https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MarcellaBehrend 2026-07-27T13:34:57Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swami_Brahmdev_Ji_Maharaj&diff=538814 2026-05-08T12:09:51Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian social worker}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Swami Brahmdev Ji Maharaj<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = Rajasthan, India<br /> | occupation = Social worker<br /> | known_for = Work for persons with disabilities<br /> | awards = Padma Shri (2026)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Swami Brahmdev Ji Maharaj''' is an Indian social worker from [[Sri Ganganagar]] district of [[Rajasthan]]. He is associated with social welfare activities, particularly for persons with visual and hearing impairments. In 2026, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in recognition of his contributions to social work.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2026 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218547&amp;reg=3&amp;lang=1 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=15 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MHA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2026 list |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards2026W_25012026.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=15 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Social work ==<br /> Swami Brahmdev Ji Maharaj has been involved in social service activities in Rajasthan, particularly in Sri Ganganagar district, for several decades.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Padma Shri Swami Brahmadev Maharaj to be honoured for decades of social service |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/sri-ganganagar-swami-brahmadev-maharaj-who-has-been-engaged-in-social-service-for-50-years-will-receive-the-padma-shri-award-10883530 |publisher=NDTV Rajasthan |access-date=15 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; His work has focused on services for visually impaired and hearing-impaired individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBT&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Padma Shri Swami Brahmdev Maharaj profile |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/sriganganagar/padma-shri-swami-brahmadev-maharaj-profile-and-learn-about-his-noble-work-in-rajasthan/articleshow/127531949.cms |publisher=Navbharat Times |access-date=15 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> In January 2026, he was named as a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] award in the field of social work.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MHA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ETV1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Swami Brahmdev Ji dedicates Padma Shri to his team |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/not-just-one-person-endeavor-padma-shri-swami-brahmdev-ji-maharaj-dedicates-award-to-team-enn26012604256 |publisher=ETV Bharat |access-date=15 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;News18&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Padma Shri 2026: Swami Brahmdev Ji Maharaj profile |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jaipur-rajasthan-padma-shri-2026-swami-brahmdev-ji-ganganagar-piyush-pandey-tribute-10107138.html |publisher=News18 Hindi |access-date=15 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ETV2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Padma Shri award announced for Swami Brahmdev Ji Maharaj |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/bharat/swami-brahmadev-ji-maharaj-of-sri-ganganagar-has-been-announced-as-a-recipient-of-the-padma-shri-award-hindi-news-rjn26012603159 |publisher=ETV Bharat Hindi |access-date=15 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian social workers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sri Ganganagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=INS_Sindhuratna&diff=503534 2026-05-05T16:47:54Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Navy diesel-electric submarine}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}{{italic title|string=Sindhuratna}}<br /> {{Infobox ship<br /> |section1={{Infobox ship/image<br /> |image =<br /> |image_caption =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section2={{Infobox ship/career<br /> |hide_header =<br /> |country = India<br /> |flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}<br /> |name = INS ''Sindhuratna''<br /> |namesake =<br /> |ordered =<br /> |builder =<br /> |laid_down =<br /> |launched =15 April 1988<br /> |acquired =<br /> |commissioned = 22 December 1988<br /> |decommissioned =<br /> |in_service =<br /> |out_of_service =<br /> |struck =<br /> |reinstated =<br /> |fate =<br /> |status ={{ship in active service}}<br /> |badge = }}<br /> <br /> |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br /> |hide_header =<br /> |header_caption =<br /> |class = {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine}}<br /> |displacement=*2325 tons surfaced<br /> *3076 tons dived<br /> |length = {{convert|72.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> |beam = {{convert|9.9|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> |draught = {{convert|6.