https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MarcyEdmond490Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-04T12:16:00ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miraj_Assembly_constituency&diff=517787Miraj Assembly constituency2026-05-06T21:57:52Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: started basic info needs work</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Miraj<br />
| map_image = 281-Miraj.svg<br />
| mla = [[Suresh Khade]]<br />
| party = [[BJP]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]]<br />
| established = 1962<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 281<br />
| electors = 344,731<br />
}}<br />
'''Miraj Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kalantre Shrimatibai Charudatta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Patil Gundu Dasharath<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | Gundu Dasharath Patil<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Narsinha R. Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="3" | Shinde Mohanrao Alias Ramsing Ganpatrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan="2" | Patil Sharad Ramgonda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | Dhatture Hafijabhai Husen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan="4" | [[Suresh Khade|Dr. Suresh Dagadu Khade]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Khade|Dr. Suresh Dagadu Khade]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 129,766 |percentage = 57.03% |change = {{increase}}2.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tanaji Ananda Satpute |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 84,571 |percentage = 37.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vidnyan Prakash Mane |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,528 |percentage = 2.43% |change = {{decrease}}2.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maheshkumar Mahadev Kamble |party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 2,599 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,350 |percentage = 0.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.99 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 45,195 |percentage = 19.86% |change = {{increase}}2.69 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 228,875 |percentage = 66.39% |change = {{increase}}11.24 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 227,525}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 344,731 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.59 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.61 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Khade|Dr. Suresh Dagadu Khade]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 96,369 |percentage = 54.42% |change = {{increase}}3.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balaso Dattatray Honmore |party = Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 65,971 |percentage = 37.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanaso Sadashiv Waghmare |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,902 |percentage = 5.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,792 |percentage = 1.58% |change = {{increase}}0.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashiv Dashrath Khade |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,595 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangaram Shivmurti Satpute |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,443 |percentage = 0.81% |change = {{increase}}0.04 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Yashvant Raste |party = Baliraja Party |votes = 1,141 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,398 |percentage = 17.17% |change = {{decrease}}17.92 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,075 |percentage = 55.15% |change = {{decrease}}6.09 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 177,092}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 326,494 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.75 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.06 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Khade|Dr. Suresh Dagadu Khade]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 93,795 |percentage = 51.36% |change = {{decrease}}4.71 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shidheshwar Atamaram Jadhav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,728 |percentage = 16.28% |change = {{decrease}}8.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. R. Sanglikar |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,598 |percentage = 11.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satpute Tanaji Aanadrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 20,160 |percentage = 11.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Honmore Balaso Dattatry |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 10,999 |percentage = 6.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,759 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Vidhyasagar Subhash |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,411 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{increase}}0.18 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 64,067 |percentage = 35.09% |change = {{increase}}3.44 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 185,567 |percentage = 61.24% |change = {{decrease}}1.54 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,605}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 303,011 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.42 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.71 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Khade|Dr. Suresh Dagadu Khade]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 96,482 |percentage = 56.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Honmore Balaso Dattatrya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,026 |percentage = 24.42% |change = {{decrease}}7.75 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karpe Sushma Kisan Alias Kaji Ayesha Mahmmad |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,026 |percentage = 7.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Vivek Appa |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 6,320 |percentage = 3.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yadavrao Hirappa Kamble Alias Sachit Tasgaonkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,721 |percentage = 2.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil Ram Basakhetre |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,748 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Ananda Bansode |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,592 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,456 |percentage = 31.65% |change = {{increase}}23.52 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 172,274 |percentage = 62.78% |change = {{decrease}}1.53 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 172,066}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,422 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.60 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}23.90 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dhatture Hafijabhai Husen |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,181 |percentage = 32.17% |change = {{decrease}}8.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bajrang Tukaram |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 33,766 |percentage = 24.05% |change = {{decrease}}5.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithalrao Bhauso Patil(kakaji) |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,580 |percentage = 14.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Padminidevi Mohanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,704 |percentage = 9.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhanapal Tatya Khot |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,198 |percentage = 6.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kurane Annasaheb Tammanna |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 5,610 |percentage = 3.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Kisan Dattatray |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,140 |percentage = 2.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bajarag (Bhau) Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 902 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,415 |percentage = 8.13% |change = {{decrease}}3.66 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,515 |percentage = 64.31% |change = {{increase}}0.45 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,428}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 218,485 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.65 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.73 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dhatture Hafijabhai Husen |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,294 |percentage = 40.90% |change = {{increase}}23.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bajrang Tukaram |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 33,657 |percentage = 29.11% |change = {{increase}}12.86 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sharad Ramgonda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 26,280 |percentage = 22.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naikwadi Rasul Abdulasaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,584 |percentage = 6.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Gorakhanath Vitthal |party = Independent politician |votes = 821 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,637 |percentage = 11.79% |change = {{decrease}}20.68 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,703 |percentage = 63.86% |change = {{decrease}}12.88 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,636}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,573 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.23 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}8.91 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sharad Ramgonda |party = Janata Dal |votes = 68,432 |percentage = 49.81% |change = {{increase}}1.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Maniktai Anandrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,817 |percentage = 17.34% |change = {{decrease}}25.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bajrang Tukaram |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 22,326 |percentage = 16.25% |change = {{increase}}10.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jamdar Dadaso Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,556 |percentage = 11.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khan Jafar Ilahibax |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,379 |percentage = 2.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotyan Gurudeo Bhimrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,363 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satarmaker Mustaka Sattar |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 862 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,615 |percentage = 32.47% |change = {{increase}}27.07 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,313 |percentage = 76.74% |change = {{increase}}11.82 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 137,384}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,845 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.42 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}1.27 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sharad Ramgonda |party = Janata Dal |votes = 50,014 |percentage = 48.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Mohanrao Alias Ramsing Ganpatrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,451 |percentage = 43.14% |change = {{decrease}}2.01 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katkar Appasaheb Santram |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 6,004 |percentage = 5.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khatavkar Ashok Kashinath |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,208 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,563 |percentage = 5.40% |change = {{decrease}}12.48 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,661 |percentage = 64.92% |change = {{decrease}}4.49 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,045}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,210 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.15 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.39 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Mohanrao Alias Ramsing Ganpatrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,815 |percentage = 45.15% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sharad Ramgonda |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,231 |percentage = 27.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Awati Devappa Dhulappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,020 |percentage = 15.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Anwar Sahebjan |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,035 |percentage = 11.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,584 |percentage = 17.88% |change = {{decrease}}13.80 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,791 |percentage = 69.41% |change = {{increase}}11.58 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,547}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,283 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.16 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}17.20 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Mohanrao Alias Ramsing Ganpatrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 37,343 |percentage = 62.35% |change = {{increase}}58.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagargoje Raghunath Ganpatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,367 |percentage = 30.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kaulgud Vilas Pandurang |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,183 |percentage = 6.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,976 |percentage = 31.68% |change = {{increase}}1.72 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,953 |percentage = 57.83% |change = {{decrease}}17.38 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,893}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,408 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.27 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.93 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Mohanrao Alias Ramsing Ganpatrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,670 |percentage = 60.42% |change = {{increase}}16.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naikwadi Iliyas Yusuf |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,510 |percentage = 30.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chivate Dhondiram Tawanappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 3,049 |percentage = 4.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suryawanshi Bhagawanrao Dnyanadeo |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,919 |percentage = 4.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kolap Shivaram Sakharam |party = Independent politician |votes = 474 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,160 |percentage = 29.96% |change = {{increase}}19.11 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,893 |percentage = 75.21% |change = {{increase}}0.11 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,622}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,594 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}4.12 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}5.21 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narsinha R. Pathak |party = Independent politician |votes = 40,388 |percentage = 55.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dadsaheb R. Jamadar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,451 |percentage = 44.36% |change = {{decrease}}7.79 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,937 |percentage = 10.85% |change = {{increase}}5.14 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,874 |percentage = 75.10% |change = {{decrease}}2.45 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,147}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,702 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.64 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.06 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gundu Dasharath Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,853 |percentage = 52.15% |change = {{decrease}}22.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. R. Pathak |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,586 |percentage = 46.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. N. Baraale |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 358 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,267 |percentage = 5.71% |change = {{decrease}}57.74 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,107 |percentage = 77.55% |change = {{increase}}4.98 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,246}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,503 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.37 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}22.61 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gundu Dasharath Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,921 |percentage = 74.76% |change = {{increase}}13.85 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nivrutti Baburao Kalke |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 6,041 |percentage = 11.31% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganapat Krishnaji Malavade |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,568 |percentage = 6.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagaunda Kalgaunda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,983 |percentage = 3.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandrao Bapusaheb Shinde |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,883 |percentage = 3.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,880 |percentage = 63.45% |change = {{increase}}36.31 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,035 |percentage = 72.57% |change = {{increase}}11.22 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,396}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,215 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.30 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.85 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Gundu Dasharath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,029 |percentage = 60.91% |change = {{increase}}2.86 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kolap Shivram Sakharam |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 12,768 |percentage = 33.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Waghmode Dnyandev Tatyarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 762 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadlaskar Hasham Karim |party = Independent politician |votes = 727 |percentage = 1.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanmukh Ramkrishna Vithoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 522 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,261 |percentage = 27.14% |change = {{decrease}}13.08 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,808 |percentage = 61.35% |change = {{decrease}}0.43 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,808}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,623 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.99 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.86 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Miraj <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kalantre Shrimatibai Charudatta |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,276 |percentage = 58.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mali Dhondiram Tukaram |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 6,229 |percentage = 17.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Mahadeo Ishwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,608 |percentage = 13.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kachi A. Shakur H. Ali Mahammad |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 2,338 |percentage = 6.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chivate Balasaheb Alias Dhondi Ram Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,478 |percentage = 4.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,047 |percentage = 40.22% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,929 |percentage = 61.78% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,929}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,542 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Miraj constituency is one of the eight Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Sangli district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=275}}</ref> Miraj Assembly constituency is part of the [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments in this district, namely [[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]], [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]], [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]], [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgao-Kavathemahakal]] and [[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=278}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Miraj]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Sangli district topics}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{coord|16.83|74.64|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Sangli district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaathi_(soundtrack)&diff=543212Vaathi (soundtrack)2026-05-04T00:21:18Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: New details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2023 soundtrack album by G. V. Prakash Kumar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Vaathi<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| cover = Vaathi (soundtrack).jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| released = {{Start date|2023|2|3|df=yes}}<br />
| recorded = 2022–2023<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 20:01<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]<br />
| prev_year = 2022<br />
| next_title = [[Rudhran]]<br />
| next_year = 2023<br />
| misc = {{Singles<br />
| name = Vaathi<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| single1 = Vaa Vaathi<br />
| single1date = 10 November 2022<br />
| single2 = Nadodi Mannan<br />
| single2date = 17 January 2023<br />
| single3 = Vaa Vaathi (Reprise)<br />
| single3date = 23 February 2023<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Sir<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| caption = <br />
| released = {{Start date|2023|2|15|df=yes}}<br />
| recorded = 2022–2023<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 20:20<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| misc = {{Singles<br />
| name = Sir<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| single1 = Mastaaru Mastaaru<br />
| single1date = 10 November 2022<br />
| single2 = Banjara<br />
| single2date = 17 January 2023<br />
| single3 = Mastaaru Mastaaru (Reprise)<br />
| single3date = 23 February 2023<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Vaathi''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2023 [[Period film|period]] [[action drama film]] of the [[Vaathi|same name]] directed by [[Venky Atluri]] and produced by Sithara Entertainments, Fortune Four Cinemas and Srikara Studios, starring [[Dhanush]] and [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]]. The film's music is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and featured six songs written by Dhanush, [[Yugabharathi]] and [[Arivu]]. The Telugu version ''Sir'' has six songs written by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [[Suddala Ashok Teja]] and Pranav Chaganty.<br />
<br />
The album was preceded by two singles in Tamil and Telugu, and the soundtrack for ''Vaathi'' was launched on 3 February 2023, while the soundtrack for ''Sir'' was launched a week later. Prakash won the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|National Film Award for Best Music Direction – Songs]] for his work in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards {{!}} 'Parking' wins big, while GV Prakash bags Best Music Composer for 'Vaathi' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/71st-national-film-awards-parking-wins-big-while-gv-prakash-bags-best-music-composer-for-vaathi/article69883753.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801170027/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/71st-national-film-awards-parking-wins-big-while-gv-prakash-bags-best-music-composer-for-vaathi/article69883753.ece |archive-date=2025-08-01 |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards 2025: GV Prakash wins his second award for Dhanush's Vaathi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/71st-national-film-awards-2025-gv-prakash-wins-his-second-award-for-dhanushs-vaathi/articleshow/123046365.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801170036/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/71st-national-film-awards-2025-gv-prakash-wins-his-second-award-for-dhanushs-vaathi/articleshow/123046365.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2025-08-01 |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The film's music is composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar in his maiden collaboration with Venky Atluri and sixth collaboration with Dhanush.{{Efn|Prakash had previously composed for Dhanush's ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' (2007), ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011), ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]'' (2011), ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' (2019) and [[Maaran (2022 film)|''Maaran'']] (2022).}} Since the film is set in the 1990s, Prakash developed a soundscape with both acoustic, classical and folk instruments for the film score and songs.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VtafyIjZNQ |title=G. V. Prakash & Venky Atluri Interview With Baradwaj Rangan {{!}} Wide Angle {{!}} Vaathi/Sir {{!}} Galatta plus |date=2023-02-26 |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |publisher=Galatta Plus |access-date=2025-08-01 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Atluri added that despite Prakash's acting commitments, he delivered the songs on time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Rajasekar |date=2023-02-14 |title=Director Venky Atluri on working with Dhanush in his new film, 'Vaathi' |url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/director-venky-atluri-on-working-with-dhanush-in-his-new-film-vaathi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318234737/https://thefederal.com/entertainment/director-venky-atluri-on-working-with-dhanush-in-his-new-film-vaathi |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai|The Federal]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The first single titled "Vaa Vaathi" in Tamil and "Mastaaru Mastaaru" in Telugu was released on 10 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2022 |title='Vaa Vaathi': The first single composed by GV Prakash from Dhanush's 'Vaathi' is here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/vaa-vaathi-the-first-single-composed-by-gv-prakash-from-dhanushs-vaathi-is-here/articleshow/95430223.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/vaa-vaathi-the-first-single-composed-by-gv-prakash-from-dhanushs-vaathi-is-here/articleshow/95430223.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=10 November 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2022 |title='Mastaaru Mastaaru': First single from Dhanush, Samyuktha Menon's 'SIR' out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/mastaaru-mastaaru-first-single-from-dhanush-samyuktha-menons-sir-out/articleshow/95431809.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218024617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/mastaaru-mastaaru-first-single-from-dhanush-samyuktha-menons-sir-out/articleshow/95431809.cms |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was written by Dhanush and Ramajogayya Sastry in respective languages, with [[Shweta Mohan]] recorded vocals for both languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=Vaathi song Vaa Vaathi: GV Prakash gives Dhanush a memorable melody |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vaathi-song-vaa-vaathi-gv-prakash-gives-dhanush-a-memorable-melody-8261434/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154148/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vaathi-song-vaa-vaathi-gv-prakash-gives-dhanush-a-memorable-melody-8261434/ |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=Vaa Vaathi, first single from Vaathi is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Nov/10/vaa-vaathi-first-single-from-vaathi-is-out-36494.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109094021/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Nov/10/vaa-vaathi-first-single-from-vaathi-is-out-36494.html |archive-date=2024-11-09 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-12 |title=GV Prakash's melody 'Mastaaru Mastaaru' from 'Sir' woos music buffs |url=https://telanganatoday.com/gv-prakashs-melody-mastaaru-mastaaru-from-sir-woos-music-buffs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525023143/https://telanganatoday.com/gv-prakashs-melody-mastaaru-mastaaru-from-sir-woos-music-buffs |archive-date=2024-05-25 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single titled "Naadodi Mannan" in Tamil and "Banjara" in Telugu was released on 17 January 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Nadodi Mannan, the second single from Dhanush's Vaathi is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/17/the-second-single-from-dhanushs-vaathi-is-here-38872.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204154756/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/17/the-second-single-from-dhanushs-vaathi-is-here-38872.html |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Banjara: Second single from Dhanush's Telugu-Tamil bilingual 'SIR' is out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/banjara-second-single-from-dhanushs-telugu-tamil-bilingual-sir-is-out-now/articleshow/97060163.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218024618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/banjara-second-single-from-dhanushs-telugu-tamil-bilingual-sir-is-out-now/articleshow/97060163.cms |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The Tamil version was written by Yugabharathi and sung by Anthony Daasan, with the Telugu version featuring lyrics by Suddala Ashok Teja and sung by [[Anurag Kulkarni]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The film's audio launch took place at the Sai Leo Muthu Indoor Stadium, Sri Sai Ram Engineering College in [[Tambaram]], [[Chennai]] on 3 February 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=Vaathi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/vaathi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1670117911 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222070421/https://music.apple.com/in/album/vaathi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1670117911 |archive-date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> with the cast and crew amongst other celebrities in attendance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-25 |title=Dhanush's 'Vaathi' audio launch is to take place on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-vaathi-audio-launch-is-to-take-place-on-this-date/articleshow/97299744.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206012120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-vaathi-audio-launch-is-to-take-place-on-this-date/articleshow/97299744.cms |archive-date=2023-02-06 |access-date=2025-08-02 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Chandhini |date=2023-01-31 |title=Dhanush's Vaathi audio launch date confirmed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Feb/02/dhanushs-vaathi-audio-launch-date-confirmed-39542.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202110059/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Feb/02/dhanushs-vaathi-audio-launch-date-confirmed-39542.html |archive-date=2023-02-02 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Sushmita |date=2023-02-04 |title=Fans scream 'Thalaivaa' as Dhanush flaunts his Captain Miller look at Vaathi audio launch. See inside |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/fans-scream-thalaivaa-as-dhanush-flaunts-his-captain-miller-look-at-vaathi-audio-launch-see-inside-article-97617807 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802060033/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/fans-scream-thalaivaa-as-dhanush-flaunts-his-captain-miller-look-at-vaathi-audio-launch-see-inside-article-97617807 |archive-date=2025-08-02 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> A pre-release event for the Telugu version ''Sir'' was held at the People's Plaza in [[Necklace Road]], [[Hyderabad]] on 15 February 2023, where the Telugu album was launched.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-14 |title=SIR: Pre-release event of Dhanush, Samyuktha Menon starrer to be held on this date; Details inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sir-pre-release-event-of-dhanush-samyuktha-menon-starrer-to-be-held-on-this-date-details-inside/articleshow/97914694.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216121414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sir-pre-release-event-of-dhanush-samyuktha-menon-starrer-to-be-held-on-this-date-details-inside/articleshow/97914694.cms |archive-date=2023-02-16 |access-date=2025-08-02 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-16 |title=Dhanush stuns fans by singing in Telugu at SIR pre-release event |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dhanush-stuns-fans-by-singing-in-telugu-at-sir-pre-release-event-101676533999851.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311150947/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dhanush-stuns-fans-by-singing-in-telugu-at-sir-pre-release-event-101676533999851.html |archive-date=2023-03-11 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Sir (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/sir-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1671298888 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226082705/https://music.apple.com/in/album/sir-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1671298888 |archive-date=2025-02-26 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' called Prakash's score being "mostly loud and moderately effective" while his "songs are used smartly by Venky".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2023-02-17 |title='Vaathi' movie review: A wonderful Dhanush anchors a promising tale bogged down by cliches and deja vu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Feb/17/vaathi-movie-review-a-wonderful-dhanush-anchors-a-promising-tale-bogged-down-by-cliches-and-deja-2548369.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218053409/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Feb/17/vaathi-movie-review-a-wonderful-dhanush-anchors-a-promising-tale-bogged-down-by-cliches-and-deja-2548369.html |archive-date=2023-02-18 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Vignesh Vijayakumar of [[The Week (Indian magazine)|''The Week'']] wrote "music director G.V. Prakash Kumar adds soul to the film through his background score".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayakumar |first=Vignesh |date=2023-02-17 |title='Vaathi' review: Dhanush pulls off a decent job trying to solve private vs govt education 'challenge' |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/02/17/vaathi-review-dhanush-pulls-off-a-decent-job-trying-to-solve-the-private-vs-govt-school-education-challenge.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616032904/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/02/17/vaathi-review-dhanush-pulls-off-a-decent-job-trying-to-solve-the-private-vs-govt-school-education-challenge.html |archive-date=2023-06-16 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "G V Prakash's BGM is OK and, with his song Vaathi, already a big hit, the audience enjoys it on screen too."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=2023-02-17 |title=Vaathi Movie Review: Dhanush is the only saving grace of this Venky Atluri film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vaathi-review-vaathi-movie-review-dhanush-is-the-only-saving-grace-of-this-venky-atluri-film-2335963-2023-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218031153/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vaathi-review-vaathi-movie-review-dhanush-is-the-only-saving-grace-of-this-venky-atluri-film-2335963-2023-02-17 |archive-date=2023-02-18 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bharathy Singaravel of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "Musically, ‘Naadodi Mannan’ and ‘Va Vaathi’ stand out from GV Prakash's soundtrack. This is one of the times a film's music album is a far better experience than the movie itself."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singaravel |first=Bharathy |date=2023-02-17 |title=Vaathi review: Bad script, bad politics let down Dhanush starrer on education rights |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/vaathi-review-bad-script-bad-politics-let-down-dhanush-starrer-education-rights-173417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802062753/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/vaathi-review-bad-script-bad-politics-let-down-dhanush-starrer-education-rights-173417 |archive-date=2025-08-02 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> For the Telugu version, Srivatsan Nadathur of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' wrote "Sir is an uplifting, chirpy album from GV Prakash Kumar and is among the composer’s best in the recent times. He makes his experience count and is aided by a right bunch of singers and lyricists to contribute to the quality."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadathur |first=Srivatsan |date=2023-02-12 |title=Sir music review: GV Prakash Kumar-Dhanush's combo is a winner yet again |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sir-music-review-gv-prakash-kumar-dhanushs-combo-is-a-winner-yet-again/862940e58e966 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320205225/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sir-music-review-gv-prakash-kumar-dhanushs-combo-is-a-winner-yet-again/862940e58e966 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Track listing ==<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = ''Vaathi'' (Tamil)<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Vaa Vaathi<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Dhanush]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Shweta Mohan]]<br />
| length1 = 3:45<br />
| title2 = Naadodi Mannan<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Anthony Daasan]]<br />
| length2 = 3:23<br />
| title3 = Kalangudhe<br />
| lyrics3 = Yugabharathi<br />
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]<br />
| length3 = 3:28<br />
| title4 = One Life<br />
| lyrics4 = Dhanush, [[Arivu]]<br />
| extra4 = Stephen Zechariah, Arivu<br />
| length4 = 2:47<br />
| title5 = Sooriya Paarvaigaley<br />
| lyrics5 = Yugabharathi<br />
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Ravi G<br />
| length5 = 2:54<br />
| title6 = Vaa Vaathi (Reprise)<br />
| lyrics6 = Dhanush<br />
| extra6 = Dhanush<br />
| length6 = 3:43<br />
| total_length = 20:01<br />
}}<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = ''Sir'' (Telugu)<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Mastaaru Mastaaru<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br />
| extra1 = Shweta Mohan<br />
| length1 = 3:45<br />
| title2 = Banjara<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]<br />
| length2 = 3:32<br />
| title3 = Maaraajayya<br />
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br />
| extra3 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]<br />
| length3 = 3:28<br />
| title4 = One Life<br />
| lyrics4 = Pranav Chaganty<br />
| extra4 = [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]], Pranav Chaganty<br />
| length4 = 3:03<br />
| title5 = Sandhya Na Udayiddaam<br />
| lyrics5 = Pranav Chaganty<br />
| extra5 = Anurag Kulkarni<br />
| title6 = Mastaaru Mastaaru (Reprise)<br />
| length6 = 3:44<br />
| lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br />
| extra6 = Dhanush<br />
| length5 = 2:55<br />
| total_length = 20:20<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}<br />
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br />
! scope="col"| Category<br />
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)<br />
! scope="col"| Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]<br />
|22 June 2024<br />
|Best Female Playback Singer<br />
|[[Shweta Mohan]] – ("Vaa Vaathi")<br />
| {{Nom}}<br />
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2024 |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2023 |url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521163957/https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[69th Filmfare Awards South|3 August 2024]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]<br />
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| {{Nom}}<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Nominations for the 69th Filmfare Awards South 2024 – Tamil |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/nominations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804115118/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/nominations |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Winners of the 69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024 – Tamil |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804115115/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/winners |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2024 |title=69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024: Check out the winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-check-out-the-winners/articleshow/112251936.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804052432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-check-out-the-winners/articleshow/112251936.cms |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2024 |title=Filmfare Awards South 2024: Mammootty, Vikram, Rakshit Shetty, Chithha, 2018 win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/filmfare-awards-south-2024-mammootty-vikram-rakshit-shetty-chithha-2018-win-big-9493799/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807162629/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/filmfare-awards-south-2024-mammootty-vikram-rakshit-shetty-chithha-2018-win-big-9493799/ |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]<br />
|[[Shweta Mohan]] – ("Mastaaru Mastaaru")<br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[IIFA Utsavam]]<br />
|[[3rd IIFA Utsavam|27 September 2024]]<br />
| Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil<br />
| sort |[[Shweta Mohan]] – ("Vaa Vaathi")<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2024 |title=IIFA Utsavam 2024: Rajinikanth's Jailer is Best Picture, Aishwarya Rai, Vikram win big |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/iifa-utsavam-2024-winners-list-rajinikanth-jailer-best-picture-aishwarya-rai-vikram-win-big-2607834-2024-09-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001012741/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/iifa-utsavam-2024-winners-list-rajinikanth-jailer-best-picture-aishwarya-rai-vikram-win-big-2607834-2024-09-28 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=IIFA 2024 Utsavam unveils nominations, honouring the diversity of South Indian cinema |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-utsavam-unveils-nominations-honouring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-13806739.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214234145/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-utsavam-unveils-nominations-honouring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-13806739.html |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-us}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2024 |title=IIFA Awards: 'Jailer', 'Dasara', '2018: Everyone is a Hero', 'Kaatera' win 'Best Picture' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/28/iifa-awards-best-picture-actor-actress-award-tamil-malayalam-telugu-kannada.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005114832/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/28/iifa-awards-best-picture-actor-actress-award-tamil-malayalam-telugu-kannada.html |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]<br />
|[[71st National Film Awards|1 August 2025]]<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction {{Small|(Songs)}}]] – Tamil<br />
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards: GV Prakash wins Best Music Director for Vaathi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/01/71st-national-film-awards-gv-prakash-wins-best-music-director-for-vaathi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802061424/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/01/71st-national-film-awards-gv-prakash-wins-best-music-director-for-vaathi |archive-date=2025-08-02 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards 2025 Live Updates: Shah Rukh Khan, Rani Mukerji win first National Awards; Vikrant Massey and 12th Fail bag trophies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2025-live-updates-winners-list-10160873/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802065624/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2025-live-updates-winners-list-10160873/ |archive-date=2025-08-02 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=1 August 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Vikrant Massey and Rani Mukerji Win Acting Honors as '12th Fail' Named Best Film at India's National Awards |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/shah-rukh-khan-vikrant-massey-rani-mukerji-india-national-film-awards-1236476508/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802065759/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/shah-rukh-khan-vikrant-massey-rani-mukerji-india-national-film-awards-1236476508/ |archive-date=2 August 2025 |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|15 September 2024]]<br />
|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil<br />
|[[Shweta Mohan]] – ("Vaa Vaathi")<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024 Tamil complete winners list: Jailer named Best Film; Vikram, Nayanthara, Aishwarya Rai win Best Actor awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-awards-2024-tamil-complete-winners-list-jailer-best-film-vikram-nayanthara-aishwarya-rai-best-actor-awards-9570253/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921070446/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-awards-2024-tamil-complete-winners-list-jailer-best-film-vikram-nayanthara-aishwarya-rai-best-actor-awards-9570253/ |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Rajinikanth's Jailer and Nani's Dasara bag 11 nominations each, Mrunal Thakur's Hi Nanna follows |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-awards-2024-full-list-nominations-rajinikanth-jailer-nani-dasara-mrunal-thakur-hi-nanna-9460441/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915080720/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-awards-2024-full-list-nominations-rajinikanth-jailer-nani-dasara-mrunal-thakur-hi-nanna-9460441/ |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=17 July 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024 full list of nominees: Dasara, Jailer, Kaatera, 2018 top the list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/siima-awards-2024-full-list-of-nominees-dasara-jailer-kaatera-2018-top-the-list-101721228225405.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183923/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/siima-awards-2024-full-list-of-nominees-dasara-jailer-kaatera-2018-top-the-list-101721228225405.html |archive-date=17 July 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2024 |title=SIIMA 2024 Winners List: Aishwarya Rai, Vikram and Tovino Thomas Win Big, Jailer Wins Best Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/siima-2024-winners-aishwarya-rai-vikram-tovino-thomas-best-actor-jailer-best-film-9052120.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207114357/https://www.news18.com/movies/siima-2024-winners-aishwarya-rai-vikram-tovino-thomas-best-actor-jailer-best-film-9052120.html |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]<br />
|[[Shweta Mohan]] – ("Mastaaru Mastaaru") <br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{G. V. Prakash Kumar}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 soundtrack albums]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]<br />
[[Category:Aditya Music soundtracks]]<br />
[[Category:G. V. Prakash Kumar soundtracks]]<br />
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]<br />
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Nye&diff=487362Archibald Nye2026-05-03T21:34:20Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: made entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British Army officer (1895–1967)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=February 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
|honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]]<br />
|name= Sir Archibald Nye<br />
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCSI|GCMG|GCIE|KCB|KBE|MC}}<br />
|image= Lieutenant-general a E Nye, Cb, Mc Art.IWMARTLD3205.jpg<br />
|image_size= <br />
|alt= <br />
|caption= Portrait of Nye, 1942<br />
|nickname= <br />
|birth_date= {{birth date|1895|04|23|df=yes}}<br />
|birth_place= [[Ship St Barracks]], [[Dublin]], Ireland<br />
|death_date= {{death date and age|1967|11|13|1895|04|23|df=yes}}<br />
|death_place= [[London]], England<br />
|burial_place= <br />
|allegiance= United Kingdom<br />
|branch= [[British Army]]<br />
|service_years= 1914–1946<br />
|rank= [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]]<br />
|service_number= 5851<br />
|unit= Corps of Army Schoolmasters<br/>[[Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians)]]<br/>[[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]]<br />
|commands= [[Vice Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] (1941–46)<br/>[[Nowshera Brigade]] (1939–40)<br/>2nd Battalion, [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]] (1937–39)<br />
|battles= [[First World War]]<br/>[[Second World War]]<br />
|awards= [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br/>[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br/>[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br/>[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]<br/>[[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]<br/>[[Military Cross]]<br />
|spouse= Una Sheila Colleen Knox (m. 1939)<br />
|other_work= [[Governor of Madras]]<br/>[[List of High Commissioners from the United Kingdom to India|High Commissioner to India]]<br/>[[British High Commissioner to Canada]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] '''Sir Archibald Edward Nye''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|GCSI|GCMG|GCIE|KCB|KBE|MC}} (23 April 1895 – 13 November 1967) was a senior [[British Army]] officer who served in both [[world war]]s and was [[Vice Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] from 1941 to 1946 during the [[Second World War]]. Post-war, he served as [[Governor of Madras]], after which [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] asked for him to stay on as [[High Commissioner]] in India.{{sfn|Alanbrooke|2001|p=xli}} He subsequently served as High Commissioner to Canada.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Archibald Edward Nye was born on 23 April 1895 at [[Ship Street Barracks]], Dublin, to Charles Edward Nye and Mary Sexton. He was the second of three sons born to the couple, who also had three daughters. His father was a [[regimental sergeant major]] in the [[Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry]], [[British Army]].<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35272|title=Nye, Sir Archibald Edward (1895-1967), army officer|year=2004}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nye was educated at the [[Duke of York's Royal Military School]], a boarding school for sons of non-commissioned officers, and desired to become a schoolmaster. But the [[First World War]] broke out at this juncture and Nye joined the Army.<ref name=odnb/><ref name="Officers of the British Army">{{cite web|url=https://www.unithistories.com/officers/bio/british/Nye_AE.html|title=British Army officer histories|publisher=Unit Histories|access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref>{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=238}}<br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
<br />
At the outset of the Great War, Nye went to France with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] in 1914, serving for just over a year as a [[non-commissioned officer]] in the [[Corps of Army Schoolmasters]] attached to the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry.<ref>British Army WWI Medal Rolls Index Cards, 1914–1920, A-Z Nicholl – Parry Nur, Uddin – Nye, Wilfred P J</ref> In 1915, as a [[sergeant]], he was selected for a permanent [[Officer (armed forces)|commission]] in the [[Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians)|Prince of Wales' Leinster Regiment]], and was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]] on 5 December 1915.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=29417|page=12845| date=24 December 1915}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=(124) – Army lists > Half-yearly Army lists 1923 – Feb 1950 (From 1947, annual, despite the name) > 1938 > Second half – British Military lists – National Library of Scotland |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/88737436 |website=digital.nls.uk |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was further promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 5 September 1916, and to the [[acting rank]] of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in August 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=29853|page=11972| date=8 December 1916}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=30283| supp=y|page=9518| date=14 September 1917}}</ref> Wounded twice in action, he was awarded the [[Military Cross]] for bravery.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31266 | date=1 April 1919 |page=4331 |supp=y }}</ref>{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=238}} The official citation for this ward reads:{{blockquote|For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty on 20th October, 1918 near Esscher. He made a reconnaissance, under heavy shell and machine-gun fire, of the forward positions along the whole battalion front adjusting a portion on his own initiative to complete the line. He was of great assistance to his commanding officer throughout the week's fighting.<ref name="MC">{{London Gazette| issue=31680|date=9 December 1919|page=15358| supp=y}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Major General a E Nye H15636.jpg|thumb|left|Major-General Archibald Edward Nye, the Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff (VCIGS), at his desk in the War Office.]]<br />
<br />
When the [[Leinster Regiment]] was disbanded, Nye was transferred to the [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]].<ref name="Officers of the British Army" />{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=238}} During the [[interwar period]] he had a number of regimental appointments. Promoted to captain on 20 June 1923, he attended the staff officer's course at the [[Staff College, Camberley]] in 1924–25 which he successfully completed.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=32841|page=4617| date=3 July 1923}}</ref> Following this, he served as a [[staff officer]] in Air Cooperation from 1926–28 before becoming a [[brigade major]] with the [[3rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|33rd Infantry Brigade]].{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=238}} [[Brevet]]ted to [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] on 1 July 1930, he completed his graduation in law and qualified as a barrister at the [[Inner Temple]] in 1932.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33624|page=4363| date=11 July 1930}}</ref> He was then posted as an instructor to the Staff College with the local rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-colonel]], and advanced to brevet lieutenant-colonel on 1 July 1934.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33853|page=5139| date=9 August 1932}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34066|page=4230| date=3 July 1934}}</ref> Nye was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 8 September 1935, and to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel in September 1937.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34233| supp=y|page=8197| date=20 December 1935}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34457|page=7349| date=23 November 1937}}</ref> From late 1937 to early 1939, he commanded the 2nd Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment.<ref name=odnb/><ref name="Officers of the British Army" /><br />
<br />
[[File:British Generals 1939-1945 NA23235.jpg|thumb|right|Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald Nye, Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff with Lieutenant-Generals [[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg|Freyberg]] (left) and [[Richard McCreery|McCreery]] (right) at Forli airfield, Italy during a flying visit to the [[British Eighth Army]].]]<br />
<br />
On 20 May 1939, Nye was promoted to [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]], with the temporary rank of [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|brigadier]], and sent to [[British Raj|India]] to raise a [[brigade]], commanding the [[Nowshera Brigade]] from May 1939 to January 1940.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34632|page=3779| date=6 June 1939}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34648| supp=y|page=5106| date=25 July 1939}}</ref> In February 1940 he returned to London to take up the post of deputy director of Staff Duties, [[War Office]] and became Director of Staff Duties with the acting rank of [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|major-general]] from 1 November.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34988| supp=y|page=6479| date=8 November 1940}}</ref> Promoted to substantive major-general on 18 November 1941, in December he became [[Vice Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] under Sir Alan Brooke with the acting rank of [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-general]] from 5 December.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=35369|supp=y|page=6937| date=2 December 1941}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=35377| supp=y|page=7043| date=9 December 1941}}</ref> The enormous burdens placed on Brooke meant that he needed to delegate many of his tasks and for this he relied heavily on Nye. The partnership was highly successful and Nye remained in the job for the rest of the war.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=330}} It could be said that while Brooke ran the war, Nye ran the army.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=328}} Advanced to the temporary rank of lieutenant-general on 5 December 1942, in the [[1944 Birthday Honours]] Nye was knighted as a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]], the first of five knighthoods he would ultimately be conferred with.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette| issue=35836| supp=y|page=5625| date=25 December 1942}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{London Gazette| issue=36544| supp=y|page=2573| date=8 June 1944}}</ref> He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general on 14 September 1944.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=36711| supp=y|page=4373| date=19 September 1944}}</ref> Nye retired on 29 March 1946.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=37522| supp=y|page=1729| date=5 April 1946}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Later life==<br />
<br />
Following his retirement, Nye was appointed [[Governor of Madras]] on 26 February 1946,<ref name="march">{{cite book|title=March to freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916–1947|author=Saroja Sundarrajan|page=632|publisher=Lalitha Publications|year=1989}}</ref> took charge on 5 May 1946<ref name="worldstatemen_british india">{{cite web|title=Provinces of British India – Madras|publisher=worldstatesmen|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Madras}}</ref> and served as governor till 7 September 1948.<ref name="wordlstatesmen">{{cite web|title=Indian States since 1947 – Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html#Tamil-Nadu|publisher=worldstatesmen}}</ref> The day prior to his appointment as governor there was a major labour strike in Madras.<ref name="march" /> The rest of his term was plagued by peasant uprisings all over the province.<ref name="struggle_asia">{{cite book|title=Struggle for Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/struggleforasia00lowf|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/struggleforasia00lowf/page/n113 96]|author=Sir Francis Low|year=1972}}</ref> These rebellions were aided and abetted by the Communists who established miniature governments along the northern frontiers of the Presidency, thereby demanding military action.<ref name="struggle_asia" /><br />
<br />
Nye attributed their success to the "zeal and energy of young men who conducted their own newspapers and who preached the creed of expropriating landlords and distributing their land to needy and hungry labourers".<ref name="struggle_asia" /> Nye was also the Colonel-in-chief of the [[Madras Regiment]] from 10 August 1946 to 31 March 1949.<ref name="madrasregiment">{{cite web|title=Madras Regiment |publisher=Indian Army |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/infantry/inf_mds.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829075912/http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/infantry/inf_mds.html |archive-date=29 August 2009 }}</ref> The Recruits Training Centre was moved from [[Madukkarai]] near [[Coimbatore]] to [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]] in February 1947.<ref name="madrasregiment" /> Nye inaugurated the Madras offices of the [[British Council]] in July–August 1948.<ref name="thehindu_britishcouncil">{{cite news|title=Recalling the beginnings|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/21/stories/2005032100130300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051117214240/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/21/stories/2005032100130300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2005|date=21 March 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=S. Muthiah|author-link=S. Muthiah}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 1947, when [[Sir Frederick Gentle]], the Chief Justice of the [[Madras High Court]], resigned over the Government of India order that the Chief Minister of the particular state should be consulted along with the Union Home Minister with regard to the selection of High Court judges, Nye expressed support for Gentle against political interference in appointment of judges.<ref name="rajendraprasadp293">{{cite book|title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad, correspondence and select documents, Volume 8|pages=293|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1984|isbn=81-7023-002-0}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nye presided over independence day celebrations in Madras city. On 15 August 1947, Nye was sworn in by Chief Justice Gentle as the first Governor of Madras in the [[Dominion of India]] while [[O.P. Ramaswami Reddiar]] was sworn in as Premier.<ref name="thehindu_20120815">{{cite news|title=When city revelled in day-long jubilation|first=T.|last=Ramakrishnan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3772441.ece|work=The Hindu|date=15 August 2012}}</ref> Nye unfurled the Indian tricolour at the [[Island Grounds]].<ref name="thehindu_20120815" /><br />
<br />
Following his term in Madras, Nye was appointed the UK's [[List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to India|High Commissioner to India]], in which post he served from 1948 to 1952. He then served as the UK's [[List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Canada|High Commissioner to Canada]] from 1952 to 1956.<ref name=odnb/><br />
<br />
==Family==<br />
<br />
In 1939, Nye married divorcee Una Sheila Colleen, daughter of Sir [[Harry Hugh Sidney Knox]]. The couple had one daughter, Harriet.<ref name=odnb/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harriet Mary Sheila Newton-Clare (née Nye) - National Portrait Gallery |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp162109/harriet-mary-sheila-newton-clare-nee-nye |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.npg.org.uk |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 1960s and 1970s, Lady Nye was a member of [[Wiltshire County Council]] and was a member of its Education Committee.<ref>''The Municipal Year Book and Public Services Directory'' (1972), p. 856: "Nye, Lady, Alderstone Hse. Whiteparish, Salisbury"; ''The Education Committees' Year Book'' (1971), p. 238</ref><br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
<br />
<div class="center"><br />
<br />
[[File:1000px ribbon bar of the Order of Maria Anna.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Order of the Indian Empire Ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:Military cross BAR.svg|100px]]<br />
<br />
[[File:1914 1915 Star ribbon bar.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:British War Medal BAR.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Ribbon, World War I Victory Medal.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR.svg|100px]]<br />
<br />
[[File:King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png|100px]]<br />
[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]<br />
[[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|100px]]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Order of wear per current ''London Gazette'' regulations.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=62529 | supp=y|page=326|date=11 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
*Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) (August 14, 1947)<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=38161| supp=y|page=5|date=1 January 1948}}</ref><br />
*Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (GCMG) (June 7, 1951)<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=39243| supp=y|page=3064| date=7 June 1951}}</ref><br />
*Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) (February 8, 1946)<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=37461|page=863| date=8 February 1946}}</ref><br />
*Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, Military Division (KCB) (January 1, 1946)<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=37407|page=5| date=1 January 1946}}</ref><br />
*Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Military Division (KBE) (June 1, 1944)<br />
*Military Cross (MC) (1918)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{cite book|last = Alanbrooke|first = Field Marshal Lord|editor1-first=Alex|editor1-last=Danchev|editor2-first=Daniel|editor2-last=Todman|author-link=Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|title = War Diaries 1939–1945|publisher = Phoenix Press|year = 2001|isbn = 1-84212-526-5}}<br />
*{{Cite book| first=Richard| last=Mead| title=Churchill's Lions: a biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II| year=2007| publisher=Spellmount| location=Stroud (UK)| isbn=978-1-86227-431-0}}<br />
*{{cite book| first=Nick| last=Smart| title=Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War| isbn=1844150496| year=2005| location=Barnesley| publisher=Pen & Sword}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Archibald Nye}}<br />
*[https://www.unithistories.com/officers/bio/british/Nye_AE.html British Army Officers 1939−1945]<br />
*[https://generals.dk/general/Nye/Archibald_Edward/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]<br />
*[http://www.achart.ca/york/general_nye.htm Duke of York's School – Archibald Edward Nye]<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-mil}}<br />
{{succession box | title = [[Vice Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] | before =[[Henry Pownall|Sir Henry Pownall]] | after =[[Frank Simpson (British Army officer)|Sir Frank Simpson]] | years = 1941–1946}}<br />
{{s-dip}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-new}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of High Commissioners from the United Kingdom to India|High Commissioner to India]] |years=1948–1952}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Alexander Clutterbuck]]}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before=[[Alexander Clutterbuck]]<br />
| title=[[List of High Commissioners from the United Kingdom to Canada|High Commissioner to Canada]]<br />
| years=1952–1956<br />
| after=[[Saville Garner]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Governors of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nye, Archibald}}<br />
[[Category:1895 births]]<br />
[[Category:1967 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment officers]]<br />
[[Category:Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers]]<br />
[[Category:South Lancashire Regiment officers]]<br />
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]<br />
[[Category:British Army generals of World War II]]<br />
[[Category:Irish knights]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]<br />
[[Category:Governors of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:High commissioners of the United Kingdom to Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]<br />
[[Category:War Office personnel in World War II]]<br />
[[Category:Academics of the Staff College, Camberley]]<br />
[[Category:British Army lieutenant generals]]<br />
[[Category:Military personnel from Dublin (city)]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at the Duke of York's Royal Military School]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajendra_Chavda&diff=528530Rajendra Chavda2026-04-18T15:49:08Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Rajendra Chavda<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]<br />
| term_start = 23 June 2025<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Karshan Solanki]]<br />
| constituency = [[Kadi Assembly constituency|Kadi]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| citizenship = {{Ind}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rajendra Kumar Daneshwar Chavda''' is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He was elected to [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kadi Assembly constituency]] in 2025 Bypoll representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Bypolls: BJP’s Rajendra Chavda wins Kadi">{{cite news |title=Bypolls: BJP's Rajendra Chavda wins Kadi |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/bypolls-bjps-rajendra-chavda-wins-kadi-aaps-gopal-italia-clinches-visavadar-leads-for-aap-in-punjab/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |publisher=AIR |date=23 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623134732/https://www.newsonair.gov.in/bypolls-bjps-rajendra-chavda-wins-kadi-aaps-gopal-italia-clinches-visavadar-leads-for-aap-in-punjab/ |archive-date=23 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Rajendra Chavda won from [[Kadi Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2025 Bypoll. He polled 99,742 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ramesh Chavda of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 39,452 votes.<ref name="Gujarat Assembly bypolls: AAP wins Visavadar, BJP retains Kadi seat">{{cite news |title=Gujarat Assembly bypolls: AAP wins Visavadar, BJP retains Kadi seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat-assembly-bypolls-aap-wins-visavadar-bjp-retains-kadi-seat/article69727139.ece |accessdate=23 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=23 June 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623092637/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat-assembly-bypolls-aap-wins-visavadar-bjp-retains-kadi-seat/article69727139.ece |archivedate=23 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Kadi Assembly constituency Bypoll Result 2025">{{cite news |title=Kadi Assembly constituency Bypoll Result 2025 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJun2025/candidateswise-S0624.htm |accessdate=23 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 June 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623133750/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJun2025/candidateswise-S0624.htm |archivedate=23 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chavda, Rajendra}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deocherra_Assembly_constituency&diff=496153Deocherra Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:31:00Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: made a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Deocherra<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| state = [[Tripura]]<br />
| established = 1971<br />
| abolished = 1976<br />
| electors = 12,463<br />
| mla = Abdul Wazid<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| constituency_no =<br />
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| district =<br />
| loksabha_cons =<br />
| reservation =<br />
}}<br />
'''Deocherra Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Abdul Wazid || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 1972 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Deocherra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Wazid |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,399 |percentage=44.97% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karunamoy Nath Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=1,870 |percentage=24.74% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sayed Abdul Rasid |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,019 |percentage=13.48% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sailen Dhar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=712 |percentage=9.42% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parindra Chandra Malakar |party=Independent politician |votes=256 |percentage=3.39% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Golapjit Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=237 |percentage=3.14% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshirode Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=40 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,529 |percentage=20.23% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,559 |percentage=62.76% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,463 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}<br />
{{coord|24.32|92.16|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]<br />
[[Category:1971 establishments in Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]<br />
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Tripura-geo-stub}}<br />
{{India-constituency-stub}}</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohru_Assembly_constituency&diff=530787Rohru Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:34:20Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Rohru<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 67<br />
| map_image = 67-Rohru constituency.svg<br />
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| mla = [[Mohan Lal Brakta]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:75253}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Rohru''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Rohru]] is also part of [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Rohru Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rohru.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!Picture<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]] <br />
| Padam Dev ||<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=5|Assembly did not exist<br />
|-<br />
||[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br />
| Padam Dev ||<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br />
| Amrit Singh Rathore ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] <br />
|rowspan=2| Satya Dev Bushahri <br />
|rowspan=2| <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br />
| Nehar Singh ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] <br />
|rowspan="5"| [[Virbhadra Singh]]<br />
|rowspan="5"| [[File:Virbhadra Singh HP.jpg|50px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
|-<br />
|2009{{efn|by-election}}<br />
|Khushi Ram Balnahta ||<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] <br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Mohan Lal Brakta]]<ref name=election2017/> <br />
