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Ettumanoor Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T09:26:55Z

MarcellaGunter0:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala Legislative assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ettumanoor
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 96
| map_image = Ettumanoor Temple Front Arch.JPG
| map_caption = Famous Ettumanoor mahadeva temple
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,32,313 (2016)
| mla = Nattakom Suresh
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
}}
'''Ettumanoor State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kottayam.nic.in/constituencies
| website = kottayam.nic.in
| title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kottayam district
|access-date =16 March 2020
}}</ref> The incumbent Member of Legislative Assembly for Ettumanoor is [[Nattakom Suresh]] of [[Indian National Congress]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Ettumanoor Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kottayam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kottayam District
|access-date = 13 March 2021
|archive-date = 13 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110313031449/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kottayam.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Ettumanoor]]
|Municipality
|[[Kottayam]]
|-
|2
|[[Aymanam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottayam]]
|-
|3
|[[Arpookara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottayam]]
|-
|4
|[[Athirampuzha]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottayam]]
|-
|5
|[[Kumarakom]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottayam]]
|-
|6
|[[Neendoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottayam]]
|-
|7
|[[Thiruvarpu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottayam]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
| rowspan="2" |Joseph George
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|P. P. Wilson
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
| rowspan="2" |P. B. R. Pillai
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|[[Vaikom Viswan|Vaikom Vishwan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|E. J. Lukose
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|Joseph George
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
| rowspan="4" |[[Thomas Chazhikadan|Thomas Chazhikkadan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Kerala Congress (M)}}
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Suresh Kurup]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[V. N. Vasavan]]<ref name="2021 Kerala Assembly Elections Results - Ettumanoor">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2021 Kerala Assembly Elections Results - Ettumanoor |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1196.htm?ac=96 |access-date=3 August 2024 |date=2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803170414/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1196.htm?ac=96 |archive-date=3 August 2024}}</ref>
|2021 - 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|[[Nattakom Suresh]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress }}
|2026 – Incumbent
|-

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ettumanoor}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Nattakom Suresh|votes=64,077|percentage=52.13%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=[[V. N. Vasavan]]|votes=44,325|percentage=36.06%|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Twenty20 Party|candidate=Athira D. Nair|votes=12,975|percentage=10.56%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=BINOY JOSEPH KULATHUNKAL|votes=455|percentage=0.37%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,68,266 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ettumanoor}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate= [[V. N. Vasavan]]
|votes=58,289
|percentage=46.2
|change={{Increase}}5.53
|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Kerala Congress
|candidate= Adv. Prince Lukose
|votes=43,986
|percentage=34.86%
|change={{increase}}0.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate= T. N. Harikumar
|votes=13,746
|percentage=10.4
|change={{decrease}}10.42|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate= Lathika Subhash
|votes=7,624
|percentage={{New}}6.04%
|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jijith K Joy|votes=1,165|percentage=0.92|change={{increase}}0.58|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=14,303|percentage=11.34|change={{increase}}4.61}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,26,949|percentage=75.45%|change={{decrease}}4.51}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,65,464 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ettumanoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. Suresh Kurup|votes=53,085|percentage=40.67|change={{decrease}}7.85|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Thomas Chazhikadan|votes=44,906|percentage=33.94|change={{decrease}}13.06|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=A. G. Thankappan|votes=27,540|percentage=20.82|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Josemon Mundackal|votes=3,774|percentage=2.85|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Abdul Nazar|votes=706|percentage=0.53|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=600|percentage=0.45|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=C. P. Rajesh|votes=453|percentage=0.34|change={{decrease}}0.31|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=M. S. Noushad|votes=338|percentage=0.26|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Asharaj|votes=182|percentage=0.14|change={{decrease}}0.24}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=8,899|percentage=6.73|change={{increase}}5.21}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,304|percentage=79.96|change={{increase}}1.54}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}7.85}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,50,807 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ettumanoor}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. Suresh Kurup|votes=57,381|percentage=48.52|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=Thomas Chazhikadan|votes=55,580|percentage=47.00|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. G. Gopakumar|votes=3,385|percentage=2.86|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K .T. Thomas|votes=763|percentage=0.65|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Justin Mathew|votes=466|percentage=0.39|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=E. V. Prakash|votes=454|percentage=0.38|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Anish Kumar|votes=228|percentage=0.19|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,801|percentage=1.52|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,18,257|percentage=78.42|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Kerala Congress (M)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ettumanoor]]
* [[Kottayam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Government Engineering College, Barton Hill

2026-05-06T16:40:08Z

MarcellaGunter0: done

{{Short description|College in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government Engineering College, Barton Hill
| logo = Government Engineering College, Trivandrum logo.png
| image =
| caption = Aerial view of main block
| motto = सत्यं वद। घर्मं चर। (Satyam Vadha Dharmam Chara)
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| mottoeng = Speak the truth, Lead a righteous life
| established = August 1999 ({{#expr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1999 }} years ago)
| type = Public engineering institute
| language = English, [[Malayalam]]
| principal = Dr. Savier J S
| accreditation = [[National Board of Accreditation]]
| academic_affiliations = {{ubl|[[University of Kerala]] (1999–2015)|[[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (since 2015)}}
| other_name = GEC-BH
| city = [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]]
| country = India
| website = {{URL|gecbh.ac.in}}
| coordinates = {{coord|8.5052|76.9408|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
}}
'''Government Engineering College, Barton Hill''' ('''GEC-BH''') is a public engineering college situated in Barton Hill, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India. Founded in 1999 by the [[Government of Kerala]], it provides engineering programmes under the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]], accredited to the [[National Board of Accreditation]].

The institute has five major departments: [[Mechanical Engineering]], [[Information Technology]], [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]], [[Civil Engineering]] and [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]. All these departments have obtained an NBA accreditation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_technicaleducation/outline.htm |title=kerala.gov.in |access-date=8 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213085738/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_technicaleducation/outline.htm |archive-date=13 February 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://cyberjournalist.org.in/deepak/colleges.html cyberjournalist.org.in]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/nagaram/-malayalam-news-1.1341079|title=കുന്നോളം പെരുമയിൽ ബാർട്ടൺ ഹിൽ......|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=2 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225739/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/nagaram/-malayalam-news-1.1341079|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Two of its former principals, '''Dr. M. S. Rajasree''' and '''Dr. Ciza Thomas''', were appointed as Vice Chancellors of [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram|Kerala Technological University]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2019-02-19 |title=New VC for KTU |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/new-vc-for-ktu/article26314751.ece |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-03-06 |title=Ciza Thomas posted as engineering college principal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ciza-thomas-posted-as-engineering-college-principal/article66588607.ece |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, Dr. M. S. Rajasree’s appointment was later declared [[void ab initio]] by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-10-22 |title=SC quashes appointment of VC at Kerala Technological University |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/sc-quashes-appointment-vc-kerala-technological-university-169137 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Dr. Ciza Thomas first served as the Interim Vice Chancellor of KTU, then moved to Digital University, and later returned as the permanent Vice Chancellor of [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram|Kerala Technological]] University in 2025 December.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-03-06 |title=Ciza Thomas posted as engineering college principal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ciza-thomas-posted-as-engineering-college-principal/article66588607.ece |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-12-16 |title=Ciza Thomas, Saji Gopinath V-Cs as Kerala government, Governor reach truce |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ciza-thomas-saji-gopinath-v-cs-as-government-governor-reach-truce/article70404545.ece |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BartonHill |url=https://www.gecbh.ac.in/fprincipal.php |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.gecbh.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala govt–Guv impasse ends; Ciza Thomas, Saji Gopinath appointed KTU, Digital University VCs |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/12/16/kerala-vice-chancellor-appointment-impasse-ends-ciza-thomas-saji-gopinath.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Kerala govt–Guv impasse ends; Ciza Thomas, Saji Gopinath appointed KTU, Digital University VCs |language=en}}</ref>

The college is currently ranked second among the 138 colleges affiliated to [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] according to Academic Performance Index (API) report published by the university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-05 |title=B.TECH 2016-2020 BATCH RESULT ANALYSIS by APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University |url=https://ktu.edu.in/eu/core/announcements.htm}}</ref>

==Campus==
The campus, situated centrally in the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], is less than a kilometre from [[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram|Palayam]], and is located beside the [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Law College]], Trivandrum. Two hostels are provided for women. The campus area is about 6 acres.

==Building construction==
The college is housed in the old seven-storey buildings. The construction of the new eight-storey main block is continuing and construction of the Mechanical Lab Complex is complete. The work on the new Mechatronics Laboratary Complex being jointly set up by [[Mercedes-Benz]] and GEC, Trivandrum is underway.{{when|date=December 2022}}

==Intake==
{| class="wikitable"
|+UG Programmes
|-
! Branch
! Duration of program
! Seats (first year intake)
! Seats (lateral entry)
|-
| Mechanical Engineering
| 4 years
| 66
| 6
|-
| Civil Engineering
| 4 years
| 66
| 6
|-
| Electronics and Communication Engineering
| 4 years
| 66
| 6
|-
| Electrical and Electronics Engineering
| 4 years
| 66
| 6
|-
| Information Technology
| 4 years
| 66
| 6
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Minor In Engineering (''As per KTU-2019 scheme)''<ref>{{Cite web|title=KTU-IT Curriculum-Page 16|url=https://www.ktu.edu.in/data/INFORMATION%20TECHNOLOGY(curclm).pdf?=3BvWfvmJfxL2lbn1qijLMhaXUwgJubMTpvG1fLqiGRRs9cVO3SirrS8TeXiyuy%2BU}}</ref>
!Department offering
Minor
!Basket
!Required Credits
!Eligibility
!Title Of The Degree
|-
|Information Technology
|'''BASKET I-''' WEB AND ANDROID DEVELOPMENT
|20
|Students from other branches of engineering(ECE,ME,CE,EEE).
|B.Tech in '''''Core Department''''' with Minor in '''Information Technology'''
|-
|Information Technology
|'''BASKET II''' -COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
|20
|Students from other branches of engineering(ECE,ME,CE,EEE).
|B.Tech in '''''Core Department''''' with Minor in '''Information Technology'''
|-
|Information
Technology
|'''BASKET III'''- SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
|20
|Students from other branches of engineering(ECE,ME,CE,EEE).
|B.Tech in '''''Core Department''''' with Minor in '''Information Technology'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+PG Programmes<ref>{{Cite web |title=BartonHill |url=https://www.gecbh.ac.in/mtech.php |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=www.gecbh.ac.in}}</ref>
!Branch
!Specialization
!Duration
!Annual Intake
|-
| rowspan="2" |Information technology
|[[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] & [[Data science|Data Science]]
|2 years
|18
|-
|[[Computer Networking|Network Engineering]]
|2 years
|18
|-
|Electronics and Communication
|[[Signal processing|Signal Processing]]
|2 years
|18
|-
| rowspan="2" |Mechanical Engineering
|[[Machine Design]]
|2 years
|18
|-
|Mechatronics
|2 years
|18
|-
| rowspan="2" |Electrical Electronics
|Power System and Control
|2 years
|18
|-
|Power Electronics and Drives
|2 years
|18
|-
|Translational Engineering
|Translational Engineering
|2 years
|18
|}

== Admissions and fees ==
All admissions are based exclusively on merit and arranged through the Centralized Admission Procedure (CAP) of the government of Kerala. All the students need to pay the fees only at the Government rate. Top rank holders of the Common Entrance Examination (CEE) conducted by government of Kerala opt for this college. In 2005, the admissions to the college started at rank number 254 in the Common Entrance Examination.

==Courses and curriculum==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}
GECB, Thiruvananthapuram offers five [[B.Tech.]] courses in the streams of [[mechanical engineering]] (ME), electrical and electronics engineering (EEE), [[information technology]] (IT), [[civil engineering]] (CE) and electronics and communication engineering (ECE), each with an intake of 60 regular students and six lateral entry students per year.

GECB, Thiruvananthapuram offers four [[M.Tech.]] courses in Mechanical Engineering (ME) with specialization in Machine Design, Information Technology (IT) with specialization in Network Engineering, Electronics and Communication (ECE) with specialization in signal processing and electrical and electronics engineering with specialization in power system and control with an annual intake of 18 students per stream.

The college is affiliated to the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] since 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gecbh.ac.in/program_list.html|title=Program list|access-date=8 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816001948/http://www.gecbh.ac.in/program_list.html|archive-date=16 August 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Mechanical Engineering===
[[File:GEC Mech Workshop.JPG|thumb|Mechanical workshop]]

The [[Mechanical Engineering]] block has been completed and houses machinery lab, the ADAM course classes and the main drawing hall.

The department has a workshop that caters to the need of the entire college.

* Mechanical Engineering Laboratory facilities include CNC machines (both lathe and milling machines), Toolmaker's microscope, profile projectors, sine bar and other measuring instruments. PLC programmer and Hydraulic power pack are the new additions in this lab. Programmable Robotic Arm will soon join the list. The Mechanical Engineering Lab of seventh semester is conducted in the lab.
* The Thermal Engineering Laboratory has heat transfer, refrigeration and air conditioning experimental setups. Heat transfer experiments include free convection, forced convection, composite wall, and heat exchanger apparatus. Performance study setup on blowers and multistage compressors are also available. The Thermal engineering lab of seventh semester is conducted in the lab.
* The Strength of Materials Laboratory has a testing machine, spring testing machine, hardness-testing machine and impact test machine. Torsion meter, torsion pendulum and moment of inertia setups are also included. The Civil Engineering lab of third semester is conducted in the lab.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gecbh.ac.in/mech.html|title=MEchanical|access-date=8 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070720021003/http://www.gecbh.ac.in/mech.html|archive-date=20 July 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Apart from the mechanical workshop, the college has a [[Metrology]] Lab and [[Heat]] and Mass Transfer Lab and a high tech [[Computer-aided design|CAD]] Lab . To assist in intra disciplinary studies the institution has an [[Electrical]] Lab. An [[Engines]] lab and [[Hydraulics]] lab has been set up<ref name="Mech Labs">{{cite web|url=http://www.gecbh.ac.in/mech_labs.html|title=Mechanical Labs|access-date=8 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816002741/http://www.gecbh.ac.in/mech_labs.html|archive-date=16 August 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* New lab with Lathe facilities is constructed

===Information Technology===
The four-year engineering degree in [[Information technology|Information Technology]] that is being offered here is considered to be '''equivalent''' to [[Computer science and engineering|Computer Science&Engineering]] degree since both of them share strikingly similar syllabi which is published by [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University|Kerala Technical University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KTU-IT Syllabus|url=https://www.ktu.edu.in/data/INFORMATION%20TECHNOLOGY(curclm).pdf?=3BvWfvmJfxL2lbn1qijLMhaXUwgJubMTpvG1fLqiGRRs9cVO3SirrS8TeXiyuy%2BU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=KTU -CSE Syllabus|url=https://www.ktu.edu.in/data/COMPUTER%20SCIENCE%20AND%20ENGINEERING(curclm).pdf?=ecpoM58u8US5XS10OD6NmEcRVuHSajrrsPZVp7V7QjLZAM6Yni1kABwyLc5O9wlBmELhhSH3L5NOLVAlA3XVDw%3D%3D}}</ref> An engineering degree in Information Technology focuses heavily on [[Discrete mathematics|mathematical foundations of computer science]] and core computer science subjects like [[Data structure|Data Structures]], [[Analysis of algorithms|Algorithm Analysis]], [[Compiler|Compiler Design]], [[Automata theory|Automata Theory]],Computer Architecture, [[Computer network|Computer Networks]],Operating systems etc.Various government orders allow '''B.Tech IT''' graduates to claim equivalency with B.Tech. [[Computer science and engineering|CSE]] degree.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Equivalency Order By Kerala Government|url=https://www.rajagiritech.ac.in/home/IT/G.O.(Rt.)2077_2015_H.Edn.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Government-Equivalency Order|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/go/hedu_e_270_2019.PDF}}</ref>

The department offers two post graduate programs : M.Tech in [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] & [[Data science|Data Science]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BartonHill |url=https://www.gecbh.ac.in/mtech.php |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=www.gecbh.ac.in}}</ref> and M.Tech in Network Engineering.

The Information Technology Dept has lab facilities that gives students opportunity to work on technologies like [[cluster computing]], [[artificial intelligence]], and [[multimedia]] processing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infrastructure |url=http://www.gecbh.ac.in/infrastructure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070720020804/http://www.gecbh.ac.in/infrastructure.html |archive-date=20 July 2007 |access-date=8 March 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The department has six lab rooms and a central server room. The department has the software and hardware infrastructure for the conduct of all the eight laboratory/practical subjects in the curriculum. Each laboratory room has networked printers over Ethernet LAN. Although the emphasis is on the use of Linux and open source software, other popular proprietary software platforms are also supported. In addition, the department provides technical support for the functioning of the campus-wide network in the college. A 1 Gbit/s internet connection is provided to the campus via a proxy server. The department is one of the nodal centers for the facilitation of the Centralized Allotment Process (cap) for admission to professional courses.

* The Server Room has five server machines with SCSI/SATAa drives, Raid-5 capability, CD towers, routers, hubs and cable modem, housed within a central rack. Different servers are set apart for managing various activities. The OS platforms provided are Enterprise Linux, Windows Server and Solaris. A software-testing Laboratory with HP Functional Testing software has been set up under the MODROBS project of AICTE.
*Programming Laboratory has 68 dual boot desktops with internet connectivity.
*Web Application Laboratory has 72 Windows based desktops with internet connectivity. This lab is also used for conducting online examinations of various government and non government organizations.
* The Internet Laboratory runs on thin-client machines running under Enterprise Linux as well as desktops running under Windows. 36 terminals are provided for Internet connectivity and running software labs in the curriculum.
* The Network Laboratory has eight cisco routers, switches, high speed modems and 36 dual-boot desktop machines. A wireless LAN laboratory with wireless access points/routers, wireless site survey kit and other equipment set up under the MODROBS project of AICTE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gecbh.ac.in/it/it_labs.html|title=IT Labs|access-date=8 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816003019/http://www.gecbh.ac.in/it/it_labs.html|archive-date=16 August 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The construction of a centralized internet facility and Multimedia Lab for 150 students is being conducted under the department.[[File:Cad lab.JPG|thumb|CADD lab(Old)]]
[[File:GEC Library.JPG|thumb|Old Library]]
The students of the department, of behalf of the Computer Society of India student branch GEC Barton Hill, conduct an intercollegiate technical competition named "Inceptra" in memory of the late Prof. Krishnankutty.

===Electrical and Electronics Engineering===
The Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Government Engineering College, Bartonhill, was established in the academic year 2007, offering a four-year B.Tech. course in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. All the students are allotted from among the top-ranked students of Kerala Engineering Entrance Examination The department is planning to start a new M-Tech course in Advanced Power System and Control in the academic year 2012–13 . The first batch of students have already graduated in 2011 and more than 75 percent of the students were placed in national and international companies through the campus placement drive of the Career Guidance and Placement Cell of the college. Students from the department got selection for PG programmes in Indian Institute of Technologies and top ranked foreign universities.

Efforts are made to arrange lecturers in advanced areas of Electrical and Electronics Engineering by professors from IIT and IISc.

The laboratories in the department include Electrical Machines Lab, Electronic Circuits Lab, Measurements & Instrumentation Lab, Digital Circuits Lab, Microprocessor Lab and Electrical Workshop.

===Electronics and Communication Engineering===
The Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering has linkages with industry and scientific research organisations. Faculty and students engage themselves in technical conferences and have presented papers in journals and at conferences.

The facilities include Electronics Devices Lab, Analog Integrated Circuits Lab, Communication Engineering Lab, [[Microcontroller]] Lab, Communication Systems Lab, Digital Signal Processing Lab, Computer lab, Microwave and Optical Lab.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gecbh.ac.in/newgecbh/departments/electronics-and-communication-engg/|title=Electronics & Communication Engineering|access-date=29 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913073123/http://www.gecbh.ac.in/newgecbh/departments/electronics-and-communication-engg/|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Civil Engineering===
Civil engineers are problem solvers, meeting the challenges{{buzzword|date=December 2022}} of pollution, traffic congestion, drinking water and energy needs, urban redevelopment and community planning. engineers.

The Department of Civil Engineering was established in 2012 in the Government Engineering College, Barton Hill, with an annual intake of 60 students. The students are selected from the rank list of Kerala Engineering Entrance Examination conducted by the Office of the Commissioner for Entrance Examinations, government of Kerala. Visiting faculty programmes, invited talks by academicians, training programmes and quiz programmes are organised. A Civil Engineering Association enables the students to showcase their talents.

The department has labs such as:
* Strength of Materials Lab:
The machinery of the lab includes universal testing Machine, impact testing machine, Brinell Hardness Tester 3000kgf, Rockwell cum Brinell Hardness tester 187.5 kgf, spring testing machine, torsion pendulum, flywheel, torsion testing machine, and deflection beam apparatus.
* Survey Lab:
The survey lab has a collection of transit theodolites, electronic theodolite, dumpy levels, engineering chains, measuring tapes, plane table, prismatic compass, total station, planimeter, and subtense bar 2m.
* Concrete Lab:
Tests on cement, fine and course aggregates, fresh and hardened concrete etc. can be conducted in this lab.
Environmental Engineering Lab
Transportation Engineering Lab

== Placement statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Placement Statistics of the year 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=GEC Barton Hill |url=http://www.gecbh.ac.in/placement |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.gecbh.ac.in}}</ref>
!Course
!Department
!Number of offers
|-
|B.Tech
|[[Information technology|Information Technology]]
|'''143'''
|-
|B.Tech
|Electronics & Communication Engineering
|130
|-
|B.Tech
|Electrical & Electronics Engineering
|80
|-
|B.Tech
|Mechanical Engineering
|49
|-
|B.Tech
|Civil Engineering
|18
|-
|M.Tech*
|All departments together
|30
|}

== Minor In Engineering ==
This is credential is being issued as per the 2019 scheme of [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University|KTU]] and 2015 scheme students of [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University|KTU]] did not have an option to do minor in other branches of engineering. This custom of minor in engineering is adapted from IIT/NIT curriculum.

== Mercedes-Benz India ADAM Course ==
Advanced Diploma in Automotive Mechatronics is a program initiated by [[Mercedes-Benz India]] in collaboration with Government Institutions across India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carwale.com/news/mercedes-benz-introduces-a-mechatronics-diploma-course-for-engineering-students/|title=Mercedes-Benz introduces a Mechatronics Diploma course for engineering students|website=CarWale|date=31 January 2014 |access-date=2018-07-27}}</ref> Candidates who have a Degree/Diploma in Mechanical Engineering / Automobile Engineering / Electrical & Electronics Engineering / Electronics & Communication Engineering / Mechatronics / Applied Electronics and equivalent disciplines. Final year B.Tech. students with 6.5 CGPA till seventh semester and without live back papers are also eligible. Admission to the course is through entrance test conducted at the college. The entrance test covers theory as well as practice.<ref>{{Citation|last=asianetnews|title=Mercedes-Benz Donates C-Class Sedan to Barton Hill Engineering College|date=2016-11-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSjNOWuQdlw|access-date=2018-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gecbh.ac.in/newgecbh/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ADAM-prospectus18-new.pdf|title=ADVANCED DIPLOMA IN AUTOMOTIVE MECHATRONICS (ADAM): Prospectus for Admission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173443/http://www.gecbh.ac.in/newgecbh/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ADAM-prospectus18-new.pdf|archive-date=2018-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Faculty==
The faculty members are drawn from the pool of Professors, Assistant Professors and Lecturers under the Department of Technical Education. It is the same pool which provides the faculty to all the nine Government Engineering Colleges in the state. The 50-strong faculty team of the college consists of 7 PhD holders and 28 PG degree holders. The faculty-to-student ratio in GEC Barton Hill is 1:15, which is better than the All India Council for Technical Education ([[AICTE]]) stipulations.

==Parent Teacher Association==
The Parent Teacher Association (PTA) of the college is concerned with the functioning and development of the college. The PTA provides amenities to the students including the canteen and internet connectivity, and training programs to develop the soft skills of the students. The PTA gives scholarships to financially deprived students and awards to proficient students. A recent contribution of the PTA to the college is a new building with two classrooms.

==Notable alumni==
* Haritha V. Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]. She is the first woman from [[Kerala]] to secure All India Rank 1 in the UPSC [[Civil Services Examination]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Varsha |title=Meet first woman IAS topper from Kerala who appeared for UPSC not once but four times; did IRS training but finally cleared IAS with AIR 1, she is... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-meet-first-woman-ias-topper-from-kerala-who-appeared-for-upsc-not-once-but-four-times-did-irs-training-but-finally-cleared-ias-with-air-1-she-is-3143002 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== University results ==

* '''2018-2022 Batch Result:''' The college ranks third among all the engineering colleges in Kerala in pass percentage as published by KTU.
* According to [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] results of third and fifth semester, 2017 the college has secured second position among 12 [[List of engineering colleges in Kerala|government/aided]] engineering colleges and fourth position among all 146 [[engineering]] colleges of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jecc.ac.in/kturesultanalysis/overall_analysis/|title=KTU B.Tech Result Analyser – Powered by Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur|website=jecc.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2018-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725014600/http://jecc.ac.in/kturesultanalysis/overall_analysis/|archive-date=25 July 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Library==
The central library of the college houses 8000 books and periodicals including international journals and magazines. The process of fully computerizing the library, undertaken as a joint venture by the library and the IT department of the college using only free software has been completed. The campus has a subscription to online journals from [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] ([[ASME]]) and [[IEEE]].

The students of the college can also make use of other libraries in the city such as the University Library, the Public Library and the [[British Council]] Library, all of which are a walking distance within a radius of 2 km from the campus.

==Connectivity==
Three 100 MBPS broadband connect the campus to the web.10 Gbit/s optical fibre network connects the entire campus. Students and faculty are provided access to the Internet through a protected WiFi network. The college hosts a terminal of the [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]] educational communications satellite.

==Student activities==
The democratically elected college union spearheads academic, cultural and sports activities of the students in the campus. Aagneya the intercollegiate Techno-cultural festival of the college started in 2008. There is a college arts festival and an annual college magazine. Apart from the college union, all the departments have a students association which organizes academic events pertaining to their branch.

There is a student chapter of the [[IEEE]] and [[ASME]] in the college, which organizes technical seminars and related activities. The college has a team of students working to promote the use of [[free software]] among academia. They, along with the Society for Promotion of Alternative Computing and Employment (SPACE), have released a custom [[Linux distribution]] named FreeElectron, which provides (along with an operating system) software tools required in the ECE curriculum.

The college is a member of the Technology Incubation Centre of the government of [[Kerala]], which conducts [[Entrepreneurship]] Development Programmes and assists the students in starting their own enterprises.

The college has clubs and forums for promoting student interaction which includes a quiz club and a unit of the National Service Scheme(NSS). The quiz team has represented the college in and outside the state.

The [[Physical Education]] Department students can use the facilities of the Department of [[Physical Education]], [[University of Kerala]] and their stadium which is a kilometer from the campus. Arrangements have been made to practice [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]], [[Association football|football]], [[volleyball]] and weight training equipments there. Students can practice [[basketball]] and handball at the Central stadium and [[ball badminton]], and shuttle badminton and [[table tennis]] at Jimmy George stadium, which is about two kilometers from the campus. The construction of two badminton courts is progressing on the campus.

The basketball, football and cricket teams of the college have taken part in numerous competitions across the state and in inter-collegiate events organised by the university and won prizes.[[File:Aagneya08.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|Aagneya 2008]]

=== Aagneya ===
[[File:Aagneya GECB Logo.png|Aagneya logo|left|109x109px|frameless]]
Aagneya<ref>{{Cite web|title = Aagneya '15|url = http://www.aagneya.in|website = www.aagneya.in|access-date = 2015-05-14|first = Aagneya|last = GECB|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150421030936/http://www.aagneya.in/|archive-date = 21 April 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> is an annual three-day festival held by the students of the college. It began in 2008, when the batch began a festival that would allow people of talents from all over the country to meet and partake in competition. Aagneya consists of cultural activities involving dance, music, art, literary and quizzing activities, as well as performances from professional artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.newindpress.com/NE/NE/2010/10/11/ArticleHtmls/11_10_2010_462_003.shtml?Mode=1|title=CULFESTS OF THE YEAR|date=11 October 2010|access-date=11 October 2010}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Aagneya means "[[Agneya|Child of the Fire God]]" in Sanskrit. It celebrated its tenth edition on 2017.

As a part of Aagneya, a two-day camp called 'vaibhav' is held, aiming the specially abled people.
[[File:ASME GECBH Logo.jpg|alt=ASME GECBH Logo|thumb|ASME GECBH Logo]]

==Alumni==
The college has a dynamic alumni association which involves actively on development and welfare of the college.

==See also==
[[List of colleges in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Government Engineering College, Trivandrum}}

{{Education in Kerala}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1999]]

Frederick Sykes

2026-05-04T00:25:19Z

MarcellaGunter0: new

{{Short description|British military officer and politician (1877–1954)}}
{{for-multi|the American college president (1863–1917)|Frederick Henry Sykes|the English organist and composer|Frederick William Sykes|fictional Deputy US Marshal|The Fugitive (1993 film)#Cast}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Vice-Marshal]]
| name = Sir Frederick Sykes
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCSI|GCIE|GBE|KCB|CMG}}
| image = Maj Gen Frederick Sykes.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Major General Frederick Sykes c. 1918
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1877|07|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Addiscombe]], [[Surrey]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1954|09|30|1877|07|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| burial_place =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]] (1899–1918) [[Royal Air Force]] (1918–1919)
| service_years = 1899–1919
| rank = [[Air vice-marshal]]
| service_number =
| unit =
| commands = [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (1918–1919) [[RNAS Eastern Mediterranean]] (1915–1916) Military Wing of the [[Royal Flying Corps]] (1912–1914)
| battles = [[Second Boer War]] [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (2) [[Order of Saint Vladimir|Order of Saint Vladimir, 4th Class]] (Russia) [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Commander of the Order of Leopold]] (Belgium) [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] (United States) [[Commander of the Legion of Honour]] (France) [[Order of the Rising Sun|Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd Class]] (Japan)
| relations =
| other_work = Statesman, politician
}}
'''Sir Frederick Hugh Sykes''' (23 July 1877 – 30 September 1954) was a British military officer and politician.

Sykes was a junior officer in the [[15th The King's Hussars|15th Hussars]] before becoming interested in military aviation. He was the first Officer Commanding the Military Wing of the [[Royal Flying Corps]] before the First World War, and later served as the Flying Corps' Chief of Staff in France in 1914 and 1915. Later in the war, he served in the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] in the Eastern Mediterranean before returning to Great Britain where he worked to organise the [[Machine Gun Corps]] and manpower planning. In late 1917 and early 1918, Sykes was the deputy to [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet|General Wilson]] on the [[Supreme War Council]] and from April 1918 to early 1919 he served as the second [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]].

After the war, Sykes was appointed the Controller of Civil Aviation and he continued in this role until 1922 when he entered politics, becoming the Conservative MP for [[Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)|Sheffield Hallam]], which he held until 1928 when he resigned. From 1928 to 1931 he was [[Governor of Bombay]], after which time he returned to Great Britain where he involved himself in business and public life. During the [[Second World War]], Sykes was an MP once more, this time for [[Nottingham Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Central Nottingham]]. He lost his seat in 1945 and he died nine years later.

==Military career==
Sykes was the son of Henry Sykes and Margaret Sykes (née Sykes), and nephew of the artist [[Godfrey Sykes]].<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36393 |title=Sir Frederick Sykes |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36393 |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> Following civilian employment as a clerk and after working on a tea plantation in [[Ceylon]],<ref name=odnb/> Sykes enlisted as a trooper in the [[Imperial Yeomanry]] Scouts regiment of the [[British Army]] at the start of the [[Second Boer War]].<ref name=air>{{cite web|url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Sykes.htm |publisher=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation |title= Air Vice Marshal Sir Frederick Sykes|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> Following capture, Sykes was forcibly marched across South Africa but was later abandoned and returned to the British forces.<ref name=odnb/> In 1900 he was commissioned into [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts']] Bodyguard but suffered a serious wound to the chest which resulted in his being invalided back to Great Britain.<ref name=odnb/> On 2 October 1901 he was granted a regular commission as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[15th The King's Hussars|15th Hussars]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27360|page=6397|date=1 October 1901}}</ref> He was posted to the West African Regiment and granted the local rank of [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 7 March 1903.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27537|page=1985|date=24 March 1903}}</ref> He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant on 29 July 1903.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27595|page=5598|date=8 September 1903}}</ref>

In 1904, Sykes's interest in aviation was first demonstrated when he obtained a [[Hot-air balloon|ballooning]] certificate whilst being attached to the Balloon Section of the [[Royal Engineers]].<ref name=odnb/> He was restored to the establishment of the 15th Hussars on 22 September 1904.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27745|page=8720|date=20 December 1904}}</ref> He joined the Intelligence Staff at [[Shimla|Simla]] in [[India]] in 1905 before attending [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Staff College, Quetta]] in autumn 1908.<ref name=air/> He was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 1 October 1908.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28193|page=8028|date=6 November 1908}}</ref> In 1910 Sykes commenced flying lessons at [[Brooklands]] which led to him being awarded [[Royal Aero Club]] [[List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Royal Aero Club in 1911|certificate No. 96]] in June 1911.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1911/1911%20-%200567.html|title=Aviators' Certificates|year=1911|publisher=Flight International|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> On 25 February 1911 Sykes was posted as a staff officer to the Directorate of Military Operations at the [[War Office]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28471|page=1636|date=3 March 1911}}</ref> As a firm believer in the importance of wartime aerial reconnaissance, he was chosen to join the sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence which was given the task of investigating the use of aircraft.<ref name=prob5>Probert, p. 5</ref>

[[File:First flying and administrative officers of the Royal Flying Corps RAE-O790.jpg|thumb|left|Sykes in 1913 with fellow officers]]
On 13 May 1912 Sykes was appointed Officer Commanding the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps with the temporary rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28609|page=3583|date=17 May 1912}}</ref> His duties included the recruitment and training of pilots.<ref name=prob5/> While in command, Sykes solicited suggestions for a new motto for the Corps: Sykes approved J. S. Yule's suggestion, ''[[Per ardua ad astra|Per Ardua ad Astra]]'', and it was this phrase which was subsequently adopted by the [[Royal Air Force]] as its motto.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newenglishreview.org/print.cfm?pg=custpage&frm=50757&sec_id=104546|title=Per Ardua ad Astra|date=January 2012|magazine=New English Review|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> On 9 July 1913 his role was restyled as Commandant of the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps and he was granted the temporary rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-colonel]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28735|page=4870|date=8 July 1913}}</ref>

With the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]], Royal Flying Corps squadrons were deployed to France in August 1914.<ref name=prob5/> Although the configuration and effectiveness of the deployed forces owed much to Sykes, as a middle-ranking officer he lacked the seniority thought necessary for command in the field.<ref name=prob5/> [[David Henderson (British Army officer)|General Henderson]] became the [[general officer commanding]] the Royal Flying Corps in the Field and Sykes acted as his [[Chief of staff (military)|chief of staff]] from 5 August 1914.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28879|page=6685|date=25 August 1914}}</ref> On 22 November 1914, Henderson was appointed General Officer Commanding the [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|1st Division]]<ref name=odnb/> and Sykes took up command of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30359|page=11252|date=30 October 1917 |supp=y }}</ref> However, Sykes did not spend long in command. The decision to post Henderson and replace him with Sykes was not to [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener's]] liking and he ordered a reversal of the posting. On 21 December 1914, Henderson resumed command of the Royal Flying Corps in the Field and Sykes was granted the temporary rank of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] and once again made his chief of staff.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29054|page=990|date=29 January 1915 |supp=y }}</ref> He was promoted to the [[Brevet (military)|brevet rank]] of lieutenant colonel on 18 February 1915.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29074|page=1687|date=16 February 1915 |supp=y }}</ref> With the rapid expansion of the corps, there was a growing debate between those who believed that the corps should remain under central control and those who hoped that its units could be placed under the control of the corps or divisional commanders.<ref name=prob5/> Unsurprisingly as chief of staff, Sykes took the former view and following increasing arguments, Sykes was posted on 26 May 1915 being placed at the disposal of the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]].<ref name=air/>

Sykes visited the [[Dardanelles]] to investigate the confused air situation and after writing a report he was appointed as the Officer Commanding the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] Eastern Mediterranean Station on 24 July 1915<ref name=air/> with the rank of [[Royal Navy officer rank insignia#Royal Marines|colonel second commandant]] in the [[Royal Marines]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29304|pages=9323-9324|date=21 September 1915}}</ref> as well as the rank of Wing Captain in the [[Royal Naval Air Service]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29304|page=9324|date=21 September 1915}}</ref> This made Sykes the air commander for the [[Gallipoli campaign]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rafmuseum-1.titaninternet.co.uk/milestones-of-flight/british_military/1915_2.cfm|title=Milestones of Flight: British Military Aviation in 1915|publisher=RAF Museum|access-date=5 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505084439/http://rafmuseum-1.titaninternet.co.uk/milestones-of-flight/british_military/1915_2.cfm|archive-date=5 May 2013}}</ref> During this time he acted on the recommendations of his report, building up air forces that sunk several Turkish ships. He was honoured as [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 14 March 1916<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29507|page=2869|date=14 March 1916 |supp=y }}</ref> and [[mentioned in despatches]] on 16 March 1916.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29507|page=2867|date=14 March 1916 |supp=y }}</ref>

Sykes was made assistant adjutant and quartermaster-general of the [[4th Mounted Division]] in March 1916<ref name=air/> and, having been awarded the Russian [[Order of St Vladimir|Order of St Vladimir, 4th Class]] on 12 April 1916,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29547|page=3915|date=14 April 1916}}</ref> he was appointed assistant adjutant-general at the [[War Office]] with responsibility for organising the [[Machine Gun Corps]] and manpower planning on 9 June 1916.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29699|page=7860|date=8 August 1916 |supp=y }}</ref> He was made Deputy Director of Organisation at the War Office and granted the temporary rank of [[brigadier general]] on 8 February 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30087|page=5037|date=22 May 1917 |supp=y }}</ref> On 27 November 1917 he became Deputy Adjutant and Quartermaster-General at the War Office<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30528|page=2130|date=15 February 1918 |supp=y }}</ref> in which role he served on the British section of the [[Supreme War Council|Allied War Council]] in the [[Palace of Versailles]] under General [[Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet|Sir Henry Wilson]].<ref name=air/>

Sykes's military career culminated in his appointment as [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] on 13 April 1918<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=30640|page=4743|date=19 April 1918}}</ref> and, in that role, he did much to establish the new service.<ref name=odnb/> He was promoted to brevet colonel in June 1918.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30721|page=6515|date=31 May 1918|supp=y}}</ref> However, in January 1919, two months after the war ended, [[Winston Churchill]] was appointed [[Secretary of State for War]] and [[Secretary of State for Air]]. While Churchill was preoccupied with implementing post-War defence cuts and the demobilization of the Army, Sykes submitted a paper with what were at the time unrealistic proposals for a large air force of the future.<ref>Ash, pp. 175–177</ref> Being dissatisfied with Sykes's performance, Churchill decided to reinstate [[Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard|Sir Hugh Trenchard]], the previous Chief of the Air Staff.<ref>Boyle, pp. 325–328</ref> Accordingly, on 1 January 1919 Sykes was appointed a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31098|page=91|date=31 December 1918 |supp=y }}</ref> and allowed to take early retirement with the rank of [[Major general (United Kingdom)|major general]] with effect from 31 March 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31348|page=6249|date=20 May 1919}}</ref>

Sykes was appointed a Commander of the Belgian [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] on 15 July 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31457|page=8987|date=11 July 1919 |supp=y }}</ref> and awarded the American [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] on the same date.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31457|page=8986|date=11 July 1919 |supp=y }}</ref> He was also granted the rank of [[air vice marshal]] when the RAF introduced its own rank structure on 1 August 1919, appointed a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] on 26 August 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31522|page=10753|date=26 August 1919}}</ref> and appointed an officer of the French [[Legion of Honour]] on 18 November 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31519|page=10724|date=22 August 1919}}</ref>
[[File:British Air Section at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.jpg|thumb|right|The British Air Section at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919]]

From 1919 to 1922, Sykes was the Controller of Civil Aviation.<ref name=air/> He was awarded the Japanese [[Order of the Rising Sun|Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd Class]] on 4 January 1921<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32180|page=62|date=4 January 1921}}</ref> and in 1922 he published ''Aviation in War and Peace'', a history of aviation in three chapters which covered pre-War flight, aviation during World War I and both military and civil aviation in peace time.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Aviation-Peace-War-ebook/dp/B0082X9VYI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1344380349&sr=8-1|title=Aviation in War and Peace|publisher=Amazon Books|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Frederick Sykes.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Sir Frederick Sykes circa 1940]]
Sykes entered political life at the [[1922 United Kingdom general election|general election]] in November 1922 when he was elected the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)|Sheffield Hallam]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32775|page=8709|date=8 December 1922}}</ref> Sykes retained the seat at the [[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923 election]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32897|page=365|date=11 January 1924}}</ref> and the [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924 election]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32996|page=8531|date=25 November 1924}}</ref> He [[Resignation from the British House of Commons|resigned]] the seat on 26 June 1928<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33405|page=4897|date=20 June 1928}}</ref> to become [[Governor of Bombay]] on 17 October 1928.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33433|page=6856|date=26 October 1928}}</ref> He was appointed a [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] on 3 November 1928<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33436|page=7205|date=6 November 1928}}</ref> and a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] on 20 November 1928<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33440|page=7549|date=20 November 1928}}</ref> and served in Bombay until 8 November 1933.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33995|page=7375|date=14 November 1933}}</ref>

Sykes returned to Great Britain in 1933 and for the next six years he held various directorships and official committee posts including with the Miners' Welfare Commission and the [[British Sailors' Society]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ash|first1=Eric|title=Sir Frederick Sykes and the Air Revolution 1912–1918|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136315237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPZ2Z_dWuVIC&pg=PT263|access-date=31 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> He was appointed a [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] on 2 February 1934<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34020|page=749|date=2 February 1934}}</ref> and a [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Knight of Justice of the Order of St John]] on 19 June 1936.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34297|page=4013|date=23 June 1936}}</ref>

With the outbreak of war in 1939 Sykes offered his services to the British Government but he was not required, and so he stood for Parliament once more. After the death in May 1940 of [[Terence O'Connor]], the [[Solicitor General for England and Wales|Solicitor General]] and MP for [[Nottingham Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottingham Central]], Sykes was returned unopposed in [[1940 Nottingham Central by-election|the resulting by-election]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34903|page=4529|date=23 July 1940}}</ref> He sat as Nottingham Central MP until defeated at the [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945 general election]].<ref name="air" />

==Personal life==
In 1920 Sykes married Isabel Harrington Law, the elder daughter of [[Bonar Law]], the Conservative Party leader who two years later became prime minister. Frederick and Isabel Sykes had one son, [[Bonar Hugh Charles Sykes|Bonar Sykes]].<ref name="odnb" />

Sykes bought the 18th-century [[Conock Manor]], near Devizes in Wiltshire, in 1945 and the associated Manor Farm in 1948.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |author-last1=Baggs |author-first1=A. P. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol10/pp60-71 |title=A History of the County of Wiltshire, Volume 10 |author-last2=Crowley |author-first2=D. A. |author-last3=Pugh |author-first3=Ralph B. |author-last4=Stevenson |author-first4=Janet H. |author-last5=Tomlinson |author-first5=Margaret |date=1975 |publisher=University of London |editor-last=Crittall |editor-first=Elizabeth |series=[[Victoria County History]] |pages=60–71 |chapter=Parishes: Chirton |access-date=9 May 2022 |via=British History Online}}</ref> [[Robert Blake, Baron Blake|Lord Blake]], who knew Sykes personally, stayed at Conock while writing his biography of Bonar Law.<ref name="Ash_1995" />

Frederick Sykes died at Beaumont Street, London on 30 September 1954,<ref name="odnb" /> and was cremated at [[Golders Green Crematorium]].<ref>{{cite news |date=5 October 1954 |title=Funeral |page=1 |newspaper=The Times |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> [[Geoffrey de Havilland]] wrote to Isabel after the cremation: "I was deeply touched by your husband's wish that I should scatter the ashes over [[Salisbury Plain]]. I will, of course, do so... I always had admiration and affection for your husband and will always remember his kindness and help in the early days at [[Royal Aircraft Establishment#History|Farnborough]]."<ref name="Ash_1995" >{{cite thesis |last=Ash |first=Eric A. |title=Sir Frederick H. Sykes and the Air Revolution: 1912-1918 |type=D.Phil. dissertation |publisher=University of Calgary, Alberta |date=1995 |pages=1, 20 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA300896.pdf}}</ref> Isabel died in 1969.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Ash|first= Eric |year=1999|title=Sir Frederick Sykes and the air revolution, 1912–1918|publisher=Frank Cass| isbn= 0-7146-4828-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Boyle |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Boyle (journalist) |title=Trenchard Man of Vision |year=1962 |publisher=[[HarperCollins|Collins]] |location=St James's Place, London|asin=B0000CLC2N |ref=Boyle62}}
*{{cite book|last=Probert|first= Henry|title=High Commanders of the Royal Air Force|publisher=HMSO|year= 1991|isbn= 0-11-772635-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Frederick|title=Many Angles: an autobiography|publisher=Harrap, London|year=1942|asin=B000ZFPGE0}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Frederick Sykes}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | sir-frederick-sykes | Sir Frederick Sykes }}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=31178}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Frederick Hugh Sykes |sopt=t}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir Alexander Bannerman, 11th Baronet|Sir Alexander Bannerman]] As Commandant of the [[Air Battalion Royal Engineers|Air Battalion]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding the Military Wing of the [[Royal Flying Corps]]|years=13 May 1912 – 5 August 1914}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard|Hugh Trenchard]]}}
|-
{{s-new|reason=Outbreak of war}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chief of Staff, [[Royal Flying Corps]] in the Field|years=5 August – 22 November 1914}}
{{s-vac|next=Himself}}
|-
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{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding the [[Royal Flying Corps]] in the Field|years=22 November 1914 – 20 December 1914}}
{{s-aft|after=Sir David Henderson}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=Himself}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chief of Staff, [[Royal Flying Corps]] in the Field|years=20 December 1914 – 26 May 1915}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Brooke-Popham]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Rumney Samson|Charles Samson]] As Officer Commanding No. 3 Wing RNAS}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding [[RNAS Eastern Mediterranean]]|years=July 1915 – February 1916}}
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|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard|Sir Hugh Trenchard]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]]|years=1918–1919}}
{{s-aft|after=Sir Hugh Trenchard}}
|-
{{s-gov}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=Controller of Civil Aviation|years=1919–1922}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sefton Brancker|Sir Sefton Brancker]] As Director}}
|-
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Douglas Vickers]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)|Sheffield Hallam]]|years=[[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]]–[[1928 Sheffield Hallam by-election|1928]]}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Louis Smith (British politician)|Sir Louis Smith]]}}
|-
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|years=[[1940 Nottingham Central by-election|1940]]–[[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945]]}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Geoffrey de Freitas]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Leslie Orme Wilson|Sir Leslie Orme Wilson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Governor of Bombay]] | years = 1928–1931 }}
{{s-aft|after = [[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne|The Lord Brabourne]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief of the Air Staff}}
{{RAF generals}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sykes, Frederick}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Addiscombe]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights of Justice of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:Imperial Yeomanry soldiers]]
[[Category:Royal Flying Corps officers]]
[[Category:15th The King's Hussars officers]]
[[Category:British Army cavalry generals of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force generals of World War I]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force air vice-marshals]]
[[Category:Military theorists]]
[[Category:Politics of Sheffield]]
[[Category:Politics of Nottingham]]
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1922–1923]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1923–1924]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1924–1929]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1935–1945]]
[[Category:Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)]]
[[Category:Military personnel from the London Borough of Croydon]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Command and Staff College Quetta]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]

Kodiyampalayam

2026-05-01T14:54:59Z

MarcellaGunter0: New a entry w/ sources

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kodiyampalayam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| image_skyline = Kodiyampalayam.jpg
| image_caption = Kodiyampalayam beach
| map_caption = Kodiyampalayam
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|11.38|N|79.81|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Tamil_Nadu_Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sirkazhi taluk|Sirkazhi]]
| subdivision_type4 = Town Panchayath
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kollidam, Mayiladuthurai|Kollidam]]
| area_total_km2 = 1.2
| elevation_m = 6
}}
{{Short description|Island with Mangrove forests, located in Mayiladuthurai district}}
{{Distinguish|Kondayampalayam|Kangayampalayam|text=|selfref=village in [[Erode district]], and town in [[Coimbatore district]]}}

'''Kodiyampalayam''' ({{IPA|ta|koɖijampaːʎajam|lang}}, [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{IAST|Koṭiyam-pāḷaiyam}}), is a [[Island|continental island]] surrounded by [[Mangrove forest|Mangrove forests]], located in [[Mayiladuthurai district]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The island situated at the mouth of [[Kollidam River|Kollidam river]], a northern [[distributary]] of the [[Kaveri River|Cauvery River]]. The island is located between the Kollidam river and [[Bay of Bengal]].

Kodiyampalayam is part of the [[Kollidam block]]. It falls under the [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi Legislative Assembly constituency]] and the [[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai parliamentary constituency]].

== Geography ==
The island is located {{Convert|37|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from its district headquarters, [[Mayiladuthurai]], {{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from [[Kollidam block|Kollidam]], {{Convert|20|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from [[Chidambaram]], {{Convert|16|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from [[Pichavaram]], and {{Convert|225|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from the state capital, [[Chennai]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=Kodiyampalayam beach in Mayiladuthurai to be developed as a tourist destination |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/kodiyampalayam-beach-in-mayiladuthurai-to-be-developed-as-a-tourist-destination/article69294257.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309034841/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/kodiyampalayam-beach-in-mayiladuthurai-to-be-developed-as-a-tourist-destination/article69294257.ece |archive-date=2025-03-09 |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Skill {{!}} PDF {{!}} Sea {{!}} Knowledge |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/871082751/1-skill |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>

The nearest railway station is [[Chidambaram railway station]] {{Convert|16|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from the island, and the nearest airport is [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]] ([[IATA]]: TRZ) {{Convert|171|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from the island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kodiyampalayam Island Details |url=https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/Island/IslandDetails/INTN003 |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=Dive into Indian Islands}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]], Kodiyampalayam has approximately 2,000 peoples, most of whom are engaged in fishing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census India 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3317_PART_B_DCHB_NAGAPATTINAM.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206005504/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3317_PART_B_DCHB_NAGAPATTINAM.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-06 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Antony |date=2020-06-01 |title=Not an easy pass for Nagapattinam residents even with lockdown relaxations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Jun/01/not-an-easy-pass-for-nagapattinam-residents-even-with-lockdown-relaxations-2150567.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Tourist attractions ==

=== Mangrove ===
Kodiyampalayam Island is surrounded by [[Mangrove forest|Mangrove forests]], which extend from [[Pichavaram]] in [[Cuddalore district]] to the islands of Kodiyampalayam in Mayiladuthurai district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Kodiyampalayam fishermen to get landside facility soon |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/09/07/kodiyampalayam-fishermen-to-get-landside-facility-soon |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> The Pichavaram mangrove forest is one of the largest mangrove forests in India covering about {{Convert|1478|ha|km2|abbr=unit}} of area (as of 2022). It is separated from the [[Bay of Bengal]] by a sand bar. The backwaters are interconnected by the [[Vellar River (Northern Tamil Nadu)|Vellar]] and [[Kollidam River|Coleroon]] river systems. The biotope consists of species like [[Avicennia]] and [[Rhizophora]]. It also supports the existence of rare varieties of economically important shells and fishes. The mangroves support unique diversity of flora and fauna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramsar Sites |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/IN2482RIS_2207_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424161142/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/IN2482RIS_2207_en.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref>

Under an initiative of the Government of Tamil Nadu aimed at reducing the impact of [[Cyclone|cyclones]], [[Storm surge|tidal surges]], and [[coastal erosion]], as well as supporting biodiversity and local livelihoods, [[Mangrove|mangroves]] have been planted in the [[Mayiladuthurai district]] along with nine other districts. According to official statistics, more than {{Convert|2900|ha|km2|abbr=unit}} of mangrove forests have been planted or restored from 2021 to 2025 under this programme.<ref>{{Cite news |title=World Mangrove Day: Tamil Nadu's renewed efforts add nearly 3,000 hectares of mangroves in three years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/world-mangrove-day-tamil-nadus-renewed-efforts-add-nearly-3000-hectares-of-mangroves-in-three-years-chennai/article69855738.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726062708/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/world-mangrove-day-tamil-nadus-renewed-efforts-add-nearly-3000-hectares-of-mangroves-in-three-years-chennai/article69855738.ece |archive-date=2025-07-26 |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🌱Mangrove Plantation in Mayiladuthurai🌱 - NEWS |work=Nature Wildlife & Wildlife Scociety |url=https://naturewildlife.org/event/%f0%9f%8c%b1mangrove-plantation-in-mayiladuthurai%f0%9f%8c%b1/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Antony |date=2024-12-28 |title=Can TN's Nagapattinam bear another Tsunami? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Dec/28/can-tns-nagapattinam-bear-another-tsunami |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-19 |title=State mangrove cover doubles in three years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-mangrove-cover-doubles-in-3-years/articleshow/112614257.cms |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu adds over 2,400 hectares of mangrove cover in four years |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu-adds-over-2400-hectares-of-mangrove-cover-in-four-years-3741616 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Beach ===
Kodiyampalayam also has a beach that attracts both locals and tourists. According to records, approximately 40,000 people visited the beach in 2022, 60,000 in 2023, and 75,000 in 2024. on 25 March 2025, following requests from local MLAs, the tourism department prepared a detailed project report for Kodiyampalayam, proposing the construction of a viewing deck, visitor plaza, information desks, restrooms, pathways, lighting, and landscaped gardens to improve facilities and enhance the visitor experience. Tourism Minister R. Rajendran inspected the site, and the project report has been submitted to the government pending funding approval.<ref name="auto"/>

== Fauna ==
Kodiyampalayam, whose mangrove ecosystem forms a continuous part of the Pichavaram wetlands, attracts a variety of local bird species. The mangroves also attract migrant and local birds including [[Snipe|snipes]], [[Cormorant|cormorants]], [[Egret|egrets]], [[Stork|storks]], [[Heron|herons]], [[Spoonbill|spoonbills]] and [[Pelican|pelicans]]. About 177 species of birds belonging to 15 orders and 41 families have been recorded. The high population of birds could be seen from November to January due to the high availability of prey, the coincidence of the time of arrival of true migrants from foreign countries and local migrants from their breeding grounds across India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forestry :: Mangroves |url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forest_mangrove_index.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=agritech.tnau.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pichavaram: Detailed guide to world's second largest mangrove forest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/pichavaram-detailed-guide-to-worlds-second-largest-mangrove-forest/articleshow/110083320.cms |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://x.com/supriyasahuias/status/1902917866565013990 Tamil Nadu is on a Mission to create new Mangrove forests & restore degraded ones.]

{{Tourism in Tamil Nadu}}{{Ramsar sites in India|state=collapsed}}{{Mayiladuthurai district}}{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}

[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Islands of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mangroves]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mayiladuthurai district]]

{{Mayiladuthurai-geo-stub}}

Ranhera

2026-04-29T04:20:55Z

MarcellaGunter0: created new info

{{more citations needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranhera
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nicknames = Nanhera, nanera
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = {{coord|28|11|9.87|N|77|37|31.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type = YEIDA
| governing_body = Development Authority
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 195.74
| population_total = 4,650
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 203155
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05738
| registration_plate = UP- 16
| website = {{URL|www.gbnagar.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
}}

'''Ranhera''' is a village and a ''[[Gram Panchayat]]'' in [[Jewar]] block of [[Gautam Buddha Nagar District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/uttar-pradesh/gautam-buddha-nagar/ranhera.html|title=Pin Code of Ranhera in Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh|last=|first=|date=|website=mapsofindia.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref>

== Community and demographics ==

Ranhera is a village in the Jewar area of [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It lies close to [[Greater Noida]] and, despite ongoing development in nearby areas, the village still follows a largely traditional rural way of life where community and family ties remain important.

