| image = Khaki (2020 film).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Naveen Reddy. B <ref>{{Cite news|last=R|first=Shilpa Sebastian|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nkannada-director-naveen-reddy-bs-long-wait-pays-off-with-khaki-release/article30631845.ece|title=Kannada director Naveen Reddy B's long wait pays off with 'Khaki' release|date=2020-01-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| producer = [[Tarun Shivappa]] Manasa Tarun
| writer = Naveen Reddy.B Udaya Kumar PS
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] [[Tanya Hope]] [[Chaya Singh]]
| music = Rithvik Muralidhar
| cinematography = Bala
| editing = K.M.Prakash
| studio = Tarun Talkies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|01|24}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
| based_on =
}}

'''''Khaki''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by Naveen Reddy. B and produced by [[Tarun Shivappa]] and Manasa Tarun. It features [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] and [[Tanya Hope]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/tanya-hope-has-no-free-dates-till-december/articleshow/70732482.cms|title=Tanya Hope has no free dates till December |website=The Times of India|date=19 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/tanya-hope-bags-another-mass-entertainer/articleshow/68303566.cms|title=Tanya Hope bags another mass entertainer |website=The Times of India|date=8 March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref> along with [[Chaya Singh]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chaya-singh-returns-to-kannada-small-screen/articleshow/72317741.cms|title=Chaya Singh returns to Kannada small screen |website=The Times of India|date=2 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref> in the lead roles. The supporting cast includes [[Dev Gill]] and Shivmani. The [[Film score|score]] and soundtrack for the film is by Rithvik Muralidhar, the cinematography is by Bala, and the editing by K. M. Prakash. The film was released on 24 January 2020.

== Plot ==
A young Chiru seeks help from a police officer to help his sister, who had gone into labour, but the officer does not budge and leave. When Chiru returns to the house, his sister died leaving him orphaned which also causes hatred towards the [[police department]]. Chiru starts to trouble the [[police]] and gets caught in the process, where he meets an honest woman constable Chaya, where she consoles him and Chiru starts to respect Chaya as his sister. When Chaya gets a transfer order from the department, she tells Chiru to fight for what is right and learn what is wrong. Years later, Chiru is a do-gooder in a neighbourhood, where he works as a cable operator living with his friend Subhash and his wife Navya with an infant daughter.

Chaya has now became the [[Sub-inspector]] of the same [[neighbourhood]], where she investigates about the case of an old man suicide case, along with [[garbage]] dumping in the [[neighbourhood]]. When Chaya meets Chiru to divulge the information, she dies from a car accident. After Chaya's death, the neighbourhood has been infested in waste dumping along with chain snatching activities, unknown to anyone it was orchestrated by neighbourhood's MLA under the orders from higher forces. After realizing that they are on their own now as the new [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Narasimha.G is a corrupt cop. Chiru along with his lover Lasya, Subhash and with neighbourhood people forms a team of [[vigilante|vigilance group]] dubbed ''Parallel Police''.

The vigilance group is a success where crime rates in the neighbourhood are reduced. However, the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] plans [[water scarcity]] in the neighbourhood, but the problems are thwarted by Chiru and the neighbourhood people. One night, Subhash and Chiru finds the land survey files, which is purchased by only one person Dev, a Dubai-based [[businessman]], who is the mastermind behind the [[Environmental dumping|waste dumping]] and the neighbourhood's problems. A constable named Thimmayya, who is Chiru's relative leaves his phone to know about the conversation between Dev, MLA and Narasimha where they learn that Dev is behind the old man's death and also had killed Chaya when she refused their offer to build an IT Park in the neighbourhood.

Meanwhile, the [[North Indian]] gang, who are hired by Dev finds Chiru and Subhash and reports it to Dev, who orders to kill them. Chiru and Subhash escape, However, Subhash is killed in the process leaving Chiru and Navya devastated. Enraged, the neighbourhood people led by Chiru thrashes and bring the North Indian gang and the MLA where they hand them over to the police, with evidences collected by Lasya. However, Dev is nowhere to be seen, sensing that he fled to Dubai. It is revealed that on the night when Subhash was killed, Chiru tracked Dev through Narasimha, where he killed Dev and burnt him in the [[landfill|dumping yard]], thus having avenged Chaya and Subhash's death.

== Cast ==
*[[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] as Chiru, a cable Operator
* [[Tanya Hope]] as Lasya, Chiru's love interest
* [[Chaya Singh]] as SI Chaya, Chiru's adopted elder sister
* [[Dev Gill]] as Dev, a Dubai-based [[Businessman]]
* Shivmani as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
* Raghu Ramappa as SI Narasimha.G

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Khaki
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Rithvik Muralidhar
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[Tarun Shivappa]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's music is composed by Rithvik Muralidhar. The music rights were acquired by Lahari Music.

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length9 =
| length15 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title16 =
| length8 =
| length3 = 3:53
| title8 =
| total_length =
| title1 = Yaare Neenu
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], Eesha Suchi
| length1 = 3:45
| title2 = Pratiyobba
| lyrics2 = [[Yograj Bhat]]
| extra2 = Naveen Sajju
| length2 = 3:40
| title3 = Asalu Vishaya
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra3 = Chetan Nayak, Eesha Suchi
| title4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 =
| length4 =
| title5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| lyricist =
}}

== Production ==
The principal photography of the film finished on 12 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Khaki': Chiranjeevi Sarja-starrer to get a Kannada and Telugu release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/khaki-chiranjeevi-sarja-starrer-to-get-a-kannada-and-telugu-release/articleshow/68364265.cms |access-date=2020-02-27 |website=The Times of India |date=11 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> [[Tanya Hope]] was cast as the female lead and [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] as the protagonist. The film had Rithvik Muralidhar on board to score music for the film.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11343634}}

[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]

Maa Nanna Superhero

2026-03-03T09:14:14Z

Margaretxro: starting new stub more to come

{{Short description|2024 Indian family drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maa Nanna Superhero
| image = Maa Nanna Superhero.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Abhilash Reddy Kankara
| producer = Sunil Balusu
| writer = {{Ubl| Abhilash Reddy Kankara
| MVS Bharadwaj
| Shravan Madala}}
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Sudheer Babu]]
* [[Sayaji Shinde]]
* [[Sai Chand]]
* Aarna
}}
| music = Jay Krish
| cinematography = Sameer Kalyani
| editing = Anil Kumar Palasa
| studio = {{Ubl| V Celluloids
| VR Global Media
| CAM Entertainment}}
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|10|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Maa Nanna Superhero''''' ({{translation|My Dad is a Superhero}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[family drama]] film co-written and directed by Abhilash Reddy Kankara.<ref>{{cite news |title=Natural Star Nani Launched Maa Nanna Superhero Teaser; Sudheer Babu's Film To Release On October 11 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/natural-star-nani-launched-maa-nanna-superhero-teaser-sudheer-babus-film-to-release-on-october-11-article-113300354/amp |work=Times Now |date=13 September 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913011108/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/natural-star-nani-launched-maa-nanna-superhero-teaser-sudheer-babus-film-to-release-on-october-11-article-113300354/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was produced by Sunil Balusu under the banner of V Celluloids and VR Global Media in association with CAM Entertainment.<ref name=":TH1" /> The film stars [[Sudheer Babu]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Sai Chand]], and Aarna.

== Plot ==
A soul-stirring journey discovering the true meaning of love and family connection.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sudheer Babu]] as Johnny / Mahesh Babu
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Srinivas
* [[Sai Chand]] as Prakash
* Aarna as Tara
* [[Raju Sundaram]]
* [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] as Arshad, a lottery ticket dealer
* [[Aamani]] as Srinivas' wife
* Chandra Vempaty
* [[Annie (Telugu actress) | Annie]]
* [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]]
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Rashid
* Vishnu Oi
* [[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]] as Circle Inspector
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film was helmed by Abhilash Kankara who previously directed the TV series ''[[Loser (TV series)|Loser]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudheer Babu's Maa Nanna Superhero wraps shoot |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Sep/06/sudheer-babus-maa-nanna-superhero-wraps-shoot-47391.html |work=Cinema Express |date=11 September 2023 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009180622/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2023/Sep/06/sudheer-babus-maa-nanna-superhero-wraps-shoot-47391.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Devulapally |first1=Aditya |title=Sudheer Babu: I can now mindfully focus and get into the skin of a character |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2024/Oct/07/sudheer-babu-i-can-now-mindfully-focus-and-get-into-the-skin-of-a-character |work=Cinema Express |date=7 October 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009180544/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/interviews/2024/Oct/07/sudheer-babu-i-can-now-mindfully-focus-and-get-into-the-skin-of-a-character |url-status=live }}</ref> The script was written by Abhilash with MVS Bharadwaj and Shravan Madala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trailer Of Sudheer Babu's Telugu Movie Maa Nanna Superhero Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/trailer-of-sudheer-babus-telugu-movie-maa-nanna-superhero-out-9076895.html |work=News18 |date=7 October 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009180541/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/trailer-of-sudheer-babus-telugu-movie-maa-nanna-superhero-out-9076895.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's title was unveiled on 18 June 2023,<ref>{{cite news |title=Maa Nanna Superhero: Sudheer Babu, Sai Chand join forces for a father-son drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/maa-nanna-superhero-sudheer-babu-sai-chand-join-forces-for-a-father-son-drama/3da4c949ec365 |work=www.ottplay.com |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706214056/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/maa-nanna-superhero-sudheer-babu-sai-chand-join-forces-for-a-father-son-drama/3da4c949ec365 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sudheer Babu's next film titled Maa Nanna Superhero |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sudheer-babus-next-film-titled-maa-nanna-superhero/articleshow/101081074.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009180541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sudheer-babus-next-film-titled-maa-nanna-superhero/amp_articleshow/101081074.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> coinciding with [[Father's Day]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=Sudheer Babu's next titled 'Ma Nanna Superhero' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sudheer-babus-next-titled-ma-nanna-superhero-803896 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=18 June 2023 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623045851/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sudheer-babus-next-titled-ma-nanna-superhero-803896 |url-status=live }}</ref> along with the announcement of the cast and crew. The cast includes [[Sudheer Babu]] in the lead role, Aarna as the female lead,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudheer Babu unveils title of next film 'Maa Nanna Superhero' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sudheer-babu-unveils-title-of-next-film-maa-nanna-superhero |work=Telangana Today |date=19 June 2023 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015102340/https://telanganatoday.com/sudheer-babu-unveils-title-of-next-film-maa-nanna-superhero |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Sai Chand]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Raju Sundaram]], Shashank, [[Aamani]], Harshith Reddy, and Annie in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudheer Babu's next film titled 'Maa Nanna Superhero' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sudheer-babus-next-film-titled-maa-nanna-superhero/article66985018.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=19 June 2023 |language=en-IN |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031074048/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sudheer-babus-next-film-titled-maa-nanna-superhero/article66985018.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sudheer Babu's next film titled 'Maa Nanna Superhero', check out poster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sudheer-babus-next-film-titled-maa-nanna-superhero-check-out-poster/articleshow/101098879.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009180542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sudheer-babus-next-film-titled-maa-nanna-superhero-check-out-poster/amp_articleshow/101098879.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Sai Chand was cast as the biological father,<ref name=":TH1">{{cite news |title=Mahesh Babu launches 'Maa Nanna Superhero' trailer |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/mahesh-babu-launches-maa-nanna-superhero-trailer-912395 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=6 October 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007130958/https://www.thehansindia.com//cinema/tollywood/mahesh-babu-launches-maa-nanna-superhero-trailer-912395 |url-status=live }}</ref> while Sayaji Shinde, who collaborated with Abhilash on ''Loser'', was chosen to portray the adoptive father.<ref>{{cite news |title=Superstar Mahesh Babu Unveils Striking Trailer Of Sudheer Babu's Film 'Maa Nanna Superhero' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/mahesh-babu-unveils-striking-trailer-of-sudheer-babus-film-maa-nanna-superhero-article-113968213/amp |work=Times Now |date=5 October 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005150328/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/mahesh-babu-unveils-striking-trailer-of-sudheer-babus-film-maa-nanna-superhero-article-113968213/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maa Nanna Superhero trailer: Sudheer Babu grapples to forge a bond with his biological father |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/05/maa-nanna-superhero-trailer-sudheer-babu-grapples-to-forge-a-bond-with-his-biological-father |work=Cinema Express |date=7 October 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009180548/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/Oct/05/maa-nanna-superhero-trailer-sudheer-babu-grapples-to-forge-a-bond-with-his-biological-father |url-status=live }}</ref> Babu plays the son role.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudheer Babu's Maa Nanna Superhero teaser is a heartwarming tale about father-son relationship |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/12/sudheer-babus-maa-nanna-superhero-teaser-is-a-heartwarming-tale-about-father-son-relationship |work=Cinema Express |date=7 September 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009180542/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/Sep/12/sudheer-babus-maa-nanna-superhero-teaser-is-a-heartwarming-tale-about-father-son-relationship |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Teaser for Sudheer Babu's family entertainer 'Maa Nanna Superhero' to release on September 12 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/teaser-for-sudheer-babus-family-entertainer-maa-nanna-superhero-to-release-on-september-12/articleshow/113217124.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 September 2024 |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928121840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/teaser-for-sudheer-babus-family-entertainer-maa-nanna-superhero-to-release-on-september-12/amp_articleshow/113217124.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The filming was wrapped up on 5 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Throwback: When Sudheer Babu announced 'Maa Nanna Superhero' wrap and shared BTS pics from the sets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/throwback-when-sudheer-babu-announced-maa-nanna-superhero-wrap-and-shared-bts-pics-from-the-sets/articleshow/114004058.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 October 2024 |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009180542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/throwback-when-sudheer-babu-announced-maa-nanna-superhero-wrap-and-shared-bts-pics-from-the-sets/amp_articleshow/114004058.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maa Nanna Superhero: Sudheer Babu wraps up shooting, film now engaged in post-production work |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maa-nanna-superhero-sudheer-babu-wraps-up-shooting-film-now-engaged-in-post-production-work/articleshow/103418434.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 September 2023 |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009181141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maa-nanna-superhero-sudheer-babu-wraps-up-shooting-film-now-engaged-in-post-production-work/amp_articleshow/103418434.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received a U certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Maa Nanna Superhero gets a 'U' certificate |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/03/maa-nanna-superhero-gets-a-u-certificate |work=Cinema Express |date=8 October 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009181443/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/Oct/03/maa-nanna-superhero-gets-a-u-certificate |url-status=live }}</ref> The cinematography was by Sameer Kalyani, while the editing was handled by Anil Kumar P.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maa Nanna Superhero: It's a wrap for Sudheer Babu's father-son drama with Abhilash Reddy Kankara |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/maa-nanna-superhero-its-a-wrap-for-sudheer-babus-father-son-drama-with-abhilash-reddy-kankara/b6724111a255 |work=www.ottplay.com |date=6 September 2023 |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009181458/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/maa-nanna-superhero-its-a-wrap-for-sudheer-babus-father-son-drama-with-abhilash-reddy-kankara/b6724111a255 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Maa Nanna Superhero' teaser out: Sudheer Babu's starrer promises a heartfelt father-son story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maa-nanna-superhero-teaser-out-sudheer-babus-starrer-promises-a-heartfelt-father-son-story/articleshow/113310094.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 September 2024 |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009182051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maa-nanna-superhero-teaser-out-sudheer-babus-starrer-promises-a-heartfelt-father-son-story/amp_articleshow/113310094.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maa Nanna Superhero
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Jay Krish
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:34
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Jay Krish
| chronology = Jay Krish
| prev_title = [[Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Maa Nanna Superhero
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Nanna
| single1date = 19 September 2024<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rachavelpula |first1=Kausalya |title=Sudheer Babu's Emotional Father-Son Song 'Nanna' from Maa Nanna Superhero Released |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sudheer-babus-emotional-father-son-song-nanna-from-maa-nanna-superhero-released-908215 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=19 September 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005051141/https://www.thehansindia.com//cinema/tollywood/sudheer-babus-emotional-father-son-song-nanna-from-maa-nanna-superhero-released-908215 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| single2 = Vedukalo
| single2date = 28 September 2024<ref>{{cite news |title='Vedukalo' from Maa Nanna Superhero is a heartwarming celebration song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/28/vedukalo-from-maa-nanna-superhero-is-a-heartwarming-celebration-song |work=Cinema Express |date=5 September 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009182059/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/Sep/28/vedukalo-from-maa-nanna-superhero-is-a-heartwarming-celebration-song |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{{external music video| header = Audio Jukebox
|{{YouTube|jNDYwgAMU50|Maa Nanna Superhero – Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack was composed by Jay Krish.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maa Nanna Super Hero - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/maa-nanna-super-hero/6hKt1ygyQFE_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=9 October 2024 |date=14 September 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008175316/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/maa-nanna-super-hero/6hKt1ygyQFE_ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first single, "Nanna" was released on 19 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=First single from Sudheer Babu's Maa Nanna Superhero to be unveiled on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/18/first-single-from-sudheer-babus-maa-nanna-superhero-to-be-unveiled-on-this-date |work=Cinema Express |date=6 September 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009182744/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/Sep/18/first-single-from-sudheer-babus-maa-nanna-superhero-to-be-unveiled-on-this-date |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single, "Vedukalo" was released on 28 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title='Wedding song' from Maa Nanna Superhero to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/26/wedding-song-from-maa-nanna-superhero-to-be-out-on-this-date |work=Cinema Express |date=5 September 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009183405/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/Sep/26/wedding-song-from-maa-nanna-superhero-to-be-out-on-this-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nanna Song
| length1 = 3:30
| lyrics1 = Lakshmi Priyanka
| extra1 = Nazeeruddin
| title2 = Vedukalo
| length2 = 3:59
| lyrics2 = Sanapati Bharadwaj Patrudu
| extra2 = Aishwarya Daruri, Brinda, Chaitu Satsangi, Akhil Chandra
| title3 = Kanneellu Leva
| length3 = 3:59
| lyrics3 = Sanare
| extra3 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| title4 = Dhoom Dhaam
| length4 = 3:53
| lyrics4 = Sanapati Bharadwaj Patrudu
| extra4 = Saathwik
| title5 = Emito Ee Prema
| length5 = 2:59
| lyrics5 = Sanare
| extra5 = Pravasthi Aradhya
| title6 = Theme
| length6 = 1:14
| lyrics6 = {{mdash}}
| extra6 = {{mdash}}
| total_length = 19:34
}}

== Release ==
''Maa Nanna Superhero'' was released theatrically on 11 October 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=Sudheer Babu on 'Ma Nanna Super Hero' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/big-sudheer-babu-on-ma-nanna-super-hero-912697 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=7 October 2024 |language=en |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009015115/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/big-sudheer-babu-on-ma-nanna-super-hero-912697 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mahesh Babu launches the trailer of Sudheer Babu's 'Maa Nanna Superhero' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-launches-the-trailer-of-sudheer-babus-maa-nanna-superhero/articleshow/113966999.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 October 2024 |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009183407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-launches-the-trailer-of-sudheer-babus-maa-nanna-superhero/amp_articleshow/113966999.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film three and one-fourth out of five stars and wrote that "The film successfully balances drama, emotions, and a subtle love story, which unfolds naturally without taking away from the serious themes. The comic relief, though minimal, feels organic and helps lighten the mood at appropriate times."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title='Maa Nanna Superhero' review: A worthy watch this Dussehra |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/maa-nanna-superhero-review-a-worthy-watch-this-dussehra-913434 |work=The Hans India |date=10 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "''Maa Nanna Superhero'' is a decent family drama that touches on universal themes of love, sacrifice, and redemption. While it excels in its performances and certain emotional moments, it is held back by a predictable plot and inconsistent pacing. Viewers seeking a heartwarming story may find it enjoyable."<ref>{{cite news |title=Maa Nanna Super Hero Movie Review : An emotional drama with heartfelt performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/maa-nanna-super-hero/movie-review/114184177.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 October 2024}}</ref>

BH Harsh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Abhilash Reddy Kankara clearly has the flair for capturing moments that convey the poignance of his themes. If only he also had a script that was more coherent, with more of these moments woven in, moments that say a lot without saying much."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harsh |first1=B. H. |title='Maa Nanna Superhero' movie review: This road-trip drama takes the safer, cliched route |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Oct/12/maa-nanna-superhero-movie-review-this-road-trip-drama-takes-the-safer-cliched-route |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Sudheer Babu and Saichand's performances anchor ''Maa Nanna Superhero'', an uneven relationship drama that scores in a few segments".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title='Maa Nanna Superhero' movie review: Sudheer Babu shoulders a patchy relationship drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maa-nanna-superhero-movie-review-sudheer-babu-shoulders-a-patchy-relationship-drama/article68735953.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=11 October 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote that "Though slightly overripe, Abhilash Kankara's film works because it unfolds like an affectionate relationship procedural that views a complicated scenario through a new lens."<ref>{{cite news |title='Maa Nanna Superhero' Review: A Father-Son Drama That Nearly Hits the Sweet Spot |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/maa-nanna-superhero-review-a-father-son-drama-that-nearly-hits-the-sweet-spot |work=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=14 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and opined that "''Maa Nanna Superhero'' is a well-made film with a decent story and good performances. However, the writing looks far from complete. For some reason, the film leaves you wanting for more in terms of deft screenplay and better execution."<ref>{{cite news |title=Maa Nanna Superhero Movie Review: Sudheer Babu's Film Is An Emotional Drama That Shines In Parts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/maa-nanna-superhero-movie-review-sudheer-babus-film-is-an-emotional-drama-that-shines-in-parts-review-114142766/amp |work=Times Now |date=11 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28115572}}

[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]

Tamizh Padam

2026-03-03T02:59:52Z

Margaretxro: put up new post

{{Short description|2010 film by C. S. Amudhan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Tamizh Padam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. S. Amudhan]]
| producer = [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]] [[S. Sashikanth]]
| writer = K.Chandru (dialogue)
| screenplay = C. S. Amudhan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]]
*[[Disha Pandey]]
*[[Paravai Muniyamma]]
}}
| music = [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]
| studio = [[Cloud Nine Movies]] [[YNOT Studios]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|1|29}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}1.8 crore<ref>{{cite web|title=The new darlings of Kollywood|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=hub090711The.asp|access-date=5 July 2011|archive-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041158/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=hub090711The.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''''Tamizh Padam''''' ({{translation|Tamil Film}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[parody film]] written and directed by [[C. S. Amudhan]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] and [[Disha Pandey]]. It is the first full-length spoof in Tamil cinema. It parodies contemporary commercial films and actors in [[Tamil cinema]], mocking the [[Stereotype#Role in art and culture|stereotypical]] scenes.