|rowspan="3"|<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{noteslist}}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohan Lal Brakta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,327 |percentage=61.90% |change={{increase}}4.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Bala |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,988 |percentage=27.03% |change={{decrease}}11.85 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,597 |percentage=6.49% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashwani Kumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,400 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Andta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=520 |percentage=0.94% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=413 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}0.31 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Singh |party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party |votes=209 |percentage=0.38% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,339 |percentage=34.87% |change= {{increase}}16.33 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,454 |percentage=73.69% |change= {{increase}}0.33 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,253 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.82 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.48 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohan Lal Brakta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,134 |percentage=57.43% |change={{decrease}}19.47 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Bala |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,726 |percentage=38.88% |change={{increase}}25.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=535 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shurvir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=415 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}1.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Chand |party=Swabhiman Party |votes=317 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,408 |percentage=18.54% |change= {{decrease}}44.85 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,733 |percentage=73.36% |change= {{increase}}4.43 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,155 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.34 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.47 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohan Lal Brakta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,465 |percentage=76.89% |change={{increase}}16.33 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balak Ram Negi. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,050 |percentage=13.50% |change={{decrease}}18.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Dass |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=1,809 |percentage=4.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Andta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=925 |percentage=2.06% |change={{decrease}}1.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan Singh |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=807 |percentage=1.80% |change={{decrease}}1.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badri Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=681 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,415 |percentage=63.39% |change= {{increase}}34.93 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,823 |percentage=68.93% |change= {{decrease}}0.81 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,029 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.69 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.33 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virbhadra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,079 |percentage=60.56% |change={{decrease}}7.47 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushi Ram Balnath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,942 |percentage=32.10% |change={{increase}}0.13 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir Ranta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,849 |percentage=3.72% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Goverdhan Singh Chauhan |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=1,785 |percentage=3.59% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,137 |percentage=28.46% |change= {{decrease}}7.60 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,665 |percentage=69.74% |change= {{decrease}}6.32 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,215 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.98 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.47 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2003 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virbhadra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,617 |percentage=68.03% |change={{decrease}}12.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushi Ram Balnath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,328 |percentage=31.97% |change={{increase}}13.96 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,289 |percentage=36.06% |change= {{decrease}}26.84 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,945 |percentage=76.16% |change= {{increase}}3.32 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,033 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.30 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1998 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virbhadra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,637 |percentage=80.91% |change={{increase}}3.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushi Ram Balnath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,489 |percentage=18.01% |change={{decrease}}2.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Goverdhan Singh Chauhan |party=Janata Dal |votes=297 |percentage=0.71% |change={{decrease}}0.44 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,148 |percentage=62.90% |change= {{increase}}5.89 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,571 |percentage=73.97% |change= {{increase}}1.97 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,149 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.60 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1993 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virbhadra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,976 |percentage=77.10% |change={{decrease}}11.96 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushi Ram Balnath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,030 |percentage=20.09% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bihari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=509 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Goverdhan Singh Chauhan |party=Janata Dal |votes=405 |percentage=1.16% |change={{decrease}}8.44 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,946 |percentage=57.01% |change= {{decrease}}22.45 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,988 |percentage=71.68% |change= {{increase}}4.05 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,435 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.44 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.96 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virbhadra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,602 |percentage=89.06% |change={{increase}}2.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satya Dev Bushehari |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,976 |percentage=9.60% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dewal Ram Nagi |party=Independent politician |votes=415 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,626 |percentage=79.46% |change= {{increase}}5.40 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,993 |percentage=67.25% |change= {{decrease}}0.77 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,445 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.45 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,282 |percentage=87.03% |change={{increase}}36.84 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh Mukhiya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,321 |percentage=12.97% |change={{decrease}}15.49 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,961 |percentage=74.06% |change= {{increase}}52.33 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,603 |percentage=68.50% |change= {{increase}}1.21 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,930 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.14 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1982 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satya Dev Bushehari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,890 |percentage=50.19% |change={{increase}}45.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh Mukhia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,743 |percentage=28.46% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,927 |percentage=12.36% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=1,622 |percentage=6.85% |change={{decrease}}48.35 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Sukh Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=507 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,147 |percentage=21.73% |change= {{increase}}6.65 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,689 |percentage=67.84% |change= {{increase}}8.57 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,736 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.37 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.01 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satya Dev |party=Janata Party |votes=9,785 |percentage=55.20% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,113 |percentage=40.13% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrit Singh Rathore |party=Indian National Congress |votes=828 |percentage=4.67% |change={{decrease}}40.66 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,672 |percentage=15.07% |change= {{increase}}9.62 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,726 |percentage=59.17% |change= {{increase}}23.04 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,710 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.23 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.87 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrit Singh Rathore |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,588 |percentage=45.33% |change={{decrease}}6.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satya Dev Bushahri |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=4,036 |percentage=39.88% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh Dhawan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,497 |percentage=14.79% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=552 |percentage=5.45% |change= {{decrease}}16.71 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,121 |percentage=35.65% |change= {{decrease}}12.83 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,184 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.35 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.17 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Dev |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,590 |percentage=51.50% |change={{increase}}17.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,754 |percentage=29.34% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,554 |percentage=12.15% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Das |party=Independent politician |votes=897 |percentage=7.01% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,836 |percentage=22.16% |change= {{increase}}11.18 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,795 |percentage=50.20% |change= {{increase}}13.74 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,934 |ref = |change= {{increase}}121.90 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}17.66 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohru<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Dev |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,387 |percentage=33.85% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noopa |party=All India Scheduled Caste Federation |votes=937 |percentage=22.86% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=665 |percentage=16.23% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanam Ram |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=576 |percentage=14.06% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=533 |percentage=13.01% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=450 |percentage=10.98% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,098 |percentage=33.76% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,138 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Rohru]]<br />
* [[Shimla district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|31.2|77.75|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Shimla district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shariq_Nisar&diff=534675Shariq Nisar2026-04-13T12:53:32Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: New new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian economist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Dr. Shariq Nisar<br />
| image = Shariq Nisar.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Shariq Nisar in 2010<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |1974|11|9|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh]], U.P, [[India]]<br />
| education = PhD (Economics), [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Aligarh]], U.P<br />
| occupation = Teaching, Research and Consulting<br />
| spouse = Dr. Rabia Khan<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shariq Nisar''' is an Indian finance professional, academic and activist. He has made an impact on [[Islamic Finance]] in India with his work and has been in roles both in academia, in the financial markets, and in industry.<br />
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== Education ==<br />
He received a [[PhD]] in economics from [[Aligarh Muslim University]], one of the oldest universities in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/islamic-banking-will-help-develop-entrepreneurship/article9484502.ece|title='Islamic banking will help develop entrepreneurship'|date=2017-01-18|work=Frontline|access-date=2017-07-04|language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
He co-founded TASIS (Taqwaa Advisory and Shariah Investment Solutions), a [[sharia]]h advisory institution, related to finance, based in [[Mumbai]], that screens stocks for Shariah compliance. His first major work was the launch of India's first Shariah Index in association with the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=TwoCircles.net|title=TCN Awards presented at Mumbai {{!}} TwoCircles.net|url=http://twocircles.net/2011dec17/tcn_awards_presented_mumbai.html|access-date=2017-07-04|website=twocircles.net|date=17 December 2011 |language=en-US}}</ref> (i.e. "[[S&P BSE 500 Shariah Index|BSE TASIS Shariah 50]]").<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-12-27|title=Bombay Stock Exchange launches Islamic index|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12083190|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Vizcaino|first=Bernardo|title=RBI allows non-bank Islamic finance firm|language=en-IN|work=Reuters India|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/islamic-finance-india-idINDEE97J07L20130820|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909052004/http://in.reuters.com/article/islamic-finance-india-idINDEE97J07L20130820|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2016|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref><br />
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Later on he worked with the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] to launch Shariah index for them. He is advisor to Kerala Government's Islamic Finance venture [https://www.cheraman.com/ Cheraman Financial Services] Ltd. He also helped [[Government of India]] owned [[General Insurance Corporation of India]] (GIC Re) establish its Retakaful division in 2009.<br />
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During 2013 and 2014, he served as a senior visiting fellow at [[Harvard Law School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2014apr30/harvard_organises_roundtable_islamic_finance_india.html|title=Harvard organises a roundtable on Islamic Finance in India {{!}} TwoCircles.net|last=TwoCircles.net|website=twocircles.net|date=29 April 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ILSP Fellow|url=https://pls.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ILSP-Annual-Report-2013-14-Web21.pdf|access-date=2017-07-04|website=Harvard Law School}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> He was invited to share his views before the Select Committee of Indian Parliament on the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill (2015).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-02-20|title=Insurance penetration will improve if regulations are reduced: New India chief|language=en|work=The Hindu Business Line|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/insurance-penetration-will-improve-if-regulations-are-reduced-new-india-chief/article9552206.ece|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Select Committee Report|url=https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Select_committee_on_Insurance_Laws.pdf|access-date=2017-07-04|website=PRS India}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><br />
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He served as a [[Non-executive director|non-executive independent director]] at [[Octaware Technologies]] from November, 2015 to December 2018, India's first shariah compliant [[publicly listed company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=321316927&privcapId=321216297&previousCapId=321216297&previousTitle=Octaware%20Technologies%20Limited|title=Shariq Nisar: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref><br />
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Nisar has also authored various books in the area of Islamic Finance with International as well as Indian perspectives. He has been awarded [https://bharatinclusion.ciie.co/research-fellowship.html Bharat Inclusion Research Fellowship 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808141708/https://bharatinclusion.ciie.co/research-fellowship.html |date=8 August 2022 }}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharat Inclusion Initiative {{!}} Financial Inclusion {{!}} Programmes Ciie - IIMA Incubation Centre Ahmedabad|url=https://bharatinclusion.ciie.co/|last=Initiative|first=Bharat Inclusion|website=bharatinclusion.ciie.co|language=en|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=16 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416071656/https://bharatinclusion.ciie.co/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2017, he teaches a course at the [[University of Luxembourg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaching Staff |url=https://www.uni.lu/fdef-en/study-programs/certificate-in-law-and-regulation-of-inclusive-finance/teaching-staff/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=FDEF EN |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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== Other work ==<br />
Nisar has contributed to several ethical finance initiatives in the Indian capital market. In 2009, he worked with Taurus Asset Management Company to launch India’s first ethical [[mutual fund]], the Taurus Ethical Fund, with which he continues to be associated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scheme Information Document - Taurus Ethical Fund|url=https://www.taurusmutualfund.com/sites/default/files/2025-03/SID_Ethical_Fund.pdf|access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref> From 2017 to 2020, he served as a strategy advisor to Tata Mutual Fund for their Tata Ethical Fund, focusing on outreach to grassroots investors. More recently, in December 2024, he became associated with India’s third ethical fund, launched by Quantum Asset Management Company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quantum Ethical Fund|url=https://www.quantumamc.com/equity-funds/quantum-ethical-fund|access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref><br />
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Nisar is also a member of the Ethics Committee at Mount Judi Ventures, a SEBI-approved venture capital fund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mount Judi Ventures|url=https://mountjudi.com/|access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref> He is part of the governance team of Valuable, a SEBI-approved venture debt fund focused on inclusion and the [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Team – Valuable Partners|url=https://valuable.partners/our-team/|access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref> He also serves on the advisory board of AssetMine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Advisory Board – AssetMine|url=https://www.assetmine.com/advisory-board/|access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref><br />
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Additionally, Dr. Nisar advises Asia Index Private Ltd., a subsidiary of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], where he plays a key role in developing and maintaining the BSE 500 Shariah Index.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BSE 500 Shariah Index Methodology|url=https://www.asiaindex.co.in/Downloads/BSE_500_Shariah_Methodology.pdf|access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref> He is also a member of the Management Board at Uplift Mutuals, an NGO working on mutual insurance for marginalized communities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uplift Mutuals|url=https://www.upliftmutuals.org/|access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Selected bibliography ==<br />
=== Books ===<br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Ali, S.N. (2016) ''Takaful and Islamic Cooperative Finance: Challenges and Opportunities'', Edward Elgar, the UK. ({{ISBN|978 1 78536 335 1}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/takaful-and-islamic-cooperative-finance|title=Takaful and Islamic Cooperative Finance|website=www.e-elgar.com|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref><br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Ali, S.N. (2014) ''Islamic Finance and Development'', Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, the US, ({{ISBN|097028358X}}).<br />
# Nisar, Shariq, (2013) ''Islamic Banking, Finance and Capital Market'', Textbook used by the BSE Institute for its online Islamic Finance Certification Program.<br />
<br />
=== Book chapters ===<br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Farooq, Umar. (2021). "Structural Mechanisms for Islamic Ethical Wealth for SDGs", In Masum Billa (Ed.) Islamic Wealth and the SDGs – Global Strategies for Socio-Economic Impact, [[Palgrave Macmillan]], Switzerland, {{ISBN|978-3-030-65312-5}}<br />
#Nisar, Shariq and Farooq, Umar. (2020) "Shari‘Ah Governance Practices in India", ''The Edinburgh Companion to Shari’ah Governance in Islamic Finance'', [[Edinburgh University Press]], the UK, ({{ISBN|978-1474436007}}).<br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Farooq, Umar. (2019) "Financial Intermediation, Fintech and Shariah Compliance", ''Fintech in Islamic Finance: Theory and Practice'', Routledge, London, the UK, ({{ISBN|978-1-138-49479-4}}).<br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Rahman, Syed Mizanur. (2012) "Minority funds in India: institutional mobilization of micro savings", In ''Shari‘a-compliant Microfinance'', Routledge, London, the UK. {{ISBN|041578266X|}}<br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Khatkhatay, M.H. (2008) "Investments in Stocks: A Critical Review of Dow Jones Shariah Screening Norms", ''Islamic Capital Market: Products, Regulations and Development'', IRTI/Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, KSA, ({{ISBN|978-9960-32-179-0}}).<br />
<br />
=== Research papers/articles ===<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. Agarwal, Payal and Shailabh, Kumar (2021), Insuring Bharat: Scaling up People Led Risk Protection – A Study on Mutual and cooperative insurers in India, Bharat Inclusion Initiative (BII), IIM-Ahmedabad.<br />
#Nisar, Shariq. (2020), "Review Essay: Encyclopaedia of Islamic Insurance, Takaful and Retakaful", Islamic Studies, Islamabad, Vol 59, No 4 p.&nbsp;543-560, {{ISBN|978-178811-5827}}.<br />
#Nisar, Shariq. (2018) Islamic Bonds (Sukuk) and Its Application, ''Wealth: International Journal of Money, Banking and Finance'', Vol. 7, Issue 2.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq (''et al.''). (2017) ''ICMIF Country Diagnostic on Mutual and Cooperative Microinsurance in India'', jointly published by ICMIF and Insurance Institute of India.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Ali, S Nazim. (2016) "The Significance of Faith-based Ethical Principles in Responding to the Recurring Financial Crises" ''Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance'', October – December.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Wasiullah, SM. (2016) "Performance of Sharia Compliant Equities: A Case Study of India" ''Global Islamic Finance Report'', the UK.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Mohammad Shaqil. (2015) "The state of the Indian asset management landscape serving Shariah sensitive customers: Opportunity size and challenges" ''Thomson Reuters Global Islamic Asset Management: Outlook''.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2015) "Shrinking Space for Islamic Finance in India", ''Economic and Political Weekly'', Vol. – L No. 17, 25 April, Mumbai, India.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Khatkhatay, MH. (2014) "Conceptual Understanding of Service Charges on Loans and Its Application in Islamic [[Microfinance]]", ''Sahulat: A Journal of Interest Free Microfinance'', (ISSN 2319-2941) Vol. 1, No. 3, New Delhi, India.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2012) "Shariah Finance: Gaining Foothold in India" ''Forum Views,'' Volume 1, Issue 8, Mumbai, India.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2012) "Tapping Takaful", Cover Story ''Asia Insurance Post'', Volume 12 Issue 8.<br />
#Nisar, Shariq. (2011) "Islamic Banking: A Rejoinder", ''Economic & Political Weekly,'' Mumbai, India''.''<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2010) "Road to Islamic Finance in India" In ''Global Islamic Finance Report'', 2010.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2009) "Purging of Impure Income: An Appraisal of Current Shariah Practices", In ''Dow Jones Islamic Market Indexes Quarterly Newsletter''.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2008) "Islamic Investment Opportunities in India" In ''Islamic Finance News,'' Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, January.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2008) "Islamic MFs Enter Shariah compliant product", ''Chartered Financial Analyst,'' April.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2008) "Current Financial Crisis: Causes and Islamic Financial Solution", ''True Banking'', Lahore, Pakistan.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2007) "Islamic Finance in India" In ''Islamic Finance News,'' Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 3 August.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Khatkhatay, MH. (2007) "Shariah Compliant Equity Investments: An Assessment of Current Screening Norms", ''Islamic Economic Studies,'' Vol. 15 No. 1, Jeddah, KSA.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2007) "Taking The Stage: Islamic Investment Opportunity in India" in ''Business Islamica'', UAE, January.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2007) "Islamic Finance: Looking Towards West", (Interview published in) ''The Sunday Indian'', Issue 23, New Delhi, India, December.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2007) "On the Crossroads of Shariah Compliance", (Co-Authored) ''Islamic Banking and Finance'', Issue 13, the UK.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2006) "Islamic Finance: Conventional Dilemma" In ''Islamic Finance Today,'' Colombo, December.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2006) "Islamic Investment Opportunities in India" ''Islamic Finance Today,'' Colombo, Sri Lanka, December.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2006) "The Practices of Islamic Banking and Finance''”, Islamic Business & Finance'', Dubai, November.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2006) "The Future of Islamic Finance & Economics", ''Islamic Finance Today'', Issue 01, Sri Lanka, September.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2006) "India a Land of Islamic Investments Opportunities", ''Islamic Business & Finance'', Dubai, UAE, January.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2005) "Challenges for Islamic Banks in India", ''Islamic Business and Finance,'' Dubai, December.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2005) "Islamic Banking: Potential for Growth", ''Chartered Financial Analyst,'' Hyderabad, India, December.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2005) "Islamic [[Banking in India]]: Need of the Hour", ''Islamic Business and Finance,'' Dubai, November.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq and Khan, Javed Ahmed. (2004) "Collateral (''Al-Rahn'') as Practiced by Muslim Funds of North India", In ''Journal of King Abdul Aziz University: Islamic Economics,'' King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Vol. 17, No. 1.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2004) "Contemporary Issues Facing Islamic Banking", In ''Journal of West Asian Studies'', Aligarh Muslim University, ISSN Number: 0975-7864, Aligarh, India.<br />
# Nisar, Shariq. (2002) "The State of Islamic Finance in India: Strengths and Weaknesses", ''Review of Islamic Economics,'' Leicester, the UK.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nisar, Shariq}}<br />
[[Category:Indian activists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian economists]]<br />
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:1974 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Jayaramakrishnan&diff=527660R. Jayaramakrishnan2026-04-11T20:09:49Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: creating</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1967)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = R. Jayaramakrishnan<br />
| image =<br />
| image size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1967|4|3|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Palani]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly<br />
| constituency1 = [[Madathukulam Assembly constituency|Madathukulam]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2016<br />
| term_end1 = 2021<br />
| predecessor1 = [[C. Shanmugavelu]]<br />
| successor1 = [[C. Mahendran]]<br />
| office2 = <br />
| constituency2 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| term_start3 = <br />
| term_end3 = <br />
| term_start4 = <br />
| term_end4 = <br />
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| relations = <br />
| children = <br />
| profession = Advocate<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''R. Jayaramakrishnan''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] (MLA). He belongs to the Madathukulam region in the [[Tiruppur district]]. Jayaramakrishnan completed his [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) degree at [[Coimbatore]] Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science and his [[Bachelor of Laws]] (B.L.) degree at J.S.S. Law College, [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1920 |title=Tamil Nadu 2016 |access-date=2025-11-06}}</ref><ref>https://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=202</ref> He belongs to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party. He contested and won the [[Madathukulam Assembly constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] and subsequently became an MLA.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 375-377-344.</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral Performance==<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Madathukulam]]<ref>https://resultuniversity.com/election/madathukulam-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jayaramakrishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,619 |percentage=44.66% |change=3.64% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manoharan K |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,952 |percentage=43.69% |change=-11.02% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Maheswari A S |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=6,208 |percentage=3.62% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthukumar A |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,619 |percentage=1.53% |change=0.72% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravichandran A |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,443 |percentage=1.42% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,147 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumaragurubaran |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,573 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manoharan S |party=Independent politician |votes=1,450 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravishankar C |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=980 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Alavudeen S |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=783 |percentage=0.46% |change=0.04% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veeramanickam S |party=Independent politician |votes=569 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,667 |percentage=0.97% |change=-12.72% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,71,544 |percentage=76.09% |change= -5.40% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,451 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.05% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaramakrishnan, R.}}<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moirang_Kangla&diff=518293Moirang Kangla2026-04-08T02:43:44Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: started new article with sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Kangla}}<br />
<br />
[[File:INA Memorial, Moirang, Manipur (20).jpeg|thumb|A traditional Meitei temple in Moirang Kangla site, in modern-day INA Memorial Complex]]<br />
<br />
'''Moirang Kangla''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯣꯏꯔꯥꯡ ꯀꯪꯂꯥ|}}), also known as '''Keke Kangla''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯦꯀꯦ ꯀꯪꯂꯥ|}}) or '''Kege Kangla''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯦꯒꯦ ꯀꯡꯂꯥ|}}), is a sacred historical site of [[Moirang]]. At present, it exists as a small dome-shaped temple inside the [[INA Martyrs' Memorial Complex]]. The site has long been regarded as holy, and people of Moirang traditionally offered prayers and ritual offerings there every year.<ref name=":5">Hemamcha, S. (n.d.). Chapter 1. In Moirang and Ebuthou Thangjing.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Places Nearby – INA Moirang|url=https://inamuseum.mn.gov.in/places-nearby/|access-date=2026-01-12|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Keke Kangla Moirang and Ebuthou Thangjing Part 3|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.Keke_Kangla_Moirang_and_Ebuthou_Thangjing_Part_3|access-date=2026-01-12|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was the royal palace site of the [[List of rulers of Moirang|ancient kings of Moirang]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA10&dq=moirang+kangla&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSyLm50YWSAxV19DgGHY-4CVUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=moirang%20kangla&f=false|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=10|language=en}}</ref> The palace complex is thought to have covered a large area, including the present Moirang Market (Awoon Keithel) and Khamnu Market.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
[[File:THOIBI, SENU AND KHAMNU.jpg|thumb|A scene of a marketplace of [[ancient Moirang]], which is considered to be a part of the Moirang Kangla palatial complex,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> where Princess [[Thoibi]] met [[Khamnu]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465802/page/n104/mode/2up|title=Khamba Khamnu Anisuba Tangkak|last=Sharma|first=Surchand|date=1971|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|year=1971|location=India|language=mni}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
== Structure and functions ==<br />
<br />
Within the Kangla campus, a homestead-like structure known as Kangla Thon Taret Tholangmei, a seven-storeyed building, is believed to have existed.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> According to tradition, it served many purposes, including:<br />
<br />
* A conference hall for the king and his 64 Phamdon (courtiers or knights)<br />
<br />
* A coronation site for Moirang kings<br />
<br />
* A place for keeping the Yaipung (a large drum)<br />
<br />
* A site for punishment and hanging of convicted persons<br />
<br />
* A sacred place called Nungoibi Lalu Chanpham, where prayers and vows were made and offerings of enemy heads were performed<br />
<br />
* An indoor area used as a small playground<br />
<br />
All these functions are believed to have taken place within the Kangla complex.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Religious practices and rituals ==<br />
[[File:A holy tiger, having 3 pronged tips of a single horn on its forehead, the front one in brass color, the middle one in golden & the last one in silver color, being a divine form of God Atingkok in Classical Meitei mythology & religion (Sanamahism).jpg|thumb|Structure of a holy tiger, having 3 pronged tips of a single horn on its forehead, the front one in brass color, the middle one in golden & the last one in silver color, being a divine form of God Atingkok, supposedly placed in the Moirang Kangla<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466634/mode/2up|title=Kanglai Lamthon|last=Nodia|first=Ngangomcha|date=2004|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=2004|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466368/page/n1/mode/2up|title=Moirang Ningthourol|last=Nodia|first=Ngangoimcha|date=2009|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=2009|location=India|language=mni}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
Through the ages, a ritual known as Kangla Mang Changba was conducted at Moirang Kangla. This ritual involved receiving divine messages known as Laipao from Eputhou, conveyed through [[Amaiba]] and [[Amaibi]]. These rituals were performed when the king, the kingdom, or the people faced suffering due to natural disasters or other hardships.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Decline ==<br />
{{See|Meitei confederacy}}<br />
<br />
In [[Manipur (princely state)|ancient Manipur]], Kanglas (palaces) of each [[Yek Salai]] kingdom were the primary targets during conquests aimed at overthrowing kings. Similarly, the decline of the independent Moirang kingdom began after the death of Moirang King Iwang Puriklai Sanahongba in 1432 AD, during the reign of King Meitenggoo Ningthou Khomba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
The domination of Moirang by the Ningthouja kings was fully established in 1767 AD. This occurred when the Moirang king Khellei Nungnang Telheiba, who was the maternal uncle of King Chingthangkhomba (Bheigyachandra) of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], was killed on the bank of the Ningthee River through a conspiracy involving men of the Meitei king.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Destruction and suppression ==<br />
<br />
After Moirang lost its independence, Keke Kangla was destroyed. For many years, its exact location remained unknown. During the period of domination, religious practices were severely restricted. Even during the reign of King Meitengoo Chandrakirti of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], offerings and rituals to Moirang's own deities were completely banned.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
As an example, two [[Amaiba]]s of Moirang were punished by the Meitei king for performing prayers related to Karang Then Kaba. For a long time, Moirang Kangla was neither preserved nor worshipped in its original religious form. Only a small hut, built by Kumam Kanglen Singh and his family, existed on a natural raised platform inside the present INA complex for preservation and worship.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Rediscovery and reconstruction ==<br />
<br />
In 1968, during excavation work for the construction of the INA complex, the sacred passage and hole of Keke Kangla were rediscovered and identified by [[Amaiba]]s. The holy opening had been covered by an earthen plate called Kekam, which had small holes in its center and was placed upside down.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
Evidence found during excavation, such as charcoal from weeds and plants, hair, gold pieces, and beads, suggested that the destruction of the Kangla had occurred suddenly, possibly during the night.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
=== Keke Kangla Waphongba ceremony (1968) ===<br />
<br />
The Keke Kangla Waphongba, meaning declaration and recognition or reconstruction ceremony, was held on Friday, 20 September 1968. The ceremony was organized by the then (titular) King of Moirang, Konjengbam Kamal Singh, who was also President of the Moirang Thangjing Yageirel Marup group, with the support of the Phamnaiba Loishang (council).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
The ceremony was attended by dignitaries including the Chief Commissioner, Chief Minister, and Education Minister of Manipur.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
The ritual duties were performed by:<br />
<br />
* Sanglakpa: Moirangthem Chaoval Singh<br />
<br />
* Amaiba Hanba: Maibram Sekho Singh<br />
<br />
* Aseihanba: Moirangthem Ibomcha Singh<br />
<br />
* Other [[Amaiba]]s: Naran Singh and Bonomali Singh<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
From that day onward, Keke Kangla was restored and reopened to the people for prayer and worship. The ceremony also confirmed that coronation rituals were practiced in the ancient kingdom of Moirang.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== First coronation ==<br />
[[File:Genealogy of the rulers of Moirang dynasty (alias Moilang royal family) of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01.jpg|thumb|Genealogy of the earliest known rulers of [[ancient Moirang]] kingdom<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465991/page/n3/mode/thumb|title=Sagei Sallairol|last=Manipur State Kala Academy, Government of Manipur|date=1982-10-22|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1982|location=India|language=mni}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
The first crowned king of [[Keke Moirang]] was [[Ponglen Hanba|Phang Phang Ponglenhanba]], the eighth king in Moirang genealogy from [[Ngangningsing]] (Ngang Ningsinga). After reconstructing and expanding the Kangla complex, he introduced the system of royal coronation at Keke Kangla.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=manipur channel >>Moirang Kangleirol ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur|url=https://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.Event_and_Achievement_Part_1_Moirang_and_Ebuthou_Thangjing_Part_10|access-date=2026-01-12|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
He ruled independently as [[Ponglen Hanba|Ewang Puriklai Phang Phang Ponglenhanba]] from 52 BC to 28 AD,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> and is regarded as the first human king of Moirang. During that period, it was customary for a newly crowned king to expand the kingdom by invading neighboring areas.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Description in the Puyas ==<br />
[[File:An ancient Meitei language text about the Moirang Kangleirol (Moirang Kangleiron) written in old Meetei script.jpg|thumb|An [[ancient Meitei language]] text (puya) about the [[Moirang Kangleirol]] (Moirang Kangleiron) written in old [[Meetei script]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466992/page/n19/mode/2up|title=Kege Pung Ngangoi Lammitlon Moirang Thanjing Chinggailon|last=Somarendro|first=Maibramcha|date=2006|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|year=2006|location=India|language=mni}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
Ancient manuscripts (Puya) describe Keke Kangla as a large, symbolic, seven-storeyed structure. It is portrayed as a sacred place for victory, defeat, reward, punishment, birth, and death. The building is described as beautifully decorated, brightly painted in white, red, or black, and adorned with images of gods, humans, animals, dragons, boats, and fishing scenes. It is presented as a unique and sacred structure, praised by people from both hills and plains, and regarded as eternal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Hoisting of the INA Flag (1944) ==<br />
[[File:INA Memorial, Moirang, Manipur (15).jpeg|thumb|INA Memorial Complex in Moirang]]<br />
<br />
During World War II, the first tricolor flag of the Indian National Army (INA) was hoisted on Indian soil at Moirang Kangla around 5:00 PM on 14 April 1944.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=KHUNDRAKPAM|first=RANSON|date=2025-04-19|title=The False Narrative of INA at Moirang » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics|url=https://imphalreviews.in/the-false-narrative-of-ina-at-moirang/|access-date=2026-01-12|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2uLcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&dq=moirang+kangla&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSyLm50YWSAxV19DgGHY-4CVUQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=moirang%20kangla&f=false|title=The Battle Of Imphal|last=Singh|first=Mairembam Sanjeeb|date=2023-10-14|publisher=BFC Publications|isbn=978-93-5764-292-7|pages=292|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On this occasion, INA and Japanese forces conducted a march-past on the western bank of the Moirang River in front of Moirang Kangla. About one hundred people gathered to celebrate the news of liberation, though many residents stayed away due to fear of war.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Army leaders present included Colonel S. A. Malik, Captain Ito, and Naqi Ahmad Chowdhuri. Local leaders, led by M. Koireng Singh, were also present at the event.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Moilang]]<br />
* [[Moirang Ningthourol Lambuba]]<br />
* [[Moirang Kangleirol]]<br />
* [[Epic cycles of incarnations in Moirang]]<br />
* [[Khamba Thoibi]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Keke Moirang]]<br />
[[Category:Meitei culture]]<br />
[[Category:Bishnupur district]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Outhouse_(film)&diff=540635The Outhouse (film)2026-03-23T21:11:44Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: New a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = The Outhouse<br />
| image = The Outhouse film poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Official poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Leslie Carvalho<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = <br />
| starring = Priscilla Corner <br />Ratan Thakore Grant<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = S.Ramachandra<br />
| editing = <br />
| music = Gerard Machado <br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997}} <br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''The Outhouse''''' is a 1997 Indian English-language family drama film directed by Leslie Carvalho and starring Priscilla Corner and Ratan Thakore Grant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/im-doffing-my-hat-to-bollywood/articleshow/29646441.cms|title='I'm doffing my hat to Bollywood'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 January 2001}}</ref> In 1998, the film competed in the [[29th International Film Festival of India|International Film Festival of India]] and won the first [[Gollapudi Srinivas Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gollapudi-srinivas-awardfor-kannada-director/article17501376.ece|title=Gollapudi Srinivas {{sic|nolink=y|awardfor}} Kannada director|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/may/09/in-memory-of-a-brother-1974575.html|title=In memory of a brother|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=9 May 2019|last=Skehar|first=Arunkumar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19971222-international-film-festival-of-india-98-panorama-section-a-writers-special-831090-1997-12-21|title=International Film Festival of India '98: Panorama section a Writers' Special|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|author-link=Anupama Chopra|date=22 December 1997|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*Priscilla Corner as Priscilla <br />
*Ratan Thakore Grant as Ben<br />
*Judith Roby Bidapa as Claire<br />
*Chippy Gange and Poile Sengupta as a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] couple<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film marked the directorial debut of Carvalho, who did a course at the [[New York Film Academy]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4J1AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Outhouse++Leslie+Carvalho|title=Indian Cinema|date=1998|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|via=[[University of California]]}}</ref> The film was shot in thirteen days.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Outhouse++Leslie+Carvalho|title=The Cinemas of India|last=Thoraval|first=Yves|date=2000|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan India]]|via=[[University of Michigan]]|isbn=9780333934104 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "'The Outhouse' is an example of what intelligent cinema ought to be. The note of authenticity, the sensitive handling of a theme as delicate as marital violence and the extraordinary eye for detail (which one saw so easily in [[Satyajit Ray]]’s work) place "The Outhouse" in a class by itself".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/42BB25AFD035159D65256941001EE4AA?OpenDocument|title=A great first work|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Gautaman|last=Bhaskaran|date=14 November 1997}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' opined that "''The Outhouse''`s accomplishment lies in its complex character portrayal of its heroine, Priscilla, and its finely observed details of the everyday, the commonplace, that other movies usually take for granted".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov22/enter.htm|title=THE OUTHOUSE (English)|first=Pradeep|last=Sebastian|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=22 November 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990420165642/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov22/enter.htm|archive-date=20 April 1999}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|5955278}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Outhouse (film), The}}<br />
[[Category:1997 English-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1997 films]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jigarthanda_(2014_film)&diff=506247Jigarthanda (2014 film)2026-03-23T14:16:59Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Karthik Subbaraj}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Jigarthanda 2014 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Karthik Subbaraj]]<br />
| writer = Karthik Subbaraj<br />
| producer = [[S. Kathiresan]]<br />
| starring = [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]<br />[[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]<br />[[Bobby Simha]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Gavemic U. Ary]]<br />
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]<br />
| music = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]<br />
| studio = Group Company<br />
| distributor = SMS Pictures<br />[[Kalasangham Films]]<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|2014|8|1}}<br />
| runtime = 171 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |title=Jigarthanda |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jigarthanda-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzg0mtu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803123822/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jigarthanda-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzg0mtu |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Jigarthanda''''' ({{Translation|Cold-heart}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime comedy film]] written and directed by [[Karthik Subbaraj]] and produced by [[S. Kathiresan]]. The film stars [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] and [[Bobby Simha]], with [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] and [[Aadukalam Naren]] in pivotal roles. Set primarily in [[Madurai]], it revolves around an aspiring filmmaker who decides to research a gangster named [[Assault Sethu]], but must do so discreetly due to Sethu's ruthlessness.<br />
<br />
The film was reported to be inspired by the 2006 South Korean film ''[[A Dirty Carnival]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2014 |title=Southern movies inspired without credit – here's the list |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/southern-movies-inspired-without-credit-heres-list-20556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107091359/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/southern-movies-inspired-without-credit-heres-list-20556 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=7 October 2018 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Revealed: Why Indian filmmakers love South Korean films |url=https://scroll.in/reel/809831/revealed-why-indian-filmmakers-love-south-korean-films |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513214419/https://scroll.in/reel/809831/revealed-why-indian-filmmakers-love-south-korean-films |archive-date=13 May 2022 |access-date=7 October 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> Filming took place between June and November 2013. [[Gavemic U. Ary]] was the cinematographer, and [[Vivek Harshan]] was the editor. [[Santhosh Narayanan]] composed the songs and background score.<br />
<br />
''Jigarthanda'' was released on 1 August 2014. The film won two [[National Film Awards]]: [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]] (Simha) and [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] (Vivek Harshan). It was remade in [[Kannada]] with the [[Jigarthanda (2016 film)|same title]] (2016), in Telugu as ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]'' (2019), and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Bachchhan Paandey]]'' (2022). A [[prequel]], titled ''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]'', was released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogNyw2JjYKg |title=Decoding Jigarthanda 2 &1 Connect - A Karthik Subbaraj Interview (SPOILER) {{!}} Jigarthanda DoubleX |date=2023-11-20 |last=Cineulagam |access-date=2026-03-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
[[Short film]] director Karthik Subramani participates in a talent show in order to make his first feature film and reaches the semifinal round. The show's judges are Mukil, a highbrow film director who decries Karthik's attempt at filmmaking, and profit-oriented producer Sundar, who thinks that Karthik made the best film among the contestants. Following a heated argument between Mukil and Sundar, Karthik is eliminated from the contest, but Sundar offers to produce a film with him as the director.<br />
<br />
The next day, Karthik visits Sundar, who is uninterested in Karthik's ideas for a film, and instead suggests making a [[gangster film]]. Karthik decides to document the life of [[Assault Sethu]], a gangster based in [[Madurai]] and make a screenplay out of it.<br />
<br />
Karthik travels to Madurai and enlists the help of a college friend Oorani to conduct surveillance on Sethu and his men. To get closer to Sethu, Karthik also puts up an act of reciprocating the love of Kayalvizhi, a woman whose mother cooks for Sethu. They eventually arouse the suspicion of Sethu's right-hand men Rasu and Senthil, who putt the underling Sounder to surveil them.<br />
<br />
Karthik plants a wireless microphone in a music player and lends it to Sounder. Because of this, Sounder is busted as a mole for a rival gang and killed by Sethu who also manages to kill the rival gang's leader Sekar. Sethu finds the microphone and locates Karthik and Oorani. Karthik confesses that he was planning to make a film about Sethu. Sethu is enamoured by the prospect of being the subject of a film and initiates Karthik and Oorani into his gang.<br />
<br />
Sethu and his gang take Karthik along for their criminal activities. Karthik documents everything. When he is ready to leave Madurai to work on the screenplay, Kayal discovers that Karthik used her for information. During a send-off party for Karthik, a vengeful Kayal remarks that Sethu should play himself in the film. He listens and threatens Karthik into directing the film with Sethu playing himself on screen. Karthik tries to flee from Madurai but is caught by Sethu's gang. They also kidnap Sundar and force both men to make the film. Karthik soon learns that Sethu and his men cannot act in front of a camera. He hires acting coach Muthu, to no avail.<br />
<br />
After production of the film, ''A. Kumar,'' is [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]], Sethu and his men create great fanfare for its release. During the first showing, however, Sethu is shocked. Realizing that a serious gangster film featuring Sethu would not succeed, Karthik had surreptitiously changed the story into a comedy. The film was edited and dubbed in a way that shows Sethu as a man who achieves everything in life by crying. The film's "A" initial is revealed to stand for ''Azhuguni'' (Crybaby), not ''Assault''.<br />
<br />
The audience laughs all throughout the film. Furious, Sethu searches for Karthik, who, with the rest of the crew, has gone into hiding. While searching for them, Sethu realizes that the fear that people have for him does not equal respect. He finds that through Soundar's wife and her daughter who make him realize that by making people laugh through his film, he has earned true respect. For example, his mother, who has not spoken to him since he became a gangster, speaks to Sethu again after seeing the film and Sethu even visits the theater one more time to watch his film and realizes about what true respect really is when he sees the audience enjoying his film. Sethu and Karthik eventually meet by accident, as Karthik is ''en route'' to deliver recordings of Sethu's boastful confessions to the police. Sethu forgives Karthik, who chooses to put Sethu's past behind him and let him seek a new life.<br />
<br />
Years later, Karthik, now an experienced director, has started to use Sethu's gang to bully [[Vijay Sethupathi]] into acting in his film, as Kayal, now Karthik's wife, is a fan of him. Elsewhere, Sethu is a full-time actor, has married Soundar's widow Ganga, and dotes on her toddler daughter.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<!-- sorted per end credits https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0Y9iIzIow4 --><br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as Karthik Subramani<br />
* [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] as Kayalvizhi "Kayal"<br />
* [[Bobby Simha]] as [[Assault Sethu]]<br />
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as himself (cameo appearance)<br />
** Sethupathi also portrays young Assault Sethu<br />
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Mukil<br />
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Oorni<br />
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Sundar<br />
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Kayalvizhi's mother<br />
* [[Sangili Murugan]] as "Petti Kadai" Pazhani<br />
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Subramani<br />
* Sudha as Karthik's mother<br />
* [[Bombay Gnanam]] as Karthik's grandmother<br />
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Police Officer<br />
* [[Munnar Ramesh]] as Sellur Murugan<br />
* [[Bala Singh]] as Shanmugam<br />
* [[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]] as Sekhar<br />
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Muthu<br />
* S. P. Gajaraj as Santhanam<br />
* [[Ramachandran Durairaj]] as Rasu<br />
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as Magesh<br />
* [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] as Prasath<br />
* Kaalaiyan as Senthil<br />
* Senthil Kumaran as Sounder<br />
* [[Anthony Daasan]] as Vettu Kumar (guest appearance)<br />
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Secretary<br />
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Ganga<br />
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]] as Sivanesan<br />
* [[Nalan Kumarasamy]] as an aspiring director (guest appearance)<br />
<!-- * [[Soundararaja]] as Ponram<br />
* [[Sathish]] as Rajendran --><br />
* [[Vetrimaaran]] as himself (guest appearance)<!-- in special thanks --><br />
<!-- * [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] as himself (guest appearance) --><br />
* [[Baba Bhaskar]] (special appearance in the song "Baby"; uncredited)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyCjVgtdrn4 |title=Baby Official Full Video Song {{!}} Jigarthanda {{!}} Siddharth, Simhaa, Lakshmi Menon {{!}} Santhosh Narayanan |date=7 November 2014 |language=ta |access-date=28 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315001208/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyCjVgtdrn4 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
In mid-April 2013, it was reported that [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] would be working in a Tamil film to be directed by [[Karthik Subbaraj]], which would be produced by [[S. Kathiresan]] under his banner Five Star Films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=Telugu actor Siddharth's next with 'Pizza' fame director Karthik Subbaraj |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-actor-siddharths-next-with-pizza-fame-director-karthik-subbaraj/385948-71-216.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512090934/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-actor-siddharths-next-with-pizza-fame-director-karthik-subbaraj/385948-71-216.html |archive-date=12 May 2013 |access-date=10 March 2014 |website=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref> Karthik confirmed the same shortly thereafter, noting that although the script was complete, the rest of the film's cast and the title were not yet finalised.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2013 |title=Siddharth to star in a bilingual film |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-siddharth-to-star-in-a-bilingual-film/20130419.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216084529/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-siddharth-to-star-in-a-bilingual-film/20130419.htm |archive-date=16 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The title ''Jigarthanda'', derived from [[Jigarthanda (drink)|a beverage]] popular in Madurai, was announced in June 2013.<ref name="Jig shoot start" /> The title's etymology was defined by Karthik who deconstructed it into its root words, which collectively meant "cold-blooded" or "cold-hearted".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramprasad |first=Sinndhuja |date=31 July 2014 |title=Twist of Fate: The Karthik Subbaraj Interview |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/twist-fate-karthik-subbaraj-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216224756/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/twist-fate-karthik-subbaraj-interview/ |archive-date=16 December 2024 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref> The film was later dubbed into Telugu under the title ''Chikkadu Dorakadu'' which was the title of a [[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|1967 film]] and a [[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1988 film)|1988 film]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2014 |title=Siddharth is back in Tollywood |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140711/entertainment-tollywood/article/siddharth-back-tollywood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329231059/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140711/entertainment-tollywood/article/siddharth-back-tollywood |archive-date=29 March 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2014 |title=After NTR & Rajendra Prasad, now it is Siddharth |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/60525/tollywood/after-ntr-rajendra-prasad-now-it-is-siddharth-news-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713041711/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/60525/tollywood/after-ntr-rajendra-prasad-now-it-is-siddharth-news-details |archive-date=13 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=Super Good Movies}}</ref> Tuney John was chosen as the publicity designer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2016 |title=Final Cut: 24am, Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.designyatra.com/final-cut-24am-tamil-nadu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209172600/https://designyatra.com/final-cut-24am-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=Designyatra |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Aswathy |date=17 February 2015 |title=Meet Tuney John, The 'Poster Boy' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Feb/18/meet-tuney-john-the-poster-boy-718674.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130101553/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Feb/18/meet-tuney-john-the-poster-boy-718674.html |archive-date=30 January 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', Karthik said that ''Jigarthanda'' was intended to be his directorial debut and that he incorporated some of his experiences in the film during his life at Madurai.<ref name="Karthik Int Jig Mad">{{Cite news |last=Naig, Udhav |date=8 March 2014 |title=Gangs of Madurai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gangs-of-madurai/article5764144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629105808/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gangs-of-madurai/article5764144.ece |archive-date=29 June 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Gavemic U. Ary]] was the cinematographer, making his debut in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothsna |date=11 March 2014 |title=An Exclusive Interview With 'Jigarthanda' Dop, Gavemic U Ary |url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-cinematographer/gavemic-u-ary/interviews.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620194444/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-cinematographer/gavemic-u-ary/interviews.html |archive-date=20 June 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
In an interaction with [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] in early March 2014, Siddharth expressed his hope that ''Jigarthanda'' would help him break away from the stereotypical "boy-next-door" and "chocolate boy" roles he was known for, and allow him to showcase his versatility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2014 |title=Siddharth sheds boy-next-door image in 'Jigarthanda' |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/siddharth-sheds-boynextdoor-image-in-jigarthanda/455993-71-174.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310154355/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/siddharth-sheds-boynextdoor-image-in-jigarthanda/455993-71-174.html |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |website=[[IBN Live]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> In late May 2013, [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] revealed that she was a part of the film's cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2013 |title=Lakshmi Menon in Pizza director's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-menon-in-pizza-directors-next/articleshow/20207093.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241216121232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-menon-in-pizza-directors-next/articleshow/20207093.cms |archive-date=16 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The actress later stated, "I have put in a lot of effort for my role as an [[idli]] seller in the film. I visited a few idli shops in Madurai before the shoot and geared up for my character".<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2013 |title=Lakshmi Menon plays Idli seller in 'Jigarthanda' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Lakshmi-Menon-plays-idli-seller-in-Jigarthanda/articleshow/21506839.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909053137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Lakshmi-Menon-plays-idli-seller-in-Jigarthanda/articleshow/21506839.cms |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=10 March 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was reported in mid-July 2013 that [[Vijay Sethupathi]] would play the antagonist,<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2013 |title=Vijay Sethupathi turns villain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-turns-villain/articleshow/21033123.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909053137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vijay-Sethupathi-turns-villain/articleshow/21033123.cms |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=10 March 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but soon after it was announced that he would do a cameo only if Karthik obliges as he had no dates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2013 |title=Vijay Sethupathi clarifies on 'Jigarthanda' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathi-clarifies-on-jigarthanda-news-tamil-nhnk7Giicif.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715181754/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathi-clarifies-on-jigarthanda-news-tamil-nhnk7Giicif.html |archive-date=15 July 2013 |access-date=10 March 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The role went to [[Bobby Simha]], with Karthik stating, "I decided not to cast anyone who we thought was an obvious choice for the role, including Vijay Sethupathi. After seeing his performance in ''[[Neram]]'', in which Bobby played a gangster, we thought that if we do a complete makeover, he could crack it".<ref name="Karthik Int Jig Mad" /> However, in 2022, Karthik confirmed that Sethupathi was indeed considered for the role, and the character's name [[Assault Sethu]] was in fact a reference to Sethupathi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2022 |title=Vijay Sethupathi Was Supposed To Play Assault Sethu In Jigarthanda: Karthik Subbaraj |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/vijay-sethupathi-was-supposed-to-play-assault-sethu-in-jigarthanda-karthik-subbaraj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107215829/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/vijay-sethupathi-was-supposed-to-play-assault-sethu-in-jigarthanda-karthik-subbaraj |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Sethupathi briefly portrays Sethu in flashback sequences, and himself in the present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigarthanda |url=https://actorvijaysethupathi.com/filmography/jigarthanda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210181417/http://actorvijaysethupathi.com/filmography/jigarthanda |archive-date=10 December 2025 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=[[Vijay Sethupathi|actorvijaysethupathi.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Simha said that he interacted with real gangsters as a part of his preparation for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2014 |title=Simhaa interacted with real-rowdies for 'Jigarthanda' role |url=http://tamil.way2movies.com//newssingle_tamil/Simhaa-interacted-with-real-rowdies-for-Jigarthanda-role-3-271425.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310184709/http://tamil.way2movies.com//newssingle_tamil/Simhaa-interacted-with-real-rowdies-for-Jigarthanda-role-3-271425.html |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |website=Way2movies}}</ref> In 2023, [[Raghava Lawrence]] said he was supposed to do the role but could not due to unforeseeable reasons.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXoPdKjunB4 |title=Raghava Lawrence's Speech {{!}} Jigarthanda DoubleX Audio Launch&nbsp;– Best moments {{!}} Sun TV |date=6 November 2023 |language=ta |publisher=Sun TV |time=1:00 |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112001300/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXoPdKjunB4 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=10 November 2023 |title='Jigarthanda Double X is an entirely different experience |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/nov/10/jigarthanda-double-x-is-an-entirely-different-experience-2631632.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116065821/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/nov/10/jigarthanda-double-x-is-an-entirely-different-experience-2631632.html |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Guru Somasundaram]] was cast as the acting coach Muthu after Simha recommended him to the director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2014 |title=Training Day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/jigarthanda-training-day/article6429725.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321133720/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/jigarthanda-training-day/article6429725.ece |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Karthik wanted [[Mani Ratnam]] to make a cameo as himself, but he and the producer were unable to contact him; instead, another director [[Vetrimaaran]] appeared as himself.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] started on 12 June 2013 at Madurai.<ref name="Jig shoot start">{{Cite news |last=Prasad, Shiva |date=12 June 2013 |title=It's 'Jigarthanda' after 'Pizza' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Its-Jigarthanda-after-Pizza/articleshow/20550725.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618042048/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/news-interviews/39924404_1_madurai-next-film-karthik-subbaraj |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=12 June 2013 |title=Siddharth, Lakshmi Menon off to Madurai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Siddharth-Lakshmi-Menon-off-to-Madurai/articleshow/20539500.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730031004/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/news-interviews/39924810_1_lakshmi-menon-karthik-subbaraj-madurai |archive-date=30 July 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> At the end of July 2013, referencing a tweet by Siddharth, it was reported that the entire filming had come to an end.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad, Shiva |date=26 July 2013 |title='Jigarthanda' comes to an end |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Jigarthanda-comes-to-an-end/articleshow/21358941.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217032038/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Jigarthanda-comes-to-an-end/articleshow/21358941.cms |archive-date=17 February 2016 |access-date=10 March 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> But director Karthik later informed the press that only 75% of the film's shoot had been wrapped up and while Siddharth had completed his part he may join during the patchwork left.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title='Jigarthanda' shoots still on: Karthik Subbaraj |url=http://tamil.way2movies.com//newssingle_tamil/Jigarthanda-shoots-still-on:-Karthik-Subbaraj-3-218790.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310184644/http://tamil.way2movies.com//newssingle_tamil/Jigarthanda-shoots-still-on:-Karthik-Subbaraj-3-218790.html |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |website=Way2movies}}</ref> While Siddharth was participating in the shoot of [[Vasanthabalan]]'s period drama ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'', the shoot continued and in mid-November 2013 Karthik, during a press meet about the commencement of ''[[Pizza II: Villa]]'', informed that ''Jigarthanda'' was nearing completion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2013 |title=Karthik Subbaraj wishes 'Pizza 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthik-subbaraj-wishes-pizza-2/articleshow/25686206.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209025502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthik-subbaraj-wishes-pizza-2/articleshow/25686206.cms |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Principal photography ended on 21 November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2013 |title=Jigarthanda for January |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/jigarthanda-for-january/84450/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213181954/https://www.nowrunning.com/jigarthanda-for-january/84450/story.htm |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=12 December 2024 |website=Nowrunning |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Post-production ===<br />
Karthik Subbaraj, along with sound designers Vishnu Govind and Sreesankar, sound mixer Rajakrishnan, and Dolby consultant Dwarak Warrier. S. Venkatraghavan, Cinema Sales Manager — South at Dolby Laboratories, in an interview with [[Baradwaj Rangan]] confirmed that the film would feature [[Dolby Atmos]] sound system for realistic effect in sounds. About the usage of Dolby Atmos for a small film which is also a [[romantic comedy]], Karthik said, "Initially, I thought ''Jigarthanda'' would not involve as much work as ''Pizza''. But slowly I found that there was much more work to be done here; there were many live locations and we even shot candid in some places. We needed to recreate all that ambience". Rajakrishnan added that it took a month for the sound mixing process.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=23 June 2014 |title=The not-so-silent movies |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-notsosilent-movies/article6158108.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707042518/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-notsosilent-movies/article6158108.ece |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Main|Music of Jigarthanda (2014 film)}}<br />
[[Santhosh Narayanan]] recorded the music for the film along with his newly launched Sandy's Jazz Band. While Santhosh, besides composing, played the keyboard, Australian musicians [[Hamish Stuart]] and Graham Jesse played the drums and the saxophone, respectively, and [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] and Naveen, both from Chennai, played the electronic piano and guitar respectively.<ref name="TNIEJig">{{Cite news |last=Gupta, Rinku |date=5 March 2014 |title=Expect the Unexpected in 'Jigarthanda' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Expect-the-Unexpected-in-Jigarthanda/2014/03/05/article2090707.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310184456/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Expect-the-Unexpected-in-Jigarthanda/2014/03/05/article2090707.ece |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Santhosh also worked with a street band from [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]] to record one song from the film. He also introduced independent musicians, [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Sean Roldan]], [[Anthony Daasan]], Mani, [[Kalyani Nair]] to work with the film's soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2014 |title=Worst song in the history gets ready |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Worst-song-in-the-history-gets-ready/articleshow/28512613.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210061349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/worst-song-in-the-history-gets-ready/articleshow/28512613.cms |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The album features nine numbers of different genres, which includes fusion, folk and rap, with two instrumentals, one of them being performed by the composer's Sandy Jazz band.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=15 March 2014 |title=Audio Beat: Jigarthanda – Fusion, folk, rap and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-jigarthanda-fusion-folk-rap-and-more/article5788341.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613081316/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-jigarthanda-fusion-folk-rap-and-more/article5788341.ece |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=29 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The audio rights were purchased by [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=1 October 2014 |title=Audio rights market becomes more competitive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/audio-rights-market-becomes-more-competitive/articleshow/43904405.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203114546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Audio-rights-market-becomes-more-competitive/articleshow/43904405.cms |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The official track list of the film was published on 1 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' tracklist |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Jigarthanda-tracklist/articleshow/31202969.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424144907/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Jigarthanda-tracklist/articleshow/31202969.cms |archive-date=24 April 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The complete soundtrack album was launched on 3 March 2014 at [[SPI Cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]] in [[Chennai]]. A live band performance of Anthony Daasan took place and theatrical trailer of the film was screened at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' audio and trailer launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-audio-and-trailer-launched-news-tamil-oddqQ3jfieh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304060525/http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-audio-and-trailer-launched-news-tamil-oddqQ3jfieh.html |archive-date=4 March 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
The film was given a [[U/A certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] due to its violent content. Kathiresan, however, wanted a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] to avoid problems while selling the satellite rights, for which the violent sequences were demanded to be cut short, which Karthik did not agree to. After arriving at an agreement, the film remained uncut and retained its U/A certificate; the release date was fixed as 25 July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' gets a release date! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-gets-a-release-date-news-tamil-ohjkRPcghjcii.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709212424/http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-gets-a-release-date-news-tamil-ohjkRPcghjcii.html |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The release was eventually pushed by a week to 1 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2014 |title=Siddharth's 'Jigarthanda' from August 1 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Siddharths-Jigarthanda-from-Aug-1/articleshow/38995593.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730005430/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Siddharths-Jigarthanda-from-Aug-1/articleshow/38995593.cms |archive-date=30 July 2014 |access-date=26 July 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Delays ===<br />
Four days before the film's release, which was slated on 25 July, there were reports that the film would release either on 27 July or 31 July. Siddharth denied those reports and confirmed 25 July as the release date.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' rumours by jobless people: Siddharth |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jigarthanda-rumours-by-jobless-people-Siddharth/articleshow/38786783.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708071127/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jigarthanda-rumours-by-jobless-people-Siddharth/articleshow/38786783.cms |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=22 July 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Siddharth too came to know that the film was postponed, and he used his official [[Twitter]] handle to express his frustration on the film's delay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2014 |title=Jigarthanda release put off, Siddharth fumes |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/jigarthanda-siddharth-lakshmi-menon-director-karthik-subbaraj/articleshow/38936113.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216125626/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/jigarthanda-siddharth-lakshmi-menon-director-karthik-subbaraj/articleshow/38936113.cms |archive-date=16 December 2024 |access-date=7 December 2024 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The next day, Kathiresan released a statement explaining the reasons for the postponement. In his statement, he mentioned, "[[Dhanush]]'s ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari|Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'' is running successfully all over Tamil Nadu, theater owners have requested for one week postponement to get more number of screens for ''Jigarthanda'', and also everyone in the trade feels that will help the film to be a bigger success at the box office".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2014 |title=Dhanush behind postponement of 'Jigarthanda'! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Tamil/Movies/News/Dhanush-behind-Jigarthandas-postponement/articleshow/38848626.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724035411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanush-behind-Jigarthandas-postponement/articleshow/38848626.cms |archive-date=24 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] member [[T. Siva]] criticised Siddharth, stating that actors are getting paid for acting, and they are not supposed to involve and discuss the release of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2014 |title=Producers' Council Warns Siddharth |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/producers-council-warns-siddharth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002202910/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/producers-council-warns-siddharth/ |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=7 December 2024 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
The first look teaser of the film was released on 9 February 2014 which received positive response and got more than 0.3 million views in 3 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' teaser is creating waves online |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-teaser-is-creating-waves-online-news-tamil-ocmk03dijiasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914140258/http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-teaser-is-creating-waves-online-news-tamil-ocmk03dijiasi.html |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The first theatrical trailer was revealed at the audio launch of the film on 3 March 2014, which was well received.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2014 |title=Siddharth's 'Jigarthanda' trailer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Siddharths-Jigarthanda-trailer/articleshow/31342044.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308174847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Siddharths-Jigarthanda-trailer/articleshow/31342044.cms |archive-date=8 March 2014 |access-date=10 March 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The second official trailer was released by the film's team on 17 July 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' latest trailer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jigarthanda-latest-trailer/articleshow/38602565.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703162859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jigarthanda-latest-trailer/articleshow/38602565.cms |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's Telugu dubbing rights were bought by Suresh Kondeti and V. Rami Reddy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2014 |title=Siddharth's Telugu outing |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140113/entertainment-kollywood/article/siddharth%E2%80%99s-telugu-outing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220030905/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140113/entertainment-kollywood/article/siddharth%E2%80%99s-telugu-outing |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and wrote, "If ''Pizza'' was a con movie dressed up as a haunted house horror thriller, ''Jigarthanda'' is basically a comedy cloaked as a gangster movie....[The] subversive streak is what makes this film singular and reinforces that Karthik Subbaraj as one of the exciting filmmakers of our time".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=1 August 2014 |title=Jigarthanda Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Jigarthanda/movie-review/39436452.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912202029/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Jigarthanda/movie-review/39436452.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=2 August 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Aided by his entire cast and technical department, breaking the myth that promising debut filmmakers may not fare in their next, Karthik Subbaraj clearly proves that he is here to stay".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2 August 2014 |title=Movie Review 'Jigarthanda': A film not to be missed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140802/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-jigarthanda-film-not-be-missed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805194448/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140802/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-jigarthanda-film-not-be-missed |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> J Hurtado of ''[[ScreenAnarchy]]'' gave a positive review and said, "'Jigarthanda' is a worldly film that takes influences from within its own very small cinematic orb and transforms them into something that the discerning film fan can meditate on and enjoy. Will the general non-Tamil film fiend miss a few jokes? Yes, quite a lot, actually. However, Jigarthanda manages to make universal that which is culturally specific; it's really quite an accomplishment".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hurtado |first=J |date=12 August 2014 |title=Review: JIGARTHANDA, A Mini-Meta-Masterpiece Of Madurai Mob Movie Mimicry |url=https://screenanarchy.com/2014/08/review-jigarthanda-mini-meta-masterpiece-of-madurai-mob-movie-mimicry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208061614/https://screenanarchy.com/2014/08/review-jigarthanda-mini-meta-masterpiece-of-madurai-mob-movie-mimicry |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=[[ScreenAnarchy]]}}</ref><br />