The population of Ranhera is mainly made up of '''Chhokar Rajputs''', who are considered part of the [[Jadaun (clan)|Jadaun]]–[[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] lineage. <ref> https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1212/download/3862/DH_2011_0910_PART_A_DCHB_GAUTAM_BUDDHA_NAGAR.pdf</ref> Like many Rajput groups, they connect their identity to the broader [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravanshi (Lunar) Kshatriya]] tradition and maintain a strong sense of ancestry and shared heritage.

According to local accounts, the Chhokar Rajputs trace their origins to '''[[Karauli state|Vijaya Pal of Bayana]]''' , who is came from [[Karauli]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]]. He is said to have established Jewar, which today is a well-known settlement in outskirts of Greater Noida with a strong '''Rajput(Thakur)''' presence and historical links to nearby villages like '''Ranhera'''.<ref> http://jadaun-history.blogspot.com/2021/06/history-of-lunar-race-chhonkarjadon.html</ref> <ref> https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1212/download/3862/DH_2011_0910_PART_A_DCHB_GAUTAM_BUDDHA_NAGAR.pdf</ref>

Families belonging to the [[Jadaun (clan)|Chhokar Rajput]] community are spread across nearly '''60''' villages in the surrounding region, creating a network of closely related settlements. In this area, they live alongside other Rajput communities such as the Bhati, Solanki, and Chauhan Rajputs, all of whom have been part of the region for generations. In the broader district, Rajputs are often seen as a significant voting group, with local estimates suggesting their numbers range between about 4.5 to 5 lakh voters across [[Gautam Buddha Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gautam Buddha Nagar district]], giving them a noticeable presence in local electoral dynamics. <ref> https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/why-netas-are-rushing-to-rajput-villages/amp_articleshow/109445059.cms</ref><ref> https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/lok-sabha/story/rajput-rebellion-continues-to-haunt-bjp-in-west-uttar-pradesh-amid-low-voter-turnout-2530399-2024-04-22</ref><ref> https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/bjp-deploys-teams-in-rajput-villages-to-woo-the-community-101713725632824-amp.html</ref>

The wider Jewar region also has a strong Rajput background. Bhati Rajputs are said to be present in around 360 villages, which is why the area is sometimes informally called “'''Mini Bhatner'''.” [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki Rajputs]] are associated with roughly 144 villages, while [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan Rajputs]] are also found across several parts of the region.<ref> https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1212/download/3862/DH_2011_0910_PART_A_DCHB_GAUTAM_BUDDHA_NAGAR.pdf</ref>

==Location==

Ranhera is located in the suburbs of about 30 km. [[Greater Noida]] about 60 km from [[Noida]] and 66 km from New Delhi and is situated on the northeast bank of the [[Yamuna]] River. It is located between 28.13° North latitude and 77.55° East longitude at a height of 195 metres (639 feet) above mean sea level. Ranhera is situated near yamuna expressway (Noida to Agra) about 7 km far away.(Airport Land)
the land of naga baba. Now move to Faleda Cut.

== Overview ==

History records that the town was named after the sage Sri Nagababa. In the west of Ranhera at a distance of 1 km is an ashram and an old temple of the Sri Nagababa. Other temples in the town is the chawk Mandir and the Shiv mandir. There is a Sarva UP Gramin Bank (PNB) Branch.

Shri Rajaram Hospital provide affordable and competent care to all sections of society "a good patient care & concern with dedication for patient and their family since early nineteenth century". Ranhera village comes under YEIDA (Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority). Its member of the Legislative Assembly is [[Dhirendra Singh|Thakur Dhirendra Singh Bhati]], Ranhera falls under [[Jewar Assembly constituency|Jewar Constituency]].

According to the Indian census report published in 2014, a population of 7800 was recorded. Males account for 52% of the population and females account for 48% of the population. In Ranhera, 22% of the population is less than six years of age. The census report throws light on the [[literacy rate]] of the village which is 79.95% which is higher than the national average literacy rate of 59.5%. The male literacy rate is 86% and the female literacy rate is 66.65%.<ref> https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800745-jewar-uttar-pradesh.html</ref>

It is located in the outskirts of [[Greater Noida]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greaternoida.com/ |title=Greater Noida |publisher=Greater Noida |date= |accessdate=2012-02-04 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520054629/http://www.greaternoida.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> the district headquarters of GB Nagar. It is about {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from Noida, and one can come via Dankaur, Rabupura. An eight-lane [[Yamuna Expressway]] connects Jewar from Greater Noida and Agra. This whole district including Noida/ Greater Noida is said to be one of the most fast developing areas of India, it is about 46 km The [[Buddh International Circuit]] is an Indian motor racing circuit in [[Dankaur]].

Before realignment of Jewar to [[Gautam Budh Nagar]], it was part of [[Bulandshahr]] district of U.P.

==Primary and secondary education==

[[File:School-rickshaw.jpg|thumb|Children in a school-[[Cycle rickshaw|rickshaw]] on their way to school]]

Most schools in the state are affiliated to [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad]] (commonly referred to as U.P board) with English or Hindi as the medium of instruction, while schools affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]](CBSE) English as medium of instruction are also present.

==Culture==
Ranhera is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast [[Indian bureaucracy]] and political status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] and ''[[Gandhi Jayanti]]'' (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in Ranhera and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August) celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.<ref name=freedom>{{cite web|publisher=123independenceday.com|url=http://123independenceday.com/indian/gift_of/freedom/|title=Independence Day|accessdate=4 January 2007|archive-date=16 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516222909/http://123independenceday.com/indian/gift_of/freedom/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Republic Day Parade]].<ref name=repmil>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/01/28/stories/2002012800060800.htm|title=R-Day parade, an anachronism?}}</ref>

Religious festivals include [[Diwali]] (the festival of light), [[Maha Shivaratri]], and Ganesh chaturthi is most festival in village [[Teej]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Holi]], [[Budha baba]], [[Raksha Bandhan]]. ''[[Vasant Panchami]]'' (the Spring Festival) is held every year in Ranhera.

== Connectivity ==

Ranhera is mainly connected to other major sites through roads and rail network. People commute to Delhi by rail from [[Palwal]], [[Khurja]] and Vear. Khurja is around 27 km from Ranhera and Palwal is around 38 km away. Palwal is main Annaj Mandi and farmers go there to sell their crops. Palwal is city of [[Haryana]], Initially part of [[Faridabad]] district but from 2008, Palwal is a separate district. Some state bus also run 2 times a day to Greater Noida District center.

Ranhera is a village with high property value. In the west is [[Haryana]] state. Ranhera of Jewar is a ''[[Tehsil]]'', and well connected to many ''tehsils'' and districts by road namely [[Khurja]], [[Sikandrabad]], [[Bulandshahar|Bulandshahr]], [[Khair]], [[Aligarh]] and [[Palwal]] (District - [[Faridabad]] in [[Haryana]]).)

Bhabokara (2 km), Deorar (3 km), Parohi (3 km), Khwajpur (3 km), Rohi (3 km) are the nearby Villages to Ranhera. Ranhera is surrounded by Tappal Tehsil towards South, Chandaus Tehsil towards East, Hassanpur Tehsil towards South, Khurja Tehsil towards East.

Palwal, Bulandshahr, Sikandrabad, Hodal are the nearby Cities to Ranhera.

This Place is in the border of the Gautam Buddha Nagar District and Aligarh District. Aligarh District Tappal is South towards this place. Also it is in the Border of other district Faridabad. It is near to the Haryana State Border.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gautam Buddha Nagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]

Kitty Shiva Rao

2026-04-26T23:04:45Z

MarcellaGunter0: New the bio first draft...

{{short description|Austrian Montessori teacher and theosophist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kitty Shiva Rao
| image = KittyShivaRao1937.png
| alt = A smiling white woman with dark hair, wearing a printed sari
| caption = Kitty Shiva Rao, from a 1937 publication
| birth_name = Kitty Verständig
| birth_date = 12 December 1903
| birth_place = [[Vienna|Vienna, Austria]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1980|02|09|1903|12|12}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore|Bangalore, India]]
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Montessori education|Montessori teacher]]
| years_active =
| known_for = *Association with the Indian education system and Indian women's movement
*Promoting handicrafts made in India
| notable_works =
| spouse = [[B. Shiva Rao|Benegal Shiva Rao]] (1929-1975)
}}
'''Kitty Shiva Rao''' (12 December 1903 – 9 February 1980) was a [[Montessori education|Montessori teacher]] and [[theosophist]] from Austria who, by [[Independence Day (India)|India's independence]], had led a committee of women to draft an ''Indian Women's Charter of Rights and Duties'' for the new [[constitution of India]]. She studied child education and served on several women's movement and education boards including the [[All India Women's Conference]] (AIWC), [[All India Handicrafts Board]], Indian Council for Child Welfare and [[Delhi University]] Board.

Born into an upper middle-class Jewish family, Shiva Rao spent her early career at the Vienna House of Children. In 1925, she attended the [[Theosophical Society Adyar|Theosophical Society]] at [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], India, and decided to stay and head a Montessori school in [[Varanasi]], before then establishing a Montessori in [[Allahabad]]. In 1929, she married the journalist and Congress politician [[Benegal Shiva Rao]].

In 1947, with [[Fori Nehru]], she helped set up the [[Refugee Handicrafts]] employment campaign in Delhi for refugee women in the camps following the [[partition of India]]. Later, she co-founded a national programme for the development of [[handicrafts]] and [[Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods|handloom products]], and continued to promote Indian made crafts later in her career.

==Early life==
Kitty Verständig was born in 1903 to Abraham Verständig and Jenny Lowy, an upper middle-class Jewish family. She studied [[Montessori education]].<ref name=Horn2018>{{cite book |last1=Horn |first1=Elija |title=New Education, Indophilia and Women's Activism: Indo-German Entanglements, 1920s to 1940s |date=2018 |publisher=Südasien-Chronik |location=Humboldt University of Berlin |isbn=978-3-86004-337-0 |url=https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/de/region/suedasien/publikationen/sachronik/04-focus-horn-elija-new-education-indophilia-and.pdf}}</ref> In her early career she taught at the Vienna House of Children, a Montessori school, and attended the [[Theosophical Society]].<ref name=Horn2018/>

==Career==
===1920s-30s===
In 1925, after attending the 50th anniversary of the [[Theosophical Society Adyar|Theosophical Society]] at [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], [[Chennai]], she decided not to return to Austria, and stayed on to become associated with the Indian education system, beginning with head of a Montessori school in [[Varanasi]].<ref name=Horn2018/> In 1927 she required assistance in establishing a Montessori school in [[Allahabad]] and invited her friend, {{Interlanguage link|Elise Braun Barnettto|de}}.<ref name=Horn2018/> There, both women mingled among the elite [[nehru-Gandhi family|Nehru family]].<ref name=Horn2018/> Herbatschek stayed for two-years and taught [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru's]] daughter [[Indira Gandhi|Indira]], and was assisted by his sister [[Krishna Hutheesing|Krishna]].<ref name=Horn2018/> Verständig married the journalist and Congress politician [[Benegal Shiva Rao]] in 1929 and became Kitty Shiva Rao.<ref name=Horn2018/> Her friends included [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], who had been taught by her husband and theosophists.<ref name=Horn2018/> In 1931, like other new educationists, she travelled to Germany and visited schools such as the [[Odenwaldschule]] of [[Paul Geheeb]], to update on developments in education.<ref name=Horn2018/> After [[Anschluss]], she helped Herbatschek, who had by then married Rudolf Braun, escape to India.<ref name=Horn2018/> Her connections allowed her to assist other Jews fleeing persecution to settle in India.<ref name=Franz2010>{{cite book |last1=Franz |first1=Margit |editor1-last=Krist |editor1-first=Gabriela |editor2-last=Bayerová |editor2-first=Tatjana |title=Heritage Conservation and Research in India: 60 Years of Indo-Austrian Collaboration |date=2010 |publisher=Böhlau Verlag Wien |isbn=978-3-205-78561-3 |page=27 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqDKSZUEi6gC&pg=PA15 |language=German |chapter=Sanskrit to Avantgarde. Indo-österreiche Initiativen zur Dokumentation und Förderung von Kunst und Kultur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Franz |first=Margit |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECzFDAAAQBAJ&q=+0.++63%2F97890043++738_004&pg=PA38 |title=Networks of Refugees from Nazi Germany: Continuities, Reorientations, and Collaborations in Exile |date=2016 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-32272-1 |pages=38–60 |language=en |chapter=2. Netzwerke der Zwischenkriegszeit als Fluchthilfen aus Zentraleuropa nach Britisch-Indien 1933 bis 1945}}</ref>

===1940s-50s===
[[File:Women refugees at the kingsway camp busy in sewing and knitting, September 1947.jpg|thumb|Women at the [[Kingsway Camp]], Delhi, sewing and knitting, September 1947]]
Shiva Rao studied child education in depth and served on several education boards and committees, including the [[Delhi University]] Board and the All-India Education Fund Association.<ref name=Rao1946>{{cite book |last1=Shiva Rao |first1=Kitty |editor1-last=Kumarappa |editor1-first=J. M. |title=Education of women in modern India |date=1946 |page=5 |chapter=2. Child Education}}</ref> She was highly critical of authoritarian types of teaching and believed that the needs of children should be identified and met, along with better laws for women.<ref name=Horn2018/>

Shiva Rao became involved in the Indian women's movement, and joined the [[All India Women's Conference]] (AIWC), taking the lead for the Social and Legislation Section at the conferences in 1941 and 1945, and endorsed their view "that the position of women in any state or society was an indication of the degree of its civilisation."<ref name=Horn2018/> With Shiva Rao as lead, the AIWC was able to have access to the Rau committee, chaired by her brother-in-law and appointed in 1941 by the government to examine issues in Hindu law pertaining to women's inheritance.<ref name="Everett2001">{{cite journal |last1=Everett |first1=Jana |title='All the Women Were Hindu and All the Muslims Were Men': State, Identity Politics and Gender, 1917-1951 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2001 |volume=36 |issue=23 |pages=2071–2080 |jstor=4410720 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410720 |issn=0012-9976|url-access=subscription}}</ref> By 1946, she had become an important member of the AIWC, which made decisions that could be ratified by then new [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] and which revealed contradictions in the proposed [[Hindu code bills]].<ref name="Ansari2019"/><ref name="Panda1994">{{cite book |last1=Panda |first1=Snehalata |title=Gender, Environment and Participation in Politics |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-55-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JB6Zqzl1PQC&pg=PA109 |language=en}}</ref> In creating the Hindu code bills, after agreeing that men and women should have equal rights, the AIWC questioned why a debate was needed on whether a daughter could inherit equally with her brother.<ref name="Ansari2019"/> Shiva Rao was appointed head of a committee to work out what Indian women expected from the new [[constitution of India]].<ref name="Hasan1994">{{cite book |last1=Hasan |first1=Zoya |title=Forging Identities: Gender, Communities, And The State In India |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-367-00938-0 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCmNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78 |language=en}}</ref> By India's independence, she had led women to draft an ''[[Indian Women's Charter of Rights and Duties]]'' for the new constitution.<ref name="Hasan1994"/><ref name="Sharma">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Arvind |title=Today's Woman in World Religions |date=1 January 1994 |publisher=State University of New York Press|location=New York |isbn=0-7914-1687-9 |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQpNKH1oOYC&pg=PA84 |language=en}}</ref> Other members included [[Lakshmi N. Menon]], [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]], [[Renuka Ray]] and [[Hannah Sen]].<ref name="Devenish2021">{{cite book |last1=Devenish |first1=Annie |title=Debating Women's Citizenship in India, 1930–1960 |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-93-88271-94-3 |page=68 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cROEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |language=en |chapter=1. The emergence of the Indian woman as a political citizen}}</ref>

Along with [[Fori Nehru]] and [[Prem Bery]], she helped set up an employment campaign, 'Refugee Handicrafts', for refugee women in the 1947 Delhi camps following partition.<ref name=Sackley2025>{{cite book |last1=Sackley |first1=Nicole |title=The United States and South Asia from the Age of Empire to Decolonization: A History of Entanglements |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-94-006-0442-1 |editor-last=Fischer-Tiné |editor-first=Harald |pages=235–266 |chapter=10 - The Bankura Horse as Development Object : Women’s Work, Indo-American Exchanges, and the Global Handicraft Trade |doi=10.1017/9789400604421 |editor-last2=Slate |editor-first2=Nico |chapter-url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/61212/1/9789087283971.t.pdf#page=235 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802204501/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/61212/1/9789087283971.t.pdf#page=235 |archive-date=2 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=Nehru2012>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=B. K |title=Nice guys finish second: memoirs |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341782-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=211 |language=English |oclc=1117765699}}</ref><ref name="Salvi1999">{{cite book |last1=Salvi |first1=Gouri |title=Development Retold: Voices from the Field |date=1999 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-798-4 |pages=97–107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGYdgQWpzHAC&pg=PA97 |language=en}}</ref> After 1947 she pioneered the [[Indian Council for Child Welfare]].<ref name=Horn2018/><ref name="Bar1999">{{cite book |last1=Barooah |first1=Pramila Pandit |title=Handbook on Child, with Historical Background |date=1999 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-735-6 |pages=166–172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aMQM4QJ7VQC&q=rao&pg=PA172 |language=en}}</ref> In July 1948, Shiva Rao reported that the AIWC was urging a swift passing of the [[Hindu code bills]] by lobbying ministers and the prime minister.<ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book |last1=Ansari |first1=Sarah |last2=Gould |first2=William |title=Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19605-6 |page=198 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJCuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |language=en}}</ref> It was generally understood by the AIWC that public campaigns were not enough to make change for women's rights; women were reported to object to the Hindu code bill in public, but secretly revealed that that was really the view of their households.<ref name="Ansari2019"/> In 1949, she said to members of the AIWC "that unless you make an effort and urge on the member of the legislature representing your town or province the urgency of taking up this measure and asking him for his support, it will be difficult to get the Code through ... I am requesting you to write without delay to the member presenting you and urge on him that he should support this measure".<ref name="Ansari2019"/>

In 1952, she co-founded a national programme for the development of handicrafts and handloom products.<ref name="Viswanath">{{cite news |last1=Viswanath |first1=Meylekh |title=From the Reich to the Raj |url=https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/from-the-reich-to-the-raj/ |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=Jewish Standard |date=13 April 2017}}</ref> She also became vice president of the [[All India Handicrafts Board]].<ref name="Viswanath"/> The Indian artist [[Anjolie Ela Menon]] recalled that post independence, Shiva Rao was one of a small group of women "who took it upon themselves to preserve and develop handicrafts and the handloom industry, without any renumeration".<ref name="Dalmia2013">{{cite book |last1=Dalmia |first1=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-921-1 |pages=9–11 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmMctE3wAgIC&q=kitty&pg=PT9 |language=en |chapter=2. The Rebel: Hungarian at heart}}</ref>

Later in her life, she spent time in the US when her husband was posted to work with the United Nations.<ref name="Salvi1999"/> There she continued promoting Indian made crafts along with Fori Nehru.<ref name="Salvi1999"/>

==Death==
She died on 9 February 1980, in [[Bangalore|Bangalore, India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1980-02-12 |title=Kitty Shiva Rao |url= |url-status= |access-date= |work=[[The Times of India]] |pages=4}}</ref>

==Publications==
*{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Kitty Shiva |title=The Draft Hindu Code |date=1945 |publisher=All-India Women's Conference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2F4NQAACAAJ |language=en}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web |last1=Conference |first1=All India Womens |title=All India Womens Conference Sixteenth Session held at Cocanada on December 29, 1941 to January 1, 1942 |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/28549 |access-date=22 March 2022 |language=en |date=1942}}
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116079/page/n1/mode/2up?q=shiva "The All India Women's Conference"]. Eighteenth Session. Hydrabad, 28 December 1945 – 1 January 1946
*{{cite web |title=Draft of Indian Woman's Charter of Rights and Duties Prepared by India by all India Women's Conference and Submitted by Mrs. Hansa-Mehta for Information of Sub-Commission |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1494728?ln=en |language=en |date=1 May 1946}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiva Rao, Kitty}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Social workers from Delhi]]
[[Category:1947 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Handloom industry in India]]
[[Category:Women in World War II]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:People from Vienna]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Austrian Theosophists]]

Sunanda Pushkar

2026-04-23T21:57:39Z

MarcellaGunter0: put up new stub - done

{{Short description|Indo-Canadian businessperson (1962–2014)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunanda Pushkar
| image = Late Sunanda Pushkar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Sunanda Dass
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1962|06|27}}
| birth_place = [[Sopore]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2014|01|17|1962|06|27}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| citizenship = Canadian<ref>{{cite news |title=Suddenly SUNANDA |first=Alia |last=Allana |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 April 2010 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/suddenly-sunanda/607683/0 |accessdate=12 October 2010}}</ref>
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|Sanjay Raina||1988|end=divorced}}
*{{marriage|Sujith Menon|1991 |1997|end=died}}
*{{marriage|[[Shashi Tharoor]]|2010}}
}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Sunanda Pushkar''' (27 June 1962 – 17 January 2014) was an Indian-born Canadian businesswoman. She was a sales director in the [[Dubai]]-based [[TECOM Investments]], and a co-owner of the India-based [[Rendezvous Sports World]] (RSW), a [[cricket]] franchise in the [[Indian Premier League]]. Pushkar was the wife of former International diplomat serving under the UN and politician [[Shashi Tharoor]].

== Early life and education ==
Sunanda Pushkar (née Dass) was born on 27 June 1962 in a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family of landlords and [[Indian Army|army]] officers native to Bomai, [[Sopore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/15133.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121005841/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/15133.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2014|title=R.I.P Sunanda Pushkar (1962–2014): Her life in pictures|work=IBNLive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/kashmir-valley-netizens-india-pakistan-role-sunanda-pushkar-death-177941-2014-01-23|title=Kashmir Valley netizens point to 'India-Pak role' in Sunanda Pushkar's death|work=intoday.in|date=23 January 2014 }}</ref> She was the only daughter of Lt. Col. Pushkar Nath Dass and Jaya Dass. Her father retired from the army in 1983.

Pushkar has two brothers, one of whom works for a global software company in Dubai; the other is in the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jammu-to-dubai-to-delhi-who-is-sunanda-pushkar-whose-stake-is-worth-rs-70-crore/605528/|title=Jammu to Dubai to Delhi: Who is Sunanda Pushkar whose stake is worth Rs 70 crore?|work=indianexpress.com|date=13 April 2010 }}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/article-370-right-now-unfair-sunanda-pushkar-aired-december-2013/305772 | title=Article 370 right now unfair: Sunanda Pushkar | date=7 January 2014 | accessdate=26 January 2014 | location=New Delhi | publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The family moved from Bomai to [[Jammu]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sunanda-pushkar-s-father-pleads-that-his-daughter-be-left-alone-1371300 |title=Sunanda Pushkar's father pleads that his daughter be left alone}}</ref>

Pushkar studied at the [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Ambala]], and Kendriya Vidyalaya, [[Jhansi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunanda Pushkar: The woman whose presence you couldn't ignore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/the-woman-whose-presence-you-couldnt-ignore/ |work=The Indian Express |date=6 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> She then graduated from Govt. Women's College in [[Srinagar]], where she studied during 1986–88.<ref name="FP_who_2014">{{cite news | url = http://www.firstpost.com/india/who-is-sunanda-pushkar-her-background-and-many-scandals-1343125.html | title = Who is Sunanda Pushkar? Her background and many scandals | date = 16 January 2014 | publisher = FirstPost }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
While studying at the Government College for women, where she was the president of the college, she married a fellow hotel management graduate Sanjay Raina.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sunandas-ex-hubby-says-he-has-moved-on-71912-2010-04-15 |title=Sunanda's ex-hubby says he has 'moved on' : North, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=16 April 2010 |access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sunanda-pushkar-and-mdash-kashmiri-village-girl-who-made-it-big-in-life-1952832 |title=Sunanda Pushkar – Kashmiri village girl who made it big in life – India – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |accessdate=25 January 2014}}</ref> The couple divorced in 1988. Subsequently, Sunanda went to [[Dubai]] in 1989 and married Sujith Menon in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265098 |title=Got A Girl, Named Sue | Vrinda Gopinath |publisher=Outlookindia.com |accessdate=25 January 2014}}</ref> Their son was born in November 1992. Sunanda was widowed when Sujith Menon died in an accident in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/A-woman-left-lonely/articleshow/29048543.cms |title=A woman left lonely |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Sourish |date=21 January 2014 |work=Times of India |access-date=14 January 2020 }}</ref> In October 2009, she met [[Shashi Tharoor]] at a party organised by the billionaire [[Sunny Varkey]]. Tharoor had arrived in [[Dubai]] in 2007, with his Canadian wife Christa Giles.<ref name="AD_IPL_2011">{{cite book |author=Abhishek Dubey |title=Indian Premier League Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1h1yk--r2h0C&pg=PT34 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-5800-7 |pages=34–}}</ref> Sunanda married Shashi Tharoor in 2010, after he was elected to the [[Lok Sabha|Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/sunanda-pushkar-tharoor-a-profile-472462 |title=Sunanda Pushkar Tharoor – a profile |publisher=NDTV.com |date=18 January 2014 |accessdate=25 January 2014}}</ref> The couple had a [[Kettu Kalyanam|Malayali wedding]] ceremony in Tharoor's ancestral home at [[Elavancherry|Elavanchery]] in [[Kerala]], India. This was the third marriage for both of them.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/shashi-tharoor-weds-sunanda-pushkar-46274 | title = Shashi Tharoor weds Sunanda Pushkar | date = 22 August 2010 | publisher = NDTV }}</ref>

== Business career ==
In India, Sunanda's first job was as the front desk receptionist at the Centaur Lake View hotel in Srinagar, after doing a course in [[hotel management]].<ref name="AD_IPL_2011"/> After coming to Dubai. She started an [[event management]] business called ''Expressions'', and became well known for her [[business networking|networking]] with sponsors and artists for [[fashion show]]s. Her company organised several model shows for product launches, featuring several Indian fashion designers and models, including Hemant Trivedi, [[Rhea Pillai]], Vikram Phadnis and [[Aishwarya Rai]]. Later, she joined Bozell Prime Advertising as a marketing manager. She and her second husband Sujith Menon organised a show, which made a financial loss. Sujith returned to India, and died in an accident in [[Delhi]] in March 1997.<ref name="Outlook_Sue_2010">{{cite news | url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265098 | title = Got A Girl, Named Sue | publisher = Outlook | date = 26 April 2010 | author = Vrinda Gopinath }}</ref><ref name="Tehelka_Vamp_2010">{{cite journal | url = http://www.tehelka.com/the-parable-of-the-vamp/?singlepage=1 | author = Shoma Chaudhury | title = The Parable of the Vamp | date = 1 May 2010 | issue = 17 | volume = 7 | journal = Tehelka | access-date = 18 January 2014 | archive-date = 1 February 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201102634/http://www.tehelka.com/the-parable-of-the-vamp/?singlepage=1 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

After Sujith's death she left her four-year-old son with her sister-in-law, and later with her parents. By the time she brought him back to Dubai, he had developed a [[communication disorder]]. She left Bozell Prime to spend time with her son. She then went on to open a joint retail business of artificial jewelry in Dubai, called Ravissant Trading. She spelled her name as "Sue P. Menon" on her business cards, and later, started using "Pushkar" (an alternative spelling of her father's name) as her last name. According to her, she faced financial troubles, as she had to repay Sujith's debts, support her parents and her brother through engineering college.<ref name="Outlook_Sue_2010"/><ref name="Tehelka_Vamp_2010"/>

Impressed by the [[Health care in Canada|Canadian healthcare system]], she emigrated to Canada in the 1990, as her son needed [[speech therapy]]. According to Sunanda, she became a partner in an [[Information Technology|IT]] firm called "Valley Resources" through [[sweat equity]], after a [[San Francisco]]-based friend introduced her to the founders. Subsequently, she became wealthy during the [[dot-com bubble]], managing to buy her own house and a BMW car. The business was impacted by the post-[[September 11 attacks|9/11]] slowdown and closed in 2001. After four months of unemployment and financial difficulties, Sunanda did a course in [[emotional intelligence]], and joined a company called Noble House International. She organised "Human Potential Reengineering" programmes for several banks in Miami, Amsterdam and Geneva.<ref name="Tehelka_Vamp_2010"/>

Sunanda felt that she was not earning enough at Noble House. In August 2004, she moved to Dubai with a Canadian passport, working as a general manager for Best Homes. Later, she joined TECOM investments to work on the [[International Media Production Zone]]. She was financially successful, buying two 3-bedroom apartments at [[Palm Jumeirah]], an apartment in [[Jumeirah Beach Residence]] and two more apartments in the [[Executive Towers]].<ref name="Tehelka_Vamp_2010"/>

== Return to India ==

=== IPL controversy ===
When she was dating Tharoor, Sunanda started getting media attention in India, as it became known that she had been given [[sweat equity]] worth {{INR}}700 million in [[Rendezvous Sports World]]. In 2010, the company bid for the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) cricket team [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]], which represented Tharoor's native state Kerala. The company was founded in 2009, while Sunanda was made a Director of the company on 25 February 2010, just 18 days before the IPL bid. There were allegations that Tharoor had misused his ministerial position to ask for a free stake in the company, and that Sunanda was acting as a proxy for him. In addition, the agreement guaranteed an additional 15% payout of topline revenue (not profits) for Sunanda Pushkar, which was clearly unreasonable, and was seen to be favouring Tharoor in a backhanded way. The controversy ultimately resulted in Tharoor's resignation as a minister. In her defence, Sunanda argued that she had been invited to join Rendezvous because of her "extensive international experience as a business executive, marketing manager and entrepreneur". She also stated that she had been given a similar offer by Karim Morani of [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the past.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/i-am-not-a-proxy-for-tharoor-sunanda-pushkar-19990| title = I am not a proxy for Tharoor: Sunanda Pushkar | date = 14 April 2010 | publisher = NDTV }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2010/04/18/sunandapushkar-a-last-minute-inclusion-in-ipl-biddersgroup.html |title=Sunanda Pushkar a last minute inclusion in IPL bidders group |date=18 April 2010 |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |access-date=12 October 2010}}</ref> In April 2010, she announced that she had relinquished her stake in the company following the controversy. However, she continued to hold the stake, after she was told that there is no provision under the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]'s IPL rules for surrender of shares at that stage.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/news/sunanda-continues-to-hold-19-stake-in-rendezvous/iplarticleshow/6178445.cms | title = Sunanda continues to hold 19% stake in Rendezvous | newspaper = The Times of India | date = 17 July 2010 | author = Pradeep Thakur & Josy Joseph }}</ref>

=== Twitter incident ===
On 15 January 2014, a series of intimate messages, supposedly sent by the Pakistani journalist Mehr Tarar to [[Shashi Tharoor|Tharoor]], were posted on Tharoor's [[Twitter]] account. The messages proclaimed Tarar's love for Tharoor. Tarar tried to downplay the incident by stating that her account had been hacked. However, Sunanda later stated that the account had not been hacked and that she had posted the messages to expose what she believed to be Mehr's [[stalking]] of her husband. She accused Mehr of being an [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] agent.<ref name="ET_border_2014">{{cite news | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-16/news/46264390_1_shashi-tharoor-sunanda-pushkar-twitter-account| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140117114030/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-16/news/46264390_1_shashi-tharoor-sunanda-pushkar-twitter-account| url-status = dead| archive-date = 17 January 2014| title = Border love row: Shashi Tharoor's wife Sunanda says she posted messages of Pak journo Mehr on his Twitter handle | author = Sruthijith KK | date = 16 January 2014 }}</ref> Later, she stated that she did not want to go public about the matter, especially in an [[2014 Indian general election|election year]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pushkar-swings-from-rage-to-defiance-to-caution/articleshow/28921273.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140120141542/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-17/india/46300006_1_sunanda-pushkar-shashi-tharoor-tweets | url-status = live | archive-date = 20 January 2014 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | title = Pushkar swings from rage to defiance to caution | date = 17 January 2014 }}</ref>

The next day, a note titled as "Joint statement by Sunanda and Shashi Tharoor" was published on Shashi Tharoor's [[Facebook]] page. The note stated that the couple was happily married, and that some personal comments not intended for publication had been misrepresented after being posted to Twitter. The note also stated that Sunanda had been hospitalised after being ill, and was seeking rest.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India TV News|date=16 January 2014|title=Sunanda and Shashi Tharoor issue statement, dismiss divorce rumors|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/breaking-news-sunanda-and-shashi-tharoor-issue-statement-dismis-32531.html|access-date=25 November 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India TV News|date=18 January 2014|title=Read the joint statement by Sunanda, Shashi Tharoor a day before her death|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-read-the-joint-statement-by-sunanda-shashi-tharoor-32628.html|access-date=25 November 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> Sunanda Tharoor was being treated for [[Lupus erythematosus]], a deadly immune disorder which damages healthy tissues.<ref>[[Lupus erythematosus]] [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sunanda-pushkar-suffered-from-incurable-disease-lupus-say-tharoors-friends-and-relatives-in-kerala-177472-2014-01-18][http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sunanda-s-leaked-medical-report-reveals-she-had-lupus/story-o1Gaq3u1WHAcsPmAV2FTCJ.html]</ref>

==Death==
On 17 January 2014, a day after the Twitter controversy, Pushkar was found dead in room number 345 of [[The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts|the Leela Palace]] hotel in [[Chanakyapuri]], New Delhi, where the couple were temporarily living while their house was being renovated and painted.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sunanda-pushkar-death-10-things-you-should-know-199009-2014-07-02 10 things you should know about Sunanda Pushkar and her death]</ref> Tharoor discovered her body when she did not wake up from her sleep in the evening. He informed the [[Delhi Police]], who recovered the body from the hotel and sent it for [[postmortem]]. According to initial reports, Pushkar was suspected to have committed [[suicide]]. Later reports stated that the cause of death was unnatural; the doctors at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] gave a preliminary [[autopsy]] report that revealed injury marks on her body. They said that these injuries may or may not be the cause of death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sunanda-pushkar-died-an-unnatural-sudden-death-say-aiims-doctors-body-cremated/article1-1174118.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118193034/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sunanda-pushkar-died-an-unnatural-sudden-death-say-aiims-doctors-body-cremated/article1-1174118.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2014|title=Sunanda Pushkar died an unnatural sudden death say AIIMS doctors; body cremated|work=Hindustan Times }}</ref> The autopsy indicated that she died of drug overdose, most likely a combination of sedatives, other strong medicines and probably alcohol.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Drug-overdose-may-have-killed-Sunanda-Pushkar-Autopsy/articleshow/29023493.cms|title=Drug overdose may have killed Sunanda Pushkar: Autopsy|work=The Times of India|date=19 January 2014 }}</ref> An investigation was ordered by the [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] to examine the cause of poisoning and to ascertain if it was murder or suicide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunanda Pushkar died of Poisoning says SDM Report|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/sunanda-pushkar-died-of-poisoning-says-sdm-report/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref> Her body was cremated at Lodhi Crematorium in South Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/sunanda-pushkars-last-rites-at-lodhi-crematorium/slideshow/29014716.cms|title=Sunanda Pushkar's last rites at Lodhi Crematorium|work=The Economic Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121050442/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/sunanda-pushkars-last-rites-at-lodhi-crematorium/slideshow/29014716.cms|archive-date=21 January 2014}}</ref>

Doctors at KIMS Hospital [[Trivandrum]], who had examined her a few days earlier, said that Pushkar<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunanda's murder inquiry must be without political pressure, says Tharoor|url=http://post.jagran.com/sunandas-murder-inquiry-must-be-without-political-pressure-says-tharoor-1420805115|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109171349/http://post.jagran.com/sunandas-murder-inquiry-must-be-without-political-pressure-says-tharoor-1420805115|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2015|accessdate=9 January 2015|publisher=Post.jagran.com}}</ref> did not have serious health problems.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunanda did not have serious health problems: Doctors|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sunanda-did-not-have-serious-health-problems-Doctors/articleshow/29002836.cms|work=Times of India|date=18 January 2014 |accessdate=18 January 2014}}</ref> However, she had hinted about her death in a Twitter reply hours before her body was recovered from the hotel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunanda Pushkar predicted Death 12 hours before her Death|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/sunanda-pushkar-tweeted-of-death-12-hours-before-her-death/|work=Biharprabha News|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>

On 1 July 2014, controversy over her death deepened when [[AIIMS]] doctor Sudhir Gupta claimed that he was pressured to give a false report in the case.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunanda Pushkar death case: doctor accuses tharoor and azad of influencing report|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/sunanda-pushkar-death-case-doctor-accuses-tharoor-and-azad-of-influencing-report/1015420|access-date=2 July 2014|work=Patrika Group|language=Hindi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707042838/http://www.patrika.com/news/sunanda-pushkar-death-case-doctor-accuses-tharoor-and-azad-of-influencing-report/1015420|archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> On 10 October 2014, the medical team probing her death concluded that she died of poisoning.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Sunanda-Pushkar-death-due-to-poisoning-Medical-team/articleshow/44764580.cms|title=Sunanda Pushkar death due to poisoning: Medical team|work=The Times of India|date=10 October 2014 }}</ref>

On 6 January 2015, Delhi Police reported that Sunanda was murdered and filed a [[first information report]] in this regard.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Sunanda-Pushkar-was-murdered-Delhi-Police/articleshow/45775554.cms|title=Sunanda Pushkar was murdered: Delhi Police|work=The Times of India|date=6 January 2015 }}</ref> Pushkar's domestic help alleged that Pushkar had often fought with Tharoor on the phone, and days before her death had threatened Tharoor that she would "disclose everything" and as such, he would be "finished".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sunanda-Pushkar-had-a-visitor-Sunil-sahab-at-hotel-two-days-before-her-death-Shashi-Tharoors-help-tells-cops/articleshow/45815608.cms|title=Sunanda Pushkar had a visitor 'Sunil sahab' at hotel two days before her death, Shashi Tharoor's help tells cops|work=The Times of India|date=9 January 2015 }}</ref>

[[Subramanian Swamy]], a BJP politician, tried to fight this case against Tharoor in January 2015. On 20 May 2015, a trial court allowed [[Delhi Police]] to conduct [[lie detector test]] on three suspects related to her death.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sunanda Pushkar murder case: Court allows polygraph test on three suspects|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/sunanda-pushkar-murder-case-court-allows-polygraph-test-on-three-suspects/|accessdate=20 May 2015|agency=ANI|publisher=Bihar prabha |date=20 May 2015}}</ref>

In May 2018, Tharoor was charged with abetment to [[suicide]] of his wife and marital cruelty under sections 306 and 498A of the Indian Penal Code. However Tharoor denied all the charges.<ref>{{cite web | title=Shashi Tharoor charged in Sunanda Pushkar death case | website=Hindu Business Line | date=14 May 2018 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/shashi-tharoor-charged-in-sunanda-pushkar-death-case/article23881302.ece | access-date=29 August 2020}}</ref>

On 18 August 2021, Special Court in Delhi discharged [[Shashi Tharoor]] from all charges for Pushkar's death.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sunanda-pushkar-death-case-delhi-court-clears-shashi-tharoor-of-all-charges-11629265460504.html |title=Shashi Tharoor cleared from all Charges |date=18 August 2021 |work=Mint |access-date=18 August 2021 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of unsolved deaths]]
*[[Shashi Tharoor]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pushkar, Sunanda}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sopore]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Canadian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Businesspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Unsolved deaths in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Shashi Tharoor]]

Pracchand Ashok

2026-04-22T08:18:38Z

MarcellaGunter0: created a stub

{{short description|Indian historical television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pracchand Ashok.jpg
| caption = 
| genre = [[Historical fiction|Historical]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| based_on = [[Emperor Ashoka]]
| writer = R M Joshi [[Neha Singh]]
| director = Santram Verma
| creative_director = Tanushree Dasgupta
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 39
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| executive_producer = Nilesh Mishra Shailesh Sharma
| location =
| cinematography = Ravi Naidu
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2024|02|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|03|29|df=y}}
}}
'''''Pracchand Ashok''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[Historical fiction|historical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that had aired from 6 February 2024 to 29 March 2024 on [[Colors TV]] and [[JioCinema]].<ref>[https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-prachand-ashoka-delay-in-ekta-kapoor-s-serial-how-will-the-shooting-happen-without-sets-hot-news-1655166/amp Ekta Kapoor's new historical saga launch delayed by a week] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219075204/https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-prachand-ashoka-delay-in-ekta-kapoor-s-serial-how-will-the-shooting-happen-without-sets-hot-news-1655166/amp |date=19 February 2024 }} apblive.com</ref> It was produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]] under their banner [[Balaji Telefilms]] and is directed by Santram Verma.<ref>[https://ndtv.in/television/pracchand-ashok-serial-first-glimpse-promo-viral-starring-adnan-khan-and-mallika-singh-4773823 Producer Ekta Kapoor brings another historical love story Pracchand Ashok post Naagin 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219075205/https://ndtv.in/television/pracchand-ashok-serial-first-glimpse-promo-viral-starring-adnan-khan-and-mallika-singh-4773823 |date=19 February 2024 }} NDTV</ref> Starring [[Adnan Khan]] as [[Ashoka|Samrat Ashok Maurya]], [[Mallika Singh]] as [[Karuvaki|Rajkumari Kaurvaki]] and Prachi Bohra as [[Devi (wife of Ashoka)|Maharani Devi]], the story-line is loosely based on the life of Ashok.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adnan-khan-and-mallika-singh-starrer-new-historical-show-pracchand-ashok-is-all-set-to-launch-soon-watch-promo/articleshow/106484016.cms Adnan Khan & Mallika Singh starrer Pracchand Ashok to launch in February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214124451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adnan-khan-and-mallika-singh-starrer-new-historical-show-pracchand-ashok-is-all-set-to-launch-soon-watch-promo/articleshow/106484016.cms |date=14 February 2024 }} ''Times of India''</ref><ref>[https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/interviews/adnan-khan-explains-choice-as-prachand-ashok-mallika-singh-on-familys-response-video-106900851/amp Actor Adnan Khan explains his choice on playing Emperor Ashok] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219075209/https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/interviews/adnan-khan-explains-choice-as-prachand-ashok-mallika-singh-on-familys-response-video-106900851/amp |date=19 February 2024 }} ''Times of India''</ref>

==Plot==
{{expand section|date=April 2024}}
{{More plot|date=April 2024}}The series starts with a voiceover that says, "A lot of kings were born in Bharat and they all had their truths open but one story had so many facets that the real truth remained hidden. It is a story about a brave king, the king who was king of kings, the most courageous king, the bravest soldier, the king who brought light in this world. But the light in his world was brought by a princess called Kaurwaki". Their story started when King Bindusar's wife, Dharma gave birth to the bravest king but it was not an easy birth. His birth night was dark and had many secrets buried during that night. The painful story of emperor [[Ashoka|Ashok]] started from that very night. The series also explores the life of Ashok, and his love story with [[Devi (wife of Ashoka)|Devi]] and [[Karuvaki|Kaurvaki]].

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Adnan Khan]] as King [[Ashoka|Ashoka Mauryan]]: Emperor of [[Magadha]]; Bindusara and Dharma's son; Sushim's half-brother; Anandi's brother; Chanakya's student; Devi and Kaurvaki's husband (2024)
**Swarit Bhanushali as Child Ashok Maurya
*[[Mallika Singh]] as Queen [[Karuvaki|Karuvaki Mauryan]]: Second empress of Magadha; Jagannath and Salukhawati's daughter; Mudit's sister; Devi's best friend; Ashok's second wife (2024)
*Prachi Bohra as Queen [[Devi (wife of Ashoka)|Devi Mauryan]]: First empress of Magadha; Kaurvaki's best friend; Ashok's first wife (2024)

===Recurring===
*[[Rakshanda Khan]] as Queen mother Helena Mauryan: Former empress of [[Magadha]]; Bindusara's mother; Ashoka, Anandi and Sushim's grandmother (2024)
*[[Chetan Hansraj]] as King [[Bindusara|Bindusar Mauryan]]: Emperor of Magadha; Helena's son; Dharma, Diana and Vimala's husband; Ashoka, Anandi and Sushim's father (2024)
*Manoj Kolhatkar as Acharya [[Chanakya]] (2024)
*[[Shalini Chandran]] as Queen mother [[Mother of Ashoka|Shubhadrangi]] "Dharma" Mauryan: Third empress of Magadha; Priest's daughter; Bindusara's third wife; Ashoka and Anandi's mother; Sushim's step-mother (2024)
*[[Vivana Singh]] as Diana Mauryan: First empress of Magadha; Bindusar's first wife; Sushim's mother (2024)
*Aarush Srivastav as Prince [[Susima|Sushim Mauryan]]: Bindusara and Diana's son; Dharma's step-son; Ashoka and Anandi's estranged half-brother; Roopa's estranged husband (2024)
*Darshana Khandelwal Makhija as Queen Vimala Mauryan: Second empress of Magadha; Bindusar's second wife (2024)
*Dinesh Mehta as Subandhu (2024)
*[[Manish Khanna]] as King Chaitraj: King of [[Vidisha]] (2024)
*Harsh Vashisht as Sarvadaman: Mahamantri of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]; Jagannath's younger brother; Revati's husband; Bhadrak's father; Kaurwaki and Mudit's paternal uncle (2024)
*Ankit Bhatia as Bhadrak (2024)
*Tanvi Sawant as Princess Anandi Mauryan: Bindusar and Dharma's daughter; Ashok's sister; Sushim's estranged half-sister; Pawan's love interest (2024)
*Unknown as Prince Mudit: Jagannath and Salukhavati's son; Kaurwaki's younger brother; Bhadrak's younger cousin; Sarvadaman and Revati's nephew (2024)
*Unknown as Revati: Sarvadaman's wife; Bhadrak's mother; Kaurwaki and Mudit's aunt (2024)
*Kapil Dahiya as Prince Lakshman: Bindusar's son (2024)
*Saurabh Kaushik as Prince Padmak: Bindusar's son (2024)
*Priya Thakur as Princess Roopa Mauryan: A former servant turned princess of Magadha; Sushim's estranged widow (2024)
*Aman Gandotra as Pawan: Ashok's best friend; Anandi's love interest (2024)
*Ajay Kumar Singh as King Jagannath: King of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]; Salukhavati's widower; Kaurwaki and Mudit's father; Sarvadaman's elder brother (2024)
*[[Surendra Pal|Surendrapal Singh]] as King [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (2024)
*Leena Balodi as Queen Salukhavati: Jagannath's wife; Kaurwaki and Mudit's mother (2024)
*Prarthana Mondal as Uma: A servant; Bhadrak's love interest (2024)
*Maera Mishra as Vishkanya (2024)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/pracchand-ashok/3880985 Pracchand Ashok] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Balaji Telefilms|state=expanded}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Ashoka]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Dharma Keerthiraj

2026-04-21T15:47:02Z

MarcellaGunter0: stub

{{Short description|Indian actor}}

{{Unreliable sources|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dharma Keerthiraj
| image = Dharma Keerthiraj (2).jpg
| caption = Dharma in 2015 Kannada film ''[[Mumtaz (film)|Mumtaz]]''
| alias =
| birth_name = Dharma
| birth_date = 7 July 1984
| birth_place = Bengaluru
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor, Model}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| spouse =
| children =
| father = [[Keerthiraj]]
| website =
}}

'''Dharma Keerthiraj''' is an Indian actor who works predominantly in Kannada-language films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waiting in anticipation |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/3947/waiting-anticipation.html |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Dharma Keerthiraj to play RAW agent in his next - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dharma-keerthiraj-to-play-raw-agent-in-his-next/articleshow/95438198.cms |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=The Times of India |date=11 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=Kannada Actor Dharma Keerthiraj's New Movie Announced |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kannada-actor-dharma-keerthiraj-s-new-movie-announced-article-111462921 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> who is fondly known as ‘Cadbury huduga’ for his role in ''[[Navagraha (film)|Navagraha]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Apr/09/dharma-keerthiraj-interview-its-right-time-to-explore-languages-stories-and-fresh-identities|title=Dharma Keerthiraj Interview: It's right time to explore languages, stories, and fresh identities|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=9 April 2025|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Dharma Keerthi Raj : ನನ್ನ ನವಗ್ರಹದಲ್ಲಿ Hero ಆಗಿ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದೇ ಡಿ ಬಾಸ್ Darshan {{!}} Interview {{!}} Karnataka TV | date=20 May 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtxzPv_xBaE |language=en |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Upcoming film TheVirus to feature Dharma Keerthiraj in a negative role |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jan/31/upcoming-film-thevirus-to-feature-dharma-keerthiraj-in-a-negative-role-2413238.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=31 January 2022 }}</ref> He is the contestant in the 2024 reality show ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada season 11|Bigg Boss Kannada 11]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 11: ಧರ್ಮ ಕೀರ್ತಿರಾಜ್‌, ಗೌರವ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಸೋದು ಕನ್‌ಫರ್ಮ್? |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/bigg-boss-kannada/will-dharma-keerthiraj-and-gaurav-shetty-become-contestants-in-bigg-boss-kannada-11/articleshow/113700464.cms |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-30 |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 11: Dharma Kirthiraj recalls childhood tragedy of mother's arm loss and father's inspiring support |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bigg-boss-kannada-11-dharma-kirthiraj-recalls-childhood-tragedy-of-mothers-arm-loss-and-fathers-inspiring-support/articleshow/114745891.cms |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dharma Keerthiraj started his acting career with the 2008 film ''[[Navagraha (film)|Navagraha]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2014 |title=Darshan Turns Reel Don For a Friend |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/nov/26/2014-687055.html |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> directed by [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]], starring [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] and [[Sharmiela Mandre|Sharmila Mandre]]. He later played lead roles in ''Olave Vismaya'', ''Mumtaz'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=m |first=shashiprasad s |date=2015-11-01 |title=Movie review 'Mumtaz': Fall in 'sleep' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151101/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98mumtaz%E2%80%99-fall-%E2%80%98sleep%E2%80%99 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Khadak (2022 film)|Khadak]]'', and other films.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /><ref>{{cite AV media|title=Dharma keerthiraj, an actor, son of the legendary sandalwood actor - Keerthi Raj sharing his journey |date=17 June 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhNr1k1IMBU |access-date=2022-12-27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharma Keerthiraj New movie: ಧರ್ಮ ಕೀರ್ತಿರಾಜ್‌ ಹೊಸ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಟೀಸರ್‌ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ...ನಿಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹ ಇರಲಿ ಎಂದ ನಟ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dharma-keerthiraj-starrer-new-movie-teaser-released-181665912646587.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-01 |title=Dharma Keerthiraj's Next In Kannada Titled Jaasti Preeti; Inspired By A Facebook Post! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/dharma-keerthirajs-next-in-kannada-titled-jaasti-preeti-inspired-by-a-facebook-post-article-109755013 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2008
|[[Navagraha (film)|''Navagraha'']]
|Vicky
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navagraha will feature seven actors? all sons of senior actors who were popular for their roles as villains on the Kannada film screen |date=2008-03-07 |website=Mid-Day |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/mar/1032039.htm |access-date=2024-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115209/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/mar/1032039.htm |archive-date=26 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2010
| ''Olave Vismaya''
| Manu
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/olave-vismaya-2010|title=Olave Vismaya (2010) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|[[Mumtaz (film)|''Mumtaz'']]
|Ranjith
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumtaz Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mumtaz/movie-review/xyz |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Khadak (2022 film)|''Khadak'']]
|Dharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharma Keerthiraj, Anusha Rai and Kabir Duhan Singh unite for Chanaksha |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Mar/27/dharma-keerthiraj-anusha-rai-and-kabir-duhan-singh-unite-for-chanaksha-10774.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Cinema Express|date=27 March 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023
|''The Fighter Suman''
|Suman
| Dubbed release
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-07-14 |title=The Fighter Suman Cast List {{!}} The Fighter Suman Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-fighter-suman/cast/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''O Manase'' || Keerthi || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/o-manase-kannada-movie-review-who-dunnit-thats-the-question/articleshow/101806422.cms|title=O Manase (Kannada) Movie Review: Who dunnit? That’s the question|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ronnie: The Hunter'' || || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dharma-keerthiraj-to-play-raw-agent-in-his-next/articleshow/95438198.cms|title=Dharma Keerthiraj to play RAW agent in his next|date=11 November 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Tenant''
|Sundresh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenant out on OTT: Dharma Keerthiraj's pandemic murder mystery is now available to stream |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tenant-out-on-ott-dharma-keerthirajs-pandemic-murder-mystery-is-now-available-to-stream/44cfd44321758 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|''Takila'' || || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/where-desire-brews-but-the-thrill-runs-dry/movie-review/121232360.cms|title=Takila Movie Review: where desire brews, but the thrill runs dry|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''Talvar''
|Talvar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shooting To Release Date, All You Need To Know About Dharma Keerthiraj-starrer Talwar |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shooting-to-release-date-all-you-need-to-know-about-dharma-keerthiraj-starrer-talwar-8546091.html |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Dasarahalli''
|Tejas
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dasarahalli Movie Review: A rural reform film that falls flat with outdated filmmaking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/dasarahalli-kannada-movie-review/movie-review/120663708.cms |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bullet'' || || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/bullet/movieshow/121946371.cms|title=Bullet Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2026 || ''[[Blood Roses (film)|Blood Roses]]'' || CI Arun Gogoi || Telugu film || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-02-06 |title=Blood Roses: Blends power, emotion, and social consciousness |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/blood-roses-blends-power-emotion-and-social-consciousness-1046114 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bengaluru Inn'' || Ram || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bengaluru-inn-a-thriller-that-explores-blackmail-and-online-exploitation/movie-review/130366009.cms|title=Bengaluru Inn Movie Review: A Thriller That Explores Blackmail and Online Exploitation|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6621403}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keerthiraj, Dharma}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keerthiraj, Dharma}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-actor-stub}}

Saket Gokhale

2026-04-21T13:11:33Z

MarcellaGunter0:

{{Short description|Indian political activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Saket Gokhale
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|1|31|df=y}}
| known_for = RTI Activism
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 18 July 2023
| term_end = 2 April 2026
| predecessor = [[Luizinho Faleiro]]
| successor = [[Rajeev Kumar (IPS)|Rajeev Kumar]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]]
}}

'''Saket Gokhale''' (born 31 January 1987) is an Indian [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] activist and politician, and the National Spokesperson of [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=Rise of Saket Gokhale amid hiccups: RTI activist to TMC spokesperson to its Rajya Sabha new face |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/saket-gokhale-rti-activist-tmc-spokesperson-rajya-sabha-8826192/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He joined TMC in 2021.<ref name="IE 2021">{{cite web | title=RTI activist Saket Gokhale joins Trinamool Congress | website=The Indian Express | date=2021-08-12 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rti-activist-saket-gokhale-trinamool-congress-7450628/ | access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref> He had also worked as a foreign correspondent at the ''[[Financial Times]]'' and at ''[[National Public Radio (NPR)]]''. He served as member of India's Upper House of Parliament i.e. [[Rajya Sabha]], representing the state of [[West Bengal]] from 2023 till 2026.<ref name="IE 2021" />

== Legal affairs ==
In December 2022, he was arrested over a [[Twitter#Tweets|tweet]] for posting alleged misinformation about [[2022 Morbi bridge collapse]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=TMC spokesperson Saket Gokhale arrested over tweet on Morbi bridge |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tmc-spokesperson-saket-gokhale-arrested-over-tweet-on-morbi-bridge-101670350839036.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title='Very bad... arrested because he tweeted against PM': Mamata backs Saket Gokhale |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/very-bad-arrested-because-he-tweeted-against-pm-mamata-backs-saket-gokhale-101670333758080.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> After getting bail from a metropolitan court in [[Ahmedabad]], he was re-arrested over the same tweet in a matter of few hours.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Saket Gokhale Arrest News: TMC's Saket Gokhale freed on bail, rearrested in Ahmedabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/tmcs-saket-gokhale-freed-on-bail-rearrested-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/96094221.cms |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> On 10 December, he was freed on bail.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bail for Saket Gokhale after second arrest | website=Telegraph India | date=2022-12-10 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bail-for-saket-gokhale-after-second-arrest/cid/1903027 | access-date=2024-08-08}}</ref>

In January 2023, Gokhale was arrested again by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) over charges of money laundering, as he had allegedly diverted [[crowdfunded]] money for personal expenses and investments.<ref>{{cite news |title=ED to court: TMC's Saket Gokhale used crowd fund on wining-dining, stock trading |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ed-to-court-tmcs-saket-gokhale-used-crowd-fund-on-wining-dining-stock-trading-8405028/ |access-date=26 January 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court granted him bail in April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crowdfunding 'misuse' case: SC grants bail to TMC leader Saket Gokhale |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/crowdfunding-misuse-case-sc-bail-tmc-saket-gokhale-8561351/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On 30 June 2024, the [[Delhi High Court]] directed Saket Gokhale to apologize and pay Rs 50 lakh damages to former diplomat [[Lakshmi Puri]], the wife of Union minister [[Hardeep Singh Puri]], for his defamatory tweets against her over the purchase over the purchase of a property in Switzerland. Hearing the defamation lawsuit filed by the former [[Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations|assistant secretary general of the United Nations]], Justice Anup Jairam Bhambhani also restrained the TMC Member of Parliament from publishing any more content on any social media or electronic platform concerning his imputation. <ref>{{cite news | title=Delhi High Court directs TMC's Saket Gokhale to apologise to ex-diplomat Lakshmi Puri, pay Rs 50 lakh damages|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/delhi/delhi-high-court-directs-tmcs-saket-gokhale-to-apologise-to-ex-diplomat-lakshmi-puri-pay-rs-50-lakh-damages-3088046|access-date= 30 June 2024|work=The Deccan Herald|date=30 June 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Saket}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Right to Information activists]]
[[Category:Indian freedom of information activists]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana

2026-04-17T11:10:54Z

MarcellaGunter0:

{{Short description|Indian government solar scheme}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=January 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox project
|name=Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
|abbreviation=PMSG
|country=India
|primeminister=[[Narendra Modi]]
|ministry=[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]
|launch_date={{start date and age|df=y|2024|02|29}}
|state=
|current_status=Active
|website={{url|pmsuryaghar.gov.in}}
|key_people={{ubl
| [[R. K. Singh]] (29 February 2024 - 9 June 2024)
| [[Pralhad Joshi]] (10 June 2024 - present)
}}
|budget=Rs. 75,021 crore|motto=To increase solar rooftop capacity and empower 1 crore residential households to generate their own electricity}}

'''PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana''' is a scheme launched by the [[Government of India]] in its [[2024 Union budget of India|2024-25 budget]] for rooftop solar plant project with an investment of over 75,000 crore rupees to provide solar power for about 1 crore households and to provide them 300 units of free electricity every month.