The film was distributed by [[Dhayanidhi Alagiri]] under the banner [[Cloud Nine Movies]]. The music was composed by [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]] with cinematography by [[Nirav Shah]] and editing by [[T. S. Suresh]]. The film was released on 29 January 2010 to critical acclaim and became a commercial success. The film was later remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Sudigadu]]''. A sequel called ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' was released in 2018.

==Plot==
In the Indian village of Cinemapatti, [[Sex-selective abortion|male infanticide]] is predominant, and all male babies are required to be killed immediately after birth. One such baby is headed for such a fate, until he "speaks" to his caretaker-grandmother ([[Paravai Muniyamma]]) and asks to be sent to [[Chennai]] on a goods train, where he plans to grow into a hero. The old woman complies, and takes the baby, named Shiva, to Chennai and raises him herself, living in the city's poorer section.

On growing into manhood, Shiva ([[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]]) gains a reputation by giving a massive entry by beating up extortionists by throwing them in the air and saving a rape victim; soon he is glorified as a "mass hero".{{efn|In Tamil cinema, the term "mass hero" is a colloquialism referring to an immensely popular actor who can romance, sing, dance, amuse, and defeat several goons in a fight.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Man-of-masses/articleshow/3952708.cms Man of masses]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (9 January 2009). Retrieved on 2016-12-03.</ref>}} He manages to defeat gangster Devaraj with a clever exchange of puns and a costumed associate. He spends his time hanging out, [[Alcoholic beverage|drinking]], and playing [[carrom]] with his gang of friends, composed of Nakul ([[M. S. Bhaskar]]), Bharath ([[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]) and Siddharth ([[Manobala]]).

Shiva runs into a headstrong girl named Priya ([[Disha Pandey]]), whom he falls in love with. After learning of her hatred for men, he realizes that she has dedicated her life to classical dance, so he learns [[Bharatanatyam]] over the course of a night and performs an exaggerated dance sequence for her. She reciprocates his feelings, and the two start a relationship. Shiva is then challenged by Priya's rich and powerful father Kodeeswaran, who refuses to give his daughter to a poor man. Shiva swears to become a billionaire, and promptly does so, during the course of a song.

Kodeeswaran accepts Shiva as a suitor and fixes his engagement to Priya. During the ceremony, Shiva hears a passing comment that he does not know his own father. Offended, he travels to Cinemapatti, accompanied by Bharath, to learn his roots. After encountering a host of Tamil-cinema stereotypes of several decades ago, he succeeds in uniting with his family when a woman (revealed to be Shiva's father's concubine) leads him to his father, mother and sister. He finds them when they sing their "family song" (the [[Michael Learns to Rock]] number "[[Someday (Michael Learns to Rock song)|Someday]]").<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/telugu/Thamizh-Padam-Movie-Review/articleshow/5517527.cms | title=Thamizh Padam Movie Review | work=The Times of India | date=30 January 2010 | access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>

However, unknown to anyone, Shiva has been targeting and killing several criminals in secret: he kills female gangster Swarna by making her slip over a banana peel; makes another big-time crook [[Death from laughter|laugh to death]]; tortures a drug dealer to commit suicide by continuous failed attempts on his life; and kills his final victim with the odor of his sock. The police discover that he is the killer, and it is revealed that Shiva is actually an undercover officer and was killing the criminals under direct orders from not only the Commissioner, but also from the [[President of the United States]].

The ganglord who commandeered the slain criminals, a mysterious person simply called "D", organises the kidnapping of Priya by telling Pandian ([[Sathish]]) and his henchmen to kidnap her and has Shiva beaten up. Shiva recovers, saves Priya by fighting off thugs using exaggerated stunts, and comes face to face with "D", revealed to be his grandmother. She explains that she did this to increase the fame of her grandson, and a heartbroken Shiva is forced to arrest her.

At the trial, Shiva accidentally kills an assassin who targets his grandmother and is put on trial himself. He is saved, however, when a man who helped him in Cinemapatti earlier testifies that Shiva was a victim of circumstance. Both Shiva and "D" are pardoned, and Shiva who has been promoted to [[Director General of Police|DGP]], unites happily with Priya, his family and friends.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] as Shiva
**[[Sree Ram]] as young Shiva
* [[Disha Pandey]] as Priya
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Nakul
* [[Manobala]] as Siddharth
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Bharath
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Judge
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as "[[Heroin]]" Kumar
* [[Periyar Dasan]] as Mokkai (Shiva's father)
* [[Shanmugasundaram]] as CBI officer Shanmugasundaram
* [[Paravai Muniyamma]] as Grandmother (D)
* Azhagu as Kodeeswaran (Priya's father)
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Nattamai
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as 'Paan Parag' Ravi
* [[Sathish]] as Pandiya
* [[Halwa Vasu]] as Kodeeswaran's assistant
* Seenu as Devaraj
* Meesai Rajendran as DGP Sundaram
* Ammu Ramachandran as Sheela
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as Kanakku (Nattamai's assistant)
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Minister
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as Railway Guard
* Boys Rajan as Commissioner Natrajan
* Ayyappan as Rape Victim
* Rekha Suresh
* [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
* [[Thideer Kannaiah]]
* [[Theni Kunjarammal]]
* [[Sree Raam]] as Young Shiva
* [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] in an [[item number]]
{{colend}}

==Production==
S. Sashikanth, who was looking for scripts for his debut production for his production banner YNOT Studios got in touch with C. S. Amudhan, who was willing to make his directorial debut, submitted three pitches in different genres for his consideration, out of which Sashikanth chosen the script of spoofs and went ahead with it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/funny-once-more/article6688970.ece|title = Funny once more|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 13 December 2014|last1 = Srinivasan|first1 = Sudhir}}</ref><ref name = ynot>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/why-not/article2949904.ece |title=Why Not? |work=The Hindu|date=March 2012 |access-date=2017-09-19|last1=Kamath |first1=Sudhish }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tamizh Padam
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 January 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = {{plainlist|
*Junglee Music
}}
| producer = Kannan
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Mayanginen Thayanginen]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

The soundtrack was composed by debutant [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]]. The song "O Maha Zeeya" consists entirely of gibberish words derived from earlier Tamil film songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=21 June 2018 |title=CS Amudhan Interview: 'I Don't Dream Of Directing Big Stars And Moving To The Next Level' |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/interviews/cs-amudhan-interview-i-dont-dream-of-directing-big-stars-and-moving-to-the-next-level/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250912014517/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/interviews/cs-amudhan-interview-i-dont-dream-of-directing-big-stars-and-moving-to-the-next-level/ |archive-date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Kuthu Vilakku
| extra1 = [[Ujjayinee Roy]]
| lyrics1 = Thiyagu
| length1 =
| title2 = O Maha Zeeya
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Swetha Mohan]]
| lyrics2 = [[C. S. Amudhan]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Oru Sooravali
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics3 = K. Chandru
| length3 =
| title4 = Pacha Manja
| extra4= [[Mukesh Mohamed]], Chorus
| lyrics4 = K. Chandru
| length4 =
| title5 = Theme Music
}}

==Release==
In order to receive the film a wide release, Sashikanth opted to sell the film to Dayanidhi Alagiri who distributed and released the film under his company Cloud Nine Movies.<ref name = ynot/>

===Reception===
Upon release, the film received critical acclaim for its humour en route to becoming one of the box office successes of the year in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Rediff.com called the film a "must watch", while Sify.com labelled the film as a "rollicking comedy" and gave particular praise for Shiva's performance and the director's script and dialogues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-padam-review-tamil-pclx0Wibgbecd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924050641/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-padam-review-tamil-pclx0Wibgbecd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2017 |title=Review|website=[[Sify]] |date=2010-01-29 |access-date=2017-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-thamizh-padam/20100201.htm |title=Review: Thamizh Padam is a rip-roaring spoof|publisher=Rediff|date=2010-02-01 |access-date=2017-09-19}}</ref>

However ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 2.5/5, commenting, "It's a brilliant idea, to make a [[Mockumentary|mocumentary]] of Tamil cinema, and the very concept raises your expectations" and concluded, "Having dared to test the waters, the director seems to have stepped back in apprehension."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Tamil-Padam/movie-review/5534225.cms|title=Tamil Padam Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref>

==Legacy==
''Tamizh Padam'' was the first full-length [[parody film]] of Tamil cinema.{{sfn|Nakassis|2022|p=113}} In hindsight, it has been considered a forerunner of a 2010s "new wave" of more experimental, outsider-created films, including ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'', ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' and ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'', which deviated from the traditional narratives of commercial Tamil cinema by exploring absurdist and experimental concepts, with more realistic stories and [[neo-noir]] influences.{{sfn|Nakassis|2022|p=129}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Nakassis |first=Constantine V. |title=Onscreen/offscreen |date=December 2022 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-4179-8 |series=Studies in the anthropology of language, sign, and social life |pp=113–145 |chapter=Chapter Three: The Politics of Parody |chapter-url=https://utppublishing.com/doi/10.3138/9781487541774.006}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2613012}}

{{YNOT Studios}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian parody films]]
[[Category:2010s parody films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. Sashikanth]]
[[Category:YNOT Studios films]]

Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu

2026-02-26T01:14:06Z

Margaretxro: minor add details based on references further and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu
| image_name = Government College of Engineering and Technology Jammu Logo.jpeg
| caption = Official logo of college
| motto = Let noble thoughts come to us from all sides
| established = {{start date and age|1994}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcetjammu.org/about_college.php |title=Government College of Engineering & Technology - Jammu |publisher=Gcetjammu.org |date= |accessdate=2012-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626151658/http://www.gcetjammu.org/about_college.php |archive-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| academic_affiliation = [[University of Jammu]] (Autonomous)
| type = Govt. Engineering Institution
| director =
| principal = Sameru Sharma
| location = Chak Bhalwal, [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], 181122, [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|32.8514|N|74.7793|E|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| faculty =
| students = 819<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcetjammu.org/admis_intake_capacity.php |title=Government College of Engineering & Technology - Jammu |publisher=Gcetjammu.org |date= |accessdate=2012-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609075857/http://www.gcetjammu.org/admis_intake_capacity.php |archive-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| free_label = Acronym
| free = GCET
| campus = Rural
| campus_size = {{Convert|108|acre}}
| website = {{URL|www.gcetjammu.org.in}}
}}The '''Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu''' ('''GCET Jammu''') is an engineering institute located in Chak Bhalwal of [[Jammu district]] in the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Established in 1994, GCET Jammu is the first engineering college of [[Jammu region]] and is affiliated with [[Jammu University]] for academic progression.

The Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu (GCET) was established in the year 1994 under [[All India Council of Technical Education]] (AICTE) norms vide Notification No.F-18-1/93-AICTE/910 dated: 30 April 1993 and is affiliated to University of Jammu, Jammu. The inauguration of the college was done by the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, General K. V. Krishna Rao on 5 October 1994 at Old University Campus, Canal Road, Jammu.

Now, New Campus of GCET has also come up on an area of 869 Kanals of land at Chak Bhalwal, Jammu near Amb Ghrota which is 25 km from Old University Campus, Canal Road, Jammu. The complete College has been shifted to New Campus now.

On Nov 7, 2023 GCET Jammu signed MoU with BIS-Jammu signifying commitment to collaboration in organizing workshops, exposure visits, and industrial visits for students in various industry players within the state. It is now the third technical institution in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, alongside IIT Jammu and NIT Srinagar, to have signed an MoU with BIS-Jammu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2023-11-07 |title=MoU signed between GCET Jammu, BIS-Jammu |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/mou-signed-between-gcet-jammu-bis-jammu/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Admission process and branch strength ==
The admission of students to GCET Jammu is made through a Common Entrance Test conducted by the BOPEE (Board Of Professional Entrance Examinations). This college has been approved by the AICTE. The college is affiliated to the [[University of Jammu]].

Earlier the strength for the intake of B.E. students was:
* Civil Engineering 30 seats
* Mechanical Engineering 30 seats
* Electrical Engineering 30 seats
* Electronics and Communication Engineering 30 seats
* Computer Engineering 40 seats

However, from the session 2015–16, the number of seats<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gcetjammu.org/admis_intake_capacity.php |title=Government College of Engineering & Technology - Jammu |access-date=5 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609075857/http://www.gcetjammu.org/admis_intake_capacity.php |archive-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> were revised and are as following:
* Civil Engineering 60 + 5% TFW
* Mechanical Engineering 60+ 5% TFW
* Electrical Engineering 60+ 5% TFW
* Electronics and Coummunication Engineering 60+ 5% TFW
* Computer Engineering 60+ 5% TFW
* '''Total 300+ 5% TFW'''
As clear from the above table, for each branch, there is a provision of additional 3 seats(5%) for Tuition Fee Waiver Scheme in accordance with AICTE norms.

== Curriculum ==

The [[Bachelor's degree]] course consists of eight [[semesters]]. Each semester carries 1000 marks and the final [[percentage]] of the degree is calculated as the [[average]] of all the eight semesters. From first to sixth semester, the curriculum contains six theory courses (600 marks) and four practical courses (400 marks). Much of the first year focuses on the basic sciences, mathematics and introduction to the technical field. The second year is highly interdisciplinary. From fourth semester onwards the course becomes more branch oriented. After fifth semester the students are exposed to summer training in industry for 4–6 weeks.

The seventh and eight semesters i.e. the final year, is different from the rest of the course, with less theory and more practice. Both of these semesters have four theory courses (400 marks). The other 600 marks are divided among the practical courses, summer training, technical seminar, minor project and the major project.
54 seats are approved recently for M.TECH in this institution by AICTE. These will be divided equally among the three branches - mechanical, computers and electronics and communication.
Boys hostel has two blocks each having intake capacity 100 students.
Girls hostel is under construction.

== New Campus ==
The New Campus of GCET has come up on an area of 869 kanals of land at Chak Bhalwal, Jammu near Amb Ghrota which is nearly 25 km from the Old University Campus, Canal Road, Jammu. The campus is still incomplete with many branches not having their own block. The library block of the campus was completed in November 2016.

==Boys Hostel==
There is four-storey in-campus boys hostel in GCET Jammu which has a capacity of 200. It consists of two blocks "A" and "B". There are robust sports activities which include HPL (Hostel Premier League) for both cricket and football. There is also a debate club started by alumni; where brain-storming debates of local, national and international issues take place.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Boys Hostel Gcet.jpg|Boys Hostel, GCET Jammu
Gcet from top.jpg|Hostel from top
Gcet Admin.jpg|Administrative Block, GCET Jammu
Boys Hostel gcet.jpg|Boys Hostel from Inside
GCET corridor.jpg|Corridor inside Boys Hostel
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[University of Jammu]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Srinagar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gcetconnect.comuf.com/ new website]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* {{Official website|http://www.gcetjammu.org/}}
* [https://www.jammuuniversity.in/ac_ec.asp List of engineering colleges under University of Jammu]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=32.8505785&lon=74.7784531&z=17&l=0&m=a&v=2 New campus on Wikimapia.org]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=32.726017&lon=74.850141&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2 Old campus on Wikimapia.org]

[[Category:Education in Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar

2026-02-18T01:56:51Z

Margaretxro: added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Abasaheb Khedkar
| honorific-suffix =
| order =
| office1 = [[Ministry of Rural Development Government of Maharashtra|1st Minister of Rural Development (Maharashtra)]]
| term_start1 = 1 May 1960
| term_end1 = 19 November 1962
| predecessor1 = ''position established''
| successor1 = [[S. K. Wankhede]]
| office2 = [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee|1st President of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| predecessor2 = ''position established''
| successor2 = Vinayakrao Patil
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = (1951-1957), (1957
| term_end3 = 1960)
| predecessor3 = ''position established''
| successor3 = [[T. S. Patil]]
| constituency3 = [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency]] [[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency]]
| office4 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = (1962-1967), (1967
| term_end4 = 1972)
| predecessor4 = ''position established''
| successor4 = Manohar Bhikaji Tayade
| constituency4 = [[Akot]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1901|1|14}}
| birth_place = Khed Tal. [[Morshi]], [[Amravati district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age |df=yes|1969|05|25|1901|01|14}}
| death_place = [[Amravati]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty =
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = Politician
| religion =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dr. Gopalrao Bajirao Deshmukh''' alias '''Abasaheb Khedkar''' (14 January 1901 – 25 May 1969), also known as Abasaheb Khedkar was a social activist and a farmers' leader in India. He was the Minister of Rural Development in the first cabinet ministry of [[Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtrapcc.org/PCC%20Presidents%20of%20Maharashtra.aspx |title=Untitled Page |accessdate=2011-07-31 |url-status = dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727060333/http://maharashtrapcc.org/PCC%20Presidents%20of%20Maharashtra.aspx |archivedate=27 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the first President of [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]].

==Biography==
He was born at Khed in [[Amravati]] district of [[Vidarbha]], [[Maharashtra]] on 14 January 1901.
In 1917, after his matriculation Abasaheb studied Homeopathy from Kolkata.
In 1920, when he was studying at [[Amravati]] Victoria Technical School he came across [[Mahatma Gandhi]] non co-operation movement.
He established Shivaji Boarding in 1923 which later became [[Shivaji Education Society]].<ref name="Philanthropist">{{cite web|title=A great Philanthropist of Vidarbha Region|url=http://www.shivajiakola.org/|publisher=Shivaji Education Society|accessdate=21 January 2009|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410153619/http://www.shivajiakola.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Political career==

Abasaheb Khedkar was a protagonist of Samyukta Maharashtra and opposed to formation of separate Vidarbha. He wanted all Marathi speaking areas of India to be united under one state of Maharashtra, in the larger interest of [[Marathi people]].{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=November 2017}}
He was one of the signatories of the informal agreement reached in 1953 by Marathi speaking politicians from different regions of Marathi speaking areas on the composition, and organization of the future Maharashtra state. The agreement is popularly known as the [[Nagpur Pact]].{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=November 2017}} He was the first president of [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727060333/http://maharashtrapcc.org/PCC%20Presidents%20of%20Maharashtra.aspx Official site.]</ref> He refused to take the position of [[Chief Minister]] of [[Maharashtra]] and preferred to take up the Rural Development portfolio. He was instrumental in implementing [[Panchayat raj]] in Maharashtra in the form of [[District Councils of India|Zilla parishads]] (Equivalent to County or District Councils) in 1962.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Venkatesan|first1=V.|title=Institutionalising panchayati raj in India|date=2002|publisher=published for Institute of Social Sciences by Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170229971|page=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNAkjN1b9xQC&q=khedkar+&pg=PA221|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref>

==Akola Loksabha==
Khedkar was elected as [[Member of Parliament]] From [[Akola]] Lok Sabha constituency twice and served in the Lok sabha from 1951 to 1960. He resigned from the Lok sabha in 1960 to enter into government of the newly formed state of Maharashtra.