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Haricharan Pudipeddi of IANS gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "If the purpose of ''Jigarthanda'' was to deliver a tight slap on the face of the system, it has succeeded in it. Thanks to the impeccable performances of the lead cast, especially Simha, director Subbaraj has conveniently conned us into seeing his film as a gangster flick-turned-comedy caper".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=2 August 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' – story of a conman (Tamil Movie Review) |url=http://www.iansplus.in/index.php?param=news/Jigarthanda___story_of_a_conman_Tamil_Movie_Review-436330/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032215/http://www.iansplus.in/index.php?param=news/Jigarthanda___story_of_a_conman_Tamil_Movie_Review-436330/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=2 August 2014 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and concluded, "''Jigarthanda'' is an engrossing gangster film with a series of bizarre twists and turns that keeps you guessing" and added that the film was "definitely a must watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=1 August 2014 |title=Review: Jigarthanda is a fun ride |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-jigarthanda-is-a-fun-ride/20140801.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110224730/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-jigarthanda-is-a-fun-ride/20140801.htm |archive-date=10 November 2022 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Karthik Subbaraj with ''Jigarthanda'' has delivered another interesting and intriguing film. It is bold and cannot be slotted into any genre. All ingredients associated with commercial cinema are mixed and served efficiently, though the dish itself becomes cold by the end".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jigarthanda |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-review-tamil-15058085.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802081719/http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-review-tamil-15058085.html |archive-date=2 August 2014 |access-date=2 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Sundar Sarukkai of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' said that "the movie effortlessly makes you think that the other side of being bad is just a cinema away in all of us.", and rated the movie 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarukkai |first=Sundar |title=Jigarthanda (Tamil) |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Jigarthanda-Tamil-/291729 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829190914/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Jigarthanda-Tamil-/291729 |archive-date=29 August 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In contrast, Gautaman Bhaskaran of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "If Subbaraj wanted to send a moral through his work&nbsp;– shed no blood&nbsp;– ''Jigarthanda'' flounders in a maze of 1960s kind of explanatory dialogues, and images that confound, and these despite fine performances by Simha (great expressions and body language) and Karunakaran as Karthik's sidekick. As for Siddharth, his just about manages to look bewildered, and all the time".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=3 August 2014 |title=Movie review: Jigarthanda rolls in bloody mirth |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-jigarthanda-rolls-in-bloody-mirth/article1-1247733.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803192335/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-jigarthanda-rolls-in-bloody-mirth/article1-1247733.aspx |archive-date=3 August 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a mixed review, writing, "Scene for scene, ''Jigarthanda'' is fresh and alive and cracklingly inventive, and there are stupendous stretches of comedy. But the two films&nbsp;– the gangster movie and the meta movie&nbsp;– never really cohere".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2 August 2014 |title=Jigarthanda: Racket science |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/jigarthanda-racket-science/article6275097.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208074354/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/jigarthanda-racket-science/article6275097.ece |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
''Jigarthanda''{{'}}s opening day gross in Tamil Nadu was {{INRConvert|4|c|year=2014}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2014 |title=Siddharth's Jigarthanda Box Office collections Day 1 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-08-02/Siddharths-Jigarthanda-Box-Office-collections-Day-1/103777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241221131256/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-08-02/Siddharths-Jigarthanda-Box-Office-collections-Day-1/103777 |archive-date=21 December 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en }}</ref> The film collected around {{INRConvert|10|c}} in Tamil Nadu in its first weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' hits the bull's eye, Siddharth delivers a hat-trick |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/jigarthanda-hits-the-bull-s-eye-siddharth-delivers-a-hat-trick/article1-1249637.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207010721/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/jigarthanda-hits-the-bull-s-eye-siddharth-delivers-a-hat-trick/article1-1249637.aspx |archive-date=7 December 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><ref name="JigBO">{{Cite web |date=11 August 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' likely to have Bollywood remake |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/jigarthanda-likely-to-have-bollywood-remake/article6303910.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129165907/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/jigarthanda-likely-to-have-bollywood-remake/article6303910.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Accolades ===<br />
{{Main|List of accolades received by Jigarthanda (2014 film)}}<br />
<br />
== Remakes ==<br />
''Jigarthanda'' was remade in [[Kannada]] under [[Jigarthanda (2016 film)|the same title]] in 2016.<ref name="Kan">{{Cite news |last=Christopher |first=Kavya |date=24 June 2016 |title=Sudeep's new role for Jigarthanda |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeep-talks-about-Jigarthanda/articleshow/52895619.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624125302/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeep-talks-about-Jigarthanda/articleshow/52895619.cms |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Despite the release of a dubbed Telugu version in 2016, it was remade in the same language as ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Sankeertana |date=20 September 2019 |title=Gaddalakonda Ganesh Movie Review: Uses Jigarthanda's Plot And Serves It Up With Commercial Garnish |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/gaddalakonda-ganesh-movie-review-uses-jigarthandas-plot-and-serves-it-up-with-commercial-garnish |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913112024/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/gaddalakonda-ganesh-movie-review-uses-jigarthandas-plot-and-serves-it-up-with-commercial-garnish |archive-date=13 September 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was also remade [[Hindi]] as ''[[Bachchhan Paandey]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dedhia |first=Sonil |date=18 March 2022 |title=Bachchan Pandey Movie Review: Arshad Warsi Is Real Treat to Watch in Akshay Kumar Starrer |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bachchan-pandey-movie-review-arshad-warsi-is-the-only-saving-grace-in-akshay-kumar-starrer-4886546.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318184518/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bachchan-pandey-movie-review-arshad-warsi-is-the-only-saving-grace-in-akshay-kumar-starrer-4886546.html |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Prior to the release, ''[[Forbes India]]'' ranked the film on the fifth spot in its ''5 Indian Films to see in India 2014'' list, published on 31 December 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shedde, Meenakshi |date=31 December 2013 |title=5 Indian Films to See in 2014 |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/special/5-indian-films-to-see-in-2014/36783/1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201024426/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/5-indian-films-to-see-in-2014/36783/1 |archive-date=1 December 2019 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, ''[[Film Companion]]'' ranked Bobby Simha's performance on the ''100 Greatest Performances of the Decade''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Bakshi Singh of ''Film Companion'' ranked the film's posters on #2 in the ''Top 10 Indian Movie Posters of the Decade''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakshi |first=Jahan Singh |date=18 December 2019 |title=Posterphilia: Top 10 Indian Movie Posters of the Decade |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/posterphilia/posterphilia-top-10-indian-movie-posters-of-the-decade |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909053136/https://www.filmcompanion.in/posterphilia/posterphilia-top-10-indian-movie-posters-of-the-decade |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141217115438/http://jigarthanda2014.com/ Official website]<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
{{Karthik Subbaraj}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010s chase films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]<br />
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[[Category:2014 black comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 controversies]]<br />
[[Category:2014 crime comedy films]]<br />
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[[Category:2014 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]<br />
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[[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]<br />
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[[Category:Mafia comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Salary controversies in film]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language black comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language crime comedy films]]<br />
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[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th_Uttarakhand_Assembly&diff=4836385th Uttarakhand Assembly2026-03-22T14:07:38Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Legislature of Uttarakhand, India, 2022–}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox legislature<br />
| name = Fifth Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| transcription_name = <br />
| legislature = <br />
| coa_pic = [[file:Seal_of_Uttarakhand.svg|150px]]<br />
| coa_res = <br />
| coa_alt = <br />
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]<br />
| term_length = 2022–2027<br />
| body = <br />
| houses = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[4th Uttarakhand Assembly]]<br />
| succeeded_by = <br />
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly#List of the Speakers of Uttarakhand|Speaker]]<br />
| leader1 = [[Ritu Khanduri Bhushan]] <br />
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| election1 = 26 March 2022<br />
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker<br />
| leader2 = '''Vacant'''<br />
| party2 =<br />
| election2 = 10 March 2022<br />
| leader3_type = '''[[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand|Leader of the House]]'''<br />
| leader3 = [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]<br />
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| election3 = 4 July 2021<br />
| leader4_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
| leader4 = [[Yashpal Arya]]<br />
| party4 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| election4 = 10 April 2022<br />
| leader5_type = Deputy Leader of the Opposition<br />
| leader5 = [[Bhuwan Chandra Kapri]]<br />
| party5 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| election5 = 10 April 2022<br />
| leader6_type = [[Chief Secretary of Uttarakhand|Chief Secretary]]<br />
| leader6 = Anand Bardhan, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05|title=SS Sandhu is Uttarakhand chief secy; Gadkari hails his tenure as NHAI chief |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/ss-sandhu-is-uttarakhand-chief-secy-gadkari-hails-his-tenure-as-nhai-chief-278595|access-date=2022-10-08|website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><br />
| committees1 = <br />
| committees2 = <br />
| joint_committees = <br />
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]]<br />
| voting_system2 = <br />
| last_election1 = [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|14 February 2022]]<br />
| next_election1 = 2027<br />
| members = '''70'''<br />
| structure1 = [[File:Bharat Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha 2024.svg|200px|India Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha 2022]]<br />
| structure1_res = 300px<br />
| political_groups1 = '''[[Government of Uttarakhand|Government]] (47)'''<br> '''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (47)'''<br />
*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (47)<br />
'''Opposition (23)'''<br />
*{{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (20)<br />
*{{Color box|#22409A}} [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (1)<br />
*{{Color box|#DDDDDD}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)<br />
| website = [https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/ Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]<br />
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]<br />
| session_room = <br />
| session_res = <br />
| session_alt = <br />
| meeting_place = Vidhan Bhavan, [[Bhararisain]] {{small|(Summer)}}<br>Vidhan Bhavan, [[Dehradun]] {{small|(Winter)}}<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
{{Politics of Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
The [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]] had elected the incumbent fifth [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]. Currently, the incubment [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has 47 seats and the official opposition [[Indian National Congress]] has 20.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/live/dehradun/uttarakhand-assembly-election-result-2022-live-vote-counting-today-bjp-congress-aap-win-loss-seats-news-updates-in-hindi|title = Uttarakhand Election Result Live: 70 में 46 सीटों पर भाजपा और 20 पर कांग्रेस को मिली जीत, पीएम मोदी बोले- उत्तराखंड में रचा नया इतिहास}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Party position of the Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Party<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Abbr.<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Seats <br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Leader in the House<br />
|-style="background: #90EE90;"<br />
| align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]||BJP||'''47'''||[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[Indian National Congress]]||INC||'''20'''||[[Yashpal Arya]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]||BSP||'''01'''|| [[Muhammad Shahzad (politician)|Muhammad Shahzad]]<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]||Ind.||'''02'''||N/A<br />
|-<br />
| align="centre" |'''Total '''|| ||'''70'''||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Key post holders in the assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!S.No.<br />
!Position<br />
!Portrait<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Office Taken<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
| [[List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] <br />
| <br />
|'''[[Ritu Khanduri Bhushan]]'''<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|[[Kotdwar Assembly constituency|Kotdwar]]<br />
|26 March 2022<br />
|<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/ritu-khanduri-filed-nomination-on-march-26-uttarakhand-will-get-first-woman-assembly-speaker | title=रितु खंडूरी ने भरा नामांकन: 26 मार्च को उत्तराखंड को मिल जाएगी पहली महिला विधानसभा अध्यक्ष }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
| [[List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]] <br />
| colspan="7" |''Vacant''<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|Leader of the House<br />
|[[File:Pushkar Dhami.jpg|frameless|154x154px]]<br />
|'''[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]'''<br/>{{small|(''[[List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand|Chief Minister]]'')}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|[[Champawat Assembly constituency|Champawat]]<br />
| 23 March 2022<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/dhami-takes-oath-as-12th-cm-8-member-cabinet-sworn-in/articleshow/90407843.cms | title=Dhami: Dhami Takes Oath as 12th Cm, 8-member Cabinet Sworn in &#124; Dehradun News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|Deputy Leader of the House<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Subodh Uniyal]]'''<br/>{{small|(''Parliamentary Affairs and Forest Minister'')}}<br />
| [[Narendranagar Assembly constituency|Narendranagar]]<br />
| 13 August 2025<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/uttarakhand-government-given-responsibility-of-parliamentary-affairs-minister-to-cabinet-minister-subodh-uniyal-uttarakhand-news-uts25081306462 | title=कैबिनेट मंत्री सुबोध उनियाल को संसदीय कार्य मंत्री की जिम्मेदारी, धामी सरकार ने जारी किए आदेश| website=ETV Bharat }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]<br />
|[[File:Yashpal Arya LOP Uttarakhand Assembly.jpg|frameless|149x149px]]<br />
|'''[[Yashpal Arya]]'''<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| [[Bajpur Assembly constituency|Bajpur]]<br />
|18 April 2022<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/adminVips/biodata/biodataE16-09-2022-05-42-41.pdf|title=Yashpal Arya - Biodata |website=ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of Opposition]]<br />
| <br />
|'''[[Bhuwan Chandra Kapri]]'''<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| [[Khatima Assembly constituency|Khatima]]<br />
|18 April 2022<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/congress-names-its-uttarakhand-state-unit-chief-clp-leader-7863070/|title=Congress names its Uttarakhand state unit chief, CLP leader|date=11 April 2022|access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of the Fifth Uttarakhand Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
!District<br />
!No.<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
!Remarks<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]<br />
|1<br />
|[[Purola (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Purola]] (SC)<br />
|[[Durgeshwar Lal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Yamunotri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Yamunotri]]<br />
|[[Sanjay Dobhal]]<br />
|{{Party name with color| Independent politician}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|3<br />
|[[Gangotri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Gangotri]]<br />
|[[Suresh Singh Chauhan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]<br />
|rowspan=2|4<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Badrinath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Badrinath]]<br />
|[[Rajendra Singh Bhandari]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}} <br />
|Resigned on 17 March 2024<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lakhpat Singh Butola]]<br />
|Elected on 13 July 2024<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Tharali (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Tharali]] (SC)<br />
|[[Bhupal Ram Tamta]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|6<br />
|[[Karnaprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Karnaprayag]]<br />
|[[Anil Nautiyal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]<br />
|rowspan=2|7<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Kedarnath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kedarnath]]<br />
|[[Shaila Rani Rawat]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|Died on 9 July 2024<br />
|-<br />
|[[Asha Nautiyal]]||Elected in [[2024 elections in India#Uttarakhand|November 2024 by-election]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/uttarakhand-byopoll-election-results-for-kedarnath-seat-leading-trailing-candidates-consituency-wise-bjp-asha-nautiyal-congress-manoj-rawat-2024-11-23-962584|title=Uttarakhand Bypoll Results 2024: BJP's Asha Nautiyal wins Kedarnath seat by 5,622 votes margin|work=India TV|accessdate=23 November 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudraprayag]]<br />
|[[Bharat Singh Chaudhary]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]<br />
|9<br />
|[[Ghansali (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ghansali]] (SC)<br />
|[[Shakti Lal Shah]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|10<br />
|[[Devprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Devprayag]]<br />
|[[Vinod Kandari]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Narendranagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Narendranagar]]<br />
|[[Subodh Uniyal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
|12<br />
|[[Pratapnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pratapnagar]]<br />
|[[Vikram Singh Negi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|13<br />
|[[Tehri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Tehri]]<br />
|[[Kishore Upadhyaya]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|14<br />
|[[Dhanaulti (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dhanaulti]]<br />
|[[Pritam Singh Panwar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="10" | [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]<br />
|15<br />
|[[Chakrata (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Chakrata]] (ST)<br />
|[[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|16<br />
|[[Vikasnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Vikasnagar]]<br />
|[[Munna Singh Chauhan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|17<br />
|[[Sahaspur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sahaspur]]<br />
|[[Sahdev Singh Pundir]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[Dharampur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dharampur]]<br />
|[[Vinod Chamoli]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|19<br />
|[[Raipur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Raipur]]<br />
|[[Umesh Sharma|Umesh Sharma 'Kau']]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|20<br />
|[[Rajpur Road (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rajpur Road]] (SC)<br />
|[[Khajan Dass]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
|21<br />
|[[Dehradun Cantonment (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dehradun Cantonment]]<br />
|[[Savita Kapoor]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|22<br />
|[[Mussoorie (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Mussoorie]]<br />
|[[Ganesh Joshi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
| Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
|23<br />
|[[Doiwala (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Doiwala]]<br />
|[[Brij Bhushan Gairola]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|24<br />
|[[Rishikesh (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rishikesh]]<br />
|[[Premchand Aggarwal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Former Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="12" | [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]<br />
|25<br />
|[[Haridwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haridwar]]<br />
|[[Madan Kaushik]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
|26<br />
|[[BHEL Ranipur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|BHEL Ranipur]]<br />
|[[Adesh Chauhan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|27<br />
|[[Jwalapur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jwalapur]] (SC)<br />
|[[Ravi Bahadur]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|28<br />
|[[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhagwanpur]] (SC)<br />
|[[Mamta Rakesh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|29<br />
|[[Jhabrera (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jhabrera]] (SC)<br />
|[[Virendra Kumar (Uttarakhand politician)|Virendra Kumar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|<br />
Indian National Congress}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|30<br />
|[[Piran Kaliyar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Piran Kaliyar]]<br />
|[[Furqan Ahmad]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|31<br />
|[[Roorkee (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Roorkee]]<br />
|[[Pradip Batra]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
|32<br />
|[[Khanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khanpur]]<br />
|[[Umesh Kumar]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=2|33<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Manglaur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Manglaur]]<br />
|[[Sarwat Karim Ansari]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|Died on 30 October 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 |title=BSP legislator Sarwat Karim Ansari dies at 66 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bsp-legislator-sarwat-karim-ansari-dies-at-66/articleshow/104842842.cms |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Muhammad Nizamuddin]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Elected on 13 July 2024<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|[[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]]<br />
|[[Muhammad Shahzad (politician)|Muhammad Shahzad]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|35<br />
|[[Haridwar Rural (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haridwar Rural]]<br />
|[[Anupama Rawat]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]<br />
|36<br />
|[[Yamkeshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Yamkeshwar]]<br />
|[[Renu Bisht]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|37<br />
|[[Pauri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pauri]] (SC)<br />
|[[Rajkumar Pori]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|38<br />
|[[Srinagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Srinagar]]<br />
|[[Dhan Singh Rawat]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
| Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
|39<br />
|[[Chaubattakhal (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Chaubattakhal]]<br />
|[[Satpal Maharaj]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
|40<br />
|[[Lansdowne (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lansdowne]]<br />
|[[Dilip Singh Rawat]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|41<br />
|[[Kotdwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kotdwar]]<br />
|[[Ritu Khanduri Bhushan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
| Speaker<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]<br />
|42<br />
|[[Dharchula (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dharchula]]<br />
|[[Harish Singh Dhami]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|43<br />
|[[Didihat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Didihat]]<br />
|[[Bishan Singh Chuphal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|44<br />
|[[Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pithoragarh]]<br />
|[[Mayukh Singh Mahar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|45<br />
|[[Gangolihat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Gangolihat]] (SC)<br />
|[[Fakir Ram Tamta]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]<br />
|46<br />
|[[Kapkot (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kapkot]]<br />
|[[Suresh Singh Gariya|Suresh Singh Garhia]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|rowspan=2|47<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Bageshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bageshwar]] (SC)<br />
|[[Chandan Ram Das]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
| Died on 26 April 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-26 |title=Uttarakhand minister Chandan Ram Dass dies at 65 |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/uttarakhand-minister-chandan-ram-dass-dies-at-65-au2257-2118387 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Parwati Das]]<br />
|Elected on 8 September 2023<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Almora district|Almora]]<br />
|48<br />
|[[Dwarahat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dwarahat]]<br />
|[[Madan Singh Bisht]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|49<br />
|[[Salt (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Salt]]<br />
|[[Mahesh Singh Jeena]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|50<br />
|[[Ranikhet (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ranikhet]]<br />
|[[Pramod Nainwal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|51<br />
|[[Someshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Someshwar]] (SC)<br />
|[[Rekha Arya]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
|52<br />
|[[Almora (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Almora]]<br />
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Uttarakhand politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| <br />
|- <br />
|53<br />
|[[Jageshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jageshwar]]<br />
|[[Mohan Singh Mahara]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Champawat district|Champawat]]<br />
|54<br />
|[[Lohaghat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lohaghat]]<br />
|[[Khushal Singh Adhikari]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|55<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Champawat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Champawat]]<br />
| [[Kailash Chandra Gahtori]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
| Resigned on 21 April 2022<br />
|- <br />
|[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]<br />
|Elected on 3 June 2022<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | [[Nainital district|Nainital]]<br />
|56<br />
|[[Lalkuan (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lalkuan]]<br />
|[[Mohan Singh Bisht (Uttarakhand politician)|Mohan Singh Bisht]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|57<br />
|[[Bhimtal (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhimtal]]<br />
|[[Ram Singh Kaira]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
|58<br />
|[[Nainital (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nainital]] (SC)<br />
|[[Sarita Arya]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|59<br />
|[[Haldwani (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haldwani]]<br />
|[[Sumit Hridayesh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|60<br />
|[[Kaladhungi (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kaladhungi]]<br />
|[[Banshidhar Bhagat]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| <br />
|- <br />
|61<br />
|[[Ramnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ramnagar]]<br />
|[[Diwan Singh Bisht]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="9" | [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]<br />
|62<br />
|[[Jaspur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jaspur]]<br />
|[[Adesh Singh Chauhan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|63<br />
|[[Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]<br />
|[[Trilok Singh Cheema]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|64<br />
|[[Bajpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bajpur]] (SC)<br />
|[[Yashpal Arya]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Leader of Opposition<br />
|-<br />
|65<br />
|[[Gadarpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Gadarpur]]<br />
|[[Arvind Pandey]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| <br />
|- <br />
|66<br />
|[[Rudrapur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudrapur]]<br />
|[[Shiv Arora]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|67<br />
|[[Kichha (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kichha]]<br />
|[[Tilak Raj Behar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|68<br />
|[[Sitarganj (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sitarganj]]<br />
|[[Saurabh Bahuguna]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Cabinet Minister<br />
|- <br />
|69<br />
|[[Nanakmatta (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nanakmatta]] (ST)<br />
|[[Gopal Singh Rana]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|70<br />
|[[Khatima (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khatima]]<br />
|[[Bhuwan Chandra Kapri]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|Deputy Leader of Opposition<br />
|}<section end="Composition"/><br />
<br />
===By-elections===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="background:#E9E9E9;"<br />
!S. No. <br />
!Constituency<br />
!Elected Member<br />
!Party affiliation<br />
|-<br />
|55||[[Champawat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Champawat]] ||[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-cm-pushkar-singh-dhami-wins-champawat-bypoll-7950353/|title=Pushkar Singh Dhami wins Champawat bypolls by 55,000 votes, retains CM post|work=The Indian Express|date=3 June 2022 |accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP<br />
|-<br />
|47||[[Bageshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bageshwar]]||[[Parwati Das]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP<br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Badrinath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Badrinath]]||[[Lakhpat Singh Butola]]||bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC<br />
|-<br />
|33||[[Manglaur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Manglaur]]||[[Muhammad Nizamuddin]]||bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Kedarnath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kedarnath]]||[[Asha Nautiyal]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
* [[Second Dhami ministry]]<br />
* [[Politics of Uttarakhand]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Uttarakhand Assemblies}}<br />
{{Current Indian assemblies}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Terms of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maithils&diff=515188Maithils2026-03-21T22:29:34Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: started new info from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group from the Indian subcontinent}}<br />
{{about|an ethnic group|the region |Mithila (region)|other uses|Maithili (disambiguation){{!}}Maithili}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Maithils<br />
| native_name = मैथिल लोक<br />
| native_name_lang = mai<br />
| image = Maithili couple.jpg<br />
| caption = Maithili people<br />
| population = '''{{circa|16.58 million}}'''<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |title=Language |year=2011 |website=Census of India}}</ref><ref name=lahurnip>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lahurnip.org/uploads/resource/file/caste-ethnicity-report-nphc-2021.pdf|title=National Population and Housing Census 2021 – National Report on Caste/Ethnicity, Language & Religion| publisher= National Statistics Office of Nepal|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><br />
| total_source = <br />
| region1 = {{flag|India}}<br />
| pop1 = 13,364,463<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |title=Language |year=2011 |website=Census of India}}</ref><br />
| region2 = {{flag|Nepal}}<br />
| pop2 = 3,222,389<ref name=lahurnip>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lahurnip.org/uploads/resource/file/caste-ethnicity-report-nphc-2021.pdf|title=National Population and Housing Census 2021 – National Report on Caste/Ethnicity, Language & Religion| publisher= National Statistics Office of Nepal|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><br />
| languages = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />[[Hindi]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Planning+Maithili+for+social+change+in+Nepalese+context.-a0215924574|title=Demographics of Maithil population of Nepal}}</ref><br />
| religions = '''Majority:'''<br />[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]<br />'''Minority:'''<br />[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]][[Islam]]{{·}}[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]]{{·}}Others<br />
| related_groups = [[Bengalis]]{{·}}[[Magahi culture|Magadhis]]{{·}}[[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuris]]<br />
| footnotes = Greeting phrase - [[Jay Mithila, Jay Maithili]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Maithils''' ([[Devanagari]]: मैथिल), also known as '''Maithili people''', are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] cultural and ethno-linguistic group from the [[Indian subcontinent]], who speak the [[Maithili language]] as their native language.<ref name=Jha2017>{{cite book |last1=Kumar Jha |first1=Mithilesh |title=Language Politics and Public Sphere in North India: Making of the Maithili Movement |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199091720 |pages=37–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-pIDwAAQBAJ&q=maithils}}</ref> They inhabit the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila region]],<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Social Science and Social Concern: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B.K. Roy Burman|author1=Burman, B.K.R.|author2=Chakrabarti, S.B.|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170990628|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdWRP10g3Q8C&pg=PA411|page=411|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> which comprises Northern and Eastern [[Bihar]] and Northeastern [[Jharkhand]] in India<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O49ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR20|title=Sushasan Ke Aaine Mein Naya Bihar|first=Pankaj Kumar|last= Jha|date=2010 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|location=Bihar (India)|isbn=9789380186283}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&q=maithili+speaking+people+bihar&pg=PA184 | title=The Politics of India Since Independence | access-date=15 February 2017 | pages=184| isbn=9780521459709 | last1=Brass | first1=Paul R. | date=8 September 1994 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> & in Nepal constituting [[Madhesh Province]] in addition to some [[Terai]] districts of [[Bagmati Province|Bagmati]] and [[Koshi Province|Koshi]] Provinces.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal|author1=Gellner, D.|author2=Pfaff-Czarnecka, J.|author3=Whelpton, J.|date=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136649561|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4FQMEiZcrIC&pg=PA251|page=251|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] forms an important part of Hinduism as it is said to be the birthplace of [[Sita]], the wife of [[Rama|Ram]] and incarnation of [[Lakshmi]].<ref name="Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia">{{cite book|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia|author=Minahan, J.B.|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598846607|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT215|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main article|History of Mithila Region}} <br />
<br />
===Vedic period===<br />
{{See also|Videha|Vajjika League|Licchavis of Vaishali}}<br />
Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] speaking peoples who established the [[Videha]] kingdom.<br />
During the late Vedic period (c. 1100–500&nbsp;BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called [[Janaka]]s.<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 141–143</ref><br />
<br />
The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the [[Vajjika League]] which was based in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]].<ref>Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 85–86</ref><br />
The [[Licchavis of Vaishali]] were one of the constituent tribes of the Vajjika league and the territory of the Licchavis formed a single territorial unit along with Videha and [[Malla (tribe)|Mallakas]]. The Licchavis remained in Vaishali up to the Gupta period with the fourth century A.D. Gupta Emperor, [[Samudragupta]], being the son of a Licchavi princess from Vaishali.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Hit Narayan |title=The Licchavis of Vaishali |date=1970 |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series |pages=14–15 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3394/page/14/mode/2up?q=mithila}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trautmann |first1=Thomas |title=Licchavi-Dauhitra |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1972 |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=2–15 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X0012951X |jstor=25203320 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203320|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Medieval period===<br />
From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first were the [[Karnatas of Mithila]] who ruled from 1097-1324 A.D. They were followed by the [[Oiniwar dynasty]] who ruled from 1325–1526 A.D.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=karnataka%2C+oinwars&pg=PA55 | title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective | isbn=9788175330344 | access-date=11 December 2016| last1=Jha | first1=Makhan | year=1997 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal-era]], Mithila was controlled by a dynasty of zamindars called the [[Raj Darbhanga]] who were tributaries to the Mughals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henning Brown |first1=Carolyn |title=Raja and Rank in North Bihar |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=1988 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=757–782 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00015730 |jstor=312524 |s2cid=143084073 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/312524|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was moved to [[Darbhanga]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&q=darbhanga+capital&pg=PA165 | title=Wetlands management in North Bihar | isbn=9788180697074 | access-date=14 December 2016| last1=Mandal | first1=R. B. | year=2010 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=darbhanga+capital+mithila&pg=PA56 | title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective | isbn=9788175330344 | access-date=14 December 2016| last1=Jha | first1=Makhan | year=1997 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref><br />
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===Maithili-speaking dynasties and kingdoms===<br />
*[[Karnat dynasty]], 1097 CE–1324 CE<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=CPN |title=Origin of the Karnatas of Mithila – A Fresh Appraisal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1969 |volume=31 |pages=66–72 |jstor=44138330 }}</ref> <br />
*[[Oiniwar dynasty]], 1325 CE–1526 CE<ref name="Jha2018">{{cite book|author=Pankaj Jha|title=A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xl9DwAAQBAJ|date=20 November 2018|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-909535-3}}</ref> <br />
*[[Raj Banauli|Dronwara Dynasty]], 14th–15th century CE<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rakesh |first=Ram Dayal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5NuAAAAMAAJ |title=Janakpur: The Sacred Jewel of Nepal |date=2005 |publisher=Safari Nepal |isbn=978-99933-59-96-8 |language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Raj Darbhanga]], 1557 CE −1947 CE<ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-065152-2|pages=200–223}}</ref><br />
*[[Malla (Kathmandu Valley)|Malla dynasty]], 1201 CE-1779 CE<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brinkhaus |first1=Horst |title=The Descent of the Nepalese Malla Dynasty as Reflected by Local Chroniclers |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1991 |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=118–122 |doi=10.2307/603754 |jstor=603754 }}</ref><br />
*[[Senas of Makwanpur]], 1518 CE –1762 CE<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Basudevlal |title=Maithili in Medieval Nepal : A Historical Apprisal |journal=Academic Voices |date=2013 |volume=3 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.3126/av.v3i1.9704 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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==Region==<br />
{{main|Mithila (region)|Mithila, India|Mithila, Nepal}}<br />
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===India===<br />
Majority of Maithils normally reside north of the [[Ganges]]; based around [[Darbhanga]] and the rest of North Bihar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIE1AAAAIAAJ&q=saharsa+darbhanga+mithila | title=Bihar district gazetteers, Volume 17 | access-date=10 December 2016 | pages=16| last1=(India) | first1=Bihar | last2=Choudhury | first2=Pranab Chandra Roy | year=1957 }}</ref><ref name= Jha2017 /><br />
Native Maithili speakers also reside in [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Patna]], [[Ranchi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref name=e16>{{E16|mai}}</ref><br />
<br />
Indian Mithila comprises [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]], [[Munger division|Munger]], [[Bhagalpur division|Bhagalpur]], [[Darbhanga division|Darbhanga]], [[Kosi division|Kosi]], and [[Purnia division|Purnia]] divisions of Bihar and [[Santhal Pargana division]] of Jharkhand.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name= Jha2017 /><br />
<br />
* [[Darbhanga]] in particular played an important role in the history of Mithila and is considered one of its "core centers". It was the center of [[Raj Darbhanga]] who ruled most of the region.<ref name="Jha2017" /><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=raj+darbhanga+mithila&pg=PA62 | title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective | access-date=10 December 2016 | pages=62| isbn=9788175330344 | last1=Jha | first1=Makhan | year=1997 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref><br />
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* [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]] also where [[Madhubani art|Mithila painting]] originated from which is a major part of Maithili culture.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&q=madhubani+paintings | title=Madhubani paintings | year=2003 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | isbn=9788170171560 | access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><br />
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* [[Sitamarhi]] is claimed by many to be the birthplace of Goddess [[Sita]] with [[Sita Kund]] being a major pilgrimage site.<br />
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* [[Balirajgarh]], situated in present-day [[Madhubani district]] in Bihar is thought to be the capital of ancient [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsofbihar.com/khas-khabar/kaun-lega-mithila-key-baliraajgadh-ki-sudhi.html|title=नालंदा ने आनंदित किया लेकिन मिथिला के बलिराजगढ़ की कौन सुध लेगा ? – News of Bihar|date=16 July 2016|website=NewsOfBihar.com|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026162756/http://www.newsofbihar.com/khas-khabar/kaun-lega-mithila-key-baliraajgadh-ki-sudhi.html|archive-date=26 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* '''Maithils''' played a major role in building the [[Baidyanath Temple]] which is an important pilgrimage site for them.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIkd7opbWI0C&q=maithils+deoghar&pg=PA27|title=Sacred Complexes of Deoghar and Rajgir|first=Sachindra|last=Narayan|date=1 June 1983|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=mithila+india+state&pg=PA148 | title=Small States Syndrome in India | access-date=16 February 2017 | pages=146 | isbn=9788170226918 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217143622/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA148&dq=mithila+india+state&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL0fDo2pXSAhVEKcAKHej6AicQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=mithila%20india%20state&f=false | archive-date=17 February 2017 | df=dmy-all | last1=Kumāra | first1=Braja Bihārī | year=1998 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref><br />
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===Nepal===<br />
[[File:Ram Baran Yadav 2008-08-26.jpg|thumb|[[Ram Baran Yadav]] former [[President of Nepal]] from 2008-2015 and a native Maithili speaker]]<br />
The adjoining districts of the eastern [[Terai]] form Nepalese Mithila.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Supplemental Information 3: An excerpt from Data Downloads page, where users can download original datasets.|journal=PeerJ|date=13 August 2020|volume=8|pages=e9467|doi=10.7717/peerj.9467/supp-3|last1=Bolduc|first1=Benjamin|last2=Hodgkins|first2=Suzanne B.|last3=Varner|first3=Ruth K.|last4=Crill|first4=Patrick M.|last5=McCalley|first5=Carmody K.|last6=Chanton|first6=Jeffrey P.|last7=Tyson|first7=Gene W.|last8=Riley|first8=William J.|last9=Palace|first9=Michael|last10=Duhaime|first10=Melissa B.|last11=Hough|first11=Moira A.|last12=Saleska|first12=Scott R.|last13=Sullivan|first13=Matthew B.|last14=Rich|first14=Virginia I.|doi-access=free}}</ref> This area was part of the kingdom of [[Videha]].<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects'' in ''Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. [[Colette Caillat|Caillat]], Paris, pages 13, 17 116–124, 141–143</ref> The kingdom appears in the ''[[Ramayana]]''. Many people claim Janakpur to be the birthplace of Goddess Sita but this is disputed as many consider [[Sitamarhi]] as her birthplace.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4FQMEiZcrIC&q=free+maithil+state&pg=PA251 | title=Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom | isbn=9781136649561 | access-date=8 December 2016| last1=Gellner | first1=D. | last2=Pfaff-Czarnecka | first2=J. | last3=Whelpton | first3=J. | date=6 December 2012 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref><br />
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There was a movement in the [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh region]] which is predominantly a Maithili community of Nepal for a separate province.<ref>{{cite book |author=Burkert, C. |chapter=Defining Maithil Identity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4FQMEiZcrIC&pg=PA245 |title=Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal |year=2012 |editor1=Gellner, D. |editor2=Pfaff-Czarnecka, J. |editor3=Whelpton, J. |publisher=Routledge |location=London, New York |isbn=9781136649561 |pages=241–273 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820000356/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n4FQMEiZcrIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA245 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Province No. 2]] was established under the 2015 Constitution, which transformed Nepal into a Federal Democratic Republic, with a total of 7 provinces. Province No. 2 (now [[Madhesh Province]]) has a Maithili speaking majority and consists of most of the Maithili speaking areas of Nepal. It has been demanded by some Mithila activists that Province No. 2 be named 'Mithila Province'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2018-05-02/samiti-vows-to-protest-for-mithila-province.html|title = Samiti vows to protest for Mithila Province}}</ref> Province no. 2 was given the name [[Madhesh Province]] on 17 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Province 2 endorses Madhes as its name, Janakpurdham as provincial capital |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-2/2022/01/17/province-2-endorses-madhes-as-its-name-janakpurdham-designated-as-provincial-capital |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><br />
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==Language==<br />
[[File:Varṇa Ratnākara manuscript in the Library of Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.jpg|thumb|Manuscript of the [[Varna Ratnakara]], the earliest prose work in the Maithili language and dated to the early 14th century<ref name="Intro">{{Cite book |last=Jyotiśvara. |title=Varṇa-ratnākara of Jyotiriśvara of Kaviśekharācārya |date=1998 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-260-0439-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=ix |oclc=40268712}}</ref>]]<br />
The common language of the Maithil people is [[Maithili language|Maithili]],<ref name= Jha2017 /> which is one of the recognised regional languages of [[India]] listed in the Eighth Schedule of the [[India|Indian Constitution]] and the second national language of [[Nepal]] in the [[Nepal|Interim Constitution of Nepal]]. The [[Tirhuta script]], also known as the [[Mithilakshar]] script. However, during the 20th century most Maithili writers gradually adopted Devanagari script for Maithili.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/US-scholars-project-of-encoding-Tirhuta-script-into-digital-media/articleshow/8512071.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405002328/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-22/us-canada-news/29570702_1_maithili-eighth-schedule-bengali-script|url-status=live|archive-date=April 5, 2012|title=US scholar's project of encoding Tirhuta script into digital media|last1=Chaudhary |first1=Pranava |date=May 22, 2011|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 July 2013}}</ref> Although [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] is still sometimes used by religious pundits for writing ceremonial letters and documents, and efforts are underway to broaden the scope of its usage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ScriptSource - Tirhuta |url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?&item_id=script_detail&key=Tirh |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=scriptsource.org}}</ref><br />
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==Culture==<br />
{{Main|Mithila culture}}<br />
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Men and women in Mithila are very religious and dress for festivals as well. The costumes of Mithila stem from the rich traditional culture of Mithila. [[Kurta]] and [[Dhoti]] with a [[Mithila Painting]] bordered [[gamucha|Maroon coloured Gamchha]] which is the Symbol of Passion, Love, Bravery and Courage are common clothing items for men. Men wear a Gold ring on their nose which symbolizes prosperity, happiness and wealth inspired by [[Lord Vishnu]]. Also, wear a Balla on their wrist and [[Paag|Mithila Paag]] on their Head. In ancient times there was no colour option in Mithila, so the Maithil women wore white or yellow Saree with a red Border but now they have a lot of variety and colour options and wear ''Laal-Paara'' (the traditional red-boarded white or yellow [[sari|Saree]])<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite AV media |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqbPoGYxjS0 |title= Maithil women wore Red Boarded Yellow or White Saree during Jhijhiya Naach|access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> on some special occasions, and also wear ''Shakha-Pola''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jhajistore.com/blogs/news/mithilas-bengal-connection-a-conversation-with-shalini-ji|title=Mithila as well as Bengal wearing शाखा पोला" www.jhajistore.com |access-date= 12 August 2019}}</ref> with a lanthi in their hand which is Mandatory to wear after marriage in Mithila. In Mithila culture, this represents new beginnings, passion and prosperity. Red also represents the Hindu goddess [[Durga]], a symbol of new beginnings and feminine power. During Chhaith, the women of Mithila wear pure cotton dhoti without stitching which reflects the pure, traditional Culture of Mithila. Usually crafted from pure cotton for daily use and from pure silk for more glamorous occasions, traditional attire for the women of Mithila includes Jamdani, Banarisi, Bhagalpuri and many more. <br />
Many festivals are celebrated throughout the year in Mithila. [[Chhath|Chhath Puja]], [[Durga Puja]] and [[Kali Puja|Kali puja]] is celebrated as perhaps the most important of all the celebrations of Mithila. Similarly, [[Ashtajam|Ashtajam Puja]], [[Lakhram Puja]] and [[Chaurchan|Chaurchan Puja]], etc are some local celebrations and festivals followed by the Maithils community towards the devotion to God.<br />
[[File:Paag.jpg|thumb|The [[Paag]] is the traditional headgear of the Maithil people]]<br />
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===Household structure===<br />
Traditionally Maithils lived in ''Badaghars'' called [[longhouse]]s with big families of many generations, sometimes 40–50 people. All household members pool their labour force, contribute their income, share the expenditure and use one kitchen.<ref name="lam2009">{{cite web|author=Lam, L. M. |year=2009 |title=Park, hill migration and changes in household livelihood systems of Maithils in Central Nepal. |publisher=University of Adelaide |url=http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/58136/1/02whole.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051025/http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/58136/1/02whole.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> In the courtyard of a Maithil family, there is a [[Dalaan]] for relaxation and gathering of the family members, relatives and close neighbours of the society in village. It is also used for cultural activities of the family and the neighborhood.<br />
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=== Religion ===<br />
[[File:Maithil woman performing Raib Puja.jpg|thumb|Maithil woman performing rituals of Mithila's traditional folk worship of ''Raib Paavain'']]<br />
The religious practices of the Maithils is based on orthodox [[Hinduism]] as Mithila has historically been a principal seat of Hindu learning.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lG85RD9YZoC&q=orthodox+hinduism+mithila&pg=PA525 | title=A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools | isbn=9788120805651 | access-date=8 December 2016| last1=Vidyabhusana | first1=Satis Chandra | year=1988 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers }}</ref> Apart from main stream Hinduism, there are some local traditions of worshiping ''Baraham Baba'' and ''Gosaun Devata'' by them. In every village of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], there is at least one common worship place [[Brahma Sthan]] also known as ''Dihawar Sthan'' attached to an old [[Ficus religiosa|''pipal tree'']], where ''Brahma Baba'' is worshipped by the Maithils. Brahma Baba also called as ''Graama Devata'' is believed to be the protector God of the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मिथिलाक लोक देवता डिहवार ,ब्रह्मबाबा |url=https://www.maithilmanch.in/dihbar-baba-brahmbaba/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Maithil Manch |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Maharani Sthan]] is the other common worship place, where ''Goddess Bhagawati'' is worshipped by the Maithils. Similarly at every courtyards of the houses of Maithils, there is ''[[Gosaunik Ghar]]'' where [[Kuladevata|Kuldevata]] and ''Kuldevi'' of the family is worshipped.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0 |title=Mithilak Itihas |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=978-93-80538-28-0 |pages=212 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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== Politics ==<br />
'''Maithils''' hold significant influence in the politics of both India and Nepal. They dominate the polity of Bihar, India's third most populous state, by virtue of their majority in 144 of the 243 constituencies of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref name= Jha2017 /> Maithils are the largest ethnolinguistic group in the Nepalese [[Madhesh Province]] and the second largest ethnolinguistic group in [[Koshi Province|Province No. 1]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/official-status-sought-maithili-province-2|title=Official status sought for Maithili in Province 2|date=26 December 2017}}</ref><br />
== Notable people ==<br />
<br />
The following are notable residents (past and present) of Mithila region:<br />
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===Historical===<br />
[[File:Udyanacharya Sanskrit Vidyalaya.jpg|thumb|Statue of the 11th century philosopher [[Udayana]] ]]<br />
[[File:Statue of Maha Kavi Kokil Vidyapati.jpg|thumb|Statue of Maithili language poet, [[Vidyapati]]]]<br />
* [[Janaka]], King of Mithila and Father in Law of King [[Rama]].<br />
* [[Sita]], Princess of [[Mithila Kingdom]] and wife of King [[Rama]].<br />
* [[Udayana]], 10th/11th-century philosopher and [[Indian logic|logician]] of the [[Nyaya]] school.<br />
* [[Vidyapati]], 14th/15th century Maithili and Sanskrit poet-saint.<br />
*[[Bhanudatta Misra]], 15th/16th-century [[Sanskrit]] poet from Mithila.<br />
*[[Harisimhadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1304 - 1324 CE.<br />
*[[Gangadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1147-1187 CE.<br />
*[[Narsimhadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1174-1227 CE.<br />
*[[Ramasimhadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1227-1285 CE.<br />
*[[Jyotirishwar Thakur]], 14th-century [[poet]], [[playwright]] and [[musician]] who composed the earliest prose work in the [[Maithili language]], the [[Varna Ratnakara]].<br />
*[[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura]], political theorist and general from the 14th century.<br />
*[[Gaṅgeśa]], 13th/14th century [[philosopher]], [[logic]]ian and [[mathematician]] .<br />
*[[Pakshadhara Mishra]], 15th-century philosopher.<br />
*[[Vāchaspati Misra]], 9th/10th-century philosopher of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] tradition.<br />
*[[Lakshmeshwar Singh]], zamindar and principal landowner of [[Raj Darbhanga]], 1860–1898.<br />
*[[Rameshwar Singh]], zamindar and principal landowner of [[Raj Darbhanga]], 1898–1929.<br />
*[[Śāriputra (15th-century)|Śāriputra]], 15th-century Indian Buddhist monk and the last abbot of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]]. Born in [[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]] in modern-day [[East Champaran district]].<br />
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===Modern===<br />
* [[Balendra Shah]], The '''[[Prime Minister of Nepal]]'''<br />
* [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]], Indian [[Indian independence movement|Freedom fighter]], political activist, social worker, poet and writer, born in [[Muzaffarpur]]<ref name="Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Culture|first1=Government of India|title=Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138|website=amritmahotsav.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="twocircles">{{cite web|last1=Sajjad|first1=Mohammad|title=Maghfur Aijazi: A freedom-fighter and a builder of Indian democracy|url=http://twocircles.net/2013jan06/maghfur_aijazi_freedomfighter_and_builder_indian_democracy.html#.VPkHguHN45w|website=TwoCircles.net|date=6 January 2013|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><br />
* [[Bimalendra Nidhi]], Member of Nepalese parliament, Vice president of ruling party [[Nepali Congress]] and former [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nidhi appointed NC Vice-Prez, Khadka Gen Secy|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/05/04/nidhi-appointed-nc-vice-prez-khadka-general-secy|access-date=2022-01-15|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><br />
*[[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']] was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Hindi]] poet, essayist, patriot and academic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anubhuti-hindi.org/gauravgram/dinker/index.htm |title=Ramdhari Singh Dinker - Hindi ke Chhayavadi Kavi |website=www.anubhuti-hindi.org |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref><br />
* [[Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal]] was an Indian parliamentarian and social reformer who served as the chairman of the Second Backward Classes Commission (popularly known as the [[Mandal Commission]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC|title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780670084593|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[C. K. Raut]], formerly US-based computer scientist, author and political leader of Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=222 |title=" मुख्य समाचार " :: नेपाल :: |publisher=Ekantipur.com |date=24 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704035340/http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=222 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]], Indian politician, born in [[Supaul]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-s-shahnawaz-hussain-on-im-hit-list-113121000234_1.html|title=BJP's Shahnawaz Hussain on IM hit list|last=IANS|date=10 December 2013|access-date=26 October 2017|via=Business Standard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111054/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-s-shahnawaz-hussain-on-im-hit-list-113121000234_1.html|archive-date=26 October 2017|df=dmy-all|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/bjp-leader-shahnawaz-hussain-s-impersonator-arrested-76095|title=BJP leader Shahnawaz Hussain's impersonator arrested|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219094253/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/bjp-leader-shahnawaz-hussain-s-impersonator-arrested-76095|archive-date=19 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article542836.ece|title=PM's 'lack' of leadership has made UPA 'sinking ship': BJP|website=NewIndianExpress.com|access-date=26 October 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220836/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article542836.ece|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
* [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]] was the Chief Minister of [[Bihar]] and a member of [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/598.htm |title=8th Lok Sabha – Members Bioprofile – AZAD, SHRI BHAGWAT JHA |access-date=2011-08-06 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006151543/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/598.htm |archive-date=6 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
* [[Ram Baran Yadav]], First president of Nepal<br />
* [[Tarkishore Prasad]], [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]], born in [[Saharsa district]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/patna/i-want-self-reliant-bihar-sushil-modi-is-our-guardian-says-new-deputy-cm-tarkishore-prasad/story-JpUVa9XpDnKP1lO8GGI3pK.html|title=I want self-reliant Bihar; Sushil Modi is our guardian, says new deputy CM Tarkishore Prasad|date=19 November 2020}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
* [[Nagarjun]], Renowned Maithili Poet<br />
* [[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']], A prominent post-Premchand Hindi writer who deeply infused Maithili culture and ethos into his works.<br />
* [[Acharya Ramlochan Saran]], Hindi littérateur, grammarian and publisher<br />
* [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]], a young Indian cricketer who plays for [[Bihar]] in domestic cricket and [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[2025 Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[History of Mithila Region]] <br />
* [[Culture of Mithila Region]]<br />
* [[Maithili language]]<br />
* [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<br />
* [[Maithil cuisine]]<br />
* [[Mithila State Movement]]<br />
* [[Chumavan]]<br />
* [[Lavan Paavain]]<br />
* [[Maithil Upanayan]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{Cite web|author= Alan R. Beals & John Thayer Hitchcock|title=Field Guide to India|year=1960|location=India|publisher=National Academies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zi8rAAAAYAAJ&q=australoid+maithili&pg=PA9}}<br />
<br />
{{Bihar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mithila (region)|*]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Madhesi people]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]<br />
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]<br />
[[Category:Madhesh Province]]<!--est. in 2015 for the Maithils in Nepal--></div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuvasena&diff=546376Yuvasena2026-03-19T05:40:16Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: New a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2004 Telugu film by Jayaraj}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Yuvasena<br />
| image = Yuvasena film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = DVD Cover<br />
| director = [[Jayaraj]]<br />
| producer = [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]]<br />
| writer = Jayaraj<br />[[Marudhuri Raja]] (dialogues)<br />
| based_on = ''[[4 The People]]'' (2004)<br>by Jayaraj<br />
| starring = [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]<br />[[Sharwanand]]<br />Kishore<br />Padma Kumar<br />[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]<br />[[Gopika]]<br />
| music = [[Jassie Gift]]<br />
| editing = Manohar<br />
| cinematography = Gunasekhar<br />
| studio = [[Sri Sravanthi Movies|Sravanthi Movies]]<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2004|11|12|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 127 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = 1.2 crore<ref name="Idlebrain">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-yuvasena.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Yuva Sena (4 The People) - Bharat, Gopika - Sravanthi Ravi Kishore|website=Idlebrain|access-date=7 November 2021|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107080315/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-yuvasena.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Yuvasena''''' ({{Translation|Young troop}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[vigilante film]] directed by [[Jayaraj]] and produced by [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]] under the [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]] banner. The film stars [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Sharwanand]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], Padma Kumar, [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], and [[Gopika]] in lead roles. It is a remake of Jayaraj's [[Malayalam]] film ''[[4 the People]]'' (2004).<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/29ss.htm|title=Bharath: Hot property!|website=Rediff|date=29 November 2004|accessdate=1 January 2022|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129054043/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/29ss.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Colbegin}}<br />
*[[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Vivek<br />
*[[Sharwanand]] as Aravind<br />
*Kishore as Siva<br />
*Padma Kumar as Rafi<br />
*[[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Sarath Chandra (credited as Suresh Menon)<br />
*[[Gopika]] <br />
*Revathi<br />
*Madhuri<br />
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as a police officer<br />
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as a minister<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/men-in-black/article28675805.ece|title=Men in black|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|work=The Hindu|date=13 November 2004|access-date=7 November 2021|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107080314/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/men-in-black/article28675805.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*Jr. Relangi<br />
*[[Shankar Melkote|Melkote]] as a professor<br />
* [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] (special appearance in the song "Vonee Vesukunna")<br />
* [[Jani Master]] (special appearance in the song "Vonee Vesukunna")<br />
{{Colend}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
After the success of his Malayalam film ''[[4 the People]]'', [[Jayaraj]] remade the film in Telugu with [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]] as the producer. The film retains much of the cast of the original film. It marks the film debut of lyricist [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] and cinematographer Guna.<ref name="Production">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-yuvasena.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Audio release - Yuvasena (4 the people) - Bharat, Gopika - Jassi Fift|access-date=7 November 2021|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107080314/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-yuvasena.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This film marks the entry of [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] into Telugu cinema after the success of the dubbed Telugu version of ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (2003).<ref name="Rediff" /> It also marks the Telugu debut of Jayaraj, Gopika, Narain and Jassie Gift.<ref name="Production" /> Malayalam actor [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] was credited as Suresh Menon in the film.<ref name="Full Hyderabad">{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/yuvasena/telugu/yuvasena-movie-reviews-1298-2.html|title=Yuvasena review: Yuvasena (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=7 November 2021|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107080324/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/yuvasena/telugu/yuvasena-movie-reviews-1298-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album||<br />
| name = Yuvasena<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[Jassie Gift]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 2004<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=22|s=25}}<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| prev_title = [[4 the People]]<br />
| prev_year = 2003<br />
| next_title = [[Ennittum]]<br />
| next_year = 2004<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The songs were reused from the original film ''[[4 the People]]''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Yuvasena Songs: Yuvasena MP3 Telugu Songs by Jessigift Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/yuvasena |language=en |access-date=2022-04-23 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423125418/https://gaana.com/album/yuvasena |url-status=live }}</ref> The footage for the songs "Malliswarive" and "Ye Dikkuna Nuvvunna" were also reused from the original.{{Citation needed|date= June 2023}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| all_lyrics = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] & [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br />
| all_music = [[Jassie Gift]]<br />
| headline = ''Yuvasena: 4 The People''<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Malliswarive<br />
| length1 = 04:29<br />
| extra1 = [[Jassie Gift]]<br />
| title2 = Vooni Vesukunna<br />
| length2 = 04:41<br />
| extra2 = Jassie Gift, Smitha<br />
| title3 = Pongey Alavastey (Ye Dikkuna Nuvvunna)<br />
| length3 = 04:15<br />
| extra3 = Jassie Gift, [[Ishaan Dev]]<br />
| title4 = Loka Samastha<br />
| length4 = 04:41<br />
| extra4 = Sandeep<br />
| title5 = Swapnalanu<br />
| length5 = 04:19<br />
| extra5 = Sandeep<br />
| total_length = 22:25<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film released on 4 November, coinciding with Diwali.<ref name="Idlebrain" /> Unlike the original, the film was a box office failure, but did not lose money due to the film's shoestring budget.<ref name="Idlebrain" /><br />
<br />
Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' compared the film with ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]''.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' said that "The plus points are music and modern taking. Minus points are predictability in story and no surprise/shocking elements".<ref name="Idlebrain" /> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote, "Jassie Gift's music is the only point of the movie worth sitting up for".<ref name="Full Hyderabad" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt23806734}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2004 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 action films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowshan_Ershad&diff=456167Rowshan Ershad2026-03-17T20:00:24Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician and former first lady}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Rowshan Ershad<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Begum]]<br />
| native_name = {{No bold|রওশন এরশাদ}}<br />
| native_name_lang = bn<br />
| image = Office Portrait of the Leader of opposition, Bangladesh, Begum Raushan Ershad.jpg<br />
| caption = Ershad in 2017<br />
| office = Chief Patron of [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]<br />
| term_start = 28 January 2024<br />
| term_end =<br />
| leader = ''disputed with [[GM Quader]]''<br />
| predecessor = [[GM Quader]]<br />
| successor =<br />
| office1 = 5th [[Leader of the Opposition (Bangladesh)|Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
| term_start1 = 9 September 2019<br />
| term_end1 = 10 January 2024<br />
| primeminister1 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Hussain Mohammad Ershad]]<br />
| successor1 = [[GM Quader]]<br />
| term_start2 = 9 January 2014<br />
| term_end2 = 3 January 2019<br />
| primeminister2 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Khaleda Zia]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Hussain Mohammad Ershad]]<br />
| office3 = [[Jatiya Sangsad]]<br />
| parliament3 = Bangladesh<br />
| term_start3 = 12 January 2014<br />
| term_end3 = 10 January 2024<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Motiur Rahman (politician, born 1942)|Motiur Rahman]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Mohit Ur Rahman Shanto]]<br />
| constituency3 = [[Mymensingh-4]]<br />
| term_start4 = 23 June 1996<br />
| term_end4 = 15 July 2001<br />
| predecessor4 = [[AKM Fazlul Haque (Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician)|A. K. M. Fazlul Haque]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Delwar Hossain Khan Dulu]]<br />
| constituency4 = [[Mymensingh-4]]<br />
| office5 = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]<br />
| term_start5 = 21 November 2013<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/wont-stay-minister-long-rowshan |title=Won't stay minister long: Rowshan |work=bdnews24.com |date=2013-11-24 |access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/11/21/28-ministers-out-effectively-2 |title=28 ministers out, effectively |date=2013-11-21 |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><br />
| term_end5 = 6 January 2014<br />
| primeminister5 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]<br />
| predecessor5 = [[A.F.M Ruhal Haque]]<br />
| successor5 = [[Mohammed Nasim]]<br />
| office6 = 9th [[First Lady of Bangladesh]]<br />
| term_start6 = 11 December 1983<br />
| term_end6 = 6 December 1990<br />
| president6 = [[Hussain Mohammad Ershad]]<br />
| predecessor6 = ''Name unavailable''<br />
| successor6 = Anowara Begum (acting)<br />
| party = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|07|19|df=y}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Hussain Mohammad Ershad|1956|2019|end=his death}}<br />
| children = 2, including [[Saad Ershad]]<br />
| relations = {{ubl|[[Mamta Wahab]] (sister)|[[A. H. G. Mohiuddin]] (brother)}}<br />
}}<br />
'''[[Begum]] Rowshan Ershad''' (born 19 July 1943)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-english?layout=edit&id=3709 |title=Constituency 149_11th_En |website=Bangladesh Parliament |access-date=2019-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815161514/http://parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-english?layout=edit&id=3709 |archive-date=2022-08-15}}</ref> is a [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]] politician from Bangladesh. She was the former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member from the [[Mymensingh-4]] constituency and the former [[Leader of the Opposition (Bangladesh)|leader of the opposition]] in the [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|11th parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-english |title=List of 11th Parliament Members |website=Bangladesh Parliament |access-date=10 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927041941/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-english |archive-date=2023-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/node/120382 |script-title=bn:বিরোধী দলীয় নেতা রওশন, উপনেতা জিএম কাদের |date=2019-09-09 |work=The Daily Star |language=bn |access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2014/01/06/rowshan-ershad-to-be-opposition-leader/ |title=Rowshan Ershad to be opposition leader |work=Dhaka Tribune |first=Manik |last=Miazee |date=6 January 2014}}</ref> She was the chief patron of the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]<ref>{{cite news |title=They dropped us intentionally, alleges Raushan |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/uf2lx46wi5 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=12 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and the widow of former Bangladesh president [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/14/general-hussain-muhammad-ershad-obituary |title=General Hussain Muhammad Ershad obituary |newspaper=The Guardian |date=14 July 2019 |last1=Brown |first1=Derek}}</ref><br />