== History ==
Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]] announced this scheme on February 13, 2024. Under PMSG Yojana, beneficiaries receive a fixed one time [[subsidy]] amount from government directly into their bank accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gaur |first1=Mayank |last2=Rajappan |first2=Sumi |last3=Srivastava |first3=Ashish |last4=Sharma |first4=Dharmendra Kumar |last5=Sharma |first5=Vishal |date=2024-11-07 |editor-last=Jha |editor-first=Anuja |title=How well the PM Surya Ghar Yojana, a solar revolution, is faring across India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-surya-ghar-yojana-solar-revolution-sweeping-india-ground-report-2629924-2024-11-07 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meerut: सोमेंद्र तोमर बोले-हर घर तक पहुंचाना होगा पीएम सूर्य घर योजना का लाभ |trans-title=Meerut: Somendra Tomar says - benefits of PM Surya Ghar Yojana will have to be extended to every house. |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/benefits-of-pm-surya-ghar-yojana-will-have-to-reach-every-house-somendra-tomar-meerut-news-c-72-1-mrt1058-124323-2024-11-12 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Praveen |date=2024-08-29 |editor-last=Pandey |editor-first=Riya |title=PM Surya Ghar Yojana: सोलर पैनल लगवाने पर सरकार दे रही सब्सिडी, बिजली बिल की भी होगी भारी बचत; आवेदन आने शुरू |trans-title=PM Surya Ghar Yojana Government is giving subsidy for installing solar panels huge savings in electricity bills too |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/pratapgarh-pm-surya-ghar-yojana-government-is-giving-subsidy-for-installing-solar-panels-huge-savings-in-electricity-bills-too-23806560.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=[[Dainik Jagran|Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref> Beneficiaries are also eligible for bank loans at concessional rates. A national online portal has been created for this scheme to promote it at the grassroot level, urban local bodies and [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]] will be encouraged to promote rooftop solar systems in their areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=पीएम सूर्यघर योजना शिविर का उपभोक्ताओं ने उठाया लाभ |trans-title=Consumers Benefit from PM Suryaghar Yojana Camp |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-pm-surya-ghar-yojana-camp-promotes-solar-energy-usage-201731337639648.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=[[Live Hindustan]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=पीएम सूर्य घर योजना का शिविर आज |trans-title=PM Surya Ghar Yojana Camp Today |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/balotra/news/pm-surya-ghar-yojana-camp-today-133945979.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Vishal |date=2024-11-10 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Rajneesh |title=UP के इन 14 जिलों में सौर ऊर्जा कनेक्शन के लिए लगेंगे मेगा कैंप, गांव के लोग भी सरकार को बेच पाएंगे बिजली |trans-title=Mega Camps to Be Set Up for Solar Energy Connections in 14 UP Districts; Villagers Can Sell Electricity to the Government |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/meerut-mega-camps-for-solar-energy-connection-in-14-districts-of-up-including-meerut-pm-surya-ghar-yojana-local18-8825101.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=[[News18 India]] |language=hi}}</ref> The scheme aims to increase income, reduce [[Electricity pricing|electricity bills]] and create employment opportunities for people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vikash |date=2024-11-05 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Manish |title=PM Surya Ghar Yojana: UP के इस जिले में 12,000 घरों में लगेगा सोलर पैनल, तुरंत करें आवेदन |trans-title=PM Surya Ghar Yojana: Solar Panels to Be Installed in 12,000 Houses in This UP District—Apply Now |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/chitrakoot-pm-surya-ghar-yojana-in-12000-houses-will-get-solar-power-plants-under-apply-local18-8815354.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=[[News18 India]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== Eligibility ==
The criteria for application under this scheme includes citizenship of India, the ownership of legal house with sufficient space at rooftops to enable installation of solar panels. Furthermore valid electricity connection and the criteria for applicants that they must not have availed any other solar panel subsidy earlier from the government.

{| class="wikitable"
!Average monthly power consumption
(units)
!Suitable rooftop solar plant capacity
(kW)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prajapat |first=Anil |date=2024-10-31 |title=PM Surya Ghar Yojana: राजस्थान में कितने घरों में लगे सोलर पैनल? केंद्र ने भजनलाल सरकार से मांगी रिपोर्ट |trans-title=PM Surya Ghar Yojana: How Many Houses in Rajasthan Have Solar Panels Installed? Center Asked For Report from Bhajanlal Government |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/central-government-will-review-the-work-of-pm-suryaghar-yojana-in-rajasthan-19113199 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>
!Subsidy support<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title=PM Surya Ghar Yojna: 300 यूनिट फ्री बिजली... ₹78000 तक सब्सिडी, यूपी में हिट है ये स्कीम, ऐसे करें आवेदन |trans-title=PM Surya Ghar Yojna: 300 Units of Free Electricity, Subsidy Up to ₹78,000; Scheme Gains Popularity in UP—How to Apply |url=https://www.aajtak.in/business/utility/story/pm-surya-ghar-scheme-how-to-get-300-unit-free-bijli-yojana-subsidy-check-step-by-step-process-tutc-dskc-2090481-2024-11-07 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|0 - 150
|1 - 2
|Rs 30,000 to Rs 60,000
|-
|150 - 300
|2 - 3
|Rs 60,000 to Rs 78,000
|-
|>300
|Above 3
|Rs. 78,000
|}

== Further information ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Feature
!Details<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Surya Ghar - Muft Bijli Yojana |url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/pm-surya-ghar-muft-bijli-yojana |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=[[india.gov.in]]}}</ref>
|-
|Name of the scheme
|PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
|-
|Launch date
|15 February 2024
|-
|State
|Various states of India
|-
|Started by
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|Beneficiary
|1 crore domestic users
|-
|Purpose
|Providing free electricity to households by installing solar panels
|-
|Registration process
|Check the detailed process by visiting the scheme website
|-
|Official website
|PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Registration:
https://registration.pmsuryaghar.gov.in/home/survey
|}

== Registration process ==
The registration process under PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana is simple and streamlined.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gargya |first=Subodh Anand |date=2024-11-08 |title=यूपी-उत्तराखंड के लोग कैसे ले सकते हैं पीएम सूर्य घर योजना का लाभ |trans-title=How can people of UP-Uttarakhand take benefit of PM Surya Ghar Yojana? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/photo-gallery-how-to-apply-for-pm-surya-ghar-yojana/2506079 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> The process is completed by filling the requisite forms on the official website of the scheme. After the eligibility is verified and the scheme is approved for the applicant , the solar panels are installed by the vendors registered with government and subsidy is credited in applicants bank account within 30 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-05 |editor-last=Ulhuq |editor-first=Sheikh Inzemam |title=कब और कैसे मिलती है पीएम सूर्य घर योजना की सब्सिडी? जरूर जान लें ये नियम |trans-title=When and How to Get the Subsidy for PM Surya Ghar Yojana? Important Rules to Know |url=https://www.abplive.com/utility-news/pm-surya-ghar-muft-bijli-yojana-how-and-when-you-can-receive-subsidy-know-the-process-2816971 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=hi}}</ref> Added information regarding the role of domestic solar companies in the implementation and pan-India reach of the scheme, supported by a trade news reference.<ref>https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/loom-solar-gains-pan-india-access</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Solar power in India]]
* [[Renewable energy in India]]
* [[Electricity sector in India]]
* [[Energy policy of India]]
* [[Cost of electricity by source]]
* [[Growth of photovoltaics]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.pmsuryaghar.gov.in}}

{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Policies of India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]

Patiyali Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:29Z

MarcellaGunter0: created a bio

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patiyali
| constituency_no = 102
| map_image = 102-Patiyali.svg
| mla = [[Nadira Sultan]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 306,382 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Patiyali Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Kasganj district]]. Patiyali Assembly constituency comes under [[Etah]] Lok Sabha constituency. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1969 after the delimitation order was passed in 1967.<ref name="Delimitation Orders (1967)">{{cite news|title=Delimitation Orders (1967)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=8 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 102.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 8 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/patiyali.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Patiyali Assembly constituency is KCs Ganjdundwara, Patiyali, Dariyavganj, PCs Samothee, Bhujpura, Sidhapura, Kaliyanee, Sarabal, Ajeet Nagar, Sailot, Hamirpur, Utarana, Jasmai, Viloutee of Sidhapura KC, Sidhpura NP, Patiyali NP, Bhargain NP & Ganjdundwara MB of Patiyali Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Chaudhary Tirmal Singh Yadav || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Malik Mohammad Zamir Khan]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Chaudhary Jasvir Singh || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Malik Mohammad Zamir Khan]] || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || Rajindra Singh || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Devender Singh || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Rajindra Singh || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Sajjan Pal Singh || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Kunwar Davendra Singh Yadav || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || Rajendra Singh Chauhan || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ajay Yadav || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Najeeva Khan Zeenat]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || March-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|13 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Mamtesh Shakya]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017|| Mar-2022 || - || - ||
|-
|14
|18th Vidhan Sabha
|[[Nadira Sultan]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Mar-2022
|Incumbent
| -
|
|
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Patiyali<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Nadira Sultan Alias Bitiya
|votes = {{formatnum:91958}}
|percentage = 41.88
|change = +8.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mamtesh Shakya
|votes = {{formatnum:87957}}
|percentage = 40.06
|change = +4.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Neeraj Kishore Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:30626}}
|percentage = 13.95
|change = -7.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Vivek Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2225}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:839}}
|percentage = 0.38
|change = -0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4001}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change = -0.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:219549}}
|percentage = 61.11
|change = -0.71
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Mamtesh Shakya]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], Dheerendra Bahadur Singh of [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] and Kiran Yadav of [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] were the major contestants among the 11 contestants of 2017 Assembly Election.

{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Patiyal<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mamtesh
|votes = {{formatnum:72414}}
|percentage = 35.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kiran Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:68643}}
|percentage = 33.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dheerendra Bahadur Singh Chauhan Dheeru
|votes = {{formatnum:44131}}
|percentage = 21.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Mahan Dal
|candidate = Shyamsundar
|votes = {{formatnum:10586}}
|percentage = 5.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1556}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3771}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202823}}
|percentage = 61.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
[[Najeeva Khan Zeenat]] of [[Samajwadi Party]] won the seat by defeating Suraj Singh Shakya from [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] with a margin of 27,775 votes.

==See also==
*[[Etah district]]
*[[Etah Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kasganj district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Manbazar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:12Z

MarcellaGunter0: created info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manbazar
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Manbazar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Manbazar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| constituency_no = 243
| established = 1957
| reservation = ST
| abolished =
| mla = [[Sandhya Rani Tudu]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 200,549
}}
'''Manbazar''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled tribes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 243 Manbazar Assembly constituency (ST) is composed of the following: [[Manbazar I (community development block)|Manbazar I]] and [[Puncha (community development block)|Puncha]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Chatumadar, Daldali and Manguria Lalpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Hura (community development block)|Hura]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2011-01-27 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2011 }}</ref>

Manbazar Assembly constituency is part of No. 35 [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Satya Kinkar Mahato
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Chaitan Majhi
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3"|Girish Mahato
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2"|Sitaram Mahato
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Nakul Chandra Mahata
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan="4"|Kamala Kanta Mahato
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="2"|Shyamapyari Mahata
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3"|Sandhyarani Tudu
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Manbazar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sandhya Rani Tudu
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Moyna Murmu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sonamoni Tudu
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: Manbazar<ref name=1vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/manbazar-west-bengal-election-result-2021 | title = Manbazar Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =22 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25243.htm?ac=243 | title = Assembly Election Result 2021 – West Bengal, Manbazar | publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date =22 May 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party= All India Trinamool Congress |candidate=Sandhyarani Tudu |votes=103298|percentage= 48.33|change=+10.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Gouri Singh Sardar |votes=87,782|percentage=41.07|change=+888.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Yamini Kanta Mandi |votes=16,849|percentage= 7.88|change=-79.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Bahujan Samaj Party||candidate= Purna Chandra Tudu|votes=1,905|percentage=0.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Independent (politician)|candidate=Swapan Kumar Murmu |votes=1,604|percentage=0.75|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,291|percentage=1.07|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=213,729 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Manbazar<ref name=1vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://resultuniversity.com/election/manbazar-west-bengal-assembly-constituency| title= Manbazar| work= 2016 Legislative Assembly Election| publisher = Result University |access-date =22 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/home/state-assembly-constituency/west-bengal-election-result/865-Manbazar_(ST)assembly_election_result_2016.html | title= Manbazar| work= Assembly Election Result 2016 Live| publisher = InfoElections |access-date =22 May 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sandhyarani Tudu
|votes = 93,642
|percentage = 48.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ipil Murmu
|votes = 83,967
|percentage = 43.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gouri Singh Sardar
|votes = 8,882
|percentage = 4.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All Jharkhand Students Union
|candidate = Bivisan Sing Sardar
|votes = 1,807
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Suniti Mudi
|votes = 1,356
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,532
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 192,186
|percentage = 84.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Manbazar<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25243.htm |title = Manbazar |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-22 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=243| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070332/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=243| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Manbazar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Manbazar |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sandhyarani Tudu
|votes = 78,520
|percentage = 47.02
|change = +1.97#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Himani Hansda
|votes = 73,354
|percentage = 43.93
|change = -5.58#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gouri Sardar
|votes = 4,476
|percentage = 2.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Balahari Murmu
|votes = 3,175
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Abhiram Besra
|votes = 2,797
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lakshi Kanta Soren
|votes = 2,114
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Kartik Singh Sardar
|votes = 1,339
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate = Satyakinkar Murmu
|votes = 1,220
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 166,995
|percentage = 83.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 7.55#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 state assembly elections, Shamya Pyari Mahato of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Manbazar assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Kamakshya Prasad Singh Deo of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] and Sitaram Mahato of Trinamool Congress respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Kamalakanta Mahato of CPI(M) defeated Sitaram Mahato of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, Nirmal Prasad Mahato of Congress in 1991, and Sitaram Mahato of Congress in 1987 and 1982. Nakul Chandra Mahata of CPI(M) defeated Sitaram Mahato of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp234.htm |title = 234 - Manbazar Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-26 }}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Sitaram Mahato of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Girish Mahato of Lok Sewak Sangh/ Independent won in 1969, 1967 and [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. In 1957 Manbazar was a joint seat with one seat reserved for ST. Chaitan Majhi and Satya Kinkar Mahato, both contesting as Independents, won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purulia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purulia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Chhattisgarh Gramin Bank

2026-04-09T05:50:35Z

MarcellaGunter0: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Regional Rural Bank]]

Chinna Marumagal (TV series)

2026-03-31T14:51:00Z

MarcellaGunter0: new

{{For|the film|Chinna Marumagal}}
{{Short description|2024 Indian Tamil TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ChinnaMarumagal.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| writer = Guru Sampath Kumar K.Raja Thamayanthi
| screenplay = Ram Srinivas E. Chandrasekhar B. Jeyaprakash
| director = M. Manoj Kumar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Navin Kumar
* Swetha
}}
| theme_music_composer = Kiran
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 400+<ref>{{Cite news |title=Daily soap 'Chinnamarumagal'completes 400 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/daily-soap-chinnamarumagalcompletes-400-episodes/articleshow/123041613.cms|access-date=1 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Deepika Ramani
| producer = S. Kushmavathy
| location =
| cinematography = M. Antony Saravanan
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Estrella Stories
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|1|22|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| open_theme =
}}

'''''Chinna Marumagal (credited as Chinna Marumagal: 12aam Vaguppu)''''' ''({{translation|Younger Daughter-in-law}}, 12th class)'' is a 2024 [[Tamil television drama]] series which airs on [[Star Vijay]] from 22 January 2024 and is also available on the digital platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinna Marumagal |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/chinna-marumagal/1260167204 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/jan/23/bigg-boss-finale-timings-of-major-serials-changed-4143731.html|title=பிக் பாஸ் நிகழ்ச்சி முடிவு, புதிய தொடர்கள் ஆரம்பம்|date=23 January 2024|language=ta}}</ref> It stars Navin Kumar and Swetha in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chinna Marumagal: Everything about the family drama starring Navin Kumar and Swetha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chinna-marumagal-everything-about-the-family-drama-starring-navin-kumar-and-swetha/articleshow/123042980.cms|access-date=1 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The series is directed by Manoj Kumar and produced by Kushmavathy under Estrella Stories.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-29 |title=Navin Kumar to play the lead in the new show 'Marumagal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/navin-kumar-to-play-the-lead-in-the-new-show-marumagal/articleshow/106371521.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==

In a tightly-knit community governed by tradition, Tamilselvi, a spirited young girl, harbors a fervent desire to pursue a career in medicine. However, her aspirations clash with the deeply ingrained beliefs of her parents, who adamantly oppose the idea of their daughter venturing into a male-dominated field. Despite her unwavering determination, Tamilselvi finds herself at odds with her family's expectations, with only her sister offering solace and encouragement amidst the disapproval.

As societal pressure mounts, Tamilselvi reluctantly succumbs to the weight of familial pride and cultural norms, resigning herself to the fate of an arranged marriage. Her betrothal is to Sethupathi, the son of the village's influential patriarch, a man staunchly opposed to the education and empowerment of women. Forced into a union that threatens to stifle her ambitions and curtail her freedom, Tamilselvi confronts the daunting prospect of relinquishing her dreams for the sake of conformity.

Yet, amidst the constraints of her circumstances, Tamilselvi refuses to surrender to despair. With unwavering resilience and indomitable spirit, she embarks on a journey of self-discovery and empowerment. Through perseverance and courage, Tamilselvi begins to challenge the oppressive norms that confine her, defying the expectations placed upon her by society and forging her path towards fulfillment.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/vijay-tv-channel-brings-a-brand-new-serial-to-take-place-in-trp-rating/|title=சின்ன மருமகள் புதிய தொடர் |website=www.cinemapettai.com|date=31 December 2023|language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Navin Kumar as Sethupathi "Sethu" Rajangam, Tamizhselvi’s husband. Rajangam’s son, comes from a rich patriarchal family. He fell in love with Tamizhselvi and eventually marries her.
* Swetha as Tamizhselvi "Tamizh" Sethu (nee Chellapandi), Sethupathi’s wife, Chellapandi and Vasanthi's daughter, an intelligent schoolgirl who wants to become a doctor.

=== Recurring ===
* [[O.A.K. Sundar]] as Rajangam, Sethu's Father
* Arul Rajan as Chellapandi, Tamizh's Father
* Nikitha Murali as Sreethu
* Thamarai Selvi (2024-2025)/ Reehana.B (Dec 2025-present) as Vasanthi, Tamizh's Mother
* Gowri Janu as Mohana, Sethu's Stepmother
* Shiva Kavitha as Eeshwari, Sethu's Aunt
* Sankavi Rajendran as Thamarai, Sethu's Cousin
* Banumathy as Savithri, Thamarai's Mother
* V.R. Thilagam as Vellathai, Sethu's Grandmother
* VJ Mohana as Kanmani, Sethu's younger Sister and Arumugam's wife
* Praveen Devasagayam as Arumugam, Kanmani's husband
* Gurupharan as Bose, Eeshwari's Son
* Punitha Balakrishnan as Malar, Bose's ex-wife
* Harshini as Kavya, Bose's second wife
* Mahalakshmi as Chitra, Eeshwari's Daughter
* Minor Yogi as Karuppu, Sethu's Uncle
* Dharshini as Dhanam, Tamizh's Sister
* Shravan Sakthi as Sanaasi, Rajangam's Brother, Eeshwari's Husband
* Theni Rajesh as Natesan, Rajangam's Elder Son
* Swetha Subramanian as Poorani, Natesan's Wife
* Atchaya Barathi as Bhavani, Sethu's Elder Sister
* Vedha Doss as Maaran, Bhavani's Husband
*[[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Tamizhselvi’s school principal
* Kiruba as Maheswari, a minister

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Navin Kumar was cast in the main male lead role as Sethupathi, marking his return after ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal (TV series)|Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' and ''[[Idhayathai Thirudathe]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-29 |title=Navin Kumar to play the lead in the new show 'Marumagal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/navin-kumar-to-play-the-lead-in-the-new-show-marumagal/articleshow/106371521.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> At the end of June 2025, Geetha was cast for a special appearances.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-29 |title='Muthazhagu' fame Geetha to make special appearance in 'Chinna Marumagal'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/muthazhagu-fame-geetha-to-make-special-appearance-in-chinna-marumagal/articleshow/122111044.cms|access-date=29 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Reception==
The show got a TVR of 5.58 on its first week (Week 04 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=Tamil TV Serials TRP Ratings this week – 2024 {{!}}{{!}} Top 20 Tamil Serials List with TRP Rating - Cinebuds |url=https://cinebuds.com/tamil-tv-serials-trp-ratings-this-week/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]

Saṅkhāra

2026-03-29T09:31:18Z

MarcellaGunter0: put up new stub

{{Short description|Buddhist concept of "formations"}}
{{about|the Buddhist concept of formations|similar concept in other Indian philosophies|Samskara (Indian philosophy)}}
{{About||a close concept of saṅkhāra in Buddhism|Sankhata}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]}}
{{Buddhist term
|title={{IAST|saṅkhāra}}
|en=formations volitional formations volitional activities
|pi=संखार ({{IAST|saṅkhāra}})
|sa=संस्कार ({{IAST|saṃskāra}})
|bn=সংস্কার
|si=සංස්කාර
|si-Latn=saṃskāra
|zh=行
|zh-Latn=xíng
|ja=行
|ja-Latn=gyō
|km=សង្ខារ ([[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{Transliteration|km|Sângkhar}}; [[Romanization of Khmer#ALA-LC Romanization Tables|ALA-LC]]: {{Transliteration|km|Sangkhār}})
|vi=行 (hành) tạo tác
|bo=འདུ་བྱེད་
|bo-Latn='du.byed
|tl=ᜐᜅ᜔ᜃᜎ (sankhala)
|th=สังขาร ({{RTGS|sangkhan}})
|my=သင်္ခါရ
|my-Latn=θɪ̀ɰ̃kʰàja̰
|ko=행
|ko-Latn=haeng
}}
'''{{IAST|Saṅkhāra}}''' ([[Pali]]; संखार; [[Sanskrit]]: संस्कार or '''{{IAST|saṃskāra}}''') is a term figuring prominently in [[Buddhism]]. The word means 'formations'<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Heart of Buddha's Teaching|last=Thich Nhat Hahn|publisher=Harmony|year=2015|location=New York|pages=73–74}}</ref> or 'that which has been put together' and 'that which puts together'.

In the first (passive) sense, ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}'' refers to conditioned phenomena generally but specifically to all mental "dispositions".<ref>[[David Kalupahana]], "A History of Buddhist Philosophy." University of Hawaii Press, 1992, page 71.</ref> These are called 'volitional formations' both because they are formed as a result of [[Volition (psychology)|volition]] and because they are causes for the arising of future volitional actions.<ref>"The word ''saṅkhatam'' is explained in various ways. But in short it means something that is made up, prepared, or concocted by way of intention." Katukurunde Ñāṇānanda, in "The Mind Stilled: 33 Lectures on Nibbāna," p. 42, online at [http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net].</ref> English translations for ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}'' in the first sense of the word include 'conditioned things,'<ref>See [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.060.piya.html Piyadassi (1999).] This is also suggested, for instance, by Bodhi (2000), p. 46, who in writing about one sense of ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}'' states: 'In the widest sense, ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}'' comprises all conditioned things, everything arisen from a combination of conditions.'</ref> 'determinations,'<ref name="Bodhi 2000 p. 44">According to Bodhi (2000), p. 44, 'determinations' was used by Ven. {{IAST|Ñāṇamoli}} in his [[Majjhima Nikaya]] manuscripts that ultimately were edited by Bodhi. (In the published volume, Bodhi changed {{IAST|Ñāṇamoli}}'s word choice to "formations.")</ref> 'fabrications'<ref name="Thanissaro 1997b">See, for instance, [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.002.than.html Thanissaro (1997b).]</ref> and 'formations' (or, particularly when referring to mental processes, 'volitional formations').<ref>See the extended discussion at Bodhi (2000), pp. 44-47. Other translations considered by but ultimately rejected by Bodhi include 'constructions' (p. 45) and 'activities' (p. 45, especially to highlight the kammic aspect of ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}'').</ref>

In the second (active) sense of the word, ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}'' refers to karma (''[[skandha|sankhara-khandha]]'') that leads to conditioned arising, [[dependent origination]].<ref>{{cite book|author= William S Waldron|title=The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-42886-1 |pages=102–112 }}</ref><ref>See, for instance, Bodhi (2000), p. 45:
:''{{IAST|Saṅkhāra}}'' is derived from the prefix ''{{IAST|saṃ}}'' (=con), "together," and the verb ''karoti'', "to make." The noun straddles both sides of the active-passive divide. Thus ''{{IAST|saṅkhāras}}'' are both things which put together, construct and compound other things, ''and'' the things that are put together, constructed, and compounded.</ref>

==Etymology==
''Saṅkhāra'' is a Pali word that is cognate with the Sanskrit word ''[[saṃskāra]]''.<ref name="DavidsStede1921p664"/> The latter word is not a Vedic Sanskrit term, but found extensively in classical and epic era Sanskrit in all Indian philosophies.<ref name="DavidsStede1921p664"/><ref name="mmwp1041"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Phillips |title=Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlOrAgAAQBAJ |year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14484-1 |pages=81–87 }}</ref> ''Saṃskāra'' is found in the Upanishads such as in verse 2.6 of [[Kaushitaki Upanishad]], 4.16.2–4 of [[Chandogya Upanishad]], 6.3.1 of [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] as well as mentioned by the ancient Indian scholar [[Pāṇini|Panini]] and many others.<ref name=sndasguptap263>{{cite book|author=Surendranath Dasgupta |title=A History of Indian Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint, Original: Cambridge University Press, 1922) |isbn=978-81-208-0412-8|pages=263 with footnote 1, 272–273}}</ref> ''Saṅkhāra'' appears in the Buddhist Pitaka texts with a variety of meanings and contexts, somewhat different from the Upanishadic texts, particularly for anything to predicate [[anicca|impermanence]].<ref name=sndasguptap263/>

It is a complex concept, with no single-word English translation, that fuses "object and subject" as interdependent parts of each human's consciousness and epistemological process.<ref name="DavidsStede1921p664"/> It connotes "impression, disposition, conditioning, forming, perfecting in one's mind, influencing one's sensory and conceptual faculty" as well as any "preparation, sacrament" that "impresses, disposes, influences or conditions" how one thinks, conceives or feels.<ref name="DavidsStede1921p664"/><ref name="Kalupahana1992p71"/><ref name="mmwp1041">{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ|year=1872|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=1041}}</ref>

==Contextual meaning==
{{Aggregate relationships}}

=== Conditioned things ===
In the first (passive) sense, ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}'' refers to "conditioned things" or "dispositions, mental imprint".<ref name="Kalupahana1992p71">{{cite book|author=David J. Kalupahana |title=A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlDArya3YvcC |year=1992|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1402-1 |pages=71–72 }}</ref><ref name="DavidsStede1921p664">{{cite book|author1=Thomas William Rhys Davids |author2=William Stede |title=Pali-English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC |year=1921 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1144-7 |pages=664–665 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Harold Coward |title=Derrida and Indian Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7ucoHEbtgAC |year=1990|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0500-0 |pages=161–162 }}</ref> All aggregates in the world – physical or mental concomitants, and all phenomena, state early Buddhist texts, are conditioned things.<ref name="DavidsStede1921p664"/> It can refer to any compound form in the universe whether a tree, a cloud, a human being, a thought or a molecule. All these are {{IAST|saṅkhāras}}, as well as everything that is physical and visible in the phenomenal world are conditioned things, or aggregate of mental conditions.<ref name="DavidsStede1921p664"/> The Buddha taught that all saṅkhāras are impermanent and essenceless.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Walters |editor=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=Buddhism in Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaC4CgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8007-2 |pages=110 |edition=Abridged}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=N. Ross Reat|author2=Edmund F. Perry |title=A World Theology: The Central Spiritual Reality of Humankind |url=https://archive.org/details/worldtheologycen0000reat |url-access=registration|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33159-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldtheologycen0000reat/page/120 120]–121 }}</ref> These subjective dispositions, states Buddhist scholar [[David Kalupahana]], "prevented the Buddha from attempting to formulate an ultimately objective view of the world".<ref name="Kalupahana1992p71"/>

Since conditioned things and dispositions are perceptions and do not have real essence, they are not reliable sources of pleasure and they are impermanent.<ref name="Kalupahana1992p71"/> Understanding the significance of this reality is [[Wisdom in Buddhism|wisdom]]. This "conditioned things" sense of the word Saṅkhāra appears in [[Four Noble Truths]] and in Buddhist theory of dependent origination, that is how ignorance or misconceptions about impermanence and non-self leads to [[Taṇhā]] and [[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|rebirths]].<ref name="WilliamsTribe2002p67">{{cite book|author1=Paul Williams |author2=Anthony Tribe |author3=Alexander Wynne |title=Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9SFAgAAQBAJ |year=2002|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-62324-2 |pages=65–67 }}</ref> The [[Saṃyutta Nikāya|Samyutta Nikaya]] II.12.1 presents one such explanation,<ref name="WilliamsTribe2002p67"/> as do other Pali texts.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Clifford Holt |title=Discipline: The Canonical Buddhism of the Vinayapiṭaka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gnDWr2CCWkC |date=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1051-8 |pages=8–11}}</ref>

The [[List of last words#Pre-5th century|last words of the Buddha]], according to the [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta|Mahāparinibbāna Sutta]], were "Disciples, this I declare to you: All conditioned things are subject to disintegration – strive on untiringly for your liberation." (Pali: "''{{IAST|handa'dāni bhikkhave āmantayāmi vo, vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā ti.}}''").<ref>{{cite journal|title=The First and Last Words of Lord Buddha|author=D.C. Wijeratna|website=Academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/37451745}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha (DN 16)|author=Sister Vajira & Francis Story|website=Access to Insight (BCBS Edition)|url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html#fn-58}}</ref>

=== Aggregate of ''saṅkhāra'' ===
{{Nidanas}}
{{PancaKhandha}}
In the second (active) sense, ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}'' (or ''[[skandha|{{IAST|saṅkhāra-khandha}}]]'', aggregate of ''saṅkhāra'') refers to the form-creating faculty of mind. It is part of the doctrine of conditioned arising or [[dependent origination]] ({{IAST|paṭiccasamuppāda}}).<ref name=bodhisnp45>{{cite book|author=Bhikkhu Bodhi |title=The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEA6AwAAQBAJ |year=2005|publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-86171-973-0 |pages=45–47 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= William S Waldron|title=The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-42886-1 |pages=19–23 }}</ref> In this sense, the term ''Sankhara'' is karmically active volition or intention, which generates rebirth and influences the realm of rebirth.<ref name=bodhisnp45/> ''Sankhara'' herein is synonymous with [[karma]], and includes actions of the body, speech and mind.<ref name=bodhisnp45/><ref>{{cite book|author= William S Waldron|title=The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-42886-1 |pages=16–18 }}</ref>

The ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra-khandha}}'' states that living beings are reborn (''[[bhava]]'', become) by means of actions of body and speech (''[[Karma in Buddhism|kamma]]'').<ref>See, for instance, [[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 12.2 [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.002.than.html (Thanissaro, 1997b)], where the Buddha states: 'And what are fabrications? These three are fabrications: bodily fabrications, verbal fabrications, mental fabrications. These are called fabrications.'</ref> The Buddha stated that all volitional constructs are conditioned by ignorance (''[[avijja]]'') of [[anicca|impermanence]] and [[anatta|non-self]].<ref>{{cite book|author= William S Waldron|title=The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-42886-1 |pages=10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mathieu Boisvert| title=The Five Aggregates: Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUTRBtvSUaUC| year=1995|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-257-3|pages=93–98}}</ref> It is this ignorance that leads to the origination of the ''sankharas'' and ultimately causes human suffering (''[[dukkha]]'').<ref>{{cite book|author= William S Waldron|title=The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-42886-1 |pages=190–191 notes 2–5, Chapter 1 }}</ref> The cessation of all such ''sankharas'' (''{{IAST|sabba-saṅkhāra-nirodha}}'') is synonymous with Awakening (''[[bodhi]]''), the attainment of nirvana. The end of conditioned arising or dependent origination in the karmic sense (''Sankharas''), yields the unconditioned phenomenon of nirvana.<ref>{{cite book|author= William S Waldron|title=The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9iCAgAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-42886-1 |page=102}}</ref>

As the ignorance conditions the volitional formations, these formations condition, in turn, the consciousness (''[[Vijnana|viññāna]]''). The Buddha elaborated:

'What one intends, what one arranges, and what one obsesses about: This is a support for the stationing of consciousness. There being a support, there is a landing [or: an establishing] of consciousness. When that consciousness lands and grows, there is the production of renewed becoming in the future. When there is the production of renewed becoming in the future, there is future birth, aging & death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair. Such is the origination of this entire mass of suffering & stress.'<ref>[[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 12.38 [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.038.than.html (Thanissaro, 1995).]</ref>

=== Mental factors ===
{{main|Mental factors (Buddhism)}}

''Mental factors'' (Sanskrit: ''caitasika''; Pali: ''cetasika''; Tibetan Wylie: ''sems byung'') are formations (Sanskrit: ''saṅkhāra'') concurrent with mind (Sanskrit: ''[[citta]]'').<ref name=g1>Guenther (1975), Kindle Location 321.</ref><ref name=eric1>Kunsang (2004), p. 23.</ref><ref>Geshe Tashi Tsering (2006), Kindle Location 456.</ref> They can be described as aspects of the mind that apprehend the quality of an object, and that have the ability to color the mind.<ref>Geshe Tashi Tsering (2006), Kindle Location 564-568.</ref>

==Relation to Nibbāna==
The Buddha emphasized the need to purify dispositions rather than eliminate them completely.<ref>David Kalupahana, ''Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way.'' Motilal Banarsidass, 2005, page 48.</ref>

Kalupahana states that "the elimination of dispositions is [[epistemology|epistemological]] suicide," as dispositions determine our perspectives. The development of one's personality in the direction of perfection or imperfection rests with one's dispositions.<ref>[[David Kalupahana]], "A History of Buddhist Philosophy." University of Hawaii Press, 1992, page 75.</ref>

When preliminary [[nibbana]] with substrate occurs (that is, nibbana of a living being), ''constructive'' consciousness (that is, the house-builder) is completely destroyed and no new formations will be constructed. However, sankharas in the sense of ''constructed'' consciousness, which exists as a "karmically-resultant-consciousness" (''vipāka viññāna''), continue to exist.<ref name="Steven Collins 1982, page 207">Steven Collins, ''Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism.'' Cambridge University Press, 1982, page 207.</ref> Each liberated individual produces no new karma, but preserves a particular individual personality which is the result of the traces of his or her karmic heritage. The very fact that there is a psycho-physical substrate during the remainder of an [[arahant|arahant's]] lifetime shows the continuing effect of karma.<ref name="Steven Collins 1982, page 207"/>

==English translations==
* Activities (Ajahn Sucitto)
* Concoctions (Santikaro)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leighb.com/intv0405.htm|title=Interview with Leigh Brasington, May 2004|website=www.leighb.com}}</ref>
* Conditions
* Conditioning Factors
* Conditioned things<ref>See [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.060.piya.html Piyadassi (1999).] This is also suggested, for instance, by Bodhi (2000), p. 46, who in writing about one sense of ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}'' states: "In the widest sense, ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}'' comprises all conditioned things, everything arisen from a combination of conditions."</ref>
* Constructions (similar to the idea of [[Social Constructionism]])
* Determinations<ref name="Bodhi 2000 p. 44"/><ref>According to [[Nanavira Thera]] 'the word sankhāra, in all contexts, means 'something that something else depends on', that is to say a determination (determinant).' ([http://nanavira.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=84 Notes on Dhamma: Sankhāra])</ref>
* Fabrications<ref name="Thanissaro 1997b"/>
* Formations (Bhikkhu Bodhi)<ref>See the extended discussion at Bodhi (2000), pp. 44-47. Other translations considered by but ultimately rejected by Bodhi include "constructions" (p. 45) and "activities" (p. 45, especially to highlight the karmic aspect of ''{{IAST|saṅkhāra}}'').</ref>
* Karmic formations<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Luzac| others = I.B. Horner (trans.)| title = Milinda's questions| location = London| series = Sacred books of the Buddhists| date = 1963}}</ref>
* Mental constructions
* Mental constructs (Bhante S. Dhammika)
* Preparations ([[Katukurunde Nanananda Thera|Bhikkhu Katukurunde Ñāṇānanda]])<ref>Ñāṇānanda, Katukurunde, 1988-1991, ''The Mind Stilled: 33 Lectures on Nibbāna,'' online at
[http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net]. Bhikkhu Ñāṇānanda also notes, "in the ancient Indian society, one of the primary senses of the word ''saṅkhāra'' was the make-up
done by actors and actresses" (http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net/files/eng/books/ms/nibbana_the_mind_stilled_I.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100018/http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net/files/eng/books/ms/nibbana_the_mind_stilled_I.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}, p. 109).</ref>
* Volitional activities<ref>Gethin, p. 136</ref>
* Volitional dispositions<ref>Radhakrishnan and Moore (1957), p. 272.</ref>
* Volitional formations (Bhikkhu Bodhi)

==See also==
* [[Sankhata]]
* [[Kleshas (Buddhism)]]
* [[Mental factors (Buddhism)]]
* [[Paticca-samuppada]]
* [[Samskara (Indian philosophy)]] – Hindu concept
* [[Skandha]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* [[Bhikkhu Bodhi|Bodhi, Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (2000). ''The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya''. Boston: Wisdom Publications. {{ISBN|0-86171-331-1}}.
* Geshe Tashi Tsering (2006). ''Buddhist Psychology: The Foundation of Buddhist Thought''. Perseus Books Group. Kindle Edition.
* [[Herbert V. Guenther|Guenther, Herbert V.]] & Leslie S. Kawamura (1975), ''Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding"'' Dharma Publishing. Kindle Edition.
* [[Erik Pema Kunsang|Kunsang, Erik Pema]] (translator) (2004). ''Gateway to Knowledge, Vol. 1''. North Atlantic Books.
* [[Piyadassi Thera]] (trans.) (1999). ''Girimananda Sutta: Discourse to Girimananda Thera'' ([[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] 10.60). Retrieved 2007-11-18 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.060.piya.html Girimananda Sutta: Discourse to Girimananda Thera].
* [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan, S.]] and [[Charles A. Moore|Moore, C.A.]] (1957). ''A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy''. Princeton University Press.
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (1995). ''Cetana Sutta: Intention'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 12.38). Retrieved 2007-11-16 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.038.than.html Cetana Sutta: Intention].
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997a). ''Avijja Sutta: Ignorance'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 45.1). Retrieved 2007-11-16 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn45/sn45.001.than.html Avijja Sutta: Ignorance].
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). ''Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 12.2). Retrieved 2007-11-16 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.002.than.html Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising].
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2001). ''Khajjaniya Sutta: Chewed Up'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 22.79). Retrieved 2007-11-18 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.079.than.html Khajjaniya Sutta: Chewed Up].

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Avidya (Buddhism)|Avidyā]]
|title=[[Twelve Nidanas|Twelve Nidānas]]
|years='''{{IAST|Saṃskāra}}'''
|after=[[Vijnana|Vijñāna]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Buddhism in India]]
[[Category:Twelve nidānas]]
[[Category:Pali words and phrases]]

Chhayavad

2026-03-28T07:40:55Z

MarcellaGunter0: done

{{short description|Era of Neo-romanticism in Hindi literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
[[File:Matvala Magazine.jpg|thumb|180px|right|The first issue of [[Matwālā|Matvala]], a notable magazine that played a significant role in the development of Chāyāvād.]]
'''Chhayavad''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|hi|ISO| Chāyāvād}}) refers to the era of [[Neo-romanticism|mystical-romanticism]] in [[Hindi literature]], particularly [[poetry]], spanning approximately from mid-1910s to early-1940s. It emerged as a reaction to the didacticism of its previous poetic movement - the Dwivedi era - as well as the courtly traditions of poetry.

It was marked by a renewed sense of the self and personal expression with an increase in romantic and humanist content. It is characterized by a lyrical, poetic, and musical accomplishment of modern Hindi literature. The movement delved into love as a [[Divine embodiment|spiritual and transformative force]], [[Nature Writing|reverence for nature]] as a source of solace, a quest for identity and connection with the [[Absolute (philosophy)|divine]]. These themes incorporated traditional values with the evolving ideas of freedom during the country's struggle for [[Indian independence movement|independence]].

The movement is typically attributed to [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Suryakant Tripathi Nirala]], [[Sumitranandan Pant]], and [[Mahadevi Varma]], often cited as the four pillars of Chāyāvād. Their writings reflected a conscious blending of classical Indian heritage with occidental sensibilities.

Anchored in new sensibilities, it concluded with the rise of the [[socialism|socially engaged]] ''Pragativad'', and the experimental spirit of ''[[Experimental literature|Prayogvad]]'', together reflecting the dynamic evolution of Hindi poetry in the early 20th century.

==Etymology==
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Swami Vivekananda Jaipur.jpg
| image2 = Rabindranath Tagore.jpg
| footer = Swami Vivekananda and Rabindranath Tagore, both of whom exerted a strong influence on the Chhayavad literary movement.
}}
The literal meaning of ''chāyā'' carries various interpretations, including shade, such as from a tree or cloud; reflection, like that in a mirror; and shadow, as cast by an object.<ref>Rubin, David (1998), p. 11</ref><ref>Mayrhofer 1992, p.559-560</ref><ref>Turner 1969-1985, p.276</ref> The suffix ''[[:hi:वाद|vād]]'' is the Hindi equivalent of the English suffix ''[[-ism]].''

The term chāyā appears in the [[Upanishads]], where it refers to the universe as a phenomenal reflection of transcendental reality. This interpretation is supported by the broader intellectual environment of that time, when figures like [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]] were revisiting the Upanishads and introducing modern interpretations of ancient texts.<ref>Ritter, Valerie (2011), p.220-221</ref>

Researchers have also proposed that the term is associated with the reflection of the literary expression exemplified in [[Tagore|Tagore's]] [[Gitanjali]] which itself was influenced by [[Romanticism]] of [[English literature]].<ref>Gupta, Ankita (2018)</ref>

The first use of the term chāyāvād in the context of Hindi poetry is attributed to Mukutdhar Pandey, who introduced it through his collection of essays in 1920. [[Namvar Singh]] notes that the essays were presented with annotations, suggesting that commentaries on this poetic style already existed. Scholars agree that the essence of chāyāvād' began to take shape around the mid-1910s, predating its formal recognition in 1920.<ref>Singh, Namvar (2018), p.11</ref>

==Historical Context==
===Development===
[[File:Sarasvati Magazine.png|thumb|150px|left|Cover of Sarasvatī, an influential magazine started during the Dwivedi period]]
Until the early 20th century, Hindi poetry followed traditions that had developed over several centuries through various medieval literary forms and dialects. The first attempts at modern standardized Hindi poetry, based on [[Kauravi dialect|''Khari Boli'']], emerged during a surge of literary activity in [[Varanasi]] in the 1860s, centered around [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]]. It was primarily characterized by ''bhakti'' (religious devotion) or ''riti'' (courtly love) themes. The '''''Bhartendu yug''''' introduced innovations, such as using verses in [[Braj Bhasha]] for dramas to comment on contemporary issues, but these did not gain lasting traction.<ref>McGregor, R.S.(1974), p.34-38</ref>

A significant shift in Hindi poetry occurred with the founding of the magazine [[Saraswati (magazine)|''Sarasvatī'']] in 1900, under the editorship of [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]]. While initially appreciated more for its social and literary goals than for its aesthetic value, the '''''Dwivedi yug''''' marked a transformation in the content of Hindi poetry. Poets of this era moved away from the limited scope of ''rītī'' poetry and began addressing themes such as [[nationalism]] and [[social reform]]. A defining work of this period is [[Maithili Sharan Gupt|Maithilisharan Gupt's]] 1912 poem ''Bhārat-Bhāratī'', which exemplifies the nationalist sentiment of the time. Dwivedi-era introduced didactic themes that shaped the discourse of Hindi literature through the second and third decades of the 20th century.<ref>Schomer, Karine (1983), p.6-7</ref>

Simultaneously, a younger generation of poets emerged on the fringes of the literary establishment, rejecting both the ideal prosaic moral earnestness of Dwivedi-era poetry and the narrow scope of ''rītī'' traditions. Their reaction against earlier styles and themes led to a revolution in poetic sensibility, ultimately giving rise to the '''''Chhayavad yug'''''.<ref>Schomer, Karine (1983), p.7-8</ref><ref>Rubin, David (1998), p-12</ref>

===Period===
The Chāyāvād period is generally dated between 1918 and 1938, though some critics and scholars propose slight variations for its inception and conclusion. This period of literary flourishing coincided with the aftermath of [[World War I]], and extended through the interwar years, culminating in the early 1940s as [[World War II]] commenced. Hence, this poetic stream aligns with global trends of [[introspection]], and [[Cultural movement|cultural revival]] in [[Aftermath of World War I|post-war]] societies. The Chāyāvād era also coincided with India's escalating struggle for [[Indian Independence Movement|independence]], intertwining personal emotions with the collective aspirations for cultural identity and an implicit desire for political independence.<ref>Rubin, David (2005), p.17-20</ref>

==Definition==
===By critics===
Prominent critic [[Ramchandra Shukla]] in his ''Hindi Sahitya ka Itihas'' asserts that: {{blockquote|Chāyāvād should be understood in two senses. First, in the context of mysticism, where it relates to the subject matter of poetry, depicting the poet's eternal and unknown beloved through highly imaginative language. Second, as a particular poetic style, where the focus lies in expressing the unmanifest through the shadow of the manifest. Chhayavad generally represents an artistic response against the dry, narrative style of the Dwivedi era. (English translation)<ref>Shukla, Ramchandra (1938) "छायावादी शब्द का प्रयोग दो अर्थों में समझना चाहिए। एक तो रहस्यवाद के अर्थ में, जहाँ उसका संबंध काव्य-वस्तु से होता है अर्थात् जहाँ कवि उस अनन्त और अज्ञात प्रियतम को आलंबन बनाकर अत्यंत चित्रमयी भाषा में प्रेम का अनेक प्रकार से व्यंजना करता है। इस अर्थ का दूसरा प्रयोग काव्य-शैली या पद्धति-विशेष के व्यापक अर्थ में होता है। छायावाद का चलन द्विवेदी काल की रूखी इतिवृत्तात्मक (कथात्मकता) की प्रतिक्रिया के रूप में हुआ था।"</ref><ref>Sharan, Deenanath (1958), p.06</ref>}}

[[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]] asserted that Chāyāvād stemmed from an inward orientation of the mind and a steadfast belief in the changing human condition. The poets of this era were endowed with exceptional sensitivity and keen awareness of social disparities and discord. Stylistically, they were markedly distinct from their predecessors, focusing primarily on subjectivity. By 1920, Khadi Boli poetry still emphasized themes, but subsequently, the poet's own emotions and sentiments took precedence. The significance of the theme itself became secondary, while the poet's inner resonance with it became paramount.<ref>Sharan, Deenanath (1958), p.08</ref>

[[Namwar Singh]] wrote: {{blockquote|Regardless of its literal meaning, the term chāyāvād practically refers to the collected works of poets like Prasad, Nirala, Pant, and Mahadevi written between 1918 and 1936. It is the poetic manifestation of the national awakening of that era, striving to break free from old traditions on one hand and foreign domination on the other. (English translation)<ref>Singh, Namvar (2018), p.48</ref>}}

[[Nand Dulare Bajpai]] defined Chāyāvād as the subtle yet manifest beauty of nature imbued with a spiritual aura, offering a universally accepted explanation of the movement.

===By the contributing poets===
'''Jaishankar Prasad''' noted that this new form of poetry relied more on Indian aesthetics of experience and expression. Its distinctive features included suggestiveness, figurativeness, the depiction of nature, and the nuanced articulation of personal emotions. He said:{{blockquote| When poetry moved away from the mythological narratives or external descriptions of women’s beauty in different lands and began expressing self-experienced emotions rooted in pain, it came to be termed Chāyāvād in Hindi.<ref>Sharan, Deenanath (1958), p.12 "काव्य के क्षेत्र में पौराणिक युग की किसी घटना अथवा देश-विदेश की सुन्दरी के बाह्य वर्णन से भिन्न जब वेदना के आधार पर स्वानुभूतिमयी अभिव्यक्ति होने लगी, तब हिन्दी में उसे छायावाद नाम से अभिहित किया गया।"</ref>}}

'''Mahadevi Varma''' viewed the philosophy of Chhayavad as rooted in [[Neo-Vedanta|universalism]] ''(sarvātmavād)'' and identified nature as its medium. She believed this poetry established a profound emotional bond with nature, evoking universal empathy and unity with all elements of the world. She regarded [[mysticism]] as a natural progression of Chāyāvād.<ref>Sharan, Deenanath (1958), p.12</ref>

'''Sumitranandan Pant''', in a distinctly poetic manner, observed that the spontaneous emergence of poetic sensibilities from diverse directions eventually coalesced into the epoch-defining Chhayavad.<ref>Jain, Nirmala (1971), p.125 "चारों दिशाओं से स्वतंत्र रूप से नई काव्य-चेतना की धाराएँ बहकर छायावाद के युगचरितमानस में संचित हुईं।"</ref>

== Notable authors ==
[[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']], [[Sumitranandan Pant]] and [[Mahadevi Varma]] are considered as the four pillars of the ''Chhayavadi'' school of Hindi literature.

=== Jaishankar Prasad ===
{{main|Jaishankar Prasad}}
[[File:Prasad Ji.png|thumb|90px|left|{{center|Prasad}}]]
Prasad was born in 1889 in Varanasi into a prosperous family with a strong association to [[Shaivism]]. His family's enterprise was focused on the trade of snuff and tobacco. His early education began at home, studying [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Urdu]], before he got enrolled at Queen's College.

He had a deep interest in religion, history, archaeology, and gardening. Music was a lifelong inclination, and he appreciated both [[Indian classical music|classical]] forms and lighter styles. His works often include love in its diverse forms, the profound exploration of pain and anguish, the complexities of the human condition, the pursuit of spiritual ideals, and the examination of historical and mythological narratives—elements that are evident in both his poetry and prose.<ref>Singh, Rajendra (1982), pp.24-30</ref>

=== Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' ===
{{main|Suryakant Tripathi}}
[[File:Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'.jpg|thumb|100px|right|{{center|Nirala}}]]
Nirala was born towards the end of the 19th century at Mahishadal in [[Midnapore]] in [[Bengal Presidency]]. He independently started deciphering the grammar of modern standard Hindi by studying two Hindi journals available to him in Bengal: ''Sarasvatī'' and ''Maryādā''.

He revolutionized Hindi poetry by pioneering the use of free verse. Nirala's poetry illustrated a profound connection with the living spirits of nature. His mystical poems, rich with the devotion of medieval Bhakti poetry, explored nature within a metaphysical framework that aligned with his Advaita beliefs. Themes of minority subjectivity, social critique, and social upliftment also appeared frequently in his writings.<ref>Rubin, David (1976), pp.127-130</ref>

=== Sumitranandan Pant ===
{{main|Sumitranandan Pant}}
[[File:Sumitranandan Pant Ji.jpg|thumb|100px|left|{{center|Pant}}]]
Pant was born in [[Kausani]] in 1900. He grew up in a village and always cherished a love for the beauty and flavor of rural India, which is reflected in all his major works. He was known for romanticism in his poems which were inspired by nature, people and beauty within.

His works showcase a blend of innovation and emotional depth, marked by free verse and prose poems. Renowned for his vivid imagery, rhythmic variety, and charm, his contributions extend beyond poetry, highlighting his brilliance as a prose stylist, essayist, and critic.<ref>Mukhopadhyaya, Debabrata (1969), pp.21-24</ref>

=== Mahadevi Varma ===
{{main|Mahadevi Varma}}
Verma was born on 26 March 1907 in [[Farrukhabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She significantly impacted Hindi literature by refining the language and infusing poetry with heartfelt acceptance of Indian philosophy.

Her unique blend of emotional intensity, lyrical simplicity, and evocative imagery, along with her contributions as a translator and scholar, solidified her position as a leading figure of the Chhayavad movement. Her poetry, along with her work towards social upliftment and women's education, were depicted in her writings. These works greatly influenced both readers and critics.<ref>Schomer, Karine (1983), pp.158-185</ref>

===Others===
Other important figures of this literary movement were

[[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']], widely regarded as a poet of rebellion, with his poetry often exuding heroic sentiment, he initially composed in the ''Chāyāvād'' style and is frequently cited as a major figure of the ''Chāyāvādottar'' period—the transitional phase between ''Chāyāvād'' and ''Uttar-Chāyāvād'' (Post-Chāyāvāda). His later work, based on the celestial nymph [[Urvashi]], also embodies the sensibilities of Chāyāvād.<ref>Damodar, Shrihari (1975)</ref>

[[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]] began his literary career under the influence of Chāyāvāda and gradually emerged as a prominent poet and writer of the Nayī Kavitā literary movement. In the later stages of his career, he became increasingly critical of Chāyāvād and became associated with other literary currents such as Pragativād.<ref>Castaing, Anne (2012)</ref>

[[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]] was an Indian poet, essayist, and journalist noted for his role in the Indian independence movement and his contribution to Chāyāvād. He received the first [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Hindi for ''Him Taraṅginī'' (1955).<ref>Kalbhor, Gopinath</ref>

[[Ramkumar Verma]], known for his historical one-act plays and poetry collections. His works reflect themes of sacrifice, love, service, and humanity, influenced by Gandhian ideals.<ref>George, K.M. (1995)</ref>

[[Pandit Narendra Sharma]] started his career as a poet and towards the 1940s, he contributed lyrics to Hindi cinema and is widely recognized for his work in the [[Bollywood|film industry]].<ref>Sukumaran, Shradha</ref>

== Notable works ==
Many works from this school of poetry first appeared in [[literary magazine]]s before being compiled into books. The following list includes major works in their book form, excluding separate magazine publications since they were later incorporated into these volumes.