==Akot Vidhansabha==
Khedkar was elected from Akot constituency in 1962 to the first legislative assembly of the newly formed state of Maharashtra.
He was re-elected from the same constituency in the 1967 elections.

==Death and legacy==

* Dr. Abasaheb Khedkar died in 1969 at [[Amravati]].
* Shri Shivaji Arts and Commerce Mahavidyalaya at [[Telhara]] district Akola was renamed in his memory to Dr Gopalrao Khedkar Mahavidyalaya Gadegaon (Telhara).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://drgkmtelh.org/pages/aboutus.htm |publisher=Shri Shivaji Education Society's Dr. Gopalrao Khedkar Mahavidyalaya Gadegaon (Telhara) |title=About us |accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref>
* A Special cover of the Indian Postal Stamp was issued by the then President Of India, Mrs Pratibha Patil in 2013 at Amravati. Early in Mrs. Patil's career, Abasaheb had been her political mentor.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Sunaina|title=The First Woman President of India Reinventing Leadership: Pratibha Devisingh Patil|date=2016|publisher=Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=9788184248166|page=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhOUAwAAQBAJ&q=khedkar&pg=PA25}}</ref> His son was Late Vasantrao Gopalrao Khedkar Retd. IAS and daughter Late Nalini Vasant Deshmukh.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120418050352/http://amravati.nic.in/htmldocs/district.htm About Amravati District]
* [http://www.shivajiedusocamt.org Shri Shivaji Education Society, Amravati]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727060333/http://maharashtrapcc.org/PCC%20Presidents%20of%20Maharashtra.aspx First MPCC President]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khedkar, Gopalrao}}
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:1900s births]]
[[Category:People from Amravati district]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Indian homeopaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Presidents of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Greyhounds (police)

2026-02-11T08:05:51Z

Margaretxro: added info

{{Short description|Tactical police units in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Greyhounds
| commonname =
| abbreviation = GHS
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge = Andhra Pradesh Greyhounds badge.jpg
| badgecaption = Andhra Pradesh Greyhounds badge
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| formedmonthday =
| formedyear = 1989
| employees = ~3,000 (2020)<ref name = "Silva"/>
| budget =
| legalpersonality =
| divname = {{ubl|[[Andhra Pradesh]]|[[Telangana]]|[[Odisha]]<ref name = "Sunday"/>|[[Chhattisgarh]]<ref name = "Sunday"/>}}
| divdab =
| map =
| mapcaption =
| dmap =
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| legaljuris = {{ubl|Andhra Pradesh|Telangana}}
| governingbody =
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| constitution1 =

| speciality1 =
| speciality2 =

| secret =
| oversighttype =
| oversightbody = {{ubl|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]|[[Government of Telangana]]}}
| headquarters = {{ubl|
[[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh

|[[Hyderabad]], Telangana|<ref name = "Silva"/>}}
| hqlocmap =
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| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype = Minister
| minister1name = [[Vangalapudi Anitha]]

| minister1pfo = Home Minister of Andhra Pradesh
| minister2name = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| minister2pfo = Home Minister of Telangana

| chief1name = [[Director General of Police|DGP]], Andhra Pradesh
| chief1position =
| chief2name = [[Director General of Police|DGP]], Telangana
| chief2position =
| chief3name =
| chief3position = [[ADGP]] (Operations), AP<ref name = "APADGP"/>
| chief4name =
| chief4position = ADGP (Operations), TS<ref name = "TSADGP"/>

| parentagency = {{ubl|[[Andhra Pradesh Police]]|[[Telangana Police|Telangana State Police]]}}
| unittype =
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| animals1 = 

| person1name = [[K. S. Vyas]]
| person1reason = raising Greyhounds
| person1type = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]

| activity1name = [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]

| activitytype = engagements
| anniversary1 =

| award1 = Deputy Assault Commander [[K. Prasad Babu]], [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]] (posthumous)

| website =
| footnotes =
| reference =
}}
'''Greyhounds''' is a [[Police tactical unit|police special forces]] unit of the [[Andhra Pradesh Police|Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana Police]] in India. They specialise in [[Counterinsurgency|counter-insurgency]] operations against [[Naxalite|Naxalite-Maoist]] terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Aman |date=16 July 2012 |title=Home Ministry proposes to replicate Greyhounds of Andhra Pradesh in five Maoist-hit states |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/home-ministry-greyhounds-andhra-pradesh-maoist-hit-states-109609-2012-07-15 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2013 |title=Naxal strongholds can be demolished by Greyhounds force only |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MP-OTC-naxal-strongholds-can-be-demolished-by-GreyHounds-only-4282389-NOR.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316080559/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MP-OTC-naxal-strongholds-can-be-demolished-by-GreyHounds-only-4282389-NOR.html |archive-date=16 March 2014 |website=[[Daily Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2013 |title=Kiran hypes Andhra Pradesh's success in Naxal war, seeks funds |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130606/news-current-affairs/article/kiran-hypes-andhra-pradesh’s-success-naxal-war-seeks-funds |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612025632/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130606/news-current-affairs/article/kiran-hypes-andhra-pradesh%E2%80%99s-success-naxal-war-seeks-funds |archive-date=2013-06-12 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

Several Indian paramilitary and police officers have described the Greyhounds as among the best anti-insurgency forces that specialises in anti-Maoist operations and as experts in [[jungle warfare]].<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Sumit |date=22 March 2017 |title=Greyhounds among the best anti-insurgency forces: Experts |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/greyhounds-among-the-best-anti-insurgency-forces-experts/article17568627.ece |accessdate=3 March 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:KS Vyas bust in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Bust of Greyhounds founder [[K. S. Vyas]] in [[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh.]]
Greyhounds was initiated in early 1989 by the [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] government after some Maoists killed several top landlords in [[Prakasam District]], and its training program was introduced by the [[Indian Police Service]] officer [[K. S. Vyas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=AP declines to share Greyhounds with Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ap-declines-share-greyhounds-chhattisgarh-2264039|website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Directly as a consequence of founding the unit, Vyas became the top target on the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War]]'s hit list. Although he eventually was moved out of the Greyhounds, he continued to consult regularly on operations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=28 February 1993 |title=Banned Naxalite group catches Andhra Pradesh authorities on the wrong foot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19930228-banned-naxalite-group-catches-andhra-pradesh-authorities-on-the-wrong-foot-810748-1993-02-27 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Vyas was assassinated at gun point by Mohammed Nayeemuddin, and four other members of the CPI (M–L) People's War, on 27 January 1993 while taking an evening jog at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Renegade Naxal had the blood of an IPS officer on his hands|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2016/aug/09/renegade-naxal-had-the-blood-of-an-ips-officer-on-his-hands-1507202.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/28/stories/2010012860140500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201021815/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/28/stories/2010012860140500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 February 2010 | title=Vyas remembered for uprightness | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=28 January 2010 | accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2008 |title=Three acquitted in DIG Vyas murder case |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Three-acquitted-in-DIG-Vyas-murder-case/articleshow/3739069.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Greyhounds commandos of Telangana Police gunned down Nayeemuddin at the Millenium Township in [[Shadnagar]], 48 km from [[Hyderabad]], on 8 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sudhir |first=T. S. |date=8 August 2016 |title=Maoist renegade Nayeem's encounter: AP's Greyhounds avenge founder's murder - Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/maoist-renegade-nayeems-encounter-aps-greyhounds-avenge-founders-murder-2942160.html |accessdate=3 March 2018 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nayeemuddin involved in killing of IPS officer Vyas|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/090816/nayeemuddin-involved-in-killing-of-ips-officer-vyas.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en|date=9 August 2016}}</ref>

The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] approved the establishment of a new operations and training base for Greyhounds in August 2020. The government provided 385 acres of land at Jagannadhapuram village in the [[Anandapuram mandal|Annadapuram mandal]]. It is expected to be operational in 2022. Andhra Pradesh Greyhounds had been based in [[Visakhapatnam]] following the [[Telangana movement|founding of Telangana]] in 2014.<ref name="Silva">{{cite news |last1=G. |first1=Siva |date=17 August 2020 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Elite anti-Maoists force Greyhounds to get new base by 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/andhra-pradsh-elite-anti-maoists-force-greyhounds-to-get-new-base-by-2022/articleshow/77597343.cms |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Operations==
{{see|Naxalite–Maoist insurgency}}
Andhra Pradesh had been a long-time [[Red corridor|Maoist militant hotbed]] but the presence of Greyhounds, supported by paid informers at the village level, managed to arrest or kill several top leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2013 |title=Maoist-Hit States Resolve to Take a Uniform Approach |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=800000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131130234633/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=800000 |archive-date=30 November 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013 |website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> Greyhounds from Andhra Police and Telangana Police continue to operate jointly even after the [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name = "Hindu1"/> Greyhounds generally operate as small units of 15-30 commandos each that conduct combing operations in jungles. Local police are often included in Greyhounds operations but they typically play a minimal role and primarily serve as translators or help in navigation. At times, local police do not receive advance information about Greyhounds operations.<ref name="Sunday">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Swati |date=2016-10-30 |title=Centre's Greyhounds strategy pays off, Maoists crippled |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/7136-centre-s-greyhounds-strategy-pays-maoists-crippled |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=The Sunday Guardian |language=en-IN}}</ref>

All Greyhounds commandos are under the age of 35 years in order to ensure agility, strength and stamina. When a member of the force turns 35, they are automatically transferred to civil police.<ref name="Bhattacharjee" /> They are specifically trained for deep forest pursuit and combat.<ref name="Hindu1" /> Greyhounds commandos are expected to be able to trek 20–30 km of hilly, jungle terrain for a single operation. They may be required to remain in the jungle for a period of over 5–6 days at a stretch, and must be capable of subsisting on a ration of dry fruits.<ref name="Hindu1" /> This is because building a fire to cook a meal could expose their position. Greyhounds personnel, as well as Naxalites and Maoists, are also at risk of contracting [[malaria]] due to the terrain they operate in.<ref name="Bhattacharjee" />

Over 1,780 Maoists were killed by police between 1995 and 2016 with police recording 163 casualties. In the period between 2008 and 2017, police killed 700 Maoists and lost 3 officers in the line of duty. Around 80% of the kills were credited to Greyhounds commandos, who also accounted for about 20% of the total police casualties.<ref name="Hindu1"/>

===2008 Balimela attack===
{{main|Balimela reservoir boat attack}}
A group of 60 Greyhounds commandos, 5 police officers and a boat operator, were ambushed by Maoists on 29 June 2008, while returning to Andhra Pradesh through the [[Sileru River]] on board a motorboat belonging to the Odisha Irrigation Department, after conducting an unsuccessful combing operation in Odisha. Shortly after departing [[Janbai]], Odisha, the boat was ambushed and sunk by an unknown number of Maoists.<ref>{{cite web |last=Raman |first=B. |date=3 July 2008 |title=Greyhounds Ambushed |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/greyhounds-ambushed/237823 |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mohanty" /> The assailants, located on the surrounding hills, attacked the boat while it was passing through a narrow passage of the [[Balimela Reservoir]] with light machine guns, self-loading rifles, grenades, and automatic weapons such as [[AK-47]]s and [[Type 56 assault rifle|AK-56s]]. The grenades thrown at the boat caused it to capsize and sink.<ref name="Mohanty">{{cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Debabrata |date=9 July 2008 |title=Greyhound attack just the start, Orissa braces for worse |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/greyhound-attack-just-the-start-orissa-braces-for-worse/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920212005/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/greyhound-attack-just-the-start-orissa-braces-for-worse/ |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> Thirty-eight people died in the attack, including 32 Greyhounds personnel, all 5 police officers, and the boat operator, resulting in the highest death toll for the Greyhounds in a single attack. Some Greyhounds personnel were captured by Maoists and killed in custody. Search parties later recovered the remains of Greyhounds personnel with hands bound behind their back. Twenty-seven Greyhounds survived mostly by swimming to safety.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pattnaik |first=Soumyajit |date=2 July 2008 |title=36 commandos missing, may be held by Maoists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/36-commandos-missing-may-be-held-by-maoists/story-orZ64pWoL4Qdn9v6Ww1SeM.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Balimela incident anniversary observed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/balimela-incident-anniversary-observed/article2146927.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=15 November 2021 |language=en-IN |date=30 June 2011}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]] claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref name = "Mohanty"/> Odisha Home Secretary T.K. Mishra stated that the Greyhounds had made a "tactical blunder" by traveling in one boat and should have undertaken their journey earlier in the morning.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greyhounds' error led to attack: Orissa secretary |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-greyhounds-error-led-to-attack-orissa-secretary-1175014 |website=DNA India |access-date=15 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Patel Sudhakar Reddy]], leader of the central committee of the CPI (M), who police accused of being involved in the Balimela attack and several other major crimes, including the murders of Home Minister [[Alimineti Madhava Reddy]], Greyhounds founder K.S. Vyas, IPS officer Umesh Chandra and the attempted murder of Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] at [[Tirupati]] in 2003, was killed during a combing operation by Andhra Police in May 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2012 |title=Top Maoist leader shot in encounter |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/may/25/top-maoist-leader-shot-in-encounter-51926.html |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Police had received specific intelligence regarding the location of Maoists in the Lavella forest area in Tadwai mandal of [[Warangal district]]. His colleague Venkaiah, a CPI (M) district committee member was also killed in the [[Encounter killing|encounter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2009 |title=Top Naxal Leader Killed in Encounter in Andhra |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/top-naxal-leader-killed-in-encounter-in-andhra/660343 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120044232/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/top-naxal-leader-killed-in-encounter-in-andhra/660343 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref>

=== 2014–present ===
Following the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]], the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] altered its anti-Maoist tactics. The Home Ministry felt that counter-insurgency operations in the neighbouring states of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Odisha]] were not effective because the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) personnel sent to respond to Maoist violence lacked adequate local knowledge of the region to be successful, and due to the weaknesses of local police in those states. The Ministry appointed Greyhounds as the lead anti-Maoist force in all extremist affected areas and authorized the unit to freely operate in Chhattisgarh and Odisha. Unlike other state and local police, Greyhounds do not require prior permission to conduct operations outside their legal jurisdiction.<ref name="Sunday" />

On 24 October 2016, Greyhounds conducted their largest operation across the Andhra-Odisha border since the Balimela attack. The force had received intelligence regarding a high-level meeting of CPI (Maoist) leadership near [[Ramaguda]], Odisha. Greyhounds commandos reached the area armed with [[INSAS rifle|INSAS]] and AK-47 rifles. Thirty Maoists were killed in the operation including 2 state committee members (SCM),<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivas|first=Rajulapudi|date=2017-10-23|title=Anniversary of Ramaguda encounter: high alert sounded|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/anniversary-of-ramaguda-encounter-high-alert-sounded/article19902489.ece|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> 6 divisional committee members (DCM) and 2 area committee members (ACM). Greyhounds also recovered weapons, including those that had been taken from captured Greyhounds personnel.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Reddy |first1=U. Sudhakar |date=25 October 2016 |title=2008 Balimela attack which killed 37 Greyhounds is avenged: Police |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/251016/2008-balimela-attack-which-killed-37-greyhounds-is-avenged-police.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2016 |title=Midnight encounter: Payback for Balimela massacre? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/oct/24/midnight-encounter-payback-for-balimela-massacre-1531410.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Senior Maoist leader Ramakrishna alias RK, and his son Munna alias Vikram, managed to flee the raid.<ref name=":0" /> However, the operation nearly wiped out the region's top Maoist leadership, damaged morale among cadres, and weakened their hold over the region. Senior Maoist leaders such as Uday, Ramakrishna alias RK, and Chalapathi went into hiding.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2021-05-14|title=Uday back to head Maoist movement in AOB region|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/uday-back-to-head-maoist-movement-in-aob-region/article34560822.ece|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The operation occurred just 3 days after the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] had requested the [[Union Government]] and the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] to begin peace talks with Maoists.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sudhir |first1=T. S. |title=24 Maoists dead: What this means for the government, police and red ultras |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2016/10/24/24-maoists-dead-what-this-means-for-the-government-police-and-red-ultras |website=Newslaundry |date=24 October 2016 |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>

Following the Ramaguda raid, Greyhounds, Andhra and Telangana Police, with active support from the [[Government of Odisha]] and its law enforcement agencies, stepped up surveillance and combing operations in the Andhra-Odisha border region with the goal of eliminating the leadership of the CPI (M)'s Andhra Pradesh-Odisha Border Special Zonal Committee (AOBSZC). Security forces conducted several operations over the subsequent years targeting AOBSZC members.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news|date=2021-10-19|title=Maoist facing leadership crisis in AOB - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/maoist-facing-leadership-crisis-in-aob/article31823571.ece|access-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234320/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/maoist-facing-leadership-crisis-in-aob/article31823571.ece|archive-date=19 October 2021|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Sumit}}</ref> Gemmeli Narayan Rao alias Jambri, the DCM of the [[Galikonda]] area committee was killed in an encounter with Greyhounds in [[Annavaram]] on 24 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2017-02-26|title=Killing of Jambri hits Maoist leadership|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/killing-of-jambri-hits-maoist-leadership/article17370656.ece|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Greyhounds, and special police personnel from Odisha, Chhattisgarh and [[Maharashtra]], conducted combing operations in the Pujari Kanker area near the Telangana-Chhattisgarh border in March 2018. On 2 March, the unit located and gunned down 10 Maoists, including six female insurgents, in the Pujari Kanker forest.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dwary |first=Anurag |date=2 March 2018 |title=6 Women Among 10 Maoists Killed In Encounter In Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/10-maoists-including-top-leader-killed-in-encounter-in-chhattisgarhs-bastar-1818863 |accessdate=3 March 2018 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> CPI (Maoist) Telangana State Secretary Haribhushan alias Jagan, his wife Sammakka, [[Khammam]]-[[Karimnagar]]-[[Warangal]] Zone Secretary Damodar and [[Khammam district]] In-charge Sambaiah were among those presumed to be killed. Greyhounds constable B. Sushil Kumar, from [[Vikarabad]], was killed during the operation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2018 |title=Telangana: 10 Maoists, one Greyhounds cop killed in 'Encounter' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2018/mar/03/telangana-10-maoists-one-greyhounds-cop-killed-in-encounter-1781366.html |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The CPI (M) denied that Haribhushan alias Jagan had been killed and issued a press release and an audio recording vowing revenge to support their claim. The statement also claimed that 8 of the 10 Maoists killed were from [[Dantewada]] and [[Sukma]] in Chhattisgarh, and that only 2 Telangana Maoists from [[Hanamkonda|Hanmkonda]] had been killed in the encounter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2018 |title=Telangana: 'Slain' Maoist Jagan alias Haribhushan releases press statement vowing vengeance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/mar/04/telangana-slain-maoist-jagan-alias-haribhushan-releases-press-statement-vowing-vengeance-1781748.html |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In June 2021, [[Chhattisgarh Police]] stated that Haribhushan alias Jagan had died after contracting [[COVID-19]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Sravani |title=Maoist leader with Rs 40 lakh reward on him dies due to COVID; naxal camps badly hit by pandemic |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/06/23/maoist-leader-with-rs-40-lakh-reward-on-him-dies-due-to-covid-naxal-camps-badly-hit-by-pandemic.html |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> which was later confirmed by the CPI (Maoist).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2021-06-24|title=Haribhushan and Sarakka died of COVID: CPI (Maoist)|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/haribhushan-and-sarakka-died-of-covid-cpi-maoist/article34956257.ece|access-date=2021-11-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Combing operations were increased in the Andhra-Odisha border region during 21–28 September 2019 when the CPI (M) celebrates its Formation Day in the [[red corridor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2019 |title=Greyhounds kill 3 Maoists on Andhra-Odisha border |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/greyhounds-kill-3-maoists-on-andhraodisha-border/1624597 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120232537/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/greyhounds-kill-3-maoists-on-andhraodisha-border/1624597 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref> AP Greyhounds located and killed 3 Maoists on 22 September near Gummirevula in Vishakhapatnam district, and 2 Maoists in the Eastern Ghats forests the next day. All 5 were members of the Galikonda area committee.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-09-23|title=Two more Maoists gunned down in AP-Odisha border|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/two-more-maoists-gunned-down-in-ap-odisha-border-119092301360_1.html|access-date=2021-11-20}}</ref> By 2020, Odisha's Border Security Force, [[Special Operation Group (Odisha)|Special Operation Group]], and [[District Voluntary Force]], had established camps on its side of the border, and the CRPF established new outposts on the Andhra side. In June 2020, Visakhapatnam Police Superintendent, Attada Babujee, stated that security forces had pushed Maoists into a 1,500 sq km area of the Andhra-Odisha border and cut off top leadership from mid-levels and cadres. Intelligence officials claimed that the courier system used by Maoists to communicate in the region had nearly collapsed.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> Muttannagari Jalandhar Reddy alias Krishna, who was involved in the Balimela attack, surrendered to Andhra Police in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivas|first=Rajulapudi|date=2021-04-20|title=Maoist carrying a reward of ₹20 lakh surrenders in Andhra Pradesh|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/maoist-carrying-a-reward-of-20-lakh-surrenders-in-andhra-pradesh/article34370842.ece|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> CPI (M)'s [[Indravati National Park|Indravati]] area committee member Siddaboina Sarakka alias Bharatakka died in June 2021 after contracting COVID-19.<ref name=":1" />