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> |draft =<br /> |propulsion =*2 × {{convert|3650|hp|abbr=on}} diesel-electric motors<br /> *1 × {{convert|5900|hp|abbr=on}} motor<br /> *2 × {{convert|204|hp|abbr=on}} auxiliary motors<br /> *1 × {{convert|130|hp|abbr=on}} economic speed motor<br /> |speed =*Surfaced; {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Rosoboron exports - Project 636|url=https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/submarines/project-636/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Snorkel Mode; {{convert|9|kn|km/h}}<br /> *Submerged; {{convert|19|kn|km/h}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> |range =*Snorting: {{convert|6000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|7|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}<br /> *Submerged: {{convert|400|mi|km}} at {{convert|3|kn|km/h}}<br /> |endurance = Up to 45 days with a crew of 52<br /> |test_depth =*Operational Depth; {{convert|240|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> *Maximum Depth; {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> |complement = 52 (incl. 13 Officers, 39 [[Naval rating|Ratings]])<br /> |sensors =<br /> |EW =<br /> |armament =*[[Strela 3|9M36 Strela-3]] (SA-N-8) SAM launcher<br /> *[[3M-54 Klub|Klub-S (3M-54E) ASCM]]<br /> *[[53-65 torpedo|Type 53-65]] passive wake homing torpedo<br /> *TEST 71/76 anti-submarine, active-passive homing torpedo<br /> *24 DM-1 [[Naval mine|mines]] in lieu of torpedo tube<br /> |notes =<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''INS ''Sindhuratna'' (S59)''' ({{Lit|Jewel of the Sea}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8&amp;oldid=71828804|title=रत्न|date=17 March 2023|via=Wiktionary}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine|0}} diesel-electric [[submarine]] of the [[Indian Navy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sindhughosh Class|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/sindhughosh-class|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=15 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 26 February 2014 smoke was detected on Indian Navy submarine INS Sindhuratna off [[Mumbai]] coast, and onboard 4-5 sailors were airlifted to a Mumbai hospital after they fell unconscious from suffocation. The senior-most submarine officer of the Western Naval Command was on board.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NDTV News|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/smoke-detected-on-indian-navy-submarine-ins-sindhuratna-off-mumbai-coast-4-5-sailors-moved-to-hospit-488403?curl=1393397104|access-date=26 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2 people were killed while 7 were injured. The cause of the fire remains unknown. As per reports, smoke had engulfed compartment No. 3 in the sailors’ accommodation area when the submarine was underwater during a training mission, leading to deaths and injuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Indian Navy initiates Probe into INS Sindhuratna Accident|url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/indian-navy-initiates-probe-into-ins-sindhuratna-accident/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=27 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/batteries-may-have-caused-blast-in-ins-sindhuratna/article5733532.ece?homepage=true%7CBatteries|title=Batteries may have caused blast in INS Sindhuratna|date=2014-02-28|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The two officers killed in the accident were Lt. Commander Kapish Singh Muwal and Lt. Commander Manoranjan Kumar. Their funeral was conducted with full military honors, with the Naval Ensign lowered to half mast. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Full military honours for dead officers in INS Sindhuratna Tragedy|url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/full-military-honours-for-dead-officers-in-ins-sindhuratna-tragedy/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=28 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Accident onboard INS Sindhuratna {{!}} Indian Navy|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/hi/content/accident-onboard-ins-sindhuratna|access-date=2022-01-06|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Kilo class submarine}}<br /> {{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhuratna (S59)}}<br /> [[Category:Sindhughosh-class submarines]]<br /> [[Category:Attack submarines]]<br /> [[Category:Ships built by Sevmash]]<br /> [[Category:1988 ships]]<br /> [[Category:Submarines of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian submarine accidents]]<br /> <br /> {{submarine-stub}}<br /> {{India-mil-stub}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Razwan&diff=485518 2026-05-04T05:44:02Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: added a bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Classical Musician}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Dr. Ali F. M. Razwan<br /> | image = Acharya_in_the_colors_of_Raga.jpg<br /> | caption = Razwan performing<br /> | occupation = [[Hindustani Classical music|Hindustani classical Vocalist]], [[Musicology|Musicologist]]<br /> | years_active = 1983–present<br /> | background = solo_singer<br /> | genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ali F. M. Razwan''' is an [[Indian Classical Music|Indian classical musician]] in the Hindustani tradition. He belongs to the [[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior]]-[[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana|Jaipur]]-[[Agra gharana|Agra]] [[gharana]].<br /> <br /> Ali is the only non-Indian to have received the Sangeet Acharya degree. Dr. Ali's style of rendition has influences from laya, chhanda, bolbaat, boltan, layakari of Gwalior, and Binkari alap.