===Jaishankar Prasad===
{{div col|colwidth=2}}
* ''Jharna'' (1918)
* ''Chitradhar'' (1918)
* ''Aansu'' (1925)
* ''Kanan Kusum'' (1929)
* ''Lahar'' (1935)
* ''[[Kamayani]]'' (1936)
{{div col end}}

===Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'===
{{div col|colwidth=2}}
* ''Parimal'' (1930)
* [[Tulsidas (poem)|''Tulsidas'']] (1935)
* ''Geetika'' (1936)
* ''Anamika'' (1939) — notable for the inclusion of two extended poetic works, ''[[Ram Ki Shakti Puja]]'' and ''[[Saroj Smriti]].''
* ''Anima'' (1943)
{{div col end}}

===Sumitranandan Pant===
{{div col|colwidth=2}}
* ''Veena'' (1927)
* ''Gunjan'' (1932)
* ''Pallav'' (1936)
* ''Yugvani'' (1937)
{{div col end}}

===Mahadevi Varma===
{{div col|colwidth=2}}
* ''Nihar'' (1930)
* ''Rashmi'' (1932)
* ''Neerja'' (1933)
* ''Sandhyageet'' (1936)
* ''[[Yāmā (poetry collection)|Yāmā]]'' (1939) — the prior four works were brought together in one volume.
* ''[[Deepshikha]]'' (1942)
* ''Agnirekha'' (1990) — originally composed during this stylistic period and published posthumously.
{{div col end}}

===Harivansh Rai Bachchan===
* ''Tera haar'' (1929)
* ''Nisha Nimantran'' (1938)

==See also==
*[[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolism]]
*[[List of Hindi poets]]
*[[Irish Literary Revival]]
*[[Nagari Pracharini Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book |last=Bandopadhyay |first=Manohar |title=Lives and Works of Great Hindi Poets |publisher=B.R. Publishing House |year=1994 |isbn=9788170187868 |language=English}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Castaing |first1=Anne |date=2012 |title=Vernacularizing Rubaiyat: the Politics of Madhushala in the context of the Indian Nationalism |journal=The Great Umar Khayyam: A Global Reception of the Rubaiyat |editor1-last=Seyed-Gohrab |editor1-first=Asghar |publisher=Leiden University Press |isbn=9789087281571 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01990835 |access-date=22 January 2025}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6pHAAAAMAAJ|title=Ādhunika Hindī kavitā meṃ rāshṭrīya bhāvanā, san 1857-1947|last=Damodar|first=Shrihari|date=1975|publisher=Bharat Book Depo|pages=472|language=hi}}
*{{cite journal |last=Dave |first=Radhekant |title=Recent Trends in Hindi Poetry |journal=Indian Literature |volume=22 |issue=3 |date=May–June 1979 |pages=62–74 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |jstor=23329987 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23329987 |access-date=14 May 2025}}
*{{cite news |last1=Chishti |first1=Seema |title=References to death and disease in Hindi literature |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/references-to-death-and-disease-in-hindi-literature-6357805/ |access-date=19 February 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523044916/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/references-to-death-and-disease-in-hindi-literature-6357805/ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book|last=George|first=K. M.|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose|year=1995|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-7201-783-9|pages=210–213|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTXougCB-NMC&pg=PA210}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Green |first=Sarah Virginia Houston |date=2008|title=The Individual in the Nation: Locating Identity at the Transition from Didactic Nationalism to the Lyrical in Early Twentieth-Century Hindi Poetry |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2152/18354 |degree=PhD |work=UT Electronic Theses and Dissertations |department=Asian Studies |publisher=University of Texas |hdl=2152/18354 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Ankita |date=2018 |title=East-West Romanticisms: Understanding Indian Romanticism through Chhayavad - A Study in Comparative Indian Literature |journal=J Adv Res Eng & Edu |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=1–5 |url= https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/34498}}
*{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Nirmala |title=Hindi Sahitya ka Brihat Itihas (part 10) |chapter=Chāyāvād: Pūrvavṛtt, Paribhāṣā aur Pravṛttiyā̃ |year=1971 |publisher=Nagari Pracharini Sabha |page=125 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.263450/page/n137/mode/2up|language=hi}}
*{{cite book |last=Kalbhor |first=Gopinath |title=Rāṣṭravaadī Cintak Mākhanlāl Caṭurvedī |publisher=Vāṇī Prakāśan |page=51 |language=hi}}
*{{cite book |last=Mayrhofer |first=Manfred |date=1992 |title=Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen |location=Germany |publisher=C. Winter|author-link=Manfred Mayrhofer}}
*{{cite book |last=McGregor |first=Ronald Stuart| author-link=R. S. McGregor |date=1974 |title=Hindi Literature of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries |url= |trans-title= |language= |location=Germany |publisher=Harrassowitz |isbn=9388540573 |access-date=}}
*{{cite journal |last=Pachori |first=Satya S. |title=The Chāyavād of Jaya Śankar Prasad: An Overview and Evaluation |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=14 |issue=1/2 |pages=247–262 |year=1978–1979 |publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University |jstor=40872277 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40872277}}
*{{cite book |last=Pant |first=Sumitranandan |author2=Mukhopadhyaya |author2-first=Debabrata |author3=Dasgupta |author3-first=Alokeranjan |date=1969 |title=Fifty Poems From Chidambara |url= |publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith |location=Calcutta |language=English |access-date=}}
*{{cite book |last=Priyanka |first=Prachi |editor-last1=Bryson |editor-first1=Michael |title=The Routledge Companion to Humanism and Literature |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2022 |isbn=9780367494117 }}
*{{cite book |last=Ritter |first=Valerie |author-link= |title=Kāma's Flowers: Nature in Hindi Poetry and Criticism, 1885-1925 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press ]]|year=2011 |isbn=9781438435671}}
*{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=David |author-link=David Rubin (writer)|date=1976 |title=A Season on the Earth: Selected Poems of Nirala |url= |series=Representative Works: Indian Series|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-231-04160-8|language=English |access-date=}}
*{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=David |title=The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=9780195643695 }}
*{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=David |date=2005 |title=Of Love and War: A Chayavad Anthology |url= |trans-title= |language= |location=India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195675320 |access-date=}}
*{{cite book |last=Schomer |first=Karine |date=1983 |title=Mahadevi Verma and the Chhayavad Age of Modern Hindi Poetry |url= |trans-title= |language= |location= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-04255-1 |access-date=}}
*{{cite book |last=Sharan |first=Deenath |title=Chhayavad Vishleshan aur Mulyakan|publisher=Pavan Printing Press |year=1958}}
*{{cite magazine |last1=Singh |first1=Sheela |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=Shrinath |magazine=Nagari Patrika|title=Prasad ki kavya bhasha |date=Oct 1982 – Apr 1983 |volume=16 |issue=1–7 |publisher=[[Nagari Pracharini Sabha|Nagari Pracharini Sabha Varanasi]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Namwar |date=2018 |title=Chhayavad |trans-title= |language=hi |location= |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=9788126707362 |access-date=}}
*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajendra |date=1982 |title=Jayshankar Prasad |url= |language=English |location=Boston |publisher=Twayne |series=World Author Series|isbn=9780805764741 |access-date=}}
*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Shivkaran |title=Swachhandtavad Evam Chhayavad Ka Tulnatmak Adhyayan |edition=2nd |year=1967 |publisher=Kitab Mahal |location=Allahabad |page=111}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Ruchi |date=2021 |title=A Portrait of the Artist as a Social Reformer: Nirala's A Life Misspent and "Chaturi, the Shoemaker" |journal=Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=204–212 |url=https://jcla.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JCLA-44.4_Ruchi-Sharma.pdf |access-date=2024-07-24 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309143655/https://jcla.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JCLA-44.4_Ruchi-Sharma.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Shukla Acharya |first=Ramchandra |date=1929 |title=Hindi Sahitya Ka Itihas|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.321534 |language=Hindi |location=India |publisher=Nagari Pracharini Sabha Kashi (NPS)|access-date=}}
*{{cite web|last=Sukumaran |first=Shradha |url=http://www.mid-day.com/specials/2009/jun/140609-Lata-Mangeshkar-In-her-own-voice-Books-Private-Life-Bollywood-Playback-Singers.htm |title=Voice of India |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=2009-06-14 |accessdate=2011-12-28}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Turner |first=Ralph Lilley |date=1969–1985 |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=ch%C4%81y%C4%81%CC%81&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact |location=London |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Varmā |first=Mahādevī |title=Links in the Chain |translator-last=Sohoni |translator-first=Neera Kuckreja |publisher=Katha |year=2003 |isbn=9788187649342|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pP-yfTV-J4C |pages=147 |format=Paperback |language=English }}
*{{cite magazine |last=Varma |first=Tulika |date=July 2024 |title=Chhayavad poetry's search for ancestors |url=https://library.iimtrichy.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Caravan-July-2024.pdf |magazine=The Caravan |location=New Delhi |publisher=Delhi Press |page=85 |access-date=May 14, 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=White |first=Charles S. J. |date=2006 |title=The Garden of Loneliness: A Translation of Jaishankar Prasad's Hindi Poem 'Ansu |url= |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=8120831373|language=hi}}
{{refend}}

{{Schools of poetry}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian literature]]
[[Category:Asian literature]]
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:Hindi literary movements]]
[[Category:Hindi poetry]]
[[Category:Indian literary movements]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Neo-romanticism]]
[[Category:Poetry movements]]
[[Category:South Asian literature]]

Kalamba

2026-03-21T13:08:58Z

MarcellaGunter0: reworked formatting and fixed typos

{{for|the Filipino earthen jar|Tapayan}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement


|official_name =Kalamba
|native_name = Kalamba Nzaui
|other_name = Maiani
|settlement_type =[[List of cities and towns in Kenya by population|Urban Area]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|nickname =
|motto =

|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map =Kenya
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Kenya
|coordinates = {{coord|1|52|S|37|31|E|region:KE|display=inline}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name ={{flag|Kenya}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Counties of Kenya|County]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name1 =[[Makueni County]]
|subdivision_name3 =
|subdivision_name4 =

|established_title = Founded
|established_date = 1895

|postal_code_type = Postcode
|postal_code =90122
|area_code =
|website =
|footnotes =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_name3 =
|timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
|utc_offset = +3
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank_info = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|Cwb]]
}}
'''Kalamba''' is town found in [[Makueni Constituency]] Makueni County in Kenya. The town was started as a mission station of [[Africa Inland Mission]] in 1895 by [[Peter Cameron Scott]]. In Kalamba, there is final resting place for Peter Scott.

==First AIC Church at Kalamba village==

As a historical destination, it is now known as the origin of AIC Church in Kenya. In 1895, Mr. [[Peter Cameron Scott]], a Scottish missionary sent from America passed here and ventured further interior to [[Nzaui]] where he set up the first Africa inland Mission in Kalamba with his sister Margret and six others.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2014/05/06/sh3m-for-makueni-aic-mission_c934951|title=Sh3m for Makueni AIC mission|work=The Star, Kenya|access-date=2018-10-16|language=en}}</ref> After hardly seven months, he had established three other missions in Ukambani at Sakai, Kilungu and Kangundo. He died in Nzaui- Kalamba on 4 December in 1896, after having established the first mission that gave birth to the Africa Inland Church in Ukambani.

== The AIC Kalamba Mission ==
A very committed Christian, Peter Scott managed to build the first house that measured 30 ft by 14 ft that was completed on 23 December 1895 which the five missionaries occupied. Peter was generally weak but very strong in faith as he had been run over by a hand cart back home at the age of 3 making his general condition of health unpredictable for the better part of his life. Despite his poor health he had within 7 months managed to establish three other mission stations at Sakai, Kilungu and Kangundo including the main station at Kalamba through very challenging situations.

A portrait of [[Johannes Hoffman]] and that of his wife Emilie who lived here between (1886–1914) is preserved in the church with a written message in his own words.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thetreasureblog.wordpress.com/2013/06/21/ukambani/|title=Ukambani|date=2013-06-21|work=The Treasure|access-date=2018-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Rock climbing ==
Kalamba has a reputation as a "rock climbers paradise."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.trover.com/d/1QQGk-makueni-county-kalamba-kenya|title=Makueni County, Kalamba, Kenya — by Kalunde Mbevi|work=Trover|access-date=2018-10-16|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kondoa District]]
[[Category:Wards of Dodoma Region]]

{{Dodoma-geo-stub}}

Divya Agarwal

2026-03-19T14:49:53Z

MarcellaGunter0:

{{Short description|Indian actress, model and dancer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Divya Agarwal
| image = Divya Agarwal in 2023.jpg
| caption = Agarwal in 2023
| years_active = 2017–present
| birth_name = 
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|12|04}}
| birth_place = 
| alma_mater = 
| spouse = {{marriage|Apurva Padgaonkar|2024}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! It feels surreal... I’ve married the love of my life, says Divya Agarwal who tied the knot with Apurva Padgaonkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/divya-agarwal-on-marrying-apurva-padgaonkar-it-feels-surreal-ive-married-the-love-of-my-life-exclusive/articleshow/107885670.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model|dancer}}
| television = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 10|MTV Splitsvilla 10]]''
* ''[[Ace of Space 1]]''
* ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 1)|Bigg Boss OTT 1]]''
}}
}}

'''Divya Agarwal''' (born 4 December 1992)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arya |first=Prachi |title=Bigg Boss OTT winner Divya Agarwal's 30th birthday on December 4 turned extra special after the actress announced her engagement to beau Apurva Padgaonkar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bigg-boss-ott-winner-divya-agarwal-gets-engaged-to-beau-apurva-padgaonkar-says-will-i-ever-stop-smiling-2305849-2022-12-06 |date=6 December 2022 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian actress, model and dancer known for participating in several [[Reality television|reality shows]]. She is the runner-up of ''[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 10|MTV Splitsvilla 10]]'' and winner of ''[[Ace of Space 1]]'', ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 1)|Bigg Boss OTT 1]]''. She made her acting debut with the horror web series ''[[Ragini MMS: Returns|Ragini MMS: Returns 2]]''.<ref name="ndtv bigg boss">{{Cite news |date=19 September 2021 |title=Bigg Boss OTT Finale: Divya Agarwal Takes Home The Trophy |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-ott-divya-agarwal-bags-the-trophy-nishant-bhat-and-shamita-shetty-make-it-to-top-3-2545921 |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919054828/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-ott-divya-agarwal-bags-the-trophy-nishant-bhat-and-shamita-shetty-make-it-to-top-3-2545921 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background and early career ==
Agarwal got her master's degree in [[journalism]]. She trained in dance from [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis Dance Academy]],<ref name="tedx" /> and then opened her own dance academy called Elevate Dance Institute.<ref name="who is divya">{{Cite news |last= |date=7 December 2017 |title=Who is Divya Agarwal? Here's all about Bigg Boss 11 contestant Priyank Sharma's ex-girlfriend |publisher=[[India TV]] |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-who-is-divya-agarwal-heres-all-about-bigg-boss-11-contestant-priyank-sharmas-ex-girlfriend-415723 |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031204638/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-who-is-divya-agarwal-heres-all-about-bigg-boss-11-contestant-priyank-sharmas-ex-girlfriend-415723 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has choreographed several actresses like [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Sunny Leone]] and [[Shilpa Shetty]].<ref name="who is divya"/> In 2010, she and a Pakistani choreographer worked on choreography for the [[2010 Indian Premier League|IPL 2010]].<ref name="tedx">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrSM3m9TzFg |title=Bullying Public Figure – Divya Agarwal – TEDxMMUSadopurAmbala |date=15 May 2018 |last=TEDx talks |author-link=TEDx |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031183839/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrSM3m9TzFg |url-status=live }}</ref>

She had also participated in several [[beauty pageants]]. In 2015, she won the title of "Miss Navi Mumbai".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2015 |title=Divya Agarwal wins Miss Navi Mumbai 2015 beauty pageant |publisher=NMTV |location=Maharashtra |url=https://www.nmtv.tv/divya-agarwal-wins-miss-navi-mumbai-2015-beauty-pageant-5/ |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031044931/https://www.nmtv.tv/divya-agarwal-wins-miss-navi-mumbai-2015-beauty-pageant-5/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, she was crowned the winner of the Indian Princess pageant<ref name="tedx" /> She also won Miss Tourism India International.<ref name="who is divya"/>

== Career ==
Agarwal rose to fame in 2017 when she participated in [[MTV India]]'s ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|Splitsvilla 10]]'' wherein she finished as the runner-up with Priyank Sharma.<ref name="splitsvilla news18">{{Cite news |date=11 December 2017 |title=MTV Splitsvilla X: Priyank Sharma, Divya Agarwal Lose Love Battle To Baseer Ali, Naina Singh |work=[[News 18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mtv-splitsvilla-x-priyank-sharma-divya-agarwal-lose-love-battle-to-baseer-ali-naina-singh-1600139.html |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114205741/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mtv-splitsvilla-x-priyank-sharma-divya-agarwal-lose-love-battle-to-baseer-ali-naina-singh-1600139.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="splitsvilla indiatimes" />

In 2018, she would act as a mentor in [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]]'s ''Date To Remember'' show.<ref name="date to remember" /> In March 2018, Agarwal and ''Splitsvilla 10'' contestant [[Baseer Ali]] guest co-hosted an episode of ''[[MTV Roadies (season 16)|On Road With Roadies]]''.<ref name="on road">{{Cite news |date=22 May 2018 |title=Baseer Ali and Divya Agarwal share their experience of hosting Roadies |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/splitsvilla-x-s-baseer-ali-and-divya-agarwal-share-their-experience-of-hosting-on-road-with-roadies-1238865-2018-05-22 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002042732/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/splitsvilla-x-s-baseer-ali-and-divya-agarwal-share-their-experience-of-hosting-on-road-with-roadies-1238865-2018-05-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October, she participated in MTV India's ''[[Ace of Space 1]]'' where she emerged as the winner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2019 |title=MTV Ace of Space: Divya Agarwal is the WINNER of Vikas Gupta's show! |work=[[ABP News]] |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/mtv-ace-of-space-divya-agarwal-is-the-winner-of-vikas-guptas-show-887181 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407072715/https://www.abplive.in/television/mtv-ace-of-space-divya-agarwal-is-the-winner-of-vikas-guptas-show-887181 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="aceofspace indiatoday">{{Cite news |date=31 December 2018 |title=Ace of Space grand finale LIVE updates: Divya Agarwal is the winner of the show |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ace-of-space-grand-finale-live-updates-top-four-finalists-compete-to-be-the-winner-1420633-2018-12-31 |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031055159/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ace-of-space-grand-finale-live-updates-top-four-finalists-compete-to-be-the-winner-1420633-2018-12-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2019, Agarwal starred in her first international project by participating in ''Travel With A Goat'', broadcast on Insight TV, where she and television celebrity chef Dean Edwards travel across [[Bulgaria]] with a sheep and must decide whether to have it slaughtered or save its life.<ref name="goat times">{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Matthew |date=20 December 2018 |title=This programme may get your goat |work=[[The Times]] |location=UK |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/this-programme-may-get-your-goat-v39lrqpg3 |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508052000/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/this-programme-may-get-your-goat-v39lrqpg3 |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2019, she made a cameo appearance in [[Alt Balaji]]'s web drama ''[[Puncch Beat]]''.<ref name="puncch beat indiatoday"/> In March, Agarwal and [[Varun Sood (actor)|Varun Sood]] participated as Roadies Insiders for ''[[Roadies: Real Heroes]]'', broadcast on [[Voot]].<ref name="roadies insider" /> Next, she hosted Voot's ''Voot Night Live'' with RJ Anmol.{{citation needed|reason=IWM Buzz is not a reliable source|date=September 2020}} In December, she starred opposite Sood to play Ragini/Savitri Devi in season 2 of [[Alt Balaji]]'s horror web series ''[[Ragini MMS: Returns]]''.<ref name="ragini indiatoday"/> In 2020, Agarwal and Sood co-hosted the ''Ace of Space'' spinoff ''[[MTV Ace the Quarantine]]''.<ref name="quarantine" />

In 2021, Agarwal participated in Voot's ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 1)|Bigg Boss OTT 1]]''<ref name="ott indiatvnews">{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Parina |date=23 August 2021 |title=Bigg Boss OTT: Fans say Divya Agarwal is 'inspiring', bash host Karan Johar for being biased |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-ott-fans-support-divya-agarwal-standing-up-against-host-karan-johar-shamita-shetty-728320 |website=indiatvnews.com |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823130939/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-ott-fans-support-divya-agarwal-standing-up-against-host-karan-johar-shamita-shetty-728320 |url-status=live }}</ref> and emerged as the winner.<ref name="ndtv bigg boss" /> She also portrayed a mysterious make-up artist character named Grissy in the action-drama web series ''[[Cartel (web series)|Cartel]]''.<ref name="cartel indiatvnews">{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Parina |date=7 August 2021 |title=Divya Agarwal talks about her multifaceted character in 'Cartel' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/divya-agarwal-talks-about-her-multifaceted-character-in-cartel-725013 |website=indiatvnews.com |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823130944/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/divya-agarwal-talks-about-her-multifaceted-character-in-cartel-725013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2017, She met actor and model Priyank Sharma on ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|MTV Splitsvilla 10]]'' where they were both runners-up. They were dating post ''Splitsvilla'' and Agarwal entered ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]'' to part ways with Sharma.

In 2018, she met actor and former ''[[MTV Roadies (season 12)|MTV Roadies]]'' contestant [[Varun Sood (actor)|Varun Sood]]. They worked together on ''[[Roadies: Real Heroes]]'' and ''[[MTV Ace of Space]]''. Following ''Ace of Space'', she and Sood confirmed they are dating.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=31 December 2018 |title=Ace of Space winner Divya Agarwal confirms dating Varun Sood |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/ace-of-space-winner-divya-agarwal-confirms-dating-varun-sood-1420759-2018-12-31 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002014251/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/ace-of-space-winner-divya-agarwal-confirms-dating-varun-sood-1420759-2018-12-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 March 2022, she announced on social media that they had split.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=March 6, 2022 |title=After Divya Agarwal announces split, Varun Sood shares cryptic post on Instagram |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/after-divya-agarwal-announces-split-varun-sood-shares-cryptic-post-on-instagram-1921395-2022-03-06 |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306165649/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/after-divya-agarwal-announces-split-varun-sood-shares-cryptic-post-on-instagram-1921395-2022-03-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 October 2020, Agarwal's father died due to complications from [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Divya Agarwal's father dies due to COVID-19 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-divya-agarwal-s-father-dies-due-to-covid-19-2852791 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030070947/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-divya-agarwal-s-father-dies-due-to-covid-19-2852791 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref>

On 4 December 2022, she got engaged to Apurva Padgaonkar, a businessman and restaurateur,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-07 |title=5 Things to know about Divya Agarwal's fiance Apurva Padgaonkar |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/5-things-to-know-about-divya-agarwals-fiance-apurva-padgaonkar-1202379 |access-date=2022-12-25 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225045424/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/5-things-to-know-about-divya-agarwals-fiance-apurva-padgaonkar-1202379 |url-status=live }}</ref> when he proposed her on her birthday party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Divya Agarwal: I was sure I will not fall into a relationship now until it is marriage |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/divya-agarwal-i-was-sure-i-will-not-fall-into-a-relationship-now-until-it-is-marriage-101670566675405.html |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225045423/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/divya-agarwal-i-was-sure-i-will-not-fall-into-a-relationship-now-until-it-is-marriage-101670566675405.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss Winner Divya Agarwal Gets Engaged To Apurva Padgaonkar and Divya Agarwal married restaurateur Apurva Padgaonkar on February 20, 2024. The wedding ceremony took place at her residence in Chembur |work=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-winner-divya-agarwal-gets-engaged-to-apurva-padgaonkar-3582725 |access-date=2022-12-25 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225045424/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-winner-divya-agarwal-gets-engaged-to-apurva-padgaonkar-3582725 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Media perception==
Agarwal was listed sixth among ''[[Times of India]]''{{'}}s Top 20 Most Desirable Women On Indian Television List in 2019,<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2019 |title=Hina Khan tops Times Most Desirable Women of 2019 list for second time, Jennifer Winget follows |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/hina-khan-tops-times-most-desirable-women-of-2019-list-for-second-time-jennifer-winget-follows/articleshow/77925823.cms |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809070015/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/hina-khan-tops-times-most-desirable-women-of-2019-list-for-second-time-jennifer-winget-follows/articleshow/77925823.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and nineteenth in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Women on Television 2020 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2020/articleshow/83433752.cms |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815031541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2020/articleshow/83433752.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| {{dts|2017|09|22|format=y}}
| ''[[The Final Exit]]''
| rowspan="2" |Herself
| In the song "Dum Maro Dum Maro"
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Nathan |first=Leona |date=14 September 2017 |title=This Splitsvilla Contestant Makes Her Bollywood Debut With A Club Song In Kunaal Roy Kapur's Next |work=[[India.com]] |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/splitsvilla-10-fame-divya-agarwal-makes-bollywood-debut-with-kunaal-roy-kapurs-the-final-exit-2471286/ |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417125939/https://www.india.com/entertainment/splitsvilla-10-fame-divya-agarwal-makes-bollywood-debut-with-kunaal-roy-kapurs-the-final-exit-2471286/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Shreya Suresh |date=10 September 2017 |title=Actress Divya Agarwal Looks Smoking Hot in The Song Dum Maro Dum: 5 Other Times When Divya Looked Drop Dead Gorgeous |work=[[India.com]] |url=https://www.india.com/lifestyle/actress-divya-agarwal-looks-smoking-hot-in-the-song-dum-maro-dum-5-other-times-when-divya-looked-drop-dead-gorgeous-2468816/ |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031040825/https://www.india.com/lifestyle/actress-divya-agarwal-looks-smoking-hot-in-the-song-dum-maro-dum-5-other-times-when-divya-looked-drop-dead-gorgeous-2468816/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2018|12|28|format=y}}
| ''Pratibha''
| In the song "Khelu 20/20 Rey"
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZ7gzbEUL4k |title=Khelu 20/20 Rey | Pratibha | Divya & Vijay Singh | Kavita Raam & Vivek Naik |date=28 December 2018 |last=Zee Music Marathi |author-link=Zee Music Company |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031133757/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZ7gzbEUL4k |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| {{dts|2017|07|23|format=y}}
| ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 10)|MTV Splitsvilla 10]]''
| Contestant
| 1st runner-up
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="splitsvilla indiatimes">{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Ananya |date=18 August 2020 |title=Splitsvilla 10 Contestants List : The Most Loved Game Show Ever |work=[[Times Internet|The Times of India]] |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/splitsvilla-10-contestants-520612.html |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907182418/https://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/splitsvilla-10-contestants-520612.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2017|12|06|format=y}}
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]''
| Herself
| Guest
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="leona">{{Cite news |last=Nathan |first=Leona |date=8 December 2017 |title=Priyank Sharma's Double Standards Exposed After Ex-Beau Divya Agarwal's Visit To Bigg Boss 11 House |work=[[India.com]] |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-did-priyank-sharma-break-up-with-divya-agarwal-before-he-entered-salman-khans-show-2727782/ |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031060136/https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-did-priyank-sharma-break-up-with-divya-agarwal-before-he-entered-salman-khans-show-2727782/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2018|02|25|format=y}}
| ''Box Cricket League 3''
| Contestant
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2018 |title=Divya Agarwal Dancing To Sunny Leone's Laila Main Laila At Box Cricket League Will Leave You In Awe Of Her – Watch Video |work=[[India.com]] |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/divya-agarwal-dancing-to-sunny-leones-laila-main-laila-at-box-cricket-league-will-leave-you-in-awe-of-her-watch-video-2967717/ |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427150106/https://www.india.com/entertainment/divya-agarwal-dancing-to-sunny-leones-laila-main-laila-at-box-cricket-league-will-leave-you-in-awe-of-her-watch-video-2967717/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2018|03|format=y}}
|''[[MTV Roadies (season 16)|MTV Roadies Xtreme]]''
| Herself
| Guest
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="on road" />
|-
| {{dts|2018|10|20|format=y}}
| ''A Date to Remember''
| Mentor
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="date to remember">{{Cite news |last=Kameshwari |first=A. |date=18 January 2018 |title=Divya Agarwal recalls her Date To Remember with ex-boyfriend Priyank Sharma |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/divya-agarwal-recalls-her-date-to-remember-with-priyank-sharma-bigg-boss-11-5028179/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031095722/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/divya-agarwal-recalls-her-date-to-remember-with-priyank-sharma-bigg-boss-11-5028179/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2018|10|20|format=y}}
| ''[[Ace of Space 1|MTV Ace of Space 1]]''
| Contestant
| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="aceofspace indiatoday" />
|-
| {{dts|2019|01|28|format=y}}
| ''Travel with a Goat''
| Co-host
| Episode "Sheep"
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="goat times" />
|-
| {{dts|2019|02|10|format=y}}
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 17)|Roadies: Real Heroes]]''
| Roadies Insider
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="roadies insider">{{Cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sara |date=14 February 2019 |title=Varun Sood and Divya Agarwal: It's special to be in love with your best friend |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/valentines-day-2019-varun-sood-and-divya-agarwal-5582154/ |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215142659/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/valentines-day-2019-varun-sood-and-divya-agarwal-5582154/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2020|07|12|format=y}}
| ''[[MTV Ace the Quarantine]]''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="quarantine">{{Cite news |last= |date=3 July 2020 |title=This unlock, 'Ace the Quarantine' with Varun Sood and Divya Agarwal. Know how |publisher=[[India TV]] |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/this-unlock-ace-the-quarantine-varun-sood-divya-agarwal-mtv-know-how-631311 |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813031606/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/this-unlock-ace-the-quarantine-varun-sood-divya-agarwal-mtv-know-how-631311 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2021|08|08|format=y}}
| ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 1)|Bigg Boss OTT 1]]''
| Contestant
| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="ott indiatvnews" /><ref name="ndtv bigg boss" />
|-
| 2022
| [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|''Bigg Boss 15'']]
| Herself
| Guest
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Prerna |date=7 January 2022 |title=Bigg Boss 15: Divya Agarwal, Neha Bhasin, Debina Bonnerjee, Rahul Mahajan & others enter as special guests |work=[[India TV News]] |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-15-divya-agarwal-for-karan-kundrra-neha-bhasin-debina-bonnerjee-family-week-salman-khan-show-2022-01-07-753314 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108160851/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-15-divya-agarwal-for-karan-kundrra-neha-bhasin-debina-bonnerjee-family-week-salman-khan-show-2022-01-07-753314 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[The 50]]''
|Contestant

|Eliminated Day 23 (20th/50th place)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divya Agarwal The 50 News: Read Latest News and Live Updates on Divya Agarwal The 50, Photos, and Videos at DNAIndia |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/topic/divya-agarwal-the-50 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| {{dts|2019|02|format=y}}
| ''[[Puncch Beat]]''
| Herself
| Guest
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="puncch beat indiatoday">{{Cite news |last= |date=2 February 2019 |title=Ex-lovers Priyank Sharma and Divya Agarwal to come together for Vikas Gupta's show |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/ex-lovers-priyank-sharma-and-divya-agarwal-to-come-together-for-vikas-gupta-s-show-1445287-2019-02-02 |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407072715/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/ex-lovers-priyank-sharma-and-divya-agarwal-to-come-together-for-vikas-gupta-s-show-1445287-2019-02-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2019|12|18|format=y}}
| ''[[Ragini MMS: Returns]]''
| Ragini
| Season 2
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="ragini indiatoday">{{Cite news |last= |date=13 December 2019 |title=Ragini MMS Returns 2 trailer out: Sunny Leone is back with hotter scenes, louder screams |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/ragini-mms-returns-2-trailer-out-sunny-leone-is-back-with-hotter-scenes-louder-screams-1628120-2019-12-13 |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104185853/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/ragini-mms-returns-2-trailer-out-sunny-leone-is-back-with-hotter-scenes-louder-screams-1628120-2019-12-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2021|08|20|format=y}}
| ''[[Cartel (web series)|Cartel]]''
| Grizzey
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="cartel indiatvnews" />
|-
| {{dts|2022|04|format=y}}
|''[[Abhay (TV series)|Abhay]]''
| Harleen
| Season 3
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2022 |title='Abhay 3' actress Divya Agarwal calls the reviews for her character a 'surprise package' |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/abhay-3-actress-divya-agarwal-calls-the-reviews-for-her-character-a-surprise-package |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417125919/https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/abhay-3-actress-divya-agarwal-calls-the-reviews-for-her-character-a-surprise-package |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
|''[[Lock Upp (Season 1)|Lock Upp]]''
| Herself
| Guest
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2022 |title=Lock Upp: Ekta Kapoor, Tushar Kapoor and Divya Agarwal To Celebrate With Inmates! |work=[[India.com]] |editor-last=Bohra |editor-first=Anurag Singh |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-lock-upp-ekta-kapoor-tushar-kapoor-divya-agarwal-celebrate-with-inmates-reality-show-lates-news-kangana-ranaut-5340182/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416160907/https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-lock-upp-ekta-kapoor-tushar-kapoor-divya-agarwal-celebrate-with-inmates-reality-show-lates-news-kangana-ranaut-5340182/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Fuh Se Fantasy''
|Anjali
|Season 2
|
|-
|2023
|''Tatlubaaz''
|Disha
|[[Epic On]]
|
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
!Singer(s)
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.

|-
| {{dts|2017|08|09|format=y}}
| "Bewafa"
|Siddharth Bhatt
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0D9AG-0T1k |title=Bewafa - Official Music Video – Mack The Rapper – Siddharth Bhatt – Divya Agarwal |date=9 August 2017 |last=Zee Music Company |author-link=Zee Music Company |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109121806/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0D9AG-0T1k |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2017|11|07|format=y}}
| "Hume Tumse Pyaar Kitna"
|[[Ramji Gulati]], Tushar Jules
| Title song cover
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtrsyMhctP4 |title=Hume Tumse Pyar Kitna – Tushar Jules – Ramji Gulati – Divya Agarwal – Reloaded |date=7 November 2017 |last=Saregama Music |author-link=Saregama |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109171134/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtrsyMhctP4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2017|06|21|format=y}}
| "Dil Ko Tumse Pyar Hua"
|Harish Moyal, [[Ramji Gulati]]
| Song cover from the film ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]''
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCHHGila8no |title=Dil Ko Tumse Pyar Hua Reloaded – RHTDM – Harish Moyal & Ramji Gulati FEAT. Divya Agarwal – HD Video |date=21 June 2017 |last=Saregama Music |author-link=Saregama |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101191647/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCHHGila8no |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2018|01|20|format=y}}
| "Aho Raya Mala"
|[[Vaishali Mhade]]
| Song from the film ''Friendship Band''
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntQ-hXGZoio |title=Aho Raya Mala - Full Video – Friendship Band – Divya A, Yogesh S & Neha K, Shreenesh S, Harshali R |date=20 January 2018 |last=Zee Music Marathi |author-link=Zee Music Company |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109170302/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntQ-hXGZoio |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2018|07|21|format=y}}
| "Bob Marley"
|[[Suyyash Rai]], Star Boy Loc
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2018 |title=Divya Agarwal reacts on ex-boyfriend Priyank Sharma AVOIDING her while praising 'Bob Marley' song |work=[[ABP News]] |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/divya-agarwal-reacts-on-ex-boyfriend-priyank-sharma-avoiding-her-while-praising-bob-marley-song-871886 |access-date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517231829/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/divya-agarwal-reacts-on-ex-boyfriend-priyank-sharma-avoiding-her-while-praising-bob-marley-song-871886 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2018|09|06|format=y}}
| "Chance"
|Bobby Newberry
|
| <ref>{{Cite press release |title=Bobby Newberry releases his new single 'Chance' in India |date=10 September 2018 |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/press-releases/180910-bobby-newberry-releases-his-new |website=Radioandmusic.com |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031202718/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/press-releases/180910-bobby-newberry-releases-his-new |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lobo |first=Deepa Natarajan |date=9 December 2018 |title=Off beaten path, on the floor |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-art-culture/beaten-path-floor-707037.html |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101075608/https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-art-culture/beaten-path-floor-707037.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2019|04|24|format=y}}
| "Baby Baby"
|AB Rockstar
|
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1Fq3nN8sHI |title=Baby Baby - Blessed Boy: AB Rockstar (Full Song) Ft. Divya Agarwal – Latest Punjabi Songs 2019 |date=24 April 2019 |last=T-series Apna Punjab |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110003647/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1Fq3nN8sHI |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2019|07|12|format=y}}
| "Naam Ada Likhna"
|Madhubanti Bagchi, Shreyas Puranik
| Song cover from the film ''[[Yahaan]]''
| <ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=15 July 2019 |title=Times Music song 'Naam Ada Likhna' is dedicated to love birds |work=Radioandmusic.com |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/190715-times-music-song-%E2%80%98naam-ada-likhna-dedicated |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031145945/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/190715-times-music-song-%E2%80%98naam-ada-likhna-dedicated |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2020|12|04|format=y}}
| "Fitrat"
|[[Suyyash Rai]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Yeptho |first=Tolika |date=10 December 2020 |title=Divya Agarwal is grateful to Suyyash Rai and Darshan Raval for believing in her for 'Fitrat' |work=Radioandmusic.com |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/201210-divya-agarwal-grateful-suyyash-rai-and |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427143111/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/201210-divya-agarwal-grateful-suyyash-rai-and |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2021|05|10|format=y}}
| "Kareeb"
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
| Dance cover
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZTA9XajAdM |title=Kareeb Official Dance Video | Goldie Sohel | Rajit Dev | Divya Agarwal | Vishal D |Kunaal V|TM Music |date=10 May 2021 |last=TM Music |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805141817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZTA9XajAdM |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2021|08|06|format=y}}
| "Ishq Nibhava"
|Nitin Gupta, Rupali Jagga
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Khatoon |first=F |date=3 August 2021 |title=Singer-songwriter Nitin Gupta is set to release his new single, Ishq Nibhana, on August 6 |work=Indulge |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/aug/03/singer-songwriter-nitin-gupta-to-drop-his-new-single-ishq-nibhana-on-august-6-35007.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805134713/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/aug/03/singer-songwriter-nitin-gupta-to-drop-his-new-single-ishq-nibhana-on-august-6-35007.html |archive-date=2021-08-05}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2021|11|17|format=y}}
| "Koi Sehri Babu"
|Shruti Rane
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=दिव्या अग्रवाल के देसी अंदाज में डांस ने जीता दिल, रिलीज हुआ 'कोई शहरी बाबू' सॉन्ग |trans-title=Divya Agarwal Shows Off Her Desi Dance On Koi Sehri Babu Bigg Boss OTT Winner - बिग बॉस ओटीटी विनर दिव्या अग्रवाल के देसी अंदाज में डांस ने जीता दिल, रिलीज हुआ कोई शहरी बाबू सॉन्ग |work=[[NDTV India]] |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/divya-agarwal-shows-off-her-desi-dance-on-koi-sehri-babu-bigg-boss-ott-winner-2615810 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118093741/https://ndtv.in/bollywood/divya-agarwal-shows-off-her-desi-dance-on-koi-sehri-babu-bigg-boss-ott-winner-2615810 |archive-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2022|01|26|format=y}}
| "Dur Hua"
| [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Asim Riaz]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=28 January 2022 |title=Dur Hua song: Asim Riaz-Divya Agarwal's chemistry falls flat in this forgettable track |language=en |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/asim-riaz-divya-agarwal-song-dur-hua-watch-video-7744386/ |url-access=limited |access-date=2022-02-02 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202131135/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/asim-riaz-divya-agarwal-song-dur-hua-watch-video-7744386/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2022|04|27|format=y}}
| "Bechari"
| [[Afsana Khan]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=27 April 2022 |title=Karan Kundrra shines as the villain with a good heart in Afsana Khan's Bechari, watch video |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/karan-kundrra-shines-as-the-villain-with-a-good-heart-in-afsana-khans-bechari-7889587/ |url-access=limited |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427201255/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/karan-kundrra-shines-as-the-villain-with-a-good-heart-in-afsana-khans-bechari-7889587/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2022|11|30|format=y}}
|"Resham Ka Rumal"
|Shruti Rane
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2022 |title=Watch Resham ka Rumal Song: Divya Agarwal shows her moves in new groovy track |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/television/watch-resham-ka-rumal-song-divya-agarwal-shows-her-moves-in-new-groovy-track |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225170524/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/television/watch-resham-ka-rumal-song-divya-agarwal-shows-her-moves-in-new-groovy-track |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|"Rista Rista"
|[[Stebin Ben]]
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Rista Rista {{!}} Mohsin Khan {{!}} Divya Agarwal {{!}} Stebin Ben {{!}} Saregama Music |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37y6GMkFPJM |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|"Rootha Mera Ishq"
|[[Yasser Desai]], Amol Shrivastava, Abhishek Talented
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26M8N4hUPZM |title=Rootha Mera Ishq ft. Parth Samthaan and Divya A sung by Yasser D, Kunaal V, Amol-Abhishek - Saregama Music |date=2025-06-17 |last= |access-date=2025-09-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Instagram|divyaagarwal_official}}
* {{IMDb name|10056020}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|divya-aggarwal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Divya}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series) winners]]
[[Category:MTV Ace of Space winners]]

Sialkot

2026-03-19T06:59:42Z

MarcellaGunter0: minor edit

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{for-multi|the district|Sialkot District|other uses}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name =
| name = Sialkot
| native_name = {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|سیالکوٹ}}}}
| other_name =
| nicknames = ''City of [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/07-Nov-2019/ji-demands-sialkot-wide-holiday-on-allama-iqbal-s-birthday|title=JI demands Sialkot-wide holiday on Allama Iqbal's birthday|date=7 November 2019|access-date=7 January 2022|work=The Nation (newspaper)}}</ref>
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image|total_width=280px|perrow=1/2/1/|border=infobox|caption_align = center
| image1 = Clock Tower, Sialkot 21.jpg
|caption1 = [[Clock Tower, Sialkot]]
| image2 = Iqbal Manzil the birthplace of Iqbal.JPG
|caption2 = [[Iqbal Manzil]]
| image3 = Ugoki_Park.png
|caption3 = Fatima Jinnah Park
| image4 = Bab ay Sialkot.jpg
|caption4 = Sialkot Gate
| image5 = Garrison Masjid Sialkot.jpg
|caption5 = Garrison Masjid Sialkot
}}
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|29|33|N|74|31|52|E|type:city_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{PAK}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon|Punjab, Pakistan}} [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]]
| image_blank_emblem = Municipal Corporation Sialkot.jpg
| blank_emblem_type = Municipal Corporation logo
| blank_emblem_alt = Municipal Corporation Sialkot
| blank_name_sec1 = Old name
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Sagala]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tarn|first1=William Woodthorpe|title=The Greeks in Bactria and India|date=24 June 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108009416|page=171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&q=Sagala+Sialkot&pg=PA171|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> or Sakala<ref>{{cite news|author1=Mushtaq Soofi|title=Ravi and Chenab: demons and lovers|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/779563/ravi-and-chenab-demons-and-lovers-2|access-date=17 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=18 January 2013}}</ref>
| population_total = 911,817
| population_rank = [[List of largest cities in Pakistan|12th, Pakistan]]
| population_blank1_title = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| population_blank1 =
| population_blank2_title = [[Sialkot Cantonment|Cantonment]]
| population_blank2 =
| population_as_of = [[2023 Pakistani census|2023]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/punjab/sialkot/7320106__sialkot|title=Sialkot (Punjab): Municipal Corporation – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
| total_type = City
| area_total_km2 = 135
| elevation_m_min =
| elevation_m_max =
| population_demonym = Sialkoti
| population_density_km2 = auto
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = None<ref name="tn">{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/31-Dec-2021/administrators-appointments-planned-as-punjab-lg-system-dissolves-today|title=Administrators' appointments planned as Punjab LG system dissolves today|date=31 December 2021|access-date=7 January 2022|work=The Nation (newspaper)}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name1 = None <ref name="tn"/>
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name2 = Muhammad Iqbal<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1801923/sialkot-dc-transferred|title=Sialkot DC transferred|date=31 December 2023|access-date=31 December 2023|work=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref>
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| government_footnotes = <ref name="mcorp-web">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcsialkot.lgpunjab.org.pk/Administrative-Setup.html|title=MC Sialkot: Administrative Setup|publisher=Local Government Punjab|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428182413/http://www.mcsialkot.lgpunjab.org.pk/Administrative-Setup.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Pakistan|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 51310
| area_code = 052
| area_code_type = [[List of dialing codes of Pakistan|Calling code]]
| timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| website = {{url|https://sialkot.punjab.gov.pk/}}
}}

'''Sialkot''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سيالكوٹ}}}}) is a city located in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]. It is the capital of the [[Sialkot District]] and the [[List of cities in Pakistan by population|12th most populous city in Pakistan]] as well as the [[List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by population|7th largest city in Punjab]]. The boundaries of Sialkot are joined by [[Jammu]] in the north east, the districts of [[Narowal District|Narowal]] in the southeast, [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]] in the southwest and [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]] in the northwest.

Sialkot is believed to be the successor city of [[Sagala]], the capital of the [[Madra Kingdom|Madra kingdom]] which was destroyed by [[Alexander the Great]] in 326 BCE. It was made capital of the [[Indo-Greek kingdom]] by [[Menander I]] in the 2nd century BCE — a time during which the city greatly prospered as a major center for trade and Buddhist thought.<ref name="google1">{{cite book|last1=McEvilley|first1=Thomas|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies|date=2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|isbn=9781581159332|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568|access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref> In the 6th century CE, it again become capital of the [[Taank Kingdom]], which ruled Punjab for the next two centuries. Sialkot continued to be a major political center until it was eclipsed by [[Lahore]] around the turn of the first millennium CE.<ref name=":7" /> Sialkot was the capital of the [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] ruler [[Jasrat|Jasrat Khokhar]] who reigned over most of Punjab and Jammu in the early 15th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slaje |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Slaje |title=The Atharvaveda and its Paippaladasakha. Historical and Philological Papers on a Vedic Tradition |date=2007 |publisher=[[Shaker Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-8322-6255-6 |editor-last=Griffiths |editor-first=Arlo |page=342 |chapter=Three Bhattas, Two Sultans, and the Kashmirian Athavaveda |editor-last2=Schmiedchen |editor-first2=Annette |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/7517541}}</ref><ref name=Lal>{{Cite journal|author-link=K. S. Lal |last=Lal |first=K. S. |date=1958 |title=Jasrat Khokhar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145212 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=21 |pages=274–281 |jstor=44145212 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Under the [[Mughal Empire]], especially [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]], [[Aurangzeb]]'s reign, Sialkot became known as a great centre of [[Ulama|Islamic scholarship]] and thought,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmDVAAAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+greece |title=The Pakistan Review |date=1968 |publisher=Ferozsons Limited}}</ref> and attracted scholars because of the widespread availability of paper in the city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahay |first=Binode Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AK42AAAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+paper |title=Education and learning under the great Mughals, 1526–1707 A.D. |date=1968 |publisher=New Literature Pub. Co.}}</ref>

Sialkot city was the birthplace of the [[Islamic poetry|Islamic poet]] and philosopher [[Muhammad Iqbal]], a leading figure of the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last1=Bentlage |first1=Björn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA267 |title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism: A Sourcebook |last2=Eggert |first2=Marion |last3=Krämer |first3=Hans-Martin |last4=Reichmuth |first4=Stefan |date=2016-10-11 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-32900-3 |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lelyveld-Martin2004">{{citation |last=Lelyveld |first=David |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L |page=356 |year=2004 |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |chapter=Muhammad Iqbal |chapter-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/iqbal-muhammad-c-1877-1938 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-865604-5 |quote=Muhammad Iqbal, South Asian poet and ideological innovator, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and discursive prose, primarily in English, of particular significance in the formulation of a national ethos for Pakistan.}}</ref><ref name="Sevea2012-2">{{citation |last=Sevea |first=Iqbal Singh |title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India |pages=14– |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrItm_F6wncC&pg=PA14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00886-1 |quote=In 1930, he presided over the meeting of the All-India Muslim League in Allahabad. It was here that he delivered his famous address in which he outlined his vision of a cultural and political framework that would ensure the fullest development of the Muslims of India.}}</ref> The city has been noted for its entrepreneurial spirit and productive business climate which have made Sialkot an example of a small Pakistani city that has emerged as a "world-class manufacturing hub."<ref name="economist">{{cite news |title=Pakistan's business climate If you want it done right |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21709344-how-small-pakistani-city-became-world-class-manufacturing-hub-if-you-want-it-done-right |access-date=2 June 2017 |agency=The Economist |date=27 October 2017}}</ref> The relatively small city exported approximately $2.5 billion worth of goods in 2017, or about 10% of Pakistan's total exports.<ref name="economist" /><ref name="Naz">{{cite web|last1=Naz|first1=Neelum|title=Historical Perspective of Urban Development of Gujranwala|url=https://www.academia.edu/9127199|publisher=Dept. of Architecture, UET, Lahore|access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> The city has been labeled as the ''Football manufacturing capital of the World'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Football Manufacturing Capital in Pakistan Gets a Green Makeover| date=25 November 2022 |url=https://www.adb.org/news/videos/world-s-football-manufacturing-capital-pakistan-gets-green-makeover#:~:text=If%2520you%2520have%2520ever%2520played,World%2520Cup%2520in%2520Doha%252C%2520Qatar.&ved=2ahUKEwja1NLpi9T7AhVxwjgGHQKMARYQFnoECAsQBQ&usg=AOvVaw1cGWtOMkcj9wAvA_Rfhy4r |access-date=2022-11-29}}</ref> as it produces over 70% of all [[Association football|footballs]] manufactured in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adb.org/news/videos/world-s-football-manufacturing-capital-pakistan-gets-green-makeover&ved=2ahUKEwjosMrditT7AhXv6zgGHfPRD7YQFnoECAsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1cGWtOMkcj9wAvA_Rfhy4r |access-date=2022-11-29 |title=Asian Development Bank}}</ref> [[Sialkot International Airport]]; Pakistan's first privately owned public airport is located 14km west of Sialkot.<ref name="economist" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last1=Mehmood |first1=Mirza, Faisal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5pvAwAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+gujranwala+gujrat+golden+triangle&pg=PA2 |title=An assessment of industrial employment skill gaps among university graduates: In the Gujrat-Sialkot-Gujranwala industrial cluster, Pakistan |last2=Ali |first2=Jaffri, Atif |last3=Saim |first3=Hashmi, Muhammad |date=21 April 2014 |publisher=Intl Food Policy Res Inst |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Azhar |first1=Annus |last2=Adil |first2=Shahid |title=Effect of Agglomeration on Socio-Economic Outcomes: A District Level Panel study of Punjab |url=http://www.pide.org.pk/psde/pdf/AGM32/papers/Effect%20of%20Agglomeration%20on%20Socio-Economic%20Outcomes.pdf |access-date=2 June 2017 |publisher=Pakistan Institute of Developmental Economics}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Sialkot}}

===Ancient===
====Founding====
{{Main|Sagala}}
Sialkot was the likely capital of the [[Madra kingdom]] [[Sagala]], Sakala ({{langx|sa|साकला}}), or Sangala ({{langx|grc|Σάγγαλα}}) mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', a Sanskrit epic of ancient India, as occupying a similar area as Greek accounts of Sagala.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Horace Hayman |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ |title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan |last2=Masson |first2=Charles |date=1841 |publisher=East India Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n228 197] |language=en |quote=sangala rebuilt.}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2000">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Rakesh |title=Ancient India and World |date=2000 |publisher=Classical Publishing Company |page=68 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Rapson1960">{{cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |title=Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century A. D. |date=1960 |publisher=Susil Gupta |page=88 |language=English |quote=Sakala, the modern Sialkot in the Lahore Division of the Punjab, was the capital of the Madras who are known in the later Vedic period (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad).}}</ref><ref name="Skyhorse Publishing">{{cite book |last1=McEvilley |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568 |title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies |date=2012 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=9781581159332 |accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Getzel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aabFPHxRPUC&q=sagala+location&pg=PA324 |title=The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India |date=2013-06-02 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520953567 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-w0DwAAQBAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya&pg=PA260 |title=Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China |last2=Vervaet |first2=Frederik Juliaan |last3=Adali |first3=Selim Ferruh |date=2017-10-05 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107190412 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzdWAAAAYAAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya |title=Proceedings, Indian History Congress |date=2007 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dhillon">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXtVDgAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+garrison&pg=PT102|title=Janamsakhis: Ageless Stories, Timeless Values|last1=Dhillon|first1=Harish|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9789384544843|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> The city may have been inhabited by the ''[[Saka]]'', or [[Scythians]], from [[Central Asia]] who had migrated into the Subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Panjab University Arabic and Persian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_lWAAAAMAAJ&q=saka |title=Journal |date=1964 |language=en}}</ref> The region was noted in the ''Mahabharata'' for the "loose and Bacchanalian" women who lived in the woods there.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Horace Hayman |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ |title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan |last2=Masson |first2=Charles |date=1841 |publisher=East India Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n227 196] |quote=sangala rebuilt.}}</ref> The city was said to have been located in the ''Sakaladvipa'' region between the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] rivers, now known as the [[Rechna Doab|''Rechna'' Doab]].