Currently she is leading her own faction Jatiya Party (Rowshan) which is different from [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]].<br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
[[File:Rowshan Ershad SAARC in Dhaka 1986.jpg|thumb|Rowshad Ershad at SAARC. 1986]]<br />
As the [[first lady]] during 1982–1990, Ershad was active in social welfare and in promoting the rights of women and children. She was the chief patron of the Bangladesh Jatiya Mohila Sangstha.<ref name = "pamphlet">{{cite book |title=President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Hussain Muhammad Ershad, First Lady Begum Raushan Ershad - Pamphlet |publisher=Padma Printers Bangladesh |pages=28–31}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1975, Ershad became the founder-president of the [[Sena Paribar Kalyan Samity]] (Armed Forces Family Welfare Association). She attended the UN Special Convention on Drug Abuse in 1985.<ref name = "pamphlet" /><br />
<br />
In November 2023, Ershad announced she would not participate at the [[2024 Bangladeshi general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-29 |title=Raushan Ershad decides not to join polls |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/d8fsxr4iby |access-date=2023-11-30 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2025, Ershad's ancestorial home in Mymensingh was vandalized on Thursday by members of the [[Anti-discrimination Students Movement|Anti-Discrimination Student Movement]] protesting its conversion into a commercial restaurant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=ময়মনসিংহে রওশন এরশাদের পৈতৃক বাড়িতে হামলা-ভাঙচুর |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/hpsbb1gpgw |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> Activists had earlier demanded the site be turned into a July Memorial Museum, calling the house "Dalal Mahal" following the fall of the [[Sheikh Hasina]] led [[Awami League]] government.<ref name=":0" /> Despite submitting a memorandum to local authorities, construction continued, prompting the attack led by student leader Walid Ahmed.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
[[File:The Leader of opposition, Bangladesh, Begum Raushan Ershad calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in Dhaka, Bangladesh on June 07, 2015.jpg|thumb|Rowshan with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in June 2015 in Dhaka]]<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Rowshan married [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] in 1956.<ref name=ershad>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/ershad-passes-away-1771249 |title=Ershad passes away |date=2019-07-14 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref> Together they had a son, [[Saad Ershad]], and a daughter, Jebin.<ref name=ershad/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ershad, Rowshan}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1943 births]]<br />
[[Category:Wakil family]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mymensingh District]]<br />
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi women politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad]]<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition (Bangladesh)]]<br />
[[Category:Women opposition leaders]]<br />
[[Category:Health and Family Welfare ministers of Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{JatiyaParty-politician-stub}}</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrikaripur&diff=472367Thrikaripur2026-03-13T10:18:25Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: general added references to improve readability also and added references based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Thrikaripur<br />
| other_name = Trikaripur<br />
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]<br />
| image_skyline = File:Kalikkadavu (4472443272).jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Kallikkadavu Junction<br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12|08|38|N|75|10|44|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br />
| parts = [[Hosdurg]]<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = Panchayat (Special Grade)<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 27.3<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 41201<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 671310<br />
| area_code = 046722*****<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-14, [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-60<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1109 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|pleasant]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small><br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.thrikaripur.com/}}<br />
{{URL|http://lsgkerala.in/trikaripurpanchayat/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = 89.86%<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragode]]<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = Trikaripur<br />
| blank5_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank5_info_sec1 = Panchayat (Special Grade)<br />
}}<br />
'''Thrikaripur''' is a small town located in south part of [[Kasaragod District]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India. Its southernmost end [[Olavara]] touches [[Payyannur]], [[Kannur]] [[List of districts in India|District]].<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
The 2011 [[Census of India]] determined that the Trikaripur had a population of 41,201.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Thrikkaripur Census Town City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627174-south-thrikkaripur-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=North Thrikkaripur Census Town City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627173-north-thrikkaripur-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Thrikaripur lies along the coast of [[Arabian Sea]], at {{coord|12.15|N|75.15|E|region:IN_type:adm1st|display=inline}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-jdHAAAAYAAJ&q=South+Kanara+ ''Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent'', p. 82] {{ISBN|1-881173-85-2}}.</ref> This Panchayat serves as the separating border for [[Kasaragod District]] and [[Kannur District]].<br />
<br />
== Educational Institutions ==<br />
<br />
===Colleges===<br />
* Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Pharmacy<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Pharmacy|url=https://rgminstitute.org/index.php|access-date=2021-02-19|website=rgminstitute.org}}</ref><br />
* Trikaripur Arts & Science College (TASC)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trikaripur Arts & Science College TASC|url=http://www.tasctkr.com/|access-date=2021-02-19|website=www.tasctkr.com}}</ref><br />
*SMMKT School of Information Technology & Commerce (SMMKT SITC)<ref>{{Cite web|title=SMMKT School of Information Technology and Commerce|url=https://smmktschool.com/|access-date=2021-06-11|website=smmktschool.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Places of worship==<br />
*[[Sri Chakrapani Temple, Thrikaripur]], temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Awaiting a new lease of life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/awaiting-a-new-lease-of-life/article4581226.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 April 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
== Notable people ==<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] (Jamshad Cethirakath)<br />
* [[Asif Kottayil]]<br />
* [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Muhammed Rafi]]<br />
* [[Muttah Suresh]]<br />
* [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]] (Shahir Cethirakath)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Payyannur]] 8&nbsp;km from Trikkaripur<br />
*[[Peringome]] 21&nbsp;km from Payyanur<br />
*[[Ezhimala]] 12&nbsp;km from Payyanur <br />
*[[Kunhimangalam]] 5&nbsp;km from Payyanur <br />
*[[Kavvayi|Kavvayi Island]] 3&nbsp;km from Payyanur<br />
*[[Koyonkara]]<br />
*[[Ramanthali]] 7&nbsp;km from Payyanur<br />
*[[Karivellur]] 10&nbsp;km from Payyanur<br />
*[[Pilathara]] 7&nbsp;km from Payyanur<br />
*[[Mettammal]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Trikaripur}}<br />
* [http://www.trikarpur.com/ Trikarpur.com - The first website for this village launched in 2000]<br />
* [http://lsgkerala.in/trikaripurpanchayat/]<br />
<br />
{{Kerala}}<br />
{{Kasaragod district}}<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
|title = [[North Malabar]]<br />
|list =<br />
{{North Malabar}}<br />
{{Places of interest in North Malabar}}<br />
}}<br />
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[[Category:Cheruvathur area]]<br />
[[Category:Panchayats in Kasaragod district]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_characters_in_the_Mahabharata&diff=474995List of characters in the Mahabharata2026-03-12T14:35:08Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Cast of ancient Sanskrit epic}}<br />
<!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! --><br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
[[File:The Humiliation of Draupadi.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century miniature painting illustrating the ''Cheer Haran'' (Disrobing of [[Draupadi]]) episode, featuring prominent characters (Pandavas, Draupadi, Kauravas and their main allies) in the Kuru court.]]<br />
The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India composed by [[Veda Vyasa]]. At its heart lies the epic struggle between the [[Pandavas]] and the [[Kauravas]]. The central characters include the five Pandava brothers—[[Yudhishthira]], [[Bhima]], [[Arjuna]], [[Nakula]], and [[Sahadeva]]—along with their wife [[Draupadi]]. On the opposing side, the hundred [[Kaurava]] brothers are led by the elder brother, [[Duryodhana]]. However, the ''Mahabharata'' is richly populated with other notable figures including [[Krishna]], [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]], [[Karna]], [[Kunti]], [[Dushasana]], [[Kripa]], [[Dhritrashtra]], [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], [[Shakuni]], [[Ashwatthama]], [[Balarama]], [[Vyasa]], [[Abhimanyu]], [[Pandu]], [[Satyavati]] and [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]].<br />
<br />
The ''Mahabharata'' manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions.<ref>{{cite book|first= Robert N.|last= Minor|title= Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ|year =1982|publisher= South Asia Books|isbn= 978-0-8364-0862-1|pages=L–LI}}; Quote: "The current text of the Bhagavad gita is well-preserved with relatively few variant readings and none quite serious. This is especially remarkable in the light of the numerous variants for the remainder of the Mahabharata, some of which are quite serious. Secondary insertions are found in individual manuscripts of the Gita, but these are clearly secondary. The number of stanzas in the Gita is 700, a number confirmed by Shankara, and possibly deliberately chosen in order to prevent interpolations."</ref> The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer.{{sfn|McGrath|2004|pp=19–21 with footnotes}} The manuscripts found in the [[North India|North]] and [[South India]] have "great divergence" in details, though the thematic essence is similar.{{sfn|McGrath|2004|pp=21–22}} Scholars have attempted to construct a [[critical edition]], relying mostly on a study of the Bombay edition, the Poona edition, the Calcutta edition and the south Indian editions of the ''Mahabharata'' manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by Vishnu Sukthankar at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], preserved at the [[Kyoto University]], the [[Cambridge University]] and various Indian universities.{{sfn|McGrath|2004|pp=21–26 with footnotes}}<ref>[https://sanskritdocuments.org/mirrors/mahabharata/mahabharata-bori.html Critical Edition Prepared by Scholars at Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute BORI], Muneo Tokunaga, Kyoto University (1998)</ref><br />
<br />
This list follows the ''Critical Edition of the Mahabharata'', but may have characters exclusive to a particular recension.{{refn|group=note|The list tries to mention as many characters as possible, but is not complete. It contains characters appearing in ''[[Harivamsa]]'', a book connected to ''Mahabharata''. Characters appearing in folk tales are excluded.}}<br />
<br />
==A==<br />
=== Abhimanyu ===<br />
{{Main|Abhimanyu}}<br />
<br />
===Adhiratha===<br />
Adhiratha was the foster-father of Karna. According to the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', Adhiratha was descended from [[Yayati]] and therefore was related to [[Krishna]]. He was also the descendant of [[Romapada]],<ref name="Sukhdev Singh Chib">{{cite book|last=Chib|first=Sukhdev Singh|title=Bihar|year=1980|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8S1AAAAIAAJ&q=Rompad,Angadesh}}</ref> the king of [[Anga]] and brother-in-law of [[Dashratha|Dasharatha]]'s descendant Shighra, king of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. His wife was Radha and their biological sons were Shatrunjaya and Chitrasena.<br />
<br />
===Adrika===<br />
Adrika was an [[apsara]], who was cursed to become a fish and only to be liberated when she gives birth to a human. Adrika, as a fish, lived in the river [[Yamuna]]. Once she came in contact with the semen of [[Uparichara Vasu|Uparichara]] and impregnated herself. After 10 months, some [[Dashraj|fishermen]] caught her, cut open her womb and found two children{{mdash}}[[Matsyagandha]] and [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]]. After the incident, Adrika was liberated from her curse and returned to heaven.{{sfn|Chakravarti|2007}}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}<br />
<br />
===Agni===<br />
{{main|Agni#epics}}<br />
<br />
=== Alambusha ===<br />
Alambusha was a [[Rakshasa]]. In the [[Kurukshetra War]], he fought from the Kaurava side. During the war, he defeated [[Iravan]], son of Pandava prince [[Arjuna]]. Later on the 14th day of Kurukshetra war, Alambusha was killed by Bhima's son, [[Ghatotkacha]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Alambusha|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Alayudha ===<br />
He was a demon and friend of another demon named Alambusha. He and Alambusha were killed by [[Bhima]]'s demon son [[Ghatotkacha]] during the Night war on the fourteenth day of the war.<br />
<br />
=== Agastya ===<br />
{{Main|Agastya}}<br />
<br />
=== Amba ===<br />
{{Main|Amba (Mahabharata)}}<br />
<br />
=== Ambalika ===<br />
{{Main|Ambalika}}<br />
<br />
===Ambika===<br />
{{Main|Ambika (Mahabharata)}}<br />
<br />
==== Ambika's maid ====<br />
The chief maid of [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]] was sent by Ambika and Ambalika to Maharishi [[Vyasa]]. From their union, [[Vidura]] was born.<br />
<br />
===Amitaujas===<br />
Amitaujas is the mighty warrior of [[Pañcāla|Panchala]] Kingdom. He was the maharatha on the side of Pandavas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-04-01 |title=Section CLXXII [Mahabharata, English] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc375110.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Arjuna ===<br />
{{Main|Arjuna}}<br />
<br />
===Aruni===<br />
{{Main|Uddalaka Aruni#Mahabharata}}<br />
<br />
=== Ashvapati ===<br />
A king of [[Madra kingdom|Madra]] and the father of Savitri<br />
<br />
===Ashvins===<br />
{{Main|Ashvins}}<br />
<br />
=== Ashwatthama ===<br />
{{Main|Ashwatthama}}<br />
<br />
===Astika===<br />
{{Main|Astika (Hinduism)}}<br />
<br />
===Ayu===<br />
Ayu or Ayus was an ancestor of Shantanu. He was a son [[Pururavas]] and his apsara wife, [[Urvashi]]. He married Prabha, an asura princess (daughter of Swarbhanu). He was succeeded by his son [[Nahusha]].{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=96}}<br />
<br />
=== Ayoda Dhaumya ===<br />
Ayoda Dhaumya/ Dhaumya was a sage of Avanti. He had three disciples namely [[Aruni]] of Panchal, [[Upamanyu]] and Veda. He even accompanied the Pandavas into the forest of Kurujangala during their exile. He sang songs of [[Sama Veda]] referring to [[Yama]].<br />
<br />
==B==<br />
=== Babhruvahana ===<br />
{{Main|Babruvahana}}<br />
<br />
===Bahlika===<br />
{{Main|Bahlika (Mahabharata)}}<br />
<br />
=== Bakasura ===<br />
{{Main|Bakasura}}<br />
<br />
=== Balandhara ===<br />
Balandhara, sometimes also written as Valandhara, was the princess of the [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kashi Kingdom]], daughter of King Devesha and wife of [[Bhima]]. They both had a son Sarvaga, who became the King of Kashi after the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Sarvaga's granddaughter Vapusthama married [[Janamejaya]], the great-grandson of [[Arjuna]], and bore him two sons – Shatanika and Sahashranika.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hinduism |first1=Glorious |date=1 January 2016 |title=Kasi Kingdom |url=https://glorioushinduism.com/2015/12/31/kasi-kingdom/ |website=Glorious Hinduism}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Balarama ===<br />
{{Main|Balarama}}<br />
<br />
===Banasena===<br />
He was a son of [[Karna]]. He was an excellent Mace-wielder. On the 16th day of the war, Banasena was fighting with [[Bhima]] and later killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/index.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva Index|website=Internet Sacred Text Archive}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bhadra and Madira===<br />
Bhadra and Madira were 3rd and 4th wives of [[Vasudeva]]. They were the daughters of Giribhanu/Sumukha and Padmavati/Pataladevi, and elder sisters of [[Yashoda]]. Bhadra's sons were Upanidhi, Gada and Keshi. Madira's sons were Nanda, Upananda, Kritaka and Shura. They cremated themselves with Vasudeva.<br />
<br />
=== Bhadrakali ===<br />
{{Main|Bhadrakali}}<br />
Bhadrakali is the fierce form of Devi. To destroy Daksha yajna, She appeared with Veerabhadra. She also mentioned in Shalya Parva, when she was the one of followers of [[Kartikeya]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 46 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09046.htm |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Bhagadatta ===<br />
{{Main|Bhagadatta}}<br />
<br />
===Bharadvaja===<br />
{{Main|Bharadwaja}}<br />
<br />
=== Bharata ===<br />
{{Main|Bharata (Mahabharata)}}<br />
<br />
===Bhima===<br />
{{Main|Bhima}}<br />
<br />
=== Bhima of Vidarbha ===<br />
In the Vana Parva of the epic, sage [[Markandeya]] narrated the story of [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]]. Bhima was the king of Vidarbha and the father of [[Damayanti]].<br />
<br />
=== Bhishma ===<br />
{{Main|Bhishma}}<br />
<br />
=== Bhrigu ===<br />
{{Main|Bhrigu}}<br />
<br />
===Bhurishravas===<br />
{{Main|Bhurishravas}}<br />
<br />
===Budha===<br />
{{Main|Budha}}<br />
<br />
=== Brahma ===<br />
{{Main|Brahma}}<br />
<br />
=== Brihadashva ===<br />
A sage who councels Yudhishthira during his exile, narrates ''[[Nala and Damayanti|Nalopakhyana]]'' and blesses Yudhishthira with skill in dicing.<br />
<br />
===Brihaspati===<br />
{{Main|Brihaspati}}<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
===Chandra===<br />
{{Main|Chandra}}<br />
<br />
===Chandravarma Kamboja===<br />
Chandravarma Kamboja is the first [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] king of solar race mentioned by name in the ''[[Mahābhārata]]''.<ref>Political History of Ancient India, 1953, p 150, Hemchandra Raychaudhuri, University of Calcutta.</ref><ref>''The People and Culture of Bengal, a Study in Origins: A Study in Origins'', 2002, p 564, Annapurna Chattopadhyaya.</ref><ref>Lord Mahāvīra and his times, 1974, p 213, Kailash Chand Jain.</ref><ref>Ancient Indian History, 1988, p 149, Madhavan Arjunan Pillai.</ref> He appears to have been an ancient very powerful and renowned (''vikhyaat'') ruler of the Kambojas. He finds mention in the Adiparva section of the [[Epic poetry|epic]] ''[[Mahābhārata]]'', where he is stated to be an Asura or a [[demon]]ic ruler.<ref>Epic Mythology, 1969, p 62, Edward Washburn Hopkins.</ref><ref>See epic referential link: [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mb/m01/m01068.htm].</ref><ref>Cf: ''Candravarma, the King of Kambojas, was the Asura or demon Candra, son of [[Diti]]...'' (Ref: Epic Mythology, 1915, p 62, Edward Washburn Hopkins&nbsp;– Hindu Mythology.</ref><br />
<ref>Rose, H. A.; Ibbetson, D.; Maclagan, E. D. ''A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province'', Vol II, Lahore: Government Printing, 1911, pp. 444–445. [https://archive.org/details/b2901086x_0002/page/443/mode/2up Archive.org]</ref><br />
<br />
===Chitrasena===<br />
{{main|Chitrasena (gandharva)}}<br />
<br />
===Chekitana===<br />
Chekitana was the son of [[Kekaya]] king [[Dhrishtaketu]] and Queen Shrutakirti, a [[Yadava]]. He was the leader of [[Andhaka]] sect of [[Yadavas]]. Chekitana was described to be a valorous warrior, who fought with warriors like [[Susharma]], [[Kripacharya]] and [[Dronacharya]]. He also rescued [[Nakula]] from the clutches of [[Duryodhana]]. On the 18th day, he was killed by Duryodhana.<br />
<br />
===Chitra and Chitrasena===<br />
Chitra and Chitrasena were brothers and the two kings of the Abhisara Kingdom. Both of them sided with the Kauravas in the Kurukshetra War. Chitra was killed by [[Prativindhya]] on the 16th day, whereas Chitrasena was killed by [[Shrutakarma]] on the same day.<br />
<br />
===Chitrāngada===<br />
{{main|Chitrāngada}}<br />
<br />
===Gandharva Chitrāngada===<br />
Chitrangada was a Gandharva, who was jealous of Shantanu's son [[Chitrāngada]], for sharing a name. One day, the Gandharva challenged the prince and killed him.<br />
<br />
===Chitrāngada of Kalinga===<br />
Chitrāngada was the king of the Kalinga kingdom. In the [[Shanti Parva]] of the epic, [[Narada]] narrated that Chitrangada's daughter ([[Bhanumati (Mahabharata)|Bhanumati]]) with Kaurava Duryodhana. After him, [[Srutayudha]] became the king of Kalinga as he had no son. Possibly, his wife was Chandramudra.<br />
<br />
=== Chitrāngadā ===<br />
{{Main|Chitrāngadā}}<br />
<br />
===Chitravahana===<br />
He was the king of [[Manipura (Mahabharata)|Manipura or Manalura]] and the father of [[Chitrāngadā|Chitrangadaa]]. He was also the grandfather of [[Babruvahana]].<br />
<br />
==D==<br />
<br />
=== Daksha ===<br />
{{Main|Daksha}}<br />
<br />
===Damayanti===<br />
{{Main|Damayanti}}<br />
<br />
===Dantavakra ===<br />
{{main|Dantavakra}}<br />
<br />
=== Danda and Dandadhara ===<br />
Danda and Dandadhara is the two princes of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha Kingdom]]. They fought the side of Kauravas and killed by [[Arjuna]] during Kurukshetra war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-03 |title=Danda, Daṃḍa, Daṇḍa, Daṇḍā, Damda: 56 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/danda |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-04-20 |title=Dandadhara, Daṇḍadhara, Daṇḍadhāra, Daṇḍadharā, Danda-dhara, Damdadhara: 15 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/dandadhara |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Darada ===<br />
Darada is the king of Bahlika Kingdom. Shushipala eulogized him when he was born the earth was cleaved because of his weight.<br />
<br />
===Dasharaja===<br />
Dasharaja was the fisherman chieftain of Hastinapura and the father of [[Satyavati]]. He was the one who asked Satyavati's heir to be the ruler of Hastinapura, due to which [[Bhishma]] took a vow of celibacy and a vow not to rule Hastinapura. He is a great-great-grandfather of the Pandavas and the Kauravas.<br />
<br />
=== Devaki ===<br />
{{Main|Devaki}}<br />
<br />
=== Devasena and Daityasena ===<br />
{{Main|Devasena#Mahabharata}}<br />
<br />
===Devayani===<br />
{{Main|Devayani}}<br />
<br />
===Devika===<br />
Devika was the daughter of Govasena, the king of the Sivi Kingdom of Shaivya tribe, and the second wife of [[Yudhishthira]] they got married in a self choice ceremony. They had a son called Yaudheya.<br />
<br />
=== Dhaumya ===<br />
{{main|Dhaumya}}<br />
<br />
===Dhrishtadyumna===<br />
{{main|Dhrishtadyumna}}<br />
<br />
=== Dhritrashtra ===<br />
{{Main|Dhritarashtra}}<br />
<br />
===Dhrishtaketu of Chedi===<br />
{{main|Dhrishtaketu}}<br />
<br />
===Dhrishtaketu of Kekeya===<br />
Dhrishtaketu was the ruler of [[Kekeya Kingdom|Kekeya]], and his wife was Shrutakirti, a Yadava who was the daughter of [[Shurasena]]. Many of Dhrishtaketu's sons participated in the Kurukshetra War, participating on both sides. Vrihadkshatra and Chekitana were two of his notable sons. Dhrishtaketu's daughter Bhadra was married to Krishna, who bore him many sons.<br />
<br />
=== Divodasa ===<br />
{{Main|Divodasa}}<br />
<br />
=== Draupadi ===<br />
{{Main|Draupadi}}<br />
<br />
=== Drona ===<br />
{{Main|Drona}}<br />
<br />
=== Drupada ===<br />
{{Main|Drupada}}<br />
<br />
=== Durmasena ===<br />
Durmasena was the son of [[Dushasana]]. He helped his father many times in the Kurukshetra war. He was also present inside the Chakra Vyuha on the thirteenth day of the war. He was deprived of his chariot by Abhimanyu and saved by Ashwatthama by cutting Abhimanyu's arrow in mid air. After that, Durmasena killed brutally injured [[Abhimanyu]] in a mace duel. On 14th day, Durmasena was brutally killed by Draupadi's sons, the [[Draupadeyas]], in revenge for Abhimanyu.<br />
<br />
=== Duryodhana ===<br />
{{Main|Duryodhana}}<br />
<br />
=== Durga ===<br />
<br />
{{Main|Durga}}<br />
Goddess Durga is also mentioned in the Mahabharata. In [[Virata Parva]] and Bhishma Parva of the epic, she was eulogized by [[Yudhishthira]] and [[Arjuna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Pandava-Pravesa Parva: Section VI |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04006.htm |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XXIII |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06023.htm |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Dushala===<br />
{{Main|Dushala}}<br />
<br />
=== Dushasana ===<br />
{{Main|Dushasana}}<br />
<br />
=== Dushyanta ===<br />
{{Main|Dushyanta}}<br />
<br />
==E==<br />
===Ekalavya===<br />
{{Main|Ekalavya}}<br />
<br />
==G==<br />
=== Gandhari ===<br />
{{Main|Gandhari (Mahabharata)}}<br />
<br />
==== Gandhari's maid ====<br />
The chief maid of Gandhari was the mother of [[Yuyutsu]]. When Gandhari was pregnant for more than nine months, Dhritrashtra, in fear that there would be no heir, impregnated the maid. Later Gandhari gave birth to the 100 Kauravas and Sughada gave birth to Yuyutsu.<br />
<br />
=== Ganga ===<br />
{{Main|Ganga in Hinduism}}<br />
<br />
=== Ghatotkacha ===<br />
{{Main|Ghatotkacha}}<br />
<br />
===Ghritachi===<br />
{{Main|Ghritachi}}<br />
<br />
==H==<br />
===Hanuman===<br />
{{Main|Hanuman}}<br />
Unlike [[Ramayana]], Hanuman does not have a large role in ''Mahabharata''. He appears during the exile of Pandavas. In the story, [[Bhima]], Hanuman's celestial brother, performed a penance to gain more strength. Hanuman wanted to test Bhima and appeared as a normal monkey in front of him. The monkey asked Bhima to lift his tail if he believed in his strength. But, Bhima was not able to lift the tail. Later, he realised who the monkey was and apologized.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Bheema and Hanuman|last=Chandrakant|first=Kamala|publisher=Amar Chitra Katha|year=1980|location=India|pages=1–32}}</ref> Hanuman taught battle-skills to Bheema for some time.<br />
<br />
=== Haryyashva ===<br />
A king of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], contemporary to [[Yayati]], and one of the husbands of [[Madhavi (princess)|Madhavi]] with whom he had a son named Vasumanas.<br />
<br />
=== Hayagriva ===<br />
{{Main|Hayagriva}}<br />
Hayagriva was a horse headed avatar of Vishnu. He incarnated to slay the demons named Madhu and Kaitabha and brings the Vedas to Brahma.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=Hayagriva in Mahabharata, Book 12 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12c047.htm |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hidimb/ Hidimba===<br />
{{Main|Hidimb}}<br />
<br />
=== Hidimbi/ Hidimbā ===<br />
{{Main|Hidimbi}}<br />
<br />
==I==<br />
===Ila===<br />
{{Main|Ila (Hinduism)}}<br />
<br />
===Indra===<br />
{{Main|Indra}}<br />
In the epic, Indra appears numerous times. He is son of [[Kashyapa]] and [[Aditi]]. He is the spiritual father of [[Arjuna]]. He was the reason for the separation of [[Urvashi]] and [[Pururavas]]. During his temporary absence, [[Nahusha]] took his place as the king. He is called by [[Kunti]] after [[Yama|Dharmaraj]] and Vayu. Later in the epic, he is shown protecting Takshaka's forest from Arjuna. The [[Pandava]]s named their capital, [[Indraprastha]], after him. During the exile of Pandavas, Arjuna came to meet him. During the Kurukshetra war, he took the indestructible armor and earrings from [[Karna]] and gave him a powerful weapon. These were some of his appearances in the epic.<br />
<br />
===Iravan===<br />
{{main|Iravan}}<br />
<br />
==J==<br />
<br />
===Janamejaya===<br />
{{Main|Janamejaya}}<br />
<br />
===Janapadi===<br />
Janapadi is an [[Apsara]], who once roamed in the forests. One day, upon seeing her, Shardavan, son of [[Gautama Maharishi]] discharged his seed. From his seed, [[Kripa]] and [[Kripi]] were born.<br />
<br />
===Jara===<br />
Jara was a demoness. When King Brihadratha's queen threw away their half-born child, Jara joined the two halves. The child was named '''Jarasandha'''.<br />
<br />
=== Jarasandha ===<br />
{{Main|Jarasandha}}<br />
<br />
=== Jaratkaru ===<br />
{{Main|Jaratkaru}}<br />
<br />
=== Jatasura ===<br />
According to the Vana Parva of Mahabharata, Jatasura was a demon. He attacked the Pandavas in there exile. Then Bhima killed him.<br />
<br />
=== Jayadratha ===<br />
{{Main|Jayadratha}}<br />
<br />
=== Jayatsena ===<br />
{{Main|Jayatsena}}<br />
<br />
==K==<br />
<br />
=== Kadru ===<br />
{{Main|Kadru}}<br />
<br />
=== Kalaratri ===<br />
{{Main|Kalaratri}}<br />
Kalaratri is the seventh among the Navadurgas. She is stated in Sauptika Parva. When she appears to the [[Pandava]] soldiers in dreams, she appears amidst the fighting during an attack by [[Drona]]'s son [[Ashwatthama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 8 |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10008.htm |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Internet Sacred Text Archive}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Kalki ===<br />
{{Main|Kalki}}<br />
Kalki is the final incarnation of the preserver deity, [[Vishnu]]. He is stated in [[Vana Parva]] of the epic, to incarnate at the end of the [[Kali Yuga]] and protect dharma, by destroying the sinners and [[Mleccha]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXXXIX |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03189.htm |website=sacred-texts.com |access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXL |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03190.htm |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Kacha ===<br />
{{Main|Kacha (sage)}}<br />
<br />
=== Kamsa ===<br />
{{Main|Kamsa}}<br />
<br />
=== Kanika ===<br />
Kanika was a sage of [[Hastinapur]]. He acted as a counselor to [[Dhritarashtra]]. When [[Yudhisthira]] was announced the crown prince, Dhritarashtra became sad for his sons were deceived. And at this time Kanika was summoned to counsel the king, who advised Dhritarashtra not to resort to fight but remove his foes secretly. Unethical methods may also be adopted for killing a foe, was his advice. Then he narrated a story of a jackal, who deceived his companions (tiger, mongoose, wolf, and mouse) by tricking them. Influenced by his counsels Dhritarashtra exiled the Pandavas to Varanavata and constructed the house of lac.<ref>Pratap Chandra Roy Mahabharata, Sambhava Parva and Jatugriha Parva, Pages 335–338</ref><br />
<br />
===Karenumati===<br />
Karenumati was the daughter of king of [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]], either [[Shishupala]] or his son [[Dhrishtaketu]]. She was the wife of [[Pandava]] [[Nakula]].<br />
<br />
=== Karna ===<br />
{{Main|Karna}}<br />
<br />
==== Karna's adoptive brothers ====<br />
[[Adhiratha]] and [[Radha (Mahabharata)|Radha]], the adoptive parents of [[Karna]], had some biological children. Karna's adoptive brothers were killed during the [[Kurukshetra War]].<ref name="KarnaFam">{{Cite book|last=McGrath|first=Kevin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC|title=The Sanskrit Hero: Karṇa in Epic Mahābhārata|date=2004-01-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-13729-5|page=135|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Karna's unnamed wives ====<br />
{{Main|Wives of Karna}}<br />
In the original ''[[Mahabharata]]'', there are some mentions of Karna's wives. Their names are not revealed, but it is described that they belonged to Suta (charioteer) community.<ref name = "KarnaFam" /><br />
<br />
==== Sons of Karna ====<br />
Karna's sons were [[Vrishasena]], [[Vrishaketu]], [[Banasena]], Chitrasena, Satyasena, Sushena, Shatrunjaya, Dvipata, and Prasena. All except for Vrishaketu were killed in the war.<br />
<br />
===Kauravas===<br />
{{Main|Kaurava}}<br />
The names of the 100 Kauravas are:<br />
{{Hlist|[[Duryodhana]]|[[Dushasana]]|Duhsaha|Duhshal|Durmukha|Vivinsati|[[Vikarna]]|Jalasandha|Sulochna|Vinda|Anuvinda|Durdharsha|Suvahu|Dushpradharshana|Durmarshana|Dushkarna|Karna|Chitra|Vipachitra|Chitraksha|Charuchitra|Angada|Durmada|Dushpradharsha|Vivitsu|Vikata|Sama|Urananabha|Padmanabha|Nanda|Upanandaka|Sanapati|Sushena|Kundodara|Mahodara|Chitravahu|Chitravarman|Suvarman|Durvirochana|Ayovahu|Mahavahu|Chitrachapa|Sukundala|Bhimavega|Bhimavala|Valaki|Bhimavikrama|Ugrayudha|Bhimaeara|Kanakayu|Dridhayudha|Dridhavarman|Dridhakshatra|Somakirti|Anadara|Jarasandha|Dridhasandha|Satyasandha|Sahasravaeh|Ugrasravas|Ugrasena|Kshemamurti|Aprajita|Panditaka|Visalaksha|Duradhara|Dridhahasta|Suhasta|Vatavega|Suvarchasa|Adityaketu|Vahvasin|Nagadatta|Anuyaina|Nishangi|Kuvachi|Dandi|Dandadhara|Dhanugraha|Ugra|Bhimaratha|Vira|Viravahu|Alolupa|Abhaya|Raudrakarman|Dridharatha|Anadhrishya|Kundaveda|Viravi|Dhirghalochana|Dirghavahu| Mahavahu|Vyudhoru|Kanakangana|Kundaja|Chitraka}}<br />
<br />
===Kauravya===<br />
He was the father of [[Ulupi]] and grandfather of [[Iravan]].<br />
<br />
=== Kichaka ===<br />
{{main|Kichaka}}<br />
<br />
===Kirmira===<br />
{{Main|Kirmira}}<br />
<br />
=== Kratha ===<br />
Kratha is the Kshatriya king and the reincarnation of [[Rahu]]. He fought the side of Kauravas and killed by a Kulinda king during Kurukshetra war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-10-16 |title=Kratha, Krātha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kratha |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Kripa ===<br />
{{Main|Kripa}}<br />
<br />
===Kripi===<br />
Kripi was the sister of [[Kripa]]. She and her brother were adopted by the ''Rajguru'' of King [[Shantanu]]. Her actual parents were Saradvan and Janapadi. She married [[Drona]]charya, who was poor at that time. When they wanted a powerful son, they prayed to Shiva, and a son named [[Ashwathama]] was born.<br />
<br />
=== Krishna ===<br />
{{Main|Krishna|Krishna in the Mahabharata}}<br />
<br />
=== Kritavarma ===<br />
{{Main|Kritavarma}}<br />
<br />
===Kunti-Bhoja===<br />
In Mahabharata, '''Kunti-Bhoja''' (or '''Kuntibhoja''') was the cousin of [[Shurasena]] and adoptive father of [[Kunti]]. He was the ruler of the [[Kunti Kingdom]]. Kunti was a daughter of King [[Shurasena]] but was later given to Kuntibhoja since he was devoid of children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mythfolklore.net/india/encyclopedia/kunti.htm|title=Kunti|website=www.mythfolklore.net}}</ref> Kuntibhoja raised her as his own daughter and loved her.<ref>'' First Book Adi Parva Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa and Kisari Mohan Ganguli'' by Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa. Page 272.</ref> She was very beautiful and intelligent and later married [[Pandu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXII|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01113.htm|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Internet Sacred Text Archive}}</ref> When Kunti was a young girl, the sage [[Durvasa]] visited Kuntibhoja one day and sought his hospitality. The king entrusted the sage to Kunti's care and tasked Kunti with the responsibility of serving the sage and meeting all his needs during his stay with them.<ref name="The Mahabharata, Vana Parva, Chapter 301">{{cite web | url= http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03301.htm | title= The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Vana Parva, Section CCCI}}</ref> Eventually, the sage was gratified. Before departing, he rewarded Kunti by teaching her ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' [[mantra]]s which enabled her to invoke any [[god]] of her choice to beget children by them.<ref name="The Mahabharata, Adi Parva, Chapter 111">{{cite web | url= http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01112.htm | title= The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Adi Parva, Section CXI}}</ref> His son Visharada succeeded him who was killed by [[Duryodhana]] on the eighth day.<br />
<br />
=== Kunti ===<br />
{{Main|Kunti}}<br />
<br />
===Kuru===<br />
Kuru is the name of the ancestor of the clan of the Kurus in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He was the son of [[Samvarana]] and of [[Tapati]], the daughter of the Sun.<ref>Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford, 1899), p. 294.1</ref><br />
<br />
In the literature, Kuru is an ancestor of [[Pandu]] and his descendants, the [[Pandava]]s, and also of [[Dhritarashtra]] and his descendants, the [[Kaurava]]s. This latter name derived as a [[patronym]] from "Kuru", is only used for the descendants of Dhritarashtra.<ref>Monier Williams (1899), S. 294.1</ref><br />
<br />
King Kuru had two wives named Shubhangi and Vahini. He had a son named Viduratha with Shubhangi, and five sons with Vahini, named Ashvavat, Abhishyat, Citraratha, Muni, and Janamejaya.<ref>Mbhr. 1.89.44 and 1.90.40 (Pune Critical Edition 1971)</ref><ref>J.A.B. van Buitenen, ''Mahabharata'' Book 1, Chicago 1973, pp. 212–214</ref> Due to his merits and great ascetic practices the region "Kurujangal" was named after him. It has also been known as [[Kurukshetra]] since ancient Vedic times.<ref>M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao, ''Bharatavarshiya Prachin Charitrakosha'' (Dictionary of Ancient Indian Biography, in Hindi) Pune 1964, p. 151</ref><br />
<br />
==L==<br />
===Lakshmana Kumara===<br />
{{Main|Lakshmana (Mahabharata)}}<br />
<br />
=== Lomasha ===<br />
{{Main|Lomasha}}<br />
<br />
=== Lopamudra ===<br />
{{Main|Lopamudra}}<br />
<br />
==M==<br />
===Madhavi===<br />
{{Main|Madhavi (princess)}}<br />
<br />
===Madri===<br />
{{Main|Madri}}<br />
<br />
===Manasa===<br />
{{Main|Manasa}}<br />
=== Manimat ===<br />
Manimat or Maniman is the king who was the rebirth of Vritra, the son of Danayu. He fought the side of Pandavas and killed by [[Bhurishravas]] in the Kurukshetra war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-01-21 |title=Maniman, Maṇimān, Maṇiman: 4 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/maniman |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Markandeya===<br />
{{Main|Markandeya}}<br />
===Menaka===<br />
{{Main|Menaka}}<br />
<br />
=== Muchukunda ===<br />
{{Main|Muchukunda}}<br />
<br />
==N==<br />
===Nala===<br />
{{Main|Nala}}<br />
<br />
===Nahusha===<br />
{{Main|Nahusha}}<br />
<br />
=== Nakula ===<br />
{{Main|Nakula}}<br />
<br />
===Nanda===<br />
{{Main|Nand Baba}}<br />
<br />
=== Nara-Narayana ===<br />
{{Main|Nara Narayan}}<br />
<br />
=== Narada ===<br />
{{Main|Narada}}<br />
<br />
=== Narakasura ===<br />
{{Main|Narakasura}}<br />
<br />
===Niramitra===<br />
Niramitra was the son of [[Nakula]] and his wife [[Karenumati]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01096.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section XCV|date=16 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116130453/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01096.htm|archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Rengarajan1999">{{cite book|author=T. Rengarajan|title=Glossary of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbcoAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-204-1348-1|page=229}}</ref><br />
<br />
==P==<br />
===Padmavati===<br />
Padmavati, mentioned in ''[[Shalya Parva]]'' of the epic, is one of the followers of Kartikeya.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
=== Parashara ===<br />
{{Main|Parashara}}<br />
<br />
=== Parashuram ===<br />
{{Main|Parashuram}}<br />
<br />
=== Parikshit ===<br />
{{Main|Parikshit}}<br />
<br />
=== Pandu ===<br />
{{Main|Pandu}}<br />
<br />
=== Pandya ===<br />
He is the king of [[Pandya kingdom (Mahabharata)|Pandya Kingdom]]. He came to help the [[Pandava]]s with an army and also an maharathi on the side of Pandavas.<br />
<br />
=== Paurava ===<br />
Paurava is a king and the rebirth of Asura Sarabha. He fought the side of [[Kaurava]]s and was killed by Arjuna during Kurukshetra war.<br />
<br />
=== Prabha ===<br />
Prabha, sometimes called Indumati, was the daughter of Asura [[Svarbhanu]], who later became [[Rahu]] and [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]]. She married [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Ayu|Ayu]], son of [[Pururavas]] of [[lunar dynasty]], and had a son named [[Nahusha]].<br />
<br />
=== Pradyumna ===<br />
{{Main|Pradyumna}}<br />
<br />
===Pratipa===<br />
{{Main|Pratipa}}<br />
<br />
===Prativindhya===<br />
Prativindhya was the son of [[Yudhisthir|Yudhishthira]] and [[Draupadi]]. He was the eldest brother among [[Draupadeyas]].<br />
<br />
===Prishati===<br />
Prishati (lit. daughter-in-law of Prishata) is the chief-queen of King [[Drupada]] and the mother of [[Shikhandini]], [[Dhrishtadhyumna]] and [[Draupadi]]. After Drupada performed a [[yajna]] (fire-sacrifice) to obtain a powerful son, she was asked by the sages to consume the sacrificial offering to conceive a child. However, Prishati had perfumed saffron in her mouth and requested the sages to wait till she had a bath and washed her mouth. The sages criticised her untimely request and poured the offering into the flames of the yajna, from which Dhrishtadhyumna and Draupadi emerged. Overwhelmed by their arrival, Prishati requested the sages to declare her as the mother of Dhrishtadyumna and Draupadi.<ref name="C169">{{cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Chaitraratha Parva: Section CLXIX|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01170.htm|access-date=2021-06-03|website=Internet Sacred Text Archive}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Purochana===<br />
Purochana was the builder of the [[Lakshagraha]]. However, he, along with his wife and her sons, perished in the fire. He was the royal chief architect in Hastinapura. He was a friend of Shakuni and Duryodhana. Purochana built the Lakshagraha palace and burnt it. He was killed by Bhima in the Lakshagraha palace. Purochana had a wife and many sons. In his last life, Purochana had been Prahasta, Ravana's uncle and commander-in-chief of his army. Shakuni and Duryodhana made another plan to kill the Pandavas. Shakuni told Purochana to build a really beautiful palace in Varnavrata out of only materials that can catch and spread fire easily. Purochana quickly did as Shakuni had said. Purochana called the palace Lakshagraha. It was made out of materials such as wax and twigs.<br />
After some time, Shakuni convinced the Pandavas and Kunti to visit Lakshagraha. Purochana and his wife welcomed the Pandavas and Kunti grandly. After 10 days, during the night, Purochana set fire on the palace. The Pandavas woke up and realized that this had been another one of Duryodhana and Shakuni's evil schemes. Bhima got really mad. While Purochana and his sons and wife were trying to escape, Bhima killed all of them. The Pandavas barely managed to escape the fire. According to other myths, Vidura foresaw the scheme and warned the Pandavas, who set fire to it themselves killing Purochana and his kin.<br />
<br />
===Pururavas===<br />
{{Main|Pururavas}}<br />
<br />
==R==<br />
===Radha===<br />
Radha was the [[fosterage|foster]] mother of [[Karna]], one of the central characters in the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''. She was the wife of [[Adhiratha]], the charioteer of [[Bhishma]]. Radha also bore a son named [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Shon|Shon]]. The young [[Kunti]] used a ''[[mantra]]'' to beget a son from the Sun god [[Surya]]. Afraid of the taint of being an unwed mother, she placed the baby in a basket and set him afloat a river. The child later known as Karna was found and adopted by Radha and Adiratha, who raised Karna as their own. Karna is known by the matronymic ''Radheya''. Karna, once he knows from Krishna and Kunti about his birth secret, having done so much harm to his brothers Pandavas, was in no position to abandon Duryodhana.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kotru|first1=Umesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBMfCAAAQBAJ&q=%22Radha%22+Mahabharata+-wikipedia&pg=PT46|title=Karna The Unsung Hero of the Mahabharata|last2=Zutshi|first2=Ashutosh|date=2015-03-01|publisher=One Point Six Technology Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5201-304-3|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===''Ramopakhyana'' characters===<br />
The ''Mahabharata'' also contains an abridged retelling of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', known as ''[[Ramopakhyana]]''. Therefore, [[Rama]], [[Sita]], [[Lakshmana]], [[Ravana]] and other [[List of characters in Ramayana|characters of the ''Ramayana'']] also appear in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<br />
<br />
===Revati===<br />
{{Main|Revati}}<br />
<br />
===Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)===<br />
{{Main|Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)}}<br />
<br />
=== Rochamana ===<br />
Rochamana was Kshatriya king of Aswamedha kingdom. He was a warrior on the side of [[Pandava]]s and killed by Karna in the Kurukshetra war.<br />
<br />
===Rukmi===<br />
{{Main|Rukmi}}<br />
<br />
===Rukmini===<br />
{{Main|Rukmini}}<br />
<br />
=== Ruru ===<br />
Ruru was a rishi (sage) of the epic ''Mahabharata''. He was the son of Pramati and Ghritachi, the celestial dancer and a descendant of Bhrigu. Ruru married Pramadvara, foster-daughter of sage Sthulakesha. He was the father of Sunaka.<br />
<br />
==S==<br />
=== Sahadeva ===<br />
{{Main|Sahadeva}}<br />
<br />
===Sahadeva of Magadha===<br />
{{Main|Sahadeva of Magadha}}<br />
<br />
=== Sakradeva ===<br />
He was son of King [[Srutayudha]] and Queen Sakrayani of [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]]. He was the [[yuvaraja]] (crown prince) of Kalinga. He was killed by [[Bhima]] on the second day of war along with many soldiers, and two generals, Satya and Satyadeva.<br />
<br />
=== Samba ===<br />
{{Main|Samba (Krishna's son)}}<br />
<br />
=== Samudrasena ===<br />
Samudrasena is a king. Once, Bhima defeated Samudrasena and his son, Chandrasena, during his war of conquest. In the Kurukshetra War, he fought on the side of the Pandavas and was killed by the Kaurava army.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-11-13 |title=Samudrasena: 6 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/samudrasena |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Shamika ===<br />
Shamika is a sage featured in the epic. One day, while hunting, Parikshit had wounded a deer, but lost it in the woods. Searching for it, fatigued, he asked the meditating Shamika about the deer. The sage did not answer as he was observing the vow of silence. This angered the king, who placed a dead snake on Shamika's shoulder. Sringin, the son of Shamika, enraged by this act, cursed Parikshit to be killed by [[Takshaka]] (snake) within seven days.<br />
<br />
=== Shiva ===<br />
{{Main|Shiva}}<br />
<br />
===Shri===<br />
{{See also|Lakshmi|Draupadi#Goddess Shri}}<br />
===Samvarana===<br />
{{Main|Samvarana}}<br />
<br />
=== Sanjaya ===<br />
{{Main|Sanjaya}}<br />
<br />
=== Sarama ===<br />
{{Main|Sarama}}<br />
<br />
=== Sarasvati ===<br />
{{Main|Saraswati#Mahabharata}}<br />
<br />
===Satyabhama===<br />
{{Main|Satyabhama}}<br />
<br />
=== Satyajit ===<br />
Satyajit was one of the ten sons of King [[Drupada]] of Panchala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buitenen |first=J. A. B. van |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mahabharata_Volume_3/wFtXBGNn0aUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cekitana&pg=PA322&printsec=frontcover |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 3: Book 4: The Book of the Virata; Book 5: The Book of the Effort |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-84665-1 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== Satyaki ===<br />
{{Main|Satyaki}}<br />
<br />
=== Satyavati ===<br />
{{Main|Satyavati}}<br />
<br />
=== Savitri (goddess) ===<br />
Savitri is the consort of Brahma, who blesses King Ashvapati with a [[Savitri and Satyavan|daughter]] named in the goddess's honour.<br />
<br />
=== Savitri and Satyavan ===<br />
{{Main|Savitri and Satyavan}}<br />
<br />
=== Senavindu ===<br />
Senavindu, also called as Senabindu, is a king and the rebirth of the asura Tuhunda. Arjuna twice defeated this king during his ''digvijaya''. He is stated by Drupada as one of the kings who could be summoned to the cause of the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War. He was killed by the Kauravas in the war.<br />
<br />
=== Shachi ===<br />
{{Main|Indrani}}<br />
<br />
=== Shakuni ===<br />
{{Main|Shakuni}}<br />
<br />
=== Shakuntala ===<br />
{{Main|Shakuntala}}<br />
<br />
===Shalva===<br />
Shalva was the king of the [[Salwa Kingdom|Shalva]] kingdom. He and [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]], the princess of Kashi, fell in love, and Amba decided to choose him during her svayamvara. However, [[Bhishma]] won the princesses for his brother Vichitravirya. When Amba told Bhishma about her love, he sent her with honour to Shalva. But Shalva rejected her and told her that he would not be able marry her as she had been won by Bhishma.<br />
<br />
=== Shalya ===<br />
{{Main|Shalya}}<br />
<br />
==== Sons of Shalya ====<br />
[[Shalya]]'s three sons were Madranjaya, Rukmanagada, and Rukmanaratha. Madranjaya was the eldest than other two with a gap of 10 years. Rukmanagada and Rukmanaratha were twins. Madranjaya was killed on 2nd day of war by [[Virata]] and other two were killed by [[Abhimanyu]] inside the chakravyuha on 13th day.<br />
<br />
===Shankha===<br />
Shankha was third son of King [[Virata]]. He was killed by [[Bhishma]] on the very first day of the war.<br />
<br />
=== Shantanu ===<br />
{{Main|Shantanu}}<br />
<br />
===Sharmishtha===<br />
{{Main|Sharmishtha}}<br />
<br />
===Shatanika===<br />
Shatanika was the son of [[Nakula]] and [[Draupadi]]. He was the third brother among the [[Draupadeyas]].<br />
<br />
=== Shaunaka ===<br />
Shaunaka headed the sages during their conclave at his twelve-year sacrifice, where [[Ugrashravas]] Sauti recited the ''Mahabharata''.<br />
<br />
=== Shikhandi ===<br />
{{Main|Shikhandi}}<br />
<br />
=== Shishupala ===<br />
{{Main|Shishupala}}<br />
<br />
==== Sons of Shishupala ====<br />
The four sons of [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] King [[Shishupala]] were Dhrishtaketu, Mahipala, Suketu, Sarabha. They had a sister named [[Karenumati]] who was younger than Dhrishtaketu but elder than other three. Dhrishtaketu succeeded the throne of Chedi after Shishupala's death. Dhrishtaketu was killed by Drona on 6th day of war and other three were killed by Shakuni's son Vrikasura.<br />
<br />
===Shrutakarma===<br />
Shrutakarma was the son of [[Arjuna]] and [[Draupadi]]. He was the youngest brother among the [[Draupadeyas]].<br />
<br />
===Shrutasena===<br />
Shrutasena was the son of [[Sahadeva]] and [[Draupadi]]. He was the fourth brother among [[Draupadeyas]].<br />
<br />
=== Shrutayudha ===<br />
{{Main|Shrutayudha}}<br />
===Shukra===<br />
{{main|Shukra}}<br />
Shukra is the son of sage [[Bhrigu]] and his wife [[Kavyamata]]. After the devas killed his mother (who was later revived), Shukra developed a deep hatred towards the devas and became the guru of the asuras. He had a daughter named [[Devayani]], who was married to the king [[Yayati]]. But Yayati had an affair with Devayani's maid, [[Sharmishtha]]. This led Shukra to curse Yayati to lose his youth.<br />
<br />
===Shveta===<br />
He was the second son of [[Virata]], also called Shvetavarman. He was killed on the first day of the war by [[Bhishma]].<br />
<br />
===Shvetaki===<br />
Shvetaki was a king who performed numerous yajnas. He is the reason of the destruction of the Khandava forest (Khandava Dahana).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Khandava-daha Parva: Section CCXXV (Story of Shvetaki) |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01226.htm |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Shreniman===<br />
Shreniman was a king. He ruled the Kumaradesa. [[Nakula]] defeated him during his digvijaya. In the Kurukshetra War, he fought on the side of the Pandavas and was killed by Drona.<br />
<br />
===Subala===<br />
Subala was the father of [[Shakuni]] and [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]]. He was the King of Gandhara and he was the husband of Sudharma.<br />
<br />
===Subhadra===<br />
{{main|Subhadra}}<br />
<br />
===Sudakshina===<br />
{{Main|Sudakshina}}<br />
<br />
===Sudeshna===<br />
{{Main|Sudeshna}}<br />
<br />
=== Sunaka ===<br />
Sunaka was the son of Sage Ruru and Pramadvara. This royal sage was a member of Yudhishthira's assembly. He received a sword from King Harivamsha and presented it to the king Ushinara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Apaddharmanusasana Parva: Section CLXVI |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12a165.htm |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Pauloma Parva: Section VII |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01008.htm |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Surya===<br />
{{Main|Surya}}<br />
Surya, the Sun god, was the first god called by [[Kunti]] using the mantra given by the sage [[Durvasa]] to obtain a child. She did it out of curiosity and gave birth to [[Karna]], who was born with indestructible armour and earrings. During that time, as she was not married, she had to abandon the child. Later in the epic, Surya gave the [[Akshaya Patra]] to [[Yudhishthira]].<br />
<br />
===Susharma===<br />
Susharma was the king of the Trigarta Kingdom. He supported the Kauravas in the war. He was a friend of Duryodhana. He was killed by Arjuna on the fourteenth day of the war.<br />
<br />
===Sutasoma===<br />
Sutasoma was the son of Bhima and Draupadi. He was the second brother among the Draupadeyas.<br />
<br />
===Svaha===<br />
{{main|Svaha}}<br />
<br />
== T ==<br />
<br />
=== Takshaka ===<br />
{{Main|Takshaka}}<br />
<br />
===Tapati===<br />
{{Main|Tapati}}<br />
<br />
=== Tilottama ===<br />
{{Main|Tilottama}}<br />
<br />
===Tara===<br />
{{Main|Taraka (goddess)}}<br />
<br />
==U==<br />
<br />
===Ugrasena===<br />
{{main|Ugrasena}}<br />
<br />
===Ugrashravas Sauti===<br />
{{Main|Ugrashravas}}<br />
<br />
=== Uluka ===<br />
{{Main|Uluka}}<br />
<br />
=== Ulupi ===<br />
{{Main|Ulupi}}<br />
<br />
=== Uma ===<br />
{{Main|Uma (goddess)}}<br />
<br />
=== Uparichara Vasu ===<br />
{{Main|Uparichara Vasu}}<br />
<br />
===Urvashi===<br />
{{Main|Urvashi}}<br />
<br />
=== Ushinara ===<br />
A king of [[Bhoja tribe|Bhojas]], contemporary to [[Yayati]], and one of the husbands of [[Madhavi (princess)|Madhavi]] with whom he had a son named [[Shibi (king)|Shibi]]<br />
<br />
===Uttamaujas===<br />
{{main|Uttamaujas}}<br />
<br />
===Uttanka===<br />
{{Main|Uttanka}}<br />
<br />
=== Uttara ===<br />
{{Main|Uttara (Mahabharata)}}<br />
<br />
=== Uttarā ===<br />
{{Main|Uttarā (Mahabharata)}}<br />
<br />
== V ==<br />
=== Vajra ===<br />
He was the son of [[Aniruddha]]. Vajra was crowned as the King of [[Indraprastha]] on the request of Krishna by the [[Pandava]]s after the [[Mausala Parva|Yadava fratricide]] just before the [[Mahaprasthanika Parva|Pandavas' journey to Mount Sumeru]].<br />
<br />
=== Vapusthama ===<br />
Vapusthama was the princess of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kashi, present day Benaras]], the daughter of Subarnavarma, the granddaughter of King Sarvaga and great-granddaughter of [[Bhima]], the second [[Pandava]]. Vapusthama was married to [[Arjuna]]'s great-grandson [[Janamejaya]], and bore him two sons – Shatanika and Sankukarna.<br />
<br />
=== Varaha ===<br />
{{Main|Varaha}}<br />
Varaha is the boar-incarnation, stated in [[Vana Parva]] of the epic, when he rescued Bhumi during the [[Pralaya|Mahapralaya]] (great-flood).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CXLI |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03141.htm |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Varuna ===<br />
{{Main|Varuna#Mahabharata}}<br />
<br />
=== Vasishtha ===<br />
{{Main|Vasishtha}}<br />
<br />
=== Vasudeva ===<br />
{{Main|Vasudeva}}<br />
<br />
=== Vayu ===<br />
{{Main|Vayu}}<br />
Vayu deva is the god of wind. He is son of Aditi and Kashyapa. In the epic, he is the spiritual father of [[Hanuman]] and the Pandava, [[Bhima]]. He was the second god called by [[Kunti]] after her marriage using a mantra as her husband could not conceive due to a curse.<br />
<br />
=== Virabhadra ===<br />
{{Main|Virabhadra}}<br />
Veerabhadra was the fierce god who incarnated from Shiva to destroy Daksha's yajna. He is also stated in Shanti Parva of the epic Mahabharata.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Mokshadharma Parva: Section CCLXXXIV |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b111.htm |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Internet Sacred Text Archive}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Vichitravirya ===<br />
{{Main|Vichitravirya}}<br />
<br />
=== Vidura ===<br />
{{Main|Vidura}}<br />
<br />
==== Vidura's wife ====<br />
The wife of [[Vidura]], the half-brother of King [[Dhritarashtra]] and the Prime Minister of [[Hastinapur]]. She was also a chaste woman of supreme order. She too had a high degree of devotion and abdication. When [[Lord Krishna|Krishna]] visited [[Hastinapur]] as an emissary of [[Pandavas]], he had not accepted [[Duryodhana|Duryodhana's]] request to stay in his palace but instead he chose to stay at [[Vidura|Vidura's]] home and accepted a simple meal there. She is named Sulabha in later versions of the Mahabharata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vaidya|first=Sahna|date=2018-03-10|title=My Beloved Lord Krishna: The man 'with and behind' every strong woman.|url=http://pravaahwellness.com/index.php/2018/03/10/my-beloved-lord-krishna-the-man-with-and-behind-every-strong-woman-a-true-and-first-feminist-of-history/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Pravaah Wellness|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124071851/http://pravaahwellness.com/index.php/2018/03/10/my-beloved-lord-krishna-the-man-with-and-behind-every-strong-woman-a-true-and-first-feminist-of-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Shun self|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/shun-self/article5620543.ece|access-date=2021-01-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Mahabharata Characters 19 – Vidura 01 – A true friend, affectionate but not attached {{!}} The Spiritual Scientist|url=https://www.thespiritualscientist.com/2014/06/mahabharata-characters-19-vidura-01-a-true-friend-affectionate-but-not-attached/|access-date=2021-01-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Sulabha was a great devotee of [[Krishna]]. One day he came to her home for a surprise meal. She was enchanted by his glowing face. In absence of her husband, she offered him peels of banana instead of the fruit. And he ate them respecting her [[bhakti]] note.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Vijayā ===<br />
In the [[Hindu]] epic ''[[Mahabharat]]'', Vijaya was the daughter of king<br />
Dyutimata of Madra (Bahalika) and wife of [[Sahadeva]]. They got married in a [[swayamvara|self choice ceremony]]. Vijaya was [[Nakula]]'s maternal uncle's daughter. They had a son [[Suhotra]].<ref name="auto" /> After the Kurukshetra War, Vijaya lived in Madra.<br />
<br />
=== Vikarna ===<br />
{{Main|Vikarna}}<br />
<br />
=== Vinata ===<br />
{{Main|Vinata}}<br />
<br />
=== Vinda and Anuvinda ===<br />
{{Main|Vinda and Anuvinda of Avanti}}<br />
<br />
=== Virata ===<br />
{{Main|Virata}}<br />
<br />
=== Virini ===<br />
{{Main|Asikni (goddess)}}<br />
<br />
=== Vishnu ===<br />
{{Main|Vishnu}}<br />
<br />
=== Vishoka ===<br />
Vishoka was the charioteer of Pandava Bhima during the Kurukshetra War.<br />
<br />
=== Vishvamitra ===<br />
{{Main|Vishvamitra}}<br />
<br />
=== Vrihanta ===<br />
{{Main|Vrihanta}}<br />
<br />
===Vridhakshtra===<br />
He was former king of [[Sindhu]] Kingdom. He was father of [[Jayadratha]] and Vijayadratha. He later became a rishi. When [[Arjuna]] beheaded his son Jayadratha, his head came on his lap while he was doing tapa and when he stood up and Jayadratha's head blasted, killing Vridhakshtra.<br />
<br />
=== Vrishaketu ===<br />
{{Main|Vrishaketu}}<br />
<br />
=== Vrishasena ===<br />
{{Main|Vrishasena}}<br />
<br />
=== Vyasa ===<br />
{{Main|Vyasa}}<br />
<br />
==Y==<br />
===Yama===<br />
{{Main|Yama (Hinduism)}}<br />
In the epic, the death god [[Yama]]{{mdash}}often identified with the god Dharma{{mdash}}is the spiritual father of [[Yudhishthira]]. He was the first god invoked by [[Kunti]] after her marriage using a mantra as her [[Pandu|husband]] could not conceive. Yama also appeared in the tale of [[Savitri and Satyavan]]. In the story, he tried to take Satyavan's soul during his predestined time of death, but Savitri was able to persuade the deity to let her husband live. Dharma, later in the epic, appears testing Yudhishthira by taking form of a yaksha. When the Pandavas and Draupadi departed to heaven, he accompanied them by taking the form of a dog and was the only survivor left, along with Yudhishthira. In the end, he showed his true form to Yudhishthira.<br />
<br />
===Yaudheya===<br />
Yaudheya was the son of Yudhishthira and Devika, and the grandson of Govasena, who was the king of [[Sivi Kingdom]]. Yaudheya succeeded his grandfather after his death in the [[Kurukshetra War]].<br />
<br />
According to the [[Matsya Purana]], Yaudheya is also the name of the eldest son of [[Prativindhya]] and his first wife Subala, however he does not succeed Yudhishthira to the throne of Hastinapura as he inherits his maternal kingdom.<br />
<br />
===Yayati===<br />
{{Main|Yayati}}<br />
<br />
=== Yudhamanyu ===<br />
{{Main|Yudhamanyu}}<br />
<br />
=== Yudhishthira ===<br />
{{Main|Yudhishthira}}<br />
<br />
=== Yuyutsu ===<br />
{{Main|Yuyutsu}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|date=1975|publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass|others=Robarts – University of Toronto|isbn=9780842608220 }}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Chakravarti|first=Bishnupada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivQ6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105|title=Penguin Companion to the Mahabharata|date=2007-11-13|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5214-170-8|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|language=en}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of avatars in the Mahabharata|List of avatars in the ''Mahabharata'']]<br />
{{Mahabharata}}<br />
{{HinduMythology}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Characters in the Mahabharata}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata| ]]<br />
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]<br />
[[Category:Javanese mythology]]<br />
[[Category:Wayang]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of people associated with religion]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Chung-Shan_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology&diff=451922National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology2026-03-10T16:26:45Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: Refined content and updated sections</p>
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| key_people = Chang Chung-Chung (張忠誠), (President)<ref name="Cheng 2020" >{{cite web |last1=Cheng |first1=Ching-Tse |title=Taiwan military research institute announces new president |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3917222 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=16 April 2020 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref><br />
| products = Weapons systems and subsystems <br />
| owner = Taiwanese Government <br />
| num_employees = ~10,000<ref name="Neighborhood 2019">{{cite web |last1=LUNDQUIST |first1=EDWARD |title=Neighborhood Problems in the Taiwan Strait |url=https://indsr.org.tw/en/News_detail/122/Neighborhood-Problems-in-the-Taiwan-Strait |website=indsr.org.tw |publisher=INDSR |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205195549/https://indsr.org.tw/en/News_detail/122/Neighborhood-Problems-in-the-Taiwan-Strait |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| num_employees_year = 2019<br />
| revenue = >1.7 billion USD<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cheng |first1=Jiawen |title=Missiles start ... Chinese Academy of Sciences's turnover reached 50 billion yuan last year |url=https://udn.com/news/story/10930/3739703 |website=udn.com |publisher=United Daily News |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><br />
| revenue_year = 2019<br />
| parent = <br />
| website = [http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng www.ncsist.org.tw]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Tien Kung Ⅱ Missile Launcher Display at Hukou Camp Ground 20140329b.jpg|thumb|Tien Kung II Missile Launcher Display at Hukou Camp Ground]]<br />
[[File:Hsiung Feng II and Hsiung Feng III Anti-Ship Missile Launchers aboard on Central Upper Deck of ROCN Chang Chien (PFG2-1109) 20170309.jpg|thumb|Hsiung Feng II and Hsiung Feng III Anti-Ship Missile Launchers]]<br />
<br />
'''National [[Sun Yat-sen|Chung-Shan]] Institute of Science and Technology''' ('''NCSIST'''; {{zh|c=國家中山科學研究院|p=Guójiā Zhōngshān Kēxué Yánjiùyuàn}}) is a Taiwanese [[state owned corporation]], formerly part of the [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|Ministry of National Defense]]'s [[Armaments Bureau]], which is active in the development, manufacturing, support, and sustainment of various weapons systems and [[dual use]] technologies.<br />
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NCSIST was established by the [[Taiwan]]ese government to serve as a military R&D and systems integration center. In 2014 it became an administrative corporation owned by the Government of Taiwan. NCSIST is involved in product development, manufacturing, delivery, total life cycle sustainment and maintenance.<ref name="Defense Media Network">{{cite web |last1=Lundquist |first1=Edward W. |title=nterview with Adm. Richard Chen, Republic of China Navy (Ret.) |url=https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/interview-with-adm-richard-chen-republic-of-china-navy-ret/ |website=Defense Media Network |access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref> NCSIST fulfills a function comparable to the American [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) but they also assume mixed roles in competing for and awarding research and development, integration and manufacturing contracts. Along with the [[Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation]], NCSIST it is considered to be one of the two Taiwanese prime defense contractors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Du |first1=Eric |title=VIEWPOINT: Business Opportunities for U.S. Defense Firms Abound in Taiwan |url=https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2019/11/6/viewpoint-business-opportunities-for-us-defense-firms-abound-in-taiwan |website=www.nationaldefensemagazine.org}}</ref> It is one of the 100 largest defense companies in the world.<ref name= "top-100" /><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early history===<br />
[[File:9M14 Malyutka cutaway.jpg|thumb|9M14 Malyutka cutaway]]<br />
[[File:USS Robert H. McCard (DD-822) underway in 1952.jpg|thumb|Gearing class destroyer underway in 1952]]<br />
Prior to the establishment of NCSIST, Taiwan had a poorly organized national defense industrial program, but the nation was faced with an increasing military threat from the [[People's Republic of China]] and a drawdown in international support and exclusion from international forums. The Republic of China would need to build its own set of hardware, instruments, laboratories, and test sites if it was to secure its independence and security.<ref name="GMI post">{{cite web |title=NCSIST: Always adapting to an ever-changing world |url=https://www.gmipost.com/special-feature/44/taiwan-2017/defense-and-security/365047/ncsist-always-adapting-to-an-ever-changing-world.html |website=GMI Post |access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref> Preparation for the NCSIST began in 1965, ground was broken on the Shinshin Campus in 1966, and the institute was formally inaugurated in 1969. Early work includes various missile and radar systems, as well as systems integration for ROC military aircraft and ships. The NCSIST was also, and remains, active in military construction.<ref name="History">{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/aboutus/History.aspx#Map4 |website=NCSIST}}</ref> After the United States switched diplomatic recognition from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China the Institute became even more important as Taiwanese authorities felt they could no longer view the United States as a reliable defense partner.<ref name="Defense Media Network" /><br />
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In the 1970s, the Institute replicated and produced the [[9M14 Malyutka]] wire-guided [[anti-tank guided missile]] as the Kun Wu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malyutka |url=http://www.military-today.com/missiles/malyutka.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626171359/http://www.military-today.com/missiles/malyutka.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 26, 2016 |website=Military Today |access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> The ROC had obtained the 9M14 Malyutkas from [[South Vietnam]]. Due to the dated design and low priority placed on anti-tank weapons by the armed forces it was not widely adopted.<ref name="CIA 1985">{{cite web |title=Taiwan's Modest Defense Industries Program |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP04T00447R000100590001-9.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123214031/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP04T00447R000100590001-9.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 23, 2017 |website=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> By the mid-1970s the Institute employed about 2,000 professionals.<ref name="Mistry2013" /><br />
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In the late 1970s the Institute embarked on a project to create a [[short-range ballistic missile]] prototype known as the Ching Feng. The project was intended as a pilot project to build the necessary skills needed for a long range missile program. The Ching Feng was a single stage missile which could carry a 450&nbsp;kg warhead up to 110&nbsp;km. The type was displayed publicly in 1981 but production was cancelled in 1982 because of significant problems with the solid rocket motor and the guidance system.<ref name="CIA 1985" /> Overall the type resembled the American [[MGM-52 Lance]]. The follow on missile to, to be named [[Sky Horse]], was also abandoned in 1981 under US pressure although interest in the type was revived in the 1990s after the [[Third Taiwan Strait Crisis]].<ref name="Mistry2013">{{cite book|author=Dinshaw Mistry|title=Containing Missile Proliferation: Strategic Technology, Security Regimes, and International Cooperation in Arms Control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9gTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|date=20 June 2013|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80252-7|page=97}}</ref><br />
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In the 1980s the Institute worked with [[Honeywell]] to design a distributed [[open architecture]] combat system to replace the obsolete MK 37 Gun Fire Control System aboard Taiwan's [[Gearing-class destroyer]]s. This system, called the Modular Combat System (MCS), was the first distributed open architecture combat system in the world and featured easily upgradable COTS components. The system had challenges but did the job and was affordable with the architecture, computer, and software all being developed in Taiwan.<ref name="Defense Media Network" /><br />
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In the 1990s Taiwan was faced with tightening restrictions on arms imports from the international community as well as instability caused by the transition from an authoritarian to a democratic system. The Institute responded to these challenges by widening the scope of its R&D programs and implementing a system of [[vertical integration]].<ref name="GMI post" /> In the late 1990s NCSIST developed a space launch platform based on their ballistic missile technology but this program was put on hold under a combination of US pressure and a promise to subsidize Taiwanese satellite launches using commercial American companies such as [[SpaceX]].<ref name="Mistry2013" /><br />
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In 2011 NCSIST awarded [[MiTAC]] a NT$70 million (US$2.22 million) contract to build one prototype "Radar Vehicle for Field Operation and Air Defense." In 2015 police in Taoyuan took into custody three workers and one manager from MiTAC on charges of forgery of data and fabrication of test results. The tender required the vehicle to be able to advance at 8&nbsp;km/h up a 40 degree incline, the vehicle MiTAC delivered could only advance at 6&nbsp;km/h. In addition three NCSIST staff were detained on suspicion of colluding with the MiTAC employees to fabricate the test results, these staff then presented the fabricated results to their superiors for approval. The Taoyuan District Prosecutors' Office began investigating after receiving a tip.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pan |first1=Jason |title=Four detained in military radar scandal |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/03/06/2003612896 |website=Taipei Times |date=6 March 2015 |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Modern history===<br />
[[File:Mk 13 missile launcher on Moelders (D186) in 2013.JPG|thumb|Mk 13 missile launcher with SM-1]]<br />
[[File:Hsiung Feng III Anti-Ship Missile Display in Chengkungling 20111009a.jpg|thumb|First model of the Hsiung Feng III Anti-Ship Missile]]<br />
[[File:「光榮之星」海上測試載台.jpg|thumb|Test ship ''Glorious Star'']]<br />
In 2014 NCSIST was made an administrative corporation by the government, ending its period of secrecy and opening up the opportunity to partner with foreign corporations and export equipment internationally.<ref name="AIN 2016">{{cite web |last1=Pocock |first1=Chris |title=Taiwan's Good Technical Offer Is Affected By Politics |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2016-02-13/taiwans-good-technical-offer-affected-politics |website=AIN Online |access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> The new corporate Board of Directors had their first meeting on April 18, 2014.<ref name="History" /> The transition removed a number of restrictions for employees who were now no longer members of the military.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tu |first1=Aaron |last2=Chung |first2=Jake |title=Amendments aim to restrict institute staff travel: source |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/04/05/2003734041 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |date=5 April 2020 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref><br />
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Due to the end of the US Navy's support of the [[RIM-66 Standard|SM-1]] missile system NCSIST has taken over support for the system including production of replacement rocket motors.<ref name="Defense Media Network" /> The same approach was taken for the SM-1's [[Mark 13 missile launcher]].<ref name="Neighborhood 2019" /><br />
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In 2016 NCSIST was awarded a $16.7m contract to carry out a life extension program for the [[Republic of China Air Force]]'s stocks of [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] and [[R.550 Magic|Magic 2]] air-to-air missiles. These two missiles arm the ROCAF's [[Mirage 2000]] fighter aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yeo |first1=Mike |title=Taiwan fighter jets get new electronic warfare capabilities in latest upgrade |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/12/21/taiwan-fighter-jets-get-new-electronic-warfare-capabilities-in-latest-upgrade/ |website=Defense News |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><br />
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In 2017 NCSIST announced the commencement of "Project Vega" (織女星計畫) with the goal of producing an advanced domestic fighter as a successor to the F-CK-1. Development was to be split into two parts, the overall design and the engine production, with production to start in 2027. The engine has been dubbed F125XX and is expected to generate 16,400&nbsp;lbf (73&nbsp;kN). In 2021 NCSIST stated that work on both parts of the project had progressed ahead of schedule and would be completed by 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Everington |first1=Keoni |title=Taiwan's development of its next-generation fighter ahead of schedule |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4177818 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=15 April 2021 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref><br />
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In 2017 NCIST exhibited again at [[International Defence Exhibition]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] after a twelve-year absence. They exhibited 39 items.<ref>{{cite web |title=Packing a punch [IDEX17D3] |url=https://www.janes.com/article/67979/packing-a-punch-idex17d3 |website=Janes |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><br />
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In the mid-2010s NCSIST partnered with AIDC and the Republic of China Air Force (ROCAF) to create an advanced [[jet trainer]] based on the F-CK-1. AIDC is the prime contractor on the project with NCSIST taking a supporting role. Originally designated the XT-5 Blue Magpie but ruled out as the T-5 Brave Eagle the aircraft is based on the two-seat version of the F-CK-1 but with non-afterburning engines, greater fuel capacity, more stable wing profile, and the removal of the internal gun. The first of four prototypes, designated A1, was rolled out in September 2019.<ref name="Flight Global 2019">{{cite web |last1=Choo |first1=Roy |title=PICTURE: Taiwan unveils "Brave Eagle" AJT |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/picture-taiwan-unveils-brave-eagle-ajt-461064/ |website=Flight Global |access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref> As of end of 2023 31 Brave Eagle ({{zh|s=勇鹰|labels=no}}) planes have been developed or evaluated.<ref>{{cite web |author=游振昇 |title=漢翔達成國機國造今年17架目標 董事長今率飛4架勇鷹交台東 |url=https://udn.com/news/story/10930/7634761?from=udn_ch2cate6638sub10930_pulldownmenu_v2 |website=udn |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref> Total order is 66 planes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lake |first1=Jon |title=Taiwan Unveils New Advanced Trainer |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-09-26/taiwan-unveils-new-advanced-trainer |website=AIN Online |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref><br />
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NCSIST is participating in the development of the first domestic Taiwanese [[AUV]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen Chih-chong and |first1=Kuan-lin Liu |title=Taiwan plans to launch its first indigenous AUV within 5 years |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/ast/201709010012.aspx |website=Focus Taiwan |date=September 2017 |access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref> In 2019 NCSIST launched an 80-ton 28m long high speed [[catamaran]] research and test vessel named the ''Glorious Star'' (光榮之星). Built in [[Lungteh Shipbuilding]]'s Yilan County shipyard the purpose of the vessel is to shorten the research and development process for naval weapon systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strong |first1=Matthew |title=Taiwan launches military test ship |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3659564 |website=Taiwan News |date=16 March 2019 |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref><br />
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In 2019 Taiwanese President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] ordered the NCSIST to accelerate mass production of the TK-3 and HF-3 in response to increasing Chinese military power and bellicosity. In addition to stepping up missile production the President also ordered NCSIST leadership to focus building up their talent pool and increase partnerships with academia, industry and government at home and abroad.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wen Kuei-hsiang and |first1=FLor Wang |title=Taiwan president urges faster mass production of missiles |url=http://m.focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201901250020.aspx |website=Focus Taiwan |access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> Mass production of the long-range Yun Feng supersonic cruise missile began in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Axe |first1=David |title=BOOM: Why China Should Take Taiwan's New Cruise Missile Seriously |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/boom-why-china-taiwans-cruise-063000609.html |website=Yahoo News |access-date=8 October 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