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/in-conversation-with-dr-rezwan-ali|title=In conversation with Dr. Rezwan Ali|first=Zahangir|last=Alom|date=27 September 2013|website=The Daily Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=আপাদমস্তক নন্দন, দর্শন, সংগীত: আলী এফ. এম রেজওয়ান | date=6 February 2025 | url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/art-literature/ajprmr6lhm54t }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Ali F. M. Razwan was born as the sixth child of A. B. Lutfi Ali.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/through-the-eyes-of-razwan-ali-9182|title=Through the Eyes of Razwan Ali|first=Zia Nazmul|last=Islam|date=1 February 2014|website=The Daily Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=আপাদমস্তক নন্দন, দর্শন, সংগীত: আলী এফ. এম রেজওয়ান | date=6 February 2025 | url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/art-literature/ajprmr6lhm54t }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the age of fifteen, Ali commenced music lessons from Bholanath Bhattacharya of [[Magura District|Magura]] at the [[Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy|Shilpakala Academy]]. Subsequently, until 1983, he studied under Professor Chandi Prashad Chatarjee. From 1984 to 1988, he was under the tutelage of Ustad Abdul Bari Khan. Concurrently, he received training in [[Nazrul Geeti|Nazrul Sangeet]] at [[Bulbul Lalitakala Academy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Ali was awarded the [[ICCR]] scholarship in 1988 and pursued Bachelors and Masters degrees at the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]. There, he received training in classical music of the Gwalior gharana from musicians like Pandit Shikantha Garage, Pandit Anilbhai Vaishnav, Pandit Ishwarbhai Yadav, and Pandit Dwarakanath Bhosle. He also studied Jaipur gharana under [[Subhada Desai]] and Kirana gharana under Pandit Lakshmikant Pyarelal Bapat. He learned Nauhar bani (stylistic variants) Dhrupad Sangeet from Pandit Harishchandra Chaturvedi during his research in Mumbai and trained under Pandit [[V. R. Athavale]] and Pandit [[Arun Kashalkar]] in Gwalior gharana-Jaipur gharana.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Sangeet Acharya Ali FM Razwan.jpg|thumb|Sangeet Acharya with Pandit Ulhas Kashalkar, Pandit Uday Bhawalkar, Pandit Suresh Talwalkar, Pandit Kushal Das, Pandit Tejendra Narayan Majumder.]]<br /> <br /> Ali's style was influenced by laya, chhanda, bolbaat, boltan, and layakari of Gwalior gharana. Most importantly, the style he follows as a classical artiste, his seven-year training from Pandit Narayan Patwardhan Rao of progressive Gwalior Gharana, and training from Kalpana Bhattacharya in [[Agra gharana|Agra Gharana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Ali earned a Bachelor of Performing Arts (Vocal Music) with distinctions in 1991 and a Masters of Performing Arts (Vocal Music) with distinctions in 1993 from the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]. He obtained a Doctorate of Philosophy in 2016 from [[Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, New Delhi|Gandharva Mahavidyalaya]]. His dissertation was &quot;Diffusion and Diffraction of Raga in Bangladeshi Folk Music,&quot; supervised by Pt. Sudheer H. Pote.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.swarganga.org/artist%20details.php?id=595{{dead link|date=May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Ali is the first non-Indian to be conferred the title of Sangeet Acharya in vocal music from [[Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal]]—the highest academic degree.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/music/music-about-perseverance-1593907|title=&quot;Music is about perseverance&quot;|first=Priyanka|last=Chowdhury|date=23 June 2018|website=The Daily Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Assistant Professor of Classical Music (Vocal), [[Jagannath University]], Bangladesh, 2016–present&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://jnu.ac.bd/profile/portal/web/145 | title=Dr.Ali F.M Razwan|website=Jagannath University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=আপাদমস্তক নন্দন, দর্শন, সংগীত: আলী এফ. এম রেজওয়ান | date=6 February 2025 | url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/art-literature/ajprmr6lhm54t }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Visiting Scholar and Guru, Department of Classical Music, Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/interview/many-happy-returns-1530373|title=Many happy returns|first=Zahangir|last=Alom|date=6 February 2018|website=The Daily Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=আপাদমস্তক নন্দন, দর্শন, সংগীত: আলী এফ. এম রেজওয়ান | date=6 February 2025 | url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/art-literature/ajprmr6lhm54t }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Music directions at [[Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy]]<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/music/news/diptee-samadder-dipus-patriotic-songs-unveiled-3209341|title=Diptee Samadder Dipu's patriotic songs unveiled|date=31 December 2022|website=The Daily Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> *Gyanacharya Pt. Vishnudigambar Award, 2016&lt;ref&gt;https://msubaroda.ac.in/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Disciples==<br /> Ali has many disciples, among whom the noteworthy ones are '''Avipriyo Chakraborty, Afroja