Greyhounds killed 6 Maoists including Ranadev alias Arjun (DCM), Sande Gangiah alias "Dr" Ashok (DCM), and Santu Nachike (ACM) near Theegalametta village in [[Koyyuru]] mandal in June 2021. Ranadev's death was a major setback for the CPI (M) as he had been a party member for over 20 years and was described as "among the few committed Maoist leaders left in the region".<ref name = "Bhattacharjee">{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2021-06-26|title=When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh's fading red zone|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/when-greyhounds-struck-in-andhra-pradeshs-fading-red-zone/article34979972.ece|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The next month, 6 Maoist leaders surrendered to Andhra Police including DCM of the [[Peda Bayalu|Pedabayalu]]-[[Korukonda Mandal|Korukonda]] area committee Chikkudu Chinna Rao alias Kundram Sudhir Raju, DCM and Divisional Commander Vanthala Vannu alias Mahita, and 3 ACMs.<ref>{{Cite web |author=G. |first=Siva |date=Jul 21, 2021 |title=Senior Maoist leader & party member surrender in Visakhapatnam {{!}} Visakhapatnam News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/senior-maoist-leader-party-member-surrender/articleshow/84594790.cms |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2021 |title=Six key Maoist cadres surrender in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=862623 |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=[[Daijiworld Media]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Equipment ==
The primary weapons used by Greyhounds are [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|L1A1 Self-Loading]] rifles, [[Heckler & Koch MP5]] carbines, [[AK-47]]s with under-[[Gun barrel|barrel]] [[grenade launcher]]s, 5.56 mm [[INSAS rifle|INSAS]] rifles, 9 mm pistols, and [[IWI Tavor]] rifles.<ref name="Bhattacharjee" /> The Maoists they face use weapons that are often captured from police including AK[[AK-47|-]]47s, AK-56s, 9 mm carbines, Lee Enfield .303 rifles, L1A1 Self-Loading rifles, grenades, double and single-barrel shotguns, and country-made weapons.<ref name="Bhattacharjee" />

Greyhounds vehicles include helicopters and jeeps.<ref name="Sunday" /> Greyhounds units communicate with their home base through [[satellite phone]]s or [[Very high frequency|VHF]] sets equipped with [[scrambler]]s to avoid interception, as Maoists have the capability to intercept radio communication.<ref name="Bhattacharjee" />

[[InBody]] supplies [[body composition]] analysis machines to the Greyhounds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clients>Armed Forces |url=https://www.inbody.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901063615/http://inbody.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2016 |website=www.inbody.in |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

==Commanders==
* R.K. Meena - Additional Director General of Police (Operations), Andhra Pradesh<ref name = "APADGP">{{cite web |title=R.K. Meena is ADG of Greyhounds, Octopus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rk-meena-is-adg-of-greyhounds-octopus/article32896382.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=19 November 2021 |language=en-IN |date=20 October 2020}}</ref>
* K. Sreenivasa Reddy - Additional Director General of Police (Operations), Telangana<ref name = "TSADGP">{{cite web |title=Organization Structure |url=https://www.tspolice.gov.in/jsp/userMenu.do?method=viewOrganizationStructure |website=Telangana State Police |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
*Jagadeesh P., Assault Commander (AP)<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagadeesh P IPS appointed as Assault Commander- Greyhounds, AP |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/jagadeesh-p-ips-appointed-as-assault-commander-greyhounds-ap/ |website=Indian Bureaucracy |access-date=19 November 2021 |language=en |date=9 October 2020}}</ref>
*Krishnakanth G., Assault Commander (AP)<ref name ="AC">{{cite web |title=5 IPS posted as Assault Commander- AP Greyhounds |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/recap-5-ips-posted-as-assault-commander-ap-greyhounds/ |website=Indian Bureaucracy |access-date=19 November 2021 |language=en |date=12 October 2020}}</ref>
*Krishnakanth Patel, Assault Commander (AP)<ref name ="AC"/>
*Tushar Dudi, Assault Commander (AP)<ref name ="AC"/>
*V.N. Manikanta Chondolu, Assault Commander (AP)<ref name ="AC"/>

==Gallantry awards==
* Inspector and Deputy Assault Commander [[K. Prasad Babu]] - [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] 2013 (posthumous)

==See also==
* [[Counter Insurgency Force]] (West Bengal)
* [[Special Operation Group (Odisha)|Special Operation Group]] (Odisha)
* [[Force One (Mumbai Police)]]
* [[Special Operation Group (Odisha)]]
* [[Punjab Police SWAT Team]]
* [[Kerala Thunderbolts]] (Kerala)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

[[Category:Non-military counterterrorist organizations]]
[[Category:Specialist law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]

Leenesh Mattoo

2026-02-10T06:06:46Z

Margaretxro: starting new article from scratch...

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Leenesh Mattoo
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| parents =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years active = 2014–present
| known_for = ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]'' ''[[Brahmarakshas|Brahmarakshas 2]]'' ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''
| television =
}}

'''Leenesh Mattoo''' is an Indian actor who primarily works in Hindi television. Mattoo is widely recognised for his portrayal of Rudra Singh Oberoi in ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' and its spin-off series, ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishqbaaz-and-dil-bole-oberoi-will-be-merging-both-shows-need-each-other-producer-gul|title=Ishqbaaz and Dil Bole Oberoi will be merging, both shows need each other: Producer Gul Khan|website=Pinkvilla|date=30 June 2017|access-date=2017-07-09|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331065546/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishqbaaz-and-dil-bole-oberoi-will-be-merging-both-shows-need-each-other-producer-gul|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is also known for playing Siddharth in ''[[Brahmarakshas|Brahmarakshas 2]]'', Angad Shekhawat in ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]'' and Rishi in ''[[Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/leenesh-mattoo-felt-shy-flaunting-six-pack-abs-2835034/|title=Leenesh Mattoo felt shy flaunting six-pack abs|date=4 June 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mattoo was born and brought up in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India into a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/telly-tattle-pashminna-dhaage-mohabbat-ke-leenesh-mattoo-root-connection-23331446|title=Telly Tattle: Root connection - Leenesh Mattoo|date=24 January 2024|work=Mid Day|accessdate=19 February 2024}}</ref>

Mattoo met actress Shivani Jha on the sets of ''[[Brahmarakshas|Brahmarakshas 2]]'' in 2020, and the couple is in a relationship since 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-we-are-in-love-and-enjoy-being-with-each-other-leenesh-mattoo-and-shivani-jha/articleshow/87566801.cms|title=We are in love and enjoy being with each other: Leenesh Mattoo and Shivani Jha|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shivani-jha-leenesh-and-i-would-love-to-have-a-traditional-kashmiri-wedding/articleshow/97949135.cms|title=Shivani Jha: Leenesh and I would love to have a traditional Kashmiri wedding|work=The Times of India|accessdate=22 December 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
Mattoo made his acting debut in 2014 with ''[[Suhani Si Ek Ladki]]''. From 2014 to 2016, he played Anuj Birla opposite Debashree Biswas in the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/fond-of-salman-khans-physique-leenesh-mattoo-2872818/lite/|title=Fond of Salman Khan's physique: Leenesh Mattoo|date=24 June 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref>

From 2016 to 2018, Mattoo played Rudra Singh Oberoi in ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' opposite [[Mansi Srivastava]] and [[Nehalaxmi Iyer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-video-after-confirming-surbhi-chandna-aka-anika-s-exit-gul-khan-now-bids-good-bye-to-the-super-six-of-ishqbaaz-2688890|title=Producer Gul Khan bids good-bye to the 'Super Six' of Ishqbaaz|website=Daily News and Analysis |accessdate=30 September 2022}}</ref> The show proved to be a major success for him. Mattoo received the [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role]] nomination for the show. In 2017, he played Rudra in Indian television's first [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] series, ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]'' opposite Mansi Srivastava.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The promo of India's first spin off tv series 'Dil Bole Oberoi' is here and it looks very promising |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-first-promo-of-dil-bole-oberoi-is-here-and-it-looks-very-promising/articleshow/56806340.cms|website=Times of India |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/indian-television-first-spin-off-show-dil-bole-oberoi-ishqbaaaz-television-news/18389162|title=Indian television's first spin-off show 'Dil Bole Oberoi' to go off air and merge with Ishqbaaz|work=Mid Day|access-date=15 September 2019|language=en}}</ref>

From 2020 to 2021, Mattoo played Siddharth in ''[[Brahmarakshas|Brahmarakshas 2]]'', opposite Shivani Jha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/zee-tv-unveils-weekend-fantasy-thriller-brahmarakshas-2-starring-pearl-v-puri-nikki-sharma|title=Zee TV unveils its weekend fantasy thriller Brahmarakshas 2|website=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=23 December 2021|date=20 November 2020}}</ref> In 2020, he made his web debut with ''Bhalla Calling Bhalla'', playing Sahil Bhalla. From 2021 to 2022, he played Aarav Singh Rathore in ''[[Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bhalla-calling-bhalla-trailer-rajesh-sharma-gaurav-gera-join-hands-for-a-fun-ride/story-L3k1A5hh76fWcepwcR2UrI_amp.html|title=Bhalla Calling Bhalla trailer: Rajesh Kumar, Leenesh Mattoo, Gaurav Gera join hands for a fun ride|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=26 September 2020}}</ref>

In 2023, Mattoo played Angad Shekhawat in ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]'', opposite [[Pooja Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2: Pooja Banerjee and Leenesh Mattoo to play Pihu and Angad post leap!|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/meet-the-new-pihu-and-angad-of-bade-acche-lagte-hain-2-478044|website=The Tribune India|language=en|access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref> Since February 2024, Mattoo is seen portraying Rishi opposite Isha Sharma in ''[[Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/zee-tv-unveils-weekend-fantasy-thriller-brahmarakshas-2-starring-pearl-v-puri-nikki-sharma|title=Being a Kashmiri, shooting for 'Pashminna - Dhaage Mohabbat Ke' brought a wave of nostalgia: Leenesh Mattoo|website=The Times of India|accessdate=29 January 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable "
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2014–2016
| ''[[Suhani Si Ek Ladki]]''
| Anuj Birla
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Leenesh-Mattoo-adapts-to-an-all-fruit-diet/articleshow/52966710.cms|title=Leenesh Mattoo adapts to an all fruit diet|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2018
| ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| rowspan="2"|Rudra Singh Oberoi
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/is-leenesh-mattoo-quitting-ishqbaaz/articleshow/57804776.cms|title=Is Leenesh Mattoo quitting Ishqbaaz?|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Brahmarakshas|Brahmarakshas 2]]''
| Siddharth
|
|
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na]]''
| Aarav Singh Rathore
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''
| Angad Shekhawat
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke]]''
| Rishi
|
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable "
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2020
| ''Bhalla Calling Bhalla''
| Sahil Bhalla
| [[Zee5]] series
|
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable "
! Year
! Title
! Singer
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2021
| ''Pehla Pyaar''
| Rahul Jain
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tm3vltCTTJI |title=Pehla Pyaar — Rahul Jain Feat. Leenesh Mattoo and Soni Dhawan |website=YouTube |date=10 March 2021 |access-date=28 November 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2018
| [[Gold Awards]]
| Most Fit Actor (Male)
| {{N/A}}
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/zee-gold-awards-2018-karan-patel-hina-khan-jennifer-winget-win-big-5225230/|title=Gold Awards 2018 - Complete Winners List|website=The Indian Express|access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
| ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Complete list of winners|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8322316}}
*{{Instagram|leenesh_mattoo}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mattoo, Leenesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri actors]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

Ramanujan Srinivasan

2026-02-10T02:54:05Z

Margaretxro: correct lead further for accuracy

{{short description|Indian physicist (1938–1984)}}
{{Distinguish |Srinivasa Ramanujan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ramanujan Srinivasan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|4|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1984|9|10|1938|4|21|df=y}}
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Solid state physics]] }}
| workplaces =
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Magnetic resonance (quantum mechanics)|magnetic resonance phenomena]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1981 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Ramanujan Srinivasan''' (1938–1984) was an Indian physicist, known for his research on magnetic resonance phenomena.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=335 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref> Using new techniques developed for the purpose, he studied [[ferroelectricity]] which established the significance of [[hydrogen atoms]] and [[ammonium ion]]s in the system.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and the article repository of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] has listed 40 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Srinivasan=3ARamanujam=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He was a fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Srinivasan,_Dr_Ramanujan |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to Physical Sciences in 1981.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}} Srinivasan died on 10 September 1984, at the age of 46.<ref name="Fellow profile" />

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Ramanujan (disambiguation)]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Physics}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, Ramanujan}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]

{{India-scientist-stub}}

Nehalaxmi Iyer

2026-02-09T04:53:55Z

Margaretxro: starting basic post first draft...

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nehlaxmi Iyer Joshi
| image =
| caption = Nehalaxmi Iyer Joshi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|11|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Dancer]]
| yearsactive = 2000—present
| known_for = [[Ishqbaaaz]] [[Qubool Hai]] [[Sasural Simar Ka]] [[Dil Boley Oberoi]] [[Qubool Hai 2.0]]
| mother = Anjana Vinay
| father = Vinay Hariharan
| relatives = Sagar Iyer (brother)
| spouse = {{marriage|Rudraysh Joshi|2024}}
}}

'''Nehlaxmi Iyer Joshi''' is an Indian television actress. She is known for playing the role of Najma Ahmed Khan in ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' (2012–14) and the lead role of Saumya Kapoor in ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' (2016–18) and in its spin-off series ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]'' (2017)

She then entered the web series arena with Bhalla calling Bhalla & Qubool Hai 2.0 (where she reprised her role of Najma) on Zee5.

She also has her own YouTube channel

==Personal life==

She is born and brought up in [[Mumbai]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

She married her long term boyfriend Rudraysh Joshii on February 26, 2024 with South Indian and Marathi rituals.

== Career ==
Nehlaxmi Joshi started her [[acting]] career at the age of 2 with advertisements. Her first TV show as a child artist was ''[[Banegi Apni Baat]]'' on [[Zee TV]]. She was seen in the role of Najma in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Qubool Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Will-Moti-Masjid-Mein-Muqaddar-Ka-Khel-decide-Asad-Zoya-and-Ayaans-fate/articleshow/22456137.cms|title=Qubool Hai: Zoya unravels the mystery of 'T - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 September 2013 |publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref> She played Surbhi in ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' on [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]].

She played Saumya, a main lead in Star Plus's 2016 drama ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'', and its spin-off ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]'' (2017)

In 2020, she starred in Zee5's dramedy lockdown special show ''Bhalla Calling Bhalla'' playing Neha.

In 2021, she reprised her role as Najma in the Qubool Hai 2.0 reboot web series.

==Filmography==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Ref (s)
|-
| 1996–1997 ||''[[Banegi Apni Baat]]''|| N/A ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/tv-industry-no-longer-defined-by-body-type-nehalaxmi-iyer-385779|title=TV industry no longer defined by body type: Nehalaxmi Iyer|date=23 July 2016|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220050033/http://www.abplive.in/television/tv-industry-no-longer-defined-by-body-type-nehalaxmi-iyer-385779|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2009–2010 ||''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''|| Gunja ||<ref name="in love" />
|-
| 2010–2011 ||''[[Krishnaben Khakhrawala]]''|| Divya ||<ref name="in love" />
|-
| 2012 ||''Mujhse Kuchh Kehti... Yeh Khamoshiyaanl''|| Payal ||<ref name="in love" />
|-
| 2012–2014 ||''[[Qubool Hai]]''|| Najma Ahmed Khan / Najma Imran Qureshi ||<ref name="in love">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ishqbaaaz-actor-Nehalaxmi-Iyer-is-in-love-see-pics-of-the-cute-couple/articleshow/53640884.cms|title=Ishqbaaaz actor Nehalaxmi Iyer is in love, see pics of the cute couple - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 August 2016 |publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 ||''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''|| Surbhi Ahuja (Pari Bharadwaj's younger sister) ||<ref name="in love" />
|-
| 2016–2018||''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''|| rowspan="2" |Saumya Kapoor||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Leenesh-Mattoo-turns-fitness-guru-for-Nehalaxmi-Iyer/articleshow/55223391.cms|title=Leenesh Mattoo turns fitness guru for Nehalaxmi Iyer - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2017||''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''||
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Ref (s)
|-
|2020||''Bhalla Calling Bhalla'' ||Neha||[[ZEE5]]||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/zee5s-bhalla-calling-bhalla-depicts-new-ways-shooting-lockdown/2020/05/20|title=ZEE5's Bhalla Calling Bhalla: Depicts New Ways of Shooting During Lockdown}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Qubool Hai 2.0]]''
|Najma
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nehalaxmi Iyer as Najma|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/web-series/karan-singh-grover-and-i-are-very-close-qubool-hai-2-0-s-nehalaxmi-iyer-311079.html}}</ref>
|}

== Award and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
|-
|2013
|Favorite Behen
|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Nominated
|-
|2017
|Award of Excellence
|ALL Ladies League
|Won
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8322317}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, Nehalaxmi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Jeetu Verma

2026-02-07T23:04:22Z

Margaretxro: Content refined and expanded

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jeetu Verma
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Jitendra Badriprasad Verma
| birth_date = 1967
| birth_place =
| height =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| relatives =
| yearsactive = 1996 – present
}}

'''Jitendra Badriprasad Verma''' (born 1967),<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DJ8dx0HPLPU |user=jeetuverma_jojo |title=A tribute to unmatched valor and sacrifice. Kesari Veer brings to life the legendary courage of those who stood strong against all odds. Experience the power of true heroism. #KesariVeer #LegacyOfBravery #HistoricalEpic #HonorAndGlory congratulations to @suniel.shetty @soorajpancholi @dir_prince_dhiman for making an exceptional film |first=Jeetu |last=Verma |author=Jeetu Verma |date=22 May 2025}}</ref> better known as '''Jeetu Verma''', is an Indian actor known for his [[Supporting actor|supporting roles]] in [[Hindi cinema]]. He is best known for the role of Jojo in the 1998 film ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'', his other notable appearances include ''[[Humraaz]]'' (2002) and ''[[Taarzan: The Wonder Car]]'' (2004) both also as Jojo, [[The Fall (2006 film)|''The Fall'']] (2006), [[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|''Bodyguard'']] (2011), ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' (2012) and ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'' (2012). In 2020, he appeared in the [[List of Amazon India originals|Amazon Prime Video original show]] [[Mirzapur (TV series)|''Mirzapur'']]. As part of the [[ensemble cast]] of Bol Bachchan he was nominated for the [[People's Choice Awards India|People's Choice Award for Favourite Ensemble Cast]] and the [[Screen Awards|Screen Award for Best Ensemble Cast]].

His father Badriprasad Jaidev Verma was a stunt man in [[1960s in film|1960s]] and [[1970s in film|70s]] Hindi films and was a [[horse trainer]] for films such as ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975). His brothers Mahendra and Manohar Verma are [[action choreographer]]s, while his brothers Tinnu and Pappu Verma are stuntmen.