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In 2019 NCSIST opened Taiwan's first national [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] test site in [[Miaoli County]]. The test site is managed in partnership by NCSIST, the Miaoli County government, and the [[Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Taiwan)]]. The site features a 20m runway and is rated for testing UAVs up to 150&nbsp;kg in weight.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DeAeth |first1=Duncan |title=Taiwan opens first national drone testing site |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3775087 |website=Taiwan News |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref> They also entered into an agreement with [[Asustek Computer Inc]] to collaborate on cloud-based storage, [[artificial intelligence]], and [[Internet of Things]] technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan Business Quick Take |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2019/09/13/2003722168 |website=Taipei Times |date=13 September 2019 |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref><br />
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In November 2019 NCSIST tested a new short range anti-ship missile from the ''Glorious Star'' which while weighting significantly less than the Hsiung Feng II is said to have the same range.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lao |first1=George |title=Taiwan tests new anti-ship missile |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3825744 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref><br />
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In March 2020 NCSIST conducted live fire daytime and nighttime artillery and UAV detection tests which were observed by a [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] Hsiang Yang Hung-class survey vessel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Kelvin |title=Taiwan Air Force and NCSIST conduct live fire exercises |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3913944 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=10 April 2020 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref><br />
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In April 2020 Chang Chung-Cheng (張忠誠) replaced Gao Chung-Hsing (杲中興) as the president of NCSIST. Gao had courted controversy by deliberately misinterpreting The Classified National Security Information Protection Act. Chang Chung-Cheng is a retired major general who served in the Combined Logistics Command as well as the Armaments Bureau.<ref name="Cheng 2020" /><br />
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In July 2020 NCSIST was awarded a NT$4.8 billion (US$163 million) contract to produce 516 sets of secure high frequency radios for the Taiwanese military. The military side of the contract will be handled by the Navy with a deadline for delivery in late 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strong |first1=Matthew |title=Taiwan military budgets NT$4.8 billion for high-frequency communication system |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3969329 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=18 July 2020 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref><br />
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In 2021 the Taiwanese army ordered 50 drone helicopters from NCSIST for delivery by the first quarter 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Matt |last2=Lim |first2=Emerson |title=Taiwan Army tests helicopter drone in airport defense drill |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202101190026 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref><br />
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In 2021 NCSIST deputy director Leng Chin-hsu told the Taiwanese Parliament that NCSIST had three previously undisclosed long range missiles in development. Defense minister Chiu Kuo-cheng added that work by NCSIST on such weapons had never stopped and remained a priority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan says it has begun mass producing long-range missiles |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/25/taiwan-begins-mass-producing-long-range-missiles |website=www.aljazeera.com |agency=Reuters |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref><br />
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In May 2021 the Taiwanese navy ordered a new series of shore based medium-to-long range maritime surveillance radars from NCSIST.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strong |first1=Matthew |title=Taiwan Navy orders new radar system from domestic manufacturer |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4202648 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=13 May 2021 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref><br />
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In August 2021 it was announced that an extended range version of the TC-2 had been ordered by the Air Force with 250-300 ordered from NCSIST at a unit cost of NT$30 million (US$1.07 million).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Matt |last2=Yeh |first2=Joseph |title=Taiwan to soon mass produce extended-range air-to-air missiles: source |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202108040022 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=4 August 2021 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref><br />
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In September 2021 a delegation of Taiwanese legislators paid a visit to NCSIST after approving a NT$240 billion (US$8.63 billion) special budget for domestic weapons procurement.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strong |first1=Matthew |title=Taiwanese legislators visit domestic missile maker |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4300630 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=29 September 2021 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><br />
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In 2022 [[SIPRI]] placed NCSIST on the list of the 100 largest arms manufactures in the world, ranking 60th with a 2022 operating income of two billion USD and a projected 2023 operating income of four billion USD.<ref name= "top-100" >{{cite web |last1=Strong |first1=Matthew |title=Taiwan missile producer joins global top-100 arms makers |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4742118 |website=taiwannews.com.tw |date=6 December 2022 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref><br />
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In June 2025 NCSIST signed a deal with drone software company [[Auterion]] to integrate Auterion's software with NCSIST drones and partner company drones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yeo |first1=Mike |title=Auterion signs MoU with Taiwan for drone swarming software |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2025/06/auterion-signs-mou-with-taiwan-for-drone-swarming-software/ |website=breakingdefense.com |publisher=Breaking Defense |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Volpicelli |first1=Gian |title=Auterion Strikes Deal With Taiwan for Unmanned Drone Software |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-06-17/auterion-strikes-deal-with-taiwan-for-unmanned-drone-software |website=bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name= "Reuters Seals" /> The deal potentially covers millions of drones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=NAZARENKO |first1=VIKTOR |title=Facing China threat: Taiwan to build millions of drones using Ukraine’s wartime experience |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/facing-china-threat-taiwan-to-build-millions-1750155698.html |website=newsukraine.rbc.ua |publisher=RBC-Ukraine |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><br />
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In July 2025 China placed NCSIST on an export control list however NCSIST is already required to avoid sourcing components from China by Taiwanese government regulations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shan |first1=Shelley |title=China bans dual-use exports to Taiwanese entities |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2025/07/10/2003840041 |website=taipeitimes.com |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=MISTREANU |first1=SIMINA |title=China imposes export ban on companies tied to Taiwan’s military |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-taiwan-sanctions-export-ban-military-drills-2e6bbd2a3b9a89c01a044bc8a1988a96 |website=apnews.com |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref><br />
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At the 2025 Taipei Aerospace & Defense Technology Exhibition NCIST announced partnership deals with six foreign defense companies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Matt |last2=Kao |first2=Evelyn |title=NCSIST signs defense deals with six foreign firms |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202509190009 |website=focustaiwan.tw |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> This included jointly manufacturing missiles with [[Anduril Industries]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Yimou |last2=Hamacher |first2=Fabian |date=2025-09-17 |title=Taiwan shows off first missile to be jointly manufactured with US arms maker |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/taiwan-shows-off-first-missile-be-jointly-manufactured-with-us-arms-maker-2025-09-17/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref> working on air and missile defense integration with [[Northrop Grumman]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chuanren |first1=Chen |title=Northrop Grumman Teams With NCSIST For Integrated Missile, Air Defense |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/missile-defense-weapons/northrop-grumman-teams-ncsist-integrated-missile-air-defense |website=aviationweek.com |publisher=Aviation Week |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> work with [[AeroVironment, Inc]] on [[Autonomous robot|autonomous systems]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kadidal |first1=Akhil |title=TADTE 2025: AeroVironment, NCSIST sign MOU to strengthen Taiwan's unmanned ecosystem |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/tadte-2025-aerovironment-ncsist-sign-mou-to-strengthen-taiwans-unmanned-ecosystem |website=janes.com |publisher=Janes |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> and joint production with [[Kratos Defense]] of a multipurpose drone.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chuanren |first1=Chen |title=Kratos, NCSIST Tie-Up Produces Mighty Hornet-IV Loitering Munition |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/missile-defense-weapons/kratos-ncsist-tie-produces-mighty-hornet-iv-loitering-munition |website=aviationweek.com |publisher=Aviation Week |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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=== WMDs ===<br />
{{see also|Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction}}<br />
The institute developed [[nuclear weapons]] during the [[Cold War]]. In 1967, a nuclear weapons program began under the auspices of the [[Institute of Nuclear Energy Research]] (INER) of CSIST. After the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] found evidence of the ROC's efforts to produce weapons-grade plutonium, Taipei agreed in September 1976 under U.S. pressure to dismantle its nuclear weapons program. Though the nuclear reactor was soon shut down and the plutonium mostly returned to the U.S., a secret program was revealed when Colonel [[Chang Hsien-yi]], deputy director of nuclear research at INER, defected to the U.S. in December 1987 and produced a cache of incriminating documents. At present there is no claim that any nuclear weapons program is being pursued.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/chinas-greatest-nightmare-taiwan-armed-nuclear-weapons-19661|title=China's Greatest Nightmare: Taiwan Armed with Nuclear Weapons|last=Mizokami|first=Kyle|website=The National Interest|date=4 March 2017|language=en|access-date=2017-03-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Developed weapons systems==<br />
===Aircraft===<br />
*[[AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo]]: Developed by division later spun off as [[Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation|AIDC]] and was a contractor also.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/taiwan/aidc.htm Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation (AIDC).] Retrieved on May 11, 2008.</ref> Worked with AIDC to provide upgrades for the IDF.<ref>[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/taiwan-seeking-a-better-fck-with-possible-longerterm-aspirations-02492/ Taiwan Seeking a Better F-CK, With Possible Longer-Term Aspirations.] Retrieved on May 11, 2008.</ref><br />
*[[AIDC AT-3]] Tz-chiang Advanced Trainer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_Id=130&catalog=9|title=AT-3 Tz-chiang Advanced Trainer|website=NCSIST|access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref><br />
*[[AIDC T-5 Brave Eagle]] jet trainer/lead-in trainer developed in partnership with AIDC and Republic of China Air Force. Based on F-CK-1 B/D.<ref name="Flight Global 2019" /><br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
IDF-Wan Chien.jpg|IDF with Wan Chien<br />
File:ROCAFA AT-3s Flypasts over Gangshan Air Force Base 20170812b.jpg|ROCAFA AT-3s<br />
File:XA-3 in Chengkungling 20121006a.jpg|XA-3<br />
File:2020. 06.22 總統出席「空軍新式高教機首飛展示」 (50032164076).jpg|T-5 Brave Eagle<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Drones and loitering munitions===<br />
*[[NCSIST Albatross]] Tactical Unmanned Aircraft System and the improved Albatross II.<ref name="Japan Times March 2023" /><br />
*[[NCSIST Teng Yun]] (Cloud Rider) Unmanned Aircraft System: MALE analogous to the US [[MQ-9]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Axe |first1=David |title=Coming Soon: Killer Drones from Taiwan (That China Will Hate)? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/coming-soon-killer-drones-taiwan-china-will-hate-59967 |website=The National Interest |date=29 May 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Strong |first1=Matthew |title=Taiwan tests largest domestic drone above Taitung |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3404886 |website=Taiwan News |date=13 April 2018 |access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan to form fleet of armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to patrol its coastline |url=https://www.militaryaerospace.com/home/article/16707247/taiwan-to-form-fleet-of-armed-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-uavs-to-patrol-its-coastline |website=Military & Aerospace Electronics |date=October 2018 |access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref> Unveiled in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=J. Michael |title=Taiwan Unveils New Long-Endurance Drone, New Weapons at Defense Trade Show |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/08/taiwan-unveils-new-long-endurance-drone-new-weapons-at-defense-trade-show/ |website=The Diplomat |access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref><br />
*[[NCSIST Cardinal]], family of small UAVs. Includes Cardinal I, Cardinal II, Fire Cardinal,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_Id=19&catalog=9|title=Cardinal Mini Unmanned Aircraft Systems|website=NCSIST|access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref> and Cardinal III.<ref name="Japan Times March 2023" >{{cite web |last1=DOMINGUEZ |first1=GABRIEL |title=Taking page from Ukraine, Taiwan shows off new killer drones |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/03/14/asia-pacific/taiwan-drones-ukraine-china/ |website=japantimes.co.jp/ |date=14 March 2023 |publisher=Japan Times |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref><br />
*[[NCSIST Chien Hsiang]]: First exhibited in 2017, visually similar to [[IAI Harpy]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=J. Michael |title=How Taiwan Can Defend Its Coastline Against China |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/how-taiwan-can-defend-its-coastline-against-china-64861 |website=National Interest |date=30 June 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> In 2019 the Taiwan Air Force's Air Defense and Missile Command announced a five-year, NT$80b (US$2.54b) project to build up a full force of anti-radiation UAVs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liao |first1=George |title=Taiwan military to spend NT$80 billion on anti-radiation drone fleet |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3727728 |website=Taiwan News |date=19 June 2019 |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> The anti-radiation drone has a reported loiter time of 100 hours and a top speed of 185&nbsp;km/h.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=J. Michael |title=Taiwanese Military Unveils New Equipment at Defense Trade Show |url=https://sentinel.tw/taiwan-tadte-2017-new/ |website=Taiwan Sentinel |access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref> Three variants were unveiled in 2023.<ref name="Japan Times March 2023" /><br />
*NCSIST Spark: target drone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spark Target Drone <br />
|url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_Id=276&catalog=41 |website=www.ncsist.org.tw/ |publisher=NCSIST |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref><br />
*NCSIST Flamingo II: target drone.<br />
*NCSIST Capricorn, single rotor helicopter drone<ref>{{cite web |last1=HELFRICH |first1=EMMA |last2=ROGOWAY |first2=TYLER |title=Taiwan Shows Off Its Radar-Killing Kamikaze Drones |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/taiwan-shows-off-its-radar-killing-kamikaze-drones |website=thedrive.com |date=16 November 2022 |publisher=The Drive |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Kelvin |title=Taiwan's NCSIST unveils new single-rotor drone |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4718974 |website=taiwannews.com.tw |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chung |first1=Lawrence |title=Taiwan unveils close-range helicopter-like drone to keep an eye on threats from mainland China |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3199790/taiwan-unveils-close-range-rotary-wing-drone-keep-eye-threats-mainland-china-and-boost-combat |website=scmp.com |date=16 November 2022 |publisher=South China Morning Post |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref><br />
* Mighty Hornet I/Loitering Munition UAV, [[Switchblade 300]] sized loitering munition unveiled in 2023<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cheung |first1=Eric |title=Taiwan unveils its new combat and surveillance drones as China threat grows |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/14/asia/taiwan-china-military-drones-unveiled-hnk-intl/index.html |website=cnn.com |date=14 March 2023 |publisher=CNN |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref><br />
* Mighty Hornet III, a VTOL X-winged loitering munition<ref name= "Focus Taiwan Showcases" /><br />
* Mighty Hornet IV, multipurpose drone developed from the [[Kratos MQM-178 Firejet]] target drone in collaboration with Kratos.<ref name= "Focus Taiwan Showcases" >{{cite web |last1=Lin |first1=Sean |title=Taiwan showcases its indigenous, co-produced drones at Taipei expo |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202509180027 |website=focustaiwan.tw |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
NCSIST Cardinal UAV 20150815a.jpg|[[NCSIST Cardinal]] UAV<br />
NCSIST ASRD MALE UAV Display at Hsinchu Air Force Base 20151121a.jpg|[[NCSIST Teng Yun]] on Display at Hsinchu Air Force Base<br />
Launcher of Chien hsiang loitering munition.jpg|[[NCSIST Chien Hsiang]] loitering munition and launcher<br />
UAV 9717 Display at No.11 Pier Left Rear View 20130504.jpg|[[NCSIST Albatross]] 9717 on display at No.11 Pier<br />
NCSIST Spark Target Drone Display at MND Hall 20150815.jpg|NCSIST Spark Target Drone Display at MND Hall<br />
File:FlamingoII.JPG|Flamingo II<br />
File:2025台北國際航太暨國防工業展-「勁蜂三型」攻擊無人機.jpg|Mighty Hornet III<br />
File:2025台北國際航太暨國防工業展-「勁蜂四型」攻擊無人機.jpg|Mighty Hornet IV<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Missile systems===<br />
*[[Hsiung Feng I]] (HF-1): Surface launched subsonic [[Anti-ship missile]].<ref name="Profile">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/taiwan/csist.htm Chungshan Institute of Science and Technology.] Retrieved on May 11, 2008.</ref><br />
*[[Hsiung Feng II]] (HF-2): surface launched subsonic anti-ship missile with limited [[air-to-ground missile]] capabilities.<br />
*[[Hsiung Feng IIE]] (HF-2E): surface launched long range [[cruise missile]] system <br />
*[[Hsiung Feng III]] (HF-3): surface launched supersonic anti-ship missile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_Id=10&catalog=30|title=HF III Supersonic Anti-Ship Missile|website=NCSIST|access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref><br />
*[[Sky Bow]] (TK): Air defense weapon system, consists of TK-1, TK-2, and TK-3 systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tien-Kung (Sky Bow) |url=https://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/air-defense/air-defense-of-u-s-partners/allied-air-defense-systems/tien-kung-sky-bow/ |website=Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><br />
**[[Sky Bow IV]] <br />
*[[Sky Sword I]] (TC-1): IR guided short range [[air-to-air missile]].<ref name="Antelope" /><br />
**[[Antelope air defence system]]: road mobile SHORAD system built around the TC-1.<ref name="Antelope">{{cite web |title=The Antelope |url=http://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/air-defense/air-defense-of-u-s-partners/allied-air-defense-systems/the-antelope/ |website=Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref><br />
**[[Sea Oryx]]: sea based point defense system built around the TC-1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sea Oryx |url=http://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/air-defense/air-defense-of-u-s-partners/allied-air-defense-systems/sea-oryx/ |website=Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> <br />
*[[Sky Sword II]] (TC-2): radar guided medium range [[air-to-air missile]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tien Chien-2N (TC-2N) |url=https://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/air-defense/air-defense-of-u-s-partners/allied-air-defense-systems/tien-chien-2n-tc-2n/ |website=Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><br />
* [[Sky Horse]]: short range ballistic missile system developed in the 1970s.<br />
* [[Sky Spear]]: short range ballistic missile system derived from the TK-2.<br />
* [[Yun Feng]]: supersonic surface-to-surface cruise missile.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/breaking-news/taiwan-to-aim-missiles-at-china/news-story/0258f825dc89ab91d97fb4e393425ad5|title=Taiwan to aim missiles at China|work=NewsComAu|access-date=2017-03-13|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Wan Chien]]: Air-ground cruise missile.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/taiwan-unveils-wan-chien-air-to-ground-cruise-missile/|title=Taiwan Unveils 'Wan Chien' Air-To-Ground Cruise Missile|last=Cole|first=J. Michael|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Hsiung Feng I Anti-Ship Missile Display in Chengkungling 20111009.jpg|Hsiung Feng I Anti-ship Missile<br />
Hsiung Feng II Anti-Ship Missile Display in Chengkungling 20111009a.jpg|Hsiung Feng II Anti-Ship Missile<br />
ROCN_Hsiung_Feng_II_%26_Hsiung_Feng_III_Anti-Ship_Missile_Launchers_Truck_Display_at_Zuoying_Naval_Base_Ground_20151024.jpg|Truck-mounted Hsiung Feng II/Hsiung Feng III anti-ship missile launchers<br />
Tien Kung III Missile Launcher Trailer Display at Military Academy Ground 20140531.jpg|Tien Kung III (TK-3) Missile Launcher Trailer<br />
File:獨立型海劍羚飛彈系統模型 (48573270086).jpg|Sea Oryx Missile Launcher<br />
Antelope Air Defense System in CCK Air Force Base 20111112.jpg|Antelope Air Defense System at CCK Air Force Base<br />
TC-2 Sky Sword II.jpg|TC-2 (Sky Sword II)<br />
File:陸劍二野戰防空飛彈系統.jpg|Ground based TC-2 battery<br />
File:TC-2N missile fired from ROCS Ta Chiang.png|TC-2N missile fired from [[ROCS Ta Chiang]]<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Other weapon systems===<br />
*[[Thunderbolt-2000]] (LT-2000): locally developed [[Multiple rocket launcher|MLRS]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_Id=12&catalog=8|title=Ray-Ting 2000 Artillery Multiple Launch Rocket System|website=NCSIST|access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref><br />
*[[Kung Feng multiple launch rocket system|Kung Feng 6]] (KF 6): locally developed [[Multiple rocket launcher|MLRS]].<ref name="Profile"/><br />
* [[Kestrel (rocket launcher)|Kestrel]]: Disposable rocket launcher firing HEAT and HESH projectiles. Development began in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/tadte_2013_show_daily_news_coverage_report/kestrel_latest_generation_of_rocket_launcher_weapon_presented_by_chung-shan_institute_tadte_1908136.html|title=Kestrel latest generation of rocket launcher weapon presented by Chung-Shan Institute TADTE 1908136|date=19 August 2013|work=armyrecognition.com|access-date=19 September 2013|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309032017/http://www.armyrecognition.com/tadte_2013_show_daily_news_coverage_report/kestrel_latest_generation_of_rocket_launcher_weapon_presented_by_chung-shan_institute_tadte_1908136.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Kestrel entered service with the [[ROCMC]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kestrel Rocket |url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_id=284&catalog=41 |website=NCSIST |access-date=1 July 2019 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601161327/http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_id=284&catalog=41 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Kestrel platform is being used as a starting point for the development of an anti-tank guided missile system.<ref>{{cite web|author2=Jake Chung|author1=Lo Tien-pin|title=US, Taiwan sign missile deal: source|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2018/03/31/2003690383|date=Mar 31, 2018|website=Taipei Times|access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref><br />
* [[XTR-101/102]]: Automatic close-defense 20mm weapon mounts. Prototypes demonstrated in September 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=New short-range automated defense weapon systems XTR-101 and XTR-102 at TADTE 2013 1608133|date=15 August 2013|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/tadte_2013_show_daily_news_coverage_report/new_short-range_automated_defense_weapon_systems_xtr-101_and_xtr-102_at_tadte_2013_1608133.html|website=armyrecognition.com|access-date=19 September 2013|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309043108/http://www.armyrecognition.com/tadte_2013_show_daily_news_coverage_report/new_short-range_automated_defense_weapon_systems_xtr-101_and_xtr-102_at_tadte_2013_1608133.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Exhibited for the first time in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Minnick |first1=Wendell |title=Taiwan Defense Show Exhibits New Weapons |url=https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2015/08/12/taiwan-defense-show-exhibits-new-weapons/ |website=Defense News |date=12 August 2015 |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><br />
* [[CS/MPQ-90 Bee Eye]]: short-medium range multifunction AESA radar to support SHORAD batteries. Planned to have a naval role as well.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yeo |first1=Mike |title=Taiwan's Navy seeks first indigenous landing platform dock |url=https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2017/04/19/taiwan-s-navy-seeks-first-indigenous-landing-platform-dock/ |website=Defense News |date=19 April 2017 |access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref><br />
* [[Bistatic radar]] system<ref>{{cite web|title=New local-made Bistatic Radar - Passive Receiver System of Taiwanese army for coast surveillance 250|date=25 August 2013|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/tadte_2013_show_daily_news_coverage_report/new_local-made_bistatic_radar_-_passive_receiver_system_of_taiwanese_army_for_coast_surveillance_250.html|website=armyrecognition.com|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301074822/https://www.armyrecognition.com/tadte_2013_show_daily_news_coverage_report/new_local-made_bistatic_radar_-_passive_receiver_system_of_taiwanese_army_for_coast_surveillance_250.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two systems entered service in 2018 with mass production to begin in 2020 if they behave favorably in the field.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Everington |first1=Keoni |title=Taiwan field testing new mobile passive radar systems to hunt Chinese stealth fighter jets |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3430896 |website=Taiwan News |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mobile Passive Radar Systems |url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_Id=102&catalog=31 |website=NCSIST |access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref> In 2021 a more advanced version was spotted being deployed to [[Penghu]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Su-wei |first1=Wu |last2=Chin |first2=Jonathan |title=No mass reprimands due to top-secret leak: MND |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2021/04/09/2003755357 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |date=9 April 2021 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref><br />
* AV2 Long-range Chaff Rocket: [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]] rocket for ship self defense.<ref>{{cite web |title=AV2 Long-range Chaff Rocket |url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_Id=92&catalog=16 |website=NCSIST |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref><br />
* [[NCSIST 2.75in rockets remote weapon station]] <br />
* 2.75in rocket: 2.75 inch aerial rocket for use aboard [[AH-64]], [[OH-58D]], [[F-5E/F]], F-16, [[P-3 Orion]], etc. Two variants, Mk4 and Mk66.<ref>{{cite web |title=2.75 Inch Rocket |url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_Id=98&catalog=16 |website=NCSIST |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref><br />
* CAPTOR mine: Designated No. 1 Wan Xiang CAPTOR Mine. CAPTOR mines contain a torpedo and a targeting system.<ref name="NCSIST mine">{{cite web |title=Mine |url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/ENG/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_Id=255&catalog=38 |website=NCSIST |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=THOMPSON |first1=DREW |title=HOPE ON THE HORIZON: TAIWAN'S RADICAL NEW DEFENSE CONCEPT |url=https://warontherocks.com/2018/10/hope-on-the-horizon-taiwans-radical-new-defense-concept/ |website=War on the Rocks |date=2 October 2018 |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="The Drive 2019" /><br />
* Bottom mine: Designated No. 2 Wan Xiang Bottom Mine. A remote controlled or passive mine designed to sit on the bottom.<ref name="NCSIST mine" /><ref name="The Drive 2019">{{cite web |last1=TREVITHICK |first1=JOSEPH |title=Taiwan's Next Batch Of Stealthy Catamarans Will Have Serious Mine-Laying Capabilities |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/28201/taiwans-next-batch-of-stealthy-catarmans-will-have-serious-mine-laying-capabilities |website=The Drive |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref> Designated WSM-II, smart mine for use in deep water.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chang |first1=Eric |title=Taiwan Navy conducts mine drills amidst increasing Chinese military activity |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3953409 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=24 June 2020 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref><br />
* Moored mine: A remote or automatic mine designed to be moored to the bottom and float in the current.<ref name="NCSIST mine" /><br />
* Soft kill drone UAV defense system<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Matt |last2=Yeh |first2=Joseph |title=Taiwan to install UAV defense systems at 45 military bases nationwide |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202205190014 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=19 May 2022 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref><br />
<gallery><br />
ROCA Point Defense Array Radar System Truck Display at Chengkungling Ground 20150606c.1.jpg|Short range AESA radar system ([[CS/MPQ-90 Bee Eye]])<br />
Bistatic Radar Passive Receiver System Display at Military Academy Ground 20140531a.jpg|Bistatic Radar Passive Receiver System Display at Military Academy Ground<br />
No.1 Wan Xiang CAPTOR Mine Display at ROCN Ho Zhong (LCU-484) 20151024.jpg|No.1 Wan Xiang CAPTOR Mine<br />
No.2 Wan Xiang Bottom Mine Display at ROCN Ho Zhong (LCU-484) 20151024a.jpg|No.2 Wan Xiang Bottom Mine<br />
MK.6 Mine Display at Chengkungling 20121006.jpg|MK.6 Mine<br />
台灣軍方展示自行研發的高科技武器 02.jpg|Coastal defense variant of the [[NCSIST 2.75in rockets remote weapon station]]<br />
File:Kurstal anti tank rocket.JPG|[[Kestrel (rocket launcher)|Kestrel anti tank rocket]]<br />
Thunderbolt 2000 MLRS Display at CKS Memorial Hall Entrance 20140607.jpg|[[Thunderbolt-2000]] MLRS Display at CKS Memorial Hall<br />
Kung Feng VI MLRS at Chengkungling Right View 20131012.jpg|[[Kung Feng VI multiple launch rocket system]]<br />
File:Kung Feng IV MLRS Trailer Display at Chengkungling 20131012a.jpg|[[Kung Feng IV multiple launch rocket system]] <br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Civilian and non-weapon systems ==<br />
* Sensor system for the [[Resource Prospector (rover)|Resource Prospector]] lunar rover mission. Cancelled in 2018.<ref name="GTI 2019" /> The instruments will be flown aboard the [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]] missions in the 2020s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stuckey |first1=Alex |title=NASA spent $100 million on much-anticipated lunar rover before scrapping it in April |url=https://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/space/article/NASA-spent-100-million-on-much-anticipated-lunar-12968667.php |website=Chron |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref><br />
* SG100 Cloud Computer for the [[International Space Station]] designed and manufactured in collaboration with [[Academia Sinica]] and [[National Central University]] under contract for [[NASA]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jonathan Chin |first1=Lo Tien-pin and |title=Taiwan-designed computer now part of an ISS mission |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2017/06/12/2003672395 |website=Taipei Times |date=12 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref> It was launched to the space station in 2017.<ref name="GTI 2019">{{cite web |last1=An |first1=David |title=US-Taiwan Space Cooperation: Formosat, AMS, and the ISS computer |url=http://globaltaiwan.org/2019/06/vol-4-issue-11/ |website=Global Taiwan Institute |date=5 June 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref><br />
* High speed rail simulator developed with [[Taiwan High Speed Rail]]. Based on aircraft simulator technology the system can simulate natural disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tzu-ti |first1=Huang |title=Taiwan hails home-built locomotive simulator as milestone for rail industry |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3687813 |website=Taiwan News |date=25 April 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref><br />
* Civilian air traffic control radar: NCSIST has partnered with [[United Kingdom|British]] firm Easat Radar Systems to pursue dual use projects using NCSIST's proprietary radar technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan's top defense R&D outfit to work with UK radar tech company |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2,6,10,15,18&post=138316 |website=Taiwan Today |date = 20 July 2018|access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref><br />
* Major components for the [[European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT)]], first prototype segments delivered in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wallace |first1=John |title=Aspheres: Industry 4.0 techniques drive fabrication of prototype off-axis ELT mirrors |url=https://www.laserfocusworld.com/optics/article/14075105/industry-40-techniques-drive-fabrication-of-prototype-offaxis-elt-mirrors |website=www.laserfocusworld.com |date=18 February 2020 |publisher=Laser Focus World |access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref><br />
* The Band-1 sensor for the [[Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array]] (ALMA)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hui-ju |first1=Chien |last2=Chung |first2=Jake |title=Taiwan-made gear helps researchers see 'first light' |url=https://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/09/17/2003764514 |website=taipeitimes.com |date=17 September 2021 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><br />
* [[Powered exoskeleton]], initially for military use<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sabala |first1=Joe |title=Taiwan Unveils 'Ironman' Suit to Enhance Soldier Endurance |url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/10/27/taiwan-suit-soldier-endurance/ |website=www.thedefensepost.com |date=27 October 2021 |publisher=The Defense Post |access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Liao |first1=Leslie |title=Defense ministry showcases powered exoskeleton |url=https://en.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2006313 |website=en.rti.org.tw |publisher=Radio Taiwan International |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Staff Writer |title=Military unveils locally developed exoskeleton suit |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/10/27/2003766847 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<gallery><br />
File:Artist’s impression of the European Extremely Large Telescope deploying lasers for adaptive optics.jpg|Artist's impression of the European Extremely Large Telescope deploying lasers for adaptive optics<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Organization==<br />
The institute is divided into six research divisions and five centers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Organization |url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/aboutus/page06.html |website=NCSIST |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> Research divisions pursue both project oriented and basic scientific research.<ref name="Defense Media Network" /><br />
<br />
===Research Divisions===<br />
*Aeronautical Systems<br />
*Missile and Rocket Systems<br />
*Information and Communications<br />
*Chemical Systems<br />
*Materials and Electro-Optics<br />
*Electronic Systems<br />
<br />
===Centers===<br />
*System Development<br />
*System Manufacturing<br />
*Systems Sustainment<br />
*Integrated Logistical Support<br />
*Dual-Use Technology Development<br />
<br />
===Locations===<br />
NCSIST facilities are located in [[Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] (four facilities), [[New Taipei City]], [[Taichung City]], [[Kaohsiung]], and [[Pingtung County]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Locations |url=http://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/aboutus/TransportationLeading.aspx |website=NCSIST |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022 a locally designed propellant factory at the NCSIST's Jiupeng complex in Pingtung was completed. The facility allows for increased production of missiles and rockets.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Matt |last2=Liu |first2=Kay |title=Taiwan's first locally designed, built missile fuel factory opens |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202206240013 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=24 June 2022 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Automotive Research & Testing Center]]<br />
*[[Industrial Technology Research Institute]]<br />
*[[National Space Organization]]<br />
*[[List of companies of Taiwan]]<br />
*[[Defense industry of Taiwan]]<br />
<br />
===Similar organizations===<br />
* [[Agency for Defense Development]] - South Korea<br />
* [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] - United States<br />
* [[Defence Industry Agency]] - Turkey<br />
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] - India<br />
* [[Defence Technology Institute]] - Thailand<br />
* [[Military Institute of Armament Technology]] - Poland<br />
* [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] - Israel<br />
* [[Swedish Defence Research Agency]] - Sweden<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[[Federation of American Scientists]] (1999) {{URL|1=url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/taiwan/agency/csist.htm|2=fas.org/..}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology}}<br />
<br />
{{Ministry of National Defense (Taiwan)}}<br />
{{Military of the Republic of China}}<br />
{{automotive industry in Taiwan}}<br />
{{National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) aircraft}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
[[Category:National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology| |National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology]]<br />
[[Category:Defence companies of Taiwan]]<br />
[[Category:1969 establishments in Taiwan]]<br />
[[Category:Military research institutes]]<br />
[[Category:Military history of Taiwan]]<br />
[[Category:Space program of Taiwan]]<br />
[[Category:Guided missile manufacturers]]<br />
[[Category:Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturers]]<br />
[[Category:Research institutes in Taiwan]]<br />
[[Category:Nuclear weapons program of the Republic of China]]<br />
[[Category:Music companies]]<br />
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Taiwan]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuhfat_Ul_Mujahideen&diff=476490Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen2026-03-06T12:53:26Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Historical work by Zainuddin Makhdoom II}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
'''''Tuhfat al-Mujahidin fi ba‘d Akhbar al-Burtughaliyin''''' (Arabic:تحفة المجاهدين في بعض اخبار البرتغاليين, often shortened as '''''Tuhfat al-Mujahidin''''') is a historical work by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] on the struggle between the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] Muslims of [[Malabar District|Malabar]] and [[South Canara]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] colonial forces in the 16th century. The book describes the resistance put up by the navy of [[Kunjali Marakkar]] alongside the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize the [[Malabar coast]]. Along with chronological events of the era, the book also provides an analysis of the events, as well as the lifestyle, customs and family structure of the people of the time.<ref name="Noorani"/><ref>[http://southasiaconference.wisc.edu/archive/2011/2011-Program.pdf The 16th Century Mappila Muslims’ Jihad against the Portuguese: Impact of Tuhfat al-Mujahidin fi ba‘d Akhbar al-Burtughaliyin], Jose Abraham, [[Concordia University]], 40th Annual Conference on South Asia, 2011 Center for South Asia<br />
[[University of Wisconsin-Madison]].{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
[[Zainuddin Makhdoom II|Shaikh Zainuddin Makhdum]], born in 1517 AD, was a historian, and a religious scholar from [[Ponnani]]. Completed in 1583, his work Tuhfat is one of the few Asian sources that narrate the reaction of the Muslim populations of the Malabar coast to the Portuguese colonial expansion into the south west of India. It is also important as a pioneering work about the origins of the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] community in modern-day [[Kerala]]<ref name="EJPH"/> and has been reviewed as "a study in liberation theology of Islam".<ref name="Noorani"/> The work was translated into many European languages, notable among which are ''História dos Portugueses no Malabar'', by David Lopes in 1898 and the English translation by S. Muhammad Husayn Nainar, titled ''Tuhfat al-Mujāhidīn: A Historical Epic of the Sixteenth Century'' published in 1942 by the [[University of Madras]]. Another translation into [[Malayalam]] was written by C. Hamza, in 1995.<ref name="EJPH"/><br />
<br />
This is called by many as a source book of struggle against European colonial history. It details the history of Kerala, on the arrival of Islam in Kerala through Malik ibn Dinar. It expounds the extent of good relations between the Zamorins of Calicut and between the Muslims. It traces the socio-cultural decay of the Muslim community and the consequential Portuguese piracy and occupation in Malabar. It prays for the prosperity of the Zamorins and exhorts for the struggle (jihad) of Muslims under the banner of the Zamorins of Calicut, against the Portuguese.<ref>[http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=1571159&programId=7940924&channelId=-1073881580&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=9 Manorama Online]. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121209073215/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=1571159&programId=7940924&channelId=-1073881580&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=9 |date=2012-12-09}}.</ref><br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
<br />
Completed in 1583, the book was dedicated to the Sultan of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] [[Ali Adil Shah I|Ali Adil Shah]]. The work is divided into four parts — the first discusses in detail about the Islamic concepts of [[Jihad]], followed by a look into history of the [[Malabar Muslims|Muslim community]] in the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]]. It then describes the customs of the [[Hindu]] population of the Malabar at the time, and the final fourteen chapters narrate the history of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese in Malabar]] and the rise of the naval forces led by the [[Kunjali Marakkar]]s, from the arrival of the former towards the end of the fifteenth century till the [[Siege of Chaliyam]] of 1571.<ref name="EJPH">[https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue17/html/v9n1a06.html E-Journal of Portuguese History], [[Brown University]], Vol.9, number 1, Summer 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
[[P. Govinda Pillai]], a leading [[Marxism|Marxian]] critic and journalist in Kerala, has called it "an important event not only in the historical studies of Kerala but in the history of Kerala historiography. This is the first work based on the history of Kerala authored by a Keralite, albeit in Arabic. Moreover, like [[Thucydides]]’ ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War|Peloponnese War]]'', ''Tuhfath'' is credited with extraordinary historicity, since the author narrates events in which he took part in many ways and which he witnessed".<ref name="Noorani">AG Noorani {{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm |title=Islam in Kerala |access-date=2013-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221021629/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm |archive-date=2012-12-21 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Translations==<br />
* {{Citation<br />
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942<br />
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras<br />
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage<br />
| accessdate = 3 December 2020<br />
|isbn= 9789839154801}}<br />
*S. Muhammad Hussain Nainer (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Tuḥfat_Al_mujāhidīn.html?id=Xi9hMwAACAAJ&source=kp_book_description Tuḥfat Al-mujāhidīn: A Historical Epic of the Sixteenth Century.]'' Islamic Book Trust. {{ISBN|9789839154801}}. (A revised republication of Nainar's 1942 translation)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Resende |first=Vasco |date=2011 |title=Shaykh Zainuddin Makhdum, Tuhfat al-Mujāhidīn: A Historical Epic of the Sixteenth Century. Translated from the Arabic with notes by S. Muhammad Husayn Nainar. Kuala Lumpur / Calicut: Islamic Book Trust / Other Books, 2006. ISBN 983915480X/ 9789839154801. |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue17/pdf/v9n1a06.pdf |journal=e-Journal of Portuguese History |publisher=[[Brown University]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=96–98}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* [http://www.twocircles.net/2008jan23/book_review_tribute_strugglers.html Book review: The Tribute to the Strugglers]<br />
*''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006573974 Historia dos Portugueses no Malabar, por Zinadím. Manuscripto arabe do seculo XVI]'' translated by David Lopes Lisboa, Imprensa nacional, 1898.<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Portuguese in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century Indian books]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century Arabic-language books]]<br />
[[Category:Indian chronicles]]<br />
[[Category:Historiography of India]]<br />
[[Category:Books about India]]<br />
[[Category:Calicut kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:16th century in Portuguese India]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Day_in_the_Life_of_Lakshmi_Manchu%27s_Feet&diff=483708A Day in the Life of Lakshmi Manchu's Feet2026-03-06T06:18:05Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: made post - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian short film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = A Day in the Life of Lakshmi Manchu's Feet<br />
| image = A Day in the Life of Lakshmi Manchu's Feet.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Title card<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = <br />
| starring = [[Lakshmi Manchu]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Satish Mutyala<br />
| editing = Kamal R<br />
| music = Seshu K M R<br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|10|9}}<br />
| runtime = 3 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = <br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''A Day in the Life of Lakshmi Manchu's Feet''''' is a 2014 Indian short film directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and starring [[Lakshmi Manchu]] from the perspective of her feet.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The short follows [[Lakshmi Manchu]]'s feet as she goes about her daily routine.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/Oct/09/a-day-in-the-life-of-lakshmi-manchus-feet-669789.html|title=A Day in The Life of Lakshmi Manchu's Feet|date=9 October 2014|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> Her right foot is the main focus.<ref name="N"/><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Lakshmi Manchu]] as herself<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/im-glad-my-foot-is-the-protagonist-lakshmi-manchu/articleshow/44713264.cms|title=I'm glad my foot is the protagonist : Lakshmi Manchu|date=8 October 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Sashidhar|last=AS|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> <br />
;Cameo appearances<br />
* Vidya Nirvana Manchu Anand as herself<ref name="N"/><br />
*[[Vishnu Manchu]] as himself<ref name="N"/><br />
*[[Manchu Manoj]] as himself<ref name="N"/><br />
*[[Mohan Babu]] as himself<ref name="N"/><br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film is notably [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s first short film.<ref name="N"/><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The short was initially scheduled to release on 8 October 2014 coicinding with Lakshmi Manchu's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/at-lakshmis-feet/article6461597.ece|title=At Lakshmi's feet|date=30 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724090201/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/at-lakshmis-feet/article6461597.ece|archive-date=24 July 2021|url-access=subscription|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> The short was released directly on YouTube on the following day and garnered more than 18,000 views in seven hours.<ref name="N"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|5742902}}<br />
{{Ram Gopal Varma}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Day in the Life of Lakshmi Manchu's Feet, A}}<br />
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian short films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]<br />
{{Improve categories|date=November 2024}}</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chala_Murari_Hero_Banne&diff=460286Chala Murari Hero Banne2026-03-03T23:29:22Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Original research|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Chala Murari Hero Banne<br />
| image = Chala Murari Hero Banne.jpg<br />
| caption = Film poster<br />
| director = [[Asrani]]<br />
| producer = Surinder Kumar Sharma<br />
| writer = <br />
| narrator = [[Ashok Kumar]]<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Asrani]]|[[Bindiya Goswami]]|[[Ashok Kumar]]|[[Prem Nath]]}}<br />
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = Mehboob Studios<ref>{{cite web |title=Chala Murari Hero Banne |url=https://indiancine.ma/SCZ/info}}</ref><br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1977|11|11}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Chala Murari Hero Banne''''' ({{lit|Murari Goes To Become A Hero}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by and starring [[Asrani]], [[Bindiya Goswami]] and [[Ashok Kumar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chala Murari Hero Banne|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYGyHGJoSqw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/cYGyHGJoSqw |archive-date=2021-12-15|url-status=live|publisher=SEPL Vintage}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Chala Murari Hero Banne( 1977) |url=http://archive.org/details/chala-murari-hero-banne-1977-1 |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Murari dreams of becoming an actor, but his Dad ([[A.K. Hangal]]), who runs a cloth shop, wants him to help in the shop. Murari runs away from home and catches a train to [[Mumbai]]. On his journey, he meets a teacher who says he knows [[Raj Kapoor]]. Murari comes to Mumbai, lives in a chawl, struggles a bit and becomes a successful and rich actor. Then comes a twist in his life; he gets accused in scandals, and his love interest, ([[Bindiya Goswami]]), leaves him. Eventually, he proves himself innocent and they reunite and marry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chala Murari Hero Banne {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chala-murari-hero-ban-ne |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[G. Asrani]] as Murari/Amit<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chala Murari Hero Ban Ne (1977) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chala-murari-hero-ban-ne-4691/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215061114/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chala-murari-hero-ban-ne-4691/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><br />
*[[Bindiya Goswami]] as Mary<br />
*[[Ashok Kumar]]<br />
*[[Prem Nath]]<br />
*[[Simi Garewal]]<br />
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]<br />
*[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]]<br />
*[[Jagdeep]]<br />
*[[Keshto Mukherjee]] as Abdul<br />
*[[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Dubey/Lyricist<br />
<br />
===Guest appearances ===<br />
<br />
The film has many Special appearances including:<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
*[[Dharmendra]]<br />
*[[Hema Malini]]<br />
*[[Premnath]]<br />
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]]<br />
*[[A.K. Hangal]] as Murari's father<br />
*[[Keshto Mukherjee]]<br />
*[[Jagdeep]]<br />
*[[Ashok Kumar]]<br />
*[[Rishi Kapoor]]<br />
*[[Neetu Singh]]<br />
*[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Peter<br />
*[[David Abraham Cheulkar]] as Mary's father<br />
*[[Sunil Dutt]]<br />
*[[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
*[[Nasir Hussain]]<br />
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]]<br />
*[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] as Self<br />
*[[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]] as Self<br />
*Harindranath Chattopadhyaya as himself<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
Music was composed by [[R. D. Burman]] and lyrics were penned by [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Songs - Chala Murari Hero Banne |url=http://www.panchamonline.com/filmsongs.asp?id=63 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.panchamonline.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
#"Naa Janey Din Kaise Jivan Me Aaye Hain" - [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
#"Khoye Ho Aakhir Kis Bekhudi Me" - [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
#"Teri Kathputli Hun Naccne Nikli Hu" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
#"Do Pal Ki Hey Ye Zindagani" - Asha Bhosle<br />
#"Haathon Me Haath Hum Lekar" - Lata Mangeshkar<br />
#"Na Jane Din Kaise Jivan Me Aaye Hai" (II) - Kishore Kumar<br />
#"Pas Aao Na" - Asha Bhosle, [[Simi Garewal]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* ''[[Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon]]'', 2003 Hindi film about a small-town woman aspiring to join Bollywood film industry.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0075825|title=Chala Murari Hero Banne}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1977 films]]<br />
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=En_Aasai_Machan&diff=445305En Aasai Machan2026-03-03T04:54:35Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: small fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = En Aasai Machan.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[R. Sundarrajan]]<br />
| writer = R. Sundarrajan<br />
| producer = Tamil Fathima<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijayakanth]]|[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]|[[Revathi]]|[[Ranjitha]]}}<br />
| cinematography = Rajarajan<br />
| editing = G. Jayachandran<br />
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br />
| studio = Tamilannai Cine Creation<br />
| released = {{Film date|1994|8|26|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 150 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''En Aasai Machan''''' ({{translation|My dear fiancé}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[R. Sundarrajan]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]], [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Revathi]] and [[Ranjitha]]. It was released on 26 August 1994.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41-43 |language=Ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
<br />
Subramani, a college leader, falls in love with Meenakshi, but she requests him to complete her challenges to accept his love. Subramani succeeds in her challenges, and when she asks him to kiss her in public, he is arrested by a police officer. Aarusamy, Subramani's brother, a respected village chief, lives with Thayamma. In the past, Subramani's mother died during Subramani's childbirth. Aarusamy and Thayamma got engaged when they were children. They stayed unmarried to take care of Subramani.<br />
<br />
Subramani is later released from jail. Meenakshi's uncle Thangarasu wants to marry her, and he then beats up Aarusamy. Later, Thayamma decides to work in Meenakshi's house to spy on her. Meenakshi admits to Thayamma that she is in love with Subramani. Thangarasu agrees with Meenakshi and Subramani's marriage. Finally, Subramani and Meenakshi get married, but they discover that Thayamma has died.<br />
<br />
It is revealed that on the day before, Thangarasu humiliated Aarusamy to take revenge, and Aarusamy accepted it for his brother's marriage. Unable to bear this torture, Thayamma dies watching him. The film ends with Aarusamy marrying Thayamma before carrying her dead body off to perform her last rites.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Vijayakanth]] as Aarusamy<br />
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Subramani<br />
*[[Revathi]] as Thayamma (Maragadham)<br />
*[[Monica (actress)|Monica]] as Younger Thayamma<br />
*[[Ranjitha]] as Meenakshi<br />
*[[Kazan Khan]] as Thangarasu, Meenakshi's uncle<br />
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Kaveri<br />
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Police Officer<br />
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]<br />
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Dinesh<br />
*[[Balu Anand]] as Nachimuthu<br />
*[[Kovai Senthil]]<br />
*[[Nellai Siva]]<br />
*Selladurai<br />
*Kokila<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
<br />
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{cite web |title=En Aasai Machan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/my/album/en-aasai-machan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1047498968 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119092525/https://music.apple.com/my/album/en-aasai-machan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1047498968 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Apple Music}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Aadiyile Sedhi<br />
| lyrics1 = Kalidasan<br />
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length1 = 4:57<br />
| title2 = Karuppu Nila<br />
| lyrics2 = Vaali<br />
| extra2 = K. S. Chithra<br />
| length2 = 5:15<br />
| title3 = Raasithan Kai Raasithan<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]<br />
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra<br />
| length3 = 5:04<br />
| title4 = Soru Kondu Pora<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Gangai Amaran]]<br />
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br />
| length4 = 3:51<br />
| title5 = Thalaivanai Azhaikuthu<br />
| lyrics5 = Kalidasan<br />
| extra5 = [[S. Janaki]]<br />
| length5 = 4:38<br />
| title6 = Then Madurai<br />
| lyrics6 = Kalidasan<br />
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length6 = 4:10<br />
| title7 = Valai Virikkiran<br />
| lyrics7 = Kalidasan<br />
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br />
| length7 = 4:51<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote that while the film had a promising start, it "ends up being disappointing".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=10 September 1994 |title=Promising start, but ends up being disappointing |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kc1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jhMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5344%2C4157773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818173815/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kc1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jhMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5344%2C4157773 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=13 March 2019 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=15 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Thulasi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said this film is for those who like emotional films.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=துளசி |date=9 October 1994 |title=என் ஆசை மச்சான் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-10-09/page/n21/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230308061652/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-10-09/page/n21/mode/2up |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=21 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Revathi won the [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil]],<ref>{{cite web |title=my awards |url=http://www.revathy.com:80/awards.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911160246/http://www.revathy.com/awards.htm |archive-date=11 September 2007 |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=revathy.com}}</ref> and Monica won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Child Artist]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=Film star plans marriage after embracing Islam |url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/580606 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409142148/https://www.arabnews.com/news/580606 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
{{R. Sundarrajan}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1994 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1994 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by R. Sundarrajan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by R. Sundarrajan]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manoj_Kumar_Prajapati&diff=516242Manoj Kumar Prajapati2026-03-02T16:52:21Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1978)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Manoj Kumar Prajapati<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|7|3}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| constituency = [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Hamirpur Assembly constituency]]<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = March 2022<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Yuvraj Singh (politician)|Yuvraj Singh]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| education = Doctor of Philosophy<br />
| alma_mater = [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology|CSAUA&T]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Manoj Kumar Prajapati''' is an Indian professor, politician, and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Hamirpur Assembly constituency]] of [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite news |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18228/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/manoj-prajapati/ |title=Manoj Prajapati, BJP MLA from Hamirpur |website=ourneta.com}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/samajwadi-party-mla-manoj-kumar-pandey-resigns-as-chief-whip-in-up-assembly/article67890793.ece |title=Samajwadi Party MLA Manoj Kumar Pandey resigns as Chief Whip in U.P. Assembly |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Feb/27/sp-mla-manoj-kumar-pandey-resigns-as-chief-whip-in-up-assembly-2 |title=SP MLA Manoj Kumar Pandey resigns as chief whip in UP Assembly |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/up-assembly-election-2022-hamirpur-sadar-assembly-constituency-bjp-candidate-professor-dr-manoj-kumar-prajapati/articleshow/89271040.cms |title=UP Election 2022: अखिलेश का साथ छोड़ BJP में आए प्रोफेसर मनोज कुमार प्रजापति, हमीरपुर में खिलाएंगे तीसरी बार कमल? |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Prajapati was born on 3 July 1978 in [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Shivcharan Prajapati.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Prachi Chakraborty in 1985, and they have two children.<ref name="UPLA"/><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
He completed his education with a Doctor of Agriculture at [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]], [[Kanpur]], in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=5892 |title=Dr. Manoj Kumar Prajapati(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- HAMIRPUR |website=myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prajapati, Manoj Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:1978 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purnia_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=527389Purnia Lok Sabha constituency2026-02-27T01:26:51Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Purnia<br />
| state = [[Bihar]]<br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| established = 1952<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = File:The Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha), Shri Rajesh Ranjan (Pappu Yadav) meeting the Union Minister for Railways, Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu, in New Delhi on March 22, 2016 (cropped).jpg<br />
| mp = [[Pappu Yadav]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Bihar |2024]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[Santosh Kumar Kushwaha|Santosh Kushwaha]]<br>[[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Purnia''' (formerly '''Purnea''') is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]].<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| value1 = 33<br />
| value2 = 17<br />
| value3 = 17<br />
| value4 = 11<br />
| value5 = 6<br />
| value6 = 6<br />
| value7 = 5<br />
| value8 = 5<br />
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (6 times)]]<br />
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''' (3 times)]]<br />
| label3 = [[Independent politician|'''IND''' (3 times)]]<br />
| label4 = [[Janata Dal (United)|'''JDU''' (2 times)]]<br />
| label5 = [[Samajwadi Party|'''SP''' (1 time)]]<br />
| label6 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''' (1 time)]]<br />
| label7 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''' (1 time)]]<br />
| label8 = [[Indian National Congress (Indira)|'''INC(I)''' (1 time)]]<br />
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| color3 = {{party color|Independent politician}}<br />
| color4 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| color5 = {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
| color6 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}<br />
| color7 = {{party color|Janata Party}}<br />
| color8 = {{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br />
| caption = Most successful parties from [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnia Lok Sabha]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
Presently, Purnia Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" <br />
!#<br />
!Name<br />
!District<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"| Party<br />
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead<br />
|-<br />
|58<br />
|[[Kasba, Purnia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasba]]<br />
|rowspan="5"| [[Purnia district|Purnia]]<br />
|[[Nitesh Kumar Singh]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |<br />
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)|shortname=IND|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|59<br />
|[[Banmankhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Banmankhi]] (SC)<br />
|[[Krishna Kumar Rishi]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|60<br />
|[[Rupauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupauli]]<br />
|[[Kaladhar Mandal]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|61<br />
|[[Dhamdaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhamdaha]]<br />
|[[Leshi Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|62<br />
|[[Purnia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purnia]]<br />
|[[Vijay Kumar Khemka|Vijay Khemka]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)|shortname=IND|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|69<br />
|[[Korha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Korha]] (SC) <br />
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]<br />
|Kavita Devi (politician)|[[Kavita Devi (politician)|Kavita Paswan]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of Parliament==<br />
The following is the list of the Members of Parliament elected from this constituency<br />
<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=2009-01-31 }}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=2008-06-16 }}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]<br />
|[[Phani Gopal Sen Gupta]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}<br />
|-<br />
|Maneklal Madanlal Gandhi<br />
|-<br />
|Benjaman Hansda<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muhammad Islamuddin]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Phani Gopal Sen Gupta]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
|[[Mohammad Tahir (Indian politician)|Mohammad Tahir]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
|Lakhan Lal Kapoor<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhuri Singh]]<br />
| style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}} |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|[[Mohammed Taslimuddin|Taslimuddin]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
| colspan="3" |''Election countermanded due to poll-rigging and violence''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Santosh|date=16 October 2020|title=Pappu Yadav, the 'pathik'|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/pappu-yadav-profile-6754272/}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1991^<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Pappu Yadav]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|[[Jai Krishna Mandal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|[[Pappu Yadav]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Uday Singh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Santosh Kumar Kushwaha|Santosh Kushwaha]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style=background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|[[Pappu Yadav]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}} <br />
|}<br />
^By-Poll<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Purnia]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Purnai">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Purnai |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0412.htm |access-date=5 February 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205165831/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0412.htm |archive-date=5 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Purnia Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Purnia Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/purnia |access-date=20 August 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820164822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/purnia |archive-date=20 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=independent|candidate=[[Pappu Yadav]]|votes=5,67,556|percentage=47.46|change={{increase}}47.46}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Santosh Kumar Kushwaha]]|votes=5,43,709|percentage=45.47|change={{decrease}}9.38}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Bima Bharti]]|votes=27,120|percentage=2.27|change={{increase}}2.27}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 23,847<br />
|percentage = 1.99<br />
|change = {{decrease}}20.84<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,96,238|percentage=63.12|change={{decrease}}2.25}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Independent <br />
|loser = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Purnia]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Santosh Kumar (politician)|Santosh Kumar Kushwaha]]|votes=6,32,924|percentage=54.85|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Uday Singh]]|votes=3,69,463<br />
|percentage=32.02|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br />
| candidate = Shubhash Kumar Thakur<br />
| votes = 31,795<br />
| percentage = 2.76<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br />
| candidate = Sageer Ahmad<br />
| votes = 21,374<br />
| percentage = 1.85<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=18,569|percentage=1.61|change=|Result=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jitendra Urab|votes=16,537|percentage=1.43|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=2,63,461|percentage=22.83|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,53,989|percentage=65.37|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||loser=|swing=|winner=Janata Dal (United) }}{{Election box end}}<br />
===2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Purnia]]<ref>[http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/lok-sabha-elections-2014/lok-sabha-2014-constituency-details/bihar/Purnia/election2014constituency/32599478.cms "Navbharat Times"]</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-21 |page=47}}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-21 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214134/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=May 25, 2014 }}</ref> }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Santosh Kumar (politician)|Santosh Kumar Kushwaha]]|votes=4,18,826|percentage=41.15|change=|Result=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Uday Singh]]|votes=3,02,157|percentage=29.69|change=|Result=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Amarnath Tiwari|votes=1,24,344|percentage=12.22|change=|Result=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Mohammed Shamsher Alam|votes=50,446|percentage=4.96|change=|Result=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Sudeep Roy|votes=16,630|percentage=1.63|change=|Result=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=11,982|percentage=1.18|change=|Result=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=1,16,669|percentage=11.46|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,17,750|percentage=64.31|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box gain with party link||loser=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=|winner=Janata Dal (United)}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Purnia]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Uday Singh]]<br />
| votes = 3,62,952<br />
| percentage = 51.50<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br />
| candidate = Shanti Priya Chandranarayan Yadav<br />
| votes = 1,76,725<br />
| percentage = 25.08<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Lok Janshakti Party<br />
| candidate = Shankar Jha<br />
| votes = 22,773<br />
| percentage = 3.23<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br />
| candidate = Pramod Narayan Poddar<br />
| votes = 21,754<br />
| percentage = 3.09<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Naveen Kumar Singh<br />
| votes = 21,281<br />
| percentage = 3.02<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 1,86,227<br />
| percentage = 26.42<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 7,04,752<br />
| percentage = 53.99<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Uday Singh<br />
| votes = 244,426<br />
| percentage = 34.47<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Lok Janshakti Party<br />
| candidate = Rajesh Ranjan alias Pappu Yadav<br />
| votes = 231,543<br />
| percentage = 32.66<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Jeevachha Paswan<br />
| votes = 57,021<br />
| percentage = 8.04<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Samajwadi Party<br />
| candidate = Dr. Irshad Ahmad Khan<br />
| votes = 47,301<br />
| percentage = 6.67<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Jharkhand Disom Party<br />
| candidate = Raj Kumar Hembram<br />
| votes = 25,609<br />
| percentage = 3.61<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Awadesh Ku Mandal<br />
| votes = 21,619<br />
| percentage = 3.05<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Satya Narayan Ram<br />
| votes = 18,378<br />
| percentage = 2.59<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Neelam Devi<br />
| votes = 16,569<br />
| percentage = 2.34<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)<br />
| candidate = Jai Krishna Mandal<br />
| votes = 14,160<br />
| percentage = 2.00<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Syed Sahid Raja<br />
| votes = 7,976<br />
| percentage = 1.12<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
| candidate = Madhavi Sarkar<br />
| votes = 7,595<br />
| percentage = 1.07<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Lalit Mohan Singh<br />
| votes = 6,740<br />
| percentage = 0.95<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Md. Riauzuddin<br />
| votes = 4,056<br />
| percentage = 0.57<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)<br />
| candidate = Prakash Kumar Singh<br />
| votes = 3,302<br />
| percentage = 0.47<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
| candidate = Upendra Nath Sagar<br />
| votes = 2,720<br />
| percentage = 0.38<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 12,883<br />
| percentage = 1.81<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election, 1999===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Rajesh Ranjan<br />
| votes = 438,193<br />
| percentage = 63.17<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Jay Krishna Mandal<br />
| votes = 185,627<br />
| percentage = 26.76<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
| candidate = Abdul Khalil Ahmad<br />
| votes = 29,799<br />
| percentage = 4.30<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Mani Lal Das<br />
| votes = 12,813<br />
| percentage = 1.85<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Mahmad Alam<br />
| votes = 5,166<br />
| percentage = 0.74<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha<br />
| candidate = Ashok Ku Sah<br />
| votes = 4,298<br />
| percentage = 0.62<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Dal (Secular)<br />
| candidate = Alimudin Ansari<br />
| votes = 3,211<br />
| percentage = 0.46<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Nageshwar Singh<br />
| votes = 3,207<br />
| percentage = 0.46<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Juver Alam<br />
| votes = 3,032<br />
| percentage = 0.44<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Ajeya Bharat Party<br />
| candidate = Vipeen Kumar<br />
| votes = 2,727<br />
| percentage = 0.39<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Kuldeep Mandal<br />
| votes = 1,946<br />
| percentage = 0.28<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Sahdeo Prasad Mandal<br />
| votes = 1,401<br />
| percentage = 0.20<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent<br />
| candidate = Asha Devi<br />
| votes = 1,374<br />
| percentage = 0.20<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
| candidate = Saiyad Gulam Husen<br />
| votes = 924<br />
| percentage = 0.13<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 252,566<br />
| percentage = 36.41<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Independent<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Purnia district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
* [[Kolasi]]<br />
* [[Katihar]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/purnia/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Purnia lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{Purnia Division topics}}<br />
{{coord|25.8|87.5|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Purnia district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Katihar district]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhrigu&diff=460147Bhrigu2026-02-23T12:28:34Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: cleaned up section per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{Short description|Legendary Hindu sage}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox deity<br />
| image = Maharishi Bhrighuji.jpg<br />
| affiliation = [[Saptarishi]]<br />
| type = Hindu<br />
| alt = Bhrigu<br />
| caption = A painting depicting Bhṛgu<br />
| father = [[Brahma]]<br />
| spouse = [[Kavyamata]], [[Puloma]], [[Khyati]], Divyadevi, and Paulami<br />
| children = * [[Shukra]] (from Kavyamata)<br />
* [[Chyavana]] (from Puloma)<br />
* Dhata, Vidhata, and [[Bhargavi]] (from Khyati)<br />