Roopa, Tahsinul Islam Aurko, Rimel Sarker'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=আপাদমস্তক নন্দন, দর্শন, সংগীত: আলী এফ. এম রেজওয়ান | date=6 February 2025 | url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/art-literature/ajprmr6lhm54t }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title='ওয়ার্ল্ড মিউজিক' আর ভারতীয় রাগ সংগীতের ফিউশন সুখশ্রাব্য হলেও ইতিহাস-বিচ্যুত | url=https://robbar.in/mixed-bag/an-article-about-indian-classical-music-and-its-situation-in-post-post-modern-society/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Published books and articles==<br /> &quot;রাগ সন্দর্শন,&quot; published by [[Jagannath University]] Publishing House &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/217593/rag-sandarshan|title=রাগ সন্দর্শন - ড. আলী এফ এম রেজোয়ান|website=www.rokomari.com|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &quot;দশ ঠাট-প্ৰেক্ষাপটে রাগ- বর্গীকরণে বর্তমান বাঁধা,&quot; Volume 11.1, January–June 2021, Jagannath University Journal of Arts.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{ResearchGate | id= Dali-Fm-Razwan | name= D.Ali F.M Razwan Razwan }}<br /> *{{twitter|lakshyapar|Lakshyapar}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ali Razwan}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Gwalior gharana]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani singers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian classical composers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian musical theatre composers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian musicologists]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nageshwar_Rao&diff=519911 2026-05-02T14:20:23Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian professor}}<br /> {{Infobox academic<br /> | name = Nageshwar Rao<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1955}}<br /> | occupation = [[Professor]], [[Academic administrator]]<br /> | known_for = Vice Chancellor of [[IGNOU]]<br /> | discipline = [[Commerce]], [[Business Management]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nageshwar Rao''' (born 1955) is a retired Indian professor who served as Vice Chancellor of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chaudhari |first=Abhishek |date=2018-07-27 |title=IGNOU: Prof Nageshwar Rao takes charge as VC |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ignou-prof-nageshwar-rao-takes-charge-as-vc/articleshow/65157661.cms |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-26 |title=IGNOU appoints Nageshwar Rao as new VC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/ignou-appoints-nageshwar-rao-as-new-vc-5277955/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; the largest open university in the world,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-31 |title=Professor Rao is new vice chancellor of IGNOU |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/540221 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Saudi Gazette]] |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; and former Director of the [[Central Hindi Directorate]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Director Introduction |url=http://chd.mhrd.gov.in/en/director-introduction |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Central Hindi Directorate]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and served as Director of the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=IGNOU VC gets IIAS director's charge |language=en |work=[[The Tribune India]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/ignou-vc-gets-iias-directors-charge-397508 |access-date=2023-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vice Chancellor of [[Uttarakhand Open University]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nageshwar Rao is new VC of Uttarakhand Open University |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/nageshwar-rao-is-new-vc-of-uttarakhand-open-university.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Daily Pioneer]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-07-29 |title=Nagershwar Rao appointed Rajarshi Tandan Open University VC |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nagershwar-rao-appointed-rajarshi-tandan-open-university-vc/articleshow/3303184.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is an Honorary Fellow of the [[Commonwealth of Learning]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=COL announces new Honorary Fellows |url=https://www.col.org/news/col-announces-new-honorary-fellows/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Commonwealth of Learning |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Academic career ==<br /> Rao served as [[Professor]] from October 1990 to December 2013 at the Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Business Management (Pt. JNIBM), [[Vikram University]], [[Ujjain]]. He was also a [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in the Faculty of Management Studies at [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Varanasi]], between February 1985 and October 1990, and a [[Lecturer]] in the Department of Commerce &amp; Business Administration at the [[University of Allahabad]], [[Allahabad]], between July 1978 and February 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Nageshwar Rao {{!}} Uttarakhand Open University |url=https://uou.ac.in/vc/prof-nageshwar-rao |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=uou.