Verma was seriously injured by [[Stone pelting in India|stone pelters]] near [[Chittorgarh]], [[Rajasthan]] amid [[Padmaavat#Controversies|production controversies in the state during the shooting of ''Padmavaat'']] (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Jeetu Verma attacked in Chittorgarh; could lose an eye |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/actor-jeetu-verma-attacked-in-chittorgarh-could-lose-an-eye/articleshow/57949121.cms |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |quote=There is a 40-km patch of forest area near Chittorgarh, which is en route. It was broad daylight and Jeetu was sitting next to the driver in the front seat. Suddenly, some locals started pelting their car. The driver picked up speed but the stones kept coming. One hit the windshield and it cracked. Jeetu's eye was hit and bleeding profusely even as the driver raced away}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2017 |title=Actor Jeetu Verma attacked with stones in Chittorgarh, might lose sight |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/actor-jeetu-verma-s-attacked-with-stones-in-chittorgarh-might-lose-sight/story-t8S3ZvHnQBT2ct4dOk0OVM.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shocking! Actor Jeetu Verma ATTACKED badly, could be blinded permanently! |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/shocking-actor-jeetu-verma-attacked-badly-could-be-blinded-permanently-1982277/ |website=[[India.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Disturbing! Actor Jeetu Verma attacked in Chittorgarh, might lose an eye |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-disturbing-actor-jeetu-verma-attacked-in-chittorgarh-might-lose-an-eye-2377753 |publisher=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Actor Jeetu Verma attacked in Rajasthan; eye damaged, may never be able to see again |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/actor-jeetu-verma-attacked-in-rajasthan-eye-damaged-may-never-be-able-to-see-again/1044650 |publisher=[[Free Press Journal]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{div col |colwidth=25em}}
* ''The Maharaja's Daughter'' (1994, TV series)
* ''[[Sapoot]]'' (1996) as Manik
* ''[[Auzaar]]'' (1997) as Jai Thakur
* ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' (1998) as Zoravar's henchman
* ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'' (1998) as Jojo
* ''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' (1999) as Haldiram's henchman
* ''[[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]]'' (1998) as Jageera's brother
* ''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]'' (1999) as Sapna's uncle
* ''[[Rajakumarudu]]'' (1999, [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]])
* ''[[Badal]]'' (2000) as Rafiq, terrorist
* ''[[Kunwara]]'' (2000) as Prithvi Thakur's henchman
* ''[[Deewaanapan]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Moksha (2001 film)|Moksha]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Karz: The Burden of Truth]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Kranti (2002 film)|Kranti]]'' (2002) as running man in traffic
* ''[[Humraaz]]'' (2002) as Jojo Fernandes
* ''[[Maa Tujhhe Salaam (2002 film)|Maa Tujhhe Salaam]]'' (2002) as Sajid
* ''[[Khushi (2003 Hindi film)|Khushi]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Talaash: The Hunt Begins...]]''(2003) as Junior, Black John's brother
* ''[[Taarzan: The Wonder Car]]'' (2004) as Jojo D'Costa
* ''[[Deewana Main Deewana]]'' (2005) as Police Officer
* ''[[Kisna: The Warrior Poet]]'' (2005)
* ''[[The Fall (2006 film)|The Fall]]'' (2006) as Indian/orange picker
* ''[[Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Jahan Jaaeyega Hamen Paaeyega]]'' (2007) as Makrana
* ''Ishaara'' (2008)
* ''[[Kisse Pyaar Karoon?]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Shadow (2009 Hindi film)|Shadow]]'' (2009)
* ''Team: The Force'' (2009)
* ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (2010) as an antagonist
* ''[[No Problem (2010 film)|No Problem]]'' (2010) as Marcos' goon
*''Sheetalbhabi.com'' (2010) as Vishal (special appearance)
* ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' (2011)
* ''Don Ke Baad Kaun'' (2011)
* ''[[Double Dhamaal]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' (2012) as Vikrant Raghuvanshi
* ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]'' (2014) as Chotu
* ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Rangoon (2017 Hindi film)|Rangoon]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Raabta (film)|Raabta]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]'' (2020, TV series) as Stained-teeth Goon in the episodes "Khargosh" (#2) and "Viklaang Quota" (#3) of [[Mirzapur (season 2)|season 2]]
* ''[[Andaaz 2]]'' (2025) as Yeda Anna{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0894341}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Jeetu}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian stunt performers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]

{{India-film-actor-1960s-stub}}

Archaeoastronomy

2026-02-05T03:36:10Z

Margaretxro: corrected section as per guidelines and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Interdisciplinary study of astronomies in cultures}}
{{About|how ancient people view the sky|studies of the early universe|Stellar archaeology|other uses}}
[[File:Newgrange, Ireland 001.jpg|thumb|The rising [[Sun]] illuminates the inner chamber of [[Newgrange]], [[Ireland]], only at the [[winter solstice]].]]

'''Archaeoastronomy''' (also spelled '''archeoastronomy''') is the [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]]<ref>Aveni 1982: 1</ref> or multidisciplinary<ref>{{ Citation | last = Aveni | first = Anthony F. | author-link = Anthony F. Aveni | date = 1995 | title = Frombork 1992: Where Worlds and Disciplines Collide | journal = Archaeoastronomy: Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy | volume = 26 | issue = 20 | pages = S74–S79 | bibcode = 1995JHAS...26...74A | doi = 10.1177/002182869502602007 | s2cid = 220911940 }}</ref> study of how people in the past "have understood the [[phenomenon|phenomena]] in the [[sky]], how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their [[culture]]s".<ref>Sinclair 2006:13</ref> [[Clive Ruggles]] argues it is misleading to consider archaeoastronomy to be the study of ancient [[astronomy]], as modern astronomy is a scientific discipline, while archaeoastronomy considers symbolically rich cultural interpretations of phenomena in the sky by other cultures.<ref>Ruggles 2005:19</ref><ref>Ruggles 1999:155</ref> It is often twinned with ''ethnoastronomy'', the [[anthropology|anthropological]] study of skywatching in contemporary societies. Archaeoastronomy is also closely associated with [[historical astronomy]], the use of historical records of heavenly events to answer astronomical problems and the [[history of astronomy]], which uses written records to evaluate past astronomical practice.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bergeron | first = Jacqueline | title = Reports on Astronomy | chapter = History of Astronomy: A Joint IAU-IUHPS Commission | date = 1993 | pages = 461–462 | doi = 10.1007/978-94-011-1100-3_31| isbn = 978-94-010-4481-3 }}</ref>
[[File:Equinozio da Pizzo Vento,tramonto fondachelli fantina, sicilia.JPG|thumb|The sunset at the [[equinox]] seen from the prehistoric site of Pizzo Vento at [[Fondachelli-Fantina|Fondachelli Fantina]], [[Sicily]]]]
Archaeoastronomy uses a variety of methods to uncover evidence of past practices including archaeology, anthropology, astronomy, statistics and probability, and history.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brosch|first=Noah|title=Thinking about Archeoastronomy|date=29 March 2011| journal=History and Philosophy of Physics|arxiv=1103.5600}}</ref> Because these methods are diverse and use data from such different sources, integrating them into a coherent argument has been a long-term difficulty for archaeoastronomers.<ref>Iwaniszewski 2003, 7–10</ref> Archaeoastronomy fills complementary niches in [[landscape archaeology]] and [[cognitive archaeology]]. Material evidence and its connection to the sky can reveal how a wider landscape can be integrated into [[Paganism|beliefs about the cycles of nature]], such as [[Maya civilization#Astronomy|Mayan astronomy]] and its relationship with agriculture.<ref>Aveni 1980</ref> Other examples which have brought together ideas of cognition and landscape include studies of the cosmic order embedded in the roads of settlements.<ref>Chiu & Morrison 1980</ref><ref>Magli 2008</ref>

Archaeoastronomy can be applied to all cultures and all time periods. The meanings of the sky vary from culture to culture; nevertheless there are scientific methods which can be applied across cultures when examining ancient beliefs.<ref>McCluskey 2005</ref> It is perhaps the need to balance the social and scientific aspects of archaeoastronomy which led Clive Ruggles to describe it as "a field with academic work of high quality at one end but uncontrolled speculation bordering on lunacy at the other".<ref>Carlson 1999</ref>

== History ==
{{Blockquote|In his short history of 'Astro-archaeology' John Michell argued that the status of research into ancient astronomy had improved over the past two centuries, going 'from lunacy to heresy to interesting notion and finally to the gates of orthodoxy.' Nearly two decades later, we can still ask the question: Is archaeoastronomy still waiting at the gates of orthodoxy or has it gotten inside the gates?|Todd Bostwick quoting John Michell<ref>Bostwick 2006:13</ref>}}

Two hundred years before [[John Michell (writer)|John Michell]] wrote the above, there were no archaeoastronomers and there were no [[Archaeology#History of archaeology|professional archaeologists]], but there were astronomers and [[Antiquarianism|antiquarians]]. Some of their works are considered precursors of archaeoastronomy; antiquarians interpreted the astronomical orientation of the ruins that dotted the English countryside as [[William Stukeley]] did of [[Stonehenge]] in 1740,<ref>Michell, 2001:9–10</ref> while [[John Aubrey]] in 1678<ref>Johnson, 1912:225</ref> and [[Henry Chauncy]] in 1700 sought similar astronomical principles underlying the orientation of churches.<ref>Hoskin, 2001:7</ref> Late in the nineteenth century astronomers such as [[Richard Proctor]] and [[Charles Piazzi Smyth]] investigated the astronomical orientations of [[Egyptian pyramids|the pyramids]].<ref>Michell, 2001:17–18</ref>

The term ''archaeoastronomy'' was advanced by [[Elizabeth Baity|Elizabeth Chesley Baity]] (following the suggestion of Euan MacKie) in 1973,<ref>{{ Citation | last = Baity | first = Elizabeth Chesley | date = 1973 | title = Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy So Far | journal = Current Anthropology | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 389–390 | doi = 10.1086/201351 | jstor = 2740842 | s2cid = 146933891 }}</ref><ref>Sinclair 2006:17</ref> but as a topic of study it may be much older, depending on how archaeoastronomy is defined. Clive Ruggles<ref>Ruggles 2005:312–13</ref> says that [[Heinrich Nissen]], working in the mid-nineteenth century was arguably the first archaeoastronomer. Rolf Sinclair<ref>Sinclair 2006:8</ref> says that [[Norman Lockyer]], working in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, could be called the 'father of archaeoastronomy'. Euan MacKie<ref>Mackie 2006:243</ref> would place the origin even later, stating: "...the genesis and modern flowering of archaeoastronomy must surely lie in the work of [[Alexander Thom]] in Britain between the 1930s and the 1970s".

[[Image:Auglish.jpg|left|thumb|Early archaeoastronomers surveyed Megalithic constructs in the British Isles, at sites like [[Auglish]] in [[County Londonderry]], in an attempt to find statistical patterns.]]
In the 1960s the work of the engineer Alexander Thom and that of the astronomer [[Gerald Hawkins]], who proposed that [[Stonehenge]] was a [[Neolithic]] computer,<ref>Hawkins 1976</ref> inspired new interest in the astronomical features of ancient sites. The claims of Hawkins were largely dismissed,<ref>Atkinson 1966</ref> but this was not the case for Alexander Thom's work, whose survey results of [[megalith]]ic sites hypothesized widespread practice of accurate astronomy in the British Isles.<ref>Thom 1988:9–10</ref> Euan MacKie, recognizing that Thom's theories needed to be tested, excavated at the [[Kintraw]] standing stone site in Argyllshire in 1970 and 1971 to check whether the latter's prediction of an observation platform on the hill slope above the stone was correct. There was an artificial platform there and this apparent verification of Thom's long alignment hypothesis (Kintraw was diagnosed as an accurate [[winter solstice]] site) led him to check Thom's geometrical theories at the Cultoon [[stone circle]] in Islay, also with a positive result. MacKie therefore broadly accepted Thom's conclusions and published new prehistories of Britain.<ref name = "zkuawc">MacKie 1977</ref> In contrast a re-evaluation of Thom's fieldwork by Clive Ruggles argued that Thom's claims of high accuracy astronomy were not fully supported by the evidence.<ref>Gingerich 2000</ref> Nevertheless, Thom's legacy remains strong, [[Edwin C. Krupp]]<ref>Krupp 1979:18</ref> wrote in 1979, "Almost singlehandedly he has established the standards for archaeo-astronomical fieldwork and interpretation, and his amazing results have stirred controversy during the last three decades." His influence endures and practice of statistical testing of data remains one of the methods of archaeoastronomy.<ref>Hicks 1993</ref><ref>Iwaniszewski 1995</ref>
[[File:Panoramica Uxmal.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|It has been proposed that [[Maya civilization|Maya]] sites such as [[Uxmal]] were built in accordance with astronomical alignments.]]
The approach in the [[New World]], where anthropologists began to consider more fully the role of astronomy in [[Amerindian]] civilizations, was markedly different. They had access to sources that the [[prehistory]] of Europe lacks such as [[ethnography|ethnographies]]<ref name="Zeilik 1985">Zeilik 1985</ref><ref name="Zeilik 1986">Zeilik 1986</ref> and the historical records of the early [[Colonization of the Americas|colonizers]]. Following the pioneering example of [[Anthony Aveni]],<ref>Milbraith 1999:8</ref><ref>Broda 2000:233</ref> this allowed New World archaeoastronomers to make claims for motives which in the Old World would have been mere speculation. The concentration on historical data led to some claims of high accuracy that were comparatively weak when compared to the statistically led investigations in Europe.<ref>Hoskin 1996</ref>

This came to a head at a meeting sponsored by the [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) in [[Oxford]] in 1981.<ref>Ruggles 1993:ix</ref> The methodologies and research questions of the participants were considered so different that the conference proceedings were published as two volumes.<ref>Aveni 1982</ref><ref>Heggie 1982</ref> Nevertheless, the conference was considered a success in bringing researchers together and Oxford conferences have continued every four or five years at locations around the world. The subsequent conferences have resulted in a move to more interdisciplinary approaches with researchers aiming to combine the contextuality of archaeological research,<ref>Aveni, 1989a:xi–xiii</ref> which broadly describes the state of archaeoastronomy today, rather than merely establishing the existence of ancient astronomies, archaeoastronomers seek to explain why people would have an interest in the night sky.

== Relations to other disciplines ==
{{Blockquote|...[O]ne of the most endearing characteristics of archaeoastronomy is its capacity to set academics in different disciplines at loggerheads with each other.|Clive Ruggles<ref>Ruggles 2000</ref>}}

Archaeoastronomy has long been seen as an interdisciplinary field that uses written and unwritten evidence to study the astronomies of other cultures. As such, it can be seen as connecting other disciplinary approaches for investigating ancient astronomy: astroarchaeology (an obsolete term for studies that draw astronomical information from the alignments of ancient architecture and landscapes), [[history of astronomy]] (which deals primarily with the written textual evidence), and ethnoastronomy (which draws on the ethnohistorical record and contemporary ethnographic studies).<ref>Aveni 1981: 1–2</ref><ref>Aveni 2003: 150</ref>

Reflecting Archaeoastronomy's development as an interdisciplinary subject, research in the field is conducted by investigators trained in a wide range of disciplines. Authors of recent doctoral dissertations have described their work as concerned with the fields of archaeology and cultural anthropology; with various fields of history including the history of specific regions and periods, the history of science and the history of religion; and with the relation of astronomy to art, literature and religion. Only rarely did they describe their work as astronomical, and then only as a secondary category.<ref>McCluskey 2004</ref>

Both practicing archaeoastronomers and observers of the discipline approach it from different perspectives. Other researchers relate archaeoastronomy to the history of science, either as it relates to a culture's observations of nature and the conceptual framework they devised to impose an order on those observations<ref>McCluskey 2001</ref> or as it relates to the political motives which drove particular historical actors to deploy certain astronomical concepts or techniques.<ref>Broda 2006</ref><ref>Aldana 2007:14–15</ref> Art historian Richard Poss took a more flexible approach, maintaining that the astronomical rock art of the North American Southwest should be read employing "the hermeneutic traditions of western art history and art criticism"<ref>Poss 2005:97</ref> Astronomers, however, raise different questions, seeking to provide their students with identifiable [[Precursorism|precursors]] of their discipline, and are especially concerned with the important question of how to confirm that specific sites are, indeed, intentionally astronomical.<ref>Schaefer 2006a:30</ref>

The reactions of professional archaeologists to archaeoastronomy have been decidedly mixed. Some expressed incomprehension or even hostility, varying from a rejection by the archaeological mainstream of what they saw as an archaeoastronomical fringe to an incomprehension between the cultural focus of archaeologists and the quantitative focus of early archaeoastronomers.<ref>Ruggles 1999: 3–9</ref> Yet archaeologists have increasingly come to incorporate many of the insights from archaeoastronomy into archaeology textbooks<ref>Fisher 2006</ref> and, as mentioned above, some students wrote archaeology dissertations on archaeoastronomical topics.

Since archaeoastronomers disagree so widely on the characterization of the discipline, they even dispute its name. All three major international scholarly associations relate archaeoastronomy to the study of culture, using the term ''Astronomy in Culture'' or a translation. Michael Hoskin sees an important part of the discipline as fact-collecting, rather than theorizing, and proposed to label this aspect of the discipline ''Archaeotopography.''<ref>Hoskin 2001:13–14.</ref> Ruggles and Saunders proposed ''Cultural Astronomy'' as a unifying term for the various methods of studying folk astronomies.<ref>Ruggles & Saunders 1993:1–31</ref> Others have argued that astronomy is an inaccurate term, what are being studied are [[cosmology|cosmologies]] and people who object to the use of [[logos]] have suggested adopting the Spanish ''cosmovisión''.<ref>Ruggles 2005:115–17</ref>

When debates polarise between techniques, the methods are often referred to by a colour code, based on the colours of the bindings of the two volumes from the first Oxford Conference, where the approaches were first distinguished.<ref name = "jgswke">Aveni 1986</ref> Green ([[Old World]]) archaeoastronomers rely heavily on statistics and are sometimes accused of missing the cultural context of what is a social practice. Brown ([[New World]]) archaeoastronomers in contrast have abundant ethnographic and historical evidence and have been described as 'cavalier' on matters of measurement and statistical analysis.<ref>Hoskin 2001:2</ref> Finding a way to integrate various approaches has been a subject of much discussion since the early 1990s.<ref>Ruggles & Saunders 1993</ref><ref>Iwaniszewski 2001</ref>

== Methodology ==
{{Blockquote|For a long time I have believed that such diversity requires the invention of some all-embracing theory. I think I was very naïve in thinking that such a thing was ever possible.|Stanislaw Iwaniszewski<ref>Iwaniszewski 2003:7</ref>}}

There is no one way to do archaeoastronomy. The divisions between archaeoastronomers tend not to be between the physical scientists and the social scientists. Instead, it tends to depend on the location and/or kind of data available to the researcher. In the Old World, there is little data but the sites themselves; in the New World, the sites were supplemented by ethnographic and historic data. The effects of the isolated development of archaeoastronomy in different places can still often be seen in research today. Research methods can be classified as falling into one of two approaches, though more recent projects often use techniques from both categories.

=== Green archaeoastronomy ===
Green archaeoastronomy is named after the cover of the book ''Archaeoastronomy in the Old World''.<ref>Aveni 1989:1</ref> It is based primarily on statistics and is particularly apt for prehistoric sites where the social evidence is relatively scant compared to the historic period. The basic methods were developed by Alexander Thom during his extensive surveys of British megalithic sites.

Thom wished to examine whether or not prehistoric peoples used high-accuracy astronomy. He believed that by using horizon astronomy, observers could make estimates of dates in the year to a specific day. The observation required finding a place where on a specific date the Sun set into a notch on the horizon. A common theme is a mountain that blocked the Sun, but on the right day would allow the tiniest fraction to re-emerge on the other side for a '[[double sunset]]'. The animation below shows two sunsets at a [[hypothetical]] site, one the day before the [[summer solstice]] and one at the summer solstice, which has a double sunset.

{{center|[[File:Doublesunset.ogg]]}}

To test this idea he surveyed hundreds of stone rows and circles. Any individual alignment could indicate a direction by chance, but he planned to show that together the distribution of alignments was non-random, showing that there was an astronomical intent to the orientation of at least some of the alignments. His results indicated the existence of eight, sixteen, or perhaps even thirty-two approximately equal divisions of the year. The two [[solstice]]s, the two [[equinox]]es and four [[cross-quarter day]]s, days halfway between a solstice and the equinox were associated with the medieval Celtic calendar.<ref>Thom 1967: 107–17</ref> While not all these conclusions have been accepted, it has had an enduring influence on archaeoastronomy, especially in Europe.