* Tvashta (from Divyadevi)<br />
* Richika (from Paulami)<br />
}}<br />
{{Hinduphilosophy}} <br />
'''Bhrigu''' ({{langx|sa|Bhṛgu}}) is a [[rishi]] in [[Hinduism]]. He is one of the seven great sages, the [[Saptarishi|Saptarshi]], and one of the many [[Prajapati]]s (facilitators of creation) created by [[Brahma]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02011.htm |title=[[Mahabharata|The Mahabharata]] |chapter=Book 2: Sabha Parva: Lokapala Sabhakhayana Parva: Section XI |translator=Kisari Mohan Ganguli |translator-link=Kisari Mohan Ganguli |page=25 |quote=And Daksha, Prachetas, Pulaha, Marichi, the master Kasyapa, Bhrigu, Atri, and Vasistha and Gautama, and also Angiras, and Pulastya, Kraut, Prahlada, and Kardama, these ''Prajapatis'', and Angirasa of the Atharvan Veda, the Valikhilyas, the Marichipas; Intelligence, Space, Knowledge, Air, Heat, Water, Earth, Sound, Touch, Form, Taste, Scent; Nature, and the Modes (of Nature), and the elemental and prime causes of the world&nbsp;– all stay in that mansion beside the Lord Brahma. And Agastya of great energy, and Markandeya, of great ascetic power, and Jamadagni and Bharadvaja, and Samvarta, and Chyavana, and exalted Durvasa, and the virtuous Rishyasringa, the illustrious Sanatkumara of great ascetic merit and the preceptor in all matters affecting Yoga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027194957/https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02011.htm |archive-date= Oct 27, 2023 }}</ref> He was the first compiler of predictive [[astrology]] and also the author of ''[[Bhrigu Samhita]]'', an astrological ([[Hindu astrology|jyotisha]]) classic. Bhrigu is considered a [[mānasaputra]] ('mind-born son') of Brahma. The adjectival form of the name, ''[[Bhargava|Bhārgava]]'', is used to refer to the descendants and the school of Bhrigu. According to the ''[[Manusmṛti]]'', Bhrigu was a compatriot and companion of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], the [[List of protoplasts in religion|protoplast (first human)]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/78 78]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> Along with Manu, Bhrigu made important contributions to the ''Manusmṛti'', which was constituted out of a sermon to a congregation of saints in the state of [[Brahmavarta]], after the great floods in this area.<ref>A.V. Sankran, ''Saraswati – the ancient river lost in the desert'', Current Science, 1997, Vol. 72, pages 160–61</ref> As per the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', Bhrigu migrated to Bhrigukaccha, modern [[Bharuch]], on the banks of the [[Narmada]] in [[Gujarat]], leaving his son [[Chyavana]] at [[Dhosi Hill]].<br />
<br />
According to the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', he was married to [[Khyati]], one of the nine daughters of [[Kardama]]. She was the mother of [[Lakshmi]] as ''Bhargavi''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AB4UEQAAQBAJ&q=Bhargavi|title=7 Secrets Of The Goddess|isbn=9789395073073|last1=Pattanaik|first1=Devdutt|date=16 August 2023|publisher=Westland}}</ref> They also had two sons named Dhata and Vidhata. He had one more son with [[Kavyamata]], who is better known than Bhrigu himself: [[Shukra]], [[guru]] of the [[asuras]]. The sage [[Chyavana]] is also said to be his son with [[Puloma]], as is the folk hero [[Mrikanda]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Vishnu Purana a System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition Translated from the Original Sanskrit, and Illustrated by Notes Derived Chiefly from Other Puranas by the Late H.H. Wilson: 1|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_rf3DwwYP40UC|year=1864|publisher=Trubner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_rf3DwwYP40UC/page/n301 152]–}}</ref> [Maha:1.5] One of his descendants was sage [[Jamadagni]], who in turn was the father of sage [[Parashurama]], considered an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].<ref name="Kapoor2004">{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=A Dictionary of Hinduism: Including Its Mythology, Religion, History, Literature, and Pantheon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ6O8nwsFWgC&pg=PA185|year=2004|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-874-6|pages=185–}}</ref><ref name="Williams2003">{{cite book|author=George Mason Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-57607-106-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068/page/160 160]–161}}</ref><ref name="BonnefoyDoniger1993">{{cite book|author1=Yves Bonnefoy|author2=Wendy Doniger|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&pg=PA83|year=1993|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7|pages=82–83}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legends==<br />
Bhṛgu is mentioned in the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' and the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', where he is shown present during the great ''[[yajna]]'' of [[Daksha]] (his father-in-law).<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp043.htm Vishnu Purana] SACRIFICE OF DAKSHA (From the [[Vayu Purana]].) The ''Vishnu Purana'', translated by [[Horace Hayman Wilson]], 1840. 67:6.</ref> He supports the continuation of the [[Daksha yajna]] even after being warned that without an offering for [[Shiva]], it was asking for a catastrophe for everyone present there. In the [[Taittiriya Upanishad|''Tattiriya Upanishad'']], he is described to have had a conversation with his father Varuni on [[Brahman]].<br />
<br />
In the ''[[Bhagavad Gītā|Bhagavad Gita]]'', [[Krishna]] says that among sages, Bhrigu is the representative of the opulence of [[God in Hinduism|God]].<ref>[http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/verse-10-23.html Bhagavad Gītā&nbsp;– Chapter 10 Verse 25]</ref><br />
<br />
=== Testing the Trimurti ===<br />
The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' describes a legend in which sages gathered at the bank of the river [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]] to participate in a great ''yajna''. The gathered sages could not decide who among the [[Trimurti]] (supreme trinity) of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva was pre-eminent and should be the recipient of the ''yajna''. They deputed Bhrigu to determine this answer.{{sfn|Satish|2014}}<br />
<br />
Upon being entrusted with the task, Bhṛgu decided to test each of the Trimurti. He first visited Brahma at [[Brahmaloka|Satyaloka]], and to test his patience, he refused to sing in his praise or prostrate before him. Brahma grew angry, but realised that his son was testing him and allowed him to pass. Bhṛgu left for [[Mount Kailash|Kailasha]], the abode of Shiva. Upon seeing the sage, Shiva rose to his feet and moved forward with great joy to embrace the sage. Bhṛgu, however, refused the embrace, and tested him by calling the deity a maligner of social conventions and rituals. Shiva was infuriated and prepared to strike the sage with his [[Triśūla|trident]], but was calmed by his consort, [[Parvati]]. The sage then travelled to the abode of Vishnu, [[Vaikuntha]].{{sfn|Satish|2014}} Vishnu was resting his head on the lap of [[Lakshmi]] when the sage arrived. Bhṛgu kicked Vishnu on the chest to wake him up, enraged by the perceived insult. Vishnu woke up, greeted Bhṛgu, and starts massaging his feet, regarding his chest to have been sanctified due to its contact with the sage's foot. Overpowered with emotion, Bhṛgu went back to the sages and declared [[Vishnu]] to be the greatest among the Trimurti.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tapasyananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-yBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT743 |title=Srimad Bhagavata Volume – 3 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math(vedantabooks.org) |pages=743 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coulter |first1=Charles Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC&pg=PT228 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |last2=Turner |first2=Patricia |date=2013-07-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96397-2 |pages=228 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
According to some traditions, Vishnu's consort [[Lakshmi]] grew angry at him because the chest was considered as Lakshmi's place (''vakshasthala'') and left Vaikuntha to be born on earth. She was found on a lotus flower, and was raised by Bhrigu and his wife Khyati, which is why another name of Lakshmi is Bhargavi, daughter of Bhṛgu. Since she was found on a lotus, she is also called Padmavati.{{sfn|Satish|2014}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=2020-11-13 |title=Bhrigu: The Father of Fortune |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bhrigu-the-father-of-fortune/articleshow/79213947.cms |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zj3DwAAQBAJ&dq=Bhrigu+sage&pg=PA151 |title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume I A-L |date=2019-04-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62465-0 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
A variation of this is the legend behind [[Tirupati]], in which a furious Lakshmi is born as Padmavati on earth and Vishnu assumes the form of [[Srinivasa]] and [[Venkateswara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA453 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=453 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Associated sites ==<br />
Bhrigu is regarded to have had his [[āśrama|ashram]] (hermitage) on the Vadhusar River, a tributary of the [[Drishadvati river|Drishadwati River]] near [[Dhosi Hill]] in the state of [[Brahmavarta]],<ref>Mahabharta, Van Parv, page 1308, Geeta Press, Gorakhpur</ref> presently on the border of [[Haryana]] and the [[Jhunjhunu]] district of [[Rajasthan]] in [[India]].<ref>Sudhir Bhargava, "Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati river is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati river" Seminar, Saraswati river-a perspective, Nov. 20–22, 2009, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana, Seminar Report: pages 114–117</ref><ref>Padampuran</ref> <br />
<br />
His son Chyavana, known for [[Chyavanprash]] also had his āśrama at Dhosi Hill. Bhṛgu is also worshipped at [[Bharuch]], [[Swamimalai]], [[Tirumala]], [[Ballia]], [[Nanguneri]], [[Thiruneermalai]], and [[Mannargudi]].<br />
<br />
An āśrama for Bhṛgu is in Maruderi, [[Chengalpattu]] district in Tamil Nadu. [[Khedbrahma]] in Gujarat is associated with Brahma and Bhṛgu's legend of testing the Trimurti. Lastly, Bhṛgu migrated to Bhuinj [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]] where he took [[Samadhi]]. His āśrama and his [[Lakshmi|daughter]]'s temple also situated there. His [[Chyavana|son]]'s āśrama and samadhi are also situated on Chyavaneshwar hill near Bhuinj.<br />
<br />
== Literature ==<br />
=== ''Upanishads'' ===<br />
In [[Taittiriya Upanishad|Tattiriya Upanishad]], first six anuvakas of Bhrigu Valli are called ''Bhargavi Varuni Vidya'', which means "the knowledge Bhrigu got from (his father) Varuni". It is in these anuvakas that sage Varuni advises Bhrigu with one of the oft-cited definition of Brahman, as "that from which beings originate, through which they live, and in which they re-enter after death, explore that because that is Brahman".<ref name=pauldeussen311>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 241-246</ref> This thematic, all encompassing, eternal nature of reality and existence develops as the basis for Bhrigu's emphasis on introspection and inwardization, to help peel off the outer husks of knowledge, in order to reach and realize the innermost kernel of spiritual self-knowledge.<ref name=pauldeussen311/><br />
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=== ''Bhrigu Samhita'' ===<br />
Bhrigu decided to write his famous books of astrology, the ''[[Bhrigu Samhita]]''. Bhrigu collected birth charts, wrote full-life predictions, and compiled them together as ''Bhrigu Samhita''. ''Bhrigu Samhita'' is believed to be one of the first book of its kind in the field of [[astrology]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koʻmarhanʻ |first1=Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ Samuiṅʻʺ |title=Myanmar Historical Commission conference proceedings |publisher=Myanmar Historical Commission, Golden Jubilee Publication Committee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWtuAAAAMAAJ&q=first+astrological+treatise+brighu |access-date=12 August 2018|year=2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Experts |first1=Disha |title=The History Compendium for IAS Prelims General Studies CSAT Paper 1, UPSC & State PSC |date=1 May 2017 |publisher=Disha Publication |isbn=978-9386323446 |edition= Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLctDwAAQBAJ&q=maharishi+bhrigu+during+the+vedic&pg=PA56}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=T.M. |title=Bhrigu Samhita |publisher=Pustak Mahal |isbn=978-8122310214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pNxr9blvjgC&q=it+is+confirmed+fact+that+saint+bhrigu+was&pg=PT9 |access-date=12 August 2018|year=2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eyzdagird |first1=Erhiem |title=Bhrigu Samhita: el Primer Libro de Astrología Védica: Traducción Al Español de Manuscritos de Hojas Del período Védico |publisher=Independently Published |isbn=978-1980573210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HsJtwEACAAJ&q=bhrigu+samhita |access-date=12 August 2018|date=16 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=David |title=The World's Oldest Astrological Book: The Bhrigu Samhita of Ancient India |date=18 March 2011 |publisher=MSAC Philosophy Group }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Lineage ==<br />
The lineage of Bhrigu includes [[Shukra]], [[Chyavana]], [[Aurva]], Richika, [[Jamadagni]], [[Parashurama]], [[Bhargava]], [[Balai]], and [[Dadhichi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arya |first=Vedveer |date=2022-10-03 |title=A Genealogical Account of Bhrigu Gotra from Saptarshis |url=https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2022/10/03/a-genealogical-account-of-bhrigu-gotra-from-saptarshis/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=myIndiamyGlory |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pravase |title=Saptarishi Seven Sages Who Guided Humanity, Saptarshi {{!}} Pravase |url=https://pravase.co.in/gyan-detail/82/saptarshi-seven-sages-sanatan-dharma-vedic-time |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=pravase.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bhalla |first=Prem P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DN4xDwAAQBAJ |title=ABC of Hinduism |publisher=Educreation Publishing |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Shukra ===<br />
Shukra, son of Bhṛgu, is considered to be a Daitya-Guru, teacher of the [[Asura|Asuras]]. Shukra learned the mṛtyu sañjivini [[Vidya (philosophy)|vidya]] from Lord [[Shiva]], with which he could revive the dead and grant them immortality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Saket |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvnHDwAAQBAJ |title=Planet Venus Secrets: Vedic Astrology |date=2020-01-05 |publisher=Saket Shah |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, Shukra is also known the planet [[Venus]] in astronomical terms.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blavatsky |first=H. P. |title=The secret doctrine: The synthesis of science, religion, and philosophy |date=2014 |publisher=Theosophical University Press |isbn=978-1-55700-228-0 |edition=Unabridged verbatim |location=Pasadena, California}}</ref><br />
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=== Chyavana ===<br />
Once, while Puloma was pregnant with Chyavana, Bhṛgu had gone for a bath. While he was gone, an asura who was also named Puloma came to Bhrigu's āśrama in the form of a boar and kidnapped, or carried away, Bhṛgu's wife. Because of this, Bhṛgu's wife had a miscarriage. Despite being prematurely born, the infant was radiating light like the sun, which burned the asura into ashes. Later, when Puloma went back to Bhrigu with her prematurely-born yet miraculous child, Bhṛgu asked her how the asura had come to know of the location of the āśrama. She revealed that it was [[Agni]] who had told the asura Puloma about their whereabouts. Angered, Bhṛgu cursed Agni that he would consume all that came in his way.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkUQYvw2HGkC |title=Vyasa's Mahabharatam |date=2008 |publisher=Academic Publishers |isbn=978-81-89781-68-2 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Aurva ===<br />
Aurva was the son of Chyavana and his wife [[Aarushi]] (daughter of Manu).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Parmeshwaranand |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas |date=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-226-3 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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After King Krutavirya's death, his sons invaded the Bhargava rishis' ashrams to get their wealth. Since the [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]] were hunting them down, the rishis had to leave their ashrams. Among the fleers was Aarushi, who was pregnant at that time. In order to protect her unborn child, she hid her garbha (womb) in her thigh as she fled. The Kshatriyas, however, found out about this and caught her. As she was getting captured, her thigh broke and a child came out. The child was radiating immensely, and his light blinded the Kshatriya kings. The kings realized their mistakes and asked for forgiveness. The child, who was Aurva, returned their eyesight, however, his strong hatred towards the Kshatriyas remained even as he grew older. Aurva began to perform austerities to bring justice to his ancestors ([[Pitrs|pitrus]]) for how the Kshatriya kings had treated them, and the rigorousness of his austerities caused the world to start burning down. Frightened by the destruction caused by Aurva's intense austerities, Aurva's pitrus appeared before him, and pleaded him to withdraw the fire, force it into the ocean, and stop his austerities to prevent further damage.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiuRBQAAQBAJ&q=bhrigu+trimurti&pg=PT113|title=Tales of Gods in Hindu Mythology|isbn=9781482827996|last1=Satish|first1=V.|date=10 October 2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore }}<br />
{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rishis]]<br />
[[Category:Prajapatis]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu astrologers]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behali_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=490317Behali Wildlife Sanctuary2026-02-22T17:04:00Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: made bio - done</p>
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<div>{{short description|Reserved Forest of Assam}}<br />
<br />
'''Behali Wildlife Sanctuary''', located in the [[Biswanath district]] of [[Assam]] is a patch of semi-evergreen forest in the foothills of [[Eastern Himalaya]]s.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Behali Wildlife Sanctuary<br />
| image = File:BehaliRF.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Behali Reserved Forest<br />
| map = India Assam<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| iucn_category = IV<br />
| location = [[Biswanath Chariali|Biswanath]] [[Assam]] [[India]]<br />
| nearest_city = [[Biswanath Chariali|Biswanath]], [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26|54|32|N|93|18|29|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| area = {{convert|140|km2|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}<br />
| established = 1917<br />
| visitation_num =<br />
| visitation_year =<br />
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]<br />
| website=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210727130649/https://sites.google.com/view/ethnobotanyofnortheastindia/flora/behali-reserve-forest Behali-Reserve-Forest]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This forest is a part of the greater Sonitpur Elephant Reserve and was declared as a [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|reserved forest]] in 1917. It lies between the two famous protected areas, the [[Nameri National Park]] on its west and [[Kaziranga National Park]] on its south comprising a total area of 140&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|title=Behali Reserve Forest in Biswanath District Faces Serious Threat Due to Illegal Encroachment & Deforestation - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/behali-reserve-forest-in-biswanath-district-faces-serious-threat-542073|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The Sentinel Assam|date=10 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Hence it acts as an important corridor for migration of several species between these protected areas mainly the elephants.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-23|title=Neglect shrouds Behali Reserve Forest's biodiversity along Assam-Arunachal border|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2021/07/neglect-shrouds-behali-reserve-forests-biodiversity-along-assam-arunachal-border/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Mongabay-India|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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On 4 May 2022, In [[The Assam Gazette]], The [[Governor of Assam]] proposed to declare the Behali Reserved Forest as a [[Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam's Behali Reserve Forest Designated As 'Wildlife Sanctuary' - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assams-behali-reserve-forest-designated-as-wildlife-sanctuary-591449 |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=The Sentinel Assam |date=10 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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It is also recognized as an [[Important Bird Area]] in 1994 and a [[Key Biodiversity Area]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Behali Reserve Forest, India - KeyBiodiversityAreas.org|url=http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/18067|access-date=2021-07-28|website=www.keybiodiversityareas.org}}</ref><br />
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Located between 93°11′30.58″ E and 93°23′21.09″ E longitudes and 26°52′20.08″ N and 26°57′33.17″N latitudes,<ref name=":0" /> the area is bordered in the east by the Buroi River, west by [[Borgang River|Borgang river]], the north side is by Papum Reserve of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and several human habitations, tea plantations and paddy fields in the south.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BirdLife Data Zone|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/index.php/site/factsheet/behali-reserve-forest-iba-india|access-date=2021-07-28|website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Neglect shrouds Behali Reserve Forest's biodiversity along Assam-Arunachal border|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/environment/neglect-shrouds-behali-reserve-forests-biodiversity-along-assam-arunachal-border-7226581.html/amp|access-date=2021-07-28|newspaper=Moneycontrol|date=26 July 2021 }}</ref> With an elevation between 90 metres to 110 metres a.s.l., the forest comprises several highlands and lowlands. The temperature varies between 13&nbsp;°C to 37&nbsp;°C and the mean annual rainfall in the forest is about 1800&nbsp;mm.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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==Landscape and Biodiversity==<br />
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===Rivers===<br />
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[[Borgang]] and Buroi are the main tributaries flowing through Behali Reserve Forest and drains in the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]].<ref name=":0" /> Apart from these, there are several other small streams spanning the forest such as [[Behali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Behali]], Bedeti, Bihmari, Borajuli, Dikal, Diring, Kochujan, Kolaguri, Naharjan, Nasbor, Sauldhowa, Sukansuti, etc.<br />
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===Flora===<br />
[[File:Behali_RF.jpg|right|thumb|''Semi-evergreen patches of Behali Reserved Forest'']]<br />
The [[flora]] of the forest has recently been explored. It is known to host a total of 308 native [[Angiosperm|angiosperm species]]. Several of which are hidden for decades. Three taxa are described as new to science form this forest by the botanist, [[Dipankar Borah]]. Of which, ''Chlorophytum assamicum''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=BORAH|first1=DIPANKAR|last2=KAFLEY|first2=PARIXIT|last3=DAS|first3=ABHAYA P.|last4=TANGJANG|first4=SUMPAM|last5=AVERYNOV|first5=LEONID|date=2019-02-25|title=Chlorophytum assamicum (Asparagaceae), a new species from Northeast India|url=https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.394.1.12|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=394|issue=1|pages=123|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.394.1.12|s2cid=92052872 |issn=1179-3163|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and ''Peliosanthes macrophylla'' var ''assamensis''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borah|first1=D.|last2=Taram|first2=M.|last3=Tangjang|first3=S.|last4=Upadhyaya|first4=A.|last5=Tanaka|first5=N.|date=2020-11-30|title=Peliosanthes macrophylla var. assamensis (Asparagaceae), a new variety from Behali Reserve Forest in Assam, Northeast India|journal=Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants|volume=65|issue=2|pages=121–125|doi=10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.05|doi-access=free}}</ref> are endemic to this forest and ''Aristolochia assamica''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borah|first1=Dipankar|last2=Taram|first2=Momang|last3=Das|first3=Abhaya Prasad|last4=Tangjang|first4=Sumpam|last5=Do|first5=Truong Van|date=October 2019|title=Aristolochia assamica (Aristolochiaceae), a New Species from the East Himalayas|url=https://bioone.org/journals/annales-botanici-fennici/volume-56/issue-4-6/085.056.0410/Aristolochia-assamica-Aristolochiaceae-a-New-Species-from-the-East-Himalayas/10.5735/085.056.0410.full|journal=Annales Botanici Fennici|volume=56|issue=4–6|pages=253–257|doi=10.5735/085.056.0410|s2cid=204811125 |issn=0003-3847|url-access=subscription}}</ref> is now endemic to [[Northeast India]] after being collected from a few more locations in NE India. ''Tupistra stoliczkana''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=BORAH|first1=DIPANKAR|last2=TANAKA|first2=NORIYUKI|last3=AVERYANOV|first3=LEONID V.|last4=TARAM|first4=MOMANG|last5=ROY|first5=DILIP KUMAR|date=2020-05-19|title=<p><strong>Rediscovery of <em>Tupistra stoliczkana</em> (Asparagaceae) in northeastern India and the identity of <em>T. ashihoi</em></strong></p>|url=https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.443.2.8|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=443|issue=2|pages=207–210|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.443.2.8|s2cid=219521976 |issn=1179-3163|url-access=subscription}}</ref> rediscovered after more than a century, ''Galeola nudifolia''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-19|title=Checklist of orchids of Biswanath district of Assam, India, with a new record for the state|url=https://richardiana.jardinbotaniquedeguyane.com/checklist-of-orchids-of-biswanath-district-of-assam-india-with-a-new-record-for-the-state/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Richardiana|language=fr-FR}}</ref> and ''Pandanus unguifer''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Revista Contributii Botanice|url=http://contributii_botanice.reviste.ubbcluj.ro/volume_cuprins.php?id=2020|access-date=2021-07-27|website=contributii_botanice.reviste.ubbcluj.ro}}</ref> recorded as new for the flora of Assam and ''[[Citrus indica]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pleione Vol.12 Issue 2|url=http://pleione.ehsst.org/index/Pleione122.html|access-date=2021-07-27|website=pleione.ehsst.org}}</ref> recollected after several years from Assam which elucidates the importance of the area to maintain the unique natural elements in order to preserve its ecological integrity. These exceptional plant discoveries, rediscoveries and records also emphasizes the rich floral wealth of this forest and illustrates the dearth need of plant explorations to undiscover many such elusive elements in the near future.<br />
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[[File:Galeola nudifolia 2.jpg|thumb|'''''Galeola nudifolia''','' newly recorded orchid for the flora of Assam]]<br />
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''[[Magnolia hodgsonii|Magnolia hogdsonii]], [[Elaeocarpus rugosus]], [[E. varunua]], [[Bauhinia variegata]],'' and ''[[Gynocardia odorata]]'' are some of the common woody species in the forest. The forest patch also hosts different habitat types such as pristine forests, secondary forests, rehabilitated forests, [[riparian forest]]s, open habitats (e.g. grasslands), and [[wetland]]s. Further, the reserve forest is home to 37 orchid species distributed throughout the canopies and also the ground. ''[[Ficus]]'' with 14 species is one of the keystone plant group on which several avifauna depend upon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borah|first1=Dipankar|last2=Das|first2=Biswajit|last3=Tangjang|first3=Sumpam|last4=Das|first4=Abhaya Prasad|last5=Khapugin|first5=Anatoliy A.|date=2021|title=Assessment of woody species diversity and composition along a disturbance gradient in Behali Reserve Forest of Biswanath district, Assam, India|url=https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/EQ/article/view/EQ.2021.009|journal=Ecological Questions|language=en-US|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.12775/EQ.2021.009|issn=1644-7298|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Aristolochia_cathcartii.jpg|alt=Aristolochia cathcartii|left|thumb|'''''Aristolochia cathcartii''''' a rare liana in Behali Reserved Forest]]<br />
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===Fauna===<br />
The forest is also rich in its [[fauna]] with 282 birds, 275 [[Butterfly|butterflies]], 49 [[mammal]]s, 23 [[snake]]s, 12 [[amphibian]]s, 11 [[turtle]]s and 11 [[lizard]]s documented so far.<ref name=":0" /> This last left forest patch is inhabited by some of the most threatened and endemic faunal species including [[Rufous-necked hornbill|Rufous-necked hornbill (''Aceros nipalensis)'']]<ref>{{Cite web|title=BirdLife Data Zone|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/index.php/site/factsheet/behali-reserve-forest-iba-india/details|access-date=2021-07-27|website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref>'','' [[Wreathed hornbill|Wreathed hornbill ''(Aceros undulatus)'']]'','' [[Binturong|Binturong (''Arctictis binturong)'']]'','' [[White-winged duck|White-winged duck ''(Asarcornis scutulata)'']]'','' [[Indian bison|Indian Bison ''(Bos gaurus)'']]'','' [[Great hornbill|Great hornbill ''(Buceros bicornis)'']]'','' [[Woolly-necked stork|Woolly-necked stork ''(Ciconia episcopus)'']]'','' [[Dhole|Dhole ''(Cuon alpinus)'']]'','' [[Southeast Asian box turtle|Southeast Asian box turtle ''(Cuora amboinensis)'']]'','' [[Keeled box turtle|Keeled box turtle ''(Cuora mouhotii)'']]'','' [[Asian elephant|Asian Elephant ''(Elephas maximus)'']]'','' [[Black pond turtle|Black pond turtle ''(Geoclemys hamiltonii)'']]'','' [[Indian hog deer|Indian hog deer ''(Hyelaphus porcinus)'']]'','' [[Lesser adjutant|Lesser adjutant ''(Leptoptilos javanicus)'']]'','' [[Smooth-coated otter|Smooth-coated otter ''(Lutrogale perspicillata)'']]'','' [[Tricarinate hill turtle|Tricarinate hill turtle ''(Melanochelys tricarinata)'']]'','' [[Clouded leopard|Clouded leopard ''(Neofelis nebulosa)'']]'','' [[Indian softshell turtle|Indian softshell turtle (''Nilssonia gangeticus)'']]'','' [[Indian peacock softshell turtle|Indian peacock softshell turtle ''(Nilssonia hurum)'']]'','' [[Bengal slow loris|Bengal slow loris ''(Nycticebus bengalensis)'']]'','' [[King cobra|King cobra ''(Ophiophagus hannah)'']]'','' [[Panthera Pardus|Leopard ''(Panthera pardus)'']]'','' [[Pygmy hog|Pygmy hog ''(Porcula salvania)'']]'','' [[Burmese python|Burmese python ''(Python bivittatus)'']]'','' [[Sambar deer|Sambar deer ''(Rusa unicolor)'']]'','' [[River tern|River tern ''(Sterna aurantia)'']]'','' [[Capped langur|Capped langur ''(Trachypithecus pileatus)'']]'','' [[Asian black bear|Asian black bear ''(Ursus thibetanus)'']]'','' [[Chinese pangolin|Chinese pangolin ''(Manis pentadactyla)'']]'','' [[Red-headed vulture|Red-headed vulture ''(Sarcogyps calvus)'']] and [[Black softshell turtle|Black softshell turtle (''Nilssonia nigricans)'']].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BirdLife Data Zone|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/index.php/site/factsheet/behali-reserve-forest-iba-india/text|access-date=2021-07-27|website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Importance==<br />
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===Archaeological importance===<br />
[[File:Handbook BehaliRF.jpg|thumb|Cover page of "'''Handbook of Behali Reserved Forest"''' by ''Nature's Bonyapran'']]<br />
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Behali RF is a storehouse of many archaeological ruins. An ancient town of 14th century built by Boro-barahi kings remains hidden amongst the dense vegetation. Sculptured palaces, tanks, stone boundary walls, etc. can be seen dispersed till now. A rampart named Rajgarh is one of the many {{transliteration|hi|garh}} (forts) which runs through the Behali RF, built by the Ahom king [[Pratap Singha|Swargadeo Pratap Singha]]. And hidden for centuries, the Maidam Pukhuri, a tank built by the same king between the early 9th to 14th centuries still remains in the core part of Behali RF with the stone bound borders covering an area of 0.26 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Borah|first1=P.K.|title=A handbook of Behali Reserved Forest.|last2=Upadhaya|first2=R.|last3=Mahanta|first3=S.|last4=Dutta|first4=S.|publisher=Nature’s Bonyopran|year=2009|location=Behali, [[Assam]], [[India]]|pages=18–19}}</ref><br />
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===The people and non-timber forest products===<br />
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Several indigenous communities also resides in the boundaries of Behali RF and whom [[Karbi people|the Karbi]] and the [[Munda people|Munda]] are the prominent settlers. Around 100 [[non-timber forest product]]s have been reported to be used by these communities from Behali RF. The dependence on this forest is intricately associated with their culture, which might be a cause for the forests survival so far.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borah|first1=Dipankar|last2=Tangjang|first2=Sumpam|last3=Das|first3=Abhaya Prasad|last4=Upadhaya|first4=Ankur|last5=Mipun|first5=Puranjoy|date=2020-05-09|title=Assessment of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Behali Reserve Forest, Assam, Northeast India|url=https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2025|journal=Ethnobotany Research and Applications|language=en|volume=19|pages=1–15|doi=10.32859/era.19.43.1-15 |s2cid=219415212 |issn=1547-3465|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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===Ecological Importance===<br />
[[File:Tutista.jpg|''Rediscovery of'' '''''Tupistra stoliczkana'' (Asparagaceae)''' ''in northeastern India.''|alt=Tulistra by Nilim Saikia|center|thumb]]<br />
This forest is now the last left forest of [[Biswanath district]] of Assam. Apart from hosting such a large sum of [[biodiversity]] it also balances the ecological sanctity of the area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Illegal encroachment and deforestation afflict Behali reserve forest|url=https://www.thehillstimes.in/regional/illegal-encroachment-and-deforestation-afflict-behali-reserve-forest/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=www.thehillstimes.in|archive-date=2021-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727154329/https://www.thehillstimes.in/regional/illegal-encroachment-and-deforestation-afflict-behali-reserve-forest/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the major oxygen producer for the zone and it stores tons of carbon emitted by the [[tea]] and brick industries predominant in the district. Maintaining the ground water level, providing essential commodities to several dependent population are many of the other examples known.<br />
<br />
==Conflicts and threats==<br />
<br />
The area is under severe conflict with its neighbouring region regarding its northern boundary. Illegal encroachment from almost all the sides, more severe in the northern boundary is one of the most major concern for survival of this forest along with [[deforestation]] and [[hunting]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Letter To The Editor:The Last Forest Of Assam's Biswanath In Peril!|url=https://northeasternchronicle.in/news/letter-to-the-editorthe-last-forest-of-assams-biswanath-in-peril/|access-date=2021-07-27|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727154644/https://northeasternchronicle.in/news/letter-to-the-editorthe-last-forest-of-assams-biswanath-in-peril/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Now only 60&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of the original forest cover is left, others being encroached or are [[Land degradation|degraded.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ethnobotany of Northeast India - Behali Reserve Forest|url=https://sites.google.com/view/ethnobotanyofnortheastindia/flora/behali-reserve-forest|access-date=2021-07-27|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727130646/https://sites.google.com/view/ethnobotanyofnortheastindia/flora/behali-reserve-forest|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346326338_Behali_Reserve_Forest_of_Assam_Northeast_India_-unique_elements_of_flora_its_threats_and_protection Research Paper on Behali Reserved Forest]<br />
*[http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/18067 Key Biodiversities Area]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMpZetFTdYk Documentary of Behali Reserved Forest]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]<br />
[[Category:Tourism in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]<br />
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of India]]<br />
[[Category:Biosphere reserves of India]]<br />
[[Category:1917 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:Biodiversity]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1917]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cipla&diff=471517Cipla2026-02-18T09:02:06Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: improved formatting based on references for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian multinational pharmaceutical company}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{other uses|CIPLA (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Cipla Limited<br />
| logo = Cipla logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = 250px<br />
| trading_name = Cipla<br />
| former_name = Chemical Industrial & Pharmaceutical Laboratories Ltd. (1935–1984)<br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]]<br />
| traded_as = {{BSE|500087}}<br />{{NSE|CIPLA}}<br />[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent<br />
| founder = [[Khwaja Abdul Hamied]]<br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Yusuf Hamied|Y. K. Hamied]] {{small|([[Chairperson]])}}|Umang Vohra {{small|([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}}}<br />
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE059A01026}}<br />
| industry = [[Pharmaceuticals]]<br />
| products = {{hlist|[[Medication|Pharmaceutical drugs]]| [[generic drug]]s| [[antiviral drug]]s| [[over-the-counter drug]]s| [[vaccine]]s| [[Medical diagnosis|diagnostics]]| [[contact lens]]es| [[Veterinary medicine|animal health]]| [[dietary supplements]]|[[protein supplement]]s }} <br />
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|27548|c}} (2025)<br />
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|7128|c}} (2025)<br />
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|5273|c}} (2025)<br />
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|37387|c}} (2025)<br />
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|31289|c}} (2025)<br />
| num_employees = 27,764 (March 2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://www.cipla.com/sites/default/files/Annual-Report-2023-24-%28Double%20page%29.pdf |access-date=24 May 2025 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005175111/https://www.cipla.com/sites/default/files/Annual-Report-2023-24-%28Double%20page%29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| parent = <br />
| subsid = Invagen Pharmaceuticals<br />
| homepage = [http://www.cipla.com www.cipla.com]<br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1935||p=y}}<br />
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Q4 & FY25 results |url=https://www.cipla.com/sites/default/files/Cipla_Q4FY25%20Press%20Release_3.pdf |publisher=Cipla |access-date=24 May 2025 |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514161520/https://www.cipla.com/sites/default/files/Cipla_Q4FY25%20Press%20Release_3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Audited Financial Results (Standalone and Consolidated) for year ended 31st March 2025 |url=https://www.cipla.com/sites/default/files/signed-Financial-Results-13052025-signed.pdf |publisher=Cipla |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''Cipla Limited''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[pharmaceutical]] company headquartered in [[Mumbai]]. Cipla primarily focuses on developing medication to treat [[respiratory disease]], [[cardiovascular disease]], [[arthritis]], [[diabetes]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[Pediatrics|paediatric]] and various other medical conditions. Cipla has 47 manufacturing locations across the world and sells its products in 86 countries. It is the third-largest drug producer in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cipla betting big on digitisation and emerging segments |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/cipla-betting-big-on-digitisation-and-emerging-segments/articleshow/93406373.cms |access-date=6 December 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cipla betting big on digitisation and emerging segments |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/healthcare/cipla-betting-big-on-digitisation-and-emerging-segments/2620470/ |access-date=6 December 2022 |work=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History ==<br />
After meeting [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in the early 1920s, [[Khwaja Abdul Hamied]] decided to contribute to the [[Swadeshi movement]] by pursuing a doctorate in chemistry. In 1935, Hamied founded Cipla as the Chemical, Industrial & Pharmaceutical Laboratories in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=History>{{cite web |url=http://www.cipla.com/Home/About-Us/History.aspx |title=About us - History |publisher=Cipla Limited |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027060707/http://www.cipla.com/Home/About-Us/History.aspx |archive-date=27 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ETHistory>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cipla-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13917.cms |title=Company History - Cipla Ltd. |publisher=Economic Times |access-date=3 November 2013 |archive-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115195132/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cipla-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13917.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During [[World War II]], the company became the largest supplier of [[quinine]] and [[Vitamin B12]] for [[Allies of World War II|Allied soldiers]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Eban |first=Katherine |title=Bottle of Lies |date=2019 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=9780062338785 |pages=69-73}}</ref> The company name shortened to its current form in July 1984.<ref name=ETHistory/> Upon Hamied's death in 1972, his son [[Yusuf Hamied]], a Cambridge-educated chemist, took over the company.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
In 1995, Cipla launched [[Deferiprone]], the world's first oral iron chelator.<ref name="History" /> In 1999, Cipla joined the [[Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance]] as a founding member in an effort to promote the development of generic drugs in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dec 22 |first=PTI |date=2022-12-22 |title=Indian pharma sector set for 'volume to value leadership' journey in 2023 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/indian-pharma-sector-set-for-volume-to-value-leadership-journey-in-2023/articleshow/96407749.cms |access-date=2023-08-05 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805170626/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/indian-pharma-sector-set-for-volume-to-value-leadership-journey-in-2023/articleshow/96407749.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing IPA- Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance |url=https://www.ipa-india.org/about-ipa/introduction/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=IPA, Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409041116/https://www.ipa-india.org/about-ipa/introduction/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] epidemic in the early 2000s, Hamied reverse-engineered a three-drug [[antiretroviral]] medication that was sold for about $12,000 per year to create a cheaper version that sold for $304 per year.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-05 |title=Epic saga of Cipla: How a swadeshi Robin Hood took on Big Pharma of the West |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/epic-saga-of-cipla-how-a-swadeshi-robin-hood-took-on-big-pharma-of-the-west/articleshow/102440967.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-05 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> This drug was sold to African charities and governments. It is estimated that "at one time, as much as 40 percent of the AIDS patients in poor countries took Cipla drugs".<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
During the [[avian flu pandemic]] in 2006, Cipla was able to reverse-engineer the drug Tamiflu and sell it for significantly lower prices.<ref name=":0" /> In 2013, Cipla acquired the [[South Africa]]n company Cipla-Medpro. Its name was changed to Cipla Medpro South Africa Limited and was kept as a subsidiary.<ref name="VC">{{cite news|last1=Jawani|first1=Lohit|title=Cipla completes acquisition of South Africa's Cipla Medpro|url=http://www.vccircle.com/news/pharmaceuticals/2013/07/16/cipla-completes-acquisition-south-africa%E2%80%99s-cipla-medpro|work=VC Circle|date=16 July 2013|access-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315164809/http://www.vccircle.com/news/pharmaceuticals/2013/07/16/cipla-completes-acquisition-south-africa%E2%80%99s-cipla-medpro|archive-date=15 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Delists">{{cite web|title=Delists from JSE|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/healthcare/2013/07/16/cipla-medpro-delists-from-jse-as-cipla-deal-is-finalised|publisher=Business Day Live|access-date=13 July 2013|date=2013|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801130715/http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/healthcare/2013/07/16/cipla-medpro-delists-from-jse-as-cipla-deal-is-finalised|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of the acquisition, Cipla-Medpro had been a distribution partner for Cipla and was South Africa's third-biggest pharmaceutical company.<ref name="VC" /> The company had been founded in 2002 under the name Enaleni Pharmaceuticals Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enaleni Pharmaceuticals Limited Prospectus 2005|url=http://globaldocuments.morningstar.com/documentlibrary/document/e00037afcc0c3668.msdoc/original|publisher=Morningstar|access-date=8 September 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919174446/http://globaldocuments.morningstar.com/documentlibrary/document/e00037afcc0c3668.msdoc/original|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, Enaleni bought all the shares of Cipla-Medpro, which had been a joint venture between Cipla and Medpro Pharmaceuticals, a South African generics company;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Avafia|first1=Tenu|last2=Berger|first2=Jonathan|last3=Hartzenberg|first3=Trudi|title=The ability of select sub-Saharan African countries to utilise TRIPs Flexibilities and Competition Law to ensure a sustainable supply of essential medicines: A study of producing and importing countries|publisher=WHO|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18249en/s18249en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123042922/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18249en/s18249en.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2014|date=2006}}</ref> in 2008, it changed its name to Cipla-Medpro.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kahn|first1=Tamar|title=South Africa: Enaleni Takes Name of Its Unit Cipla-Medpro|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200809100609.html|publisher=All Africa|date=10 September 2008}}</ref> In September 2023, it was announced Cipla South Africa had acquired the [[Midrand]]-headquartered healthcare products manufacturer, Actor Pharma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priyan |first=Vishnu |date=2023-09-05 |title=Cipla to bolster OTC portfolio with acquisition of Actor Pharma |url=https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/cipla-acquisition-actor-pharma/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Pharmaceutical Technology |language=en-US |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905140500/https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/cipla-acquisition-actor-pharma/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2015, Cipla acquired InvaGen Pharmaceuticals and Exelan Pharmaceuticals, two American pharmaceutical companies, for 555 million dollars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=JARVIS |first=LISA |title=Mylan Will Buy Most of Matrix |date=2006-09-04 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v084n036.p008 |journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive |volume=84 |issue=36 |pages=8 |doi=10.1021/cen-v084n036.p008 |issn=0009-2347 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2019, Cipla entered [[digital therapeutics]] by partnering with Wellthy Therapeutics in [[India]] and Brandmed in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Cipla's History |url=https://www.cipla.com/about-us/our-history |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Cipla South Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526182900/https://www.cipla.com/about-us/our-history |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024, Cipla acquired Ivia Beaute Pvt Ltd's cosmetics and personal care distribution and marketing business for ₹130 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/cipla-to-acquire-ivia-beaute-s-cosmetics-personal-care-biz-for-rs-130-cr-124041600197_1.html|title=Cipla to acquire Ivia Beaute's cosmetics, personal care biz for Rs 130 cr|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=16 April 2024|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=21 April 2024|access-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421070218/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/cipla-to-acquire-ivia-beaute-s-cosmetics-personal-care-biz-for-rs-130-cr-124041600197_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Products and services==<br />
Cipla sells [[active pharmaceutical ingredients]] to other manufacturers as well as pharmaceutical and personal care products,<ref name=BW>{{cite web |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=CIPLA:IN |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131106234625/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=CIPLA:IN |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2013 |title=cipla ltd (CIPLA:Natl India) |publisher=Business Week |access-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> including the anti-depressant [[escitalopram oxalate]], [[lamivudine]], and [[fluticasone propionate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cipla.com/sites/default/files/Annual-Report-FY-2022-23.pdf |title=Annual Report FY 2022-23 |publisher=Cipla |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=October 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011194716/https://www.cipla.com/sites/default/files/Annual-Report-FY-2022-23.pdf |archive-date=2023-10-11 |url-status=live |website=Cipla.com}}</ref> Cipla is the world's largest manufacturer of [[antiretroviral drugs]].<ref name=BW/><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aids-healthcare-foundation-campaign-challenges-cipla-over-drug-pricing-in-india-profit-at-what-cost-aids-drugs-for-all-57993227.html |title=AIDS Healthcare Foundation Campaign Challenges Cipla Over Drug Pricing in India |publisher=PR Newswire |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=29 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829220651/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aids-healthcare-foundation-campaign-challenges-cipla-over-drug-pricing-in-india-profit-at-what-cost-aids-drugs-for-all-57993227.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2020, the company announced the introduction of [[Gilead Sciences]]' [[Remdesivir]] under the brand name CIPREMI in India after reaching a voluntary licensing agreement with the parent company and [[DCGI]] approval for "restricted emergency use" in [[COVID-19]] treatment of patients in critical condition.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2020 |title=India gives Hetero Labs and Cipla approval to make Gilead's COVID-19 drug |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-india-remdesivir/india-gives-hetero-labs-and-cipla-approval-to-make-gileads-covid-19-drug-idUSKBN23S0EO |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805090151/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-india-remdesivir/india-gives-hetero-labs-and-cipla-approval-to-make-gileads-covid-19-drug-idUSKBN23S0EO |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus drug: Cipla launches Cipremi's, claims it is the cheapest Remdesivir |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/cipla-launches-remdesivir-claims-it-is-inexpensive/2018015/ |work=The Financial Express |date=9 July 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |access-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815173602/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/cipla-launches-remdesivir-claims-it-is-inexpensive/2018015/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus drug: Cipla ramps up production of antiviral remdesivir amid demand spurt |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/coronavirus-drug-cipla-ramps-up-production-of-covid-19-antiviral-remdesivir/story/409758.html |work=businesstoday.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Operations==<br />
<br />
Cipla has 34 manufacturing units in 8 locations across India and a presence in over 80 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cipla.com/en/corporate-information/at-a-glance.html|title=Corporate Information: At a Glance|publisher=Cipla|access-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912104850/http://www.cipla.com/en/corporate-information/at-a-glance.html|archive-date=12 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/cipla-in-the-pink-of-health-113092500515_1.html |title=Cipla in the pink of health |newspaper=Business Standard |date=25 September 2013 |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-date=2 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002195051/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/cipla-in-the-pink-of-health-113092500515_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Exports accounted for 48% {{INRConvert|4948|c|lk=|year=2013}} of its revenue for the 2013–14 fiscal year.<ref name=AR201314>{{cite web |url=http://www.cipla.com/CiplaSite/Media/PDF/2014_08_06_78th_Annual_Report_2013_14_001.pdf |title=Annual Report 2013-14 |publisher=Cipla |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122062022/http://www.cipla.com/CiplaSite/Media/PDF/2014_08_06_78th_Annual_Report_2013_14_001.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cipla spent {{INR}}517 crore (5.4% of their revenue) in the 2013–14 fiscal year on R&D activities.<ref name=AR201314/> The primary focus areas for R&D were development of new formulations, drug-delivery systems, and APIs. Cipla also cooperates with other enterprises in areas such as consulting, commissioning, engineering, project appraisal, quality control, know-how transfer, support, and plant supply.{{cn|date=July 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Listings and shareholding==<br />
<br />
The equity shares of Cipla are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/cipla-ltd/cipla/500087/ |title=Cipla Limited |website=BSEindia.com |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104221916/http://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/cipla-ltd/cipla/500087/ |url-status=live }}</ref> where it is a constituent of the [[BSE SENSEX]] index,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |title=Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX |publisher=BSE India |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201094728/http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |archive-date=1 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=CIPLA |title=NTPC Limited |publisher=NSE India |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040205/http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=CIPLA |url-status=live }}</ref> where it is a constituent of the [[CNX Nifty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_niftylist.csv |title=Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (.csv) |publisher=NSE India |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013143407/http://www.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_niftylist.csv |url-status=live }}</ref> Its [[Global depository receipt|Global Depository Receipts]] (GDRs) are listed on the [[Luxembourg Stock Exchange]].<ref name=AR201314/><br />
<br />
As of December 31, 2022, the promoter group, Y. K. Hamied and his family, held around 33.61% equity shares in Cipla. Individual shareholders hold approximately 14.72% of its shares. [[SBI Mutual Fund]], [[Life Insurance Corporation of India|LIC]] etc. are the largest non-promoter shareholders in the Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=StockEdge |url=https://web.stockedge.com/share/cipla/5128?section=shareholders |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=web.stockedge.com |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125133547/https://web.stockedge.com/share/cipla/5128?section=shareholders |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2024, Samina Hamied resigned from her position as the Executive Vice Chairperson of Cipla. She continued to serve the company as a non-executive director subject to rotational retirement.{{cn|date=July 2025}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Shareholders (as on 31-December-2022) !! Shareholding<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest CIPLA Shareholding Pattern |url=https://www.equitymaster.com/stock-research/shareholding-pattern/CIPL/CIPLA-Shareholding-Pattern |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Equitymaster |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125133551/https://www.equitymaster.com/stock-research/shareholding-pattern/CIPL/CIPLA-Shareholding-Pattern |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Promoter Group|| 33.61%<br />
|-<br />
| Mutual funds|| 14.09%<br />
|-<br />
|Financial Institution/Banks/Insurance<br />
|4.96%<br />
|-<br />
| Foreign Institutional Investors (FII)|| 28.39%<br />
|-<br />
|Corporate Bodies<br />
|0.53%<br />
|-<br />
| Individuals|| 14.72%<br />
|-<br />
|NRIs/OCBs<br />
|0.88%<br />
|-<br />
|ADRs/GDRs<br />
|NIL<br />
|-<br />
| Others|| 2.82%<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| '''Total'''||'''100.00%'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and recognitions==<br />
* In 1980, Cipla won Chemexcil Award for Excellence for exports.<ref name="IIHistory">{{cite web |title=Company Profile - Cipla Limited |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/Cipla-Ltd/500087 |access-date=3 November 2013 |website=IndiaInfoline.com |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105133022/http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/Cipla-Ltd/500087 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* In 2006, Cipla won Dun & Bradstreet American Express Corporate Awards.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 September 2006 |title=Pharmaceutical sector award |url=http://www.dnb.co.in/top500/photogal5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104104713/http://www.dnb.co.in/top500/photogal5.html |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=3 November 2013 |publisher=Dun & Bradstreet}}</ref><br />
* In 2007, [[Forbes Asia|Forbes]] included Cipla in the 200 'Best under a billion' list of best small Asian companies.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2005 |title=Asian Paints, Cipla in Forbes list |newspaper=Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-17/news/27509362_1_forbes-list-asia-pacific-list-asian-paints |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104193134/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-17/news/27509362_1_forbes-list-asia-pacific-list-asian-paints |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref><br />
* In 2012, Cipla received the Thomson Reuters India Innovation Award.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=72283&sid=1 |title=DBT, Cipla get Thomson Reuters India innovation awards<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722095704/http://pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=72283&sid=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* In 2015, Cipla stood third in the India's Most Reputed Brands (Pharmaceutical) list,<ref>"[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/lupinsun-pharma-and-cipla-amongst-tops-most-reputed-pharma-brand-list/articleshow/53742154.cms Lupin, Sun Pharma and Cipla amongst tops most reputed pharma brand list]". ''The Economic Times''. timesofindia.com. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2019.</ref> in a study conducted by BlueBytes,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bluebytes.info/ |title=Home |website=bluebytes.info |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801073109/http://www.bluebytes.info/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a Media Analytics firm in association with TRA Research,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trustadvisory.info/ |title=Home |website=trustadvisory.info |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=2 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102143617/http://www.trustadvisory.info/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a brand insights organization (both part of the Comniscient Group).<br />
<br />
==Criticism==<br />
<br />
===Emergency contraception===<br />
In August 2007, Cipla launched an [[emergency contraception]] drug "i-pill" sold [[over the counter]],.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/cipla-rises-on-morning-after-pill/article1-251319.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205102533/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/cipla-rises-on-morning-after-pill/article1-251319.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2015 |title=Cipla rises on morning-after pill |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=5 October 2007 |access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> The drug sparked controversy as it was available without prescription and contained a large amount of API per dosage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/200710/market09.shtml |title=Cipla Launches i-pill |newspaper=Financial Express |access-date=3 November 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104084353/http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/200710/market09.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/-ipill-by-cipla-draws-criticism-from-experts/232556 |title='i-pill' by Cipla draws criticism from experts |newspaper=Financial Express |date=27 October 2007 |access-date=3 November 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104081841/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/-ipill-by-cipla-draws-criticism-from-experts/232556 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Generic drugs===<br />
In the late 1960s, Cipla began manufacturing a new, patented drug, [[propranolol]], without the permission of the drug's patent holder, [[Imperial Chemical Industries]]; a protest was filed with the Indian government. The CEO of Cipla pressured the [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|government of Indira Gandhi]] to change India's [[patent laws]] to eliminate patents that directly covered drugs, and instead to allow only patents that covered [[chemical synthesis|methods to make drugs]]<ref name=Wired>{{cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.12/indiadrug.html |title=The Treasure of Mumbai |newspaper=Wired Magazine |date=December 2006 |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> so that Cipla could produce low-priced generic drugs. Since then, Cipla has also produced a low-cost drug to treat HIV, and expanded operations into several developing countries.<ref name=nationalherald>{{cite news |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/heart-warming-story-of-the-hamieds-who-set-up-cipla-and-have-been-saving-lives |title= Heart-warming story of the Hamieds, who set up CIPLA and have been saving lives |newspaper=National Herald |date=April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> The changes made led to criticism of both India's patent laws and Cipla.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biohealthinvestor.com/2007/01/indian-generic-drug-maker-targets-sad-americans.html |title=Indian Generic Drug Maker Targets Sad Americans |website=biohealthinvestor.com |date=3 January 2007 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822022509/http://biohealthinvestor.com/2007/01/indian-generic-drug-maker-targets-sad-americans.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India reinstated patents on drugs in 2005.<ref name=Wired/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]<br />
* [[Generic drug]]<br />
* [[List of pharmaceutical companies]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.cipla.com}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Companies|India}}<br />
{{Nifty 200 companies}}<br />
{{CNX Nifty companies}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Biotechnology companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1935]]<br />
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]<br />
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies]]<br />
[[Category:Indian brands]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1935]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br />
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mavli&diff=454468Mavli2026-02-15T17:53:53Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Town in Rajasthan, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{More citation needed|date=April 2024}}{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mavli<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24|47|N|73|59|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udaipur]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = Nagar Palika<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 14630<br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 313203<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = STD Code 02955<br />
| registration_plate = RJ-27 (Udaipur)<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nathdwara]] – 28 km<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = C. P. Joshi (MP)<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Mavli Assembly constituency]]<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = Pushkar Lal Dangi (MLA)<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = Municipality<br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = <br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Mavli.jpg|thumb|Mavli, Rajasthan, India]]<br />
'''Mavli''' is a town ([[Municipal council (India)|Nagar Palika]]) in [[Udaipur district]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
The [[Mavli Junction railway station]] is under the [[Ajmer railway division]] of the [[North Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] that connects [[Marwar Junction railway station|Marwar Junction]], [[Chittaurgarh Junction railway station|Chittaurgarh Junction]], [[Bari Sadri]] and [[Udaipur]] city. There is a route between Mavli and [[Nathdwara]].<br />
<br />
The town has [[higher secondary school|higher secondary schools]] and government colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, MAVLI |url=https://hte.rajasthan.gov.in/college/gcmavli |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=hte.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political==<br />
The city is a municipality with its headquarters in Mavli (Nagar Palika) and a subdivision office in [[Udaipur district]]. It is a [[Vidhan Sabha]] ([[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assembly]]) seat, and [[Shanti Lal Chaplot]] was elected from this seat. This town is in the [[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittaurgarh Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
In 2023, Pushkar Lal Dangi from the [[Indian National Congress|INC party]] won the Mavli Assembly Election with 77,696 votes, defeating second-placed candidate Dr. K.G. Paliwal by 1,567 votes. The percentage of voters polled in [[Mavli Assembly constituency]] was recorded at 78.26 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mavli assembly election results 2023: Mavli Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/mavli-assembly-result-20154 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* https://archive.today/20150118164000/http://mavlijunction.in/<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Udaipur district]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valsamma_Eapen&diff=543489Valsamma Eapen2026-02-07T05:04:27Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: New new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Psychiatrist}}<br />
{{Undisclosed paid|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Valsamma Eapen<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| othername = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Kerala|Kerala, India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| burial_place = <br />
| nationality = <br />
| alma_mater = T.D Medical College Alleppey<br />[[University of London]]<br />
| occupation = Psychiatrist<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = Developing the Quality of Life in Autism (QoLA) scale<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| mother = <br />
| father = <br />
}}<br />
'''Valsamma Eapen''' is a chair of infant, [[child and adolescent psychiatry]] at [[University of New South Wales|UNSW Sydney]]. She is a fellow of the [[Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists]], and the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]], UK.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Professor Valsamma Eapen|url=https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/professor-valsamma-eapen|access-date=2021-03-07|website=research.unsw.edu.au|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
Eapen was born in [[Kerala|Kerala, India]] and completed her secondary education in [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]]. After graduating in medicine from T.D Medical College Alleppey, she trained at the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] in [[Bangalore]], India, and in the UK, through the [[University College Hospital]] and North London Teaching Hospitals rotational training scheme and advanced training through the [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]] for Sick Children and Institute Of Child Health. She undertook her PhD at the [[University of London]], with research carried out at the [[National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery]], [[Queen Square, London]] on the genetics of [[Tourette syndrome]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Valsamma Eapen - Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences - HMA|url=http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=256|access-date=2021-03-07|website=hmaward.org.ae}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=unsw.edu.au|url=https://med.unsw.edu.au/our-people/valsamma-eapen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist - Valsamma Eapen|url=https://developmentalpaediatrics.com.au/team/valsamma-eapen/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Developmental Paediatrics|language=en-AU}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Research and career ==<br />
Her academic career began at the University College London and she then moved to [[United Arab Emirates University]] before taking up her current appointment as professor and chair of infant, child and adolescent psychiatry at [[University of New South Wales|UNSW Sydney]] and as clinical academic and head of the academic unit of child psychiatry at South West Sydney Local Health District.<ref>{{Cite web|title=College of Medicine and Health Science|url=http://cmhsweb.uaeu.ac.ae/fmtimes.asp?e=699|access-date=2021-03-07|website=cmhsweb.uaeu.ac.ae}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Valsamma Eapen - Autism Research Australasia|url=http://www.autismresearch.org.au/new-south-wales/valsamma-eapen|access-date=2021-03-07|website=www.autismresearch.org.au}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><br />
<br />
As a clinician researcher, she has translated research findings into practice and policy applications such as developing [[Service delivery framework|service delivery frameworks]] for early identification of developmental problems in preschool children including the Watch Me Grow webapp.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The App that helps all kids get the best start {{!}} Maridulu Budyari Gumal|url=https://www.thesphere.com.au/news/the-app-that-helps-all-kids-get-the-best-start|access-date=2021-03-07|website=www.thesphere.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SWSLHD Liverpool Hospital - Watch Me Grow|url=https://www.swslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/liverpool/wmg/principalinvestigators.html|access-date=2021-03-07|website=www.swslhd.health.nsw.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eapen |first1=Valsamma |last2=Woolfenden |first2=Susan |last3=Williams |first3=Katrina |last4=Jalaludin |first4=Bin |last5=Dissanayake |first5=Cheryl |author-link5=Cheryl Dissanayake |last6=Axelsson |first6=Emma L |last7=Murphy |first7=Elisabeth |last8=Eastwood |first8=John |last9=Descallar |first9=Joseph |last10=Beasley |first10=Deborah |last11=Črnčec |first11=Rudi |year=2014 |title="Are you available for the next 18 months?" - methods and aims of a longitudinal birth cohort study investigating a universal developmental surveillance program: the 'Watch Me Grow' study |url= |journal=BMC Pediatrics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=234 |doi=10.1186/1471-2431-14-234 |issn=1471-2431 |pmc=4190387 |pmid=25241772 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Woolfenden|first1=Susan|last2=Eapen|first2=Valsamma|last3=Axelsson|first3=Emma|last4=Hendry|first4=Alexandra|last5=Jalaludin|first5=Bin|last6=Dissanayake|first6=Cheryl|last7=Overs|first7=Bronwyn|last8=Descallar|first8=Joseph|last9=Eastwood|first9=John|last10=Einfeld|first10=Stewart|last11=Silove|first11=Natalie|date=2016-03-24|title=Who is our cohort: recruitment, representativeness, baseline risk and retention in the "Watch Me Grow" study?|url= |journal=BMC Pediatrics|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|page=46|doi=10.1186/s12887-016-0582-1|issn=1471-2431|pmc=4806415|pmid=27013220 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, her team examined the pivotal role of [[oxytocin]] in attachment, separation anxiety and child development, offering translational opportunities for identifying women at risk in the antenatal period to improve intergenerational outcomes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to our 2020 Research Excellence Awards|url=https://inghaminstitute.org.au/2020awardslivestream/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Her research has included genetic, epidemiological, and phenomenological studies as well as clinical interventions in Tourette syndrome. Further, she has contributed significantly to research in [[Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorders]], building evidence base on early intervention and leading the autism subtyping program in collaboration with the Autism Co-operative Research Centre (Autism CRC). A world first research through the NSW ASELCC in [[Liverpool]] – where Eapen is the research lead – showed the benefits of the [[Early Start Denver Model]] in reducing maladaptive behaviours in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eapen|first1=Valsamma|last2=Črnčec|first2=Rudi|last3=Walter|first3=Amelia|date=2013-01-07|title=Clinical outcomes of an early intervention program for preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in a community group setting|url= |journal=BMC Pediatrics|volume=13|issue=1|page=3|doi=10.1186/1471-2431-13-3|issn=1471-2431|pmc=3631131|pmid=23294523 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=autismcrc.com.au|url=https://www.autismcrc.com.au/sites/default/files/inline-files/Transition%20to%20school%20from%20ASELCCs%20-%20Executive%20summary.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=ResearchGate|url= |journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics|year=2014|language=en|doi=10.3389/fped.2014.00040|pmc=4023017|pmid=24847474|last1=Fulton|first1=E.|last2=Eapen|first2=V.|last3=Crnčec|first3=R.|last4=Walter|first4=A.|last5=Rogers|first5=S.|volume=2|page=40|doi-access= free}}</ref><br />
<br />
Eapen was part of a four-member executive team that developed the National Guideline for the Assessment and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders through the Autism CRC in collaboration with the National Disability Insurance Agency and endorsed by the [[National Health and Medical Research Council]] (NHMRC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=thepaediatricnurse|url=https://www.thepaediatricnurse.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Autism-Guidelines-2018.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Launched November 2017, this is being utilised across Australia and adopted by the NDIS.<br />
<br />
Eapen has developed the Quality of Life in Autism (QoLA) scale, which has been adopted for use by more than 73 teams across 25 countries and translated into several different languages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eapen|first1=Valsamma|last2=Crnčec|first2=Rudi|last3=Walter|first3=Amelia|last4=Tay|first4=Kwok Ping|date=2014|title=Conceptualisation and development of a quality of life measure for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder|journal=Autism Research and Treatment|volume=2014|article-number=160783|doi=10.1155/2014/160783|issn=2090-1925|pmc=3977417|pmid=24778873|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Watch Me Grow study, funded through an NHMRC Partnership grant with NSW Health, involved a 2000-strong birth cohort study that examined the modifiable risk factors for [[developmental disability]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eapen|first1=Valsamma|last2=Woolfenden|first2=Susan|last3=Williams|first3=Katrina|last4=Jalaludin|first4=Bin|last5=Dissanayake|first5=Cheryl|last6=Axelsson|first6=Emma L.|last7=Murphy|first7=Elisabeth|last8=Eastwood|first8=John|last9=Descallar|first9=Joseph|last10=Beasley|first10=Deborah|last11=Črnčec|first11=Rudi|date=2014-09-22|title="Are you available for the next 18 months?" - methods and aims of a longitudinal birth cohort study investigating a universal developmental surveillance program: the 'Watch Me Grow' study|journal=BMC Pediatrics|volume=14|page=234|doi=10.1186/1471-2431-14-234|issn=1471-2431|pmc=4190387|pmid=25241772 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=nhmrc.gov.au|url=https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/attachments/grant%20documents/Partnership-third-call-2019.pdf}}</ref> This study found evidence of an '[[inverse care law]]', whereby those children at highest risk (e.g. mothers born overseas and of lower educational/income levels) were the least likely to access the surveillance program.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Garg|first1=Pankaj|last2=Ha|first2=My Trinh|last3=Eastwood|first3=John|last4=Harvey|first4=Susan|last5=Woolfenden|first5=Sue|last6=Murphy|first6=Elisabeth|last7=Dissanayake|first7=Cheryl|last8=Jalaludin|first8=Bin|last9=Williams|first9=Katrina|last10=McKenzie|first10=Anne|last11=Einfeld|first11=Stewart|title=Explaining culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) parents' access of healthcare services for developmental surveillance and anticipatory guidance: qualitative findings from the 'Watch Me Grow' study|journal=BMC Health Services Research|year=2017|volume=17|issue=1|page=228|doi=10.1186/s12913-017-2143-1|issn=1472-6963|pmc=5361826|pmid=28330490 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
In an effort to address the current inequity in access to developmental services in low resourced environments, Eapen developed the Watch Me Grow Electronic Platform (WMG-E), a webapp for engaging parents in developmental monitoring during opportunistic contacts such as immunisation visits.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kontos|first=Eric|date=2019-05-28|title=Local research leads to a better way to check your child's development|url=https://southwestvoice.com.au/local-research-leads-to-a-better-way-to-check-your-childs-development/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=South West Voice|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Woolfenden|first1=Susan|last2=Eapen|first2=Valsamma|last3=Axelsson|first3=Emma|last4=Hendry|first4=Alexandra|last5=Jalaludin|first5=Bin|last6=Dissanayake|first6=Cheryl|last7=Overs|first7=Bronwyn|last8=Descallar|first8=Joseph|last9=Eastwood|first9=John|last10=Einfeld|first10=Stewart|last11=Silove|first11=Natalie|date=2016-03-24|title=Who is our cohort: recruitment, representativeness, baseline risk and retention in the "Watch Me Grow" study?|url= |journal=BMC Pediatrics|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|page=46|doi=10.1186/s12887-016-0582-1|issn=1471-2431|pmc=4806415|pmid=27013220 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This webapp was developed in collaboration with the [[Random Hacks of Kindness]] community of technologists – a joint initiative between Microsoft, Google, Yahoo!, NASA, and the World Bank. This is currently being disseminated in Australia and overseas to establish a Universal Developmental Surveillance program with equitable access to all pre-school children. It was featured at the [[American Psychiatric Association]] 2019 conference as 'one of three exemplars of innovative global mental health programs'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ANZCTR - Registration|url=https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=376012&isReview=true|access-date=2021-03-07|website=www.anzctr.org.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Research|url=https://karitane.com.au/research|access-date=2021-03-07|website=karitane.com.au}}</ref><br />