==== Greek ====
The ''[[Anabasis of Alexander]]'', written by the Roman-Greek historian [[Arrian]], recorded that Alexander the Great captured [[Sagala|ancient Sialkot]], recorded as '''Sagala,''' from the ''Cathaeans,'' who had entrenched themselves there.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlcIAAAAQAAJ&q=sangala|title=The Anabasis of Alexander, Or the History of the Wars and Conquests of Alexander the Great|last=Arrian|date=1884|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kngnd0GlUc4C&q=sangala+sialkot&pg=PA157|title=Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General|last=Yenne|first=Bill|date=13 April 2010|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=9780230106406}}</ref><ref name="dhillon" /> The city had been home to 80,000 residents on the eve of Alexander's invasion,<ref name=":2" /> but was razed as a warning against any other nearby cities that might resist his invasion.<ref name=":2" />

==== Indo-Greek ====
[[File:MenandrosCoin.jpg|thumb|[[Menander I]], founder of the Indo-Greek kingdom, with his capital in Sagala.]]
The ancient city was rebuilt, and made capital by the [[Indo-Greek]] king [[Menander I]] of the [[Euthydemid dynasty]], in the 2nd century BCE.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&q=euthymedia+ptolemy&pg=PA89|title=The Greeks in Bactria and India|last=Tarn|first=William Woodthorpe|date=24 June 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108009416}}</ref> The rebuilt city was shifted slightly from the older city, as rebuilding on exactly the same spot was considered inauspicious.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3kWAAAAYAAJ&q=sangala+rebuilt&pg=PA197|title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan|last1=Wilson|first1=Horace Hayman|last2=Masson|first2=Charles|date=1841|publisher=East India Company}}</ref>

Under Menander's rule, the city greatly prospered as a major trading centre renowned for its silk.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McEvilley |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568 |title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies |date=2012 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=9781581159332 |access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="dhillon" /> Menander embraced Buddhism in Sagala, after an extensive debating with the Buddhist monk [[Nagasena]], as recorded in the Buddhist text ''[[Milinda Panha]]''.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pesala (Bhikkhu.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CV77jyBU1WgC&pg=PR19 |title=The Debate of King Milinda: An Abridgement of the Milinda Pañha |date=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0893-5 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref> the text offers an early description of the city's cityscape and status as a prosperous trade centre with numerous green spaces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g31EAQAAMAAJ&q=he+Questions+of+King+Milinda,+translated+by+T.+W.+Rhys+Davids,+1890|title=The Questions of King Milinda|last=Davids|first=Thomas William Rhys|date=1894|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> Following his conversion, Sialkot developed as a major centre for Buddhist thought.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies|last=McEvilley|first=Thomas|date=7 February 2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781581159332}}</ref>

Ancient Sialkot was recorded by [[Ptolemy]] in his 1st century CE work, [[Geography (Ptolemy)|''Geography,'']]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB-2AAAAIAAJ&q=euthydemus+sialkot+ptolemy|title=Journal of Indian History|date=1960}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> in which he refers to the city as [[Euthydemia|Euthymedia]] (''Εύθυμέδεια'').<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aabFPHxRPUC&q=euthydemia+beyer&pg=PA324|title=The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India|last=Cohen|first=Getzel M.|date=2 June 2013|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520953567}}</ref>

==== Alchon Huns ====
Around 460 CE, the [[Alchon Huns]] invaded the region from Central Asia,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mi45DwAAQBAJ&q=taxila+huns+sialkot&pg=PA260|title=Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China|last1=Kim|first1=Hyun Jin|last2=Vervaet|first2=Frederik Juliaan|last3=Adalı|first3=Selim Ferruh|date=30 September 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108121316}}</ref> forcing the ruling family of nearby [[Taxila]] to seek refuge in Sialkot.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqWGlV6uRDkC&q=sialkot+huns&pg=PA47|title=History of the Punjabees|last=Nanda|first=J. N.|date=2010|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180696510}}</ref> Sialkot itself was soon captured, and the city was made a significant centre of the Alchon Huns around 515,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYelDQAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+toramana&pg=PT177|title=A History of India|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|date=27 May 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317242123}}</ref> during the reign of [[Toramana]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHBEAQAAIAAJ&q=hindu+shahi+sagala|title=Gandhara, the Buddhist heritage of Pakistan: Legends, monasteries, and paradise|last1=Drachenfels|first1=Dorothee von|last2=Luczanits|first2=Christian|last3=Deutschland|first3=Kunst-und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik|date=2008|publisher=Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; Mainz : Verlag Philipp von Zabern|isbn=9783805339575}}</ref> During the reign of his son, [[Mihirakula]], the empire reached its zenith.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&q=mihirakula+sialkot&pg=PA142|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750|last=Dani|first=Ahmad Hasan|date=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120815407}}</ref> The Alchon Huns were defeated in 528 by a coalition of princes led by [[Yashodharman|Prince Yashodharman]]<ref name=":4" />

==== Late antiquity ====
The city was visited by the Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] in 633,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSYKO5zLgZkC&q=sialkot+xuanzang&pg=PT76|title=The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang|last=Wriggins|first=Sally|date=6 August 2008|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780786725441}}</ref> who recorded the city's name the ''She-kie-lo.''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+xuanzang&pg=PA113|title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa|last=Bakker|first=Hans|date=16 July 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004277144}}</ref> Xuanzang reported that the city had been rebuilt approximately 15 ''[[Li (unit)|li]],'' or 2.5 miles, away from the city ruined by Alexander the Great.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4AXM4MbyL0C&q=sangala+hill+alexander&pg=PA192|title=Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65 by Alexander Cunningha M: 2|date=1871|publisher=Government central Press}}</ref> During this time, Sialkot served as the political nucleus of the North [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] region.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&q=Sialkot&pg=PT170|title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties|last=Chakrabarty|first=Dilip K.|date=18 October 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199088324}}</ref> The city was then invaded in 643 by princes from [[Jammu]], who held the city until the Muslim invasions during the medieval era.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JQbAQAAIAAJ&q=mughal+sialkot&pg=PA442|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|last=Hunter|first=Sir William Wilson|date=1887|publisher=Trübner & Company|isbn=978-81-7019-117-9 }}</ref>

===Medieval===
Around the year 1000, Sialkot began to decline in importance as the nearby city of Lahore rose to prominence.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgbsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hindu+Shahi%22+sialkot|title=Man & Development|date=2007|publisher=Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development}}</ref> Following the fall of [[Lahore]] to the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] in the early 11th century, the capital of the [[Hindu Shahi]] empire was shifted from Lahore to Sialkot.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bosworth|first1=C. Edmund|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|date=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9047423836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&q=Lahore&pg=PA305|access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Ghaznavid expansion in northern Punjab encouraged local [[Khokhar]] tribes to stop paying tribute to the Rajas of Jammu.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&q=ghuri+fort+sialkot&pg=PA238|title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries|last=Wink|first=André|date=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004102361}}</ref>

Sialkot became a part of the medieval [[Sultanate of Delhi]] after [[Muhammad of Ghor]] conquered [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in 1185.<ref name=":5" /> Ghauri was unable to conquer the larger city of [[Lahore]], but deemed Sialkot important enough to warrant a garrison.<ref name=mehta>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Volume 1|date=1980|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120706170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&q=Khusrau+Malik+sialkot&pg=PA76|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=dhillon/> He also extensively repaired the [[Sialkot Fort]] around the time of his conquest of Punjab,<ref name=":8" /> and left the region in charge of Hussain Churmali while he returned to [[Ghazni]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTyRYXtxMSEC&q=+sialkot&pg=PA100|title=The history of Hindustan. Vol. 1|last=Firishtah|first=Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī|date=2003|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120819948}}</ref> Sialkot was then quickly laid siege to by Khokhar tribesmen,<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&q=medieval+sialkot&pg=PA90|title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India|last=Khan|first=Iqtidar Alam|date=25 April 2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810855038}}</ref> and [[Khusrau Malik]],<ref name=mehta/> the last Ghaznavid sultan, though he was defeated during Ghauri's return to Punjab in 1186.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":15" />

In the 1200s, Sialkot was the only area of western Punjab that was ruled by the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate]] in Delhi.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+mongols|title=A military history of medieval India|last=Sandhu|first=Gurcharn Singh|date=January 2003|publisher=Vision Books|isbn=9788170945253}}</ref> The area had been captured by the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghauri]] prince [[Taj al-Din Yildiz]], but was recaptured by Sultan [[Iltutmish]] in 1217.<ref name=":16" /> Around 1223, [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]], the last king of the [[Anushtegin dynasty]] of Central Asia that had fled invasion of [[Genghis Khan]] there, briefly captured Sialkot and Lahore,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ&q=sialkot|title=History of medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.)|last=Sharma|first=L. P.|date=1987|publisher=Konark Publishers|isbn=9788122000429}}</ref> before being driven out by Iltutmish's forces towards [[Uch Sharif]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&q=Lahore&pg=PA305|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|last=Bosworth|first=C. Edmund|date=26 December 2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789047423836}}</ref> During the 13th century, [[Imam Ali-ul-Haq]], Sialkot's most revered [[Sufism|Sufi]] warrior-saint,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_wbAAAAMAAJ&q=Imam+Ali-ul-Haq+premier+saint|title=Hand Book of Important Places in West Pakistan|last=Hasan|first=Masudul|date=1965|publisher=Pakistan Social Service Foundation}}</ref> arrived from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], and began his missionary work in the region that successfully converted large numbers of Hindus to Islam, thereby transforming Sialkot into a largely Muslim city.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Imam+Ali+sialkot+convert|title=Pakistan Pictorial|date=1986|publisher=Pakistan Publications}}</ref> The saint later died in battle, and is revered as a martyr.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlQIAAAAQAAJ&q=sialkot+jehangir&pg=PA129|title=The Arāīs̲h-i-maḥfil: Or, The Ornament of the Assembly|last=Afsos|first=Sher ʻAlī Jaʻfarī|date=1882|publisher=J. W. Thomas, Baptist Mission Press}}</ref>

Sialkot became capital of Punjabi warlord and ruler [[Jasrat|Jasrat Khokhar]]'s kingdom in the early 15th century.<ref name=Lal/><ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4C9EDwAAQBAJ&q=sialkot&pg=PT76|title=Early Nineteenth-Century Panjab|last1=Grewal|first1=J. S.|last2=Banga|first2=Indu|date=22 December 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317336945}}</ref> Jasrat Khokhar conquered most of Punjab from the Delhi sultanate in a series of campaigns between 1421 and 1442. He also conquered [[Jammu]] after defeating its ruler Bhim Dev in 1423.<ref name=Lal/> This was the golden period of Sialkot. Later, Sultan [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]] captured the city after Jasrat Khokhar's death and granted custodianship of the city to Jammu's Raja Biram Dev, after he helped Bahlol in defeating the [[Khokhar]]s.<ref name=":13" /> Sialkot was sacked by [[Malik Tazi Bhat]] of Kashmir, who attacked Sialkot after the governor of Punjab, Tatar Khan, had left the city undefended during one of his military campaigns.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=thSltS4Xg4MC&q=medieval+sialkot&pg=PA211|title=Medieval Kashmir|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri}}</ref>

Sialkot was captured by the armies of Babur in 1520,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=sialkot+1524&pg=PA226|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|last1=Ahmed|first1=Farooqui Salma|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131732021|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> when the Mughal commander Usman Ghani Raza advanced towards Delhi during the initial conquest of [[Babur]]. Babur recorded a battle with [[Gujjar]] raiders, who had attacked Sialkot, and allegedly mistreated its inhabitants.<ref>{{blockquote|29th December: We dismounted at Sialkot. If one enters Hindustan the [[Jat]]s and [[Gujjar]]s always pour down in countless hordes from hill and plain for loot of bullocks and buffalo. These ill-omened peoples are senseless oppressors. Previously, their deeds did not concern us because the territory was an enemy's. But they did the same senseless deeds after we had captured it. When we reached Sialkot, they swooped on the poor and needy folk who were coming out of the town to our camp and stripped them bare. I had the witless brigands apprehended, and ordered a few of them to be cut to pieces.''Babur Nama'' page 250 published by Penguin}}</ref> In 1525–1526, Alam Khan, uncle of Sultan [[Ibrahim Lodi]], invaded from Afghanistan and was able to capture Sialkot with the aid of Mongol forces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip5CAAAAcAAJ&q=Alem+Khan&pg=PA77|title=History of the Afghans|last=al-Harawī|first=Niʻmatallāh|date=1829|publisher=Oriental Translation-Fund}}</ref>

===Pre-modern===
==== Mughal ====
[[Abdul Hakim Sialkoti]] was a 16th-17th century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal-era]] [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]], [[Schools of Islamic theology|Islamic theologian]], and [[Islamic philosophy|Islamic philosopher]] from Sialkot. He became the most influential Islamic scholar in the Mughal imperial court, and taught in the imperial ''[[Madrasa|madrassa]].''<ref name="nasr">{{Cite book |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPWLvDmhaIsC&pg=PT1064 |title=History of Islamic Philosophy |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-78043-1 |pages=1064–1065 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="schimmel2">{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfVgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Islam in the Indian Subcontinent |date=2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49299-8 |pages=94–96 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nisa |first=Nahim-Un |url=https://archive.org/details/moulanaabdulhakeemsialkotid1067a.d.lifeandworksbynahimunnisa/mode/1up |title=Moulana Abdul Hakeem Sialkoti (d 1067 A. D.): Life And Works |date=1997 |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |location=Agra |language=ur}}</ref> After Abdul Hakim Sialkoti's death in 1656, his son Maulvī Abdullah became chief scholar of Sialkot, and his ''madrassa'' became a centre of learning.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Casalini |first1=Cristiano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h98eEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 |title=Education beyond Europe: Models and Traditions before Modernities |last2=Choi |first2=Edward |last3=Woldegiyorgis |first3=Ayenachew A. |date=2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44147-7 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref>

During the early Mughal era, Sialkot was made part of the ''subah,'' or "province", of Lahore.<ref name=":6" /> According to Sikh tradition, [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]], visited the city<ref name="Dhillon">Dhillon, Iqbal S. (1998). ''Folk Dances of Panjab''. Delhi: National Book Shop.</ref> sometime in the early 16th century. He is said to have met Hamza Ghaus, a prominent Sufi mystic based in Sialkot, at a site now commemorated by the city's [[Gurdwara Beri Sahib]].

During the [[Akbar]] era, Sialkot's ''[[pargana]]'' territory was placed in the ''jagir'' [[Jagir|custodianship]] of [[Raja Man Singh]], who would repair the city's fort, and sought to increase its population and develop its economy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4y9zAAAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+akbar|title=Punjab, the land of beauty, love, and mysticism|last=Quddus|first=Syed Abdul|date=1992|publisher=Royal Book Co.|isbn=9789694071305}}</ref> In 1580, [[Yousuf Shah Chak]] of [[Kashmir]] sought refuge in the city during his exile from the Valley of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2U9uAAAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+jehangir|title=The Kachhwahas under Akbar and Jahangir|last=Khan|first=Refaqat Ali|date=1976|publisher=Kitab Pub. House}}</ref> Paper-makers from Kashmir migrated to the city during the Akbar period,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAJAQAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+paper+kashmir|title=Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction|last=Khan|first=Ahmad Nabi|date=1977|publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan}}</ref> and Sialkot later became renowned as the source of the prized Mughal ''Hariri'' paper – known for its brilliant whiteness and strength.<ref name=":12" /> The city's metalworkers also provided the Mughal crown with much of its weaponry.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63oMAQAAMAAJ&q=sialkot|title=Aurangzeb|last=Elphinstone|first=Mountstuart|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195475753}}</ref>

During the reign of [[Jahangir]], the post was given to Safdar Khan, who rebuilt the city's fort, and oversaw a further increase in Sialkot's prosperity.<ref name=":12" /> Numerous fine houses and gardens were built in the city during the Jehangir period.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAJAQAAIAAJ&q=Rang+Mahal|title=Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction|last=Khan|first=Ahmad Nabi|date=1977|publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan}}</ref> During the [[Shah Jahan]] period, the city was placed under the rule of [[Ali Mardan Khan]].<ref name=":14"/>

The last Mughal emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], appointed Ganga Dhar as ''faujdar'' of the city until 1654.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7L0bAAAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+aurangzeb|title=Region and empire: Panjab in the seventeenth century|last=Singh|first=Chetan|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195627596}}</ref> Rahmat Khan was then placed in charge of the city, and would build a mosque in the city.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAJAQAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+aurangzeb|title=Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction|last=Khan|first=Ahmad Nabi|date=1977|publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan}}</ref> Under Aurangzeb's reign, Sialkot became known as a great centre of Islamic thought and scholarship,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGYOAQAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+aurangzeb|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Education: A-K|last1=Rajput|first1=J. S.|last2=(India)|first2=National Council of Educational Research and Training|date=2004|publisher=NCERT|isbn=9788174503039}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmDVAAAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+greece|title=The Pakistan Review|date=1968|publisher=Ferozsons Limited}}</ref> and attracted scholars because of the widespread availability of paper in the city.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AK42AAAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+paper|title=Education and learning under the great Mughals, 1526–1707 A.D.|last=Sahay|first=Binode Kumar|date=1968|publisher=New Literature Pub. Co.}}</ref>

==== Post-Mughal ====
Following the decline of the Mughal empire after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, Sialkot and its outlying districts were left undefended and forced to defend itself. In 1739, the city was captured by [[Nader Shah]] of Persia during [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|his invasion of the Mughal Empire]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&q=sialkot&pg=PA92|title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|last=bahādur.)|first=Muḥammad Laṭīf (Saiyid, khān|date=1891|publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company, limited}}</ref> The city was placed under the governorship of [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur|Zakariya Khan]], the Mughal Viceroy of Lahore, who in return for the city promised to pay tribute to the [[Afsharid dynasty|Persian crown]].<ref name=":10" /> After that [[Nader Shah]] went to [[India]] where in [[Karnal]], Rao Bal Kishan fought against him with their 5000 soldiers who hailed from [[Ahirwal]] on 24, February 1739. Witnessing this, [[Nader Shah]] was shocked but impressed by Rao Bal Kishan's fighting skills. Later when Nadir Shah reached Delhi he told Muhammad Shah about Rao Bal Kishan's<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Richard Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAXULggU0QMC&q=rao+balkishan |title=Realm and Region in Traditional India |date=1977 |publisher=Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia |isbn=978-0-916994-12-9 |language=en}}</ref> bravery, on which [[Muhammad Shah]] ordered to make a "Chhatri" to honour Rao Bal Kishan at Karnal which still can be found.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&dq=rao+balkishan+singh&pg=PA50 Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India], page 50</ref>
In the wake of the Persian invasion, Sialkot fell under the control of Pashtun powerful families from [[Multan]] and [[Afghanistan]] – the [[Kakazai]] and [[Shirani (Pashtun tribe)|Sherwani]]s.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCMKAQAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+%22shah+jahan%22&pg=PA328|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ...|last1=Cotton|first1=James Sutherland|last2=Burn|first2=Sir Richard|last3=Meyer|first3=Sir William Stevenson|date=1908|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> Sialkot was crept upon by Ranjit Deo of [[Jammu]], who pledged nominal allegiance to the Mughal crown in Delhi.<ref name=":14" /> Ranjit Deo did not conquer Sialkot city from the Pashtun families which held the city, but switched allegiance to the Pashtun ruler [[Ahmed Shah Durrani]] in 1748,<ref name=":14" /> effectively ending Mughal influence in Sialkot. The city and three nearby districts were amalgamated into the [[Durrani Empire]].<ref name=":6" />

==== Sikh ====
Sikh chieftains of the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi ''Misl'']] state encroached upon Sialkot, and had gained full control of the Sialkot region by 1786,<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":13" /> Sialkot was portioned into 4 quarters, under the control of Sardar Jiwan Singh, Natha Singh, Sahib Singh, and Mohar Singh, who invited the city's dispersed residents back to the city.<ref name=":13" />

The Bhangi rulers engaged in feuds with the neighbouring [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakia ''Misl'']] state by 1791,<ref name=":14" /> and would eventually lose control of the city. The [[Sikh Empire]] of [[Ranjit Singh]] captured Sialkot from Sardar Jiwan Singh in 1808.<ref name=":10" /> Sikh forces then occupied Sialkot until the arrival of the British in 1849.<ref>{{Citation|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=Language of belonging: Islam, regional identity, and the making of Kashmir|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press/Permanent Black. Pp. 359|isbn=978-0-19-521939-5}}</ref>

=== Modern ===
====British====
[[File:Iqbal.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Muhammad Iqbal]], the philosopher-poet credited inspiring the [[Pakistan Movement]], was born in Sialkot in 1877.]]
Sialkot, along with Punjab as a whole, was captured by the British following their victory over the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Gujrat]] in February 1849. During the British period, an official known as The Resident who would, in theory, advise the Maharaja of [[Kashmir]] would reside in Sialkot during the wintertime.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ingall|first1=Francis|title=The Last of the Bengal Lancers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW5-AwAAQBAJ&q=sialkot&pg=PA71|date=1989|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=9781473815872|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

During the [[Sepoy Mutiny]] of 1857, the two Bengal regiments based in Sialkot rebelled against the [[East India Company]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Kim A.|last=Wagner|page=105|title=The Skull of Alum Beg. The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-087023-2}}</ref> while their native servants also took up arms against the British.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaye|first1=John|title=Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857-8|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108023245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TogAVyystu0C&q=sialkot&pg=PA472|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

The British-Raj fought in The [[Second Boer War|Second Boer War (1899-1902)]]. A [[Prisoner-of-war camp|POW camp]] was located in Sialkot and it held many detained [[Boers|Boer]] Prisoners-of-War.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plaut |first=Martin |date=2020-05-31 |title=How India Helped Britain Win its ‘Dirty’ War in South Africa |url=https://martinplaut.com/2020/05/31/how-india-helped-britain-win-its-dirty-war-in-south-africa/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Martin Plaut |language=en}}</ref>

In 1877, the Sialkot native poet [[Allama Iqbal]], who is credited for inspiring the [[Pakistan Movement]], was born into a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] family that had converted to [[Islam]] from [[Hinduism]] in the early 1400s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svYphqj8h7UC&q=iqbal+sialkot+kashmiri+hindu&pg=PA1|title=Iqbal: Makers of Islamic Civilization|last=Mir|first=Mustansir|date=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781845110949}}</ref> He is considered to be one of the leading [[Islamic thought]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Azad |first=Hasan |date=2014 |title=Reconstructing the Muslim Self: Muhammad Iqbal, Khudi, and the Modern Self |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=14–28 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0014 |jstor=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> leaders and [[Islamic revivalist]]s<ref name="IqbalSinghZakaria1981">{{citation |last1=Iqbal |first1=Sir Muhammad |title=Shikwa and Jawab-i-shikwa |year=1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeiAAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en, ur |isbn=978-0-19-561324-7 |quote="Iqbal it is true, is essentially a poet of Islam" (from the foreword by Rafiq Zakaria, p. 9) |last2=Zakaria |first2=Rafiq |author-link1= |author-link2=Rafiq Zakaria |translator-last=Singh |translator-first=Khushwant}}</ref><ref name="Robinson1996">{{citation |last=Robinson |first=Francis |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World |pages=283– |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz5kgjMDnOIC&pg=PA283 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66993-1 |quote=In India, the ghazal and mathnawi forms were adapted in Urdu to express new social and ideological concerns, beginning in the work of the poet Altaf Husayn Hali (1837–1914) and continuing in the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938). In the poetry of Iqbal, which he wrote in Persian, to speak to a wider Muslim audience, as well as Urdu, a memory of the past achievements of Islam is combined with a plea for reform. He is considered the greatest Urdu poet of the twentieth century.}}</ref> of the 20th century, and is also widely regarded as having animated the pulse for the Pakistan Movement.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="Lelyveld-Martin2004"/><ref name="Sevea2012-2"/><ref name="Sheikh">{{cite book |last=Sheikh |first=Naveed Shahzad |title=The New Politics of Islam: Pan-Islamic Foreign Policy in a World of States |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-44453-8 |page=83}}</ref>

In [[August 1947]], nine years after Iqbal's death, the [[partition of India]] gave way to the establishment of [[Pakistan]], a newly independent [[Islamic state]] in which Iqbal is honoured as the [[national poet]]. He is also known in Pakistani society as ''{{Transliteration|ur|Hakim ul-Ummat}}'' ({{Literal translation|The Wise Man of the [[Ummah]]}}) and as {{Transliteration|ur|Mufakkir-e-Pakistan}} ({{Literal translation|The Thinker of Pakistan}}).<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan2">{{Cite web |title=Allama Muhammad Iqbal |url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223540/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/ |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=10 March 2004 |website=www.allamaiqbal.com}}</ref> The anniversary of his birth (''Yom-e Weladat-e Muḥammad Iqbal''), 9 November, is observed as a [[Public holidays in Pakistan|public holiday in Pakistan]].<ref>Justice Dr. [[Nasim Hasan Shah]], "Role of Iqbal in the creation of Pakistan" in ''The All-Pakistan Legal Decisions'', Volume 35, Part 1, 1983, p. 208</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-05 |title=Public holidays in Pakistan - Local Pakistan |url=https://www.local.com.pk/working/public-holidays/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.local.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Iqbal Manzil.jpg|thumb|Iqbal Manzil, the residence of Allama Iqbal.]]

Sialkot's modern prosperity began during the colonial era.<ref name="Anwar">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNUaBgAAQBAJ&q=1930s+in+Faisalabad&pg=PT119 | title=Infrastructure Redux: Crisis, Progress in Industrial Pakistan & Beyond | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | author=Nausheen Anwar | year=2014 | page=119 | location=Pakistan | isbn=978-1-137-44818-7}}</ref> The city had been known for its paper making and ironworks prior to the colonial era,<ref name="Anwar" /> and became a centre of metalwork in the 1890s. Surgical instruments were being manufactured in Sialkot for use throughout [[British India]] by the 1920s. The city also became a centre for sports goods manufacturing for British troops stationed along with the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North West Frontier]] due to the availability of nearby timber reserves.<ref name="Anwar" />

As a result of the city's prosperity, large numbers of migrants from [[Jammu region]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] came to the city in search of employment.<ref name="Anwar" /> At the end of [[World War II]], the city was considered the second most industrialised in [[British Punjab]], after Amritsar.<ref name="Anwar"/> Much of the city's infrastructure was paid for by local taxes,<ref name="Anwar"/> and the city was one of the few in British India to have its own electric utility company.<ref name="Anwar" />

====Partition====
The religiopolitical slogan ''[[Pakistan Ka Matlab Kya La Ilaha Illallah|Pakistan ka matlab kya, La ilaha il-Allah]]'' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکستان کا مطلب کیا لاالہ الا اللہ}}}} — ; ''lit.'' ''What does Pakistan mean?... [[Shahada|There is no God but Allah]]'') was a couplet and political slogan coined in 1943 by Sialkot-born and raised poet Asghar Saudai.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Ḥasan |first=Khālid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgxlAAAAMAAJ&q=Pakistan+ka+matlab+kya |title=Remembrances |publisher=Vanguard |year=2001 |isbn=9789694023526 |accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=2007-08-14 |title=An unsung national hero |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/261147/an-unsung-national-hero |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayres |first=Alyssa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&pg=PA194 |title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-51931-1 |page=194}}</ref> The slogan became a battle cry and greeting for the [[Muslim League (Opposition)|Muslim League]], which was struggling for an [[Pakistan Movement|independent country for the Muslims of South Asia]], when [[World War II]] ended and the independence movement geared up.<ref name="auto"/> This slogan shows the religious identity of Pakistan too.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ayres |first=Alyssa |title=Religion and Conflict in South and Southeast Asia: Disrupting Violence |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-134-15306-0 |editor1=Linell E. Cady |page=111 |chapter=Religious Violence beyond Borders |editor2=Sheldon W. Simon |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccJ8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111}}</ref>

The first communal riots between Hindus/Sikhs and Muslims took place on 24 June 1946,<ref name="azadi">{{cite book|last1=Nahal|first1=Chaman|title=Azadi|date=2001|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780141007502}}</ref> a day after the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan as a separate state. Sialkot remained peaceful for several months while communal riots had erupted in [[Lahore]], [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], and [[Rawalpindi]].<ref name="azadi"/> The predominantly Muslim population supported the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and the [[Pakistan Movement]].

While Muslim refugees had poured into the city, escaping riots elsewhere, Sialkot's Hindu and Sikh communities began fleeing in the opposite direction towards India.<ref name="azadi"/> They initially congregated in fields outside the city, where some of Sialkot's Muslims would bid farewell to departing friends.<ref name="azadi"/> Hindu and Sikh refugees were unable to exit Pakistan towards Jammu on account of the conflict in Kashmir, and were instead required to transit via Lahore.<ref name="azadi"/>

====Post-independence====
After independence in 1947, the [[Hindu]] and Sikh minorities migrated to India, while Muslim refugees from India settled in Sialkot. The city had suffered significant losses as a result of communal rioting that erupted following the Partition.<ref name="anwar"/> 80% of Sialkot's industry had been destroyed or abandoned, and the working capital fell by an estimated 90%.<ref name="anwar"/> The city was further stressed by the arrival of 200,000 migrants, mostly from [[Jammu]],<ref name="anwar"/> who had arrived in the city.<ref name="anwar"/>

Following the demise of industry in the city, the government of [[West Pakistan]] prioritised the re-establishment of Punjab's decimated industrial base.<ref name="anwar"/> The province lead infrastructure projects in the area, and allotted abandoned properties to newly arrived refugees.<ref name="anwar"/> Local entrepreneurs also rose to fill the vacuum created by the departure of Hindu and Sikh businessmen.<ref name="anwar"/> By the 1960s, the provincial government has laid extensive new roadways in the district, connecting it to trunk roads that eventually linked the region to the seaport in [[Karachi]].<ref name="anwar"/>

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], when Pakistani troops arrived in Kashmir, the Indian Army counterattacked in the Sialkot Sector. The Pakistan Army successfully defended the city, and the people of Sialkot came out in full force to support the troops.<ref name="Book">K Conboy, "Elite Forces of India and Pakistan" {{ISBN|1-85532-209-9}}, page 9</ref> In 1966, the [[Government of Pakistan]] awarded a special flag of ''[[Hilal-e-Istaqlal]]'' to Sialkot, along with the cities of [[Lahore]] and [[Sargodha]], for their brave resistance against the opposing armed forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commemorating Sept 1965: Nation celebrates Defence Day with fervour|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/601035/commemorating-sept-1965-nation-celebrates-defence-day-with-fervour|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=7 September 2013}}</ref> Historians estimate that the armored battles in the [[Sialkot District|Sialkot sector]], such as the [[Battle of Chawinda]], were among the largest tank battles in the entire history, outmatched only by a few [[World War II]] tank battles, including the [[Battle of Kursk]].<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060503042035/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Synopsis.html The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965]'', Synopsis. Retrieved 26 May 2008 at the [[Internet Archive]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Waqas |date=2016-05-17 |title=Battle of Chawinda - Graveyard Of Indian Tanks – The Largest Tank Battle since WWII {{!}} War History Online |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/history/battle-chawinda-largest-tank-battle-since-wwii.html |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=warhistoryonline |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Climate===
{{Climate chart|Sialkot|5.4|17.4|41.3|8.3|21.2|50.4|13.0|26.2|52.4|18.1|32.9|36.9|22.8|38.2|18.9|25.4|38.8|67.8|25.6|34.7|293.2|25.4|33.5|299.5|23.6|33.1|102.7|17.5|31.1|22.8|10.9|25.9|9.6|6.0|20.2|13.6|float=left|clear=none}}
Sialkot features a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cwa'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], characterized by four different seasons. The post-monsoon season from mid-September to mid-November remains relatively hot during the daytime, but nights are considerably cooler, with low humidity. In the winter, from mid-November to March, daytime temperatures vary from mild to warm, accompanied by occasional heavy rainfalls. Furthermore, temperatures in winter may drop to {{convert|0|C|F|disp=or}}, but maxima are very rarely less than {{convert|15|C|F|disp=or}}.
{{Weather box
| location = Sialkot (1991-2020)
| single line = Y
| metric first = Y
| Jan record high C = 26.1
| Feb record high C = 30.0
| Mar record high C = 36.5
| Apr record high C = 43.3
| May record high C = 47.3
| Jun record high C = 48.9
| Jul record high C = 44.4
| Aug record high C = 41.1
| Sep record high C = 39.0
| Oct record high C = 37.2
| Nov record high C = 33.3
| Dec record high C = 27.2
| Jan high C = 17.4
| Feb high C = 21.2
| Mar high C = 26.2
| Apr high C = 32.9
| May high C = 38.2
| Jun high C = 38.8
| Jul high C = 34.7
| Aug high C = 33.4
| Sep high C = 33.1
| Oct high C = 31.1
| Nov high C = 25.9
| Dec high C = 20.2
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 11.4
| Feb mean C = 14.8
| Mar mean C = 19.4
| Apr mean C = 25.5
| May mean C = 30.5
| Jun mean C = 32.1
| Jul mean C = 30.2
| Aug mean C = 29.4
| Sep mean C = 28.3
| Oct mean C = 24.3
| Nov mean C = 18.4
| Dec mean C = 13.2
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 5.4
| Feb low C = 8.3
| Mar low C = 13.0
| Apr low C = 18.1
| May low C = 22.8
| Jun low C = 25.4
| Jul low C = 25.6
| Aug low C = 25.4
| Sep low C = 23.6
| Oct low C = 17.5
| Nov low C = 10.9
| Dec low C = 6.0
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = −3.0
| Feb record low C = -1.0
| Mar record low C = 3.0
| Apr record low C = 9.0
| May record low C = 13.4
| Jun record low C = 17.6
| Jul record low C = 19.4
| Aug record low C = 18.7
| Sep record low C = 13.3
| Oct record low C = 8.5
| Nov record low C = 3.0
| Dec record low C = −0.6
|year record low C = -3.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 41.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 50.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 52.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 36.9
| May precipitation mm = 18.9
| Jun precipitation mm = 67.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 293.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 299.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 102.7
| Oct precipitation mm = 22.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 9.6
| Dec precipitation mm = 13.6
| year precipitation mm =
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 3.6
|Feb precipitation days = 4.6
|Mar precipitation days = 5.1
|Apr precipitation days = 4.3
|May precipitation days = 3.6
|Jun precipitation days = 6.5
|Jul precipitation days = 13.3
|Aug precipitation days = 12.4
|Sep precipitation days = 6.4
|Oct precipitation days = 2.0
|Nov precipitation days = 1.2
|Dec precipitation days = 1.7
| source 1 = [[NOAA]] (extremes 1971–1990),<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/PK/41600.TXT
|title = Sialkot Climate Normals 1971–1990
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201024153047/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/PK/41600.TXT
|archive-date = 2020-10-24
|url-status = dead
|access-date = 16 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Pakistan/CSV/Sialkot_41600.csv |title=Sialkot Climate Normals 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteomanz (extremes since 2000)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sialkot - Weather data by months |url=http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=2200&ind=41600&m1=05&y1=2000&m2=05&y2=2025 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=meteomanz}}</ref>
|date = May 2025
}}

===Cityscape===
Sialkot's core is composed of the densely populated old city, while north of the city lies the vast colonial era [[Sialkot Cantonment]] – characterised by wide streets and large lawns. The city's industries have evolved in a "ribbon-like" pattern along the cities main arteries,<ref name="anwar"/> and are almost entirely dedicated to export.<ref name="anwar"/> The city's sporting good firms are not concentrated in any part of the city, but are instead spread throughout Sialkot.<ref name="anwar"/> Despite the city's overall prosperity, the local government has failed to meet Sialkot's basic infrastructure needs.<ref name="Dinh"/>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1951|156,378|1961|167,294|1972|203,650|1981|302,009|1998|421,502|2017|655,852|2023|911,817|align=right|percentages=pagr|footnote=Sources:<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by administrative units 1951-1998 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/1998/administrative_units.pdf |publisher = [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref><ref name="census2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/punjab/SIALKOT_BLOCKWISE.pdf|title=POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD DETAIL FROM BLOCK TO DISTRICT LEVEL: PUNJAB (SIALKOT DISTRICT)|date=3 January 2018|access-date=27 April 2018|publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516112620/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/punjab/SIALKOT_BLOCKWISE.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

=== Religion ===
{{bar box|width=300px|barwidth=200px|cellpadding="0"|title=Religion in Sialkot <ref name="2023 census">{{cite web|title=District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2023)|url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_9.pdf |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|
[[Islam]]|green|96}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|blue|3.77}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.23}}}}Sialkot is a religiously homogenous city with 96 percent of its population being [[Muslims|Muslim]] and following [[Islam]]. The principal minority is Christians who make up 3.77 percent of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2023) |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_9.pdf |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> During the 13th century, [[Imam Ali-ul-Haq]], Sialkot's most revered [[Sufism|Sufi]] warrior-saint,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Masudul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_wbAAAAMAAJ&q=Imam+Ali-ul-Haq+premier+saint |title=Hand Book of Important Places in West Pakistan |date=1965 |publisher=Pakistan Social Service Foundation}}</ref> arrived from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], and began his [[Dawah]] in the region that successfully converted large numbers of the native population to Islam, thereby transforming Sialkot into a largely Muslim city.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Imam+Ali+sialkot+convert |title=Pakistan Pictorial |date=1986 |publisher=Pakistan Publications}}</ref> The saint later died in battle, and is revered as a [[Shahid]] by the locals.<ref name=":122">{{Cite book |last=Afsos |first=Sher ʻAlī Jaʻfarī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlQIAAAAQAAJ&q=sialkot+jehangir&pg=PA129 |title=The Arāīs̲h-i-maḥfil: Or, The Ornament of the Assembly |date=1882 |publisher=J. W. Thomas, Baptist Mission Press}}</ref>

<div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em">
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Sialkot City (1868−2023){{efn|1881-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Sialkot, which included Sialkot Municipality and Sialkot Cantonment.<ref name="Census1941"/>{{rp|32}}.{{br}}2017-2023: Urban population of Sialkot Tehsil.}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1868<ref name="Census1868">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057644 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057644 |access-date=7 July 2024 |title=Report on the census of the Punjab taken on 10th January, 1868. |year=1868 |pages=66 |last1=(India) |first1=Punjab }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=31 March 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=31 March 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=520 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881C">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=31 March 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=250 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1891 GENERAL TABLES BRITISH PROVINCES AND FEUDATORY STATES VOL I|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|68}}
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1901-26575826/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901 VOLUME I-A INDIA PART II-TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|44}}
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1911 VOLUME XIV PUNJAB PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|20}}
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1921-26575918/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1921 VOLUME XV PUNJAB AND DELHI PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|23}}
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1931-26575928/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1931 VOLUME XVII PUNJAB PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|26}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|32}}
! colspan="2" |2017<ref name="Census2017B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|title=Final Results (Census-2017)|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2023<ref name="Census2023B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results|title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 16,580
| {{Percentage | 16580 | 25337 | 2 }}
| 28,865
| {{Percentage | 28865 | 45762 | 2 }}
| 31,920
| {{Percentage | 31920 | 55087 | 2 }}
| 39,350
| {{Percentage | 39350 | 57956 | 2 }}
| 40,613
| {{Percentage | 40613 | 64869 | 2 }}
| 44,846
| {{Percentage | 44846 | 70619 | 2 }}
| 69,700
| {{Percentage | 69700 | 100973 | 2 }}
| 90,706
| {{Percentage | 90706 | 138708 | 2 }}
| 653,346
| {{Percentage | 653346 | 680864 | 2 }}
| 885,336
| {{Percentage | 885336 | 922349 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 6,148
| {{Percentage | 6148 | 25337 | 2 }}
| 12,751
| {{Percentage | 12751 | 45762 | 2 }}
| 17,978
| {{Percentage | 17978 | 55087 | 2 }}
| 13,433
| {{Percentage | 13433 | 57956 | 2 }}
| 15,417
| {{Percentage | 15417 | 64869 | 2 }}
| 15,808
| {{Percentage | 15808 | 70619 | 2 }}
| 18,670
| {{Percentage | 18670 | 100973 | 2 }}
| 29,661
| {{Percentage | 29661 | 138708 | 2 }}
| 1,102
| {{Percentage | 1102 | 680864 | 2 }}
| 1,347
| {{Percentage | 1347 | 922349 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 1,295
| {{Percentage | 1295 | 25337 | 2 }}
| 1,942
| {{Percentage | 1942 | 45762 | 2 }}
| 1,797
| {{Percentage | 1797 | 55087 | 2 }}
| 2,236
| {{Percentage | 2236 | 57956 | 2 }}
| 4,290
| {{Percentage | 4290 | 64869 | 2 }}
| 3,433
| {{Percentage | 3433 | 70619 | 2 }}
| 4,931
| {{Percentage | 4931 | 100973 | 2 }}
| 8,431
| {{Percentage | 8431 | 138708 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 66
| {{Percentage | 66 | 922349 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 25337 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 2,283
| {{Percentage | 2283 | 55087 | 2 }}
| 1,650
| {{Percentage | 1650 | 57956 | 2 }}
| 3,222
| {{Percentage | 3222 | 64869 | 2 }}
| 5,033
| {{Percentage | 5033 | 70619 | 2 }}
| 6,095
| {{Percentage | 6095 | 100973 | 2 }}
| 5,157
| {{Percentage | 5157 | 138708 | 2 }}
| 25,433
| {{Percentage | 25433 | 680864 | 2 }}
| 34,811
| {{Percentage | 34811 | 922349 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 876
| {{Percentage | 876 | 45762 | 2 }}
| 1,105
| {{Percentage | 1105 | 55087 | 2 }}
| 1,272
| {{Percentage | 1272 | 57956 | 2 }}
| 1,310
| {{Percentage | 1310 | 64869 | 2 }}
| 1,472
| {{Percentage | 1472 | 70619 | 2 }}
| 1,570
| {{Percentage | 1570 | 100973 | 2 }}
| 2,790
| {{Percentage | 2790 | 138708 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 55087 | 2 }}
| 9
| {{Percentage | 9 | 57956 | 2 }}
| 17
| {{Percentage | 17 | 64869 | 2 }}
| 27
| {{Percentage | 27 | 70619 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 100973 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 922349 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 55087 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 57956 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 64869 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 70619 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 100973 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Ahmadiyya]] [[File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 958
| {{Percentage | 958 | 680864 | 2 }}
| 339
| {{Percentage | 339 | 922349 | 2 }}
|-
| Others
| 1,301
| {{Percentage | 1301 | 25337 | 2 }}
| 1,328
| {{Percentage | 1328 | 45762 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 55087 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 57956 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 64869 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 70619 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 100973 | 2 }}
| 1,963
| {{Percentage | 1963 | 138708 | 2 }}
| 25
| {{Percentage | 25 | 680864 | 2 }}
| 450
| {{Percentage | 450 | 922349 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 25,337
! {{Percentage | 25337 | 25337 | 2 }}
! 45,762
! {{Percentage | 45762 | 45762 | 2 }}
! 55,087
! {{Percentage | 55087 | 55087 | 2 }}
! 57,956
! {{Percentage | 57956 | 57956 | 2 }}
! 64,869
! {{Percentage | 64869 | 64869 | 2 }}
! 70,619
! {{Percentage | 70619 | 70619 | 2 }}
! 100,973
! {{Percentage | 100973 | 100973 | 2 }}
! 138,708
! {{Percentage | 138708 | 138708 | 2 }}
! 680,864
! {{Percentage | 680864 | 680864 | 2 }}
! 922,349
! {{Percentage | 922349 | 922349 | 2 }}
|}
</div>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
| caption = Urban population of [[Sialkot Tehsil]] (2023)
| value1 = 85.71
| label1 = Punjabi
| color1 = Crimson
| value2 = 10.40
| label2 = Urdu
| color2 = Green
| value3 = 2.85
| label3 = Pashto
| color3 = Yellow
| value4 = 0.36
| label4 = Sindhi
| color4 = Orange
| value5 = 0.31
| label5 = Saraiki
| color5 = black
| value6 = 0.73
| label6 = Others
| color6 = grey
}}
There are a multitude of languages spoken in Sialkot, in the 2023 census 85.71% of the population spoke [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 10.40% spoke [[Urdu]], 2.85% spoke [[Pashto]], 0.36% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and 0.31% spoke [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] while 0.73% spoke other smaller languages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Digital Census: Understanding Its Importance and Process - Pakistan Bureau of Statistics population|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/census/|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Sialkot is a wealthy city relative to the rest of Pakistan, with a GDP (nominal) of $13 Billions and a per capita income in 2021 estimated at $18500.<ref name="anwar">{{cite book|last1=Anwar|first1=Nausheen|title=Infrastructure Redux: Crisis, Progress in Industrial Pakistan & Beyond|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137448170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNUaBgAAQBAJ&q=sialkot&pg=PT84|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> The city was considered to be one of [[British India]]'s most industrialised cities,<ref name="anwar" /> though its economy would later be largely decimated by violence and capital flight following the [[Partition of India|Partition]].<ref name="anwar" /> The city's economy rebounded, and Sialkot now forms part of the relatively industrialised region of northern Punjab that is sometimes referred to as the ''Golden Triangle.''<ref name=":11" />

Sialkot has been noted by Britain's ''[[The Economist]]'' magazine as a "world-class manufacturing hub" with strong export industries.<ref name="economist" /> As of 2017, Sialkot exported US$2.5 billion worth of goods which is equal to 10% of Pakistan's total exports (US$25 billion).<ref name="economi" /> 250,000 residents are employed in Sialkot's industries,<ref name="anwar" /> with most enterprises in the city being small and funded by family savings.<ref name="Dinh" /> Sialkot's Chamber of Commerce had over 6,500 members in 2010, with most active in the [[Leather production processes|leather]], sporting goods, and surgical instruments industry.<ref name="Dinh" /> The [[Sialkot Dry Port]] offers local producers quick access to Pakistani Customs, as well as to logistics and transportation.<ref name="economist" /> [[File:Bab_ay_Sialkot.jpg|thumb|Sialkot Gate]]

Despite being cut off from its historic economic heartland in [[Kashmir]], Sialkot has managed to position itself into one of Pakistan's most prosperous cities, exporting up to 10% of all Pakistani exports.<ref name=economist/> Its sporting goods firms have been particularly successful, and have produced items for global brands such as [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Adidas]], [[Reebok]], and [[Puma (brand)|Puma]].<ref name="anwar"/> Balls for the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] and [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] were made by [[Forward Sports]], a Sialkot-based company.<ref name=FIFA/> The city has been labeled as the ''Football manufacturing capital of the World'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2022 |title=World's Football Manufacturing Capital in Pakistan Gets a Green Makeover |url=https://www.adb.org/news/videos/world-s-football-manufacturing-capital-pakistan-gets-green-makeover#:~:text=If%2520you%2520have%2520ever%2520played,World%2520Cup%2520in%2520Doha%252C%2520Qatar.&ved=2ahUKEwja1NLpi9T7AhVxwjgGHQKMARYQFnoECAsQBQ&usg=AOvVaw1cGWtOMkcj9wAvA_Rfhy4r |access-date=2022-11-29}}</ref> as it produces over 70% of all [[Association football|footballs]] manufactured in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Development Bank |url=https://www.adb.org/news/videos/world-s-football-manufacturing-capital-pakistan-gets-green-makeover&ved=2ahUKEwjosMrditT7AhXv6zgGHfPRD7YQFnoECAsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1cGWtOMkcj9wAvA_Rfhy4r |access-date=2022-11-29}}</ref>

Sialkot's business community has joined with the local government to maintain the city's infrastructure, as the local government has limited capacity to fund such maintenance.<ref name="anwar"/> The business community was instrumental in the establishment of Sialkot's Dry Port in 1985,<ref name="Dinh">{{cite book|last1=Dinh|first1=Hinh|title=Tales from the Development Frontier: How China and Other Countries Harness Light Manufacturing to Create Jobs and Prosperity|date=2011|publisher=World Bank|isbn=9780821399897}}</ref> and further helped re-pave the city's roads.<ref name="economist" /> Sialkot's business community also largely funded the [[Sialkot International Airport]]—opened in 2011 as Pakistan's first privately owned public airport.<ref name=economist/>

Sialkot is also the only city in Pakistan to have its very own commercial airline, [[AirSial|Airsial]]. This airline is managed by the business community of Sialkot based at the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industries and offers direct flights from Sialkot to [[Bahrain]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rizvi |first=Muzaffar |date=2022-08-22 |title=AirSial gets nod to start international flights |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/airsial-gets-nod-to-start-international-flights |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Industry ===

Sialkot is the world's largest producer of hand-sewn [[ball (association football)|football]]s, with local factories manufacturing 40–60 million footballs a year, amounting to roughly 60% of world production.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eriksen|first1=Thomas Hylland|title=Globalization: The Key Concepts|date=2007|publisher=Berg|isbn=9781847886101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trYXD-uXHsMC&q=sialkot+economy&pg=PT71|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> Since the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], footballs for the official matches are being made by [[Forward Sports]], a company based in Sialkot.<ref name="FIFA">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2014 |title=Brazilian ambassador unveils Pak made FIFA soccer ball |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-150235-Brazilian-ambassador-unveils-Pak-made-FIFA-soccer-ball |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612083157/http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-150235-Brazilian-ambassador-unveils-Pak-made-FIFA-soccer-ball |archive-date=12 June 2014 |website=The News International}}</ref> Clustering of sports goods industrial units has allowed for firms in Sialkot to become highly specialised, and to benefit from joint action and external economies.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Jovanović|editor1-first=Miroslav N.|title=Economic integration and spatial location of firms and industries: transnational corporations and search for evidence|date=2007|publisher=Edward Elgar|isbn=9781845425838|page=468|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fMJAQAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+economy|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> There is a well-applied child labour ban, the [[Atlanta Agreement]], in the industry since a 1997 outcry,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,683873,00.html|title=The Football Stitchers of Sialkot|author=Hasnain Kazim|date=16 March 2010|newspaper=Spiegel International|access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> and the local industry now funds the Independent Monitoring Association for Child Labour to regulate factories.<ref name="Dinh" />

Sialkot is also the world's largest centre of surgical instrument manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fairmedtrade.org.uk|title=BMA – Fair Medical Trade|website=www.fairmedtrade.org.uk|access-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308134934/http://www.fairmedtrade.org.uk/|archive-date=8 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sialkot was first noted to be a centre of metalwork in the 1890s, and the city's association with surgical instruments came from the need to repair, and subsequently manufacture, surgical instruments for the nearby Mission hospital. By the 1920s, surgical instruments were being manufactured for use throughout [[British India]], with demand boosted by further by [[World War II]].<ref name=EP />

The city's surgical instrument manufacturing industry benefits from a clustering effect, in which larger manufacturers remain in close contact with smaller and specialised industries that can efficiently perform contracted work.<ref name=EP>{{cite web|url=http://emergingpakistan.gov.pk/sectors/surgical-goods/ |title=Surgical Goods |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628033619/http://emergingpakistan.gov.pk/sectors/surgical-goods/ |date=19 December 2017|archive-date=28 June 2020|website=Emerging Pakistan, Government of Pakistan website|access-date=30 January 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> The industry is made up of a few hundred small and medium size enterprises, supported by thousands of subcontractors, suppliers, and those providing other ancillary services. The bulk of exports are destined for the United States and [[European Union]].<ref name=EP />

Sialkot first became a centre for sporting goods manufacturing during the colonial era. Enterprises were initially inaugurated for the recreation of British troops stationed along the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North West Frontier]].<ref name="anwar" /> Nearby timber reserves served to initially allure the industry to Sialkot.<ref name="anwar" /> The city's Muslim craftsmen generally manufactured the goods, while Sikh and Hindu merchants of the Sindhi ''Bania'', ''Arora'', and Punjabi ''Khatri'' castes acted like middle men to bring goods to market.<ref name="anwar" /> Sialkot now produces a wide array of sporting goods, including footballs and hockey sticks, cricket gear, gloves that are used in international games comprising the Olympics and World Cups.<ref name="news">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2020 |title=Sialkot vital economic, industrial hub of country |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/727148-sialkot-vital-economic-industrial-hub-of-country |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref><ref name="economist" />

Sialkot is also noted for its leather goods. Leather for footballs is sourced from nearby farms,<ref name="Dinh" /> while Sialkot's leather workers craft some of Germany's most prized leather ''[[lederhosen]]'' trousers.<ref name="economist" />

Sialkot also has a large share in the agricultural sector. It predominantly produces [[Basmati rice]] varieties, [[wheat]] and [[sugarcane]]. Its area is {{cvt|3,015|km2}}, at least {{cvt|642,624|acre}} are under cultivation. Potato and sunflower were evident among the minor crops of the district.<ref name="Sialkot">{{Cite web|title= Sialkot — a city with many feathers in its cap|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1625404|website=Dawn|date=24 May 2021|access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>

=== Public-Private Partnerships ===
Sialkot has a productive relationship between the civic administration and the city's entrepreneurs,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21709344-how-small-pakistani-city-became-world-class-manufacturing-hub-if-you-want-it-done-right|title=If you want it done right|newspaper=The Economist|date=27 October 2016|access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> that dates to the colonial era. Sialkot's infrastructure was paid for by local taxes on industry,<ref name="anwar" /> and the city was one of the few in British Raj to have its own electric utility company.<ref name="anwar" />

Modern Sialkot's business community has assumed responsibility for developing infrastructure when the civic administration is unable to deliver requested services.<ref name="economist" /> The city's Chamber of Commerce established the [[Sialkot Dry Port]], the country's first dry-port in 1985 to reduce transit times by offering faster customs services.<ref name="economist" /> Members of the Chamber of Commerce allowed paid fees to help resurface the city's streets.<ref name="economist" /> The [[Sialkot International Airport]] was established by the local businesses community, is the only private airport in Pakistan.<ref name="economi">{{cite news|title=How a small Pakistani city became a world-class manufacturing hub|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21709344-how-small-pakistani-city-became-world-class-manufacturing-hub-if-you-want-it-done-right|access-date=29 October 2016|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=29 October 2016}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
[[File:Sialkot_Boulevard.jpg|thumb|A boulevard in Sialkot]]

=== Highways ===
A [[Dual carriageway|dual-carriageway]] connects Sialkot to the nearby city of [[Wazirabad]], with onward connections throughout Pakistan via the [[N-5 National Highway]], while another dual carriageway connects Sialkot to [[Daska]], and onwards to [[Gujranwala]] and [[Lahore]]. Sialkot and Lahore are also connected through the motorway [[M-11 motorway (Pakistan)|M11]].{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

=== Rail ===
The [[Sialkot Junction railway station]] is the city's main railway station and is serviced by the [[Wazirabad–Narowal Branch Line]] of the [[Pakistan Railways]]. The [[Allama Iqbal Express]] travels daily from Sialkot to [[Karachi]] via [[Lahore]], and then back to Sialkot.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

=== Air ===
[[File:Sialkot_Airport.jpg|thumb|Sialkot International Airport]]

The [[Sialkot International Airport]] is located about 20 km from the center of the city near [[Sambrial]]. It was established in 2007 by spending 4 billion rupees by Sialkot business community. It is Pakistan's only privately owned public airport,<ref name="economist" /> and offers flights throughout Pakistan, with also direct flights to [[Bahrain]], [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Qatar]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], France, the UK and Spain.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

==Notable people==
{{main|List of people from Sialkot}}

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan}}
Sialkot is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bolingbrook, Illinois]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=About|url=https://www.bolingbrook.com/sistercities|website=bolingbrook.com|publisher=Village of Bolingbrook|access-date=2022-10-31}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry]]
* [[List of educational institutions in Sialkot]]
* [[List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by area]]
* [[Sialkot Stallions]]
* [[Shivala Teja Singh temple]]

{{Portal bar|Geography|Asia|Pakistan|Punjab}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Sister project links|Sialkot}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100721202304/http://www.sialkot.gov.pk/ Sialkot District Government website]
* [https://scci.com.pk/ Sialkot Chamber of Commerce & Industry]

{{Sialkot District}}
{{PakistanCities}}
{{Pakistan topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sialkot| ]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sialkot District]]
[[Category:Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Populated places in Punjab, Pakistan]]

Gurudwara Nagiana Sahib

2026-03-18T10:49:32Z

MarcellaGunter0: adjusted intro for consistency and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Gurdwara, or holy Sikh shrine, in Punjab, India}}
{{Multiple issues|section=|
{{One source|date=April 2025}}
{{Original research|date=April 2025}}
{{Tone |date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
[[File:Nagianasahib.jpg|thumb]]

'''Gurdwara Nagiana Sahib''' is a [[Gurdwara]], or holy Sikh shrine, located in Udoke, a small village near [[Batala]] in [[Punjab, India]]. The shrine was built by the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] saint Sant Baba Chuggat Singh Ji, who served as the first official ''[[Sewadar]]'' (volunteer) of the shrine.

This is a place of worship for Nagis' (Nagi clan). The Nagiana Gurdwara is [[Religion in the Punjab|Jathera]] of Nagis. "Jathera" is a folk religion of Punjab where one worships their ancestors or something related to their ancestors or clan. Jathera was common folk religion among [[Punjabis]] prior to Sikh religion regardless of caste. After converting to Sikh religion some Jatheras were turned into Gurdwaras.

Initially only Nagis' used to visit the Gurdwara. September 8th has been chosen as Nagi Day, a significant day for Gurdwara Nagiana Sahib and when most sangat (visitors) visit the Gurdwara.

This is also a place tied to the history of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

== Historical Background ==
The shrine's main building was built by Sant Baba Chuggat Singh Ji, believed to be the Gurudwara's first sewada. According to Sikh Tradition, this shrine is believed to have historical ties to [[Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nagiana-sahib.org/about/ |title=ABOUT – Welcome to Gurdwara Nagiana Sahib |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031115318/https://nagiana-sahib.org/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Gurdwara Nagiana Sahib is linked to the spiritual journey of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism. During one of his Udasis (spiritual travels), Guru Nanak Dev Ji was said to have a miraculous encounter with a snake in the village of Udoke.

==Architectural Significance==
Gurdwara Nagiana Sahib is a blend of traditional Sikh architecture and local design elements. At the center of the Gurudwara is a central dome, a key feature in Sikh architecture, symbolizing the oneness of God and the presence of the Divine in all aspects of life.

Surrounding the central dome are prayer halls, designed to accommodate large gatherings. The Gurdwara's exterior is white marble. Marble is often used in Sikh religious structures and has carvings and decorative patterns. The courtyards in the Gurdwara grounds provide additional space for community gatherings and contemplation.

==Role in the Community==
The Gurdwara trust runs a number of charitable services. Gurdwara Nagiana Sahib offers educational programs, particularly aimed at children from underprivileged backgrounds. The Gurdwara also organizes free medical camps. These camps typically provide free consultations, medical check-ups, and medications. Since 2009 the trust has run a charitable hospital for the poor and needy people of village.