Euan MacKie has supported Thom's analysis, to which he added an archaeological context by comparing [[Neolithic Britain]] to the [[Mayan civilization]] to argue for a stratified society in this period.<ref name = "zkuawc"/> To test his ideas he conducted a couple of excavations at proposed prehistoric observatories in Scotland. [[Kintraw]] is a site notable for its four-meter high standing stone. Thom proposed that this was a foresight to a point on the distant horizon between Beinn Shianaidh and Beinn o'Chaolias on [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]].<ref>Ruggles 1999:25–29</ref> This, Thom argued, was a notch on the horizon where a double sunset would occur at midwinter. However, from ground level, this sunset would be obscured by a ridge in the landscape, and the viewer would need to be raised by two meters: another observation platform was needed. This was identified across a gorge where a platform was formed from small stones. The lack of artifacts caused concern for some archaeologists and the petrofabric analysis was inconclusive, but further research at [[Maes Howe]]<ref name="MacKie 1997">MacKie 1997</ref> and on the [[Bush Barrow]] Lozenge<ref>MacKie 2006:362</ref> led MacKie to conclude that while the term 'science' may be anachronistic, Thom was broadly correct upon the subject of high-accuracy alignments.<ref>MacKie 2009</ref>

In contrast [[Clive Ruggles]] has argued that there are problems with the selection of data in Thom's surveys.<ref>Ruggles 1999:19–29</ref><ref>Ruggles and Barclay 2000: 69–70</ref> Others have noted that the accuracy of horizon astronomy is limited by variations in [[Atmospheric refraction|refraction]] near the horizon.<ref>Schaefer and Liller 1990</ref> A deeper criticism of Green archaeoastronomy is that while it can answer ''whether'' there was likely to be an interest in astronomy in past times, its lack of a social element means that it struggles to answer ''why'' people would be interested, which makes it of limited use to people asking questions about the society of the past. Keith Kintigh wrote: "To put it bluntly, in many cases it doesn't matter much to the progress of anthropology whether a particular archaeoastronomical claim is right or wrong because the information doesn't inform the current interpretive questions."<ref>Kintigh 1992</ref> Nonetheless, the study of alignments remains a staple of archaeoastronomical research, especially in Europe.<ref>Hoskin 2001</ref>

=== Brown archaeoastronomy ===
In contrast to the largely alignment-oriented statistically led methods of green archaeoastronomy, brown archaeoastronomy has been identified as being closer to the [[history of astronomy]] or to [[cultural history]], insofar as it draws on historical and ethnographic records to enrich its understanding of early astronomies and their relations to calendars and ritual.<ref name = "jgswke"/> The many records of native customs and beliefs made by Spanish chroniclers and ethnographic researchers means that brown archaeoastronomy is often associated with studies of astronomy in the Americas.<ref>Aveni 1989</ref><ref>Hudson, Lee, & Hedges 1979</ref><ref name="Zeilik 1985"/><ref name="Zeilik 1986"/>

One famous site where historical records have been used to interpret sites is [[Chichen Itza]]. Rather than analyzing the site and seeing which targets appear popular, archaeoastronomers have instead examined the ethnographic records to see what features of the sky were important to the [[Maya civilization|Maya]]ns and then sought archaeological correlates. One example which could have been overlooked without historical records is the Mayan interest in the planet [[Venus]]. This interest is attested to by the [[Dresden codex]] which contains tables with information about Venus's appearances in the sky.<ref name = "mlxqkn">Kelley and Milone 2005:369–70</ref> These cycles would have been of astrological and ritual significance as Venus was associated with [[Quetzalcoatl]] or [[Xolotl]].<ref>Kelley and Milone 2005:367–68</ref> Associations of architectural features with settings of Venus can be found in Chichen Itza, Uxmal, and probably some other Mesoamerican sites.<ref>{{Cite book|title=La estrella de Quetzalcóatl: El planeta Venus en Mesoamérica|last=Šprajc|first=Ivan|publisher=Editorial Diana|year=1996|isbn=978-968-13-2947-1|location=Mexico City}}</ref>

[[Image:Chichen Itza Observatory 2 1.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.15|"El Caracol", a possible observatory temple at Chichen Itza]]
The Temple of the Warriors bears iconography depicting feathered serpents associated with Quetzalcoatl or Kukulcan. This means that the building's alignment towards the place on the horizon where Venus first appears in the evening sky (when it coincides with the rainy season) may be meaningful.<ref>Milbraith 1988:70–71</ref> However, since both the date and the azimuth of this event change continuously, a solar interpretation of this orientation is much more likely.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sánchez Nava|first1=Pedro Francisco|last2=Šprajc|first2=Ivan|title=Orientaciones astronómicas en la arquitectura maya de las tierras bajas|date=2015|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia|location=Mexico City|isbn=978-607-484-727-7}}</ref>

[[Anthony Aveni]] claims that another building associated with the planet Venus in the form of Kukulcan, and the rainy season at Chichen Itza is the [[Caracol]].<ref>Aveni 2006:60–64</ref> This is a building with a circular tower and doors facing the cardinal directions. The base faces the most northerly setting of Venus. Additionally the pillars of a stylobate on the building's upper platform were painted black and red. These are colours associated with Venus as an evening and morning star.<ref>Aveni 1979:175–83</ref> However the windows in the tower seem to have been little more than slots, making them poor at letting light in, but providing a suitable place to view out.<ref>Aveni 1997:137–38</ref> In their discussion of the credibility of archaeoastronomical sites, Cotte and Ruggles considered the interpretation that the Caracol is an observatory site was debated among specialists, meeting the second of their four levels of site credibility.<ref name = credibility />

Aveni states that one of the strengths of the brown methodology is that it can explore astronomies invisible to statistical analysis and offers the astronomy of the [[Inca]]s as another example. The empire of the Incas was conceptually divided using ''ceques'', radial routes emanating from the capital at [[Cusco]]. Thus there are alignments in all directions which would suggest there is little of astronomical significance, However, ethnohistorical records show that the various directions do have cosmological and astronomical significance with various points in the landscape being significant at different times of the year.<ref>Aveni 1989:5</ref><ref>Bauer and Dearborn 1995</ref> In eastern Asia archaeoastronomy has developed from the history of astronomy and much archaeoastronomy is searching for material correlates of the historical record. This is due to the rich historical record of astronomical phenomena which, in China, stretches back into the [[Han dynasty]], in the second century BC.<ref>Xu ''et al.'' 2000:1–7</ref>

A criticism of this method is that it can be statistically weak. Schaefer in particular has questioned how robust the claimed alignments in the Caracol are.<ref>Schaefer 2006a:42–48</ref><ref>Schaefer 2006b</ref> Because of the wide variety of evidence, which can include artefacts as well as sites, there is no one way to practice archaeoastronomy.<ref>Iwaniszewski 2003</ref> Despite this it is accepted that archaeoastronomy is not a discipline that sits in isolation. Because archaeoastronomy is an interdisciplinary field, whatever is being investigated should make sense both archaeologically and astronomically. Studies are more likely to be considered sound if they use theoretical tools found in archaeology like [[analogy]] and [[homology (anthropology)|homology]] and if they can demonstrate an understanding of accuracy and precision found in astronomy. Both quantitative analyses and interpretations based on ethnographic analogies and other contextual evidence have recently been applied in systematic studies of architectural orientations in the Maya area<ref>{{cite journal|last1=González-García|first1=A. César|last2=Šprajc|first2=Ivan|title=Astronomical significance of architectural orientations in the Maya Lowlands: A statistical approach|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|date=2016|volume=9|pages=191–202|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.07.020|bibcode=2016JArSR...9..191G |hdl=10261/392571 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> and in other parts of Mesoamerica.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Šprajc|first1=Ivan|title=Astronomy, Architecture, and Landscape in Prehispanic Mesoamerica|journal=Journal of Archaeological Research|volume=26|issue=2|pages=197–251|doi=10.1007/s10814-017-9109-z|year=2018|s2cid=149439162}}</ref>

== Source materials ==
Because archaeoastronomy is about the many and various ways people interacted with the sky, there are a diverse range of sources giving information about astronomical practices.

=== Alignments === 

A common source of data for archaeoastronomy is the study of alignments. This is based on the assumption that the axis of alignment of an archaeological site is meaningfully oriented towards an astronomical target. Brown archaeoastronomers may justify this assumption through reading historical or ethnographic sources, while green archaeoastronomers tend to prove that alignments are unlikely to be selected by chance, usually by demonstrating common patterns of alignment at multiple sites.

An alignment is calculated by measuring the [[azimuth]], the angle from north, of the structure and the altitude of the horizon it faces<ref>Ruggles, 2005:112–13</ref> The azimuth is usually measured using a [[theodolite]] or a [[compass]]. A compass is easier to use, though the deviation of the Earth's magnetic field from true north, known as its [[magnetic declination]] must be taken into account. Compasses are also unreliable in areas prone to magnetic interference, such as sites being supported by scaffolding. Additionally a compass can only measure the azimuth to a precision of a half a degree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brunton.com/manuals/current/Compasses/Transit.pdf |title=Brunton Pocket Transit Instruction Manual|page=22|access-date=2008-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304060347/http://www.brunton.com/manuals/current/Compasses/Transit.pdf |archive-date=2006-03-04}}</ref>

A theodolite can be considerably more accurate if used correctly, but it is also considerably more difficult to use correctly. There is no inherent way to align a theodolite with North and so the scale has to be [[calibration|calibrated]] using astronomical observation, usually the position of the Sun.<ref>Ruggles 2005:423–25</ref> Because the position of celestial bodies changes with the time of day due to the Earth's rotation, the time of these calibration observations must be accurately known, or else there will be a systematic error in the measurements. Horizon altitudes can be measured with a theodolite or a [[clinometer]].

=== Artifacts ===
[[Image:Antikythera Fragment A (Front).webp|thumb|The Antikythera mechanism (main fragment)]]For artifacts such as the [[Nebra skydisk|Sky Disc of Nebra]], alleged to be a Bronze Age artefact depicting the cosmos,<ref>Scholsser 2002</ref><ref>Meller 2004</ref> the analysis would be similar to typical [[Archaeology#Posts-excavation analysis|post-excavation analysis]] as used in other sub-disciplines in archaeology. An artefact is examined and attempts are made to draw analogies with historical or ethnographical records of other peoples. The more parallels that can be found, the more likely an explanation is to be accepted by other archaeologists.

A more mundane example is the presence of [[astrological symbol]]s found on some shoes and sandals from the Roman Empire. The use of shoes and sandals is well known, but [[Carol van Driel-Murray]] has proposed that astrological symbols etched onto sandals gave the footwear spiritual or medicinal meanings.<ref>van Driel-Murray 2002</ref> This is supported through citation of other known uses of astrological symbols and their connection to medical practice and with the historical records of the time.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dr Richard Pearson|title=The History of Astronomy|publisher=Astro Publication|year=2020|isbn=978-0-244-86650-1|location=United Kingdom|page=7}}</ref>

Another well-known artefact with an astronomical use is the [[Antikythera mechanism]]. In this case analysis of the artefact, and reference to the description of similar devices described by Cicero, would indicate a plausible use for the device. The argument is bolstered by the presence of symbols on the mechanism, allowing the disc to be read.<ref>T. Freeth ''et al.'' 2006</ref>

=== Art and inscriptions ===
[[Image:Fajadadiagram.JPG|thumb|left|Diagram showing the location of the sun daggers on the [[Fajada Butte]] petroglyph on various days]]
Art and inscriptions may not be confined to artefacts, but also appear painted or inscribed on an archaeological site. Sometimes inscriptions are helpful enough to give instructions to a site's use. For example, a Greek inscription on a stele (from [[Itanos (city)|Itanos]]) has been translated as:"Patron set this up for Zeus Epopsios. Winter solstice. Should anyone wish to know: off 'the little pig' and the stele the sun turns."<ref>Inscriptiones Creticae III iv 11; Isager and Skydsgaard 1992:163</ref> From Mesoamerica come [[Maya codices|Mayan]] and [[Aztec codices]]. These are folding books made from [[Amatl]], processed tree bark on which are [[glyph]]s in [[Maya script|Mayan]] or [[Aztec script]]. The [[Dresden codex]] contains information regarding the Venus cycle, confirming its importance to the Mayans.<ref name = "mlxqkn"/>

More problematic are those cases where the movement of the Sun at different times and seasons causes light and shadow interactions with [[petroglyph]]s.<ref>Williamson 1987:109–14</ref> A widely known example is the Sun Dagger of [[Fajada Butte]] at which a glint of sunlight passes over a spiral petroglyph.<ref>Sofaer 2008</ref> The location of a dagger of light on the petroglyph varies throughout the year. At the summer solstice a dagger can be seen through the heart of the spiral; at the winter solstice two daggers appear to either side of it. It is proposed that this petroglyph was created to mark these events. Recent studies have identified many similar sites in the US Southwest and Northwestern Mexico.<ref>Fountain 2005</ref><ref>Robins & Ewing 1989</ref> It has been argued that the number of solstitial markers at these sites provides statistical evidence that they were intended to mark the solstices.<ref>Preston & Preston 2005: 115–18</ref> The Sun Dagger site on Fajada Butte in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, stands out for its explicit light markings that record all the key events of both the solar and lunar cycles: summer solstice, winter solstice, equinox, and the major and minor [[lunar standstill]]s of the Moon's 18.6 year cycle.<ref>Science Mag, Sofaer et al. 1979: 126</ref><ref name="Cambridge">Cambridge U, 1982 sofaer et al.: 126</ref> In addition at two other sites on Fajada Butte, there are five light markings on petroglyphs recording the summer and winter solstices, equinox and solar noon.<ref>Sofaer and Sinclair: 1987. UNM, ABQ</ref> Numerous buildings and interbuilding alignments of the great houses of Chaco Canyon and outlying areas are oriented to the same solar and lunar directions that are marked at the Sun Dagger site.<ref>Sofaer 1998: Lekson Ed, u of utah: 165</ref>

If no ethnographic nor historical data are found which can support this assertion then acceptance of the idea relies upon whether or not there are enough petroglyph sites in North America that such a correlation could occur by chance. It is helpful when petroglyphs are associated with existing peoples. This allows ethnoastronomers to question informants as to the meaning of such symbols.

=== Ethnographies ===
As well as the materials left by peoples themselves, there are also the reports of other who have encountered them. The historical records of the [[Conquistadores]] are a rich source of information about the pre-Columbian Americans. [[Ethnography|Ethnographers]] also provide material about many other peoples.

[[Anthony Aveni]] uses the importance of zenith passages as an example of the importance of ethnography. For peoples living between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn there are two days of the year when the noon Sun passes directly overhead and casts no shadow. In parts of Mesoamerica this was considered a significant day as it would herald the arrival of rains, and so play a part in the cycle of agriculture. This knowledge is still considered important amongst Mayan Indians living in Central America today. The ethnographic records suggested to archaeoastronomers that this day may have been important to the ancient Mayans. There are also shafts known as 'zenith tubes' which illuminate subterranean rooms when the Sun passes overhead found at places like [[Monte Albán]] and [[Xochicalco]]. It is only through the ethnography that we can speculate that the timing of the illumination was considered important in Mayan society.<ref>Aveni 1980:40–43</ref> Alignments to the sunrise and sunset on the day of the zenith passage have been claimed to exist at several sites. However, it has been shown that, since there are very few orientations that can be related to these phenomena, they likely have different explanations.<ref>Šprajc and Sánchez 2013</ref>

Ethnographies also caution against over-interpretation of sites. At a site in [[Chaco Canyon]] can be found a [[pictograph]] with a star, crescent and hand. It has been argued by some astronomers that this is a record of the [[SN 1054|1054 Supernova]].<ref>Brandt and Williamson 1979</ref> However recent reexaminations of related 'supernova petroglyphs' raises questions about such sites in general.<ref>Krupp. et al. 2010: 42</ref> Cotte and Ruggles used the Supernova petroglyph as an example of a completely refuted site<ref name = credibility /> and anthropological evidence suggests other interpretations. The [[Zuni people]], who claim a strong ancestral affiliation with Chaco, marked their sun-watching station with a crescent, star, hand and sundisc, similar to those found at the Chaco site.<ref>Ruggles 2005:89</ref>

Ethnoastronomy is also an important field outside of the Americas. For example, anthropological work with Aboriginal Australians is producing much information about their [[Aboriginal astronomy|Indigenous astronomies]]<ref>Cairns 2005</ref><ref>Hamacher 2012</ref> and about their interaction with the modern world.<ref>Saethre 2007</ref>

== Recreating the ancient sky ==
{{Blockquote|...[A]lthough different ways to do science and different scientific results do arise in different cultures, this provides little support for those who would use such differences to question the sciences' ability to provide reliable statements about the world in which we live.|Stephen McCluskey<ref>McCluskey 2005:78</ref>}}

Once the researcher has data to test, it is often necessary to attempt to recreate ancient sky conditions to place the data in its historical environment.

=== Declination ===
{{Main|Declination}}

To calculate what astronomical features a structure faced, a coordinate system is needed, and the stars provide such a system. On a clear night observe the stars spinning around the celestial pole can be observed. This point is +90° of the North Celestial Pole or −90° observing the Southern Celestial Pole.<ref name = "byuqqi">Ruggles 1999:18</ref> The concentric circles the stars trace out are lines of celestial latitude, known as ''declination''. The arc connecting the points on the horizon due East and due West (if the horizon is flat) and all points midway between the Celestial Poles is the Celestial Equator which has a declination of 0°. The visible declinations vary depending where you are on the globe. Only an observer on the North Pole of Earth would be unable to see any stars from the Southern Celestial Hemisphere at night (see diagram below). Once a declination has been found for the point on the horizon that a building faces it is then possible to say whether a specific body can be seen in that direction.

{{clear}}

[[Image:Decdiag600.jpg|center|thumb|600px|Diagram of the visible portions of sky at varying latitudes]]

{{clear}}

=== Solar positioning ===
While the stars are fixed to their declinations the Sun is not. The rising point of the Sun varies throughout the year. It swings between two limits marked by the solstices a bit like a [[pendulum]], slowing as it reaches the extremes, but passing rapidly through the midpoint. If an archaeoastronomer can calculate from the azimuth and horizon height that a site was built to view a declination of +23.5° then he or she need not wait until 21 June to confirm the site does indeed face the summer solstice.<ref>A.F. Aveni 1997:23–27</ref> For more information see [[History of solar observation]].

=== Lunar positioning ===
The Moon's appearance is considerably more complex. Its motion, like the Sun, is between two limits—known as [[Lunar standstill|''luni''stices]] rather than ''sol''stices. However, its travel between lunistices is considerably faster. It takes a [[Sidereal month#Sidereal month|sidereal month]] to complete its cycle rather than the year-long trek of the Sun. This is further complicated as the lunistices marking the limits of the Moon's movement move on [[Lunar standstill|an 18.6 year cycle]]. For slightly over nine years the extreme limits of the Moon are outside the range of sunrise. For the remaining half of the cycle the Moon never exceeds the limits of the range of sunrise. However, much lunar observation was concerned with the ''[[Lunar phase|phase]]'' of the Moon. The cycle from one [[New Moon]] to the next runs on an entirely different cycle, the [[Synodic month]].<ref>Ruggles 1999:36–37</ref> Thus when examining sites for lunar significance the data can appear sparse due to the extremely variable nature of the Moon. See [[Moon]] for more details.

=== Stellar positioning ===
{{Main|Precession of the equinoxes}}

[[Image:Earth precession.jpg|thumb|right|Precessional movement]]
Finally there is often a need to correct for the apparent movement of the stars. On the timescale of human civilisation the stars have largely maintained the same position relative to each other. Each night they appear to rotate around the celestial poles due to the Earth's rotation about its axis. However, the Earth spins rather like a [[spinning top]]. Not only does the Earth rotate, it wobbles. The Earth's axis takes around 25,800 years to complete one full wobble.<ref>Ruggles 2005:345–47</ref> The effect to the archaeoastronomer is that stars did not rise over the horizon in the past in the same places as they do today. Nor did the stars rotate around [[Polaris]] as they do now.

The movement of the Earth's axis was already noticed by the [[Sumer|Sumerians]] over six thousand years ago, when they were able to observe the star [[Canopus]] [[Culmination|culminating]] directly above the [[horizon]] on the southern [[Meridian (astronomy)|meridian]] for the first time in their oldest and southernmost city [[Eridu]]. For several decades, Canopus was not yet visible in the neighbouring town of Ur to the north-east of Eridu, and therefore, it was called the "Star of the City of Eridu" in Sumerian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bautsch| first1=Markus| author2-link=Friedhelm Pedde| last2=Pedde| first2 = Friedhelm |title =Canopus, der "Stern der Stadt Eridu" |url=https://wfs.berlin/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/BROplanet-juni2023ff_www.pdf |journal =Dem Himmel Nahe. |issue =17 |editor=[[Wilhelm-Foerster-Sternwarte]] e.V. / Zeiss-Planetarium am Insulaner |location=Berlin |date=2023-05-01 |pages =8–9 |lang=de |access-date=2023-12-16 |issn=2940-9330}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|access-date=2023-12-16|lang=de|title=Canopus / Mesopotamien – Wikibooks, Sammlung freier Lehr-, Sach- und Fachbücher |url=https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Quadriviale_Kuriositäten/_Die_Stele_vom_Rocher_des_Doms#Mesopotamien |last1=Bautsch |first1=Markus |journal=Dem Himmel Nahe |issue=17 |pages=8–9 }}</ref>

In the case of the [[Egyptian pyramids]], it has been shown they were aligned towards [[Thuban]], a faint star in the constellation of [[Draco (constellation)|Draco]].<ref>Ruggles 2005:354–55</ref> The effect can be substantial over relatively short lengths of time, historically speaking. For instance a person born on 25 December in Roman times would have been born with the Sun in the constellation [[Capricornus|Capricorn]]. In the modern period a person born on the same date would have the Sun in [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]] due to the [[precession of the equinoxes]].