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Her book ''Where There is No Child Psychiatrist'' is being used to improve skills for professionals on mental health problems, particularly in developing countries.<br />
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== Awards and honors ==<br />
* Fellow of the [[Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists]]<br />
* Fellow of the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-12|title=Valsamma Eapen|url=https://www.autismcrc.com.au/about-us/our-people/our-team/valsamma-eapen|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Autism CRC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Akin-Ojo|first=Isabelle|date=November 2013|title=Where There is No Child Psychiatrist: A Mental Healthcare Manual. By Valsamma Eapen, Philip Graham & Shoba Srinath, RCPsych Publications, 2012, £10.00, pb, 208 pp. {{text|ISBN:}} 9781908020482 | journal=The Psychiatrist | language=en|volume=37|issue=11|pages=375–376 | doi=10.1192/pb.bp.113.044925 | issn=1758-3209 | doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
* Lady Fairfax AC OBE Distinguished Researcher Award<br />
* Hamdan Award for Original Research Paper Published in Emirates Medical Journal by Hamdan Medical Award in 2004<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Valsamma Eapen - Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences - HMA |url=http://www.hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=256 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.hmaward.org.ae}}</ref><br />
* Fellow of the [[Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences]] (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Kassandra |date=2026-01-13 |title=Professor Valsamma Eapen |url=https://aahms.org/fellow/professor-valsamma-eapen/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Australian Academy of Health & Medical Sciences |language=en-AU}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Eapen is a board director (voluntary) for Karitane Parenting Services. As the medical publicity liaison officer for the Tourette Syndrome Association Australia, she leads the annual Tourette Awareness Week activities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-06|title=Tics, twitches, and Tourette's|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/tics,-twitches,-and-tourettes/9943920|access-date=2021-03-07|website=ABC Radio National|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-02|title=Low postpartum oxytocin levels linked to poor mother-daughter bond|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/oct/02/low-postpartum-oxytocin-levels-linked-to-poor-mother-daughter-bond|access-date=2021-03-07|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Selected publications ==<br />
Eapen has written six books and more than 300 journal publications.<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Using whole-exome sequencing to identify inherited causes of autism.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2013-01-23|title=Using Whole-Exome Sequencing to Identify Inherited Causes of Autism|journal=Neuron|language=en|volume=77|issue=2|pages=259–273|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.002|issn=0896-6273|doi-access=free|last1=Yu|first1=Timothy W.|last2=Chahrour|first2=Maria H.|last3=Coulter|first3=Michael E.|last4=Jiralerspong|first4=Sarn|last5=Okamura-Ikeda|first5=Kazuko|last6=Ataman|first6=Bulent|last7=Schmitz-Abe|first7=Klaus|last8=Harmin|first8=David A.|last9=Adli|first9=Mazhar|last10=Malik|first10=Athar N.|last11=d'Gama|first11=Alissa M.|last12=Lim|first12=Elaine T.|last13=Sanders|first13=Stephan J.|last14=Mochida|first14=Ganesh H.|last15=Partlow|first15=Jennifer N.|last16=Sunu|first16=Christine M.|last17=Felie|first17=Jillian M.|last18=Rodriguez|first18=Jacqueline|last19=Nasir|first19=Ramzi H.|last20=Ware|first20=Janice|last21=Joseph|first21=Robert M.|last22=Hill|first22=R. Sean|last23=Kwan|first23=Benjamin Y.|last24=Al-Saffar|first24=Muna|last25=Mukaddes|first25=Nahit M.|last26=Hashmi|first26=Asif|last27=Balkhy|first27=Soher|last28=Gascon|first28=Generoso G.|last29=Hisama|first29=Fuki M.|last30=Leclair|first30=Elaine|pmid=23352163|pmc=3694430|display-authors=1}}</ref><br />
* Genome-wide association study of obsessive-compulsive disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=S. E.|last2=Yu|first2=D.|last3=Scharf|first3=J. M.|last4=Neale|first4=B. M.|last5=Fagerness|first5=J. A.|last6=Mathews|first6=C. A.|last7=Arnold|first7=P. D.|last8=Evans|first8=P. D.|last9=Gamazon|first9=E. R.|last10=Osiecki|first10=L.|last11=McGrath|first11=L.|date=July 2013|title=Genome-wide association study of obsessive-compulsive disorder|url= |journal=Molecular Psychiatry|language=en|volume=18|issue=7|pages=788–798|doi=10.1038/mp.2012.85|pmid=22889921|pmc=4218751|issn=1476-5578|hdl=1854/LU-4241923|s2cid=15807999|hdl-access=free}}</ref><br />
* The international prevalence, epidemiology, and clinical phenomenology of Tourette syndrome: a cross-cultural perspective.<ref>{{Cite web|title=apa.org|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-21991-008}}</ref><br />
* Preschool psychopathology reported by parents in 23 societies: testing the seven-syndrome model of the child behavior checklist for ages 1.5–5.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ivanova|first1=Masha Y.|last2=Achenbach|first2=Thomas M.|last3=Rescorla|first3=Leslie A.|last4=Harder|first4=Valerie S.|last5=Ang|first5=Rebecca P.|last6=Bilenberg|first6=Niels|last7=Bjarnadottir|first7=Gudrun|last8=Capron|first8=Christiane|last9=De Pauw|first9=Sarah S. W.|last10=Dias|first10=Pedro|last11=Dobrean|first11=Anca|date=2010-12-01|title=Preschool Psychopathology Reported by Parents in 23 Societies: Testing the Seven-Syndrome Model of the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5–5|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|language=en|volume=49|issue=12|pages=1215–1224|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.019|pmid=21093771|issn=0890-8567|pmc=4247330}}</ref><br />
* Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission in Tourette's syndrome.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eapen|first1=V.|last2=Pauls|first2=D. L.|last3=Robertson|first3=M. M.|date=May 1993|title=Evidence for Autosomal Dominant Transmission in Tourette's Syndrome: United Kingdom Cohort Study|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/abs/evidence-for-autosomal-dominant-transmission-in-tourettes-syndrome/104A8E7156EE69A837071AB0C56C4B0F|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=162|issue=5|pages=593–596|doi=10.1192/bjp.162.5.593|pmid=8149109|s2cid=26062975 |issn=0007-1250|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
* International comparisons of behavioral and emotional problems in preschool children: parents' reports from 24 societies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rescorla|first1=Leslie A.|last2=Achenbach|first2=Thomas M.|last3=Ivanova|first3=Masha Y.|last4=Harder|first4=Valerie S.|last5=Otten|first5=Laura|last6=Bilenberg|first6=Niels|last7=Bjarnadottir|first7=Gudrun|last8=Capron|first8=Christiane|last9=De Pauw|first9=Sarah S. W.|last10=Dias|first10=Pedro|last11=Dobrean|first11=Anca|date=2011-05-01|title=International Comparisons of Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Preschool Children: Parents' Reports From 24 Societies|url= |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology|language=en|volume=40|issue=3|pages=456–467|doi=10.1080/15374416.2011.563472|issn=1537-4416|pmc=4247339|pmid=21534056|hdl=11655/14529}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
Google Scholar – [https://scholar.google.com.au/citations?user=fHtumogAAAAJ&hl=en Valasamma Eapen]<br />
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[[Category:Autism researchers]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Psychiatrists]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences]]<br />
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[[Category:Academic staff of the University of New South Wales]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gregorios_Orthodox_Cathedral,_Bengaluru&diff=537347St. Gregorios Orthodox Cathedral, Bengaluru2026-01-31T22:49:34Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: redirect created</p>
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{{R from subsidiary}}</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Thomas_(surgeon)&diff=484422Abraham Thomas (surgeon)2026-01-14T05:33:46Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: made a details</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian Plastic surgeon}}<br />
{{for|the Welsh physician and politician|Abraham Garrod Thomas}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
'''Abraham Gracefield Thomas''' (born 26 July 1950) is a plastic and reconstructive surgeon, specializing in [[microsurgery]], from India.<br />
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== Early life ==<br />
Dr Abraham Thomas was born in Thamarasserry, [[Calicut]], [[Kerala]]. He completed his medical education at [[Christian Medical College, Ludhiana]]. He trained in surgery under Dr. Eggleston, Dr Feierabend and Dr Bindra. He was trained in microvascular surgery by [[Marko Godina]], a famous microsurgeon from Yugoslavia.<br />
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== Career ==<br />
In 1994 in Christian Medical College Ludhiana, he successfully reattached the avulsed face and scalp of a nine-year-old girl, Sandeep Kaur. This achievement has recently been recognised by [[American College of Surgeons]] by incorporating Thomas in their 100 years timeline for achievements in surgery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timeline.facs.org/1990.html |title=History of Surgery: 100 Year Timeline – American College of Surgeons |access-date=11 March 2013 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713195723/http://timeline.facs.org/1990.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thomas attached the arteries, veins and nerves successfully and almost the entire face and scalp survived. The girl had near-complete recovery of the muscles of her face. Sandeep continued her studies after recovery and she is an accomplished registered nurse at the hospital. Thomas is a recipient of the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] in ''Development of Specialities'' category for the year 2002.<ref name="u893">{{cite web | title=Dr. Abraham G. Thomas, Oncology, Meitra | website=HBG Medical Assistance | url=https://hbgmedicalassistance.com/doctors/plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery/dr-abraham-g-thomas/ | access-date=2024-07-16}}</ref> He is presently working as vice chairman of Malabar Medical College and Research Center, Calicut.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 9811006| year = 1998| last1 = Thomas| first1 = A| title = Total face and scalp replantation| journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery| volume = 102| issue = 6| pages = 2085–7| last2 = Obed| first2 = V| last3 = Murarka| first3 = A| last4 = Malhotra| first4 = G | doi=10.1097/00006534-199811000-00041}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050815/asp/knowhow/story_5105265.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125203922/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050815/asp/knowhow/story_5105265.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2005|title=An Indian doctor's triumph |work=The Telegraph|date=15 August 2005}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]<br />
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[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiyur&diff=523812Palaiyur2026-01-13T21:59:41Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: done</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=August 2015}}<br />
'''Palaiyur''' is a village within the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Palaiyur is located 282&nbsp;kilometers from [[Chennai]], in [[Kuttalam]] Taluk, which is in the [[Mayiladuthurai district]] and shares close border with the [[Thanjavur district]]. The current population is just under 2,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Map Of Palaiyur Village In Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu|url = http://www.indiamapped.in/map-of-tamil-nadu/thiruvarur/mannargudi/palaiyur|website = www.indiamapped.in|accessdate = 2015-09-22}}</ref> Nearby villages include: Peravoor, Nakkambadi, S.Pudur, Kokkur, and Srikandapuram.<br />
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Nakkambadi (2&nbsp;km), Manthai (3&nbsp;km), Konerirajapuram (3&nbsp;km), Peravur (3&nbsp;km), Kodimangalam (4&nbsp;km) are the nearby villages. Palaiyur is surrounded by Kodavasal Block towards the south, Tiruvidaimarudur Block towards the west, Nannilam Block towards the east, Thiruppanandal Block towards the north.<br />
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Kumbakonam, Mayiladuthurai, Thiruvarur, Karaikal are the nearby Cities to Palaiyur.<br />
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It is in the border of the [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam District]] and Thanjavur District. Thanjavur District Thiruppanandal is to the north.<br />
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<!-- see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] <br />
== Lead ==<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
== History ==--><br />
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== Geography==<br />
Palaiyur Village Gram Panchayath name is Palaiyur. Palaiyur is 8&nbsp;km from sub-district headquarters Kuthalam and is 14&nbsp;km from district headquarters Mayiladuthurai. The nearest statutory town is Kuthalam, 8&nbsp;km away. Palaiyur's total area is 327.91 hectares; non-agricultural area is 88.84 hectares and total irrigated area is 327.78 hectares.<br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
=== Population ===<br />
Palaiyur Local Language is Tamil. Palaiyur Village Total population is 2737 and number of houses are 699. Female Population is 49.1%. Village literacy rate is 71.7% and the Female Literacy rate is 31.3%.<br />
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{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Census Parameter<br />
! Census Data<br />
|-<br />
|Total Population<br />
|2737<br />
|-<br />
|Total No of Houses<br />
|699<br />
|-<br />
|Female Population %<br />
|49.1 % (1345)<br />
|-<br />
|Total Literacy rate %<br />
|71.7 % (1962)<br />
|-<br />
|Female Literacy rate<br />
|31.3 % (856)<br />
|-<br />
|Scheduled Tribes Population %<br />
|0.0 % (0)<br />
|-<br />
|Scheduled Caste Population %<br />
|30.1 % (823)<br />
|-<br />
|Working Population %<br />
|44.0 %<br />
|-<br />
|Child (0 -6) Population by 2011<br />
|293<br />
|-<br />
|Girl Child (0 -6) Population % by 2011<br />
|49.1 % (144)<br />
|}<br />
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== Government and politics ==<br />
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=== Health ===<br />
Near by Govt Hospital available at near by Village Srikandapuram and a veterinary hospital at Mela Ayyanarkudi.<br />
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=== Civic Utility / Amenities / Services ===<br />
It has a library, a [[TNEB|Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] office, a police station, a village officer office, a Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation office, an agricultural office and a RI{{clarify|What is RI?|date=June 2021}} office.<br />
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This village has a power supply with 12 hour power supply in summer and 10 hour power supply in winter, [[Anganwadi]] centre, ASHA, birth & death registration office, sports facilities, public library, daily newspaper and polling station are the other amenities in the village.<br />
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Hand pump and tube wells/boreholes are other drinking water sources.<br />
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Closed and open drainage systems are in this village. There is no system to collect garbage on street. Drain water is discharged into sewer plant.<br />
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=== Communication ===<br />
Post Office is available in this Village. Land line phones are available. Mobile coverage is available. Nearest Internet centre is in 5 – 10&nbsp;km. Private courier facility available in this village. Palaiyur Pin code is 612203 and it has Sub post office.<br />
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== Economy ==<br />
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Nearest ATM is in 1–3&nbsp;km. Nearest Commercial Bank is in less than 3&nbsp;km. Nearest Cooperative Bank is in 5 – 10&nbsp;km. Agricultural Credit Society and Mandis/Regular Market are available in this village.<br />
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=== Agriculture ===<br />
Paddy, sugarcane, cotton and pulses are agriculture commodities grow in this village.12 hours agricultural power supply in summer and 8 hours agricultural power supply in winter is available in this village. Total irrigated area in this village is 327.78 hectares from canals 322.78 hectares and from Boreholes/Tube wells 5 hectares are the Sources of irrigation.<br />
[[Rice]], [[cotton]], and [[Maize|corn]] are major commercial crops. The soil in the district is predominantly red sand, with scattered patches of black soil. The soil in Palaiyur consists mainly of glade soil; the soil in the district is best suited for raising dry crops.<br />
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Additional crops grown include bananas, coconuts, onions, turmeric, chili peppers, ground nuts, sesame, millet, carrots, lettuce, and turnips.<br />
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== Transport ==<br />
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=== By Road ===<br />
Public and private bus services are available in this village. No nearest National Highway in less than 10&nbsp;km. It is located in State Highway SH-147 which is connecting Kumbakonam-Karaikal.<br />
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It serves a main bus stop near by villages like Kanjuvoy, Nallavur and Karanur. Regular bus services are available to Mayiladuthurai, Karikal and Kumbakonam.<br />
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=== By Rail ===<br />
Nearest railway station is in 5 – 10&nbsp;km at Peralam Junction (PEM), Kumbakonam station (KUM) and Kuthalam station.<br />
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--><br />
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== Education ==<br />
Government Primary Schools are in this village. The nearest higher secondary schools are in Srikantapuram. The nearest private engineering college is in Thirumangalagudi and Kumbakonam. Nearest Govt Medical College is in Thiruvarur and Thanjavur. Nearest private disabled school and private ITA College are in Mayiladuthurai. Nearest Private Polytechnic College is in Kollumangudi. Nearest Govt Arts and Science Degree College and Govt MBA college are in Kumbakonam.<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Mayiladuthurai district]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mayiladuthurai district]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh_State_Women_Commission&diff=542944Uttar Pradesh State Women Commission2026-01-01T07:18:14Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| agency_name = Uttar Pradesh State Commission for Women<br />
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| formed = 15 October 2004<br />
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| superseding = <br />
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| headquarters = U.P. State Commission for Women, IIIrd Floor, Rajya Manav Adhikar Bhwan, T.C. - 34, V, Vibhuti Khand, Gomati Nagar, Lucknow.<ref name="upw ref1">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh State Women Commission |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Uttar_Pradesh |website=Uttar Pradesh State Women Commission |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="upw ref2">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh State Women Commission |url=http://mahilaayog.up.nic.in/ |website=Uttar Pradesh State Women Commission |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110030839/http://mahilaayog.up.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = <br />
| minister1_name = <br />
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| deputyminister1_name = <br />
| deputyminister1_pfo = <br />
| deputyminister2_name = <br />
| deputyminister2_pfo = <br />
| chief1_name = [[Babita Chauhan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=कौन हैं बबिता चौहान, जिन्हें बनाया गया यूपी महिला आयोग का अध्यक्ष, ताजनगरी से क्या है कनेक्शन? |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/who-is-babita-chauhan-became-new-president-of-up-women-commission-aprna-yadav/3556811/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><br />
| chief1_position = Chairperson<br />
| chief2_name = [[Aparna Bisht Yadav|Smt. Aparna Bisht Yadav]]<br />
| chief2_position = Vice - Chairperson<br />
| chief3_name = <br />
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| website = [http://mahilaayog.up.nic.in/ Official Website]<br />
{{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Uttar_Pradesh}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
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}}<br />
<br />
'''Uttar Pradesh State Women Commission''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in the year 1993 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.<br />
<br />
[[File:Dr .Babita Singh.png|thumb|Babita Chauhan]]<br />
'''[[Babita Chauhan]]''' currently serving as the chairperson of the [[Uttar Pradesh State Women Commission|Uttar Pradesh State Women's Commission]] since 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=कौन हैं बबिता चौहान, जिन्हें बनाया गया यूपी महिला आयोग का अध्यक्ष, ताजनगरी से क्या है कनेक्शन? |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/who-is-babita-chauhan-became-new-president-of-up-women-commission-aprna-yadav/3556811/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History and objectives ==<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women's Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The Commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.<br />
<br />
The commission was created with the following objectives:<br />
<br />
* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.<br />
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.<ref name="upw ref3">{{cite news |title="Girls Shouldn't Get Mobiles": UP Women's Commission Member On Rape Cases |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/girls-should-not-get-mobile-phones-says-up-womens-commission-member-clarifies-2460918 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=10 June 2021}}</ref><br />
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.<br />
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.<ref name="upw ref5">{{cite news |title=Member of State Women's Commission will review the safety and self-reliance of women |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/hapur/story-member-of-the-state-women-39-s-commission-to-review-the-safety-and-independence-of-women-3880637.html |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=livehindustan.com |date=28 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Composition ==<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh State Commission for Women was formed with a chairperson and other members. The [[Social Welfare Department|social welfare department]] of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women. Their salary and other emoluments are fixed by state government and revised from time to time.<br />
<br />
Smt Vimla bathan is the Chairperson of the Uttar Pradesh State Commission for Women.<ref name="upw ref7">{{cite news |title=On the question of increasing rape in UP, the answer of the President of the Women's Commission, 'Girls run away with boys after talking long on the phone' |url=https://navbharattimes-indiatimes-com.translate.goog/metro/lucknow/administration/up-women-commission-chairman-meena-kumari-gave-statement-on-giving-mobile-phones-to-girls/articleshow/83393075.cms?_x_tr_sl=hi&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=navbharattimes |date=10 June 2021}}</ref> She along with other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.<br />
<br />
== Activities ==<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh State Commission for Women was formed in 2006 to perform below activities:<br />
<br />
* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under [[Constitution of India]] and women related legislations.<ref name="upw ref9">{{cite web |title=uttar-pradesh-state-commission-women-act-2004 |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/state-acts-rules/state-laws/uttar-pradesh-state-commission-women-act-2004 |website=bare-acts/state-acts-rules/state-laws/|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><br />
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.<br />
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.<br />
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.<br />
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.<ref name="upw ref4">{{cite news |title=Women's commission member listened to the plight of the victims |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gangapar/story-women-commission-member-listened-to-the-grief-of-the-oppressed-women-3887824.html |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=livehindustan.com |date=3 March 2021}}</ref><br />
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.<br />
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.<br />
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.<br />
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.<br />
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.<br />
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.<ref name="upw ref6">{{cite news |title=Women's commission member listened to women's problems |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/muzaffar-nagar/story-women-39-s-commission-member-listened-to-women-39-s-problems-3855458.html |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=livehindustan.com |date=15 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[National Commission for Women]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* [http://mahilaayog.up.nic.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110030839/http://mahilaayog.up.nic.in/ |date=2022-01-10 }}<br />
* {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Uttar_Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:State agencies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Commissions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]<br />
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_delbrueckii_subsp._bulgaricus&diff=448946Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus2025-12-29T04:04:47Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: Article updated with latest changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Subspecies of bacteria, used in yogurt}}<br />
{{Infraspeciesbox<br />
| image = 20101210_014809_LactobacillusBulgaricus.jpg<br />
| image_alt = "Lactobacillus Bulgaricus" from a sample of yogurt. Numbered ticks are 11 μm apart.<br />
| image_caption = ''Lactobacillus Bulgaricus'' from a sample of [[yogurt]]. Numbered ticks are 11&amp;nbsp;μm apart.<br />
| genus = Lactobacillus<br />
| species = Bulgaricus<br />
| subspecies = <br />
| authority = ([[Orla-Jensen]] 1919) [[Rogosa]] &amp; Hansen 1971 Weiss et al. 1984<br />
| synonyms = * "Bacillus bulgaricus" {{small|Grigorov 1905}}&lt;ref name=bacillus/&gt;<br />
* "Thermobacterium bulgaricum" {{small|Orla-Jensen 1919}}<br />
* ''Lactobacillus bulgaricus'' {{small|([[Orla-Jensen]] 1919) [[Rogosa]] &amp; Hansen 1971 (Approved Lists 1980)}}<br />
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=lpsn/&gt;<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Lactobacillus bulgaricus colonies 05.jpg|thumb|''Lactobacillus bulgaricus'' colonies grown on China Blue Lactose Agar, after anaerobic incubation.]]<br />
'''''Lactobacillus bulgaricus''''' is the main [[bacterium]] used for the production of [[yogurt]]. It also plays a crucial role in the ripening of some [[cheese]]s,&lt;ref name=":2"&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Stachelska|first1=Milena Alicja|last2=Foligni|first2=Roberta|date=2018|title=Development of a time-effective and highly specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in artisanal raw cow's milk cheese|journal=Acta Veterinaria Brno|volume=87|issue=3|pages=301–308|doi=10.2754/avb201887030301|issn=0001-7213|doi-access=free|hdl=11566/297966|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as in other processes involving naturally [[Fermentation|fermented]] products. It is defined as homofermentive lactic acid bacteria due to [[lactic acid]] being the single end product of its carbohydrate digestion. It is also considered a [[probiotic]].&lt;ref name=":1"&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi?an, China|last2=Shaanxi Heshi Dairy, China|last3=Chen|first3=He|last4=Huang|first4=Jie|last5=Shi|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Li|first6=Yichao|last7=Liu|first7=Yu|date=2017-12-30|title=Effects of six substances on the growth and freeze-drying of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus [pdf]|journal=Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria|volume=16|issue=4|pages=403–412|doi=10.17306/J.AFS.2017.0512|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
It is a [[gram-positive]] rod that may appear long and filamentous. It is [[Motility|non-motile]] and does not form spores. It is also non-pathogenic. It is regarded as aciduric or [[Acidophile (organisms)|acidophilic]], since it requires a low [[pH]] (around 5.4–4.6) to grow effectively. In addition, it is [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hao|first1=Pei|last2=Zheng|first2=Huajun|last3=Yu|first3=Yao|last4=Ding|first4=Guohui|last5=Gu|first5=Wenyi|last6=Chen|first6=Shuting|last7=Yu|first7=Zhonghao|last8=Ren|first8=Shuangxi|last9=Oda|first9=Munehiro|last10=Konno|first10=Tomonobu|last11=Wang|first11=Shengyue|date=2011-01-17|editor-last=Ahmed|editor-first=Niyaz|title=Complete Sequencing and Pan-Genomic Analysis of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Reveal Its Genetic Basis for Industrial Yogurt Production|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=1|article-number=e15964|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0015964|pmid=21264216|pmc=3022021|bibcode=2011PLoSO...615964H|issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; As it grows on raw dairy products, it creates and maintains the acidic environment that it needs to thrive via its production of lactic acid. In addition, it grows optimally at temperatures of 40–44&amp;nbsp;°C under anaerobic conditions. It has complex nutritional requirements which vary according to the environment. These include carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins.<br />
<br />
First identified in 1905 by the [[Bulgarian people|Bulgarian]] doctor [[Stamen Grigorov]] by isolating what later termed ''Lactobacillus Bulgaricus'' from a Bulgarian yogurt sample,&lt;ref&gt;Grigoroff, Stamen, 1905. Étude sur une lait fermentée comestible. Le "Kissélo mléko" de Bulgarie. Revue Médicale de la Suisse Romande. Genève. Georg&amp;G., Libraires-Éditeurs. Librairie de L'Université.&lt;/ref&gt; the bacteria can be found naturally in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals living in Sofia region and along the Balkan Mountain (Stara Planina) mesoregion of Balkan peninsula.{{cn|date=May 2021}} One strain, [[Lactobacillus bulgaricus GLB44|''Lactobacillus bulgaricus'' GLB44]], is extracted from the leaves of the ''[[Galanthus nivalis]]'' (snowdrop flower) in Bulgaria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Michaylova |first1=M |last2=Minkova |first2=S |last3=Kimura |first3=K |last4=Sasaki |first4=T |last5=Isawa |first5=K |name-list-style=vanc |title=Isolation and characterization of ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' ssp. ''bulgaricus'' and ''Streptococcus thermophilus'' from plants in Bulgaria |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=269 |issue=1 |pages=160–9 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17257163 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00631.x|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The bacterium is also grown artificially in many countries.&lt;!-- which is a useless sentence, because every bacterial culture with a stable name is artificially grown. --&gt;<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' subsp. ''bulgaricus'' is commonly used alongside ''[[Streptococcus thermophilus]]''&lt;ref name="courtin"&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Courtin | first1 = P. | last2 = Rul | first2 = F. O. | doi = 10.1051/lait:2003031 | title = Interactions between microorganisms in a simple ecosystem: yogurt bacteria as a study model| journal = Le Lait | volume = 84 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 125–134 | year = 2003 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; as a starter for making [[yogurt]]. The ''Lb. bulgaricus'' 2038 strain has been used for decades for yogurt fermentation. The two species work in synergy, with ''L. d. bulgaricus'' producing amino acids from milk proteins, which are then used by ''S. thermophilus''.&lt;ref name="courtin" /&gt; This relationship is considered to be symbiotic. Both species produce [[lactic acid]],&lt;ref name="courtin" /&gt; which gives yogurt its tart flavor and acts as a preservative. The resulting decrease in pH also partially coagulates the milk proteins, such as casein, resulting in yogurt's thickness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.medicinalfoodnews.com/vol01/issue5/kalab.htm |title=From Milk to Yogurt-an Electron Microscope Story |access-date=2011-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220050730/http://medicinalfoodnews.com/vol01/issue5/kalab.htm |archive-date=2010-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="zourari"&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Zourari | first1 = A. | last2 = Accolas | first2 = J. P. | last3 = Desmazeaud | first3 = M. J. | title = Metabolism and biochemical characteristics of yogurt bacteria. A review | doi = 10.1051/lait:199211 | journal = Le Lait | volume = 72 | pages = 1–34 | year = 1992 | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00929275/file/hal-00929275.pdf | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; While fermenting milk, ''L. d. bulgaricus'' produces [[acetaldehyde]], one of the main yogurt aroma components.&lt;ref name="zourari" /&gt; Some strains of ''L. d. bulgaricus'', such as [[Lactobacillus bulgaricus GLB44|''L. bulgaricus'' GLB44]], also produce [[bacteriocin]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Simova | first1 = E. D. | last2 = Beshkova | first2 = D. M. | last3 = Angelov | first3 = M. P. | last4 = Dimitrov | first4 = Z. P. | title = Bacteriocin production by strain Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus BB18 during continuous prefermentation of yogurt starter culture and subsequent batch coagulation of milk | doi = 10.1007/s10295-008-0317-x | journal = Journal of Industrial Microbiology &amp; Biotechnology | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 559–567 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18273656| s2cid = 19284421 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; which have been shown to kill undesired bacteria ''in vitro''. The viability of ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' subsp. ''bulgaricus'' is extremely important in that it is necessary for it to be efficient at fermentation and to effectively keep the food products it produces from spoiling. Freeze-drying is the preferred method of preserving the viability of the cells, but not all cells survive this process.&lt;ref name=":1" /&gt;<br />
<br />
Due to its usefulness in natural fermentation processes, specifically in how it makes fermented food products out of cow's milk, it has great economic importance. Some of the biggest importers&lt;!-- (from where?) --&gt; of the bacterium are Japan, the United States, and the European Union.<br />
<br />
It has also been considered a contaminant of beer due to its homofermentative production of lactic acid, an off-flavor in many styles of beer. In other styles of beer, however, lactic acid bacteria can contribute to the overall appearance, aroma, taste, and/or mouthfeel, and generally produce an otherwise pleasing sourness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Priest|first=FG|title=Brewing Microbiology|year=2002|publisher=Springer|pages=185–202}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== {{anchor|History of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus}} History ==<br />
''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' subsp. ''bulgaricus'' was first identified in 1905 by [[Stamen Grigorov]], who named it ''Bacillus bulgaricus''.&lt;ref name=bacillus&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.stamengrigorov.org/?current=science&amp;lang=en&amp;id_sess=0ed3jl08q0028tbboq1imdmta1 | title = Dr Stamen Grigorov Foundation | access-date = 2013-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
[[Ilya Metchnikoff]], a professor at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in Paris, researched the relationship between the longevity of [[Bulgarians]] and their consumption of yogurt. He had the idea that aging is caused by putrefactive activity, or [[proteolysis]], by microbes that produce toxic substances in the intestine.<br />
<br />
Proteolytic bacteria such as [[clostridia]], which are part of the normal intestinal flora, produce toxic substances including [[phenols]], [[ammonia]] and [[indol]]s by digestion of [[protein]]s. These compounds are responsible for what Metchnikoff called ''intestinal auto-intoxication'', which, according to him, was the cause of the physical changes associated with old age. It was already known at that time that fermentation with [[lactic acid bacteria]] inhibits the deterioration of milk because of its low [[pH]].<br />
<br />
Metchnikoff's research also noted that rural populations in [[Southeastern Europe]] and the Russian steppes daily consume milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria and live relatively longer than other populations. Based on these data Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk seeds the intestine with harmless lactic acid bacteria increasing intestinal acidity and suppressing the growth of proteolytic bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mail.successmakers.com/uploads/Probiotics_-_100_years_after_Elie_Metchnikoff_PhDs_Obsevations.pdf |title=Probiotics: 100 years (1907–2007) after Elie Metchnikoff's Observation |access-date=2013-01-08 |first=Kingsley C. |last=Anukam |display-authors=etal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004072755/http://mail.successmakers.com/uploads/Probiotics_-_100_years_after_Elie_Metchnikoff_PhDs_Obsevations.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His results were questioned after a 1920 study showed that the bacterium could not survive in the human intestines, but the idea nevertheless started the research into actually useful probiotics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cheplin |first1=H. A. |last2=Rettger |first2=L. F. |date=December 1920 |title=Studies on the Transformation of the Intestinal Flora, with Special Reference to the Implantation of Bacillus Acidophilus: II. Feeding Experiments on Man |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=704–705 |doi=10.1073/pnas.6.12.704 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=1084701 |pmid=16576567|bibcode=1920PNAS....6..704C |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
''Lactobacillus bulgaricus'' is a constituent in [[VSL(3)|VSL#3]].<br />
<br />
In 2012 it was declared India's national microbe.&lt;ref name=National&gt;{{Cite journal| url=http://southasia.oneworld.net/news/now-india-has-a-national-microbe| title=Now, India has a National Microbe!| journal=Owsa| access-date=2017-08-22| archive-date=2019-11-27| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127110407/http://southasia.oneworld.net/news/now-india-has-a-national-microbe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="CoP-11"&gt;{{cite web |title=Education for Biodiversity Conservation CoP-11, Hyderabad |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=88487 |website=Press Information Bureau Government of India |publisher=Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |access-date=3 May 2019 |date=18 October 2012 |quote=The Minister also announced the National Microbe for India which was selected by children who had visited the Science Express Biodiversity Special, a train which has been visiting various stations across the country. Voting for the National Microbe took place in these stations and the children have selected the Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus) to be the National Microbe for India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Taxonomic history ===<br />
In bacterial taxonomy, the [[basionym]] for ''L. d. bulgaricus'' was "Thermobacterium bulgaricum" {{small|Orla-Jensen 1919}}. The entity became ''Lactobacillus bulgaricus'' in 1973 with the work of Rugosa and Hansen, and was reclassified as a subspecies under ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' in 1984.&lt;ref name=lpsn&gt;{{cite web |title=Subspecies: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/subspecies/lactobacillus-delbrueckii-bulgaricus |website=lpsn.dsmz.de |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Research ==<br />
<br />
=== Quantification in cow's milk cheese via real-time polymerase chain reaction assay ===<br />
In 2017, there was a study involving the development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction ([[qPCR]]) assay for quantifying ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' subsp. ''bulgaricus'' as well as ''Streptococcus thermophilus'' in cow's milk cheese. The goal of this study was to create a way to identify and quantify ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' subsp. ''bulgaricus'' and ''Streptococcus thermophilus,'' two lactic acid producing species crucial to the fermentation and ripening of cheese, in a timely manner through the use of qPCR. Two essays using ''[[lacZ]]'' gene targeting [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] primers resulted from this study and were deemed compatible with the two lactic acid bacteria ([[Lactic acid bacteria|LAB]]) species. This allowed for the direct quantification of ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' subsp. ''bulgaricus'' and ''Streptococcus thermophilus'' in cheese produced from unpasteurized cow's milk.&lt;ref name=":2" /&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Effects on antigenicity of milk proteins ===<br />
A study in 2012 posed the question of whether or not ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' subsp. ''bulgaricus'' had any effect on the antigenicity of four kinds of milk proteins, being [[Alpha-lactalbumin|α-lactalbumin]] (α-LA), [[Beta-lactoglobulin|β-lactoglobulin]] (β-LG), α-casein (α-CN), and β-casein (β-CN). These proteins are the main proteins found in cow's milk and are known to have [[antigen]]ic properties in humans, especially young children and infants. 2–5% of young children and infants experience [[cow's milk protein allergy]] (CMPA), which has harmful effects on their development and may even result in death. This allergy is facilitated through the antigenicity of the milk proteins, which is the ability of the proteins to trigger an immune response in the body that can result in a number of possible allergic reactions. The study was performed by simulating digestion of unfermented milk and milk that was fermented through exposure to ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus'' to compare their antigenicities in order to see if fermentation had any effect on the antigenicity of the proteins. The antigenicities were measured through an [[ELISA|enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay]] (ELISA). The results claimed that the fermentation of cow's milk by ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus'' reduced the antigenicity of α-LA and β-CN. However, it also increased the antigenicity of α-CN while β-LG was not impacted.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Zheng|first1=Zhe|last2=Liao|first2=Ping|last3=Luo|first3=Yongkang|last4=Li|first4=Zheng|date=June 2014|title=Effects of Fermentation by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Refrigeration and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Antigenicity of Four Milk Proteins: Effects on Milk Protein Antigenicity|journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation|volume=38|issue=3|pages=1106–1112|doi=10.1111/jfpp.12069|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Subcellular membrane fluidity under cold and osmotic stress ===<br />
The efficiency of lactic acid bacteria [[cryopreservation]] is not consistent and may lead to cell death. ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' subsp. ''bulgaricus'' has adapted to defend against cold stress. The way most cells react to the cold is by changing the fluidity of the cellular membrane, but this particular bacterium has acquired different tactics to fight against cold stress. The first way to cope with the cold is to increase viscosity by taking in compounds such as [[disaccharide]]s, [[polysaccharide]]s, [[amino acid]]s and [[antioxidant]]s. The second strategy used is performed by inducing active responses during the fermentation or post-fermentation processes. By modifying these it will change the temperature, pH and medium composition. This results in specific metabolic pathways becoming active, with the synthesis of cold shock proteins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Meneghel|first1=Julie|last2=Passot|first2=Stéphanie|last3=Cenard|first3=Stéphanie|last4=Réfrégiers|first4=Matthieu|last5=Jamme|first5=Frédéric|last6=Fonseca|first6=Fernanda|date=September 2017|title=Subcellular membrane fluidity of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus under cold and osmotic stress|journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=101|issue=18|pages=6907–6917|doi=10.1007/s00253-017-8444-9|pmid=28780605|s2cid=23484383|issn=0175-7598}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Survival during freeze-drying processes ===<br />
In 2017, a study was done to see the effects of six different substances on the growth and freeze- drying of [[Lactobacillus]]. Using Lactobacillus as starter cultures for the dairy industry depends on the number of viable and active cells. Currently, the preferred method to preserve the bacterial cells is through freeze-drying, however this also results in some strains being killed. This is due to various complications of freeze-drying, including the formation of ice crystals, loss of [[membrane fluidity]], and the [[Denaturation (biochemistry)|denaturation]] of important [[Macromolecule|macromolecules]]. Regardless, freeze-drying has been used for decades in microbiological research as a way to store and stabilize cultures. Six substances, being [[sodium chloride]], [[sorbitol]], [[mannitol]], [[mannose]], [[monosodium glutamate]], and [[betaine]] were tested to determine if they had any effect on the survivability of the cells after freeze-drying. Three of the six substances added had a positive effect on the growth and freeze-drying of Lactobacillus, being sodium chloride, sorbitol, and sodium glutamate. The results suggest that these substances have protective effects on ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' subsp. ''bulgaricus'' in small concentrations, but have little effect or even some harmful effects in higher concentrations. The optimal concentrations for sorbitol, sodium chloride and sodium glutamate for the desired protective effects were 0.15%, 0.6%, and 0.09% respectively. This was shown to increase cell viability drastically.&lt;ref name=":1" /&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Immunotherapy for cancer ===<br />
<br />
According to Helen Nauts from [[Cancer Research Institute]], on a monograph reviewing the effects of bacterial infections on multiple types of cancer, Ivan Bogdanov, a Bulgarian physician, allegedly produced a vaccine consisting of lactobacillus bulgaricus and used it to treat two patients with myeloma, inducing remission in the two cases, one dying 18 months later due to influenza, and another living 45 months (survival median at the time was about 12–18 months).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nauts |first=Helen C. |date=1975 |title=Multiple Myeloma: Beneficial Effects of Acute Infections Or Immunotherapy (Bacterial Vaccines). |url=https://www.cancerresearch.org/CRI/media/HCN-Monographs/13_MULTIPLE-MYELOMA-BENEFICIAL.pdf |journal= |publisher=Cancer Research Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023144424/https://www.cancerresearch.org/CRI/media/HCN-Monographs/13_MULTIPLE-MYELOMA-BENEFICIAL.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, references are internal documents and conversations among hospitals; there's no mention in English medical literature. An article from a commercial site and an alleged documentary are available (in Bulgarian).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=БЪЛГАРСКОТО ЛЕКАРСТВО ПРОТИВ РАК |url=http://www.zaveshtavamvizdrave.com/1998/01/lekarstvo-protiv-rak.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |language=bg}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Grigoroff |first=Stamen |chapter=Etude sur le lait fermenté comestible : le 'Kissélo-mléko' de Bulgarie |title=Revue Médicale de la Suisse Romande |location=Genève |publisher=Libraires-Éditeurs. Librairie de L'Université |year=1905 |language=fr |oclc=717162535}}<br />
* {{Cite book |vauthors=Balows A, Truper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH |title=The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria |chapter=70 |page=[https://archive.org/details/prokaryoteshandb0000unse/page/1547 1547] |year=1992 |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=New York |isbn=978-3-540-97258-7 |oclc=23767548 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/prokaryoteshandb0000unse/page/1547 }}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Cite web|title=Yogurt Culture Evolves |first=Sara |last=Goudarzi |publisher=LiveScience |date=9 June 2006 |url=http://www.livescience.com/othernews/060609_yogurt_bacteria.html |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829184736/http://www.livescience.com/othernews/060609_yogurt_bacteria.html |archive-date=August 29, 2008 }}<br />
* [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=6449&amp;submit=Search Type strain of ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]<br />
* {{Cite web|url=https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Lactobacillus_delbrueckii|title=Lactobacillus delbrueckii |website=microbewiki.kenyon.edu – Microbe Wiki|access-date=2019-11-14}}<br />
<br />
{{Yogurts}}<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q262677}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Subsp. Bulgaricus}}<br />
[[Category:Lactobacillaceae]]<br />
[[Category:Bacteria used in dairy products]]<br />
[[Category:Probiotics]]<br />
[[Category:Bacteria described in 1919]]<br />
[[Category:Subspecies]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_the_Punjab_in_North_America&diff=476687Academy of the Punjab in North America2025-12-28T07:31:30Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: Starting Details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Academy of the Punjab in North America<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| abbreviation = APNA<br />
| formation =<br />
| type = Non-profit cultural organization<br />
| purpose = Promotion of Punjabi language, literature, history and culture; digital archiving<br />
| headquarters = [[North America]]<br />
| region_served = Worldwide<br />
| website = https://apnaorg.com/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Academy of the Punjab in North America''' (commonly abbreviated '''APNA''') is a non-profit cultural organization that promotes Punjabi language, literature and cultural heritage, and maintains a large open-access digital repository of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] books, articles and music. APNA has been discussed in academic literature and covered by major South Asian newspapers for its role in Punjabi cyberspace and diaspora cultural activities.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |last=Parul |title=Web of Words |work=The Indian Express |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/news/web-of-words/593653/ |date=22 March 2010 |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news |title=Punjabi notes: Rammah's book and Afzal Rajput's obituary |work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1876042 |date=2 December 2024 |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |title=Pan- Punjabi organizations and global Punjabi identity |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/journals/volume19/no2/JPS_19_no_2_2012.pdf |date=2012 |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History and mission==<br />
'''APNA''' was established as part of [[Punjabi diaspora]] efforts to preserve and disseminate [[Punjabi literature]] and cultural materials electronically and through events in North America. Scholars have cited APNA as an example of a diasporic institution that forges cross-border Punjabi cultural ties and encourages bilingual/multi-script publishing ([[Shahmukhi]] and [[Gurmukhi]]).<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
==Activities and publications==<br />
APNA operates an online portal that offers digitized books, articles, and other resources related to Punjab's history, literature and music; it has also published and distributed translated and transliterated Punjabi works. Major English-language and Urdu/Punjabi media have reported on APNA's digital archive and publishing activities.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{cite web |title=APNA publications referenced in academic reviews |url=https://apnaorg.com/books/english/looking-back/looking-back.pdf |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref> APNA has also organized and hosted conferences, literary events and Punjabi cultural programs across North America and in Pakistan and India; one frequently cited event is APNA's Punjabi conference at [[Harvard University]] in April 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=APNA Punjabi Conference at Harvard University (20 April 2002) |url=https://apnaorg.com/events/harvardconference/ |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Studies Newsletter — APNA Punjabi Conference at Harvard |url=https://pakistanstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2002_V_1_9.pdf |date=2002 |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable affiliates==<br />
Several Punjabi scholars and activists associated with diaspora literary activity have been described in media profiles as APNA founders or coordinators; for example Safir H. Rammah is noted in press and organizational profiles as a founding member and a coordinator of APNA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Safir H. Rammah — Dhahan Prize advisor page |url=https://dhahanprize.com/advisors/safir-h-rammah/ |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/><br />
<br />
==Reception and academic commentary==<br />
Academic sources analyzing Punjabi digital culture and diaspora networks reference APNA as a significant online hub contributing to the construction of a global Punjabi identity and the circulation of literary texts in multiple scripts.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Anjali |title=Imagining APNA Punjab in Cyberspace (paper) |date=January 2005 |doi=10.4018/978-1-59140-575-7.CH071 |url=https://www.academia.edu/20493432 |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Media coverage==<br />
APNA's launch of an expanded website and its archive has been reported by mainstream South Asian press, including [[The Indian Express]] and '''The News''' (The News on Sunday), which highlighted APNA's role in online access to Punjabi texts.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite news |title=There is resurgence of Punjabi language and literature |work=The News on Sunday |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/565113-resurgence-punjabi-language |date=11 March 2018 |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://apnaorg.com/ Official website — APNA]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Digital libraries]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi literature]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi language]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi poetry]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_Punjabi_films_before_1970&diff=467892List of Indian Punjabi films before 19702025-12-22T00:45:46Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: reworked article and corrected details as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}<br />
<br />
List of Punjabi films released in the [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]] before 1970.<br />
<br />
==1970==<br />
* ''[[Nanak Dukhiya Sub Sansar]]'' - [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Dara Singh]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Meena Rai]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Shaminder]] [[Ram Mohan]], [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] (Dir: [[Dara Singh]])<br />
* ''[[Kankan De Ohle]]'' - [[Dharmendra]], [[Asha Parekh]], Jeevan, [[Ravindra Kapoor]], [[Indira Billi]], Uma Dutt, [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]], Anwar Hussain (Dir: [[Om Bedi]])<br />
* ''[[Dupatta]]'' - [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Indira Billi]], [[Ravindra Kapoor]], [[Sonia Sahni]], Gopal Saigal, Manorama and [[Kamal Kapoor]] (Dir: Mohinder Wahi)<br />
* ''[[Kulli Yaar Di]]'' - [[Indira Billi]] (Dir: Ved Mehra)<br />
<br />
==1969==<br />
* ''[[Nanak Naam Jahaz Hai]]'' - [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David Abraham]], [[Som Dutt]], [[Vimmi]] [[I. S. Johar]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], Tiwari, [[Jagdish Raj]], [[Suresh (Hindi actor)|Suresh]], [[Veena (actress)|Veena]], (Dir: [[Ram Maheshwari]])<br />
* ''[[Mukhda Chan Warga]]'' - [[Indira Billi]], [[Ravindra Kapoor]] (Dir: Jaginder Samra)<br />
* ''[[Pardesan]]'' - [[Indira Billi]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Khairati]],V. Gopal, [[Chand Burke|Chand Burqe]], Mirza Musharaf, [[Ram Avtar]], [[Tun Tun]] (Dir: Khawar Zaman)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mV5I7exrLxg|title = - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Paun Baran]]'' - [[Ravindra Kapoor]], Nandini, Gopal Saigal, [[Khairati]], Raj Mala (Prod, Dir: Rajendra Sharma)<br />
<br />
==1967==<br />
* ''Kade Dhupp Kade Chhaan'' - Sunder, Daisy Irani, Uma Khosla<br />
* ''Khed Pritan Di'' - Indira Billi, Rajinder Kapoor, Yash Sharma, Joginder Samra (Dir: Joginder Samra)<br />
* ''Lava Phuteya'' - Lava Phuteya was a hit Punjabi film which had 20 songs sung by Mahindra Kapoor, [[Suman Kalyanpur]], Krishna Kalhe, Minoo Purshottam and Shanti Mathur. RG's maiden film in Punjabi. Shot entirely in Delhi, the film was directed by Kaushal Raj and music composed by Satish Bhatia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rganand.com/lava-phutiya.html |title=Lava Phutiya &#124; R.G. Anand |access-date=2018-02-15 |archive-date=2018-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204144/http://rganand.com/lava-phutiya.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==1966==<br />
* ''[[Chaddian Di Doli]]'' - [[I. S. Johar]], Manmohan Krishna, Majnu, Helen (Dir: Lal Singh Kalsi)<br />
* ''[[Dulla Bhatti]]'' (Dir: Baldev R. Jhingan) Sunder<br />
* ''[[Shehar Di Kudi]]'' - [[Indira Billi]], [[Shivkumar]], Jagdev, Boota, Sunder, Krishna Kumari, Tari, [[Indira Bansal]] (Dir: J. D. Bhambri) Music by Harbans also none as (Harbans Papey)<br />
* ''[[Gabroo Desh Punjab De]]'' - [[Manohar Deepak]], Farida Jalal, Ravindra Kapoor, [[Randhawa]]<br />
* ''[[Laiye Tod Nibhaye]]'' - [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], [[Ravinder Kapoor]], Ravi Khanna, Gopal Saigal, Satish Chabbra, [[V. Gopal]], Sheela R., Ram Avtar & Rajnath (Dir: Satish Chabbra)<br />
<br />
==1965==<br />
* ''[[Chambe Di Kali]]'' - [[Indira Billi]], V. Gopal, [[P. Jairaj]], [[Ravindra Kapoor]] (Dir: B. S. Glaad)<br />
* ''[[Dharti Veeran Di]]'' - [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], Manohar Deepak, Madhumati, Rajendra Kumar (Dir: Baldev R. Jhingan)<br />
* ''Sassi Punnu'' - By [[Filmistan]] - [[Indira Billi]], [[Ravindra Kapoor]]<br />
* ''[[Shokan Mele Di]]'' - [[Indira Billi]], [[Ravindra Kapoor]] (Dir: Kewal Mishra)<br />
<br />
==1964==<br />
* ''[[Bharjaee]]'' - Krishna Kumari, Daljit, Uma Khosla, Satish Batra, Jagdish Kamal, Rajmala, Music: Harbans, (Dir: K. Chandra)<br />
* ''[[Jagga (film)|Jagga]]'' - Dara Singh, Indira (Dir: Jugal Kishore)<br />
* ''[[Sat Saliyan]]'' - [[Indira Billi]], [[Ravindra Kapoor]], Gopal Saigal, Majnu, Indira Bansal, Swarn Dada, Raj Rani (Dir: Karunesh Thakur)<br />
* ''[[Main Jatti Punjab Di]]'' - [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], [[Prem Nath]],(Dir: Baldev R. Jhingan)<br />
* ''[[Geet Baharan De]]'' - Manohar Deepak, [[Jabeen Jalil]]<br />
* ''[[Kiklee]]'' - Jagdish Sethi, Madan Puri, Tun Tun, [[Indira Billi (disambiguation)|Indira Billi]], Madhumati, Gopal Saigal (Dir: Bekal Amritsari)<br />
* ''[[Mama Ji]]'' - Gopal Saigal, [[Indira Billi]] [[Bela Bose]], [[Mohan Choti]], Mehmood<br />
* ''[[Satluj De Kande]]'' - [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], Wasti, Mirza Musharraf<br />
<br />
==1963==<br />
* ''[[Laajo]]'' - [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], Daljeet (Dir: Jugal Kishore)<br />
* ''[[Aeh Dharti Punjab Di]]'' - [[Prem Chopra]], [[Jabeen Jalil]]<br />
* ''[[Sapni]]'' - [[Prem Chopra]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], Gopal Saigal<br />
*''[[Mere Haniyan]]'' - [[Indira Billi (disambiguation)|Indira Billi]], [[Ravindra Kapoor]] (Dir: Prem Mehra)<br />
*''Lado Rani''-(1963),[[Suresh (Hindi actor)|Suresh]],[[Indira Billi]],Helen,Wasti,[[K.N. Singh]],Shammi,[[Tun Tun]],Gopal Sehgal,Raj Rani,Ram Avtar,Jagdish Kanwal,Wajid Khan,Swaren Dada,Mauji,Tari,Gurcharan,Mirza Musharraf,Mopet Raja<br />
*''[[Pind Di Kurhi (1963 film)|Pind Di Kurhi]]'' - [[Ravindra Kapoor]], Nishi, Khairati, Maruti, Wasti, [[Tun Tun]] Directed by Baldev R. Jhingan, Produced by Raj Kumar Kohli, Screenplay by Mulk Raj Bhakhri<br />
<br />
==1962==<br />
* ''[[Khedan De Din Char]]'' - Manohar Deepak, [[Indira Billi]], Gopal Saigal, Wasti, Jagdev, & Rajnath (Dir: Jugal Kishore and Manohar Deepak)<br />
* ''[[Banto]]'' - [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], [[Achla Sachdev]] (Dir: Baldev R. Jhingan)<br />
* ''[[Chann Mahi]]'' (Dir: Anwar Kamal)<br />
* ''[[Dhol Jani]]'' - Nishi, Sudesh, Sunder<br />
* ''[[Pardesi Dhola]]'' - B. M Vyas, [[Chand Burke|Chand Burqie]], [[Chaman Puri]], Khairati, [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Tuntun]] (Dir: S. P. Bakshi)<br />
<br />
==1961==<br />
* ''[[Billo (1961 film)|Billo]]'' - (Dir: Shankar Mehta), [[indira Billi]], [[Achla Sachdev]], Sunder<br />
* ''[[Valait Pass]]'' - [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Subhi Raj]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Actress Nivedita|Nivedita]], Music - Babul, Lyrics - Nand Lal Noorpuri (Dir: Ved Madan)<br />
* ''[[Guddi (1961 film)|Guddi]]'' - [[Madan Puri]], Diljeet, Nishi, [[Wasti]] (Dir: [[Jugal Kishore (director)|Jugal Kishore]])<br />
* ''[[Jija Ji]]'' - Nishi, [[Karan Dewan]], [[Achala Sachdev]], Sunder, Uma Devi (Dir: Baldev R. Jhingan)<br />
* ''[[Jatti]]'' - [[Indira Billi]], Shiv Kumar<br />
<br />
==1960==<br />
* ''[[Chaudhari Karnail Singh]]'' - Jagdish Sethi, [[Jabeen Jalil]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beetehuedin.blogspot.in/2014/03/qaid-me-hai-bulbul-jabeen-jalil.html|title=Beete Hue Din: "Qaid Me Hai Bulbul" – Jabeen Jalil|date=28 March 2014}}</ref> [[Prem Chopra]], [[Madan Puri]], Krishna Kumari, Vimla, Sunder, Sheela & Rajnath (Dir: Krishan Kumar)<br />
* ''[[Do Lachhiyan]]'' - Daljeet, Indira, Krishna Kumari, Kharaiti, Satish, Sunder, Rajnath, Shamlal, Mansaram, Jagdish Kamal, Polson, R. P. Sharma, Jeet Kapoor (Dir: Jugal Kishore)<br />
* ''[[Heer Syal]]'' - (Dir: Shanti Prakash Bakshi)<br />
* ''[[Kiklee]]''' - [[Jagdish Sethi]], [[Madan Puri]], Tun Tun, Indira, Madhumati, Gopal Sehgal (Dir: Bekal Amritsari)<br />
* ''[[Yamla Jatt]]'' - [[Indira Billi]], Sunder, [[Kuldip Kaur]], Boota, Uma Dutt, Uma Devi, Renu Maker, Cine Mala, Rani Sachdev, Dharampal, Swaran Dada (Dir: A. S. Arora)<br />
<br />
==1959==<br />
* ''[[Bhangra (1959 film)|Bhangrha]]'' - [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], Sunder, Khariti, Vimla, Satish, Ramlal & Majnu [[Dir: Jugal Kishore]], Music: [[Hansraj Behl]]. REMAKE OF THIS MOVIE IS - Jatti [1980] - Mehar Mittal, [[Arpana Choudhry]], [[Vijay Tandon]] (Dir: Mohan Bhakri)<br />
* ''[[Jagga Daku (1959 film)|Jagga Daku]]'' - [[Chandrashekhar]], [[Jabeen Jalil]], Jairaj, [[Dara Singh]], [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Minu Mumtaz]], Maruti, Tiwari<br />
<br />
==1958==<br />
*''[[Nikki (film)|Nikki]]'' - Shammi, Premnath, Bina Khosla, (Dir: Krishna Dev Mehra) music: Vinod<br />
*''[[Rani Haar]]'' - Roopmala, Sunder, Tara<br />
<br />
==1957==<br />
* ''[[Hulare]]'' - By [[Filmistan]] (Dir: O.P. Dutta) music: S. D. Batish<br />
* ''[[Muklawa]]'' - By [[Filmistan]] Producer Manju, Music: S. D. Batish, Star: Om Prakash<br />
* ''Pingan''<br />
<br />
==1956==<br />
*''[[Gulabo (1956)|Gulabo]]'' - Director: Shaminder Chahal Stars: Daljit, Manju<br />
<br />
==1954==<br />
* ''[[Ashtali]]'' (Dir: Shanti Prakash Bakshi) Cast Daljit, Amarnath, Begumpara, Music by Vinod <br />
* ''[[Shah Ji]]'' - Roopmala<br />
* ''[[Vanjara (film)|Vanjara]]'' - Directed by Shaminder Chahal, Cast Amarnath, [[Chand Burke]], Kamaldeep, Majnu, Iqbal Mishra, Sunder, Ramesh Thakur<br />
<br />
==1952==<br />
* ''[[Kaude Shah]]'' - Daljit, Miss Manju, Rajni, Th. Ramesh Nagpal, Jaswant, Mohan, [[Chand Burke|Chand Burqe]] (Dir: Shanti Prakash Bakshi), Music Sardul Kwatra<br />
* ''[[Jugni]]'' - Roopmala, Sunder, Majnu, Jugal Kishore, Ramesh Thakur, Shanti Madhok, Satish Batra (Dir: Rajendra Sharma), Music: Hand Raj Behl<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZ8Px-rcOuc|title = - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Lara Lappa]]'' - Director: Shanker Mehta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZw282p-8Ck|title = - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> Sunder, Amarnath, Shyama, Kuldip Kaur<br />
<br />
==1951==<br />
* ''Baisakhi'' (Dir: Rajender Sharma)<br />
<br />
==1950==<br />
* ''Bhaiyya Ji'' (Dir: [[Om Prakash]] Music: [[Vinod]]<br />
* ''[[Posti (1950 film)|Posti]]'' - [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Amarnath, Randhir, Majnu, Ramesh Thakur, Bhag Singh, [[Chand Burke|Chand Burque]], Moti Sood Majnu (Dir: Krishna Dev Mehra, Music: [[Sardul Kwatra]]<br />
* ''Madari'' - [[Raj Kapoor]] (Special Appearance), Kuldip Kaur, [[Om Prakash]], [[Madan Puri]], Meena Shorey, Suresh (Dir: Rajendra Sharma): Music Allha Rakha Qureshi <br />
* ''[[Chhai]]'' : Directed by Shankar Mehta Cast / [[Geeta Bali]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], Painga, Pran, Produced by Mulk Raj Bhakri, Music: [[HansRaj Behl]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C341i-Fx7lg|title = Chhai-Rare punjabi movie|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Mutiyar]]'': Cast: Amarnath, Ramola, [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], Music: Vinod.<br />
* ''[[Balo (film)|Balo]]'' (Dir: Kuldeep), Music [[N. Datta]]. Star: [[Geeta Bali]]<br />
* ''[[Phumman]]'', Music: Allah Rakha Qureshi Stars: [[Kamal Kapoor]], [[Om Prakash]]<br />
<br />
==1949==<br />
*''[[Lachhi]]'' Dir: Rajendra Sharma, Actor [[Wasti]], [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Randhir, Majnu, Sofia & [[Om Prakash]], Music : Hansraj Behl<br />
<br />
==1948==<br />
*''[[Chaman]]'' - [[Meena Shorey]], [[Karan Dewan]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Om Prakash]], Majnu, Gulab (Dir: Roop K. Shorey)<ref name=CinePunjab>{{cite web|title=Chaman (1948)|url=http://www.cinepunjab.com/2013/07/chaman-1948.html|website=cinepunjab.com|publisher=Cine Punjab|accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref> First Punjabi language film produced in India following [[Partition of India|Partition]].<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC|access-date=26 April 2015|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77284-9}}</ref> Music: Vinod<br />
<br />
==1947==<br />
*''[[Divani (film)|Divani]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Y. D. Sapotadar, Actors: Mumtaz Shanti, Wasti, Hussan Bano, M. Ismael, Chanda Bai<br />
*''Arsi'' - Banner Jeevan Pictures, Producer J. D. Chandna, Director Daud Chand, SELECT CAST Ajmal, Al Nasir, Asha Posley, Meena, Bhimsain, Chandrasekhar, Cuckoo, Iqbal, Kamla, P. N. Bali, Ram Lal & Zahur Shah<br />
<br />
==1946==<br />
*''[[Gul Baloch]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Gul Zaman, Actors: Salma, Gul Zaman, Majnu, Ajmal, Saleem Raza, Nazar, Ghulam Qadir, Ramesh<br />
*''[[Kamli (1946 film)|Kamli]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Parkash Bakhshi, Actors: Asha Poslay, Rani Kiran, Ramesh, Amarnath, Sheikh Iqbal, Bhag Singh ( Bhag Singh also work in Punjabi movie Lambhardarni<br />
1976 as Sohan Singh friend of Dara Singh)<br />
<br />
*''[[Sohni Mehinwal]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Ishwarlal, Ravindra Jaykar, Actors: Begum Para<br />
<br />
==1945==<br />
*''[[Champa]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Barkat Ram Mehra, Actors: Manorma, Asha Poslay, Majnu, Salma, Zahoor Shah, Baig, Sheikh Iqbal<br />
*''[[Nakathu]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Haidar Shah, Actors: Salma, Rasheeda, Gul Zaman, Noor Mohammad Charlie, Hassan Din, Fazal Shah<br />
<br />
==1944==<br />
*''[[Dasi (film)|Dasi]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Herran Bose, Actors: Ragni, Najmul Hassan, Geyani, [[Om Parkash]], Kharati, Kalawati<br />
*''Shukriya'' (Hindi/Urdu - 1944) Directed by [[Harnam Singh Rawail]]-Actors-[[Ramola]], Gilani, [[Sundar]] As Sundar Singh , Amar,[[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Roop Lekha, Zahoor Shah, Sharma,-Producer's R.C. TalwarWriter-Hakeem Ahmad Shujaa-Music director-G.A. Chishti-Lyricists/poetsG.A. Chishti—Singers-Zeenat Begum, Shamshad Begum, Naseem Akhtar, Amar, Sundar<br />
*''Koel'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: [[Roop K. Shori]], Actors: Ragni,[[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], S. D. Narang, Majnu,[[Ramanand Sagar]], Satish, Saleem Raza, Kalawti, Ghulam Qadir, Ramesh<br />
*''Panchhi'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Barkat Ram Mehra, Actors: [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Radha, Zahur Raja, M. Ajmal, Salma, H. Showsani, Ghulam Qadir<br />
<br />
==1943==<br />
*''[[Papi (1943 film)|Papi]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Majnu, Actors: Madhuri, Salma, Majnu, Satish, Bitra, Aram Lal, Zahoor Shah<br />
*''[[Poonji]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: [[Ravindra Dave]], Vishnu Pancholi, Actors: Ragni, Jayant, Manorma, M. Ismael, Ajmal, Baby Akthar, Durga Mota, Anwari<br />
*''[[Veena (film)|Veena]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore)<br />
<br />
==1942==<br />
*''[[Gawandi]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: G. R. Sethi, Actors: Veena, Sheyam, Manorma, M. Ismael, Gul Zaman, Zahoor Shah, Hassan Din, Fazal Shah, Asha Poslay<br />
*''[[Mangti]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Roshan Lal Shori, Actors: Mumtaz Shanti, Masood Parvez, Manorma, Majnu, Gul Zaman, Ghulam Qadir, Kamla<br />
*''[[Nishani]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Roop K. Shori, Actors: Ragni, Majnu, Roop Lekha, Ghulam Qadir, Kamla, Baig<br />
*''[[Patola (1942 film)|Patola]]'' (Punjabi - made in Calcutta) Director: Munawar H. Qasim, Lala Yaqoob, Actors: khursheed, Arun, Munawar H. Qasim, Mohni, Rafiq Arbi, Arshad Gujrati, Gulzar, Mehrbano<br />
*''[[Patwari]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: B. S. Rajan, Actors: Ragni, Narang, Manorma, Sundar Singh, Zahoor Shah, Gul Zaman, Rasheeda, Kamla<br />
*''[[Ravi Par]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Shankar Mehta, Actors: Ragni, Dina, Rajindra, Shamshad Akthar, Saleem Raza, G.R. Premi, Fazal Elahi<br />
<br />
==1941==<br />
*''[[Chanbay di Kali]]'' (Punjabi - made in Calcutta) Director: Fani Majumdar, Actors: Mumtaz Shanti, Jagdesh Sethi, Habib Qabaili, Sultana, Nizami<br />
*''[[Choudhary]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Narinjan Pal, Actors: Noorjahan, Ghulam Mohammad, Roop Lekha, Paal Chand Barq, M. Ismael, Ajmal, Durga Khotay<br />
*''[[Himmat (1941 film)|Himmat]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Roshan Lal Shori, Actors: Ragni, Majnu, Manorma, Radha, Zahoor Shah, Kamla, Baig, M. D. Kanwar<br />
*''[[Kurmai]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: J. K. Nanda, Actors: Radha Rani, Wasti, A. Shah, Jagdesh Sethi, Gulab, Jeevan, Shanti, [[Barati (1954 film)]] is remake of this movie.<br />
*''[[Mera Mahi]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Shankar Mehta, Actors: Ragni, Kiran Deevan, Manorama, Zahoor Shah, Manohar, Baig, Sundar Singh<br />
*''[[Pardesi Dhola]]'' (Punjabi - made in Calcutta) Director: R. C. Talwar, Actors: Ramola, Geyani, Jagdesh Sethi, Zajandra<br />
*''[[Sehti Murad]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Barkat Ram Mehra, Actors: Ragni, Ram Lal, Manorma, Razia, Gul Zaman, Zahoor Shah, Baig, Zaheer, Kamla<br />
*''[[Sipahi]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Daud Chand, Actors: Madhuri, Heera Lal, Zohra, Altaf, A. J. Butt, Sundra, N. Ahmad<br />
<br />
==1940==<br />
*''[[Ali Baba 40 Chor]]'' As Alibaba (II) (Hindi/Urdu/Punjabi triple version - made in Bombay) Director: Mehboob Khan, Actors: Surendra, Sardar Akhtar, Ghulam Mohammad, Waheedan Bai, Sheti, Raj Kumar Sr.<br />
*''[[Dulla Bhatti]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Roshan Lal Shori, Actors: Ragni, M. D. Kanwar, Baig, Majnu, Satish, Zahoor Shah, Zubaida, Himmat Singh, Bilraj Mehta<br />
*''[[Jagga Daku]]'' (Punjabi - made in Calcutta) Director: Raj Hans, Actors: Willait Begum, Gul Zaman, Pushpa Rani, Sundar Singh, also known [[Sundar]] Abdur Rehman Kashmiri<br />
*''[[Laila Majnu]]'' (Punjabi - made in Calcutta) Director: Raj Hans, Actors: Pushpa Rani, Wazir Begum, Ranjeet Kumari, P. N. Bali, Dar Kashmiri<br />
*''[[Mard-e-Punjab]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Raj Hans, Actors: Gul Zaman, Pushpa Rani, Nazeer Begum, Sundar Das, Haidar Bandi, A. R. Kabuli<br />
* Ik Musafir, Director: Roop K. Sohrey & Roshan Lal Shorey,Music Pandat Govind Ram,(Star cast),[[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorma]],<br />
Manika, Mubarak Ali Khan, Radha Rani, Baig, Zahoor Shah, Majnu, Nafees Begum, Mehmood, Hukam Singh, Mala, Mehmood Khan, Dilawar Shah, Lal Kumari, K- Ramesh, Gokul Chand, Ranjodh, Jan Ganja, Jiwan Kapoor, Jalal<br />
Director Roop K. Sohrey, Roshan Lal Shorey<br />
*''[[Puran Bhagt]]'' (Punjabi - made in Calcutta) Actors: Menka, Karan Dewan<br />
*''[[Yamla Jatt]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Moti B. Gidwani, Actors: Noorjahan, M. Ismael, Anjana, Ajmal, Durga Mota, Kuldip, S. Paul, Luddan<br />
<br />
==1939==<br />
*''Mera Punjab'' (Punjabi - made in Calcutta) Director: K. D. Mehra, Actors: Haidar Bandi, Heera Lal, alkanda, Dar Kashmiri, Nazeer Begum<br />
*''[[Gul Bakavli]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Barkat Ram Mehra, Actors: Baby [[Noorjahan]], M. Ismael, [[Suraiya]], Jabeen, Miss Hemleta, Saleem Raza<br />
*''Mirza Sahiban''[https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0235598/?ref_=tt_mv_close] (Punjabi - made in Bombay) Director: [[D. N. Madhok]], [[Zubeida]],Ela Devi, Zahoor Raja, A. Shah, Kalyani, [[Mirza Musharra]], Gulab, Suresh<br />
*''Surdas'' Director: Krishna Dev Mehra<br />
<br />
==1938==<br />
*''[[Sassi Punnu (1983 film)|Sassi Punnu]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) Director: Daud Chand, Actors: Balo, Aslam, Haidar Bandi, Pushpa Rani, Dar Kashmiri, Baby Noorjahan<br />
<br />
==1937==<br />
*''[[Heer Syal]]'' (Punjabi - made in Calcutta) - Balo, P. N. Bali, Haidar Bandi, M. Ismael, Hassan Din, Eidan, Baby Noorjahan, Miss Shamshad Begum (Dir: K. D. Mehra)<br />
*''[[Sohni Kumharan]]'' (Punjabi - made in Calcutta), Mumtaz Shanti, Mubarak, Mohni Devi, Hussan Devi (Dir: Raj Hans)<br />
*''[[Sohni Mehinwal]]'' (Punjabi - made in Lahore) - Bashir Qawwal, Almas Bai, M. Ismael, Ajmal, Heera Lal (Dir: Roshan Lal Shori)<br />
<br />
==1935==<br />
*''[[Sheela (film)|Sheela as Pind Di Kudi]]'' [made in Calcutta] - Pushpa Rani, Haidar Bandi, Eidan Bai, Mubarak, Baby Noorjahan, Film Company: Indra Movitone, Director: K. D. Mehra, Producer: Indra Movitone, Music director: K. D. Mehra, Mubarak Ali Khan, Lyricist/poet: K. D. Mehra https://pbcinema.wordpress.com/author/mnujot/<br />
<br />
==1934==<br />
*'' [[Mirza Sahiban]]'' (Punjabi - made in Calcutta) - Khursheed, Bhai Desa<br />
<br />
==1932==<br />
*''[[Heer Ranjha (1932 film)|Heer Ranjha]]'' - Anwari, Walait Begum, Rafiq Ghajnavi, Gul Hamid, M. Isamail Fazal Shah, Lala Yakub (Dir: Abdul Rashid Kardar)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Indian Punjabi films after 2011]]<br />
*[[List of Indian Punjabi films between 2001 and 2010]]<br />
*[[List of Indian Punjabi films between 1991 and 2000]]<br />
*[[List of Indian Punjabi films between 1981 and 1990]]<br />
*[[List of Indian Punjabi films between 1971 and 1980]]<br />
*[[List of Pakistani films]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Indian Punjabi Films}}<br />
[[Category:Cinema of Punjab]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of Punjabi films by decade|Punjabi 1970]]<br />
[[Category:1930s in Indian cinema|Pun]]<br />
[[Category:1940s in Indian cinema|Pun]]<br />
[[Category:1950s in Indian cinema|Pun]]<br />
[[Category:1960s in Indian cinema|Pun]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th_International_Film_Festival_of_India&diff=48165314th International Film Festival of India2025-12-15T03:24:11Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: made a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Short description|Indian film festival in 1991}}<br />
{{Infobox film awards<br />
| number =14<br />
| award =International Film Festival of India<br />
| image = <br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| awarded_for = Best of World cinema<br />
| award_org = <br />
| presenting_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]<br />
| announced_date = <br />
| presented_date =<br />
| host = <br />
| website = {{URL|www.iffigoa.org/}}<br />
| lifetime_achievement = <br />
| best_feature = <br />
| last = 13th<br />
| next = 15th<br />
}}<br />
The '''14th [[International Film Festival of India]]''' was held as '''IFFI' 91''' during 10–20 January 1991 at [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFFI 1991|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/134_IPCatalogue1990.pdf|access-date=17 April 2016 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chinnarayana |first=Pulagam |url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Siva?sort=3&page=1 |title=శివ{{mdash}}సెల్యులాయిడ్ చరిత్రలో సహజావేశం |trans-title=Siva{{mdash}}A natural frustration in the history of celluloid |language=Telugu |date=August 2007 |work=[[Telugu Naadi (magazine)|Telugu Naadi]] |location=United States |issn=1559-7008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531122221/http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Siva?sort=3&page=1 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=9 April 2016 |page=54}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Film Festival of India 1990 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm13IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=13IIFA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420093021/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm13IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=13IIFA.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2016 |access-date=17 April 2016 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> The festival was made interim non-competitive following a decision taken in August 1988 by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=12IIFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |access-date=2018-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231211420/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=12IIFA.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The "Filmotsavs" and IFFI 90-91-92 together constituted 23 editions of the festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|title=International Film Festival in India|website=rrtd.nic.in|access-date=31 March 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121093039/http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|archive-date=21 November 2004}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Non-Competitive Sections==<br />
*Cinema of The World<br />
*Indian Panorama – Feature Films<br />
*Indian Panorama – Non-Feature Films<br />
*Indian Panorama – Mainstream Films<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{International Film Festival of India|state=collapsed}}<br />
[[Category:1991 film festivals]]<br />
[[Category:International Film Festival of India|14th]]<br />
[[Category:1991 in Indian cinema]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._A._Kuddus_Badsha_Sahib&diff=458982M. A. Kuddus Badsha Sahib2025-12-09T11:39:45Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian merchant, politician and philanthropist}}<br />
[[Khan Bahadur]] '''Mohammed Abdul Kuddus Badsha Sahib''' (born February 14, 1865) was an Indian merchant, politician and philanthropist of the [[Madras Presidency]]. He was also one of the founders of the [[Indian Bank]].<ref name="indbnk_thehindu20060910">{{cite news|title=The birth of a bank|date=October 9, 2006|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/09/stories/2006100900420500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109022805/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/09/stories/2006100900420500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 9, 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Kuddus Badsha Sahib was born on February 14, 1865, in [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]. He was the seventh son of Haji Mohammed Badsha Sahib, one of the richest businessmen in South India and founder of Messrs H. Mohammed Badsha Sahib & Co, a leading textile firm.<br />