==Administration==
The administration of the Gurdwara, is taken care by Baba Chuggat Singh Prabandhak Committee, a non-profit institution.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FR6677v0hcU Story of Nagiana Sahib] in the words of Baba Kawaljit Singh Ji
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eFrLTNSlxs Nagi Day Message - 2019] from Baba Kawaljit Singh Ji
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVa1_O8vRao Nagi Day Message - 2021] from Baba Kawaljit Singh Ji
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1NmNO8T0MI Nagi Day Message - 2022] from Baba Kawaljit Singh Ji
*[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/JVXLI0VUdf4 Nagi Day Message - 2024] from Baba Kawaljit Singh Ji
*[https://youtube.com/shorts/WtfDWA5VV6I Nagi Day Message - 2025] from Baba Kawaljit Singh Ji
*[https://nagi.day Nagi Day Website]
* [[Guru Nanak]] Dev Ji

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India]]

3rd Class

2026-03-06T05:09:16Z

MarcellaGunter0: starting new data w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian Kannada-language period action film}}
{{about|the 2020 Kannada film|other uses|Third class (disambiguation){{!}}Third class}}
{{unreliable sources|date=January 2020}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 3rd class
| image = 3rd class movie poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| writer = Nam Jagadeesh
| producer = Nam Jagadeesh
| director = Ashok Dev
| starring = {{ubl|Nam Jagadeesh||Roopika|Divya Rao}}
| music = [[Jessie Gift]]
| cinematography = Syam Raj
| editing = [[Srikanth Gowda|Srikanth]]
| studio = 7Hills Studio <ref name="etvbharat">{{cite web |title=ETV Bharat |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kannada/karnataka/state/hassan/social-distress-work-from-the-third-class-film-team/ka20191124093707670 |website=www.etvbharat.com|date=24 November 2019 }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|02|07}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''3rd Class''''' is a 2020 Indian Kannada-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action film]] directed by Ashok Dev and produced by Nam Jagadeesh under the banner of 7Hills Studio. The film starring Nam Jagadeesh, Roopika and Divya Rao, revolves around Sahana (Roopika) and Jagadeesh (Jaggi), who hails from the different socio-economic background. Sahana is a daughter of a home minister, while Jaggi is a mechanic. It is the story of their relationship and how they deal with this difference. The film was released on 7 February 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=3rd Class Movie Review: A predictable narrative with a story as old as the hills|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/3rd-class/movie-review/74010149.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Nam Jagadeesh as Jagadeesh
* Roopika as Sahana
* Divya Rao
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Home Minister
* Sangeetha
* Pawan Kumar
* Harish Venkateshan
* Nippu
* Sai Gold Saravanan
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]

== Production ==
The film has been shot in [[Bangalore]], [[Kerala]] and [[Goa]]. The film crew decided to help poor auto drivers and blind people instead of spending the money on banners as part of promoting their film.<ref name="etvbharat"/>

==Release==

The film was theatrically released on 7 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Third Class Movie to Hit Screen on 7 Feb|url=https://citytoday.news/third-class-movie-to-hit-screens-on-feb-7/ |website=City Today |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = 3rd Class
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jassie Gift]]
| cover =blank
| alt =
| released = 11 February 2020
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:56
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|7TRlRhDQvhg|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

[[Jessie Gift]] composed music for this film, and lyrics are penned by [[V. Nagendra Prasad|Dr. V. Nagendra Prasad]], Kaviraj and Chethan. The soundtrack of the film was launched by blind students, orphan students and retired army soldiers. The team have distributed insurance bonds to 200 students worth of Rs. 2,50,000/-.

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 19:56
| title1 = Hayagide
| lyrics1 = Dr [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length1 = 4:29
| title2 = Yaro Yaro<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/video-song-of-yaaro-yaaro-from-3rd-class-kannada-is-out/articleshow/74423532.cms | title=Video song of Yaaro Yaaro from 3rd Class Kannada is out | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
| lyrics2 = Kaviraj
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Dayamadi Nanna Mannisu
| lyrics3 = Kaviraj
| extra3 = [[Jessie Gift]], K.S Chithra
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Istavadha Ee Huduga
| lyrics4 = Dr. Nagendra Prasad
| extra4 = Anuradha Bhat
| length4 = 1:42
| title5 = Title Track
| lyrics5 = Chethan
| extra5 = [[Shashank Sheshagiri]]
| length5 = 4:41
}}

== Reception ==
A critic called the film's story "power-packed".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/22261-3rd-class-review-chitraloka-rating-3-5-5.html|title=3rd Class Review: Chitraloka Rating 3.5/ 5* - chitraloka.com | Kannada Movie News, Reviews | Image|website=www.chitraloka.com|access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt11515380}}
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 romance films]]
[[Category:2020 action films]]
[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:2020s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]

Navra Maza Navsacha 2

2026-03-04T09:33:25Z

MarcellaGunter0: created data - done

{{Short description|2024 film by Sachin Pilgaonkar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Navra Maza Navsacha 2
| image = Navra Maza Navsacha 2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]
| writer = '''Story and Screenplay:''' Sachin Pilgaonkar '''Dialogues:''' [[Santosh Pawar]]
| producer = Sachin Pilgaonkar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Sachin Pilgaonkar
*[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
*[[Hemal Ingle]]
*[[Swapnil Joshi]]
*[[Ashok Saraf]]
*[[Nirmiti Sawant]]
*[[Siddharth Jadhav]]
*[[Vaibhav Mangle]]
}}
| cinematography = Parag Deshmukh Nitin Bandekar
| editing = Faizal Mahadik
| music = Jitendra Kulkarni Raviraj Vijay Koltharkar
| studio = Sushriya Chitra<ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Priya |date=2024-08-15 |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2: नॉनस्टॉप कॉमेडी एक्स्प्रेसच्या प्रवासाला सुरूवात, 'नवरा माझा नवसाचा २'चा धमाकेदार टीझर आऊट |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/marathi-actor-sachin-pilgaonkar-supriya-pilgaonkar-swapnil-joshi-upcoming-film-navra-maza-navsacha-2-teaser-out-pvm91 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|09|20}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = {{INR|5–8 crore}}<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2 : नवरा माझा नवसाचा २'चा बॉक्स ऑफिसवर धुमाकूळ; आठवडाभरात कमावला 'इतक्या' कोटींचा गल्ला! |url=https://prahaar.in/2024/09/27/navara-maja-navasacha-2-box-office-smash-earned-so-many-crores-in-a-week/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=[[Prahaar (newspaper)|Prahaar]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|25 crore}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='Navra Maza Navsacha 2': How Sachin Pilgaonkar Made His Blockbuster Marathi Film With ₹5 Crores |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/navra-maza-navsacha-2-how-sachin-pilgaonkar-made-his-blockbuster-marathi-film-with-5-crores |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Navra Maza Navsacha 2''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film directed and produced by [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]. A sequel to the 2004 film ''[[Navra Maza Navsacha]],'' it features [[Hemal Ingle]] and [[Swapnil Joshi]] as the daughter and son-in-law of [[Sachin Pilgaonkar|Sachin]] and [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]. The film also stars [[Ashok Saraf]], [[Siddharth Jadhav]], and [[Nirmiti Sawant]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-15 |title=Photos: '८० कोटींचे हिरे आता…'; नवरा माझा नवसाचा २ चित्रपटाबद्दलच्या 'या' गोष्टी माहिती आहेत का? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/4538782/sachin-pilgaonkar-upcoming-marathi-movie-navra-maza-navsacha-2-teaser-released-film-information-sdn-96/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 20 September 2024, the film earned ₹25 crore and emerged as the [[List of Marathi films of 2024#Box office collection|second highest-grossing Marathi film of 2024]].

==Plot==
Twenty years after fulfilling their sacred vow, Vakratund, also known as Vacky, and Bhakti are living a peaceful life with their daughter, Shraddha. Every year, the family follows a cherished family tradition of immersing a [[Ganesh]] idol on the shores of [[Ganpatipule]]. Shraddha, now deeply in love with Lambodar, also known as Lamby, has their relationship blessed by her parents. Vacky and Bhakti, wishing to include Lamby in their family customs, request him to continue the yearly Ganesh idol immersion after marriage. However, Lamby, an atheist, refuses to do so, leaving Vacky and Bhakti heartbroken. This decision causes tension, with Shraddha contemplating ending their relationship, but unexpected events compel Lamby to reconsider his stance. As tensions ease, Shraddha reveals that she, just like her mother, had made another vow. This vow requires Lamby to make a [[pilgrimage]] to the [[temple]] of [[Ganpatipule]], but under the shocking condition that he must go [[unclothed]]. As this revelation unfolds, the situation spirals into chaos during their [[Konkan Railway]] [[train]] journey from [[Mumbai]] to Ganpatipule. Unbeknownst to them, Sabu Kaalia, the notorious younger brother of smuggler Babu Kaalia, and his gang are tracking their every move, due to the fact that they have stolen valuable diamonds worth {{INR}}1800 [[crore]] from the [[Government of India]] and hidden them inside the family's Ganesh idol. What follows is a series of unexpected twists that turn their spiritual journey into a thrilling adventure.

== Cast ==
* [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] as Vakratund (Vacky)
* [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]] as Bhakti
* [[Hemal Ingle]] as Shraddha
* [[Swapnil Joshi]] as Lambodar (Lamby)
* [[Ashok Saraf]] as Ticket checker in train<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title='नवरा माझा नवसाचा २'मध्ये मोठा ट्विस्ट! कंडक्टर लालू दिसणार नाही तर...; अशोक सराफ यांच्या भूमिकेचा प्रोमो रिलीज |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/navara-maza-navsacha-2-ashok-saraf-first-look-out-watch-sachin-pilgaonkar-movie-promo-a-a971/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Vaibhav Mangle]] as Sabu Kaalia / Devrukhkar (fake)
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]] as Lamby's mother (Special Appearance)
* Charudutt Patole as [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] [[Inspector]] Pradyumna Ranade / Randy Cha
* [[Siddharth Jadhav]] as Yede-Patil (politician in train)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jagtap |first=Chinmay |date=2024-07-05 |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2 : 'नवरा माझा नवसाचा २ मध्ये झळकणार सिद्धार्थ जाधव, चाहत्यांसाठी पर्वणी |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/marathi-actor-siddharth-jadhav-will-be-seen-in-navra-maza-navsacha-2-a-treat-for-fans-cdj98 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Vijay Patkar]] as Inspector Haatware (Special appearance)
* Harish Dudhade as Ranga (Sabu Kaalia's henchman)
* Jaywant Wadkar as Yede-Patil's personal assistant
* [[Santosh Pawar]] in a special appearance
* [[Lilliput (actor)| Lilliput]] as Krishnamoorthy Radhamoorthy (a [[South Indian people|South Indian]] train passenger in a special appearance)
* [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] in a special appearance in "Dum Dum Dum Dum Damroo Vaaje" song<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title=Shriya Pilgaonkar makes special appearance in dad Sachin Pilagonkar's Navra Maza Navsacha 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shriya-pilgaonkar-makes-special-appearance-dad-sachin-pilagonkars-navra-maza-navsacha-2/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Laundry man (special appearance)
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Bahadur, special appearance in "Nako Na Gade" song
* [[Sonu Nigam]] as Himself, special appearance in "Nako Na Gade" song

== Production ==
On 5 February 2024, Sachin Pilgaonkar officially announced the sequel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-05 |title='Navra Mazha Navsacha 2': Sachin Pilgaonkar announces the sequel of his blockbuster film- Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/navra-mazha-navsacha-2-sachin-pilgaonkar-announces-sequel-of-blockbuster-film/articleshow/107418235.cms |access-date=2024-08-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Filming commenced on 7 February 2024 in [[Konkan division|Konkan, Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Navra Mazha Navsacha 2 : ठरलं! 'हे' कलाकार दिसणार 'नवरा माझा नवसाचा २'मध्ये |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/navra-mazha-navsacha-2-full-star-cast-is-here-read-141707196327087.html |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Video: 'नवरा माझा नवसाचा २' चित्रपटाच्या शूटिंगला कोकणात सुरुवात, कलाकारांचा व्हिडीओ आला समोर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/sachin-pilgaonkar-supriya-pilgaonkar-swapnil-joshi-star-navra-maza-navsacha-part-2-shooting-start-on-ratnagiri-video-viral-pps-98-4274486/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The release date for the sequel was revealed on 20 July 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=नवरा माझा नवसाचा २ : सिनेमाचं पहिलं पोस्टर प्रदर्शित! सचिन पिळगांवकर म्हणाले, "गणपतीपुळ्याचे प्रवासी कन्फर्म..." |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/navra-maza-navsacha-2-sachin-pilgaonkar-shared-first-poster-of-the-movie-sva-00-4518711/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Production and dubbing were concluded in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title='नवरा माझा नवसाचा २'मधील पहिलं गाणं कधी येणार? सचिन पिळगांवकरांनी गायकाबरोबरचा फोटो शेअर करत दिली माहिती |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/navra-maza-navsacha-2-first-song-dum-dum-dum-dum-damroo-vaje-released-on-tomorrow-pps-98-4525325/lite/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title='नवरा माझा नवसाचा २' चित्रपटातील गाण्यासंदर्भात सचिन पिळगांवकरांनी दिली हिंट; 'या' लोकप्रिय गायकासह गायलं आहे गाणं |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/sachin-pilgaonkar-hint-song-of-navra-maza-navsacha-2-movie-pps-98-4474187/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> ''Navra Maza Navsacha 2'' was shot in [[Ratnagiri]] and various other locations within Konkan, Maharashtra.<ref name=":1" /> [[Siddharth Jadhav]] and [[Swapnil Joshi]] completed their dubbing sessions in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=बहुप्रतिक्षित 'नवरा माझा नवसाचा २'मध्ये या लोकप्रिय मराठी कलाकाराची एन्ट्री, डबिंगही केलं पूर्ण |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/navra-maaza-navsaacha-2-movie-siddharth-jadhav-will-be-seen-directed-by-sachin-pilgaonkar-a-a998/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

== Music ==
The first single, "Dam Dam Dam Dam Damru Vaje," was released on 12 August 20, sung by [[Adarsh Shinde]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=नवरा माझा नवसाचा २ : पहिलं गाणं प्रदर्शित! सचिन व सुप्रिया पिळगांवकरांनी जोडीने धरला ठेका; नेटकऱ्यांकडून कमेंट्सचा पाऊस |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/navra-maza-navsacha-2-movie-first-song-released-netizens-praises-the-team-sva-00-4533364/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The second track, "Supari Phutali", came out on 7 September 2024, featuring vocals by [[Sonu Nigam]], Janavi Prabhu Arora, and Sandeep Ubale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Video : आधी 'हिरवा निसर्ग' आता 'सुपारी फुटली'! 'नवरा माझा नवसाचा २' मध्ये आहे सोनू निगमचं खास गाणं, व्हिडीओ आला समोर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/navra-maza-navsacha-2-sonu-nigam-sung-supari-futli-song-in-second-part-will-out-tommorow-sva-00-4579848/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The lyrical video of "Bharud" is released on 20 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-20 |title='Navra Maza Navsacha 2': Sachin Pilgaonkar, Ashok Saraf and Siddharth Jhadav's new song 'Bharud' is out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/navra-maza-navsacha-2-sachin-pilgaonkar-ashok-saraf-and-siddharth-jhadavs-new-song-bharud-is-out/articleshow/113524314.cms |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = Dum Dum Dum Dum Dumroo Vaje
| length1 = 5:07
| lyrics1 = Traditional folk, Pravin Danave
| music1 = Raviraj Vijay Koltharkar
| extra1 = [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], [[Adarsh Shinde]]
| title2 = Supari Phutli
| length2 = 3:59
| lyrics2 = Vaibhav Joshi
| music2 = Jitendra Kulkarni
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Janvee Prabhu Arora, Sandeep Ubale, Chorus
| title3 = Bharud
| length3 = 2:29
| lyrics3 = [[Santosh Pawar]]
| music3 = Authentic Folk of Maharashtra ([[Bharud]]), Raviraj Vijay Koltharkar (arrangement)
| extra3 = [[Siddharth Jadhav]]
| title4 = Nako Na Gade
| length4 = 4:23
| lyrics4 = [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
| music4 = [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
| extra4 = [[Avadhoot Gupte]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Johnny Lever]], Janhavi Prabhu Arora
}}

== Release ==
The film is scheduled to be theatrically released on 20 September 2024 across Maharashtra and Amazon Prime on 11 November 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Aaj |date=2024-11-19 |title=नवरा मजा नवसाचा 2 OTT: आजच्या प्रेक्षकांसाठी नवीन रंगत |url=https://aajindia.com/m/manoranjan/navra-maza-navsach-2-ott-relase-date/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Aaj India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-22 |title=Navra Mazha Navsacha 2 Release Date Out: Sachin Pilgaonkar, Ashok Saraf Starrer Marathi Film to Hit Theaters on September 20 |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/navra-mazha-navsacha-2-release-date-out-sachin-pilgaonkar-ashok-saraf-starrer-marathi-film-to-hit-theaters-on-september-20-a510/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref> The film was released outside Maharashtra in [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], and [[Belgaum]]. Additionally, with support from the North American Film Association, it premiered in the [[United States|US]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=पुन्हा एकदा मनोरंजनाचा प्रवास, 'नवरा माझा नवसाचा २' चित्रपटातील कलावंत 'लोकसत्ता' कार्यालयात |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/actors-from-the-movie-navra-maza-navsacha-2-at-loksatta-office-css-98-4595110/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The first poster was launched on 5 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title='नवरा माझा नवसाचा 2'चं सचिन पिळगावकर यांनी शेअर केलं पहिलं पोस्टर, चित्रपट कधी होईल रिलीज जाणून घ्या - sachin pilgaonkar |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/mr/!entertainment/navra-maza-navsacha-2-sachin-pilgaonkar-shared-first-poster-on-social-media-mhs24080504305 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=mr}}</ref> A promo featuring [[Ashok Saraf]] was released on 19 July 2024 with the release date being announced the next day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2 मध्ये मोठा ट्विस्ट! Ashok Saraf यांच्या भूमिकेचा Promo Release |url=https://www.timemaharashtra.com/entertainment/big-twist-in-navra-maza-navsacha-2-ashok-sarafs-role-promo-release/89690/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Time Maharashtra |language=mr-IN}}</ref> The release date was announced on 20th July.<ref name=":0" /> The teaser was released on 15 August 2024, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=कोरवी |first=अनुराधा |date=2024-08-15 |title='नवरा माझा नवसाचा २' चा धमाकेदार टीजर रिलीज; 'या' दिवशी भेटीला |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/sachin-pilgaonkar-actress-supriya-pilgaonkar-navra-maza-navsacha-2-teaser-release |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.0/5 and highlights that ''Navra Maza Navsacha 2'' is a lighthearted, family-oriented comedy that leans heavily on situational humor and punchlines, reminiscent of classic Marathi comedies.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2 Movie Review : A family entertainer high on nostalgia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/navra-maza-navsacha-2/movie-review/113526172.cms |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Chinmay Jagtap of ''[[Sakal]]'' rated 2.5/5 and pointed out that ''Navra Maza Navsacha 2'' is a highly anticipated family comedy that succeeds primarily due to its strong performances from a talented cast. He notes that the film tells a relatable story about a vow, featuring the nostalgic element of traveling by Konkan Railway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagtap |first=Chinmay |date=2024-09-21 |title=नवरा माझा नवसाचा 2 Movie Review: कथा नवसाचीच फक्त पॅर्टन वेगळा! |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/navra-maza-navsacha-2-movie-review-sachin-pelgaokar-ashok-saraf-entertainment-news-cdj98 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film earned ₹2.25 crore on its opening day and worldwide grossed ₹9.5 crore over its first weekend, while the India net collection is ₹7.84 crore.<ref name=":BO">{{Cite web |title=पुळ्याचा गणपती पावला! नवरा माझा नवसाचा २ तिसऱ्या दिवशीही हाऊसफुल्ल, केली इतकी कमाई |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collection-day-3/articleshow/113587432.cms |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> On its tenth day, the film collections totaled ₹18.57 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-01 |title='नवरा माझा नवसाचा २' चित्रपटाची बॉक्स ऑफिसवर जोरदार घौडदोड; १० दिवसांत कमावले 'इतके' कोटी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/sachin-pilgaonkar-ashok-saraf-starr-navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collection-in-10-days-pps-98-4627001/lite/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The film had grossed ₹24 crore by its fourth week and ultimately finished its theatrical run with a total gross of over ₹25 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahire |first=Sameer |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2 emerges as the First HIT of 2024; crosses 20 CR |url=https://www.movietalkies.com/news/navra-maza-navsacha-2-first-hit-of-2024-crosses-20-crore-7336144 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=www.movietalkies.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|id=31313704}}

[[Category:2024 comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2020s heist films]]
[[Category:2024 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy road movies]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ratnagiri]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set on trains]]
[[Category:Films released in separate parts]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sachin (actor)]]

Madras to Pondicherry

2026-03-04T05:12:12Z

MarcellaGunter0: created new post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madras to Pondicherry
| image = Madras to Pondicherry.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Thirumalai–Mahalingam]]
| writer = Usilai Somanathan
| producer = T. S. Adhinarayanan P. M. Nachchimuthu S. Sivaraman G. K. Selvaraj
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]
| cinematography = G. Vittal Rao<ref name="movie" />
| editing = A. Paul Duraisingam<ref name="movie" />
| music = [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Sri Venkateswara Cinetone
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1966|12|16}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Madras to Pondicherry''''' is a 1966 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Road movie|road]] [[comedy thriller]] film, directed by [[Thirumalai–Mahalingam]] and written by Usilai Somanathan. The film stars [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] and [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]. It was released on 16 December 1966, became a commercial success, and was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay to Goa]]'' (1972).<ref name="RandorGuy" />

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=August 2021}}
Mala, an aspiring film actress, leaves home because of her interest in this which is kindled by a group of thugs. One of them shoots a member of his gang, which she witnesses. To escape them, she jumps onto a running bus going from Madras to Pondicherry. The thugs hire an assassin to board the bus Mala is in to kill her. However, a man named Baskar also gets into the bus. Realising that Mala is in danger, he voluntarily saves her and ends up falling in love with her. Ultimately, it is revealed that Baskar is Mala's prospective bridegroom whom she tried to avoid by leaving her home.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|B. S. Ravichandran]] as Ravi
* [[Nagesh]] as Gajakarnam, the bus conductor
* [[A. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] as Naidu, the bus driver
*[[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] as Mala
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as a [[Brahmin]] woman
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as street magician
*[[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Hotel owner
*[[A. Veerappan]] as a Brahmin man
*[[Kallapart Natarajan]] as Mala's love interest
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] as Thanikasalam, Mala's father
*[[Karikol Raju]] as Bhagavathar
*[[A. K. Veerasamy|Veerasamy]] as Ravi's father
*P. K. Saraswathi as Meenakshi, Mala's mother
*[[C. T. Rajakantham]]
* K. S. Angamuthu as Poongodi, Bus passenger
*Gundu Karuppaiah as Bus passenger
*[[K. K. Soundar]] as Mad mother's son
*[[Pakoda Kadhar|Kadhar]] as Gopu, the Brahmin couple's son
*Thayir Vadai Desikan as Bus passenger
}}

== Production ==
''Madras to Pondicherry'' was directed by the duo [[Thirumalai–Mahalingam]], written by Usilai Somanathan,<ref name="RandorGuy" /> and produced under the banner Sri Venkateswara Cinetone by four people: T. S. Adhinarayanan, P. M. Nachimuthu, S. Sivaraman and G. K. Selvaraj.<ref name="movie" /> It was among the earliest [[Road movie|road films]] in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitradeepa |last4=Menon |first4=Vishal |date=2 December 2017 |title=The French film city |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-french-film-city/article21245999.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806231552/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-french-film-city/article21245999.ece |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=23 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Suruli Rajan]] and [[Bava Lakshmanan]] shot for a scene at the [[Meenakshi Temple|Meenakshi Amman Temple]].<ref>{{cite web |last=பாரதிராஜா |first=மை. |date=11 May 2015 |title=எங்கேயோ பார்த்த முகம் |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=8695&id1=3&issue=20150511 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241223131204/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=8695&id1=3&issue=20150511 |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=Tamil }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]].<ref name="RandorGuy" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madras to Pondichery |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/madras-to-pondichery-3-tracks-mw0001935435 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523173602/https://www.allmusic.com/album/madras-to-pondichery-3-tracks-mw0001935435 |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Enna Enthan" || rowspan=2|[[T. M. Soundararajan]] [[P. Susheela]] || Namakkal Varadarajan || 4:05
|-
| "Engey Payanam" || [[Alangudi Somu]] || 4:07
|-
| "Malar Ponndra Paruvame" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || [[Panchu Arunachalam]] || 3:18
|-
| "Hello My Friend Nenjathil Enna" || P. Susheela || Thanjai Vaanan || 3:26
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Madras to Pondicherry'' was released on 16 December 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1966 – மெட்ராஸ் டூ பாண்டிசேரி – விவிதபாரதி |trans-title=1966 – Madras to Pondicherry – Vidyabharathi |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1966-cinedetails33.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523081830/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1966-cinedetails33.asp |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=6 October 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Nagesh and Karunanidhi's performances, but felt the saloon comedy sequence was unnecessary, and criticised the film's story.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 January 1967 |title=மதராஸ் டு பாண்டிச்சேரி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jan/01-01-1967/p21.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220813050458/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jan/01-01-1967/p21.jpg |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=20 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=21 |language=ta}}</ref> Despite this, it became a commercial success.<ref name="RandorGuy" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Madras To Pondicherry |date=1966 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sri Venkateswara Cinetone |time=0:00 to 3:24 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>

<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=29 September 2012 |title=Madras To Pondicherry 1966 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Madras-To-Pondicherry-1966/article12572848.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605093056/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Madras-To-Pondicherry-1966/article12572848.ece |archive-date=5 June 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1960s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s road movies]]
[[Category:1966 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy road movies]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rajaratha

2026-03-04T04:39:14Z

MarcellaGunter0: Created article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajaratha
| image = Rajaratha movie poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anup Bhandari]]
| producer = Ajay Reddy Vishu Dakappagari Anju Vallabh Sathish Sastry
| writer = Anup Bhandari
| narrator = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| starring =[[Nirup Bhandari]] [[Avantika Shetty]] [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] [[P. Ravishankar]]
| music = '''Songs:''' Anup Bhandari '''Score:''' [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = [[William David]]
| editing = Sanath Kumar
| studio = Jollyhits Production
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2018|3|23|}}
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/review/rajaratha-kannada-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/63423024.cms|title=ರಾಜರಥ ಮಿನಿ ರಿವ್ಯೂ|date=23 March 2018|accessdate=23 March 2018|language=Kannada|trans-title=Rajaratha Mini Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323133240/https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/review/rajaratha-kannada-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/63423024.cms|archivedate=23 March 2018}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross = 
}}

'''''Rajaratha''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Anup Bhandari]], who also composed the film's music. It stars [[Nirup Bhandari]], [[Avantika Shetty]] in the lead roles in their second collaboration with the director after the success of ''[[RangiTaranga]]''. [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], who made his debut in Kannada cinema with the film,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/aug/21/rajaratha-brings-arya-to-kannada-1645881.html|title=Rajaratha brings Arya to Kannada|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302111432/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/aug/21/rajaratha-brings-arya-to-kannada-1645881.html|archive-date=2 March 2018}}</ref> features in a supporting role alongside [[P. Ravishankar]]. While the [[film score]] is composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], the [[soundtrack]] is composed by Anup Bhandari. The cinematography is by [[William David]].

The film was released on March 23, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/rajaratha-arrives/articleshow/60915571.cms?|title=‘Rajaratha’ arrives|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=3 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003055524/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/rajaratha-arrives/articleshow/60915571.cms|archivedate=3 October 2017}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Rajaratham'' ({{translation}} ''Royal Chariot'') with [[Rana Daggubati]] replacing [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as the narrator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-repeat-of-RangiTaranga/article16777001.ece|title=A repeat of RangiTaranga?|first=S.|last=Shivakumar|date=8 December 2016|accessdate=2 March 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209153033/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-repeat-of-RangiTaranga/article16777001.ece|archivedate=9 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/15714-first-poster-of-rajaratha-released.html|title=First Poster Of Rajaratha Released|publisher=Chitraloka|date=3 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302111433/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/15714-first-poster-of-rajaratha-released.html|archivedate=2 March 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story starts in a bus named Rajaratha. Abhi ([[Nirup Bhandari]]) is a fun-loving person whose passion lies in writing poems. His love interest is Megha ([[Avantika Shetty]]). Her mother is a Tamilian, and father is from Telangana. She was born in Kerala and brought up in Bangalore. Both are from the same college. Their past unfolds. The first time Abhi sees Megha is during the time of his college admission. From then he is in love with her, but he is scared to reveal it. In the fourth semester, he finds that she is in love with another guy from the same college named Suraj. Back in the present, she befriends him.

There is a parallel story running at the same time. It is about Vishwa ([[Arya (actor)|Arya]]), a member of a political party named Praja Rakshana Dal. The leaders of the party were involved in scams. To disclose this issue, the party draws the attention of people by claiming that Periyapelli originally belongs to Tamil Nadu as Karnataka's. While in the protest, Apanna, a prominent leader, is slapped by Tamilian. Vishwa takes the leadership of the protest.

Meanwhile, the bus is blocked in the middle of a forest. Megha and Abhi decide to go out to record a song, but they lost their way. It is then revealed to the audience that Vishwa and Abhi are siblings. Vishwa loves his brother dearly but does not show it. Then, Abhi finds Megha in a jeep with two men who he presumes as kidnappers. He runs after the vehicle and fights against the men. Then, she stops him and reveals that the men are the assistants of her uncle ([[P. Ravi Shankar]]). After a humorous chat, he decides to drop Megha and Abhi back to the bus. They stay in a resort for a day. It is revealed that most of the co-passengers in the bus are somehow connected in his life.

In the meantime, Vishwa calls Abhi and asks him to get down in Bangalore and lies to him that his father is not well. Believing this, Abhi agrees to do so, but he gets to know about the lie from his mother ([[Aruna Balraj]]). He returns to the bus, which reaches near Periapelli. Abhi was about to propose to Megha, giving the plastic ring which she liked in the jewelry shop. However, rioters burn the vehicles, including the bus. Later, it is revealed that Vishwa was also a part of this violence. Abhi, getting to know this, confronts him as to why is he doing this. Abhi saves most of the passengers and also Megha when a few people tried to molest her. Later, it is then revealed that a baby boy was stuck inside the bus. Megha goes to save him, and Abhi goes along with her. They rescue the baby and hand it over to Vishwa. The bus then explodes as the co-passengers and Vishwa cry, presuming them to be dead.

The film ends with a note that violence is harmful and leads to the deaths of our own loved ones. Media channels expose the politicians behind the Periapalli massacre. The people of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu do a candle march. The film fast-forwards by five years. Vishwa is shown lighting a lamp in front of a photo of his friend. Here, we see Megha (with a slightly-burnt plastic ring in hand which Abhi was about to put on her) and Abhi living together happily. The burnt marks on their bodies were still visible. The boy, Aadhi, who was saved by them, comes to meet them. It is now revealed that the duo runs an orphanage with the name of Rajaratha. The board of the bus is kept and used as the name plate of the orphanage.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nirup Bhandari]] as Abhi
* [[Avantika Shetty]] as Megha
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Vishwa, a gangleader, Abhi's Elder Brother
* [[P. Ravishankar]] as Megha's uncle
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Rajaratha (voice role)
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Usha, jewelry shop owner
* Sudhakar Saaja as Abhi and Vishwa's father
* [[Aruna Balraj]] as Abhi and Vishwa's mother
* M. G. Naresh as Tandav Murthy
* Srivatsa as Harsha
* Sanjay Suri
* [[Sruthi Hariharan]] as Media Reporter (guest appearance)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/aug/23/sruthi-hariharan-makes-guest-appearance-in-rajaratha-1647057.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920092741/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/aug/23/sruthi-hariharan-makes-guest-appearance-in-rajaratha-1647057.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 September 2017|title=Sruthi Hariharan makes guest appearance in Rajaratha|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Anup Bhandari]] as Media Reporter (guest appearance)
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rajaratha
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anup Bhandari]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2018
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Kannada (language)|Kannada]]
| length = 21:26
| label = Jollyhits, [[Divo (Record Label)|Divo]] & [[Saregama]]
| producer = Anup Bhandari
| prev_title = [[RangiTaranga]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Anup Bhandari]] has composed the songs and The background score was composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track-List<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajaratha - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/rajaratha/7dqeTCGbRzg_ |accessdate=18 November 2018 |date=17 January 2018}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =24:09
|all_writing =Anup Bhandari
| title1 = Gandaka
| extra1 = [[Anup Bhandari]], [[P. Ravi Shankar|Ravishankar]], [[Inchara Rao]]
| length1 = 3:23
| title2 = College Days
| extra2 = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| length2 = 5:00
| title3 = Appi Tappi
| extra3 = Deepak Doddera
| length3 = 4:48
| title4 = Hele Meghave
| extra4 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| length4 = 4:22
| title5 = Banana
| extra5 = Anup Bhandari
| length5 = 1:40
| title6 = Saago Saago
| extra6 = Deepak Doddera
| length6 = 2:13
| title7 = Mundhe Banni
| extra7 = Anup Bhandhari<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyFT6m_-JZw</ref>
| length7 = 2:43
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu Track-List<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajaratham - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/rajaratham/AJU-vG7jMFQ_ |accessdate=18 November 2018 |date=17 January 2018}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =21:23
| title1 = Chal Chal Gurram
| extra1 = Anup Bhandari, Ravishankar, Inchara Rao
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length1 = 3:23
| title2 = College Days
| extra2 = Nakul Abhyankar
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length2 = 5:00
| title3 = Ninnu Nenu
| extra3 = Anup Bhandari
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length3 = 4:48
| title4 = Neeli Meghama
| extra4 = Abhay Jodhpurkar
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length4 = 4:19
| title5 = Banana
| lyrics5 = Anup Bhandari
| extra5 = Anup Bhandari
| length5 = 1:40
| title6 = Saago Saago
| lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra6 = Deepak Doddera
| length6 = 2:13
}}

== Controversy ==
During Rajaratha pre release promotions, an innocent comment made by the director Anup Bhandari, his brother Nirup Bhandari and actress Avantika Shetty was taken out of context and made to appear as derogatory comments against [[audience]] who didn't wish to watch the film. The trio issued an apology after Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce (KFCC) condemned their comments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajaratha-controversy-kfcc-condemn-rapid-rashmi-urges-producers-boycott-her-show-765791|title=Rajaratha controversy: KFCC condemn Rapid Rashmi, urges producers to boycott her show|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/anup-bhandari-apologizes-for-his-derogatory-comments/articleshow/63594458.cms|title=Anup Bhandari apologizes for his derogatory comments|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>
== Reception ==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7050870}}

[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:2018 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]

Aagraham (1984 film)

2026-03-03T20:52:58Z

MarcellaGunter0: starting some entry first draft...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aagraham
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Rajasenan]]
| producer = V. Rajan
| writer = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Thulasidas]]|[[Rajasenan]] (dialogues)}}
| screenplay = [[Rajasenan]]
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]|[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]|[[Adoor Bhasi]]|[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]}}
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]]
| cinematography = P. N. Sundaram
| editing = N. P. Suresh
| studio = Gireesh Pictures
| distributor = Gireesh Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1984|05|04|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Aagraham''''' is a 1984 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Rajasenan]] and produced by V. Rajan. The film stars [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] and [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[A. T. Ummer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1644|title=Aagraham|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4563 |title=Aagraham |accessdate=2014-10-20 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020224614/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4563 |archivedate=20 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/aagraham-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019073017/http://spicyonion.com/title/aagraham-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 October 2014|title=Aagraham|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
*[[Kanakalatha]]
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]
*[[Lalu Alex]]
*[[M. G. Soman]]
*Ragini
*[[T. G. Ravi]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aagraham Oreyoraagram" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Susheela]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Bhoopaalam Paadaatha" || K. J. Yesudas || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 3 || "Hridayashaarike" || K. J. Yesudas, [[Sujatha Mohan]] || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 4 || "Saagaram Saptha Swarasaagaram" || K. J. Yesudas || Poovachal Khader ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0350495|Aagraham}}

{{Rajasenan}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasenan]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Porkkaalam

2026-03-03T04:48:11Z

MarcellaGunter0: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Porkkaalam poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
| writer = Cheran
| producer = {{plainlist|
*M. Kaja Mydeen
*V. Gnanavelu
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|V. Jayaprakash]]
}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]|[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]|[[Sanghavi]]}}
| cinematography = Priyan
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Roja Combines]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|10|30}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Porkkaalam''''' ({{translation|Golden Age}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]. The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and [[Sanghavi]]. It was released on 30 October 1997,<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=B4PAptJh1WV |user=cherandirector |title=1997 Oct 30th .. My second film porkalam was released... 22 years completed.. Still all memories in my mind.. Thanks to producer, artiste and technicians.. |author=Cheran 👑 |author-link=Cheran (director) |date=30 October 2019 |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/cherandirector/2165952811765290389 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Diwali]], and became a huge success. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Manikyam'' (1999),<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 1998 |title=జగదీశ్ కామ చిత్రంలో శృంగారం పుష్కలం! |trans-title=Jagdish Kama's film has plenty of romance! |url=http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Oct/9-Oct-1998.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825032408/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Oct/9-Oct-1998.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2024 |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9 |language=te}}</ref> in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Meri Pyaari Bahania Banegi Dulhania]]'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 2001–2010 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=9788193848203 |pages=63}}</ref> and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Odahuttidavalu]]'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |last=RGV |author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy |date=2 September 2006 |title=Odahuttidavalu Kannada Movie |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3079/kannada/odahuttidavalu/841/review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305000125/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3079/kannada/odahuttidavalu/841/review.htm |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Nowrunning}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=June 2024}}
Manikkam is a potter by profession. He has a sister, who is born mute. Murali has to struggle a lot as the handicraft industry is a dying industry and a good amount of money is taken away by his father Ramaiya, a drunkard and gambler. But, he tries to hide his sorrows by having fun with his sister and servant Thangamani, who is also his trusted friend. He is in love with his neighbour Maragatham, a weaver. He wants to get his sister married to a noble man, but many reject her as she is mute.

Finally, one man agrees to marry his sister but on condition that Manikkam must offer [[dowry]]. Manikkam then sells many things dearer to him to get money for the dowry. But, that money is taken away by his father and the marriage fails to go through. Thangamani offers to marry his sister without asking for dowry and Manikkam goes home along with Thangamani to convey this happy news to his sister. But it was too late as the sister commits suicide. Manikkam as a penance decides to marry a disabled girl.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Manikkam
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Maragadham
* [[Sanghavi]] as Muthamma
* [[Manivannan]] as Ramaiya
*[[Vadivelu]] as Thangamani
*Rajeshwari as Panchavarnam
* [[C. R. Saraswathi]] as Kalyani
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Subbaiya
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Rasu
* [[Bala Singh]] as Sundaram
* [[Crane Manohar]]
* [[Scissor Manohar]]
* [[Kanal Kannan]] as the postman (special appearance)
* [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] as the photographer (special appearance)
}}

==Production==
The filming was held at Karighatta, Mysore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Premachari {{!}} Back at Karighatta |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/mar19/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001205063900/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/mar19/south.htm |archive-date=5 December 2000 |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express|Express India]]}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 1997 |title=Porkkaalam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/porkkaalam/cHCUxSQX00c_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525032631/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/porkkaalam/cHCUxSQX00c_ |archive-date=25 May 2023 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Porkalam Tamil Audio Cassette By Deva |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/deva-tamil-audio-cassettes/porkalam-tamil-audio-cassette/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108044108/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/deva-tamil-audio-cassettes/porkalam-tamil-audio-cassette/ |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Banumass}}</ref> The song "Thanjavooru Mannu Eduthu" was played at the funeral of Singaporean politician [[S. R. Nathan]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2016 |title=Kollywood number served as a funeral song |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kollywood-number-served-as-a-funeral-song/article14594604.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111042421/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kollywood-number-served-as-a-funeral-song/article14594604.ece |archive-date=11 January 2024 |access-date=11 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:35
| title1 = Chinna Kanangkuruvi
| extra1 = Krishnaraj, [[Febi Mani]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length1 = 06:13
| title2 = Karuvella Kaatukkulae
| extra2 = [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Arunmozhi]]
| length2 = 05:28
| title3 = Thanjavooru Mannu Eduthu
| extra3 = Krishnaraj
| length3 = 05:25
| title4 = Chingucha Chingucha
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 04:40
| title5 = Oona Oonam
| extra5 = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], Kovai Kamala
| length5 = 04:49
}}

== Reception ==
Ji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said despite being an age old theme of brother and sister, Cheran handled it skilfully and appreciating the performances of Murali and the actress who portrayed his sister but called Vadivelu's character and his song as unnecessary.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜி. |date=30 November 1997 |title=பொற்காலம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-11-30/page/n81/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230225092228/https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-11-30/page/n81/mode/2up |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=24 April 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> During the 100th day function of ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'', [[Rajinikanth]] appreciated this film and gifted a gold chain to Cheran.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தினேஷ்குமார் |first=ப. |date=30 October 2017 |title=மாற்றுத்திறனாளிகளின் குரலாக ஒலித்த பொற்காலம்..! #20yearsOfPorkkaalam ... |trans-title=Porkkaalam, the voice of the differently-abled..! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/106297-20-years-of-porkkaalam-movie-special-article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230524162803/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/106297-20-years-of-porkkaalam-movie-special-article |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Event
! Category
! Recipients
! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| [[Best Director]]
| Cheran
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 1998 |title=Awards Tamilnadu Government Cinema Awards For 1997 Announced: Best Film Award For "Arunachalam", "Surya Vamsam" |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101131515/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |archive-date=1 January 2008 |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]|| Meena
|-
| Dinakaran Cinema Awards || Best Director || Cheran
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=DINAKARAN CINEMA AWARD – 1997 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/dkn1997/1997dkn.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980615070355/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/dkn1997/1997dkn.htm |archive-date=15 June 1998 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Cinema Express Awards]]|| [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]]|| Meena
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1998 |title=''Cinema Express'' awards presented |url=http://indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980824/23650774.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012164116/http://indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980824/23650774.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-

|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Cheran (director)}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films directed by Cheran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Konkan division

2026-02-26T23:23:21Z

MarcellaGunter0:

{{Short description|Region in Maharashtra, India}}
{{About|a division of the Indian state of Maharashtra|the wider region|Konkan}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Update|date=October 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Konkan division
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kok
| image_skyline = Map of Hill-stations on Konkan belt.png
| image_caption = A schematic map of Konkan division in Maharashtra, showing [[hill station]]s and the roadways and railways connecting them
| image_map = Konkan Division.png
| map_caption = Location of Konkan division in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|57|53|N|72|49|33|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| parts_type = Districts
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{bulletedlist
|[[Palghar district]]
|[[Thane district]]
|[[Mumbai Suburban district]]
|[[Mumbai City district]]
|[[Raigad district]]
|[[Ratnagiri district]]
|[[Sindhudurg district]]
}}
| area_blank1_title = Total
| leader_title = Commissioner Konkan Division
| leader_name = Mr. Dr. Mahendra Kalyankar (IAS) ''Additional charge''
| leader_title1 = Police Commissioner Konkan Division
| leader_name1 = NA
| leader_title3 = All District Collectors Konkan Division
| leader_name3 = * Nidhi Chaudhary (IAS)
{{small|([[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban District]])}}
* Mr. Rajeev D. Nivatkar (IAS)
{{small|([[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City District]])}}
* Mr. Dr. Mahendra Kalyankar (IAS)
{{small|([[Raigad district|Raigad District]])}}
* Mr. Rajesh J. Narvekar (IAS)
{{small|([[Thane district|Thane District]])}}
* Mr. Dr. Manik Gursul (IAS)
{{small|([[Palghar district|Palghar District]])}}
* Mr. Dr. B. N. Patil (IAS)
{{small|([[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri District]])}}
* Ms. K. Manjulekshmi (IAS)
{{small|([[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg District]])}}
| leader_title2 = All Guardian Minister Konkan Division
| leader_name2 = * [[Aaditya Thackeray]]
{{small|([[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban District]])}}
* [[Aslam Shaikh]]
{{small|([[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City District]])}}
* [[Aditi Sunil Tatkare]]
{{small|([[Raigad district|Raigad District]])}}
* [[Subhash Desai]] ''Additional charge''
{{small|([[Thane district|Thane District]])}}
* Aditi Sunil Tatkare ''Additional charge''
{{small|([[Palghar district|Palghar District]])}}
* [[Anil Parab]]
{{small|([[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri District]])}}
* Anil Parab ''Additional charge''
{{small|([[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg District]])}}
| leader_title4 = All MPs Konkan Division
| leader_name4 = -
| area_blank1_km2 = 30728
| population_total = 28,601,441
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = GDP {{Nobold|(Nominal, 2024)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2024-25|url= https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s349d4b2faeb4b7b9e745775793141e2b2/uploads/2025/01/2025030788773769.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| demographics1_info1 =[[Indian rupee|₹]]{{FXConvert|IND|15758|b|lk=on}}
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| demographics1_info2 =[[Indian rupee|₹]]{{FXConvert|IND|402769|lk=on}}
}}

'''Konkan division''' is one of the six administrative [[divisions of Maharashtra]] state in [[India]]. It comprises the central portions of the [[Konkan]]i region, excluding [[Goa, Daman and Diu|Goa and Daman]], which were absorbed into Maharashtra owing to the [[States Reorganisation of India]]. Konkan division is the western section of present-day Maharashtra, alongside the west [[coast of India]]. The two districts of the state capital of [[Mumbai (Bombay)]] also fall into this division.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Konkan division had a population of 28,601,441<ref name="CensusIndia2011">{{Cite web |publisher=The [[Government of India]] |title=C-1 population by religious community - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |year=2011 |access-date=2023-08-01}}</ref>

===Languages===
The most spoken language is [[Marathi language|Marathi]], which is also the sole official language of the region. Due to the presence of large number of migrants in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] and other parts of Konkan; Hindi, Urdu and regional languages are also spoken by a significant portion of the population as their first language.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

===Religion===
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 74.31% of the population of Konkan division followed [[Hinduism]], 15.26% [[Islam]], 4.59% [[Buddhism]], 2.52% [[Christianity]] and the remaining 3.32% of the population followed other religions or stated no religion.<ref name="CensusIndia2011" />

{{Pie chart
|thumb=right
|caption=Religion in Konkan division (2011)<ref name="CensusIndia2011" />
|label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 74.31 |color1=darkorange
|label2 = [[Islam]] |value2 = 15.26 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Buddhism]] |value3 = 4.59 |color3 = yellow
|label4 = [[Christianity]] |value4 = 2.52 |color4 = blue
|label5 = Other or not stated |value5 = 3.32 |color5 = grey
}}

==History of administrative districts in Konkan division==
There have been changes in the names of districts. Newer districts were also added after India gained independence in 1947 and also after the state of Maharashtra was formed.

* Since 1947, the east–west tracts of Thane district on [[Salsette Island]], starting with the city of [[Bandra]], then [[Andheri]], then finally [[Borivali]] to [[Dahisar]] were carved out and added to the former Bombay, now 'Mumbai,' district. Recently, the Mumbai district was bifurcated into the Mumbai and Mumbai Suburban districts; the latter covers Salsette Island.
* In 1961, the Konkan region became a part of the newly formed state of [[Maharashtra]]. Prior to this it was a part of Bombay Presidency which was split to form [[Gujarat]] and Maharashtra.
* Creation of the [[Sindhudurg District|Sindhudurg]] from the southern areas of the [[Ratnagiri District|Ratnagiri]] district.
* The erstwhile [[Kolaba district]] was renamed as [[Raigad district|Raigad]].
* In 2014, [[Palghar district]] was carved out of [[Thane district]] with the inclusion of the northern parts of Thane district, which included [[Palghar]], [[Vada, Thane|Vada]], [[Vikramgad]], [[Jawhar]], [[Mokhada]], [[Dahanu]], and [[Talasari]] [[Vasai]] talukas in the new district.<ref name="Mid-Day 08-2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/palghar-becomes-maharashtra-36th-district/15497159 |title=Palghar becomes Maharashtra's 36th district |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |date=1 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Coastal India]]
** [[Coastal South West India|Sapta Konkan]]
*** [[Aparanta]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Konkan division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Maharashtra]]

Abu Dhabi Indian School

2026-02-22T18:33:09Z

MarcellaGunter0: Created a entry

{{Short description|Private School in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates}}
{{Update|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Abu Dhabi Indian School
| native_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|ar|مدرسة أبو ظبي الهندية}}}}
| image = Abu Dhabi Indian School logo.jpg
| address = 23rd Street, Salama Bint Butti St
| town = [[Abu Dhabi]]
| county = [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi]]
| postal_code =
| country = [[United Arab Emirates]]
| other_name = ADIS, Indian School
| principal = Rishikesh Padegaonkar
| chairman = [[M. A. Yusuff Ali]]
| website = http://www.adisuae.com/
| established = {{Start date and age|1975}}<ref name="aboutus">{{cite web |title=About the School – Adisuae |url=http://adisuae.com/about-the-school/ |access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref>
| enrollment = 4800+
| gender = Mixed ([[Kindergarten]] to 2) Segregated (3 to 12)
| age_range = 5–18
| houses = {{Hlist|Summer {{Color box|Yellow}} |Winter {{Color box|blue}} |Autumn {{Color box|red}} |Spring {{Color box|Green}}}}
| coordinates = {{coord|24.445026|54.410699|display=inline}}
| alumni = Adisians
| colours = White and Grey {{Color box|White}}{{Color box|Grey}}
}}

'''Abu Dhabi Indian School''' ({{langx|ar|مدرسة أبو ظبي الهندية}}), most commonly abbreviated as "ADIS", is a private school offering [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Indian curriculum]] education in the city of [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. A [[Board of Governors]] manages the school. The school was established for the Indian community in Abu Dhabi, with the oversight of the [[List of Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India|Ambassador of India to the United Arab Emirates]] as Chief Patron. The school is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]], India and is recognized and licensed by the [[Ministry of Education (United Arab Emirates)|Ministry of Education]], [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamm.abudhabi/journeys/get-education/school-profile/10273?Area=All&Region=Abu%20Dhabi&SchoolName=indian|title=Complete Information Form|website=cbseaff.nic.in|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref>

==History==
Abu Dhabi Indian School was initially based at the old Indian Social Center (ISC) premises in the year 1975. It was established to provide educational facilities for the Indian community in the UAE. The school had its own campus by 1980, with the help of the Late UAE President, [[Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]], who donated a plot of land in the Shabia Muroor Area to the [[Indian people|Indian community]].

==Al Wathba branch==
On 14 September 2014, in the [[Al Wathba, Abu Dhabi|Al Wathba region]] in the outskirts of Abu Dhabi city, the first external branch of the school opened up with the official name of [[Abu Dhabi Indian School-Branch 1, Al Wathba|Abu Dhabi Indian School-Branch 1, Al Wathba (ADIS-1)]], with an independent administrative system. In 2019, the size of the new school was 3300 students with 240 teachers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abu Dhabi Indian School-1 Information |url=https://adiswathba.com/school-information/ |website=Abu Dhabi Indian School Branch-1, Al Wathba}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Benny Dayal]], Indian singer <ref>{{cite news |title=Benny Dayal ADIS |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/abu-dhabi-crooner-who-made-it-big-in-bollywood-1.1190363 |access-date=7 January 2020 |publisher=Gulf News}}</ref>
*[[Vishakha Singh]], Indian Actress
*[[Jonathan Figy]], UAE cricketer
*[[Sidin Vadukut]], Author
*[[Adnan Chilwan]], CEO of Dubai Islamic Bank

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.adisuae.com/ Abu Dhabi Indian School website]

{{International schools in the UAE}}
{{Indian international schools}}
{{Portal bar|India|United Arab Emirates|Schools}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abu Dhabi Indian School, The}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1975]]
[[Category:Indian international schools in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:International schools in Abu Dhabi]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2014]]

John Thattumkal

2026-02-20T08:57:55Z

MarcellaGunter0:

{{Short description|Indian RC bishop (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox bishop
| type = Catholic Bishop
| honorific_prefix = His Excellency
| name = John Thattumkal
| honorific_suffix = SSC
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin| Bishop Emeritus of Cochin| 34th Bishop of Cochin|]]
| church = Roman Catholic Church
| diocese = Roman Catholic Diocese Of Cochin
| predecessor = [[Joseph Kureethara]]
| successor = [[Joseph Kariyil]]
| motto = Honouring The People Of God
| image = Bp thattumkal.png
| appointed = 10 May 2000 [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bthat.html]
| consecration = 25 Jun 2000 [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bthat.html]
| consecrated_by = Archbishop [[Daniel Acharuparambil]] [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bthat.html]
| term_start = 25 Jun 2000 [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bthat.html]
| term_end = 8 May 2009 [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bthat.html]
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]
| birth_date = 23 Jun 1950 [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bthat.html]
}}
'''John Thattumkal''' SSC (born 23 June 1950 in Vallethodu, [[Kodamthuruth]], Kochi, India)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Cochin, India 🇮🇳 |url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/coch1.htm |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=GCatholic}}</ref> was the Catholic [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin|bishop of Cochin]] from 2000 to 2009 before his retirement. He is a member of the [[Priestly Society of St. Joseph Benedict Cottolengo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishop John Thattumkal [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bthat.html |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Joseph Kureethara]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Bishop of Cochin|years=2000–2009}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Joseph Kariyil]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thattumkal, John}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kochi]]
{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Bannerghatta Biological Park

2026-02-18T19:45:33Z

MarcellaGunter0: starting the post initial version...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name=Bannerghatta Biological Park
|logo=
|logo_width=
|logo_caption=
|image=Bengal Tiger In Bannerghatta Bengaluru.jpg
|image_width=300px
|image_caption= Tiger Enclosure-Safari Park
|date_opened=
|date_closed=
|location= [[Bannerghatta National Park|Bannerghatta]], [[Bengaluru]]
|area={{Convert| 731.88 |ha|abbr=on}}
|coordinates=
|num_animals=2388
|num_species=137
|members=
|exhibits=
|annual_visitors=1,616,130 (FY 2019/20)<ref name="WRS Yearbook 2018/2019">{{cite web |title=Visitor Numbers 2019/2020 |url=https://bannerghattabiologicalpark.org/information.html |website=Bannerghatta Biological Park |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820071224/https://bannerghattabiologicalpark.org/information.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|website={{url|https://bannerghattabiologicalpark.org|Bannerghatta Biological Park}}
}}

'''Bannerghatta Biological Park''', also known as the '''Bannerghatta Zoo''', is a [[zoological garden]] located in the city of [[Bengaluru]]. It was initially a small zoo and picnic corner within [[Bannerghatta National Park]] (BNP) which was started in 1974. The bifurcation of the Biological Park and the National Park took place in 2002. The Bannerghatta Biological Park covers a total area of 731.88 hectares and includes a zoo, safari park, butterfly park and rescue centre.<ref name="AR" /> The Zoo Authority of Karnataka, the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]], and the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and Environment (ATREE), [[Bangalore]], are collaborating agencies. For the convenience of the general public, the Governing Council of Zoo Authority of Karnataka had decided to rename Bannerghatta Biological Park as 'Bengaluru Bannerghatta Biological Park' (BBBP).<ref name="AR">{{Cite book|url=https://www.bannerghattabiologicalpark.org/assets/pdf/report/AR_BBNP_20_21_Oct_31.pdf|title=Bannerghatta Biological Park Annual Report 2020-2021|pages=1–3|archive-date=27 January 2022|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127075952/https://www.bannerghattabiologicalpark.org/assets/pdf/report/AR_BBNP_20_21_Oct_31.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
The Chief Conservator of Forests in the [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Forest Department]], Shri Y.M.L Sharma, [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]] and founder of Bannerghatta National Park, created a picnic corner within the Bannerghatta forest in 1971. The [[Bannerghatta National Park]] was officially created in 1974 for conserving the flora and fauna in the area. As a result of demands for providing recreational and wildlife tourism facilities to the visiting tourists, the idea came about for creating a mini zoo and a nature park by carving out a small portion out of the tourism zone inside the national park.<ref name="BBP Approved Master Plan">{{cite web |title=BBP Approved Master Plan |url=http://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/zoos/plan/english/BBP%20Approved%20Master%20Plan.pdf |website=Central Zoo Authority of India}}</ref>

The lion safari was established in 1979, followed by the establishment of tiger safari in 1987. In 2000, a dedicated wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre was established with the assistance of the [[Central Zoo Authority of India]]. In 2002, the [[Government of Karnataka]] created a dedicated organization, the Zoo Authority of Karnataka (ZAK) for the management zoos in the state. Following this, the Bannerghatta zoo, various safari units and rescue centres within the national park were pooled together to form the Bannerghatta Biological Park and brought under the jurisdiction of the Zoo Authority of Karnataka. In 2007, a Butterfly Park was established within the limits of the Biological Park.<ref name="BBP Approved Master Plan" />

== Location ==
The Bannerghatta Biological Park is located within the limits of Anekal Revenue Taluk in the [[Bangalore Urban]] District. The park is situated almost midway between the city center of Bengaluru and the [[Anekal]] town, at about 25 km from [[Vidhana Soudha]] and at about 20 km to the North West of Anekal town. It is connected to the city by an all weather road. It is situated at the distance of 4 km from Gottigere, which is the boundary of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP).<ref name="BBP Approved Master Plan" />

== Areas and attractions ==
Currently, the Banneghatta Biological Park consists of the Bannerghatta Zoo, the Safari, the Butterfly Park and the Rescue and Rehabilitation centre.<ref name="BBP Approved Master Plan" />

== Zoo ==
The Bannerghatta Zoo was started as a picnic corner and was controlled by the Forest Department, [[Government of Karnataka]], in the year 1971 in an area of 16.00 Ha. The zoo is saddled between the Champakadhama hill and Mirza hill in the Bannerghatta Sandal Reserve. Several species of mammals, reptiles and birds of both exotic and Indian origin are displayed in captivity. There are 1941 individual animals belonging to 94 different species. Most prominent and interesting ones are Thamin deer, Hog deer, King Cobra, Crocodiles, Himalayan black bear, panthers and various birds. In addition there is a Museum and an Auditorium for the visitors education. Present extent of Zoo area is 12 Ha and it is expanded by another 28.00 Ha. Eight new enclosures will be constructed in the expansion area.<ref name="WRS Yearbook 2018/2019" />

== Safari ==

The park offers safari excursions to observe the free range captive wildlife in immersive, naturalistic exhibits in the midst of the natural forests of Bannerghatta and Ragihalli Reserve Forest. The safari is jointly managed and monitored by [[Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation]] (KSTDC) and BBP with a revenue sharing on a 50:50 basis between the two organizations. There are different types of transport such as bus, van etc. Each has one amount.
KSTDC focuses on sales, revenue collection and physical monitoring of the buses whereas BBP fixes the fee for the visitors. The buses have a seating capacity of 30 people and other vehicles are also available to visitors in smaller groups. The visitors are only allowed inside the safari in these secured safari vehicles. The safari route passes through the picturesque hillock Mettubunde offering a panoramic view of the landscape consisting of broken hillocks chains and valleys with lush green forests.<ref name="Annual Report 2019-20">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2019-20 |url=https://bannerghattabiologicalpark.org/assets/pdf/report/Annual%20Report-2019-20.pdf |website=Banneghatta Biological Park |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510193605/https://bannerghattabiologicalpark.org/assets/pdf/report/Annual%20Report-2019-20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In late September 2013, the safari was closed for weeks due to an outbreak of [[foot and mouth disease]] among the [[herbivore|herbivorous]] animals.<ref name="Khanna (2013)">Khanna B. [http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/safari-closed-in-bannerghatta-zoo-due-to-foot-and-mouth-disease "Safari closed in Bannerghatta zoo due to foot and mouth disease."] ''Bangalore Citizen'' Accessed 24 May 2014.</ref>

=== Herbivore Safari ===

This section was developed during the 1970s but opened to public viewing only in 2002. The entire area has been barricaded with stone walls along with the additional support of solar powered fences and Elephant proof trenches (EPT). The vegetation in the safari is more favourable to the herbivore animals round the year as large number of fodder species like bamboo are found in abundance and presence of waterbodies. Edible grass species such as sacharam, cymbogogon and heteropogon are commonly seen in the grass land and constitute the main fodder. There are 5 waterbodies found in the safari area, Deepankere, Chennamanakere, Gowdankunte and Seegadikunte, Gowdanakere. These waterbodies are perennial and serve as the source of water for the animals during all the seasons. The animals housed in the safari enclosures include Gaur, Sambar, Chital, Barking Deer, Black Buck, Hog Deer and Nilgai. The other animals naturally found in the safari are wild boar, porcupine, pangolin etc.<ref name="Annual Report 2019-20" />

=== Bear Safari ===

This section of the safari area is enclosed by an open dry moat. The outerwall of the moat is embedded with stone slabs to prevent the sloth bear from escaping and to avoid trespass of any other free ranging wildlife into the area. This safari is also provided with animal housing facilities in 05 blocks namely Panchavati, Chitrakuta, Kishkinda, Dr. G.K.V Block and Jambava. There is a total of around 100 holding rooms for the bears with kitchen facilities. The forest area is planned to be planted additionally with varieties of fruit yielding trees to simulate a natural habitat for bears. In 2005, the facility was allowed to also house and maintain bears rescued from Kalandars from all over India.<ref name="Annual Report 2019-20" />

=== Lion Safari ===
The safari was started in 1979. It occupies around 5.00 Ha of forest area enclosed by a tall chain link mesh with the height of around 15 feet. Additionally a big moat all round the chain link mesh fence has been created to avoid the trespassing of any wild animals living in the area. The animal house is provided with 11 holding rooms and all the 11 holding rooms are provided with retrieval area for the daytime rest. The identified groups of animals are allowed into safari on a rotational basis regularly for the benefit of visiting tourists.<ref name="Annual Report 2019-20" />

=== Tiger Safari ===
The safari was started in 1987. The peripheral boundary of the 3 units inside the safari area consists of an open moat and another chain linked mesh fence. Indira Gandhi Tiger Safari has the facility of 11 holding rooms. The Appaiah Tiger Safari has the facilities of 2 animal housing complexes. Both animal houses together has 10 animal holding rooms. The White tiger safari has the facilities of 2 animal housing complexes. There are totally 8 animal holding rooms. All the holding houses are provided with basic facilities of water and sanitation. Like the Lion Safari, the identified groups of animals are only allowed into safari on a rotational basis.<ref name="Annual Report 2019-20" />

== Rescue and Rehabilitation centre ==
The National Zoo Policy 1998, requires all zoos to function as rescue centre for orphaned, refused, rescued wild animals, subject to the availability of appropriate housing and up keeping facilities. It also mandates that such a facility should not be accessible to visitors. To be compliant with this policy, the Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre within the limits of Bannerghatta Biological Park started functioning in 2000. It is spread over an area of 17.50 Ha.<ref name="BBP Approved Master Plan" />

== Butterfly park ==
On 25 November 2006, [[Kapil Sibal]], the Union Minister of Science and Technology opened India's first [[Butterfly zoo|butterfly enclosure]] at the park. It occupies {{convert|7.5|acre|m2}} and houses a butterfly conservatory, a museum, and an audiovisual room. The butterfly conservatory, a circular enclosure with a poly-carbonate roof, is 10,000 sq ft (1,000 m2). Within the conservatory, the environment has been designed to support over twenty species of butterfly. It is a humid tropical climate, with an artificial waterfall and appropriate flora to attract butterflies. The conservatory leads to a second and third dome, which house a museum containing [[diorama]]s and exhibits of carefully preserved butterflies.