=== Transient phenomena ===
[[Image:Bayeux Tapestry scene32 Halley comet.jpg|thumb|left|Halley's Comet depicted on the [[Bayeux Tapestry]]]]
Additionally there are often transient phenomena, events which do not happen on an annual cycle. Most predictable are events like [[eclipse]]s. In the case of [[solar eclipse]]s these can be used to date events in the past. A solar eclipse mentioned by [[Herodotus]] enables us to date a battle between the [[Medes]] and the [[Lydia]]ns, which following the eclipse failed to happen, to 28 May, 585 BC.<ref>{{cite book|author=Herodotus|author-link=Herodotus|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.74.1|title=The Histories I.74|access-date=2008-03-22|archive-date=2009-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202130025/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.74.1|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some [[comet]]s are predictable, most famously [[Halley's Comet]]. Yet as a class of object they remain unpredictable and can appear at any time. Some have extremely lengthy [[orbital period]]s which means their past appearances and returns cannot be predicted. Others may have only ever passed through the [[Solar System]] once and so are inherently unpredictable.<ref>[http://www.space.com/spacewatch/050701_bright_comets.html Predicting the next bright comet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513034410/http://www.space.com/spacewatch/050701_bright_comets.html |date=2008-05-13 }}, Space.com.</ref>

[[Meteor shower]]s should be predictable, but some [[meteor]]s are cometary debris and so require calculations of orbits which are currently impossible to complete.<ref>Steel 1999</ref> Other events noted by ancients include [[Aurora (astronomy)|aurorae]], [[sun dog]]s and [[rainbow]]s all of which are as impossible to predict as the ancient weather, but nevertheless may have been considered important phenomena.

{{clear}}

== Major topics of archaeoastronomical research ==
{{Blockquote|What has astronomy brought into the lives of cultural groups throughout history? The answers are many and varied...|Von Del Chamberlain and M. Jane Young<ref>Chamberlain & Young 2005:xi</ref>}}

=== The use of calendars ===
A common justification for the need for astronomy is the need to develop an accurate [[calendar]] for [[agriculture|agricultural]] reasons. Ancient texts like [[Hesiod]]'s Works and Days, an ancient farming manual, would appear to partially confirm this: astronomical observations are used in combination with [[ecology|ecological]] signs, such as [[bird migration]]s to determine the seasons. Ethnoastronomical studies of the [[Hopi]] of the [[southwestern United States]] indicate that they carefully observed the rising and setting positions of the Sun to determine the proper times to plant crops.<ref>McCluskey 1990</ref> However, ethnoastronomical work with the [[Mursi people|Mursi]] of [[Ethiopia]] shows that their [[luni-solar calendar]] was somewhat haphazard, indicating the limits of astronomical calendars in some societies.<ref>Turton & Ruggles 1978</ref> All the same, calendars appear to be an almost universal phenomenon in societies as they provide tools for the regulation of communal activities.

One such example is the ''[[Tzolk'in]]'' calendar of 260 days. Together with the 365-day year, it was used in [[pre-Columbian]] [[Mesoamerica]], forming part of a comprehensive calendrical system, which combined a series of astronomical observations and ritual cycles.<ref>Aveni 1989b</ref> Archaeoastronomical studies throughout Mesoamerica have shown that the orientations of most structures refer to the Sun and were used in combination with the 260-day cycle for scheduling agricultural activities and the accompanying rituals. The distribution of dates and intervals marked by orientations of monumental ceremonial complexes in the area along the southern Gulf Coast in Mexico, dated to about 1100 to 700 BCE, represents the earliest evidence of the use of this cycle.<ref>Šprajc et al. 2023</ref>

Other peculiar calendars include ancient [[Hellenic calendar|Greek calendars]]. These were nominally [[Lunar calendar|lunar]], starting with the [[New Moon]]. In reality the calendar could pause or skip days with confused citizens inscribing dates by both the civic calendar and ''ton theoi'', by the [[moon]].<ref>McCluskey 2000</ref> The lack of any universal calendar for ancient Greece suggests that coordination of panhellenic events such as [[Panhellenic Games|games]] or rituals could be difficult and that astronomical symbolism may have been used as a politically neutral form of timekeeping.<ref>Salt & Boutsikas 2005</ref> Orientation measurements in Greek temples and Byzantine churches have been associated to deity's name day, festivities, and special events.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Liritzis | first1 = I | last2 = Vassiliou | first2 = H | date = 2002 | title = Astronomical orientations of ancient temples at Rhodes and Attica with a tentative interpretation | journal = Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry | volume = 2 | issue = 1| pages = 69–79 | bibcode = 2002MAA.....2...69L }}</ref><ref>Liritzis.I and Vassiliou.H (2006) Were Greek temples oriented towards aurora? ''Astronomy & Geophysics'', vol. 47, 2, 1.14–1.18</ref><ref>Liritzis.I and Vassiliou.H (2006) Does sunrise day correlate with eastern orientation of Byzantine Churches during significant solar dates and Saint's day name? A preliminary study. ''Byzantinische Zeitscrift'' (K.G. Saur Munchen, Leipzig) 99, 2, 523–34</ref>

=== Myth and cosmology ===
[[Image:Argo Navis - Prodromus astronomiae 1690 (436433).jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The constellation [[Argo Navis]] drawn by [[Johannes Hevelius]] in 1690]]
Another motive for studying the sky is to understand and explain the [[universe]]. In these cultures [[mythology|myth]] was a tool for achieving this, and the explanations, while not reflecting the standards of modern [[science]], are [[cosmology|cosmologies]].

The [[Inca]]s arranged their empire to demonstrate their cosmology. The capital, [[Cusco]], was at the centre of the empire and connected to it by means of ceques, conceptually straight lines radiating out from the centre.<ref>Bauer & Dearborn 1995</ref> These ceques connected the centre of the empire to the four ''suyus'', which were regions defined by their direction from Cusco. The notion of a quartered cosmos is common across the [[Andes]]. Gary Urton, who has conducted fieldwork in the Andean villagers of Misminay, has connected this quartering with the appearance of the [[Milky Way]] in the night sky.<ref>Urton 1981</ref> In one season it will bisect the sky and in another bisect it in a [[perpendicular]] fashion.

The importance of observing cosmological factors is also seen on the other side of the world. The [[Forbidden City]] in [[Beijing]] is laid out to follow cosmic order though rather than observing four directions. The Chinese system was composed of five directions: [[North]], [[South]], [[East]], [[West]] and [[Centre (geometry)|Centre]]. The Forbidden City occupied the centre of ancient Beijing.<ref>Krupp 1997a:196–99</ref> One approaches the Emperor from the south, thus placing him in front of the [[Circumpolar constellation|circumpolar stars]]. This creates the situation of the heavens revolving around the person of the Emperor. The Chinese cosmology is now better known through its export as [[feng shui]].

There is also much information about how the universe was thought to work stored in the mythology of the [[constellation]]s. The Barasana of the [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]] plan part of their annual cycle based on observation of the stars. When their constellation of the Caterpillar-Jaguar (roughly equivalent to the modern Scorpius) falls they prepare to catch the pupating caterpillars of the forest as they fall from the trees.<ref>Hoskin 1999:15–16</ref> The caterpillars provide food at a season when other foods are scarce.<ref>Hugh-Jones 1982:191–93</ref>

The Northern [[Dene]] peoples of Alaska and northwestern Canada recognize [[Traveller constellations (Dene)|Traveller constellations]] that incorporate large portions of the night sky. These constellations represent a culture hero known as the Traveller who, according to oral tradition, journeyed around the world before his spirit became embodied in the stars. The constellations are composed of multiple smaller star groups named using body-part terminology, with the [[Milky Way]] identified as the Traveller's trail.<ref name="CannonArctic">{{cite journal |last1=Cannon |first1=Chris M. |last2=Justin |first2=Wilson |last3=Herbert |first3=Paul |last4=Hubbard |first4=Charles |last5=Neyelle |first5=Charlie |title=Northern Dene Constellations as Worldview Projections with Case Studies from the Ahtna, Gwich'in, and Sahtúot'ı̨nę |journal=Arctic Anthropology |volume=56 |issue=2 |year=2020 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.3368/aa.56.2.1}}</ref> Knowledge of these constellations is traditionally acquired through personal discovery rather than direct instruction, and they serve roles in navigation, timekeeping, and spiritual practice.<ref name="CannonFootsteps">{{cite book |last=Cannon |first=Chris M. |title=In the Footsteps of the Traveller: The Astronomy of Northern Dene |year=2025 |publisher=University of Manitoba Press |location=Winnipeg |isbn=978-1-77284-100-8}}</ref>

A more well-known source of constellation myth are the texts of the Greeks and Romans. The origin of their constellations remains a matter of vigorous and occasionally fractious debate.<ref>Schaefer 2002</ref><ref>Blomberg 2003, esp p. 76</ref>

The loss of one of the sisters, Merope, in some Greek myths may reflect an astronomical event wherein one of the stars in the Pleiades disappeared from view by the naked eye.<ref>[http://www.pleiade.org/pleiades_02.html ''The Pleiades in mythology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410144418/http://www.pleiade.org/pleiades_02.html |date=2019-04-10 }}, Pleiade Associates, Bristol, United Kingdom, accessed June 7, 2012</ref>

[[Giorgio de Santillana]], professor of the History of Science in the School of Humanities at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], and Hertha von Dechend, professor at [[Goethe University Frankfurt]], argued that the old mythological stories handed down from antiquity were not random fictitious tales but were accurate depictions of celestial [[cosmology]] clothed in tales to aid their oral transmission. The chaos, monsters and violence in ancient myths are representative of the forces that shape each age. They argued that ancient myths are the remains of preliterate, late [[Neolithic]] [[astronomy]] that was lost. Santillana and von Dechend argued in their book ''[[Hamlet's Mill|Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth and the Frame of Time]]'' (1969) that ancient myths have no historical or factual basis other than a cosmological one encoding astronomical phenomena, especially the [[precession of the equinoxes]].<ref>Giorgio de Santillana & Hertha von Dechend, ''Hamlet's Mill'', David R Godine: Boston, 1977.</ref> Santillana and von Dechend's approach is not widely accepted.

=== Displays of power ===
[[Image:1st Pylon Karnak Temple.JPG|thumbnail|250px|left|The [[Precinct of Amun-Re]] was aligned on the midwinter solstice.]]

By including celestial motifs in clothing it becomes possible for the wearer to make claims the power on Earth is drawn from above. It has been said that the Shield of [[Achilles]] described by [[Homer]] is also a catalogue of constellations.<ref>Hannah 1994</ref> In North America shields depicted in [[Comanche]] [[petroglyph]]s appear to include Venus symbolism.<ref>Krupp 1997a:252–53</ref>

[[Solstice|Solsticial]] alignments also can be seen as displays of power. When viewed from a ceremonial plaza on the [[Isla del Sol|Island of the Sun]] (the mythical origin place of the Sun) in [[Lake Titicaca]], the Sun was seen to rise at the June solstice between two towers on a nearby ridge. The sacred part of the island was separated from the remainder of it by a stone wall and ethnographic records indicate that access to the sacred space was restricted to members of the [[Inca]] ruling elite. Ordinary [[Pilgrimage|pilgrims]] stood on a platform outside the ceremonial area to see the solstice Sun rise between the towers.<ref>Dearborn, Seddon & Bauer, 1998</ref>

In Egypt the temple of [[Amun-Re]] at [[Karnak]] has been the subject of much study. Evaluation of the site, taking into account the change over time of the [[obliquity of the ecliptic]] show that the Great Temple was aligned on the rising of the midwinter Sun.<ref>Krupp 1988</ref> The length of the corridor down which sunlight would travel would have limited illumination at other times of the year.

In a later period the [[Serapeum of Alexandria]] was also said to have contained a [[Sun|solar]] alignment so that, on a specific sunrise, a shaft of light would pass across the lips of the statue of [[Serapis]] thus symbolising the [[Sun]] saluting the god.<ref>Rufinus</ref>

== Major sites of archaeoastronomical interest ==
{{Main|List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country}}

[[Clive Ruggles]] and [[Michel Cotte]] recently edited a book on heritage sites of astronomy and archaeoastronomy which discussed a worldwide sample of astronomical and archaeoastronomical sites and provided criteria for the classification of archaeoastronomical sites.<ref>Clive Ruggles and Michel Cotte (ed.), Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy. ICOMOS and IAU, Paris, 2010.</ref>

{{Blockquote|At Stonehenge in England and at Carnac in France, in Egypt and Yucatán, across the whole face of the earth, are found mysterious ruins of ancient monuments, monuments with astronomical significance... They mark the same kind of commitment that transported us to the moon and our spacecraft to the surface of Mars.|Edwin Krupp<ref>Krupp. 1979:1</ref>}}

=== Newgrange ===
[[Image:Newgrange Eingang Stein.jpg|right|thumb|The sunlight enters the tomb at Newgrange via the roofbox built above the door.]]

{{Main|Newgrange}}

Newgrange is a passage tomb in the Republic of Ireland dating from around 3,300 to 2,900 BC<ref>Eogan 1991</ref> For a few days around the Winter Solstice light shines along the central passageway into the heart of the tomb. What makes this notable is not that light shines in the passageway, but that it does not do so through the main entrance. Instead it enters via a hollow box above the main doorway discovered by [[Michael J. O'Kelly|Michael O'Kelly]].<ref>O'Kelly 1982:123–24</ref> It is this roofbox which strongly indicates that the tomb was built with an astronomical aspect in mind. In their discussion of the credibility of archaeoastronomical sites, Cotte and Ruggles gave Newgrange as an example of a Generally accepted site, the highest of their four levels of credibility.<ref name = credibility/> Clive Ruggles notes:{{blockquote|...[F]ew people—archaeologists or astronomers—have doubted that a powerful astronomical symbolism was deliberately incorporated into the monument, demonstrating that a connection between astronomy and funerary ritual, at the very least, merits further investigation.<ref name = "byuqqi"/>}}

=== Egypt ===
[[File:Orion_belt_vs_giza_pyramid_complex.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Orion's Belt superimposed on the Giza pyramid complex, illustrating the [[Orion Correlation Theory]]. From left to right: [[Alnitak]] on the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]], [[Alnilam]] on the [[pyramid of Khafre]], and [[Mintaka]] on the [[pyramid of Menkaure]] ]]
[[Image:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb|left|The pyramids of [[Giza]]]]

Since the first modern measurements of the precise cardinal orientations of the [[Giza pyramid complex|Giza pyramids]] by [[Flinders Petrie]], various astronomical methods have been proposed for the original establishment of these orientations.<ref>Belmonte 2001</ref><ref>Neugebauer 1980</ref><ref>Magli 2013</ref> It was recently proposed that this was done by observing the positions of two stars in [[Ursa Major|the Plough / Big Dipper]] which was known to Egyptians as the thigh. It is thought that a vertical alignment between these two stars checked with a [[plumb bob]] was used to ascertain where north lay. The deviations from true north using this model reflect the accepted dates of construction.<ref>Spence 2000</ref>

[[File:Senenmout-constellations.jpg|thumb|Constellations on the astronomical ceiling of [[Senemut]] Tomb]]

Some{{Who|date=December 2023}} have argued that the pyramids were laid out as [[Orion correlation theory|a map of the three stars]] in the belt of Orion, although this theory has been criticized by reputable astronomers.<ref name="Fairall">Fairall 1999</ref><ref name="Krupp">Krupp 1997b</ref> The site was instead probably governed by a spectacular hierophany which occurs at the summer solstice, when the Sun, viewed from the Sphinx terrace, forms—together with the two giant pyramids—the symbol Akhet, which was also the name of the Great Pyramid. Further, the south east corners of all the three pyramids align towards the temple of Heliopolis, as first discovered by the Egyptologist Mark Lehner.

The [[Astronomical ceiling of Senenmut's Tomb|astronomical ceiling of the tomb of Senenmut]] ({{c.|1470}}{{nbsp}}BC) contains the Celestial Diagram depicting circumpolar constellations in the form of discs. Each disc is divided into 24 sections suggesting a 24-hour time period. Constellations are portrayed as sacred deities of Egypt. The observation of lunar cycles is also evident.

=== El Castillo ===
{{Main|El Castillo, Chichen Itza}}

El Castillo, also known as Kukulcán's Pyramid, is a [[Mesoamerican pyramids|Mesoamerican step-pyramid]] built in the centre of [[Maya civilization|Maya]]n center of [[Chichen Itza]] in Mexico. Several architectural features have suggested astronomical elements. Each of the stairways built into the sides of the pyramid has 91 steps. Along with the extra one for the platform at the top, this totals 365 steps, which is possibly one for each day of the year (365.25) or the number of lunar orbits in 10,000 rotations (365.01).

[[Image:Serpent head at the base of El Castillo.jpg|left|thumb|Plumed Serpent]]
A visually striking effect is seen every March and September as an unusual shadow occurs around the equinoxes. Light and shadow phenomena have been proposed to explain a possible architectural hierophany involving the sun at Chichén Itzá in a Maya Toltec structure dating to about 1000 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156|isbn = 978-0-19-510815-6|title = The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures|year = 2001|publisher = Oxford University Press|access-date = 2020-07-13|archive-date = 2020-08-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809084502/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156|url-status = live}}</ref> A shadow appears to descend the west balustrade of the northern stairway. The visual effect is of a serpent descending the stairway, with its head at the base in light. Additionally the western face points to sunset around 25 May, traditionally the date of transition from the dry to the rainy season.<ref>Krupp 1997a:267–69</ref> The intended alignment was, however, likely incorporated in the northern (main) facade of the temple, as it corresponds to sunsets on May 20 and July 24, recorded also by the central axis of Castillo at Tulum.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Šprajc |first1=Ivan |last2=Sánchez Nava |first2=Pedro Francisco |title=Astronomía en la arquitectura de Chichén Itzá: una reevaluación |journal=Estudios de Cultura Maya |date=2013 |volume=XLI |issue=41 |pages=31–60|doi=10.1016/S0185-2574(13)71376-5 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The two dates are separated by 65 and 300 days, and it has been shown that the solar orientations in Mesoamerica regularly correspond to dates separated by calendrically significant intervals (multiples of 13 and 20 days).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Šprajc|first1=I.|title=Astronomy, Architecture, and Landscape in Prehispanic Mesoamerica|journal=Journal of Archaeological Research|volume=26|issue=2|pages=197–251|date=2018|doi=10.1007/s10814-017-9109-z|s2cid=149439162}}</ref> In their discussion of the credibility of archaeoastronomical sites, Cotte and Ruggles used the "equinox hierophany" at Chichén Itzá as an example of an Unproven site, the third of their four levels of credibility.<ref name = credibility />
{{clear}}

=== Stonehenge ===
[[Image:Summer Solstice Sunrise over Stonehenge 2005.jpg|thumb|The Sun rising over [[Stonehenge]] at the 2005 Summer [[Solstice]]]]

{{Main|Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge}}

Many astronomical alignments have been claimed for Stonehenge, a complex of [[megalith]]s and [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthwork]]s in the [[Salisbury Plain]] of England. The most famous of these is the midsummer alignment, where the Sun rises over the Heel Stone. However, this interpretation has been challenged by some archaeologists who argue that the midwinter alignment, where the viewer is outside Stonehenge and sees the Sun setting in the henge, is the more significant alignment, and the midsummer alignment may be a coincidence due to local topography.<ref>Parker Pearson ''et al.'' 2007</ref> In their discussion of the credibility of archaeoastronomical sites, Cotte and Ruggles gave Stonehenge as an example of a Generally accepted site, the highest of their four levels of credibility.<ref name = credibility >{{Cite book | last1 = Ruggles | first1 = C.L.N. | author-link = Clive Ruggles | last2 = Cotte | first2 = M. | chapter = Conclusion: Astronomical Heritage in the Context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention: Developing a Professional and Rational Approach | editor1-last = Ruggles | editor1-first = C.L.N. | editor2-last = Cotte | editor2-first = M. | title = Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention: A Thematic Study | place = Paris | publisher = ICOMOS / IAU | date = 2010 | pages = 271–2 | url = http://openarchive.icomos.org/267/1/ICOMOS_IAU_Thematic_Study_Heritage_Sites_Astronomy_2010.pdf | isbn = 978-2-918086-01-7 |access-date = 2018-01-21 | archive-date = 2016-03-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160318101617/http://openarchive.icomos.org/267/1/ICOMOS_IAU_Thematic_Study_Heritage_Sites_Astronomy_2010.pdf | url-status = live}} Their four credibility levels are (1) Generally accepted, (2) Debated among specialists, (3) Unproven, and (4) Completely refuted.</ref>

As well as solar alignments, there are proposed lunar alignments. The four station stones mark out a rectangle. The short sides point towards the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset. The long sides if viewed towards the south-east, face the most southerly rising of the Moon. [[Anthony Aveni]] notes that these lunar alignments have never gained the acceptance that the solar alignments have received.<ref>Aveni 1997:65–66</ref>