<br />
Kuddus Badsha Sahib was educated in private and at the Madrassa-i-Azam where he learnt [[English language|English]], [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Hindustani language|Hindusthani]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<br />
<br />
== Business career ==<br />
<br />
Kuddus Sahib started his own business in 1883 but in 1894, acquired a partnership in his father's textile firm. Soon, he acquired recognition for his business acumen and organised welfare schemes for the benefit of the Muslim community of Madras<br />
<br />
== Positions held ==<br />
<br />
Kuddus Badsha Sahib had served as the Vice-Consul at the Turkish Consulate in [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], trustee of the Madras Port Trust, Vice-President of the South Indian Chamber of Commerce, Vice-President of the South Indian Athlectics Association and commissioner of the Corporation of Madras. He also served as the Vice President of the [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]] Muslims League and was a member of the Madras Legislative Council from December 1909 to December 1912.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|title=Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/southernindiaits00some|last=Playne|first=Somerset|authorlink=|author2=J. W. Bond |author3=Arnold Wright |publisher=|year=1914|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southernindiaits00some/page/698 698]–699}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1865 births]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]<br />
[[Category:Indian merchants]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaveri_Grameena_Bank&diff=509042Kaveri Grameena Bank2025-12-01T13:26:42Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Defuncted Indian regional bank}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| logo = <br />
| type = [[Bank]]<br />
| predecessor = Cauvery grameena bank, Cauvery Kalpatharu Grameena Bank, Chikmagalur Kodagu Grameena Bank and Vishvesvaraya Grameena Bank<br />
| successor = [[Karnataka Gramin Bank]]<br />
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|2019|03|31}} merged with newly formed [[Karnataka Gramin Bank]]<br />
| fate = <br />
| area_served = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| key_people = * Chairman: Mr Bhuvanendra Takoor<br />
* General Manager (Administration): Bhaskar Rao P<br />
| industry = [[Banking]], [[Insurance]], [[Capital Markets]] and allied industries<br />
| genre = <!-- Only used with media and publishing companies --><br />
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]<br />
| production = <br />
| services = Loans, Deposits, [[Automated teller machine|ATM Services]], [[National Electronic Fund Transfer|National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT)]], Internet Banking, [[Mobile Banking]], [[Aadhaar Enabled Payment System]], Debit Card<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kaverigrameenabank.com/index.php/about-us/performance-highlights |title=Performance Highlights |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801064940/http://www.kaverigrameenabank.com/index.php/about-us/performance-highlights |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| revenue = <br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = <br />
| aum = <!-- Only used with financial services companies --><br />
| assets = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kaverigrameenabank.com/index.php/about |title=About |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-date=27 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127103455/http://kaverigrameenabank.com/index.php/about |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| owner = <br />
| num_employees = 1797 (as of 31 March 2016)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kaverigrameenabank.com/?page_id=2340 |title=BANK TECHNOLOGY – kaverigrameenabank |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142321/http://www.kaverigrameenabank.com/?page_id=2340 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| parent = [[State Bank of India]] (35%)<br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2012|11|01|df=yes|br=yes}}<br />
| location_city = <br />
| location_country = [[Mysore]]<br />
| locations = 502 Branches in 10 Districts of South Karnataka<br />'''Head Office: [[Mysore]]'''<br />
| turnover = <br />
| homepage = {{URL|karnatakagraminbank.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kaveri Grameena Bank''' was a Regional Rural Bank established under Regional Rural Banks' Act 1976, was a Scheduled Bank jointly owned by Government of India, State Bank of India (formerly by State Bank of Mysore) and Government of Karnataka (share capital contributed in the ratio of 50 :35:15 respectively), permitted to carry all kinds of banking business. The Bank was operating in 22 Districts of South Karnataka, having its Head Office at Bellary City with Nine Regional Offices at Mysuru, Mandya, Bengaluru, Tumakuru, Hassan, Chamarajanagar, Madikeri, Chikmagulur and Ramanagara etc.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-18|title=Wipro to tech-ready 1,167 branches of Karnataka Gramin Bank|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/wipro-to-tech-ready-1167-branches-of-karnataka-gramin-bank/article31093899.ece|access-date=2021-10-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Bank was started as Cauvery Grameena bank and served [[Mysore district|Mysore]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]] and [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]] districts. The bank was renamed as Kaveri Grameena Bank on 1 November 2012 (Sponsored by State Bank of Mysore) by Amalgamation of Cauvery Kalpatharu Grameena Bank, Chikmagalur Kodagu Grameena Bank and Vishvesvaraya Grameena Bank, Sponsored by State Bank of Mysore, Corporation Bank and Vijaya Bank respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google News|url=https://news.google.com/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Google News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Scope of application | url=https://sbi.co.in/documents/17826/34475/1364204943265_BASE_II_DISCLOSURE_311212_ENGLISH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221053911/https://sbi.co.in/documents/17826/34475/1364204943265_BASE_II_DISCLOSURE_311212_ENGLISH.pdf | archive-date=2021-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Notification | date=2010-07-13 | url=https://financialservices.gov.in/sites/default/files/rrbrulesforappointmentsandpromotions2010_1.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417170600/http://financialservices.gov.in:80/sites/default/files/rrbrulesforappointmentsandpromotions2010_1.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17}}</ref><br />
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The Headquarters of Kaveri Grameena Bank was located at [[Vijayanagar, Mysore|Vijayanagar Second Stage]], [[Mysore]], which is now converted as IT Centre of [[Karnataka Gramin Bank]], post merger.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual day of Kaveri Grameena Bank today – Mysuru Today|url=https://citytoday.news/annual-day-of-kaveri-grameena-bank-today/|access-date=2021-10-10|language=en-US|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010112944/https://citytoday.news/annual-day-of-kaveri-grameena-bank-today/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
<br />
Year - event<br />
*2012 - The Bank was established as 'Kaveri Grameena Bank', on 1 November in South Karnataka (Headquartered at [[Mysuru]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/banks-merge/article4060968.ece |title=Bank merge |work=Thehindu|date=3 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Digital Sansad | url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Documents/session_journals/sessionno/227/13122012.pdf | access-date=2025-11-16 | website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=The second schedule to the reserve Bank of India act, 1934 - Scheduled banks | url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/publications/pdfs/84656.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131152319/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in:80/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/84656.pdf | archive-date=2012-01-31}}</ref><br />
*2014 - Bank has recorded a growth rate of 36.52 per cent during 13–14.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kaveri-grameena-bank-records-growth-rate-of-3652-pc/article5984271.ece |title=Kaveri Grameena Bank records growth rate of 36.52 p.c. |work=Thehindu|date=7 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kaveri-grameena-bank-net-up-36-5-in-fy14-114050601039_1.html |title=Kaveri Grameena Bank net up 36.5% in FY14 |work=Business Standard|date=6 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2014-05-06|title=Kaveri Grameena Bank net up 36.5% in FY14|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kaveri-grameena-bank-net-up-36-5-in-fy14-114050601039_1.html|access-date=2021-10-10}}</ref><br />
*2014 - Bank launches financial inclusion scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kgb-launches-financial-inclusion-scheme/article6315286.ece |title=KGB launches financial inclusion scheme |work=Thehindu|date=14 August 2014}}</ref><br />
*2014 - Bank opens four branches in Mandya district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kgb-opens-four-branches-in-mandya-district/article6549340.ece |title=KGB opens four branches in Mandya district |work=Thehindu|date=31 October 2014}}</ref><br />
*2015 - The Kaveri Grameena Bank has enrolled over 48,000 subscribers for the PMSBY in Mysore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/196-lakh-enrol-for-centres-two-insurance-schemes-in-mysuru-district/article7266683.ece |title=1.96 lakh enrol for Centre's two insurance schemes in Mysuru district |work=Thehindu|date=31 May 2015}}</ref><br />
*2015 - Kaveri Grameena Bank has enrolled 1,01,104 subscribers to the insurance schemes underlining the popularity of the social security schemes in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/special-drive-to-popularise-social-security-schemes/article7432660.ece |title=Special drive to popularise social security schemes |work=Thehindu|date=17 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*2015 - The Kaveri Grameena Bank plans to extend internet and mobile banking services to its customers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kaveri-grameena-bank-to-introduce-internet-services/article8052965.ece |title=Kaveri Grameena Bank to introduce internet services |work=Thehindu|date=1 January 2016}}</ref><br />
*2019 - The Kaveri Grameena bank amalgamated with Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank to form Karnataka Gramin bank.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vinayak|first=A. J.|title=2 RRBs in Karnataka to be amalgamated|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/2-rrbs-in-karnataka-to-be-amalgamated/article26206397.ece|access-date=2021-10-10|website=@businessline|date=7 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Indian banking]]<br />
*[[List of banks in India]]<br />
*[[Pragathi Gramin Bank]]<br />
*[[Karnataka Gramin Bank]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.kaverigrameenabank.com/ Official Website]<br />
* [http://www.cedgeinb.in/OnlineCKGB Internet Banking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310061619/https://www.cedgeinb.in/OnlineCKGB |date=10 March 2016 }}<br />
<br />
{{Banking in India}}{{SBI}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Regional rural banks of India]]<br />
[[Category:Banks based in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Banks established in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:2012 establishments in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Banks disestablished in 2019]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2019]]<br />
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in Karnataka]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Times_Now&diff=451882Times Now2025-11-25T12:32:46Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: Updated formatting and improved readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|English news channel|Hindi news channel|Times Now Navbharat}}{{short description|Indian English language news channel}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox television channel<br />
| name = Times Now<br />
| logo = Times Now logo.svg<br />
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2006|1|23|df=y}}<br />
| sister_channels = [[Times Now Navbharat]]<br/>[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]<br/>[[ET Now]]<br/>[[Movies Now]]<br/>[[Romedy Now]]<br/>[[MN+]]<br/>[[MNX (TV channel)|MNX]]<br/>[[Mirror Now]]<br/>ET Now Swadesh<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| owner = [[The Times Group]]<br />
| language = English<br />
| picture_format = [[4:3]] ([[576i]], [[SDTV]]) <br/> [[16:9]] ([[1080i]], [[HDTV]])<br />
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| area = <br />
| website = {{URL|timesnownews.com}}<br />
| terr_serv_1 = [[Fetch TV]] (Australia)<br />
| terr_chan_1 = 719<br />
| online_serv_1 = Live Stream<br />
| online_chan_1 = [https://www.timesnownews.com/livetv/timesnow/video Watch Live]<br />
| online_serv_2 = Live Stream on [[Zenga TV]]<br />
| online_chan_2 = [http://www.zengatv.com/live/a847a95c-99d3-11e1-85c0-123141010175.html Watch Live]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Times Now''' is an English-language [[news channel]] in [[India]] owned and operated by [[The Times Group]]. The channel launched on 23 January 2006 in partnership with [[Reuters]].<ref name="Thussu2008">{{cite book|author=Daya Kishan Thussu|title=News as Entertainment: The Rise of Global Infotainment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRiiYoanw6kC&pg=PA100|access-date=15 January 2018|date=9 January 2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-84787-506-8|pages=100–|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326142322/https://books.google.com/books?id=pRiiYoanw6kC&pg=PA100|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reuters-to-pay-19-mn-for-26-in-times-now-106022101005_1.html | title=Reuters to pay $19 mn for 26% in Times Now | publisher=Business Standard | work=Bipin Chandran | date=14 June 2013 | access-date=15 January 2018 | last1=Chandran | first1=Bipin | archive-date=15 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185337/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reuters-to-pay-19-mn-for-26-in-times-now-106022101005_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
<br />
It is a [[pay television]] throughout India. Until 2016, it was India's most popular and the most viewed English news channel.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/can-any-english-news-channel-beat-the-just-turned-10-times-now/article8201261.ece | title=Can any English news channel beat the just turned 10 Times Now? | publisher=The Hindu | work=Pradyuman Maheshwari | date=6 February 2016 | access-date=15 January 2018 | last1=Maheshwari | first1=Pradyuman | archive-date=6 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206041231/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/can-any-english-news-channel-beat-the-just-turned-10-times-now/article8201261.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MajumdarMehta2009">{{cite book|author1=Boria Majumdar|author2=Nalin Mehta|title=India and the Olympics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3ONAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|access-date=15 January 2018|date=7 May 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-27575-4|pages=9–|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326142323/https://books.google.com/books?id=E3ONAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ft.com/content/2a1de6d0-89e5-11e5-8a12-b0ce506400af | title=India's Times Now news channel to launch in UK | publisher=[[Financial Times]] | work=James Crabtre | date=15 November 2015 | access-date=15 January 2018 | archive-date=16 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004238/https://www.ft.com/content/2a1de6d0-89e5-11e5-8a12-b0ce506400af | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The channel is widely seen as supportive of [[Narendra Modi]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bhat |first=Prashanth |last2=Chadha |first2=Kalyani |date=2023-04-03 |title=Expanding public debate? Examining the impact of India’s top English language political talk shows |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2022.2140953 |journal=Media Asia |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=244–263 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2022.2140953 |issn=0129-6612|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Times Now has been criticised for reporting misinformation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jawed |first=Sam |date=13 February 2018 |title=A compilation of Times Now’s experiments with untruth |url=https://www.altnews.in/compilation-times-nows-experiments-untruth/ |website=Alt News}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. L. |date=2023-01-04 |title=Among media outlets, Times Group, Zee shared most misinformation in 2022: Alt News |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/01/04/among-media-outlets-times-group-zee-shared-most-misinformation-in-2022-alt-news |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 2016 [[Arnab Goswami]] (the earlier editor-in-chief) left the channel to launch [[Republic TV]]; S. Sundaram, who had served as the CFO for Times Now between 2005 and 2012, was named the Group CFO.<ref>[https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/dingdong-contest-between-dd-india-and-republic-tv-in-english-news-genre-190507 Dingdong Contest between DD India and Republic TV in English News Genre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513093214/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/dingdong-contest-between-dd-india-and-republic-tv-in-english-news-genre-190507 |date=13 May 2019 }}, Television India</ref> Goswami resigned as editor-in-chief of Times Now on 1 November 2016, citing editorial differences, lack of freedom and newsroom politics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Srikrishna|first=Vasupradha|date=1 September 2019|title=Neoliberal Media Making the Public Interest and Public Choice Theory Obsolete: Need for a New Theory|journal=Media Watch|volume=10|issue=3|doi=10.15655/mw/2019/v10i3/49692|issn=2249-8818|doi-access=free|url=https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/document/74410/1/ssoar-mediawatch-2019-3-srikrishna-Neoliberal_Media_Making_the_Public.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/arnab-goswami-opens-up-was-not-allowed-to-enter-times-now-studio-117032700182_1.html|title=Arnab Goswami gets candid: Was not even allowed to enter Times Now studio|last=Team|first=BS Web|date=27 March 2017|work=Business Standard India|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> He hosted the last edition of his show,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mflADwAAQBAJ|title=Our Time Has Come: How India is Making Its Place in the World|last=Ayres|first=Alyssa|date=5 December 2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190494537|pages=34, 81|language=en}}</ref> ''The Newshour Debate'', a fortnight later.<ref name="Arnab Goswami's new venture">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/arnab-goswami-s-new-venture-is-called-republic-and-it-s-launching-on-26-january-116121600136_1.html|title=Arnab Goswami's new venture|access-date=8 January 2017|publisher=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref name="Arnab Goswami announces new venture; Times Now gets a new chief editor">{{cite news|title=Arnab Goswami announces new venture; Times Now gets a new chief editor|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=8 January 2017|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/arnab-goswami-announces-new-venture-times-now-gets-a-new-editor-in-chief-3158562.html}}</ref> This came after the show had been subject to an investigation by [[Ofcom]], the UK broadcasting regulatory authority, in August and September; the investigation had held Times Now guilty of violating the impartiality clause of its broadcast code, stating that Goswami had presented without impartiality, including sometimes not letting his panellists speak at all.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/835842/proud-of-all-my-partners-arnab-goswami-when-asked-about-bjp-influence-in-new-venture|title='Proud of all my partners': Arnab Goswami when asked about BJP influence in new venture|last=Venkataramakrishnan|first=Shoaib Daniyal & Rohan|website=Scroll.in|date=27 April 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2017, The Times Group lodged a complaint against Goswami and Prema Sridevi, a journalist with Republic TV, under the [[Indian Penal Code]] and [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] accusing them of copyright infringement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Times Now files criminal case for stealing against Arnab Goswami of Republic TV|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/bccl-registers-complaint-against-republic-tvs-arnab-goswami-reporter/articleshow/58707385.cms|access-date=17 May 2017|work=The Economic Times|date=17 May 2017}}</ref> BCCL alleged that the two, previously employed with Times Now, that it owns and operates, had used its [[intellectual property]] (IP) in telecasting certain audio tapes that were in their possession during their time at the channel. Alongside IP infringement, the complaint also alleged the commission of offenses of theft, criminal breach of trust and misappropriation of property, on the two, on multiple occasions days after the channel's launch.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arnab Goswami faces police complaint for 'cheating' Times Now over Sunanda Pushkar, Lalu tapes|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-arnab-goswami-faces-police-complaint-for-cheating-times-now-over-sunanda-pushkar-lalu-tapes-2441702|access-date=17 May 2017|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Times Group files criminal complaint against Arnab Goswami for IPR breach|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/times-group-files-criminal-complaint-against-arnab-goswami-for-ipr-breach-117051700902_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=17 May 2017 |access-date=18 May 2017|last1=Team |first1=BS Web }}</ref>{{and then what|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
Times India eventually expanded the Times Now into a news network:<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:middle;"<br />
!Channel<br />
!Language<br />
!Genre<br />
|-<br />
|Times Now<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian English|English]]<br />
| rowspan="6" |News<br />
|-<br />
|[[Times Now World]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirror Now]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[ET Now]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Times Now Navbharat|Times Now NavBharat]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
|-<br />
|ET Now Swadesh<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
Along with the other Times group channels ([[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]], [[ET Now]] and [[Movies Now]]), Times Now is distributed by Media Network and Distribution (India) Ltd (MNDIL), which is a joint venture between [[The Times Group]] and Yogesh Radhakrishnan, a cable and satellite industry veteran, under the brand Prime Connect.<ref>{{cite web|title=BCCL floats TV distribution joint venture|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/BCCL-floats-TV-distribution-joint-venture/articleshow/7375417.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114064410/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/india-business/28367584_1_channels-joint-venture-tv-foray|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=14 January 2014}}</ref><br />
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==Employees==<br />
* [[Rahul Shivshankar]] – Editor-in-chief <ref>{{cite news|title=Rahul Shivshankar appointed as Chief Editor of TIMES NOW|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=16 December 2016|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/rahul-shivshankar-appointed-as-chief-editor-of-times-now/articleshow/56009850.cms|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414080438/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/rahul-shivshankar-appointed-as-chief-editor-of-times-now/articleshow/56009850.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (till January, 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-06-20 |title=Rahul Shivshankar quits as Times Now Editor-in-chief |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/rahul-shivshankar-quits-times-now-editor-chief-178763 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Navika Kumar – Group editor <ref>{{cite news |title=Navika Kumar appointed Times Network Group editor |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/19/navika-kumar-appointed-times-network-group-editor |access-date=24 February 2020 |work=📢 Newslaundry |date=19 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223200444/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/19/navika-kumar-appointed-times-network-group-editor |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Maroof Raza]] – Consultant and strategic affairs expert<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/times-now-censured-for-not-revealing-defence-analyst-s-business-interests/1051671/|title=Times Now censured for not revealing defence analyst's business interests|work=indianexpress.com|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406081229/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/times-now-censured-for-not-revealing-defence-analyst-s-business-interests/1051671|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==Lawsuits==<br />
On 15 November 2011, in the country's highest defamation suit, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] upheld the Bombay High Court's order requiring Times Now to pay ₹100 crore. The channel had erroneously run the picture of Supreme Court judge [[P.B. Sawant]] picture instead of someone similarly named as part of a [[Employees' Provident Fund Organisation|Provident Fund]] scandal, and the payment went directly to Sawant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-asks-Times-Now-to-deposit-Rs-100-crore-before-HC-takes-up-its-appeal-in-defamation-case/articleshow/10734614.cms|title=SC asks Times Now to deposit Rs 100 crore before HC takes up its appeal in defamation case|work=Times of India|access-date=27 July 2016|date=15 November 2011|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111110205/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-asks-Times-Now-to-deposit-Rs-100-crore-before-HC-takes-up-its-appeal-in-defamation-case/articleshow/10734614.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Times Now aired derogatory remarks about activist Sanjukta Basu. She filed a complaint with the [[News Broadcasting & Digital Standards Authority|News Broadcasting Standards Authority]] in March 2019. In October 2020, she moved Supreme Court claiming that her case was pending with NBSA. Before the case could be listed for hearing in the Supreme court, NBSA released the judgement on her complaint. NBSA ordered Times Now to air apology on live TV at 8PM and 9PM during the [[prime time]] and submit DVD copies of the same. NBSA found that Times Now had not contacted Basu to get her version and failed to verify the facts before broadcasting. This conduct was judged to be a violation of NBSA guidelines. The NBSA order noted that "there was an absence of neutrality in the programme".<ref name="Sanjukta Basu">{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=Times Now asked to air apology to activist for derogatory remarks during 2018 debate |url=https://scroll.in/latest/976698/times-now-asked-to-air-apology-to-activist-for-derogatory-remarks-during-2018-debate |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305133626/https://scroll.in/latest/976698/times-now-asked-to-air-apology-to-activist-for-derogatory-remarks-during-2018-debate |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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==Controversies==<br />
===Violation of Code of Ethics and Broadcasting Standards===<br />
Times Now was accused of misrepresenting facts regarding an interview of an alleged [[eve teasing|eve teaser]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Ananya |title=Why Delhi woman behind viral post on 'molestation' didn't appear in court for 3 years |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/why-delhi-woman-behind-viral-post-on-molestation-didnt-appear-in-court-for-3-years/115931/ |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=ThePrint |date=11 September 2018 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613143428/https://theprint.in/india/governance/why-delhi-woman-behind-viral-post-on-molestation-didnt-appear-in-court-for-3-years/115931/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[News Broadcasters & Digital Association#News Broadcasting & Digital Standards Authority|News Broadcasting Standards Authority]] asked Times Now to apologize and fined them ₹50,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/times-now-fined-asked-apologize-intimidating-reporting-jasleen-kaur-story-40331|title=Times Now fined, asked to apologize for intimidating reporting in Jasleen Kaur story|date=15 March 2016|work=The News Minute|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713162130/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/times-now-fined-asked-apologize-intimidating-reporting-jasleen-kaur-story-40331|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/tkP9rrq1dHYIOm8jWkyiPK/NBSA-asks-Times-Now-to-issue-apology-pay-fine-for-a-story.html|title=NBSA asks Times Now to issue apology, pay fine for a story|last=Bansal|first=Shuchi|date=15 March 2016|work=Mint|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708193647/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/tkP9rrq1dHYIOm8jWkyiPK/NBSA-asks-Times-Now-to-issue-apology-pay-fine-for-a-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ajmal |first1=Zaheeb |title='Times Now, will you issue public apology now', ask Twitterati after Sarvjeet Singh is acquitted by court |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/times-now-will-you-issue-public-apology-now-ask-twitterati-after-sarvjeet-singh-is-acquitted-by-court |access-date=17 January 2021 |work=National Herald |date=26 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117025509/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/times-now-will-you-issue-public-apology-now-ask-twitterati-after-sarvjeet-singh-is-acquitted-by-court |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jagmohan|first=Aakruti|date=17 March 2016|title=NBSA Asks Times Now to Apologise, Pay Fine for Jasleen Kaur Story|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/nbsa-asks-times-now-to-apologise-pay-fine-for-jasleen-kaur-story|access-date=26 August 2020|work=TheQuint|language=en|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024024902/https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/nbsa-asks-times-now-to-apologise-pay-fine-for-jasleen-kaur-story|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The National Broadcasting Standards Authority (NBSA) reprimanded the channel for a bias in their coverage of the [[Tablighi Jamaat]] congregation on 23 June 2016 for violating the Code of Ethics and Broadcasting Standards.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NBSA reprimands three TV channels over Tablighi Jamaat reports|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nbsa-reprimands-three-tv-channels-over-tablighi-jamaat-reports/article34843558.ece|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619141127/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nbsa-reprimands-three-tv-channels-over-tablighi-jamaat-reports/article34843558.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=NBSA fines News18 Kannada, Suvarna News, censures Times Now|work=Deccanherald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/nbsa-fines-news18-kannada-suvarna-news-censures-times-now-998513.html|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617171417/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/nbsa-fines-news18-kannada-suvarna-news-censures-times-now-998513.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2020 Delhi riots===<br />
In 2021, the [[News Broadcasters & Digital Association#News Broadcasting & Digital Standards Authority|National Broadcasting and Digital Standards Authority (NBDSA)]] found that debates by two Times Now anchors – Rahul Shivshankar and Padmaja Joshi on the topic [[2020 Delhi riots]] were not conducted in an "impartial and objective manner". NBDSA found that the anchors had "violated the Fundamental Principles as enumerated in the Code of Ethics and Broadcasting Standards and various Guidelines issued by NBDSA". In his order NBDSA chairperson Justice (retired) A.K. Sikri directed Times Now to take down videos of from YouTube and websites. NBDSA had ordered this responding to the complaint filed against Shivshankar accusing him of selectively showing the observations of the courts and the police to make it appear as if the [[CAA protests|anti-Citizenship (Amendment) Act protestors]] were responsible for the religious violence. The order quoted, "The coverage was done to target a community that is critical of the Delhi Police's investigation and project them and their critique in a negative light, thereby unduly hindering the right of the viewer to have a fact based view on the matter and amounted to a sustained campaign to challenge a position, without intimating to the viewers what that position is in its entirety or allowing panellists to explain the same".<ref name="NBDSA">{{cite news |title=Two of Times Now's Debates on Delhi Riots Were Not Impartial, Objective: NBDSA |url=https://thewire.in/media/two-of-times-nows-debates-on-delhi-riots-were-not-impartial-objective-nbdsa |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=The Wire |date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305110839/https://thewire.in/media/two-of-times-nows-debates-on-delhi-riots-were-not-impartial-objective-nbdsa |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===2020–2021 China–India skirmishes===<br />
In June 2020, during a broadcast, Group Editor Navika Kumar reported that 30 Chinese soldiers had been killed in the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley clash]] and read out names that were later identified as fabricated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AltNews.in |first=Pooja Chaudhuri |date=2020-06-18 |title=Ladakh clash: Times Now falls for fake WhatsApp list naming 30 dead Chinese soldiers |url=https://scroll.in/article/965016/ladakh-clash-times-now-falls-for-fake-whatsapp-list-naming-30-dead-chinese-soldiers |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Pooja |date=2020-06-17 |title=Times Now falls for fake WhatsApp forward listing names of 30 dead Chinese soldiers |url=https://www.altnews.in/times-now-falls-for-fake-whatsapp-forward-listing-names-of-30-dead-chinese-soldiers/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The channel is accused of practicing biased reporting in favour of the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and is included among pro-[[Narendra Modi]] "[[Godi media]]" outlets.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Priyadarshini |first1=Anna |title=TV channels double down |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/12/02/farmers-are-angry-with-godi-media-for-demonising-them-tv-channels-double-down |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=Newslaundry |date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122162413/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/12/02/farmers-are-angry-with-godi-media-for-demonising-them-tv-channels-double-down |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Farmers are angry with 'Godi Media' for demonising them. TV channels double down|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/12/02/farmers-are-angry-with-godi-media-for-demonising-them-tv-channels-double-down|access-date=18 December 2020|website=Newslaundry|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211213915/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/12/02/farmers-are-angry-with-godi-media-for-demonising-them-tv-channels-double-down|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Madan |first1=Aman |title=India's Not-So-Free Media |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/indias-not-so-free-media/ |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=The Diplomat |date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205101208/https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/indias-not-so-free-media/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Puneet Nicholas |title=Are Newsrooms Run By Political Masters? Why Are Editors Compromising On Truth Telling? {{!}} Outlook India Magazine |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/india-news-are-newsrooms-run-by-political-masters-why-are-editors-compromising-on-truth-telling/302846 |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=Outlook |date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226015237/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/india-news-are-newsrooms-run-by-political-masters-why-are-editors-compromising-on-truth-telling/302846 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Alt News]]'' accused Times Now in 2018 of repeatedly reporting "unverified claims, distorted facts and plain lies", including taking video clips out of context.<ref name=":0" /> In 2022, ''Alt News'' wrote that they found Times Now to be one of the most prominent sharers of misinformation in the Indian media that year.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
According to a 2022 ''[[BBC News]]'' article, several Indian news anchors including Times Now's Shivshankar are known to shout down their panelists and ranting during their show, and have been accused of bias towards India's governing party, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="BBC McAdams">{{cite news |title='I am Mr McAdams': TV anchor Rahul Shivshankar yells at wrong man on Ukraine live |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60614274 |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=BBC News |date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304074307/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60614274 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, ''[[Newslaundry]]'' reported that Shivshankar had used several [[Dog whistle (politics)|dog whistle]]s to negatively portray the Indian Muslims.<ref name="Muslims">{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Meghnad |title=When Rahul Shivshankar used Black Lives Matter to bash Muslims, as usual |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/06/03/when-rahul-shivshankar-used-black-lives-matter-to-bash-muslims-as-usual |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=Newslaundry |date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305113548/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/06/03/when-rahul-shivshankar-used-black-lives-matter-to-bash-muslims-as-usual |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 6 September 2021, Times Now was criticised for a report using video that suggested a [[Pakistan Air Force]] jet was hovering over [[Afghanistan]]'s [[Panjshir Valley]]. The video was soon revealed to be a [[United States Air Force]] [[F-15]] jet filmed by a [[YouTube]] airplane enthusiast in [[Wales]] filming the jet within the [[Mach Loop]] three months before.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Pooja |last2=Pathan |first2=Aqib |title=Times Now airs video from UK as Pakistani fighter jet in Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan |url=https://www.altnews.in/times-now-airs-video-from-uk-as-pakistani-fighter-jet-in-panjshir-valley-afghanistan/ |access-date=6 September 2021 |publisher=alt news |date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906151518/https://www.altnews.in/times-now-airs-video-from-uk-as-pakistani-fighter-jet-in-panjshir-valley-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[ET Now]]<br />
* [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV Entertainment]]<br />
* [[Times Now Navbharat]]<br />
* [[Times Drive]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=Delhi Court Issues Summons To Times Now In Defamation Suit By Popular Front Of India https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-court-summons-defamation-suit-popular-front-of-india-times-now-190626}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Official|https://www.timesnownews.com }} <br />
<br />
{{Television news in India}} <br />
{{The Times Group}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Times Now}}<br />
[[Category:Mass media in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Mass media in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]<br />
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]<br />
[[Category:The Times Group]]<br />
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2006]]<br />
[[Category:Television channels of The Times Group]]<br />
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:2006 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Godi media]]<br />
[[Category:Reuters]]<br />
[[Category:Television networks in India]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign television channels broadcasting in the United Kingdom]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasarahalli&diff=467294Dasarahalli2025-11-11T17:15:39Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: minor enhance formatting for consistency additionally and improved wording to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{other uses}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Dasarahalli<br />
| native_name = Dasarahalli<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = Jalahalli Cross<br />
| settlement_type = Suburb<br />
| image_skyline = Dasarahalli.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coords|13.098730|N|77.8388900|E|display=it|format=dms}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 263636<br />
| population_as_of = 2001<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 560057<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Dasarahalli''' is a northwestern suburb of [[Bangalore]] in [[Bangalore Urban district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. The place is well known for its religious establishments such as Jalahalli Sree Ayyappan Temple, Shri Kari Maramma Devi Temple, Bagalgunte Maramma temple (100+ years old), Mallasandra Sri Prasanna Anjenya temple, Kaliyamma Temple, CSI Holy Cross Church, and St Dionysius Orthodox Church. Residential areas like Vaishnavi Rathnam, Casa Serene, Shantiniketan Apartments, Sobha ruby apartments, Ayyappa Nagar, Pipeline road, Grape Garden and Prashanth Nagar S.M road that includes the main Parayil Verghese family home. Police stations in the locality are Bagalgunte PS, Peenya PS and Gangammagudi PS. Nearby Hospitals are People tree Hospital, GJM Hospital, Prakriya Hospitals and Sree Ayyappan Temple Medical Center. Schools in the place include the Standard English School.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Dasarahalli had a population of 263,636. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Dasarahalli has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77% and, female literacy is 66%. In Dasarahalli, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
T Dasarahalli (Tumkur Road Dasarahalli) or Peenya Dasarahalli was a former City Municipal Council. But now it is officially merged to Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike. T Dasarahalli is also an Assembly Constituency after [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of Assembly constituencies. S Muniraju of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] is now representing Dasarahalli constituency, R Manjunath (Janatadal) is opposition leader of this constituency who presently joined back to Congress at Loksabha election time 2024.<br />
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Dasarahalli is strategically located on National Highway 4. The zip code of T. Dasarahalli is 560057.<br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.tdasarahalli.in/ Town website]<br />
<br />
{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{BangaloreRural-geo-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in West Bengaluru]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasauli_Brewery_and_Distillery&diff=508781Kasauli Brewery and Distillery2025-10-27T18:02:58Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: Created a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian brewery and distillery}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox brewery<br />
| name = Kasauli Brewery and Distillery<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = <br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = Kasauli Brewery 01.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| type = <br />
| location = <br />
| location_place = <br />
| location_city = Kasauli<br />
| location_state = Himachal Pradesh<br />
| location_country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|30.9032|76.9748|display=title,inline}}<br />
| opened = 1920s<br />
| key_people = <br />
| production = <br />
| other_products = <br />
| revenue = <br />
| operating_income = <br />
| intl = yes<br />
| net_income = <br />
| assets = <br />
| owner = [[Mohan Meakin]]<br />
| num_employees = <br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| distribution = <br />
| tasting = <br />
| website = <br />
| active_beers = <br />
| seasonal_beers = <br />
| other_beers = <br />
| inactive_beers = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kasauli Brewery and Distillery''' (formerly a [[brewery]] and presently a [[distillation|distillery]]),<ref name=liv1 /><ref name="solan">{{cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh: Solan |url=http://hpsolan.gov.in/solan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210130442/http://hpsolan.gov.in/solan.html |archive-date=10 December 2012 |access-date=8 October 2013 |publisher=Government of Himachal Pradesh |df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="lion beer" /> in [[Kasauli]] in the [[Solan district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], was established in 1855 by [[Edward Dyer (brewer)|Edward Dyer]]. It started producing Asia's first beer brand, Lion Beer, and India's first [[single malt whisky]], Solan No. 1. Both of these brands are still in production. The production of Lion beer was moved 25&nbsp;km east to Solan Brewery at [[Solan]],<ref name="lion beer" /><ref name=liv1 /> due to [[water scarcity]], after the population of Kasauli increased around the brewery. Lion beer was originally an [[India Pale Ale]] (IPA), but the [[beer style]] was changed to ''[[lager]]'' in 1960s.<ref name="Swinnen" /><br />
<br />
[[Mohan Meakin]], the present owner of the Kasauli and Solan breweries and distilleries, has several liquor brands including ''[[Old Monk]]'' rum; whiskies including ''Solan No. 1'', ''Diplomat Deluxe'', ''Colonel's Special'', ''Black Knight'', and ''Summer Hall''; [[gin]] such as ''London Dry''; and ''Kaplanski'' vodka, all produced at various production facilities across India.<br />
<br />
Kasauli Brewery, with its bar and brewery both open to public, is 9.3 km west of the Sonwara railway station on the [[Kalka–Shimla railway]] – a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref name="Centre">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944 |title=Mountain Railways of India |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2017-06-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
In 1830, [[Edward Dyer (brewer)|Edward Dyer]] moved back to India from [[England]] to set up the first brewery in India (later incorporated as Dyer Breweries in 1855) at Kasauli in the Himalayas.<ref name=pr1>{{Cite book |title=The life of General Dyer |last=Colvin |first=Ian Duncan |date=1929-01-01 |publisher=W. Blackwood & Sons Ltd. |location=Edinburgh; London |language=en |oclc=1335678}}</ref><ref name=dy3>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&q=edward&pg=PA4 |title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer |last=Collett |first=Nigel |date=2006-10-15 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-85285-575-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=dy4>{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/dREvXCimvI0BIYRLNbavRO/How-Old-Monk-went-from-Indias-star-to-another-hasbeen.html |title=How Old Monk went from India's star to another has-been |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |date=2016-04-23 |newspaper=Mint on Sunday |access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/reginald-edward-dyer_2419138 |title=Reginald Edward Dyer 1864–1927 – Ancestry |website=www.ancestry.com |language=en-us |access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lawrencecollege.edu.pk/reginald-edward-harry-dyer/ |title=Reginald Edward Harry Dyer – the Butcher of Amritsar &#124; Lawrence College Ghora Gali |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128214708/http://lawrencecollege.edu.pk/reginald-edward-harry-dyer/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=solan /><br />
<br />
Dyer brought with him, [[Brewing equipment|brewing]] and [[distillation]] equipment from [[Beer in England|England]] and [[Scotch whisky|Scotland]], which came by sailing ship as far up the [[Yamuna]]-[[Ganges]] rivers as possible, before being loaded onto ox drawn carts and taken up to the [[Himalayas]] via the [[Grand Trunk Road]] route to [[Shimla]]. In 1842, a small [[cantonment]] of [[British Indian Army]] at Kasauli was established.<br />
<br />
Dyer selected the location of his brewery due to the quality of the springwater available there and because the climate at this altitude was similar to the climate of Scotland. His stated ambition was ''"to produce a malt whisky as fine as Scotch whisky,"'' albeit from much higher highlands. Another reason for this location was that there was a ready market of British troops and civilians in Shimla and elsewhere in Punjab for his products.<br />
<br />
After the town of Kasauli was established and began using much of the springwater, the brewery was dismantled and production moved to nearby [[Solan]], where a brewery was originally established in 1820, close to the British summer capital [[Shimla]]. The Kasauli brewery site was converted to a distillery, which Mohan Meakin Ltd. still operates.<ref name="liv1" /><ref name="solan" /><ref name="lion beer" /> However, the distillery remains at Kasauli and is the oldest operating distillery in Asia and one of the oldest whisky making distilleries in continuous operation anywhere in the world.<br />
<br />
In 1887, another British entrepreneur H. G. Meakin who had moved to India, bought old Shimla and Solan Breweries from Edward Dyer<ref name="Damodaran">{{cite book |last=Damodaran |first=Harish |title=India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation |date=25 June 2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-59412-8 |page=63}}</ref><ref name="liv1">https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PiKqdbm2wPGiQnCisfynmK/1800s-Solan-No-1--The-accidental-legacy.html, The Mint, 13 Aug 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1949 following [[Partition of India|independence]], Narendra Nath Mohan raised funds and travelled to London, where he bought a majority stake in Dyer Meakin Breweries and acquired all the assets of Dyer Meakin Breweries in India including the Kasauli Brewery and Distillery.<ref name="Damodaran" /><ref name="lion beer">{{cite news |title=Spirits still soar at Asia's oldest brewery |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-08-13/news/27493620_1_beer-london-stock-exchange-asia-s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093903/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-08-13/news/27493620_1_beer-london-stock-exchange-asia-s |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=8 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=13 August 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Products ==<br />
<br />
=== Lion beer ===<br />
{{anchor | Lion | Lion beer}}<br />
<br />
''Lion Beer'', is Asia's oldest beer brand still continuously in production,<ref name=solan /> initially at Kasauli Brewery and then at Solan Brewery,<ref name=liv1 /> first as India Pale Ale (IPA) till 1960 and as lager beer thereafter.<ref name="Swinnen" /> Lion's popularity with the British during the heyday of the empire led to the start-up of other Lion beers around the world, in New Zealand, South Africa and elsewhere. [[Lion Brewery (Sri Lanka)#Lion|Lion beer produced in Sri Lanka]] remains the number-one brand in Sri Lanka, where Mohan Meakin introduced it in the 1884s through their [[Lion Brewery (Sri Lanka)|Ceylon brewery]].<ref name=dr1>{{cite web |url=http://e-malt.com/NewsSrv.asp?Command=ArticleShow&ArticleID=13724&Template=IndustryNewsTemplate.htm |title=Leading Lion Brewery completes the largest repackaging in its history |publisher=E-Malt.com |date=9 September 2008 |access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
From 1840s until the 1960s, Lion remained the number one beer in India for over a century. After this, another Mohan Meakin brand, Golden Eagle, took the number one place until the 1980s, when [[Kingfisher (beer)|Kingfisher]] became number one.<ref name="Swinnen" /> Lion was originally an India Pale Ale (IPA) but the beer style was changed in the 1960s to a [[lager]].<ref name="Swinnen">{{cite book |title=The Economics of Beer |author=Swinnen, Johan F.M. |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-150501-0}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Solan No.1 whisky ===<br />
{{anchor | Whisky | Solan whisky | Solan No.1 | Solan No.1 whisky }}<br />
<br />
''Solan No.1 whisky'', is one of the first single malt whiskies which is still in production since 1820s, albeit in a different form. It was initially produced at Solan distillery owned by Dyer. Its production was moved to Kasauli brewery when swapped distillery at Solan Brewery was moved to Kasauli as a swap due to shortage of springwater for beer production at Kasauli. In 1887 Dyer sold the Solan Brewery to Meakin. It is still in production at Kasauli Brewery using some of the original equipment including the [[Pot still|copper pot still]].<ref name="Damodaran" /><ref name=liv1 /><ref name="lion beer" /> Historically, the main whisky brand made by the Kasauli distillery was a well regarded malt whisky named "Solan No. 1"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://therumhowlerblog.com/whisky-reviews/world-whiskeys/solan-no-1-malt-whisky/ |title=Solan Number One Full Bodied Malt Whisky |date=16 July 2013}}</ref> named after the nearby town of Solan. It remains the only [[malt whisky]] made in the Himalayas.<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
Kasauli Brewery 03.jpg|<br />
Kasauli Brewery 02.jpg|<br />
Kasauli Brewery 04.jpg|<br />
Kasauli Brewery 05.jpg|<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Beer in India]]<br />
* [[Indian whisky]]<br />
* [[Indian-made foreign liquor]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{portalbar|Beer|Liquor|India}}<br />
{{Alcohol in India}}<br />
{{Alcohol by countries}}<br />
{{Alcoholic beverages}}<br />
{{Indian beverages}}<br />
{{Beers of the world}}<br />
{{Prohibition |state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Social issues in India}}<br />
{{Whisky |state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Breweries in India]]<br />
[[Category:British-era buildings in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Solan district]]<br />
[[Category:Distilleries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Kasauli]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_C._Achutha_Menon_Government_College&diff=462457Sri C. Achutha Menon Government College2025-10-24T03:45:09Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
|name = Sri C. Achutha Menon Government College, Thrissur<br />
|image = Entrance of C. Achuthamenon Government College, Thrissur.jpg<br />
|motto = Tamaso ma jyothirgamaya<br />
|established = 1972<br />
|type = Government College <br />
|principal = Suresh A K<br />
|affiliations = [[University of Calicut]]<br />
|city = [[Thrissur]]<br />
|state = [[Kerala]]<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|website =http://www.govtcollegethrissur.ac.in/<br />
}}<br />
'''Sri C. Achutha Menon Government College''' is situated in [[Kuttanellur]], in [[Thrissur]] city of [[Kerala]] in India. The college is affiliated to the [[University of Calicut]] and has hostel facilities. The college provides bachelor's degree courses in various streams like arts, commerce and science.<ref name="Striving to achieve excellence">{{cite news<br />
|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2005/12/20/stories/2005122000190400.htm<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108075635/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2005/12/20/stories/2005122000190400.htm<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-date=2012-11-08<br />
|title=Striving to achieve excellence<br />
|access-date=2010-10-31<br />
|location=Chennai, India<br />
|work=[[The Hindu]]<br />
|date=2005-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=386<br />
|title=Arts/Science/Commerce Colleges<br />
|publisher=University of Calicut<br />
|access-date=2010-10-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Thrissur Government College was established in 1972. The college started functioning in the present Government Training College premises on 14 August 1972 with 200 students and 9 teachers. Prof. Subbayyan T R was the first principal. The courses offered were one Pre – Degree batch each for the 3rd and 4th Groups and Degree courses in History and Economics. The college, affiliated to the Calicut University, was formally inaugurated by the then Chief Minister, the Late C. Achutha Menon on 28 October 1972. Two more courses, viz. B.A English and B.Com. were started in 1976 and 1978respectively. The introduction of the M.Com. course in 1984 elevated the institution to the level of a Post-graduate college.<br />
<br />
In recognition of the good performance of the college and its potential for development, it was resolved to shift the college to a 25-acre land campus of its own at Kuttanellur. The foundation stone for the new building was laid by Sri. K. Karunakaran, the then Chief Minister, on 20 April 1985. In 1991, the college shifted to the new campus. After the shifting of the college, it started three new Post-Graduate courses of History, Economics and English in 1995, 1996 and 1998 respectively. In the year 1997, which was its Silver Jubilee year, the college was renamed Sri. C Achutha Menon Govt. College, after the late Chief Minister.<br />
<br />
==Departments==<br />
* Commerce and Management Studies<br />
* Economics<br />
* English<br />
* History<br />
* Hindi<br />
* Malayalam<br />
* Sanskrit<br />
* Statistics<br />
* Political Science<br />
* Physical Education<br />
* Computer Science<br />
* Psychology<br />
* Maths<br />
<br />
==Academic courses==<br />
This college offers both undergraduate and post graduate courses.<br />
<br />
'''Under-Graduate Courses'''<br />
* B A Economics<br />
* B A English<br />
* B A History<br />
* B B A<br />
* B.Com.<br />
* Bsc Computer Science<br />
* Bsc Psychology<br />
*Bsc Statistics<br />
<br />
'''Post-Graduate Courses'''<br />
* M A Economics<br />
* M A English<br />
* M A History<br />
* M.Com.<br />
*Msc Psychology<br />
<br />
==Notable alumni==<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[K. P. Rajendran]], Ex [[Minister (government)|Minister]] for Revenue and Land Reforms - [[State of Kerala]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Sri C. Achutha Menon Government College}}<br />
<br />
{{thrissur topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord missing|Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Calicut]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges in Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1972]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gariaon,_Jaunpur&diff=447862Gariaon, Jaunpur2025-07-30T03:03:09Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: content update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Gariaon, Jaunpur<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.62319|N|82.27325|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]<br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 93.27<br />
| population_total = 2661<br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code =222204<br />
| registration_plate =UP62 <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gariaon''' is a village in [[Jaunpur district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/gariaon.html Pincode for Gariaon]</ref> It is also known as '''Gariaon Bazar'''. Gariaon is located 6&nbsp;km kilometres north-west of [[Janghai]] Junction Railway Station and 13&nbsp;km east of [[Mungra Badshahpur]].<br />
<br />
==Population==<br />
<br />
{{Prose|section|date=November 2023}}<br />
The population in Gariaon village is 2,661 as per the survey of census during 2011 by Indian Government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ourhero.in/population/villages/gariyawan-201283 |title=Gariyawan, Machhlishahr, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh village population &#124; Population of India |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715025251/http://ourhero.in/population/villages/gariyawan-201283 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
There are 332 Households in Gariaon. There are 1,341 males (50%) and 1,320 females (50%).<br />
Scheduled Cast are 749 (28%).<br />
Total Scheduled Tribe are 0 (0% ).<br />
Literates are 1,541 (58% ) and total Illiterates 1,120 (42%) in Gariaon.<br />
Workers are 612 (23%), 438 are regular and 174 are Irregular.<br />
There are 2,049 Non Workers (77%).<br />
<br />
==Educational institutes==<br />
<br />
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://scholarship.up.nic.in/2011_12/rural_sch_list_pre.asp?dcode=64&dname=jaunpur&bname=MUNGRABADSHAHPUR&bcode=0008 |title=Scholarship Management System ---Rural School List |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810203651/http://scholarship.up.nic.in/2011_12/rural_sch_list_pre.asp?dcode=64&dname=jaunpur&bname=MUNGRABADSHAHPUR&bcode=0008 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Schools===<br />
* T.R. Memorial Primary School<br />
* Primary School Kathari Pur <br />
* Samar Bahadur Singh Public School <br />
* Madarsa Gulshane Raja <br />
* Madarsa Arbia Gausia Talimul Goran<br />
* Samar Bahadur Singh Public Junior High school<br />
<br />
===College===<br />
* Samar Bahadur Singh Intermediate College<br />
* Khemraj Shukla Inter College<br />
<br />
==Other organizations==<br />
<br />
* Shanti Nandan Bauddha Welfare Society<ref>{{cite web |title=Amar Ujala News Paper March 27, 2014 Varanasi-Jaunpur |url=http://earchive.amarujala.com/svww_zoomart.php?Artname=20140327a_005185004&ileft=459&itop=72&zoomRatio=165&AN=20140327a_005185004 |access-date=10 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110122123/http://earchive.amarujala.com/svww_zoomart.php?Artname=20140327a_005185004&ileft=459&itop=72&zoomRatio=165&AN=20140327a_005185004 |archive-date=10 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NGO Partnership|url=http://www.ngo.india.gov.in/view_ngo_details.php?ngo_id=ubmaurya&ngo_black=0&t_state=0&t_dist_new3=0&sector_key=0&ngo_name=Shanti%20Nandan&uniqueid=}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Official Website|url=http://www.snbws.org/|access-date=10 November 2014|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915092746/http://snbws.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
<br />
===Rail===<br />
Gariaon is well-connected with all major cities of India thanks to [[Indian Railways]]. It has two nearby railway stations: Janghai Junction (JNH) and Badshahpur (BSE). [[Janghai]] Jn, and [[Badshapur]] railway stations are easily reachable from here.<br />
<br />
===Road===<br />
Gariaon is well-connected to [[Lucknow]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Allahabad]] and other cities like [[Azamgarh]], [[Mirzapur]], <br />
Janghai, [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]], [[Ghazipur]] etc.<br />
<br />
===Airport===<br />
Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport or Varanasi Airport (IATA: VNS, ICAO: VIBN) is a public airport located at Babatpur 18&nbsp;km (11&nbsp;mi) northwest of Varanasi, and about 80&nbsp;km from Gariaon Village. It located at Jaunpur-Varanasi highway.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Jaunpur district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Jaunpur district]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belwania,_Bihar&diff=457803Belwania, Bihar2025-03-05T05:33:09Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: further fix formatting as per guidelines and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{One source|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Belwania<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = hi<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Bihar<br />
| map_caption = Location in Bihar<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.108|N|84.464|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Champaran district]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]] <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = <br />
| website = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Belwania''' is a village in [[West Champaran]] district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As of the [[2011 census of India]], Belwania had a population of 2836 in 477 households. Males constitute 52.15% of the population and females 47.84%. Belwania has an average literacy rate of 37.97%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 66.48%, and female literacy is 33.51%. In Belwania, 20.59% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/final_pca.aspx|title=Census of India 2011|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{West Champaran district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in West Champaran district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{WestChamparan-geo-stub}}</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=29th_Indian_Brigade&diff=45045129th Indian Brigade2024-05-26T14:32:45Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{For|the Second World War formation|29th Indian Infantry Brigade}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = 29th Indian Brigade<br />
| image = File:Troops of 29th Indian Infantry Brigade disembarking from a boat, Gallipoli, 1915.jpg<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = 29th Indian Brigade landing at [[Cape Helles]], [[Gallipoli campaign|Gallipoli]]<br />
| dates = 31 October 1914 – 25 June 1917<br />
| country = {{flagcountry|British India}}<br />
| allegiance = [[British Crown]]<br />
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}}<br />
| type = [[Infantry]]<br />
| role =<br />
| size = [[Brigade]]<br />
| command_structure = [[10th Indian Division]]<br>att. to [[British 29th Division]]<br />
| garrison =<br />
| garrison_label =<br />
| nickname =<br />
| patron =<br />
| motto =<br />
| march =<br />
| mascot =<br />
| anniversaries =<br />
| equipment =<br />
| equipment_label =<br />
| battles = [[First World War]]<br />
:[[South Arabia during World War I|South Arabia]]<br />
::[[South Arabia during World War I#Capture of Cheikh Saïd|Raid on Sheik Saiad]]<br />
:[[Sinai and Palestine campaign]]<br />
::[[Raid on the Suez Canal|Actions on the Suez Canal]]<br />
:[[Gallipoli campaign]]<br />
::[[Third Battle of Krithia]]<br />
::[[Battle of Gully Ravine]]<br />
::[[Battle of Sari Bair]]<br />
| decorations =<br />
| battle_honours =<br />
| battle_honours_label =<br />
| disbanded =<br />
| notable_commanders = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Maj.-Gen.]] [[Vaughan Cox|H.V. Cox]]<br>[[Brigadier-General|Br.-Gen.]] [[Philip Palin|P.C. Palin]]<br />
| identification_symbol =<br />
| identification_symbol_label =<br />
}}<br />
The '''29th Indian Brigade''' was an [[infantry]] [[brigade]] of the [[British Indian Army]] that saw active service with the [[Indian Army during the First World War]]. Formed in October 1914, it [[South Arabia during World War I#Capture of Cheikh Saïd|raided Sheik Saiad]] en route to Egypt, defended the [[Suez Canal]] in early 1915, before taking part in the [[Gallipoli Campaign]] (April to December 1915). On returning to Egypt it acted as an independent formation being broken up in June 1917.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
;Formation<br />
The 29th Indian Brigade was formed in October 1914 as part of [[Indian Expeditionary Force F]] (along with the [[28th Indian Brigade|28th]] and [[30th Indian Brigade]]s) and sent to Egypt.<ref name=Perry172>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=172}}</ref> En route to Egypt it [[South Arabia during World War I#Capture of Cheikh Saïd|raided Sheik Saiad]] (10–11 November). The [[Ottoman Empire]] maintained a small fort at [[Cheikh Saïd|Sheik Saiad]] guarding the entrance to the Red Sea. Having destroyed the Ottoman fortifications, the brigade re-embarked and continued on to [[Suez]].<ref name=Perry117>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=117}}</ref><br />
<br />
;10th Indian Division<br />
After arriving in Egypt, it joined the [[10th Indian Division]] when it was formed on 24 December. It served on the [[Suez Canal]] Defences, notably taking part in the [[Raid on the Suez Canal|Actions on the Suez Canal]] on 3–4 February 1915. After the defeat of the Turkish attempts to cross the canal, the division was dispersed and the brigade was sent to [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] in April 1915.<ref name=Perry118>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=118}}</ref><br />
[[File:Gurkha soldiers of 29th Indian Brigade in Gallipoli 1915.jpg|thumb|right|305x305px|[[Gurkha]] soldiers of 29th Indian Brigade in [[Gallipoli]], 1915]]<br />
<br />
;Gallipoli<br />
[[File:Sikh soldiers of 29th Indian Infantry Brigade rest in a trench.jpg|thumb|110px|Sikh soldiers of 29th Indian Infantry Brigade rest in a trench.]]<br />
The brigade formed [[Indian Expeditionary Force G]] for service in Gallipoli, the only Indian Army formation to serve on the peninsula.<ref name=Haythornthwaite246>{{harvnb|Haythornthwaite|1996|p=246}}</ref> From 1 May to 7 July 1915 it was attached to the [[British 29th Division]] at [[Cape Helles]].<ref name=Perry117/> While with the division, it was in reserve for the [[Second Battle of Krithia]] (6–8 May), but played a more major role at [[Gurkha Bluff]] (12 May), the [[Third Battle of Krithia]] (4 June) and the [[Battle of Gully Ravine]] (28 June–2 July).<ref name=Becke123_1>{{harvnb|Becke|1935|p=123}}</ref><br />
<br />
The brigade was switched to [[ANZAC Cove]] where it was attached to the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]], with which it took part in the [[Battle of Sari Bair]] (6–21 August 1915). 1st Battalion, [[6th Gurkha Rifles]] was the only unit to reach the top of the ridge and see the Dardanelles; shelled by the [[Royal Navy]], a Turkish counter-attack drove them off.<ref name=Gaylor236>{{harvnb|Gaylor|1996|p=236}}</ref> The brigade's involvement at Gallipoli came at a high price: the [[14th Sikhs]], alone, suffered 264 killed and 840 wounded while serving at Gallipoli.<ref name=Gaylor168>{{harvnb|Gaylor|1996|p=168}}</ref>{{efn|An Indian infantry battalion had a strength of 13 British officers, 17 Indian officers and 723 other ranks.<ref name=Perry173>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=173}}</ref> Such losses represented approximately 150% of this strength.}}<br />
<br />
;Independent<br />
On 7 January 1916, the 10th Indian Division was reformed as part of the Suez Canal District, and the brigade joined it. The need to return depleted units that had served in France to India meant that this was short-lived. The division was broken up on 7 March and the brigade became an independent formation. It continued to serve on the Suez Canal Defences.<ref name=Perry118/><br />
<br />
In March 1917, the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] started forming the [[British 75th Division]], originally to be made up of [[Territorial Force]] battalions arriving from India. In May 1917, to speed up the formation of the division, it was decided to incorporate Indian battalions.<ref name=Becke129>{{harvnb|Becke|1937|p=129}}</ref> To this end, the 29th Indian Brigade was broken up in June 1917 and its battalions posted to 75th Division.<ref name=Perry168>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=168}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Orders of battle==<br />
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;"<br />
!With 10th Division in Egypt<br />
|-<br />
|The brigade had the following composition from formation and while assigned to [[10th Indian Division]] in Egypt:<ref name=Perry116>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=116}}</ref><br />
* [[14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs]] ''(joined from [[1st (Peshawar) Brigade]], [[1st (Peshawar) Division]])''<br />
* [[69th Punjabis]] ''(joined from [[5th (Jhelum) Brigade]], [[2nd (Rawalpindi) Division]])''<br />
* [[89th Punjabis]] ''(joined from [[Presidency Brigade]], [[8th (Lucknow) Division]])''<br />
* 1st Battalion, [[6th Gurkha Rifles]] ''(joined from [[3rd (Abbottabad) Brigade]], 2nd (Rawalpindi) Division)''<br />
|}<br />
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;"<br />
!Gallipoli<br />
|-<br />
|The brigade commanded the following units during the [[Gallipoli Campaign]]:<ref name=Perry116/><br />
* [[14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs]]<br />
* [[69th Punjabis]] ''(transferred in May 1915 to [[21st (Bareilly) Brigade]], [[7th (Meerut) Division]])''<br />
* [[89th Punjabis]] ''(transferred in May 1915 to [[7th (Ferozepore) Brigade]], [[3rd (Lahore) Division]])''<br />
* 1st Battalion, [[6th Gurkha Rifles]]<br />
* 1st Battalion, [[5th Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]] ''(joined in June 1915 from [[28th Indian Brigade]], 10th Indian Division)''<br />
* 2nd Battalion, [[10th Gurkha Rifles]] ''(joined in June 1915 from [[22nd (Lucknow) Brigade]], [[11th Indian Division]])''<br />
* 1st Battalion, [[4th Gurkha Rifles]] ''(joined in October 1915 from [[9th (Sirhind) Brigade]], 3rd (Lahore) Division)''<br />
The 69th and 89th Punjabis served briefly at Gallipoli before departing for the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref name=Becke86>{{harvnb|Becke|1935|p=86}}</ref><ref name=Becke50>{{harvnb|Becke|1935|p=50}}</ref> While serving at Gallipoli, the following units were attached to the brigade:<ref name=Becke119>{{harvnb|Becke|1935|p=119}}</ref><br />
* 108th Indian Field Ambulance<br />
* 23rd Mule Corps<br />
* supply and transport column<br />
|}<br />
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;"<br />
!Return to Egypt<br />
|-<br />
|After returning to Egypt, the battalions that had served at Gallipoli were gradually posted away:<ref name=Perry116/><br />
* [[14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs]] ''(detached to [[El-Tor|Tor]] in February 1916 and transferred to [[Bushire]] in May)''<br />
* 1st Battalion, [[4th Gurkha Rifles]] ''(transferred in December 1915 to [[31st Indian Brigade]], 10th Indian Division)''<br />
* 1st Battalion, [[5th Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]] ''(left for 1st (Peshawar) Brigade, 1st (Peshawar) Division in February 1916)''<br />
* 1st Battalion, [[6th Gurkha Rifles]] ''(left for [[1st (Peshawar) Brigade]], [[1st (Peshawar) Division]] in February 1916)''<br />
* 2nd Battalion, [[10th Gurkha Rifles]] ''(left in January 1916 for Suez local defences)''<br />
|}<br />
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;"<br />
!Reformed and service as an independent formation<br />
|-<br />
|The brigade was gradually reformed as new battalions joined from February 1916 onwards:<ref name=Perry116/><ref name=Perry167>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=167}}</ref><br />
* [[57th Wilde's Rifles (Frontier Force)]] ''(joined in February 1916 from 7th (Ferozepore) Brigade, 3rd (Lahore) Division; transferred in June 1916 to [[East African Campaign (World War I)|East Africa]])''<br />
* 1st Battalion, [[Patiala Infantry]] ([[Imperial Service Troops|I.S.]]) ''(joined in February 1916 from 31st Indian Brigade, 10th Indian Division; transferred in December 1916 to [[20th Indian Brigade]])''<br />
* 1st Battalion, [[101st Grenadiers]] ''(joined on 4 September 1916 from East Africa; transferred on 10 April 1917 to [[49th Indian Brigade]])''<br />
* 2nd Battalion, [[3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles]] ''(joined in December 1916 from 20th Indian Brigade; transferred on 24 June 1917 to [[233rd Brigade (United Kingdom)|233rd Brigade]], [[British 75th Division]])''<br />
* [[123rd Outram's Rifles]] ''(joined in January 1917 from [[Multan]], [[3rd Lahore Divisional Area]]; transferred on 1 July 1917 to [[234th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|234th Brigade]], British 75th Division)''<br />
* 2nd Battalion, 101st Grenadiers ''(formed in February 1917; transferred on 10 April 1917 to 49th Indian Brigade)''<br />
* 3rd Battalion, 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles ''(formed in February 1917; transferred on 30 June 1917 to 233rd Brigade, British 75th Division)''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Commanders==<br />
The brigade had the following commanders:<ref name=Perry115>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=115}}</ref><ref name=Perry167/><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! From !! Rank !! Name !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 31 October 1914 || [[Brigadier-General]] || rowspan = 2 | [[Vaughan Cox|H.V. Cox]] || rowspan = 2 | ''subsequently commanded the [[Australian 4th Division]]''<ref name=Perry27>{{harvnb|Perry|1992|p=27}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 17 February 1915 || [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major General]]<br />
|-<br />
| 26 September 1915 || Brigadier-General || [[Philip Palin|P.C. Palin]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 5 February 1917 || Brigadier-General || [[E.R.B. Murray]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 25 March 1917 || Brigadier-General || P.C. Palin || ''subsequently commanded the [[British 75th Division]]''<ref name=Becke123_2b>{{harvnb|Becke|1937|p=123}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Force in Egypt]]<br />
<!--* [[List of Indian Army Brigades in World War I]]--><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Becke | first = Major A.F.<br />
| year = 1935<br />
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 1. The Regular British Divisions<br />
| publisher = [[His Majesty's Stationery Office]]<br />
| location = London<br />
| isbn = 1-871167-09-4<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Becke | first = Major A.F.<br />
| year = 1937<br />
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2B. The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th) with The Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions<br />
| publisher = [[His Majesty's Stationery Office]]<br />
| location = London<br />
| isbn = 1-871167-00-0<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Gaylor | first = John<br />
| year = 1996<br />
| edition = 2nd<br />
| title = Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–1991<br />
| publisher = Parapress<br />
| location = Tunbridge Wells<br />
| isbn = 1-898594-41-4<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Haythornthwaite | first = Philip J.<br />
| author-link = Philip Haythornthwaite<br />
| year = 1996<br />
| title = The World War One Source Book<br />
| publisher = Arms and Armour Press<br />
| location = London<br />
| isbn = 1-85409-351-7<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Perry | first = F.W.<br />
| year = 1992<br />
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5A. The Divisions of Australia, Canada and New Zealand and those in East Africa<br />
| publisher = Ray Westlake Military Books<br />
| location = Newport<br />
| isbn = 1-871167-25-6<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Perry | first = F.W.<br />
| year = 1993<br />
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions<br />
| publisher = Ray Westlake Military Books<br />
| location = Newport<br />
| isbn = 1-871167-23-X<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.warpath.orbat.com/indian_divs/10_ind_div.htm |title=10th Indian Division on ''The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918'' by PB Chappell |access-date=2015-06-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517084941/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/indian_divs/10_ind_div.htm |archive-date=17 May 2008}} <br />
*{{cite web|url=http://warpath.orbat.com/indian_divs/ind_ind_bdes.htm |title=Independent Indian Brigades on ''The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918'' by PB Chappell |access-date=2015-07-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213201732/http://warpath.orbat.com/indian_divs/ind_ind_bdes.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Expeditionary Forces}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Brigades of India in World War I]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1914]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1917]]</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faltu_(disambiguation)&diff=498866Faltu (disambiguation)2024-05-23T04:32:29Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: </p>
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<div>{{wikt|फालतू}}<br />
<br />
'''Faltu''' ({{lit|useless}} in Indian languages) may refer to:<br />
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* ''[[Faltu]]'', a 2006 Indian Bengali-language film<br />
* ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]'', a 2011 Indian Hindi-language film<br />
* [[Faltu (TV series)|''Faltu'' (TV series)]], a 2022 Indian television series<br />
<br />
{{disambiguation}}</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Venkatswamy&diff=470186G. Venkatswamy2024-03-24T14:53:53Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: add structure per sources and corrected details per sources</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Gaddam Venkatswamy]]<br />
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Zee Cine Awards#Awards]] {{R from merge}}</div>MarcyEdmond490https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Zee_Telugu&diff=452968List of programs broadcast by Zee Telugu2022-05-02T22:58:18Z<p>MarcyEdmond490: general correct intro per sources also and cleaned formatting</p>
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