== Adoption Scheme ==
The Animal Adoption Program is carried out to inculcate awareness and the responsibility of conserving threatened and endangered fauna and flora in the minds of people.<ref name="BB" /> It provides a unique opportunity for persons to contribute to the enrichment and conservation of wildlife and gives the satisfaction of directly funding the basic requirements of an animal. Both individuals and companies participate in this program, as it serves as a convenient means to express solidarity with values of [[environmentalism]] and [[wildlife conservation]].<ref name="BB">{{Cite book|url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/zoos/plan/english/BBP%20Approved%20Master%20Plan.pdf|title=Banneghatta Biological Park: Master Plan 2014-2015 to 2033-2034|pages=137–138, 261}}</ref> This program goes beyond the task of spreading awareness and enables persons to actively contribute to the preservation of wildlife.

Adoption involves paying for the feed, maintenance and veterinary health care expenses of the animal. Beyond minor perks such as adoption certificates, one time complimentary passes for five members, opportunities to participate in a workshop or conference,<ref name="AA" /> this program inspires amongst zoo visitors empathy for wild animals, an understanding and awareness about the need for conservation of natural resources and the importance of maintaining the ecological balance.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bannerghatta Biological park Annual Report 2020-2021 : Objectives|pages=4}}</ref> Active participation in wildlife conservation enables one to be more conscious of environmental friendly principles, lifestyles and the importance of nature.

Although this program was initially slow to gain momentum, it is gaining popularity gradually and the demand is increasing to adopt more animals housed at the zoo.<ref name="BB" /> It serves as a suitable practical activity to teach persons to protect wildlife and it does not require massive amounts of money, long-term commitments or long hours of time, but is viable alongside busy schedules and other social commitments. It is also a feasible means to excite, encourage and train youngsters to preserve nature and wildlife.

Based on the expenditure involved per animal, animals can be adopted for a period of three months to one year. Animals are categorized into different classes: Diamond, Gold, Silver and Bronze. These classes are based on the expenses required for an animal per year. Within each class there are sub-categories further segregating costs required.

The diamond class includes the [[elephant]] ([[Indian rupee sign|₹]]300 000), [[Tiger]] ([[Indian rupee sign|₹]]200 000), [[hippopotamus]] ([[Indian rupee sign|₹]]150 000) etc. The gold class includes the [[Indian leopard|Indian Leopard]], [[sloth bear]], [[gaur]] and other animals ([[Indian rupee sign|₹]]50 000). Subsequent levels in the gold class include the [[Golden jackal|Golden Jackal]], Indian Grey Wolf, [[Striped hyena|Striped Hyena]] etc. ([[Indian rupee sign|₹]]30 000). Sponsoring the [[Spot-billed pelican|Spot-Billed Pelican]], [[Black-headed ibis|Black Headed Ibis]], etc. is at [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]25 000 and the [[Common ostrich|Common Ostrich]], [[Rhea (bird)|Rhea]], [[Emu]] etc. is at [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]20 000. The silver class with its different subdivisions include the Spotted Deer, [[Sambar deer|Sambar]], [[Blue-and-yellow macaw|Blue And Yellow Macaw]], Green Winged Macaw, etc. at [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]15 000 and the [[Jungle cat|Jungle Cat]], Great Indian Hornbill, [[Galah]], Blue Crowned Pigeon etc. at [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]10 000. The Bronze class also involves sub categories with varying amounts.<ref name="AA">{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru Bannerghatta Biological Park: Animal Adoption|url=https://bannerghattabiologicalpark.org/adopt.html|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005013351/https://www.bannerghattabiologicalpark.org/adopt.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Typically the Animal Adoption Program and [https://www.unido.org/our-focus/advancing-economic-competitiveness/competitive-trade-capacities-and-corporate-responsibility/corporate-social-responsibility-market-integration/what-csr Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program] together covers around 5%- 10% of the feed cost. The annually anticipated remuneration from the adoption program is set at [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]2.5 million.<ref name="BB" /> Adoption of animals can be carried out online at the [https://bannerghattabiologicalpark.org/adopt.html Bengaluru Bannerghatta Biological Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005013351/https://www.bannerghattabiologicalpark.org/adopt.html |date=5 October 2022 }} official website.

== Coping with the Pandemic ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Numbers of visitors <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru Bannerghatta Biological Park :Information|url=https://bannerughattabiopark.org/information.html}}</ref>
|2017-2018
|'''1 558,142'''
|-
|2018-2019
|'''1 661,974'''
|-
|2019-2020
|'''1 646,034'''
|-
|2020-2021
| '''554,076'''
|}
Numbers of visitors to the park have dwindled in the years 2020-2021 due to the pandemic resulting in the park that is customarily opened in six days of the week and closed every Tuesday, to be closed on weekends and opened five days of the week (Mon-Fri). Precautionary measures to certify the park as safe for public visit has not resulted in a significant increase in visitors. Hence, additional precautionary measures have been taken with regard to the expenditures carried out at the park.<ref>{{cite web |title=BENGALURU BANNERGHATTA BIOLOGICAL PARK ANNUAL REPORT 2020-21 |url=https://bannerughattabiopark.org/assets/pdf/report/AR_BBNP_20_21_Oct_31.pdf |publisher=Bannerghatta Bio Park |access-date=2 March 2024}}</ref>

This has been done by adopting somewhat self-sustainable and economic pro-active measures in the management of the park. Utilizing internal resources such as locally grown fodder and fruits for herbivorous animals and carrying out sustainable fishing in water bodies within the park premises are notable measures. In addition, veterinary interns have been sourced to support veterinary staff in diagnosing and treating animals. These cost reduction measures have successfully resulted in a saving of Rs. 2.00 crores.<ref>{{cite web |title=BENGALURU BANNERGHATTA BIOLOGICAL PARK ANNUAL REPORT 2020-21 |url=https://bannerughattabiopark.org/assets/pdf/report/AR_BBNP_20_21_Oct_31.pdf |publisher=Bannerghatta Bio Park |access-date=2 March 2024}}</ref>

These self –sustaining initiatives exemplify [[Environmentally friendly|eco-friendly]] principles that have not just resulted in cost reduction in terms of transport and packing expenditures, but also in subsequent reduction in pollution. Although just a fraction of overall national contribution to green principles, it nevertheless demonstrates eco- friendly measures that can be followed during the pandemic. Overall Bannerghatta Biological Park has embraced a number of clever measures to increase revenue while simultaneously propagating environment and wildlife conservation awareness and eco-friendly principles.

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" caption="Bannerghata National Park" widths="200" heights="150">
File:Royal Tiger 2.jpg|Bengal tiger
File:The King Lion 2.jpg|Lion
File:Lion bannerghatta GG.jpg|Lion during Safari
File:DancingPeacock.jpg|DancingPeacock
File:Chital(spotted deer).jpg|Chital (spotted deer)
File:Leopard.jpg|Leopard
File:Lions 01.JPG|Lions
File:Lions 02.JPG|Tiger and lion staring at each other in Bannerghatta National Park
File:Lions 03.JPG|Tiger
File:The Bannerghatta White Tiger.jpg|A white tiger of the Bannerghatta National Park
File:White Tigers 05.jpg|White tiger
File:Lions 06.JPG|Tortoise
File:Lions 07.JPG|Zebra
File:King lion.jpg|Lion
File:Bannerghetta Tiger.jpg|Bengal tiger
File:Bannerghata zoo.jpg|White tiger
File:White tiger bangalore.jpg|White tiger
File:Bengal Tiger in Bangalore.jpg|Bengal tiger
File:Elephant Bannerghatta.jpg|Elephant at lakeside
File:Crocodile Bannerghatta.jpg|Gharial
File:Reptiles at Bannerghatta National Park.jpg|Crocodiles
File:Indian Crocodile in the Lake of Bannerghatta National Park.jpg|Indian Crocodile in the Lake of Bannerghatta National Park
File:VB 017 Butterfly Park Bangalore.jpg|Interpretation center
File:Angry Bear.JPG|Bears
File:Pelican Bannerghatta.jpg|Pelican bird
File:Butterlfy Park.jpg|Entrance to the butterfly enclosure
File:BannerghattaBlackSpider.jpg|Rare spider (family [[Idiopidae]]) found in Bannerghatta
File:Bannerghata National Park Tiger Safari.JPG|Bannerghata National Park - Tiger Safari
File:Bannerghata National Park Safari Entry.JPG|Bannerghata National Park - Safari Entry
File:Werifesteria 14.jpg|Happy Family
File:Leopard .jpg|Leopards
File:Tiger - Bannerghatta National Park.jpg|Tiger
File:Hippopotamus at Bannerghatta Park, Bangalore.JPG
File:Saffari at Bannerghatta National Park Bangalore 8418.JPG
File:Snap from Bannerghatta National Park Bangalore 8550.JPG
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Zoos of India}}
{{Bangalore topics}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Zoos in India]]
[[Category:Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Zoos established in 2002]]

West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress

2026-02-18T17:45:13Z

MarcellaGunter0:

{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox award|name=WBFJA for Best Actress|| image= {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Subhashree Ganguly on her wedding day.jpg
| photo1b =
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| size = 180
| border = 0
| color = #FFFFFF
| foot_montage =
}}
| caption= The 2026 recipient: [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
|country=India|year2=2026|holder= [[Subhashree Ganguly]] for '''''[[Grihapravesh (2025 film)|Grihapravesh]]'''''|holder_label=Most Recent Winner|awarded_for=Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role|presenter=West Bengal Film Journalists' Association}}

The '''West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role''' is given yearly by [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|WBFJA]] as a part of its annual '''West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards''' for Bengali films. It recognise the female performer who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role in a film released in the previous year.

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Category'''
!'''Name'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
|Most awards
|[[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Subhashree Ganguly]] [[Jaya Ahsan]]
|3 Awards 2 Awards 2 Awards
|-
|Most Nominated
|[[Swastika Mukherjee]] [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|5 Nominations
|}

== Winners and Nominees ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Year{{efn|name=years|Refers to the year in which the ceremony was held.}}
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 2017 (1st) <ref>{{Cite web|title=WBFJA 2017 Nominations|url=http://wbfja.com/nominations-2017.php}}</ref>
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Rituparna Sengupta - Singapore 2020 - Vhok John (cropped).jpg|85px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Rituparna Sengupta}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Sudipa|Sudipa Sen}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Praktan]]'''''
|-
| [[Gargi Roychowdhury|Gargi Roy Chowdhury]]
| Dr. Paramita Sen
| ''Benche Thakar Gaan''
|-
| [[Paoli Dam]]
| Antara Chaktabarty / Ashlesha / Damayanti
| ''[[Khawto]]''
|-
| [[Swastika Mukherjee]]
| Jaya Sarkar
| ''[[Shaheb Bibi Golaam]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2018 (2nd) <ref>{{Cite web|title=WBFJA 2018 Nominations|url=http://wbfja.com/nominations-2018.php}}</ref>
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Jaya Ahsan JagoFM portrait.jpg|85px]] |width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Jaya Ahsan}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Padma|Padma Haldar}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Bishorjan]]'''''
|-
| [[Arpita Chatterjee]]
| Tithi Chatterjee
| ''Chitrokar''
|-
| [[Paoli Dam]]
| Devi
| ''Devi''
|-
| [[Sohini Sarkar]]
| Durga / Chainaa
| ''[[Durga Sohay]]''
|-
| [[Swastika Mukherjee]]
| Tuki
| ''Asamapto''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2019 (3rd) <ref>{{Cite web|title=WBFJA 2019 Nominations|url=http://wbfja.com/nominations-2019.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2019 WBFJA Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-winners-of-the-2019-wbfja-awards/photostory/67522300.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File: Rituparna Sengupta - Singapore 2020 - Vhok John (cropped).jpg|85px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} –
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Rituparna Sengupta}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Shrimati|Shrimati Sen}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Drishtikone]]'''''
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Sudipta Chakraborty}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Bindiya|Bindiya}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Uronchondi'''''
|-
| [[Koel Mallick]]
| Lavanya
| ''[[Ghare & Baire]]''
|-
| [[Jaya Seal]]
| Fathima Ali
| ''[[Alifa]]''
|-
| [[Tanuja]]
| Upama Mukherjee
| ''[[Shonar Pahar]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2020 (4th) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominations 2020 |publisher=West Bengal Film Journalists' Association |url=http://wbfja.com/nominations-2020.php|access-date=2021-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216162739/https://wbfja.com/nominations-2020.php |archive-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"| {{border|[[File:Subhashree Ganguly on her wedding day.jpg|85px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Subhashree Ganguly}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Mehul|Mehul Bose}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Parineeta (2019 film)|Parineeta]]'''''
|-
| [[Anashua Majumdar]]
| Shova Rani Mukherjee
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Mukherjee Dar Bou]]''
|-
| [[Koneenica Banerjee]]
| Aditi Mukherjee
|-
| [[Jaya Ahsan]]
| Sayani Sen
| ''[[Robibaar]]''
|-
| [[Paoli Dam]]
| Phooli
| ''[[Sanjhbati]]''
|-
| [[Raima Sen]]
| Ira Gupta
| ''[[Tarikh (film)|Tarikh]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=8 style="text-align:center" | 2021-22 (5th) <ref>{{cite news |title=WBJFA award function |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/1715059-wbjfa-award-function-to-be-held-on-oct-6}}</ref>
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"| {{border|[[File:Aparajita Auddy (cropped).jpg|85px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Aparajita Auddy}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Mishti|Mishti Mukherjee}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Cheeni'''''
|-
| [[Arpita Chatterjee]]
| Mrs. Saathi
| ''[[Abyakto]]''
|-
| [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
| Nandini
| ''[[The Parcel]]''
|-
| [[Rukmini Maitra]]
| Rumi M. Saha
| ''[[Switzerland (2020 film)|Switzerland]]''
|-
| [[Swastika Mukherjee]]
| Dolly Bagri
| ''[[Guldasta (2020 film)|Guldasta]]''
|-
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"| {{border|[[File:Jaya Ahsan JagoFM portrait.jpg|85px]] |width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Jaya Ahsan}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Srabani|Srabani Barua}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Binisutoy]]'''''
|-
| [[Basabdatta Chatterjee]]
| Ms. Mou
| ''[[Tokhon Kuasa Chilo]]''
|-
| [[Sauraseni Maitra]]
| Sheela Chatterjee
| ''[[Ekannoborti]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2023 ([[6th WBFJA Awards|6th]]) <ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:WBFJA Awards 2023: বাংলার সাংবাদিকদের বিচারে সেরা অভিনেতা দেব, জনপ্রিয় অভিনেতা মিঠুন, গায়ক অরিজিৎ! |language=bn |trans-title=WBFJA Awards 2023: According to journalists of Bengal, the best actor is Dev, popular actor Mithun, singer Arijit |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=8 January 2023 |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-awards-2023-winner-list-dev-mithun-win-best-actors-award-aparajito-and-dostojee-jointly-win-best-film-award-31673196904842.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119065157/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-awards-2023-winner-list-dev-mithun-win-best-actors-award-aparajito-and-dostojee-jointly-win-best-film-award-31673196904842.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"| {{CSS image crop
|Image = The Team of MEGHNADBADH RAHASYA at the screening of their film, during the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017), in Panaji, Goa on November 22, 2017.jpg
|bSize = 1200
|cWidth = 100
|cHeight = 145
|oTop = 130
|oLeft = 500
|Location=center|70px}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Gargi Roychowdhury|Gargi Roy Chowdhury]]''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Mahananda|Mahananda G. Bhattacharya / Mahananda Devi}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Mahananda (film)|Mahananda]]'''''
|-
| [[Arpita Chatterjee]]
| Aarja
| ''Hridpindo''
|-
| [[Sohini Sarkar]]
| Ms. Mishtu
| ''Ananta: The Eternal''
|-
| [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
| Poulami Chatterjee
| ''Boudi Canteen''
|-
| [[Swastika Mukherjee]]
| Shrimati
| ''[[Shrimati (film)|Shrimati]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2024 ([[7th WBFJA Award|7th]]) <ref>{{cite news |title=WBJFA Awards 2024 |url=https://cinemarsomabarton.com/award-2024.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:WBFJA Award 2023: শেষ পাতা-র বাজিমাত! সিনেমার সমাবর্তনে পুরস্কার পেল দশম অবতার, সেরা অভিনেতা দেব না প্রসেনজিৎ |language=bn |trans-title=WBFJA Award 2023: The last page of Bajimat! Tenth Avatar, Best Actor Deb Na Prasenjit won the award at the movie convocation |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-award-2023-award-best-actor-prosenjit-chatterjee-dev-got-most-popular-actor-see-full-list-31705285585673.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122044742/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-award-2023-award-best-actor-prosenjit-chatterjee-dev-got-most-popular-actor-see-full-list-31705285585673.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 January 2024 |date=15 January 2024 }}</ref>
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Churni Ganguly at the premire of Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani.jpeg|70px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Swastika Mukherjee - Kolkata 2015-10-10 5787.JPG|70px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Churni Ganguly}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Subhra|Subhra Chatterjee}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ardhangini (2023 film)|Ardhangini]]'''''
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Swastika Mukherjee}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Mandira|Mandira Biswas}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Shibpur (film)|Shibpur]]'''''
|-
| [[Arunima Ghosh]]
| Aruna / Rooni
| rowspan="1"| ''[[Maayakumari]]''
|-
| [[Gargi Roychowdhury|Gargi Roy Chowdhury]]
| Medha Roy
| ''[[Shesh Pata]]''
|-
| [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
| Maayakumari
| ''Maayakumari''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2025 ([[8th WBFJA Awards|8th]]) 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"| {{border|[[File:Rituparna Sengupta - Singapore 2020 - Vhok John (cropped).jpg|85px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Rituparna Sengupta}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Parna|Parna Majumdar}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ajogyo]]'''''
|-
| [[Koushani Mukherjee]]
| Jhimli Pramanik
| ''[[Bohurupi]]''
|-
| [[Mamata Shankar]]
| Alokananda "Aloka"
| ''Bijoyar Pore''
|-
| [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
| Aditi Mitra
| ''[[Alaap (2024 film)|Alaap]]''
|-
| [[Rukmini Maitra]]
| Ishaa Sen/Nisha
| ''[[Boomerang (2024 film)|Boomerang]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2026 (9th) 
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"| {{border|[[File:Subhashree Ganguly on her wedding day.jpg|85px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Subhashree Ganguly}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |{{sort|Titli|Titli Ray}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Grihapravesh (2025 film)|Grihapravesh]]'''''
|-
| [[Koel Mallick]]
| Aparna Ghoshal
| ''[[Sharthopor]]''
|-
| [[Koushani Mukherjee]]
| Poorna Aich
| ''[[Killbill Society]]''
|-
| [[Paoli Dam]]
| Mitra Roy
| ''Chhaad''
|-
| [[Sreelekha Mitra]]
| Ela
| ''[[Once Upon a Time in Calcutta|Mayanagar]]''
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actor]]
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Film awards for lead actress]]
[[Category:West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]

Aarti Puri

2026-02-13T15:40:36Z

MarcellaGunter0: brief cleanup page for accuracy also and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aarti Puri
| image = Arti Puri at launch of Looks Clinic in Goa (3).jpg
| caption = Portrait of Aarti Puri
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|01|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (profession)|Model]]
| years_active = 1999−Present
| height =
}}

'''Aarti Puri''', also known as ''Arti Puri'', (born 8 January)<ref name="birth">{{cite web |url=http://tv.dakshanews.com/arti-puri-celebrates-her-birthday-today/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410175159/http://tv.dakshanews.com/arti-puri-celebrates-her-birthday-today/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=Arthi Puri celebrates her birthday today! |date=8 January 2013 |publisher=tv.dakshanews.com/ |accessdate=23 March 2013}}</ref> is an Indian television and movie actress and model. Noted roles include the character of Trishna from show ''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''.<ref name=lead>{{cite web |url=http://www.movietalkies.com/news/13307/aarti-puri-joins-%27madhubala%27-cast |title=Aarthi Puri Joins 'Madhubala' Cast |publisher=MovieTalkies.com |date=29 May 2012 |accessdate=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618175059/http://www.movietalkies.com/news/13307/aarti-puri-joins-%27madhubala%27-cast |archive-date=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and movies like ''[[Deswa]]'' and ''[[Once Upon a Time in Bihar]]''.

==Career==
Puri started her career in regional cinema and then moved on to small screen. She is a model and has also done many movies and more than 100 Punjabi videos as model as well{{which|date=January 2013}}. She was cast to play the parallel lead in the show ''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2012 |title=Aarti Puri in Prabhudheva's next film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aarti-puri-in-prabhudhevas-next-film/articleshow/16808886.cms |access-date=29 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> alongside [[Drashti Dhami]], who plays the lead in the show. She also played a lead role opposite Rakesh Kapoor in, "Pahado Ke Daman Mein" in 1999.

=== Television ===
*2012–2013 ''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' as Trishna Balraj Chaudhary

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
|-
|2004
|''[[Mysteries Shaque]]''
|Simran
|Hindi
|-
|2005
|''Nalaik''
|
|Punjabi
|-
|2008
|''Lakh Pardesi Hoiye''
|
|Punjabi
|-
|2010
|''Musaa: The Most Wanted''
|
|Hindi
|-
|2010
|''Dammunnodu''
|
|Telugu
|-
|2010
|''Khich Ghuggi Khich''
|
|Punjabi
|-
|2011
|''[[Deswa]]''
|
|Bhojpuri
|-
|2015
|''[[Once Upon a Time in Bihar]]''
|
|Hindi
|-
|2013
|''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]''
|Gauri
|Hindi
|-
|2014
|''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]''
|
|Hindi
|-
|2015
|''[[Addam lo Deyyam (telugu)]]''
|
|Telugu
|-
|2015
|''Plus One +1''
|
|Telugu
|-
|2018
|''[[MLA (2018 Telugu film)]]''
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Gabru Gang]]''
|Bulbul
|Hindi
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2393706}}
* {{Twitter}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri, Aarti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Female models from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Manju Asrani

2026-02-08T12:08:16Z

MarcellaGunter0: created pg

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{infobox person
| name = Manju Asrani
| birth_name = Manju Asrani
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Film director|Director]]|}}
| years_active = 1973 - 1995
| spouse = [[Asrani (actor)|Govardhan Asrani]]
}}

'''Manju Asrani''' (''[[née]]'' '''Bansal''') is a [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film actress, who was mostly active during the 1970s and 80s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agnihotri |first=Ram Awatar |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/Artistes_and_Their_Films_of_Modern_Hindi/IP5kAAAAMAAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&bsq=Manju+Asrani&dq=Manju+Asrani&printsec=frontcover |title=Artistes and Their Films of Modern Hindi Cinema: Cultural and Sociopolitical Impact on Society, 1931-1991 |date=1992 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-180-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/BollySwar_1981_1990/V4rcDwAAQBAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&dq=Manju+Asrani&pg=PA219&printsec=frontcover |title=BollySwar: 1981 - 1990 |date=2020-04-14 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=978-81-938482-2-7 |language=en}}</ref> She was married to the actor [[Asrani (actor)|Govardhan Asrani]], himself popularly known simply as Asrani.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/Cine_Blitz/slIqAAAAYAAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&bsq=Manju+Asrani%C2%A0Bansal&dq=Manju+Asrani%C2%A0Bansal&printsec=frontcover |title=Cine Blitz |date=1979 |publisher=Blitz Publications |language=en}}</ref> While working on the sets of ''[[Aaj Ki Taaza Khabar]]'' and ''[[Namak Haraam]],'' the couple fell in love.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Farook|first=Farhana|date=1 January 2021|title=People are waiting to pull you down: Asrani, who turns 79 today|url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/veteran-asrani-turns-79-today-a-quick-look-at-his-versatile-run-092651212.html|access-date=4 September 2025|website=Yahoo Lifestyle}}</ref>

In the 1990s Manju also directed films and series.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/The_Illustrated_Weekly_of_India/j6zTpjSjA3wC?hl=fr&gbpv=1&bsq=Manju+Asrani&dq=Manju+Asrani&printsec=frontcover |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=1990 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! class="unsortable" | Title
! class="unsortable" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan = '5'| 1979
| ''[[Chor Sipahee]]''
| Manju<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0349212/|title = Chor Sipahee (1977) - IMDb| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Nalayak]]''
| Leelu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0390291/|title = Naalayak (1979) - IMDb| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079382/fullcredits#cast|title = Jurmana (1979) - IMDb| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sarkari Mehmaan]]''
| Rekha
|
|-
| ''[[Jaan-E-Bahaar]]''
|Mona
|
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Chandi Sona]]''
|Mandha
|
|-
| rowspan = '4'| 1976
| ''[[Kabeela]]''
| Sawli
|
|-
| ''[[Udhar Ka Sindur]]''
| Julie Verma
|
|-
| ''[[Deewaangee]]''
| Ruby
|
|-
| [[Tapasya (1976 film)|''Tapasya'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan = '2'| 1973
| ''[[Namak Haraam]]''
| Rama, Pandey's assistant<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://memsaabstory.com/2008/09/07/namak-haraam-1973/|title = Namak Haraam (1973)|date = 7 September 2008}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ki Taaza Khabar]]''
| Kesari Desai
|
|}

===Director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! class="unsortable" | Title
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1995
| ''Maa Ki Mamta''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manju Asrani|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1449213/|access-date=16 May 2021|website=www.imdb.com}}</ref>
|Director (as Manju Bansal Asrani)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/rF8ABAAAQBAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&dq=Manju+Asrani%C2%A0Bansal&pg=RA2-PA1973&printsec=frontcover |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asrani, Manju}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]

Capital Express (India)

2026-02-08T03:37:20Z

MarcellaGunter0:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Capital Express
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] & [[Assam]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| start = {{rws|Ara Junction}} (ARA)
| stops = 42
| end = [[Kamakhya Junction]] (KYQ) {{rws|New Jalpaiguri Junction}} (NJP)
| distance = {{convert|953|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 22 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = * 4 days a week (13247/48)
* 3 days a week (13245/46)
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| entertainment =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]]
| trainnumber = 13247 / 13248 / 13245/ 13246
| speed = {{convert|43|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Capital Express (Rajendranagar Patna - Guwahati) (Rajendranagar Patna - New Jalpaiguri) route map.png|thumb|Kamakhya-Rajendra Nagar Capital Express map]]
}}

The 13247 / 13248 '''[[Kamakhya–Arrah Junction Capital Express]]''' and 13245/13246 '''[[New Jalpaiguri-Arrah Junction Capital Express]]''' are the set of Capital [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between [[Kamakhya Junction]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]] and {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}} in India.<ref>[http://m.indiatoday.in/story/patna-guwahati-capital-express-derailment-railways-probe-ordered/1/829098.html Railway orders probe into Patna–Guwahati Capital Express derailment, 3 suspended]</ref><ref>[http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1071&did=1479802660807167884452DF1FC266FE0305BDA8D6459.web107 Railway stops train movement over Dooars section to save elephant]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=feb2516/city057 |title=NFR train services resume |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223240/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=feb2516/city057 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Service==

The 13245/46 Capital Express has average speed of 35 km/h and covers 490  km in 14h. The 13247/48 Capital Express has average speed of 39 km/h and covers 942 km in 24h.

== Halts ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+ Routes and halts of New Jalpaiguri - Arrah Express :
|-
! 13245 NJP → ARA
! 13246 ARA → NJP
|-
| '''{{rws|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}''' || '''{{rws|Arrah Junction}}'''
|-
| '''{{rws|Siliguri Junction}}'''|| {{rws|Danapur}}
|-
| {{rws|Bagdogra}} || '''{{rws|Patna Junction}}'''
|-
| [[Galgalia]]|| {{rws|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}}
|-
| {{rws|Thakurganj}} ||
|-
| {{rws|Kishanganj}} || {{rws|Patna Sahib}}
|-
| {{rws|Barsoi Junction}} || [[Banka district|Banka Ghat]]
|-
| {{rws|Dalkhola}}|| {{rws|Fatuha Junction}}
|-
| '''{{rws|Katihar}}''' || {{rws|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}}
|-
| {{rws|Naugachia}}|| {{rws|Barh}}
|-
| {{rws|Mansi Junction}} || {{rws|Barauni Junction}}
|-
| '''{{rws|Begusarai}}'''|| '''{{rws|Begusarai}}'''
|-
| {{rws|Barauni Junction}}|| {{rws|Mansi Junction}}
|-
| {{rws|Barh}} || {{rws|Naugachia}}
|-
| {{rws|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}} || '''{{rws|Katihar}}'''
|-
| {{rws|Fatuha Junction}} || {{rws|Dalkhola}}
|-
| [[Banka district|Banka Ghat]]|| {{rws|Kishanganj}}
|-
| {{rws|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}} || [[Aluabari Road Junction railway station|Aluabari Road]]
|-
| {{rws|Patna Sahib}} || {{rws|Thakurganj}}
|-
| '''{{rws|Patna Junction}}''' || [[Galgalia]]
|-
| {{rws|Danapur}}|| {{rws|Bagdogra}}
|-
| '''{{rws|Arrah Junction}}'''|| '''{{rws|Siliguri Junction}}'''
|-
| || '''{{rws|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}'''

|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+ Routes and halts of Kamakhya - Arrah Capital Express :
|-
! 13247 KYQ → ARA
! 13248 ARA → KYQ
|-
| '''{{rws|Kamakhya Junction}}''' || '''{{rws|Arrah Junction}}'''
|-
| [[Goalpara]] || {{rws|Danapur}}
|-
| {{rws|New Bongaigaon}} || '''{{rws|Patna Junction}}'''
|-
| {{rws|Alipurduar Junction}} || {{rws|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}}
|-
| {{rws|Hasimara}} || {{rws|Patna Sahib}}
|-
| {{rws|Binnaguri}} || [[Banka district|Banka Ghat]]
|-
| {{rws|New Mal Junction}} || {{rws|Fatuha Junction}}
|-
| '''{{rws|Siliguri Junction}}'''|| {{rws|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}}
|-
| {{rws|Bagdogra}} || {{rws|Barh}}
|-
| [[Galgalia]]|| {{rws|Barauni Junction}}
|-
| {{rws|Thakurganj}} || '''{{rws|Begusarai}}'''
|-
| {{rws|Kishanganj}} || {{rws|Mansi Junction}}
|-
| {{rws|Barsoi Junction}} || {{rws|Naugachia}}
|-
| {{rws|Dalkhola}}|| '''{{rws|Katihar}}'''
|-
| '''{{rws|Katihar}}''' || {{rws|Dalkhola}}
|-
| {{rws|Naugachia}}|| {{rws|Kishanganj}}
|-
| {{rws|Mansi Junction}} || [[Aluabari Road Junction railway station|Aluabari Road]]
|-
| '''{{rws|Begusarai}}'''|| {{rws|Thakurganj}}
|-
| {{rws|Barauni Junction}}|| [[Galgalia]]
|-
| {{rws|Barh}} || {{rws|Bagdogra}}
|-
| {{rws|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}} || '''{{rws|Siliguri Junction}}'''
|-
| {{rws|Fatuha Junction}} || {{rws|New Mal Junction}}
|-
| [[Banka district|Banka Ghat]]|| {{rws|Binnaguri}}
|-
| {{rws|Patna Sahib}} || {{rws|Hasimara}}
|-
| {{rws|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}} || {{rws|Alipurduar Junction}}
|-
| '''{{rws|Patna Junction}}''' || {{rws|New Bongaigaon}}
|-
| {{rws|Danapur}}|| [[Goalpara]]
|-
| '''{{rws|Arrah Junction}}'''|| '''{{rws|Kamakhya Junction}}'''
|}

==Coach composition==

Both trains has [[LHB coach]]. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 AC First Cum 2 Ac-class
* 4 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper Coaches
* 3 General
* 2 EOG Rake

==Traction==

Both Capital Express are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur Loco Shed]] / [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri Loco Shed]] / [[Electric Loco Shed, Gomoh|Gomoh Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==Reversal==
[[Kamakhya–Arrah Junction Capital Express|13247/48]] train reverses direction at '''{{rws|Siliguri Junction}}'''.

[[New Jalpaiguri-Arrah Junction Capital Express|13245/46]] train has no reversals.

==Rake sharing==

* 13245 / 13246 [[New Jalpaiguri-Arrah Junction Capital Express]] shares its rake with 13247 / 13248 [[Kamakhya–Arrah Junction Capital Express]] and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Rajendra Nagar Terminal railway station]]
* [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station]]
* [[Indore–Guwahati Weekly Express]]
* [[Guwahati–Rajendra Nagar Capital Express]]

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/244 13245/Capital Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/245 13246/Capital Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Capital Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Parshuram Gangavane

2026-01-28T23:07:21Z

MarcellaGunter0: created stub

{{Short description|Indian folk artist (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
'''Parshuram Atmaram Gangavane''' (born {{circa|1955}}) is an Indian puppeteer and folk artist from the [[Sindhudurg district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. He is a practitioner of [[Chitrakathi]], a traditional folk art that combines storytelling with visual illustrations and music. In 2021, Gangavane was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honor, for his efforts in preserving and promoting the 500-year-old art form.<ref name="TBI_Gangavane">{{cite web |last=Lal |first=Sanjana |date=2021-08-11 |title=66-YO Keeps 500-YO Art Form Alive, Earns Padma Shri for Saving Tribal Traditions |url=https://thebetterindia.com/259890/parshuram-gangavane-padma-shri-chitrakathi-art-ramayana-mahabharata-chhatrapati-shivaji/ |website=The Better India |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>

==Background and early life==
Gangavane belongs to the Thakar tribal community and resides in Pinguli, a village in the [[Kudal taluka]].<ref name="HT_Puppetry">{{cite web |date=2024-07-26 |title=Epics in string, leather and shadow puppetry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/epics-in-string-leather-and-shadow-puppetry-101721996881293.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref> Historically, his ancestors served as spies for [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], using their traveling performances as a cover to gather intelligence and relay messages to the Maratha ruler.<ref name="MidDay_OneMan">{{cite web |last=Ghorpade |first=Devendra |date=2021-11-07 |title=One-man show |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/one-man-show-23200802 |website=Mid-Day |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>

Growing up, Gangavane learned the arts of [[Chitrakathi]], string puppetry (Kalsutri Bahulya), and leather shadow puppetry (Charmachitraya) from his father and grandfather. Due to the lack of financial viability in folk art during his youth, he worked as a circular-saw operator at a local sawmill and later as a grass-cutter at a government farm to support his family.<ref name="TBI_Gangavane" />

==Preservation of Chitrakathi==
In the 1970s, realizing that the Chitrakathi tradition was nearing extinction, Gangavane dedicated himself to its revival. He converted a portion of his family's ancestral cowshed into a museum and art gallery called the "Thakar Adivasi Kala Aangan."<ref name="MidDay_OneMan" /> The museum houses a collection of centuries-old paintings, puppets, and traditional musical instruments.<ref name="HT_Puppetry" />

Chitrakathi involves narrating stories from epics like the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], and the life of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] using handmade paper paintings. These paintings are traditionally made using natural colors derived from stones, leaves, and minerals.<ref name="TBI_Gangavane" /> Gangavane's performances are accompanied by traditional instruments, including the ''veena'', ''chipri'' (cymbals), and ''huduk'' (a small drum).<ref name="MidDay_OneMan" />

Gangavane conducts workshops and training sessions for younger generations to ensure the survival of the craft. His sons, Chetan and Eknath, have also joined him in performing and managing the cultural center.<ref name="TBI_Gangavane" />

==Awards and recognition==
In January 2021, the [[Government of India]] conferred the [[Padma Shri]] on Gangavane for his contributions to the arts.<ref name="MidDay_OneMan" /> He has also received several state-level awards, including the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Dalit Mitra Award and the Ahilyabai Holkar Award.<ref name="TBI_Gangavane" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangavane, Parshuram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Folk artists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1950s births]]

Porus the Younger

2026-01-10T21:19:08Z

MarcellaGunter0:

{{short description|Ruler of Gandaris}}
{{other uses|Porus (disambiguation)}}
{{One source|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image =
| name = Porus
| caption =
| reign =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Punjab region]]
| death_date =
| death_place = Punjab region, [[South Asia]]
| father =
| mother =
}}

'''Porus''' or '''Poros''' ({{langx|grc|{{script|Grek|Πῶρος}}|translit=Pôros}}) was an ancient [[Ancient India|India]]n king who ruled over a part of the [[Punjab region]] of northwestern [[South Asia]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|pages=249-250}} He is only mentioned in Greek sources.

==Life==
===Background===
Porus was the nephew of his more famous namesake, [[Porus the Elder]], who ruled the region between the [[Jhelum River]] (Hydaspes) and [[Chenab River|Chenab]] (Acesines) rivers.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|pages=249-250}}

==Reign==
Like his uncle, Porus the Younger also ruled a territory within the [[Punjab region]] of South Asia. The realm of Porus the Younger was located between the [[Ravi River|Irāvatī]] (Hydraōtēs) and [[Chenab River|Asikni]] (Akesinēs) rivers, and it corresponded to the easternmost part of the old [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhāra]] [[Mahajanapadas|{{Transliteration|sa|Mahājanapada}}]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|pages=249-250}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:History of Punjab]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Malshiras

2025-12-02T21:13:52Z

MarcellaGunter0: Updated article with clearer structure

{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malshiras
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town, Taluka
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.92|N|74.95|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02185
| registration_plate = MH-45
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = Akluj
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Dry and hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|45|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|12|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Malshiras''' is a town and the headquarters of Malshiras [[taluka]] in [[Solapur district]] of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. Its governing body was promoted to [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] from a [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] in 2017. There are many popular towns in Malshiras taluka such as Akluj, Natepute, Mahalung (for famous Yamai Devi temple), Malinagar, Velapur (for famous Ardhnari Nateshwar temple) and popular Villages like Rajapur (Islampur) Goradwadi, Bhamburdi, Medad and Palasmandal. Rajapur (Islampur) is adjacent to Malshiras which has good literacy rate and having historic samadhi mandir of Veer Santaji Ghorpade.

This taluka headquarters has a post and telegraph office, Gram-panchayat and panchayat samiti, Primary health center monitored by Zilla-parishad, Solapur. Generally, wells are the main source of water-supply. Primary schools conducted by the Zilla Parishad and one high school known as the Gopalrao Dev Prashala and Jr. College cater to the educational needs of the town populace.

A weekly open market is held on every Thursday. There is one movie theatre near canal no. 58.

The Hanumaan temple (town god) near the natural canal is especially famous one.

The current representative of [[Malsiras (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] is [[Uttamrao Jankar]]

==Transportation==
Malshiras is on the road connecting [[Mahad]]-Pandharpur and Pune- Pandharpur(Palkhi Mahamarg)]. Malshiras is well-connected by [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC)]] buses to all the major cities in Maharashtra. The nearest train station is [[Pandharpur]].

It is situated near the border of [[Pune]], [[Satara district|Satara]] and [[Solapur]] districts. The nearby places to visit are [[Pandharpur]], [[Akluj]], [[Baramati]]. Malshiras is one of the stops for Sant Dnyaneshwar Maharaj Palakhi which travels annually from Alandi to Pandharpur. Other towns in Malshiras taluka which are the stops for the Palakhi are Natepute and Velapur.

Highest Peak in Solapur district is Sukhi AAI Temple which is located in [[Goradwadi]] village near border of Garvad in Malshiras taluka.

==Economy==
Malshiras' economy is driven by agriculture.
Most of the population is living on agriculture. Daily transport of their products such as vegetables, grains, and flowers, along with other products, are nowadays done by private vehicles that run the trips to the city of Pune and get earnings for the farmers.
Many of the farmers are now approaching modern technology, be it dripping or equipped with the latest tools and techniques to get the maximum use of the resources. Many are staying outstations to earn incomes for their families and rest of the family members are cultivating fields.

Majority of the people rely on water which is available in the wells and canals and their sub-canals. It has five Sugar factories located nearby town named Sadashivnagar, Yashwant Nagar in Akluj, chandapuri sugar factory Pandurang sugar factory in Mahalung-shreepur and last one in Malinagar.

==Mandave Village==
Mandave is a village positioned in Malshiras Block of Solapur district in Maharashtra. Located in rural region of Solapur district of Maharashtra, it is one of the 114 villages of Malshiras Block of Solapur district. According to the administration records, the village number of Mandave is 562427. The village has 1519 homes.

Population of Mandave village
According to Census 2011, Mandave's population is 7883. Out of this, 4122 are males while the females count 3761 here. This village has 971 kids in the age group of 0–6 years. Out of this 527 are boys and 444 are girls.

Literacy rate of Mandave village
Literacy rate in Mandave village is 64%. 5101 out of total 7883 population is literate here. In males the literacy rate is 71% as 2939 males out of total 4122 are literate while female literacy rate is 57% as 2162 out of total 3761 females are literate in this Village.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wikivillage.in/village/maharashtra/solapur/malshiras/mandave|title = Village Website in India, Explore Villages of India, Best Village Sites in India, Wikivillage}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
'''Maps'''
*[http://www.mahapwd.com/gismaps/solapur/malshirastaluka.htm Map of Malshiras Taluka]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041227234043/http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S13/partycomp225.htm Malshiras Assembly Constituency Results since 1978 ]

{{Solapur district topics}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Solapur district]]

Maues

2025-11-24T22:34:35Z

MarcellaGunter0: quick enhance formatting per sources and added references after review

{{short description|Indo-Scythian king}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Maues Μαύης
| image = Maues on horse detail.jpg
| caption = Maues riding in armour. Like many other Indo-Scythians, Maues did not issue portraits.
| succession = [[Indo-Scythian]] king
| reign = 98/85 – 60/57 BCE
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = Machene
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism|Greek Hinduism]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WHz7hrkq2OIC The Decline and Fall of the Hindus: The Book on India's Regeneration]</ref>
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
}}
'''Maues''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:Μαύης|Μαύης]]}} {{Transliteration|grc|Maúēs}}; {{lang|grc|ΜΑΥΟΥ}} {{Transliteration|grc|Mauou}} (epigraphic); [[Kharosthi]]: '''{{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨨𐨆𐨀|𐨨𐨆𐨀]]}}''' {{Transliteration|pgd|Mo-a}}, {{Transliteration|pgd|Moa}},<ref name="Gardner">{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Percy |author-link=Percy Gardner |title=The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum |year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382 |location=London |publisher=Gilbert & Rivington Ltd. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382/page/n147/mode/2up 68]-[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382/page/n151/mode/2up 72] |isbn=978-0-900-83452-3 }}</ref> called '''{{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨨𐨆𐨒|𐨨𐨆𐨒]]}}''' {{Transliteration|pgd|Mo-ga}}, {{Transliteration|pgd|Moga}} on the [[Taxila copper plate]];{{sfn|Konow|1929|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n37/mode/2up xxix], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n167/mode/2up 23]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n175/mode/2up 29], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n197/mode/2up 45]}} also called '''{{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁|𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁]]}} {{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐|𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐]]}}''' {{Transliteration|pgd|Me-va-ki}} {{Transliteration|pgd|Mi-yi-ka}}, {{Transliteration|pgd|Mevaki}} {{Transliteration|pgd|Miyika}} in the [[Mathura lion capital]] inscription,{{sfn|Konow|1929|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n175/mode/2up 30]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n203/mode/2up 49], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n191/mode/2up PLATE VIII]}}<ref name="Hultzsch">{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=F. W. |author-link=Frederick William Thomas (philologist) |editor-last1=Hultzsch | editor-first1=E. |editor-link1=E. Hultzsch |editor-last2=Konow |editor-first2=Sten |editor-link2=Sten Konow |date=1907–1908 |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=9 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794 |location=Kolkata |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n173/mode/2up 135]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n193/mode/2up 147] |isbn=}}</ref>) was the first [[Indo-Scythian]] king, ruling from 98/85 to 60/57 BCE.{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|p=15}} He invaded India and established [[Saka]] hegemony by conquering [[Indo-Greek]] territories.<ref>The Grandeur of Gandhara, Rafi-us Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.64-67 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEd8Cqh-YQC&pg=PA66]</ref>

==Name==
Maues's name primarily attested from his coins appear under the [[Gandhari language|Gandhari]] form {{Transliteration|pgd|Moa}} ({{lang|pgd|𐨨𐨆𐨀}}) and the [[Ancient Greek]] form {{Transliteration|grc|Maúēs}} ({{lang|grc|Μαύης}}),<ref name="Gardner"/> both of which are variants of the same [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] [[Saka language]] name {{lang|xsc|*Mava}}, meaning "tiger" and "hero".{{sfn|Harmatta|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&q=Moga+Moa+Maues&pg=PA410 410]}}

Another form of Maues's name appears on the [[Taxila copper plate]] as {{Transliteration|pgd|Moga}} ({{lang|pgd|𐨨𐨆𐨒}}),{{sfn|Konow|1929|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n37/mode/2up xxix], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n167/mode/2up 23]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n175/mode/2up 29], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n197/mode/2up 45]}} which is a Gandhari derivation of the Saka name {{lang|xsc|*Mauka}}, which also means "tiger" and "hero".{{sfn|Harmatta|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&q=Moga+Moa+Maues&pg=PA410 410]}}

The [[Mathura lion capital]] inscription refers to Maues as {{Transliteration|pgd|Mevaki Miyika}} ({{lang|pgd|𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁 𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐}}),{{sfn|Konow|1929|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n175/mode/2up 30]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n203/mode/2up 49], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n191/mode/2up PLATE VIII]}}<ref name="Hultzsch"/> which is composed of {{Transliteration|pgd|Mevaki}}, derived from Saka {{lang|xsc|*Mavyaka}}, meaning "tiger", and of {{Transliteration|pgd|Miyika}}, from Saka {{lang|xsc|*mayaka}}, meaning "prosperous".{{sfn|Harmatta|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&q=Moga+Moa+Maues&pg=PA412 412]}}

==Sakas==
[[Image:Coin of Maues.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Silver tetradrachm of Maues. The obverse shows [[Zeus]] standing with a sceptre. The Greek legend reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΜΑΥΟΥ (Οf the Great King of Kings Maues). The reverse shows [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] standing, holding a wreath. [[Kharoshthi]] legend. [[Taxila]] mint.]]
The [[Saka]]s, and/or the related [[Parni]] (who founded the [[Parthian Empire]]) and [[Scythians]], were nomadic [[Eastern Iranian peoples]].

The Sakas from [[Sakastan]] defeated and killed the Parthian king [[Phraates II]] in 126 B.C. [[Indo-Scythians]] established themselves in the Indus around 88 B.C., during the end of [[Mithridates II of Parthia]]s reign. The Sakas and Pahlavas became closely associated during the Saka migration. This can be demonstrated from various sources, such as the adoption of names and titles. Maues took the title of "Great King of Kings", an exceeded version of a traditional [[Persian Empire|Persian]] royal title.

=== Ethnic origin ===
Some scholars have suggested that Maues may have been of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] lineage. Sten Konow, in his edition of the Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum (1929), interpreted the name Kamuia (found in the Mathura lion capital inscriptions) as a Prakrit rendering of the Sanskrit Kambojika (“from the Kamboja lineage”). According to this view, figures such as Maues (Moga), Arta, and their relatives mentioned in the inscriptions may have belonged to the Kamboja clan rather than being of purely Scythian origin.<ref>Sten Konow, Corpus ''Inscriptionum Indicarum'', Vol. II, Part I: ''Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions (with the exception of those of Aśoka)'', Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publication Branch, 1929, pp. xxxvi, 36. [Available online at the Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007) and [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACorpus_Inscriptionum_Indicarum_Vol_2_Part_1.pdf).</ref>

== Maues Campaigns ==
Maues is the first recorded ruler of the Sakas in the Indus. He is first mentioned in the [[Moga inscription]]:

: "In the seventy eighth, 78, year the Great King, the Great Moga, on the fifth, 5, day of the month Panemos, on this first, of the Kshaharata and Kshatrapa of Chukhsa - Liaka Kusuluka by name - his son Patika - in the town of Takshasila..."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kushan.org/essays/chronology/minorindoparthian.htm |title=Moga inscription |access-date=2006-10-29 |archive-date=2011-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807125910/http://www.kushan.org/essays/chronology/minorindoparthian.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Mauses is possibly mentioned the Maira inscription in the [[Salt Range]] in Pakistan as 'Moasa'.{{sfn|Harmatta|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&q=kharosthi+inscription+moga&pg=PA193 193]}}

Maues vastly expanded his domain by conquering key cities along the Indus. This included seizing [[Taxila]] in [[Punjab]], and [[Gandhara]]s capital city [[Pushkalavati]] from the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]s.<ref name="Sagar">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&q=maues+moga&pg=PA124|title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India|last=Sagar|first=Krishna Chandra|date=1992|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172110284|language=en}}</ref> Maues has overstruck coins belonging to [[Archebius]] as well as [[Apollodotus II]] in Taxila.

The Sakas extend their power up to [[Mathura]] during his reign.<ref name="Sagar"/>

=== Route of the Invasions ===
When precisely and under what circumstances Maues arrived in India is uncertain, but the expulsion of the Scythian (Saka/Sai) peoples from Central Asia is referred to in the [[Han Shu]], where the cause given is their confrontation with the [[Yuezhi|Ta Yüeh-chih]], themselves undergoing an [[Yuezhi#Exodus of the Great Yuezhi|enforced migration]]. It is stated that "when the Ta Yüeh-chih turned west, defeated and expelled the king of the Sai, the latter moved south and crossed over the Suspended Crossing." That this route (from the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamirs]] into the [[Gilgit]] valley) was used in Maues' time is confirmed by the discovery of inscriptions in the [[Chilas]]/Gilgit area bearing his name ([[Ahmad Hasan Dani|Dani]], 1983 and 1995, pp. 52, 55).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/indo-scythian-dynasty-1|title=INDO-SCYTHIAN DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

== Coins ==
[[Image:BalaramaMauesCoin1stCenturyBCE.jpg|thumb|Coin of Maues depicting [[Balarama]], 1st century BCE. [[British Museum]].]]
[[File:Machene.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Coin of Machene, Queen of Maues. '''Obv.''' Tyche, wearing mural crown. Legend ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΘEOTPOΠOY MAXHNHΣ "Godlike Queen Machene". '''Rev.''' Zeus with Nike, legend "Rajatirajasa mahatasa Moasa" in [[Kharoshthi]] "Great king of kings, Maues".]]
Maues issued joint coins mentioning a queen Machene ("ΜΑΧΗΝΗ"). Machene may have been a daughter of one of the Indo-Greek houses.<ref>RC Senior "Indo-Scythian coins and history", Vol IV, p.xxxvi.</ref>

An Indo-Greek king, [[Artemidoros Aniketos|Artemidoros]], also issued coins where he describes himself as "Son of Maues".