{{Clear}}

=== Maeshowe ===
[[Image:PicMaesEntrance.jpg|thumb|The interior of [[Maeshowe]] chambered tomb]]

{{Main|Maeshowe}}

This is an architecturally outstanding Neolithic chambered tomb on the mainland of [[Orkney]], [[Scotland]]—probably dating to the early 3rd millennium BC, and where the setting Sun at midwinter shines down the entrance passage into the central chamber (see Newgrange). In the 1990s further investigations were carried out to discover whether this was an accurate or an approximate solar alignment. Several new aspects of the site were discovered. In the first place the entrance passage faces the hills of the island [[Hoy, Orkney|Hoy]], about 10 miles away. Secondly, it consists of two straight lengths, angled at a few degrees to each other. Thirdly, the outer part is aligned towards the midwinter sunset position on a level horizon just to the left of Ward Hill on Hoy. Fourthly the inner part points directly at the Barnhouse standing stone about 400m away and then to the right end of the summit of Ward Hill, just before it dips down to the notch between it at Cuilags to the right. This indicated line points to sunset on the first Sixteenths of the solar year (according to A. Thom) before and after the winter solstice and the notch at the base of the right slope of the Hill is at the same declination. Fourthly a similar 'double sunset' phenomenon is seen at the right end of Cuilags, also on Hoy; here the date is the first Eighth of the year before and after the winter solstice, at the beginning of November and February respectively—the Old Celtic festivals of [[Samhain]] and [[Imbolc]]. This alignment is not indicated by an artificial structure but gains plausibility from the other two indicated lines. Maeshowe is thus an extremely sophisticated calendar site which must have been positioned carefully in order to use the horizon foresights in the ways described.<ref name="MacKie 1997"/>

=== Uxmal ===
[[Image:Uxmal-Palace-of-the-Governor.jpg|thumb|The Palace of the Governor at Uxmal]]
{{Main|Uxmal}}

Uxmal is a Mayan city in the Puuc Hills of [[Yucatán Peninsula]], Mexico. The Governor's Palace at Uxmal is often used as an exemplar of why it is important to combine ethnographic and alignment data. The palace is aligned with an [[azimuth]] of 118° on the pyramid of Cehtzuc. This alignment corresponds approximately to the southernmost rising and, with a much greater precision, to the northernmost setting of Venus; both phenomena occur once every eight years. By itself this would not be sufficient to argue for a meaningful connection between the two events. The palace has to be aligned in one direction or another and why should the rising of Venus be any more important than the rising of the Sun, Moon, other planets, Sirius ''et cetera''? The answer given is that not only does the palace point towards significant points of Venus, it is also covered in [[glyph]]s which stand for Venus and Mayan zodiacal constellations.<ref>Ruggles 2005:163–65</ref> Moreover, the great northerly extremes of Venus always occur in late April or early May, coinciding with the onset of the rainy season. The Venus glyphs placed in the cheeks of the Maya rain god Chac, most likely referring to the concomitance of these phenomena, support the west-working orientation scheme.<ref>Šprajc 2015</ref>

=== Chaco Canyon ===
[[Image:Chaco Canyon Chetro Ketl great kiva plaza NPS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The Great Kiva at Chaco Canyon]]

In [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park|Chaco Canyon]], the center of the [[Ancestral Puebloans|ancient Pueblo culture]] in the [[American Southwest]], numerous solar and lunar light markings and architectural and road alignments have been documented. These findings date to the 1977 discovery of the Sun Dagger site by Anna Sofaer.<ref>''Science'' Magazine, Sofaer et al., 1979: 126</ref> Three large stone slabs leaning against a cliff channel light and shadow markings onto two spiral petroglyphs on the cliff wall, marking the solstices, equinoxes and the lunar standstills of the 18.6 year cycle of the moon.<ref name="Cambridge" /> Subsequent research by the Solstice Project and others demonstrated that numerous building and interbuilding alignments of the great houses of Chaco Canyon are oriented to solar, lunar and cardinal directions.<ref>Malville and Putnam, 1989. Johnson Books:111</ref><ref>Sofaer 1998. Lekson Ed, U of Utah: 165.</ref> In addition, research shows that the [[Great North Road (Ancestral Puebloans)|Great North Road]], a thirty-five mile engineered "road", was constructed not for utilitarian purposes but rather to connect the ceremonial center of Chaco Canyon with the direction north.<ref>Sofaer, Marshall and Sinclair, 1989. Cambridge: 112.</ref>

=== Lascaux Cave ===
[[File:Lascaux 01.jpg|thumb |According to Rappenglueck, the eyes of the bull, the bird, and the bird-man may represent the three stars Vega, Altair, and Deneb commonly known as the [[Summer Triangle]].]]
In recent years, new research has suggested that the [[Lascaux]] cave paintings in France may incorporate prehistoric star charts. Michael Rappenglueck of [[LMU Munich]] argues that some of the non-figurative dot clusters and dots within some of the figurative images correlate with the constellations of [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]], the [[Pleiades]] and the grouping known as the "[[Summer Triangle]]".<ref name=bbcnews_starmap>{{cite news|last=Whitehouse|first=David|title=Ice Age star map discovered|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/871930.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=30 December 2012|date=9 August 2000|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707183828/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on her own study of the astronomical significance of Bronze Age [[petroglyphs]] in the [[Vallée des Merveilles]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Vallée des Merveilles |publisher=Archeociel |url=http://www.archeociel.com/nouvelle.htm |language=fr |access-date=1 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218140644/http://www.archeociel.com/nouvelle.htm |archive-date=2010-12-18 }}</ref> and her extensive survey of other prehistoric cave painting sites in the region—most of which appear to have been selected because the interiors are illuminated by the setting Sun on the day of the [[winter solstice]]—French researcher Chantal Jègues-Wolkiewiez has further proposed that the gallery of figurative images in the Great Hall represents an extensive star map and that key points on major figures in the group correspond to stars in the main [[constellation]]s as they appeared in the Paleolithic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archeociel: Chantal Jègues Wolkiewiez|url=http://www.archeociel.com|language=fr|access-date=1 January 2011|archive-date=17 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217235319/http://www.archeociel.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Lascaux cave: a Prehistoric sky-map...|url=http://issuu.com/lightmediation/docs/the_lascaux_cave___a_prehistoric_sky-map_3390?mode=embed&documentId=080926150256-7f1d39d0e87c4e28a7515a2712d1e473&layout=grey|publisher=lightmeditation|access-date=1 January 2011|archive-date=15 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815075606/http://issuu.com/lightmediation/docs/the_lascaux_cave___a_prehistoric_sky-map_3390?mode=embed&documentId=080926150256-7f1d39d0e87c4e28a7515a2712d1e473&layout=grey|url-status=live}}</ref> Appliying phylogenetics to myths of the Cosmic Hunt, Julien d'Huy suggested that the palaeolithic version of this story could be the following: there is an animal that is a horned herbivore, especially an elk. One human pursues this ungulate. The hunt locates or gets to the sky. The animal is alive when it is transformed into a constellation. It forms the Big Dipper. This story may be represented in the famous Lascaux shaft 'scene'<ref>Julien d'Huy. 2012. [https://www.academia.edu/3226058/2012._Un_ours_dans_les_%C3%A9toiles_recherche_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique_sur_un_mythe_pr%C3%A9historique._-_Pr%C3%A9histoire_du_sud-ouest_20_1_91-106 Un ours dans les étoiles: recherche phylogénétique sur un mythe préhistorique.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503165125/http://www.academia.edu/3226058/2012._Un_ours_dans_les_%C3%A9toiles_recherche_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique_sur_un_mythe_pr%C3%A9historique._-_Pr%C3%A9histoire_du_sud-ouest_20_1_91-106 |date=2018-05-03 }}. ''Préhistoire du sud-ouest'', 20 (1), 91–106; Julien d'Huy. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/3045718/2013._A_Cosmic_Hunt_in_the_Berber_sky_a_phylogenetic_reconstruction_of_Palaeolithic_mythology._-_Les_Cahiers_de_lAARS_15_93-106 A Cosmic Hunt in the Berber sky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711110017/http://www.academia.edu/3045718/2013._A_Cosmic_Hunt_in_the_Berber_sky_a_phylogenetic_reconstruction_of_Palaeolithic_mythology._-_Les_Cahiers_de_lAARS_15_93-106 |date=2015-07-11 }}. ''Les Cahiers de l'AARS'', 16, 93–106</ref>

== Fringe archaeoastronomy ==
{{Blockquote|At least now we have all the archaeological facts to go along with the astronomers, the Druids, the Flat Earthers and all the rest.|Sir Jocelyn Stephens<ref>Sir Jocelyn Stephens quoted in ''The Times'', 8 July 1994, 8.</ref>}}

Archaeoastronomy owes something of a poor reputation among scholars due to its occasional misuse to advance a range of [[Pseudohistory|pseudo-historical]] accounts. During the 1930s, [[Otto Sigfrid Reuter|Otto S. Reuter]] compiled a study entitled ''Germanische Himmelskunde'', or "Teutonic Skylore". The astronomical orientations of ancient monuments claimed by Reuter and his followers would place the ancient Germanic peoples ahead of the [[Ancient Near East]] in the field of astronomy, demonstrating the intellectual superiority of the "[[Aryan race|Aryans]]" (Indo-Europeans) over the [[Semitic people|Semites]].<ref>Pedersen 1982:269</ref>

More recently I. J. Gallagher,<ref>Gallagher 1983</ref> R. L. Pyle,<ref>Pyle 1983</ref> and [[Barry Fell|B. Fell]]<ref>Fell 1983</ref> interpreted inscriptions in West Virginia as a description in Celtic [[Ogham]] alphabet of the supposed winter solstitial marker at the site. The controversial translation was supposedly validated by a problematic archaeoastronomical indication in which the winter solstice Sun shone on an inscription of the Sun at the site. Subsequent analyses criticized its cultural inappropriateness, as well as its linguistic and archaeoastronomical<ref>Wise 2003</ref> claims, to describe it as an example of "[[Pseudoarchaeology|cult archaeology]]".<ref>Lesser, 1983</ref>

Archaeoastronomy is sometimes related to the fringe discipline of [[Archaeocryptography]], when its followers attempt to find underlying mathematical orders beneath the proportions, size, and placement of archaeoastronomical sites such as Stonehenge and the Pyramid of Kukulcán at Chichen Itza.<ref>{{citation | last = Schmeh | first = Klaus| title = The Pathology of Cryptology – A Current Survey | journal = Cryptologia | volume= 36 | date = 2012 | pages = 19–20 | doi = 10.1080/01611194.2011.632803| s2cid = 36073676}}</ref>

===India===
{{Further|Archaeoastronomy and Vedic chronology}}
Since the 19th century, numerous scholars have sought to use [[Archaeoastronomy and Vedic chronology|archaeoastronomical calculations]] to demonstrate the antiquity of Ancient Indian Vedic culture, computing the dates of astronomical observations ambiguously described in ancient poetry to as early as 4000 BC.<ref>Witzel 2001</ref> [[David Pingree]], a historian of Indian astronomy, condemned "the scholars who perpetrate wild theories of prehistoric science and call themselves archaeoastronomers".<ref>Pingree 1982:554–63, esp. p. 556</ref>

== Organisations ==
There are currently several academic organisations for scholars of archaeoastronomy (including ethnoastronomy and Indigenous astronomy).

[http://www.archaeoastronomy.org/ ISAAC{{snd}}the International Society for Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture]{{snd}}was founded in 1996 as the global society for the field. It sponsors the Oxford conferences and the [https://escholarship.org/uc/jac Journal of Astronomy in Culture].

[http://www.archeoastronomy.org/ SEAC – La Société Européenne pour l'Astronomie dans la Culture] {{snd}}was founded in 1992 with a focus on broader Europe. SEAC holds annual conferences in Europe and publishes refereed conference proceedings on an annual basis.

SIAC{{snd}}[[La Sociedad Interamericana de Astronomía en la Cultura]] was founded in 2003 with a focus on [[Latin America]].

[https://scaas.org SCAAS - The Society for Cultural Astronomy in the American Southwest] was founded in 2009 as a regional organisation focusing on the astronomies of the [[Native Americans in the United States#History|native peoples]] of the [[Southwestern United States]]; it has since held seven meetings and workshops.<ref>{{Cite web | last1 = Bates | first1 = Bryan | last2 = Munson | first2 = Greg | date = | title = A Brief History of the Society for Cultural Astronomy in the American Southwest | url = http://www.scaas.org/about | publisher = Society for Cultural Astronomy in the American Southwest | access-date = 2021-02-14 | archive-date = 2021-03-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210301111410/http://scaas.org/about | url-status = live }}</ref>

[https://www.acnc.gov.au/charity/charities/9c072b8a-f66b-eb11-b0b0-000d3ad1f29c/profile AAAC – the Australian Association for Astronomy in Culture] was founded in 2020 in Australia, focusing on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander astronomy.

[https://astronomieculturala.ro/index.php/articole The Romanian Society for Cultural Astronomy] was founded in 2019, holding an annual international conference and publishing the first monograph on archaeo- and ethnoastronomy in Romania (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carturesti.ro/carte/astronomia-strabunilor-544870755|title=Astronomia strabunilor|website=carturesti.ro|language=ro-RO|access-date=2020-01-05|archive-date=2020-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930025315/https://carturesti.ro/carte/astronomia-strabunilor-544870755|url-status=live}}</ref>

[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC1306/S00043/modern-uses-for-ancient-maori-knowledge.htm SMART – the Society of Māori Astronomy Research and Traditions] was founded in Aotearoa/New Zealand in 2013, focusing on Maori astronomy.

[https://www.nativeskywatchers.com Native Skywatchers] was founded in 2007 in Minnesota, USA to promote Native American star knowledge, particularly of the Lakota and Ojibwe peoples of the northern US and Canada.

== Publications ==

Additionally the ''[[Journal for the History of Astronomy]]'' publishes many archaeoastronomical papers. For twenty-seven volumes (from 1979 to 2002) it published an annual supplement ''Archaeoastronomy''.

The ''[[Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage]]'', ''Culture & Cosmos'', and the ''Journal of Skyscape Archaeology'' also publish papers on archaeoastronomy.

== Academic programs ==

National projects and university programs including, or dedicated to, cultural astronomy are found globally. They include:

The [[The Sophia Centre|Sophia Centre for Cosmology in Culture]] at the [[University of Wales Trinity Saint David|University of Wales - Trinity Saint David]] in Lampeter, UK.

The [https://culturalastronomy.science.unimelb.edu.au Cultural Astronomy Program] at the [[University of Melbourne]] in Australia.

The [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] made interesting findings in this field.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/first-indian-record-of-supernova-found-in-kashmir/article2221426.ece|title = First Indian record of supernova found in Kashmir|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 12 July 2011|access-date = 8 July 2013|archive-date = 16 December 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216050206/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/first-indian-record-of-supernova-found-in-kashmir/article2221426.ece|url-status = live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{cmn|
* [[List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country]]
* [[List of artifacts significant to archaeoastronomy]]
* [[Astronomical chronology]]
* [[Australian Aboriginal Astronomy Project]]
** [[Australian Aboriginal astronomy]]
** [[Aboriginal stone arrangement]]
* [[Cultural astronomy]]
* [[Lunar standstill]]
* [[Medicine wheel]]
* [[Megalith]]
* [[Mound Builders]]
* [[Petroform]]s
* [[Pleiades in folklore and literature]]
* [[Worship of heavenly bodies]]
}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
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{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Ruggles|editor1-first=Clive L. N.|editor1-link=Clive Ruggles|title=The Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy|date=2015|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4614-6140-1 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8 |bibcode=2015hae..book.....R |oclc=1128937529}}
* {{cite book|author=Magli, Giulio.|date=2020|title=Archaeoastronomy. Introduction to the science of stars and stones.|publisher=Springer, NY |isbn=978-3-030-45146-2 |oclc=1144089346}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Archaeoastronomy}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://assets.cambridge.org/052157/2916/sample/0521572916web.pdf Astronomy before History] - A chapter from ''The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy,'' Michael Hoskin ed., 1999.
* [http://www.cliveruggles.net/ Clive Ruggles]: images, bibliography, software, and synopsis of his course at the [[University of Leicester]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210729015335/http://www.traditionsofthesun.org/ Traditions of the Sun] – NASA and others exploring the world's ancient observatories.
* [http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2005/images/ao_poster.pdf Ancient Observatories: Timeless Knowledge] NASA Poster on ancient (and modern) observatories.
* [https://e-history.kz/en/seo-materials/show/29076 Astronomy is the most ancient of the sciences.] (About Kazakh folk astronomy)

{{Astronomy navbox|state=expanded}}
{{Prehistoric technology}}
{{Archaeology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archaeoastronomy| ]]
[[Category:Ancient astronomy]]
[[Category:Astronomical sub-disciplines]]
[[Category:Archaeological sub-disciplines]]
[[Category:Traditional knowledge]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Vadali, Eluru district

2026-02-02T10:45:39Z

Margaretxro: put up bio

{{for|village in Sabarkantha district, Gujarat, India|Vadali, Gujarat}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vadali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Chinna Puri
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.428635|N|81.132998|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = Krishna
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = vadali
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 2
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 25000
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521325
| registration_plate = AP16
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city/Town
| blank1_info_sec1 = Gudivada
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|cool]], ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 3:2 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 80%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Kaikalur
}}
'''Vadali''' is an Indian village located 2 kilometers away from [[Mudinepalli]] mandal, [[Krishna district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], situated near Machilipatnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/india-pin-codes/andhra-pradesh/krishna/vadali.html |title=Vadali Pin Code on NativePlanet}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Mudinepalli]]
* [[Krishna district]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Alisha Singh

2026-01-31T18:06:05Z

Margaretxro: New

{{Short description|Indian actress, dancer and choreographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alisha Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1991|5|5}}
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand, India
| other names =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi Women's College]]
| occupation = Actress, dancer, choreographer
| years_active = 2003– present
| known_for = [[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]; [[Dance India Dance]]; [[Dil Dosti Dance]];[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]

| father = Raj Kumar Singh
| website=
}}
'''Alisha Singh''' is an Indian television actress, dancer and choreographer. She was the winner of the reality show ''[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]'' four times and a runner up in ''[[Dance India Dance|Dance India Dance Season 1]]''. She is also known for the television shows ''[[Dil Dosti Dance]]'' and ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''. She also assisted in the choreography of several dance numbers in films like ''[[Dhoom 3]]'', ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' and ''[[Kung Fu Yoga]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ranchi-rajkumari-rides-high-on-hope-alisha-wants-to-open-a-dance-school-in-city/cid/492930|title=Ranchi rajkumari rides high on hope – Alisha wants to open a dance school in city|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota}} - {{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/celebs-swing-to-teen-s-moves-13-year-old-bags-bollywood-offer/cid/1637091|title=Celebs swing to teen?s moves – 13-year-old bags bollywood offer|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota}} - {{cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3391231/|title=Alisha Singh|publisher=|website=IMDb}} - {{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-181-LCL-story-of-choreographer-alisha-singh-ranchi-NOR.html|title=इन्होंने जैकी चैन से कराया डांस, सलमान-कटरीना को भी कर चुकी हैं कोरियोग्राफ|publisher=|website=bhaskar.com|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402081245/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-181-LCL-story-of-choreographer-alisha-singh-ranchi-NOR.html|url-status=dead}} - {{cite web|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/dance-skills-display-jashn-e-night/108234/|title=Dance skills on display at Jashn-e-Night|publisher=|website=avenuemail.in|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402073157/https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/dance-skills-display-jashn-e-night/108234/|url-status=dead}} - {{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-heres-confirmed-list-contestants-their-choreographer-partners-683934|title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9:' Here's the confirmed list of contestants and their choreographer partners|publisher=|work=IBTimes|date=23 June 2016 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
'''Television'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Television Show !! Role !! Notes !! Channel
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]''|| Contestant|| Runner up || [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2007 || ''Boogie Woogie''|| Contestant|| Won the title of "Boogie Woogie Ustaadon Ke Ustaad Championship" || Sony Entertainment Television
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Dance India Dance]]'' ([[Dance India Dance#Season 1|season 1]]) || Contestant || Runner up || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Dil Dosti Dance]]'' || Neha Kapoor || || [[Channel V India]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Dare 2 Dance]]'' || Celebrity contestant || || [[Life OK]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Crime Patrol Dial 100]]'' || Reality Show Contestant Role - Nazia || Jashn - Episode 59|| [[Sony TV]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 9)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' || Choreographer || || [[Colors TV]]
|-
|2020|| ''Fukrapanti''|| || Director||
|}

==See also==
* [[List of dancers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3391231}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Alisha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}