=== Buddhist Coins ===
A few of the coins of Maues, struck according to the Indian square standard, seemingly depict a King in a cross-legged seated position. This may represent Maues himself, or possibly one of his divinities. It has been suggested that this might also be one of the first representations of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] on a coin, in an area where [[Buddhism]] was flourishing at the time, but the seated personage seems to hold a sword horizontally, which favors the hypotheses of the depiction of the king Maues himself.

Also, Maues struck some coins incorporating Buddhist symbolism, such as the lion, symbol of Buddhism since the time of the [[Mauryan]] king [[Ashoka]].

The symbolism of the lion had also been adopted by the Buddhist Indo-Greek king [[Menander II]]. Maues therefore probably supported [[Buddhism]], although whether sincerely or for political motives is unclear. His coins also included a variety of other religious symbols such as the bull of [[Shiva]], indicating wide religious tolerance.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book | title = The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography | year = 2015 | publisher = BRILL | last = Gazerani| first = Saghi | pages = 1–250 | isbn = 9789004282964 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=92zsCgAAQBAJ&q=false}}
* {{cite book |last1=Olbrycht |first1=Marek Jan|editor-last1=Curtis|editor-first1=Vesta Sarkhosh|editor-last2=Pendleton|editor-first2=Elizabeth J.|editor-last3=Alram|editor-first3=Michael|editor-last4=Daryaee|editor-first4=Touraj|title=The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion |date=2016 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=9781785702082 |chapter=Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/26895576}}
* {{cite book | title = ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity | year = 2017 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | last = Rezakhani | first = Khodadad | chapter = East Iran in Late Antiquity| pages = 1–256 | isbn = 9781474400305 | jstor = 10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8 }} {{registration required}}
* {{cite book |last=Harmatta |first=János |author-link=János Harmatta |editor-last1=Harmatta |editor-first1=János |editor-link1=János Harmatta |editor-last2=Puri |editor-first2=B. N. |editor-link2=Baij Nath Puri |editor-last3=Etemadi |editor-first3=G. F. |date=1999 |chapter=Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House]] |isbn=978-8-120-81408-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Konow |first=Sten |author-link=Sten Konow |date=1929 |title=Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions: with the Exception of Those of Aśoka |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007 |location=Kolkata |publisher=Government of India Central Publication Branch}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = (In [[Arachosia]], [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]]) ''[[Indo-Greek]] King'' '''[[Archebios]]''' (In [[Paropamisade]]) ''[[Indo-Greek]] King'' '''[[King Hermaeus|Hermaeus]]'''
| title = [[Indo-Scythian|Indo-Scythian Ruler]] | years = (85–60 BCE)
| after = ''(In [[Gandhara]])'' ''[[Indo-Greek]] king:'' '''[[Artemidoros Aniketos|Artemidoros]]''' ''(In [[Punjab region|Punjab]])'' ''[[Indo-Greek]] king:'' '''[[Apollodotus II]]''' ''(In the south)'' ''Indo-Scythian ruler:'' '''[[Vonones of Indo-Scythia|Vonones]]'''
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Indo-Scythians}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indo-Scythian kings]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Iranian monarchs]]

Gogunta

2025-11-23T18:16:16Z

MarcellaGunter0: corrected article additionally and improved wording per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gogunta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.580|N|81.017|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - West Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=12 January 2015|page=14,272|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 708
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=628641|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534 437
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Gogunta''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Pedapadu mandal]] of [[Eluru revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=19 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214094218/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2014|page=10|format=PDF}}</ref> Nuzvid railway station is the nearest railway station.

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Gogunta had a population of 708. The total population constitute, 348 males and 360 females with a sex ratio of 1034 females per 1000 males. 62 children are in the age group of 0–6 years with sex ratio of 1214. The average literacy rate stands at 67.80%.<ref name=population />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Nick Jr. (Indian TV channel)

2025-11-17T16:00:03Z

MarcellaGunter0: slightly rework citations after review further and added references

#REDIRECT [[Nick Jr. (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kishan Singh Rathore

2025-10-24T13:07:09Z

MarcellaGunter0: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian soldier and recipient of Maha Vir Chakra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Primary sources|date=January 2008}}{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Colonel]]
| name = Kishan Singh Rathore
| honorific_suffix = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]]
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_place = [[Churu district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| allegiance = {{Flag|India}}
| branch = {{Army|India}}
| rank = [[Colonel]]
| servicenumber = SS-13659 (short-service commission) IC-4735 (regular commission)<ref name="col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1055 |date=11 September 1971 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
| unit = [[Rajput Regiment|1 Rajput]]
| awards = [[Maha Vir Chakra]]
}}

[[Colonel]] '''Kishan Singh Rathore,''' [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] is a war hero of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]. He was awarded [[Maha Vir Chakra]] for his gallant act in the war.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Kishan Singh Rathore {{!}} Gallantry Awards|url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/kishan-singh-rathor|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

He is from Ghadsisar (also known as Sardarshahar) in [[Churu district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].

He was enrolled into [[Rajput Regiment|1 Rajput]]/[[Brigade of the Guards|4 Guards]] unit. [[Lieutenant]] Kishan Singh Rathore was awarded Maha Vir Chakra in Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.

He received a regular commission and rose to the rank of colonel (promoted 20 August 1969), retiring from the [[Indian Army]] at that rank.<ref name="col"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathore, Kishan Singh}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:People from Bikaner]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Rajasthan]]

List of Telugu films of 1957

2025-10-23T18:10:32Z

MarcellaGunter0: updated page

{{Short description|None}}
{{Tollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
List of Telugu films produced by the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] film industry based in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] in the year [[1957 in film|1957]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Music director
|-
|''[[Akka Chellelu (1957 film)|Akka Chellelu]]''|| Amanullah Sarvabhouma || Amarnath, [[Sriranjani, Jr.|Sriranjani]] || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
|-
|''[[Allauddin Adhbhuta Deepam]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=21 April 1957 |title=அலாவுதீனும் அற்புத விளக்கும் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1957-04-21/page/78/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240922063949/https://archive.org/details/kalki1957-04-21/page/78/mode/2up |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=11 June 2025 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=78–79 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>''|| T. R. Raghunath || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]] || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], [[S. Hanumantha Rao]]
|-
|''[[Bhagya Rekha]]<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=19 March 2015 |title=Bhagyarekha (1957) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bhagyarekha-1957/article7011569.ece |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920065721/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bhagyarekha-1957/article7011569.ece |archivedate=20 September 2017 |accessdate=11 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>''|| [[B. N. Reddy]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
|-
|''[[Bhale Ammayilu]]''|| [[Vedantam Raghavayya]] || [[N.T.Rama Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], [[S. Hanumantha Rao]]
|-
|''[[Bhale Baava]]''|| [[Rajanikanth (director)|Rajanikanth]] || [[Jaggayya]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]], [[Girija (actress)|Girija]] || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthy]]
|-
|''[[Dhampathyam]]''|| [[E. Apparao]] || [[G. Varalakshmi]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] || [[Pasupuleti Ramesh Naidu|Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|''[[Dongallo Dora]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dongallo Dora (Cast & Crew) |url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Dongallo-Dora/15350 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312073450/http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Dongallo-Dora/15350 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=Know Your Films}}</ref>''|| [[P. Chengaiah]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] || [[M. Subrahmanya Raju]]
|-
|''[[Kutumba Gowravam]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Cinema Halls – Maruthi Talkies, Vijayawada |url=http://idlebrain.com/movie/cinemahall/vijayawada-maruthi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619211549/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/cinemahall/vijayawada-maruthi.html |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>''|| [[B. S. Ranga]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Pasupuleti Kannamba|P. Kannamba]] || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|-
|''[[M.L.A. (1957 film)|M.L.A.]]''|| [[K. B. Tilak]] || [[Jaggayya]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
|-
|''[[Mayabazar]]<ref name="Illusions">{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Kushali |date=23 May 2012 |title=Mayabazar is an interplay of illusions and reality |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120523/jsp/entertainment/story_15519255.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104003336/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120523/jsp/entertainment/story_15519255.jsp#.VjlScWQrIxc |archive-date=4 November 2015 |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>''|| [[K. V. Reddy]]|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]|| [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|-
|''[[Nala Damayanthi (1957 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]''|| Kemparaj || [[P. Bhanumathi]], Kemparaj, [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]|| [[B. Gopalam]]
|-
|''[[Panduranga Mahatyam]]''|| [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[B. Saroja Devi]]|| [[T. V. Raju]]
|-
|''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]''
|[[Krishnan–Panju]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[Sriranjani (junior)|Sriranjani]], [[Pandari Bai]]
|Music: R. Sudarsanam Dialogues: Palagummi Padmaraju Lyrics: Samudrala Sr.
|-
|''[[Peddarikalu]]''|| [[Tapi Chanakya]]|| [[Jaggayya]], [[Anjali Devi]]|| [[Master Venu]]
|-
|''[[Repu Needhe]]''|| [[K. Bhaskar Rao]] || [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Rajasulochana]] || [[Ghantsala (singer)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''[[Sankalpam (1957 film)|Sankalpam]]''|| [[C. V. Ranganatha Das]]|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Rajasulochana]]|| [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthy]]
|-
|''[[Sarangadhara (1957 film)|Sarangadhara]]''|| [[V. S. Raghavan]]|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[Rajasulochana]]|| [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
|''[[Sati Anasuya (1957 film)|Sati Anasuya]]''|| [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam|K. B. Nagabhushanam]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
|''[[Sati Savitri (1957 film)|Sati Savitri]]''|| [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam|K. B. Nagabhushanam]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[S. Varalakshmi]] || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|-
|''[[Suvarna Sundari]]''|| [[Vedantam Raghavayya]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Rajasulochana]],[[Kanchana]] || [[P. Adinarayan]]
|-
|''[[Swayamprabha]]''|| [[Sobhanadri Rao]]|| Amarnath, [[Sriranjani, Jr.|Sriranjani]], [[Rajasulochana]]|| [[Pasupuleti Ramesh Naidu|Ramesh Naidu]]
|-
|''[[Thodi Kodallu]]''|| [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]|| [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Pasupuleti Kannamba|P. Kannamba]]|| [[Master Venu]]
|-
|''[[Vadhante Dabbu]]''|| Y. R. Swamy || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]|| T. A. Kalyanam
|-
|[[Manamagan Thevai|''Varudu Kavali'']]||[[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]]|| [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[Jaggayya]], Amarnath, [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]|| [[G. Ramanathan]]
|-
|''[[Veera Kankanam]]''|| [[G. R. Rao]]|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Jaggayya]]|| [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthy]]
|-
|''[[Vinayaka Chaviti]]''|| [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala]]|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]|| [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|}

{{Tollywood|horiz}}
{{1957 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1957]]
[[Category:Lists of 1957 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:1957 in Indian cinema|Telugu films]]

LGBTQ culture in Chennai

2025-09-24T16:45:56Z

MarcellaGunter0: New the pg basic info

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[Chennai]] has [[LGBTQIA]] cultures that are diverse concerning- socio-economic [[Social class|class]], [[gender]], and degree of visibility and [[Politicization|politicisation]]. They have historically existed in the margins and surfaced primarily in contexts such as [[transgender]] activism and [[HIV]] prevention initiatives for men having sex with men (MSM) and [[Trans woman|trans women]] (TG).{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

==List of organizations==
Community development may be traced back to Sunil Menon's mapping of sexual networks among MSM and TG in the early 1990s<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/26spec.htm|title = The world through the eyes of a gay person|date = 26 February 2008|publisher = Rediff|access-date = 10 July 2014}}</ref> and the subsequent formation of Sathe Honduran, the oldest group of its kind in the city and state to provide spaces for community support and sexual health, primarily for working-class MSM who visit public cruising spots.

There are currently over 15 groups in Chennai that work on LGBTQIA+ issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Pride Organizations|url=http://orinam.net/Chennaipride/organizations/|website=www.orinam.net|date=18 May 2010|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> Most of them are community-run initiatives, and some are NGOs.

Most of these groups are part of the informal [[Chennai Rainbow Coalition]], formed in 2009, to jointly work towards visibility and advocacy.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Menon|first1=Sunil|title=Gay pride month is here|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gay-pride-month-is-here/article3508803.ece|work=The Hindu|date=9 June 2012|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> The group was expanded in 2014 to constitute the [[Tamil Nadu Rainbow Coalition]], with membership from groups around the state.

=== Research ===
[[Chennai]] has two [[research institute]]s that partner with community groups to conduct [[social science]] and [[biomedical research]] on LGBTQIA+ issues. The Centre for Sexuality and Health Research and Policy has published extensively on issues such as stigma and discrimination faced within the healthcare system by MSM and trans women, legal recognition of transgender identity, and other issues. The [[National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis|National Institute for Research on Tuberculosis]] (NIRT), in partnership with the community group Sahodaran and [[Harvard University]] School of Public Health carries out studies of mental health and HIV prevention] among men who have sex with men.

==Significant Events in Chennai's LGBTQIA+ history==

* 1986: Screening of My Beautiful Laundrette at [[British Council]] – same-sex love depicted on the big screen for the first time in Chennai
* 1993: Publication of [[Robert Oostvogels]] and Sunil Menon's mimeograph 'Men Who Have Sex With Men-Assessment of situation in Madras', prepared for the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* 1993: Sekar Balasubramaniam, a volunteer of Community AIDS Network (CAN), comes out as gay and HIV-positive.
* 1998: Sahodaran, first group for sexual minorities formed in Chennai
* 1999: Mailing list gaychennai started on yahoogroups.com, the first listserv for the Chennai gay community
* 1999: 'Queer Madras of the mid-80s' essay circulated on Indian LGBT lists<ref>{{cite web | url=http://orinam.net/queer-madras-of-the-mid-1980s/ | title=Queer Madras of the mid-1980s, and sundry musings on sexuality | date=21 August 2013 }}</ref>
* 2003: Movenpick group formed (later renamed [[Orinam]]) the and mailing list started
* 2004: First Chennai LGBT film festival – Alliance-Francaise and SAATHII, with volunteer support from Movenpick/[[Orinam]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://saathii.org/gensex/chennai/ | title=SAATHII:: Gender & Sexuality > Chennai }}</ref>
* 2005: The Many Colours of Love: LGBT documentary festival - Alliance Francaise and SAATHII, with volunteer support from Movenpick/Orinam<ref name="auto"/>
* 2006: Conference on the third gender organised by [[Nala Danavi Wind Farm|Nalamdana]]
* 2006: Orinam.net website launched
* 2006: March for transgender rights when legislative assembly was in session in TN, organised by Sangama, THAA, SWAM, and other groups. Catalysed TN govt initiatives for transgender welfare.
* 2006: Suicide by self-immolation of transgender teenager Pandiammal/Pandian, sexually abused by Chennai police<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/probe-ordered-into-abuse-of-transgender-teen/article3051260.ece | title=Probe ordered into abuse of transgender teen | work=The Hindu | date=21 November 2006 }}</ref>
* 2007: Madras High Court ruling in Jayalakshmi vs. State of Tamil Nadu by AP Shah<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1373799/ | title=Jayalakshmi vs the State of Tamil Nadu on 10 July, 2007 }}</ref>
* 2007: Sangama establishes Chennai chapter
* 2007: Police advocacy on sexuality issues initiated by Tamil Nadu AIDS Control Society, implemented by community groups<ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140709204451/http://www.iasociety.org/Abstracts/A200719804.aspx | title=Sensitizing police forces through community-led training and advocacy in Tamil Nadu, India | website=www.iasociety.org | archive-date=2014-07-09 | url=http://www.iasociety.org/Abstracts/A200719804.aspx}}</ref>
* 2007: Shakti Resource Centre formed, organises film series Desire and Sexuality at LV Prasad Film and TV Academy<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ciqff.net/2013/05/lgbt-film-festivals-in-chennai-brief.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174719/http://www.ciqff.net/2013/05/lgbt-film-festivals-in-chennai-brief.html | archive-date=14 July 2014 | title=Reel Desires - CIQFF: LGBT film festivals in Chennai: A brief history }}</ref>
* 2008: Rose Venkatesan becomes first out trans woman talk show host on Chennai television<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/20/world/asia/20chennai.html?_r=0 | title=Tackling a Society's Boundaries, on TV and in a Family | work=The New York Times | date=20 February 2008 | last1=Gentleman | first1=Amelia }}</ref>
* 2008: Double-suicide of Christy and Rukmini<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Harassed-lesbian-couple-ends-life/articleshow/3049896.cms | title=Harassed lesbian couple ends life | work=The Times of India | date=18 May 2008 }}</ref>
* 2008: Peer-counseling preparatory workshop (4 sessions: 8 June, 15 June, 22 June, July 6) of Shakthi Resource Centre in collaboration with Sahayatrika, Sahodaran, Orinam/MP, and Lotus Sangam.
* 2008: Aravani (Transgender) Welfare Board constituted by state government<ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422195346/http://infochangeindia.org/Human-Rights/The-body-politic/Interrogating-aravani-activism-in-Tamil-Nadu.html | title=Interrogating aravani activism in Tamil Nadu | archive-date=2009-04-22 | url=http://infochangeindia.org/Human-Rights/The-body-politic/Interrogating-aravani-activism-in-Tamil-Nadu.html}}</ref>
* 2009: Thirunangaithe.net, world's first matrimonial website for trans women, launched by [[Kalki Subramaniam]] of Sahodari Foundation<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/article12989.ece{{Dead link | date=September 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* 2009: Shakthi Resource Centre and Orinam/MP joint meeting Sept 12 to assess needs for peer counselling workshop
* 2009: Peer-counseling multi-weekend course of [[Shakthi Resource Centre]] and Center for Counselling.
* 2009: Public screening of Milk, organised by US Consulate at Film Chamber, as part of the Oscars film festival.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/23/stories/2009062358720200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626085522/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/23/stories/2009062358720200.htm | archive-date=26 June 2009 | title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Festival with Hollywood flavours }}</ref>
* 2009: The Hindu, national newspaper published in Chennai, features editorial in support of LGBT rights post- Naz decision<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/homosexuality-medicine-and-psychiatry/article238425.ece | title=Homosexuality, medicine and psychiatry | work=The Hindu | date=24 July 2009 }}</ref>
* 2009: First Chennai Rainbow Pride March<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/30/stories/2009063050210100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703113253/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/30/stories/2009063050210100.htm | archive-date=3 July 2009 | title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Chennai : Rainbow over the Marina }}</ref>
* 2009: Campaign for Open Minds launched
* 2009: Chennai Rainbow Coalition started
* 2009: First meet for parents of LGBT people] in Chennai organised by Center for Counselling.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://orinam.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/2009_chennailgbt_highlights_2.pdf | title=Chennai Rainbow Coalition - 2009 Highlights | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172624/http://orinam.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/2009_chennailgbt_highlights_2.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
* 2009: Reverend George Zachariah delivers inspiring sermon at Gurukul Chapel calling on Christians to be inclusive of LGBT people<ref>{{cite web | url=http://orinam.net/resources-for/religion-and-faith/christian-perspectives-on-lgbt-issues/ | title=Christianity }}</ref>
* 2009: Transwoman Narthaki Nataraj conferred Nrityachoodamani title by Krishna Gana Sabha<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.krishnaganasabha.org/nrityachoo.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101060211/http://www.krishnaganasabha.org/nrityachoo.html | archive-date=1 January 2013 | title=Sri Krishna Gana Sabha - Nritya Choodamanis }}</ref>
* 2010: First edition of 'Our Children'/'Nam Kuzhanthaigal' booklet for parents of LGBT children released by Orinam
* 2010: Chennai Dost formed
* 2010: Launch of Tamil edition of the 'Love That Dare Speak Its Name' post-377 [[anthology]] by Sangama Chennai
* 2010: RIOV, social group for lesbians and bisexual women<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article447275.ece?service=print | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715065052/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article447275.ece?service=print | archive-date=15 July 2014 | title=India News,Latest News,Today's News Headlines,World,Live Updates,Politics,Business,Sports,Entertainment }}</ref>
* 2011: Maatruveli (மாற்றுவெளி), Tamil academic journal brings out a special issue on sguest-edited, guest edited by Ponni and Aniruddhan Vasudevan<ref>{{cite web | url=http://aniruddhanvasudevan.blogspot.in/2011/01/maatruveli.html | title=Some of us speak in cliches. Some of us love.: Maatruveli - மாற்றுவெளி | date=23 January 2011 }}</ref>
* 2011: Chennai Dost website launched <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Chennai Dost|url = http://chennaidost.com/|website = Chennai Dost|access-date = 2015-09-06|archive-date = 8 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150908035502/http://chennaidost.com/|url-status = usurped}}</ref>
* 2011: Chemistry Club campus groups launched by Chennai Dost<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Clubs-for-gays-spring-up-on-Chennai-campuses/articleshow/9352983.cms | title=Clubs for gays spring up on Chennai campuses | work=The Times of India | date=25 July 2011 }}</ref>
* 2011: Public protests against homophobic remarks made by Union Health Minister Ghulam Nabi Azad<ref>{{cite web | url=http://orinam.net/chennai-rainbow-coalition-protests-health-minister-azads-msm-remarks/ | title=Chennai protests Health Minister Azad's homophobic remarks, July 5, 2011 | date=5 July 2011 }}</ref>
* 2011: Standard Deviation: first essay published on campus by a gay IIT-Madras student (then anonymous) makes waves<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.t5eiitm.org/2011/07/standard-deviation/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623203631/http://www.t5eiitm.org/2011/07/standard-deviation/| title=Standard Deviation - The Fifth Estate|date=4 July 2011|archivedate=23 June 2016}}</ref>
* 2012: Orinam's Quilt (reading group) launched.
* 2013: First officially sponsored LGBT sensitization event at IIT-Madras<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://t5eiitm.org/2013/05/a-rainbow-coloured-movement/#comments | title=A Rainbow-Coloured Movement | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625103644/http://www.t5eiitm.org/2013/05/a-rainbow-coloured-movement/#comments | archive-date=25 June 2016 }}</ref>
* 2013: Chennai Rainbow Film Festival, organised by Chennai Dost and Alliance Francaise
* 2013: Reel Desires: Chennai International Queer Film Festival, organised by a collective of groups - Orinam, Goethe-Institut, RIOV, Nirangal, SAATHII, East-West Center for Counselling, Shakthi Resource Centre, Oye!Chennai
* 2013: Nirangal registered as an NGO (formerly Sangama Chennai)
* 2013: Orinam launches 377 archives<ref>{{cite web | url=http://orinam.net/377 | title=Orinam Section 377 - Hues may vary but humanity does not - Bharathiyar }}</ref>
* 2014: Orinam launches 377letters, an online archive of letters] to the Chief Justice of India opposing the Supreme Court verdict<ref>{{cite web | title=The Love Issue | Sealed with a kiss | date=8 February 2014 | url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tPnP4x32aT7Br0eJ74kmEO/The-Love-Issue--Sealed-with-a-kiss.html }}</ref>
* 2014: First homophobic rally in Chennai, by Christians Against Homosexuality<ref>{{cite web | url=http://orinam.net/homophobic-christian-rally-jan-5-2014/ | title=Homophobic Christian Rally: Chennai, Jan 5 2014 | date=5 January 2014 }}</ref>
* 2014: Christians Against Homophobia started in response to Christians Against Homosexuality. Mailing list goes national.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/latest-news/christians-against-homophobia-group-formed-in-chennai/ | title='Christians Against Homophobia' Group Formed in Chennai | date=9 January 2014 }}</ref>
* 2014: Madras High Court ruling on 17 April 2014 'Jackuline Mary vs. The Superintendent of Police, Karur' cites NALSA April 2014 verdict to grant recognition to a police constable's right to self-identify as a woman and condemns physical/medical testing.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://orinam.net/ftm-is-inclusion-nalsa-jackuline-mary-vs-superintendent-police-karur/ | title=FTM and Intersex inclusion in NALSA? Jackuline Mary vs. The Superintendent of Police, Karur | date=6 May 2014 }}</ref>
* 2014: Tamil Nadu Rainbow Coalition formed
* 2014: First book on [[Genderqueer]] in Tamil and first Tamil book on LGBTQIA from Srishti Madurai was released by BJP's state general secretary Vanathi Srinivasan at the 6th Hindu spiritual service foundation's sixth service fair, Chennai<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Its-a-great-honour-to-be-awarded-for-book-on-gender-variants-Gopi-Shankar/articleshow/38769130.cms | title=It's a great honour to be awarded for book on gender variants: Gopi Shankar | date=21 July 2014 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=28 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/meet-bjp-leader-who-released-book-lgbt-rights-23500 |title=Meet the BJP leader who released a book on LGBT rights |date=February 24, 2015 |website=The News Minute |access-date=June 17, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/news/india/BJP-leader-launches-LGBT-rights-book-in-TN/articleshow/38157614.cms|title = BJP leader launches LGBT rights book in TN}}</ref>
* 2014: Nir, queer feminist collective, formed
* 2014: Vannam, IIT Madras queer collective formed<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/paving-the-path-to-an-equal-society/article6568362.ece | title=Paving the path to an equal society | work=The Hindu | date=5 November 2014 }}</ref>
* 2015: Tamil movie "I" by Shankar released, with transphobic depictions, community protests throughout state
* 2015: Thirunangai (trans2 woman) Bhavana sexually assaulted by Pulianthope police after detention for an alleged crime (22 Jan)
* 2015: Chennai Rainbow Film Festival 2015, organized by Chennai Dost conducted on 26–28 June.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rainbow Film Fest Returns to Town|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Rainbow-Film-Fest-Returns-to-Town/2015/06/13/article2863214.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151213095955/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Rainbow-Film-Fest-Returns-to-Town/2015/06/13/article2863214.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 13 December 2015|access-date = 2015-09-06}}</ref>
* 2015: TamilNadu LGBTIQ Facebook page Launched<ref>{{Cite web | title=Facebook | url=https://www.facebook.com/tamilnadulgbt | access-date=2025-09-06 | website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
* 2015: Tamil Nadu LGBTIQ Website news portal launched<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=http://tamilnadulgbtiq.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012032911/http://tamilnadulgbtiq.in/ | archive-date=12 October 2015 | title=TamilNadu LGBTIQ | We Are ONE }}</ref>
* 2015: Tamil Nadu LGBTIQ organized online campaign for HIV Awareness on 1 December<ref name="auto1"/>
* 2016: Madras High Court questions Centre on abysmal state of LGBT rights in India<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shouldnt-LGBT-peoples-rights-and-privacy-be-protected-Madras-HC-asks-Centre/articleshow/50795376.cms | title=Shouldn't LGBT people's rights and privacy be protected, Madras HC asks Centre | work=The Times of India | date=31 January 2016 }}</ref>
* 2016: Community gathering, candlelight vigil and press meet leading up to Supreme Court decision on Curative Petition on 31 Jan
* 2016: [[Valentine's Day]] 14th Special Programme for LGBTIQ Community People By Tamil Nadu LGBTIQ Movement
* 2016: On 6 March Srishti Madurai's new website launched by Dalit activist and Ambedkarite Ma. Venkatesan from BJP in the presence of Central Minister [[Pon Radhakrishnan]], Vanathi Srinivasan, [[Aravindan Neelakandan]], [[Joe D'Cruz]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] volunteers at Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/rss-flip-flop-on-homosexuality-indicates-gay-men-in-india-remain-in-exile-writes-ashok-row-kavi-2685296.html|title = RSS flip-flop on homosexuality indicates gay men in India remain in exile, writes Ashok Row Kavi|date = 19 March 2016}}</ref>
* 2016: Community gathering and press meet for trans inclusion in political parties campaigning in state elections<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110316/transgenders-to-take-poll-plunge.html | title=Transgenders to take poll plunge | Transgenders to take poll plunge | date=11 March 2016 }}</ref>
* 2016: Queer and Allies Art Festival (QAAF) performances in Chennai, organised by MIST, 8 May
* 2016: LGBT activists hold a candlelight vigil in Chennai for Orlando victims <ref>{{cite web|title=LGBT activists hold candlelight vigil in Chennai for Orlando victims|url=http://www.tamilnadulgbtiq.in/2016/06/lgbt-activists-hold-candlelight-vigil.html|website=www.tamilnadulgbtiq.in|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619062456/http://www.tamilnadulgbtiq.in/2016/06/lgbt-activists-hold-candlelight-vigil.html|archive-date=19 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2016: Personal narrative of C Moulee, a techie and columnist from Chennai published his story on starting the LGBT employee network in the workplace and about being gay in workplace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/iamtech-series/making-one-cubicle-safe-at-a-time-a-gay-mans-fight-in-india-6ea888237fa0|title=Making One Cubicle Safe at a Time: A Gay Man's Fight in India |date=3 June 2016 |access-date = 4 Feb 2018}}</ref> The article brought more awareness on being LGBT in Indian workplace. In August 2016, C Moulee was featured in India Today's article – The Game Changers - on people inspiring change in the city of Chennai in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20160829-the-game-changers-sofia-ashraf-sriram-ayer-shravan-krishnan-arun-krishnamurthy-733664-2016-08-19|title=Hues of Change |date=19 August 2016 |access-date = 4 Feb 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/symantec-standing-out|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125125359/https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/symantec-standing-out|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2016|title=India's Game Changer |access-date = 4 Feb 2018}}</ref>
* 2016: Panel discussion exploring the intersections between violence against women and violence targeting LGBTIQA+ communities at fourth edition of Reel Desires, Chennai International Queer Film Festival 2016.
* 2017: LGBT Workplace — Expanding the Dialogue in India - event that brought together employers, employees and activists to address challenges faced by the LGBTIQ community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/lgbt-community-symposium-seeks-a-level-playing-field-at-workplace/articleshow/58791981.cms|title=LGBT community symposium seeks a level playing field at workplace|author=Kamini Mathail|publisher=TOI|date= 23 May 2017|access-date = 3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elsevier.com/connect/symposium-spotlights-lgbt-workplace-inclusion-in-india|title=Symposium spotlights LGBT workplace inclusion in India|author=Michiel Kolman|publisher=Elsevier|date= 13 June 2017|access-date = 3 July 2017}}</ref>
* 2017: The Gabrielle Show – Chennai's First Ever Drag Show <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/may/17/aint-nothing-wrong-with-being-a-drag-1605556.html|title=Ain't nothing wrong with being a drag!|author=Abinaya Kalyanasundaram|publisher=New Indian Express|date= 17 May 2017|access-date = 3 July 2017}}</ref>
* 2017: Community gathering and discussion on Online Safety and Harassment<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hidden-pockets.com/chennai-prides-guide-to-handle-online-harassment-for-lgbtqia/|title=Chennai Pride's guide to handle online harassment for the LGBTQIA+ -|date=2017-06-16|access-date=2017-07-10|language=en-US}}</ref> held as part of Chennai Rainbow Pride month
* 2017: First-of-its-kind Tamil Lesbian Anthem - A part of a documentary titled "[[Ladies and Gentlewomen]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/this-lesbian-anthem-sings-a-tune-of-change/articleshow/57918205.cms|title=This Lesbian Anthem sings a tune of change|author=M Suganth|publisher=TOI|date= 31 March 2017|access-date = 3 July 2017}}</ref>
* 2017: Launch of Queer Chennai Chronicles. An Independent Queer publishing house to chronicle LGBTQ lives in Chennai and to promote Queer writings in Tamil and English.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.queerchennaichronicles.com/qcc|title=About Queer Chennai Chronicles|access-date = 4 Feb 2018}}</ref>
* 2018: Release of first Vidupattavai (விடுபட்டவை), first Tamil novella written by an out Queer man. The book was co-published by Queer Chennai Chronicles and Karuppu Pradhigal and was released in the 41st Chennai Book Fair on 20 January 2018. The book was released by Tamil writer and actor [[Antonythasan Jesuthasan|Shobasakthi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bumpahead.net/queer-chennai-chronicless-first-book-vidupattavai-2b39801694af|title=Release of Vidupattavai|access-date = 4 Feb 2018}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/general/literature/article22645871.ece|title=ஒழுக்கங்களுக்கு இடையில்...|work=The Hindu Tamil|access-date=2018-02-28|language=ta}}</ref>
*2018: India's first [[Queer LitFest, Chennai|Queer LitFest]] was organised by Queer Chennai Chronicles on 7 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennais-1st-queer-lit-fest-to-focus-on-tamil-writing/articleshow/64772635.cms|title=Chennai's 1st queer lit fest to focus on Tamil writing|date=June 28, 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/articles/literature/indias-first-queer-litfest-in-chennai-provided-a-platform-to-queer-writers-and-artists-in-the-margins/|title=India's First Queer LitFest in Chennai Provided a Platform to Queer Writers and Artists in the Margins|date=2018-11-12|website=Gaylaxy Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref>
*2021: Tamil Nadu High Court suggests school and university syllabi to include LGBTQ topics<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/madras-high-court-suggests-changes-in-school-and-university-syllabus-for-lgbtq-education-of-students-1811926-2021-06-07 | title=Madras High Court suggests changes in school, university syllabus for LGBTQ education of students | date=7 June 2021 }}</ref>

==LGBT workplace symposium==
In May 2017, Chennai saw an event that brought together employers, employees and activists to discuss the challenges faced by the queer (LGBTIQ) community at work places. This LGBT workplace symposium, titled LGBT Workplace — Expanding the Dialogue in India, was hosted by [[RELX]] in association with the Amsterdam-based Workplace Pride Foundation and the Bengaluru-based Solidarity Foundation, with [[Orinam]] and Community Business as community partners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/lgbt-community-symposium-seeks-a-level-playing-field-at-workplace/articleshow/58791981.cms|title=LGBT community symposium seeks a level playing field at workplace|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 May 2017 }}</ref>

Few of the panellists were [[Michiel Kolman]], a senior vice president at Elsevier, Parmesh Shahani, head of Godrej India Culture Labs, Sunil Menon, founder of NGO Sahodaran, lawyer Poongkhulali Balasubramanian, Ritesh Rajani, an openly gay HR diversity professional, and also journalist Lavanya Narayan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/chennai-workplace-is-finally-in-the-mood-of-inclusion/article18730709.ece|title=Pride at Work|newspaper=The Hindu|date= 19 June 2017|last1=Caraccio|first1=Camilla}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/may/20/coming-out-and-excluded-1606712.html|title='Coming out' and excluded|date=20 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/chennai-workplace-is-finally-in-the-mood-of-inclusion/article18730709.ece|title=Pride at Work|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 June 2017|access-date=19 June 2017|last1=Caraccio|first1=Camilla}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBTQ|India}}

* [[LGBT culture in India]]
* [[Kothi (gender)]]
*[[Tamil sexual minorities|Tamil Sexual Minorities]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{LGBT in India}}
{{Asia topic|LGBT culture in}}
{{LGBTcultureworldwide}}

[[Category:LGBTQ culture in Chennai| ]]

Minyong people

2025-09-18T16:48:13Z

MarcellaGunter0: brief cleaned up structure as per guidelines for consistency

{{Short description|Sub-group of the Adi people of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Adi Minyong diorama.JPG|thumb|300px|Diorama and [[wax figures]] of Adi Minyong people in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar]].]]
The '''Minyong''' are a sub-group of the [[Adi people]], a tribal people living in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. The Minyong are found in [[East Siang]], Siang and [[West Siang]] district.{{cn|date=September 2023}} They consider Donyi-Polo as their religion but recently{{When|date=September 2025}} there has been conversion to Christianity.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Like any other tribes of ADI they celebrate Solung, Aran and Etor as their festivals.

Minyong like other [[Tani (tribes)|Tani]] group name their offspring with prefix 'Ta' for male and 'Ya' for female, e.g. Tapang for baby boy and Yaman for baby girl earlier;However, this practice has been abandoned & changed recently.

==Distribution==
They have originated from Riga Village. Their villages are mostly found on the right bank of river Siang (Brahmaputra), starting from Riga village to plains of Assam, Jonai.

==History==
Minyong people are known for their bravery as they have fought war against British Expedition to the hilly region in late 19th century. They are a large sub tribe of The Adis and considered as fearsome warriors of the hills.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{ArunachalPradesh-stub}}

Shera (Indian bodyguard)

2025-08-12T05:57:04Z

MarcellaGunter0:

{{Short description|Indian celebrity bodyguard (born 1969)}}
{{Notability|Biography|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gurmeet Singh Jolly
| alias = Shera
| birth_place = [[Dhuri]], [[Punjab]], India°(Bharat)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1969|5|19}}
| occupation = [[Bodyguard]]
| party = [[Shiv Sena]] (2019–present)
| children = 1
| alma_mater = Damodar Das Barfiwala High School, Andheri, Mumbai, India
| awards = {{Ubl
| Mr. Mumbai junior (1987)
| Mr. Maharashtra junior (1988)
| Best Security Award
}}
| website = http://tigersecurity.co.in/
}}

'''Gurmeet Singh Jolly''' (born 19 May 1969), also known as '''Shera''', is an Indian celebrity [[bodyguard]]. Shera has been serving Indian actor [[Salman Khan]] since 1995.
Shera reportedly earns 15 lakh per month for his services to Salman Khan, which comes to a whopping 2 crore annually Shera’s net worth is estimated to be a mind-boggling 100 crore from his services to Salman Khan and the profit earned from his Tiger Security agency.

Shera runs a security firm named '''Tiger Security''',<ref name=":0" /> and was in charge of [[Grammy Award]]-winning singer [[Justin Bieber]]’s security during his Mumbai concert in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Salman Khan's bodyguard Shera escorts Justin Bieber as he arrives in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/justin-bieber-india-tour-interesting-facts/Salman-Khans-bodyguard-Shera-escorts-Justin-Bieber-as-he-arrives-in-Mumbai/photostory/58608070.cms |website=Times Of India|date=13 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/justin-bieber-india-tour-salman-khans-bodyguard-shera-to-monitor-security-see-pics-1395291.html|title=Justin Bieber India Tour: Salman Khan's Bodyguard Shera to Monitor Security|last=|first=|date=8 May 2017|website=News18|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shera was born on 19 May 1969 in Andheri, Mumbai, India.
He studied at Damodar Das Barfiwala High School. Shera won Mumbai junior title for [[bodybuilding]] in 1987, and came second as Mr. Maharashtra junior in 1988.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/RPwIaui5ITUhmyHQDYe6bI/Salman8217s-8216yes-man8217-Shera.html|title=Salman's 'yes man' Shera|last=Jayaraman|first=Gayatri|date=25 August 2011|website=Livemint|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> Gurmeet Singh Jolly joined [[Shiv Sena]] in October 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.janbharattimes.com/bollywood/salman-khan-bodyguard-shera-joins-shiv-sena|title=Salman Khan's Bodyguard Shera Joins Shiv Sena|last=Ahuja|first=Latika|date=19 October 2019|website=Janbharat Times|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>

==Salman Khan's bodyguard==
Shera has been serving Bollywood actor [[Salman Khan]] since 1995,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/salman-khans-bodyguard-sheras-salary-will-shock-you/|title=Salman Khan's bodyguard Shera's salary will shock you|last=|first=|date=11 October 2019|website=Orissa Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> and said "Jab tak zinda hoon, bhai ke saath rahunga" ''(As long as I am alive I will stay with brother'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salman-khan-s-bodyguard-shera-when-a-threat-comes-i-won-t-stand-next-to-bhai-i-ll-stand-in-front-of-him/story-5JEdf8laAFPENFVECMObQO.html|title=Salman Khan's bodyguard Shera: When a threat comes, I won't stand next to bhai, but in front of him|last=Yeshika|first=Mathur|date=27 March 2018|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://tigersecurity.co.in/ Tiger Security Services] – Shera's company

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shera}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bodyguards]]
[[Category:Indian male bodybuilders]]

Mohun Bagan cricket team

2025-07-26T10:44:11Z

MarcellaGunter0: created new details - done

{{Short description|Indian professional cricket club based in Kolkata, West Bengal}}
{{About|the cricket team|the parent club|Mohun Bagan AC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| image = Mohun Bagan A.C. logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| nickname = The Mariners
| league =
| conference =
| association =
| captain =
| coach =
| chairman = Debasish Dutta
| overseas =
| owner =
| ceo =
| manager = [[Srinjoy Bose]]
| adviser =
| colours = {{Color box|green}} [[Green]] {{Color box|maroon}} [[Maroon]]
| founded = 1920s<ref name="Foundation">{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1920-1929/|title=Countrywide success – 1920 to 1929|publisher=mohunbaganclub.com|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505224747/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1920-1929/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| dissolved =
| ground = [[Eden Gardens]]
| capacity = 66,349
| title1 = CAB First Division League
| title1wins = 27<ref name="Trophies">{{cite web|url=https://www.themohunbaganac.com/tropy-room/|title=Trophy room–Cricket|publisher=themohunbaganac.com|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026183228/https://www.themohunbaganac.com/tropy-room/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| title2 = CAB Senior Knockout
| title2wins = 32<ref name="Trophies" />
| website = {{URL|https://www.themohunbaganac.com}}
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}}

'''Mohun Bagan cricket team''' is an Indian professional [[cricket]] team based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. It participates in various tournaments of varying age groups conducted by the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]]. The date of foundation of the cricket section is debatable but there have been mentions of the club having a cricket team from as far back as 1922. Currently the team participates in the CAB First Division League, CAB Senior Knockout, CAB Super League, Bengal T20 League and JC Mukherjee Trophy. The team plays its home matches mostly at the [[Eden Gardens]]. They have won over 110 major state-level trophies so far.<ref name="Trophies" /> In past many big names like [[Sourav Ganguly]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Virat Kohli]], [[MS Dhoni]] and even [[Sri Lanka Cricket|Sri Lankan]] player [[Chaminda Vaas]] had played for this legendary club.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-flashback-when-virat-kohli-appeared-for-mohun-bagan-9-years-ago-2628628/amp|title=When Virat Kohli appeared for Mohun Bagan in 2009|work=DNA India|access-date=20 November 2020|date=24 June 2018|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128152640/https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-flashback-when-virat-kohli-appeared-for-mohun-bagan-9-years-ago-2628628/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Current squad==
''{{As of|September 2020}}''
 
Player(s) with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; width:95%;"
|-
! text-align:center;"| Name
! text-align:center;"| {{tooltip|D.O.B.|Date of birth}}
! text-align:center;"| Batting style
! text-align:center;"| Bowling style
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|'''[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]''' || {{birth date and age|1985|11|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm spin
|-
| [[Sumanta Gupta]] || {{birth date and age|1991|2|9|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm spin
|-
| [[Sudip Chatterjee (cricketer)|Sudip Chatterjee]] || {{birth date and age|1991|11|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm spin
|-
| [[Arindam Ghosh (cricketer)|Arindam Ghosh]] || {{birth date and age|1984|4|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm spin
|-
| [[Rakesh Krishnan]] || {{birth date and age|1983|6|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || –
|-
| Aryasena Lahiri || {{birth date and age|2001|5|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm spin
|-
| [[Jayojit Basu]] || {{birth date and age|1989|9|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || –
|-
| [[Writtick Chatterjee]] || {{birth date and age|1992|9|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm spin
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Vivek Singh (cricketer)|Vivek Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1993|11|1|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm pace
|-
| [[Debabrata Das]] || {{birth date and age|1993|9|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || –
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|'''[[Mohammed Shami]]''' || {{birth date and age|1990|3|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm pace
|-
| Jayanta Das || {{birth date and age|1999|8|24|df=y}} || – || Left-arm spin
|-
| Turaka Kranthi || {{birth date and age|1999|11|7|df=y}} || – || Right-arm pace
|-
| Tuhin Banerjee || {{birth date and age|1992|9|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm spin
|-
| Kumar Shyam Yadaw || {{birth date and age|1999|11|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm pace
|-
| Sourav Mondal || {{birth date and age|1984|11|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm pace
|-
| [[Ayan Bhattacharjee]] || {{birth date and age|1991|7|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm pace
|-
| Rajkumar Pal || {{birth date and age|1983|12|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm spin
|-
| [[Sayan Mondal]] || {{birth date and age|1989|11|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm pace
|-
| Nilkantha Das || {{birth date and age|1987|4|12|df=y}} || – || Right-arm pace
|-
| Rahul Sethi || {{birth date and age|1988|8|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm pace
|-
| Pritam Chakraborty || {{birth date and age|1994|9|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm pace
|-
|}

==Honours==
*'''CAB First Division League''' (27): 1953–54, 1959–60, 1960 – 61, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1997–98, 1999–00, 2002–03, 2017–18
*'''CAB Super League''' (2): 2015–16, 2017–18
*'''CAB Senior Knockout''' (32): 1952–53, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1955–56, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1960–61, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1968–69, 1969–1970, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1984–1985, 1986–87, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2018–19
*'''P. Sen Trophy''' (20): 1972–73, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2000–01, 2008–09, 2011–12, 2022–23<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/sports/cricket-news-shakir-slams-157-as-mohun-bagan-stun-bhowanipore-to-clinch-p-sen-trophy-987915|title=ইডেনে দুরন্ত সেঞ্চুরি শাকিরের, ভবানীপুরকে হারিয়ে পি সেন ট্রফি চ্যাম্পিয়ন মোহনবাগান|trans-title=Shakir's stunning century at Eden, P Sen Trophy champions Mohun Bagan beat Bhawanipore|language=bn|date=24 June 2023|access-date=25 June 2023|website=bengali.abplive.com|publisher=Anandabazar Patrika|location=Kolkata|first=Sandip|last=Sarkar|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625181155/https://bengali.abplive.com/sports/cricket-news-shakir-slams-157-as-mohun-bagan-stun-bhowanipore-to-clinch-p-sen-trophy-987915}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/cricket/p-sen-trophy-mohun-bagan-beats-bhawanipore-club-to-become-champion-in-historical-cricket-match/|title=টানটান ম্যাচে ভবানীপুর ক্লাবকে হারিয়ে পি সেন ট্রফির চ্যাম্পিয়ন মোহনবাগান|trans-title=P Sen Trophy champion Mohun Bagan beat Bhawanipore Club in a tight match|language=bn|date=24 June 2023|access-date=25 June 2023|website=sangbadpratidin.in|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin|location=Kolkata|first=Debasish|last=Sen|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625181910/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/cricket/p-sen-trophy-mohun-bagan-beats-bhawanipore-club-to-become-champion-in-historical-cricket-match/}}</ref>
*'''J. C. Mukherjee Trophy''' (24): 1982–83, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–1997, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2023–24<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/cricket/after-cab-league-cab-one-day-bhawanipore-club-wins-jc-mukherjee-trophy-and-crown-treble|title=ত্রিমুকুট জয় ভবানীপুরের, সিএবি লিগ, প্রথম ডিভিশন ওয়ানডে খেতাবের পরে জেসি মুখার্জিতেও চ্যাম্পিয়ন|first1=Alapan|last1=Saha|website=sangbadpratidin.in|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin|location=Kolkata|date=1 July 2024|access-date=2 July 2024|trans-title=JC Mukherjee also champions after Trimukut Jai Bhavanipur, CAB League, First Division ODI title|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702101845/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/cricket/after-cab-league-cab-one-day-bhawanipore-club-wins-jc-mukherjee-trophy-and-crown-treble/|archive-date=2 July 2024}}</ref>
*'''A. N. Ghosh Trophy''' (8): 1993–94, 1994–95, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2009–2010, 2010–11, 2011–12

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/cricket.html |title=CALCUTTA — CRICKET CLUBS — Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB) |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427103907/https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/cricket.html |website=calcuttayellowpages.com |publisher=Calcutta Yellow Pages Calcutta |access-date=31 January 2023 }}
* {{Cite web|title=When Swami Vivekananda claimed seven wickets and other Eden Gardens tales|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html|access-date=17 November 2021|website=newindianexpress.com|agency=Express News Service|date=4 May 2019|location=Kolkata|first1=Atreyo|last1=Mukhopadhyay|publisher=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416020605/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html|archive-date=16 April 2023}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[https://www.themohunbaganac.com/ Club website]

{{Mohun Bagan AC}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Mohun Bagan AC| ]]
[[Category:Cricket in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian club cricket teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kolkata]]

Megha Mathew

2025-07-16T13:23:19Z

MarcellaGunter0:

{{short description|Indian film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Megha Mathew}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Megha Mathew
| image = Megha pics e.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Film actress
* model
}}
| family =
}}

'''Megha Mathew''' is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Malayalam film]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/mollywood/050718/a-blissful-journey.html |title=A blissful journey |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref> She made her debut in 2016 in ''[[Aanandam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actor Sudheep and Actress Megha Mathew on Oru Mexican Aparatha | date=28 February 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_R4uEgTvek |publisher=[[Manorama News]] |accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>

==Acting career==
Mathew started her film career in the film ''Aanandam'' (2016). ''Aanandam'' is an Indian Malayalam [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Ganesh Raj in his directorial debut and produced by Vineeth Srinivasan. Subsequently, she was offered parts in ''Oru Mexican Aparatha'' also as a college student. ''Oru Mexican Aparatha'' is an Indian Malayalam film directed by Tom Emmatty along with [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Roopesh Peethambaran]], [[Neeraj Madhav]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Oru Mexican Aparatha movie review: Interesting political saga with an undisguised Communist soul |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/oru-mexican-aparatha-movie-review-interesting-political-saga-with-an-undisguised-communist-soul-3331874.html |accessdate=13 March 2017 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>

Mathew's upcoming release is Sidhique Thamarassery's directorial debut ''Sakhavinte Priyasakhi''.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Aanandam]]'' || Swetha||Uncredited
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017 || ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]'' || Ardra ||
|-
| ''[[Adam Joan (film)|Adam Joan]]''|| Niya ||
|-
| ''[[Tiyaan]]''|| Indhu||
|-
| ''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]''||Athira||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2018 || ''[[Sakhavinte Priyasakhi]]'' || Lissy ||
|-
|''Haram''||Geethu ||Musical Album
|-
|''Mercy Killing''||Mercy ||Short film
|-
| ''[[Vikadakumaran]]'' || Mini ||
|-
| ''[[Neerali]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Mandharam]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/megha-mathew-in-asif-alis-mandaram/articleshow/62050238.cms |title=Oru Mexican Aparatha actress Megha Mathew joins Asif Ali's Mandaram - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 December 2017 }}</ref> || Remya ||
|-
| ''[[Kaly (film)|Kaly]]'' || Andriya ||
|-
| ''[[Neeli (film)|Neeli]]'' || Zareena ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019|| ''[[Oru Caribbean Udayippu]]'' || Avanthika ||
|-
| ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
| 2021|| ''The Creator'' || ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Aviyal (2022 film)|Aviyal]]''|| align=center|NA || as Executive Producer
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Megha}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Jayadheer Tirumala Rao

2025-07-09T03:36:32Z

MarcellaGunter0: New first bio basic info...

{{Short description|Indian scholar}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayadheer Tirumala Rao
| image = Jayadheer_Tirumal_Rao.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|06|20|df=y}}<ref name="kathanilayam">{{cite web |title=కథానిలయం - View Writer |url=https://kathanilayam.com/writer/472 |website=kathanilayam.com |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>
| birth_name = Repalle Tirumala Rao
| birth_place = Warangal<ref name="kathanilayam"/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]]
| father =
| mother =
| occupation = folk researcher, historian, poet
| relatives =
}}
'''Jayadheer Tirumala Rao''' (born 20 June 1950) is a professor, poet, and historian from [[Telangana]], India. He has been researching about tribal people and their culture for more than 35 years.<ref name="telanganatoday">{{cite web |last1=Pecheti |first1=Prakash |title=Jayadhir Tirumala Rao revives art and culture of Adivasis |url=https://telanganatoday.com/jayadhir-tirumala-rao-revives-art-and-culture-of-adivasis |website=Telangana Today |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=17 November 2020}}</ref>

== Life ==
Jayadheer Tirumala Rao graduated from [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University|Telugu university]] in 1974. He became interested in studying the [[Gondi people|Gonds]] and [[Chenchu people|Chenchu]] tribes spread in southern Indian forests.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |last1=Chak |first1=Rahul |title=Tales of the marginalised collected over three decades {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tales-of-the-marginalised-collected-over-three-decades/articleshow/89769672.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He gathered the oral histories of several tribes like Koyas as part of his research.<ref name="uvishal">{{cite web |last1=U |first1=Vishal |title=A Tiger, A Tribal Deity & Asia’s Largest Tribal Gathering {{!}} Madras Courier |url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/a-tiger-a-tribal-deity-a-state-festival/ |website=madrascourier.com |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=24 February 2022}}</ref>

He was elected as the president of Telangana writers forum in 2014.<ref name="pratap">{{cite web |last1=Pratap |title=తెలంగాణ రచయితల వేదికకు జయధీర్ (పిక్చర్స్) |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/telangana/jayadheer-lead-telangana-writers-146222.html |website=telugu.oneindia.com |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=te |date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="HandsIndia">{{cite web |title=The Politics of Language |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2015-10-31/The-Politics-of-Language/183749 |website=www.thehansindia.com |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en |date=1 November 2015}}</ref>

In 2017, he conducted an exhibition in [[Ravindra Bharathi]], Hyderabad with the items he had collected from various places in the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref name="sakshi">{{cite web |title=ఆధిపత్య చరిత్రకు భిన్నమైన జనచరిత్ర |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/vedika/special-interview-with-professor-jayadheer-tirumala-rao-449291 |website=Sakshi |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=te |date=12 February 2017}}</ref> In 2019, an open music exhibition was conducted showcasing more than 100 varieties of musical instruments collected by him.<ref name="tnm">{{cite web |title=Rare tribal and folk instruments from Telangana to be displayed at Hyd exhibition |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rare-tribal-and-folk-instruments-telangana-be-displayed-hyd-exhibition-111700 |website=The News Minute |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en |date=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="kvenu">{{cite web |last1=Kasara |first1=Venu |title=తెలంగాణ కళల తావు తిరుమల రావు |url=https://magazine.telangana.gov.in/telangana-is-home-of-arts-says-tirumal-rao/ |website=తెలంగాణ |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=1 September 2021}}</ref> In 2021, he organized another exhibition which showcased rare manuscripts at State Art Gallery, Madhapur.<ref name="Mounika">{{cite web |last1=KV |first1=Moulika |title=Telangana: 300-year-old manuscript a big draw at exhibition {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/300-yr-old-manuscript-a-big-draw-at-exhibition/articleshow/84934666.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

He documented the oral history of [[Sammakka Saralamma Jatara|Sammakka Saralamma]] popular deities among the tribal people.<ref name="Swathi">{{cite web |last1=Swathi |first1=V. |title=His voice, a capsule of tribal histories |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/his-voice-a-capsule-of-tribal-histories/article22406556.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en-IN |date=9 January 2018}}</ref>

He promotes state policy changes to continue the tribal arts and culture for future generations.<ref name="tnie">{{cite web |last1=Bhoomi |first1=Vivek |title=Awards welcome, but can they sustain tribal art forms? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/jan/27/awards-welcome-but-can-they-sustain-tribal-art-forms-2411792.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>

== Works ==
He wrote a series of essays with the title ''Tovva Muchatlu'' in [[Andhra Bhoomi]] from 2011 to 2018. In these articles he depicted cultural, economic, and socio-political issues.<ref name="prabhakar">{{cite web |last1=A. K. |first1=Prabhakar |title=నిత్య పథికుడి నిరంతర సంభాషణ - జయధీర్ తిరుమలరావు తొవ్వ ముచ్చట్లు : ఎ. కె. ప్రభాకర్ |url=https://www.teluputv.com/ak-prabhakars-preface-on-jayadheer-thirumala-raos-thovva-muchhatlu-7th-part |website=Telupu TV - Telugu News |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=19 July 2022}}</ref>

He wrote three poetry books: ''Aranya Nethram'', ''Prathi Dhvanulu'', ''Aagraha Geethalu''.<ref>{{cite web |title=ఖాళీల పూరింపే నా కృషి: జయధీర్‌ |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/sahiti/essay/2003/jayadheer.html |website=telugu.oneindia.com |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=te |date=19 November 2003}}</ref>

== References ==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Jayadheer Tirumala}}
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]

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