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Administrative roles ==<br /> Rao held several key academic administrative roles:<br /> <br /> * Vice Chancellor, [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chaudhari |first=Abhishek |date=2018-07-27 |title=IGNOU: Prof Nageshwar Rao takes charge as VC |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ignou-prof-nageshwar-rao-takes-charge-as-vc/articleshow/65157661.cms |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Vice Chancellor, [[Uttarakhand Open University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nageshwar Rao is new VC of Uttarakhand Open University |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/nageshwar-rao-is-new-vc-of-uttarakhand-open-university.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Daily Pioneer]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Vice Chancellor, Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-07-29 |title=Nagershwar Rao appointed Rajarshi Tandan Open University VC |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nagershwar-rao-appointed-rajarshi-tandan-open-university-vc/articleshow/3303184.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Director, [[Central Hindi Directorate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Director Introduction |url=http://chd.mhrd.gov.in/en/director-introduction |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Central Hindi Directorate]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Director, [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=IGNOU VC gets IIAS director's charge |language=en |work=[[The Tribune India]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/ignou-vc-gets-iias-directors-charge-397508 |access-date=2023-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Honours ==<br /> * Honorary Fellow of the [[Commonwealth of Learning]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=COL announces new Honorary Fellows |url=https://www.col.org/news/col-announces-new-honorary-fellows/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Commonwealth of Learning |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Nageshwar}}<br /> [[Category:Indian academics]]<br /> [[Category:Indian directors]]<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-academic-bio-stub}}<br /> {{Academic-administrator-stub}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopal_Sharman&diff=500880 2026-04-30T00:41:29Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: started the bio added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian playwright (1935–2016)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Gopal Sharman<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1935|8|19}} <br /> | birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|06|16|1935|8|19}}<br /> | death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|poet|journalist}}<br /> | known_for = English play based on the ''Ramayana''<br /> | spouse = [[Jalabala Vaidya]]<br /> | children = 2<br /> }}<br /> {{Refimprove|date=July 2023}}<br /> <br /> '''Gopal Sharman''' (19 August 1935 – 16 June 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/The-stage-his-muse/article14397150.ece |title=The stage, his muse |first=Diwan | last=Singh Bajeli |date=2016-06-23 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2017-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was an Indian playwright known for his dramatic English version of ''[[The Ramayana]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Sharman|first1=Gopal|title=The Ramayab|date=20 May 2005|publisher=Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7276-329-8|edition=First}}&lt;/ref&gt; which has been presented on stage more than 2,000 times. His Akshara Theatre&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/bidding-farewell-to-the-entertainer-gopal-sharman/story-9U8G0EeNQx8asHJrtEN0tO.html|title=Bidding farewell to the entertainer, Gopal Sharman|date=8 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a hub of cultural activity in [[New Delhi]] and is studied by architecture students.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and career==<br /> Born in [[Calcutta]], India, on 19 August 1935, Gopal was the sixth child of Buddhidhan Sharman, a medical doctor, and his wife Savitri. Both parents were [[Sanskrit]] scholars and fought for India's independence from British rule.<br /> <br /> Sharman started his working life as a journalist in [[Lucknow]] and Calcutta but shifted to [[Delhi]] in 1958, where he began writing on the performing arts for several major Indian newspapers. He later moved to [[London]] where he wrote on the arts for ''[[The Times]]'' and ''[[The Sunday Times]]''. His book on [[music of India|Indian music]], ''Filigree in Sound'', was published in London by [[André Deutsch]]. He also wrote columns for ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==Theatrical career==<br /> He rose to prominence as a playwright and director with his very first production, ''Full Circle'', a collection of stories and poems performed by his actress wife, [[Jalabala Vaidya]]. The production was of contemporary India, mixing together poverty, classical Indian thought, comic asides, and cobweb-shrouded government departments.<br /> <br /> ''Full Circle'' had its London premiere at the [[Mercury Theatre]]. ''The Sunday Times'' hailed Sharman as a &quot;new major poet&quot; and said of Jalabala Vaidya: &quot;she performs exquisitely.&quot; ''[[The Guardian]]'' described Sharman as &quot;a Renaissance man who would leave any Medici panting well in the rear'&quot;.<br /> <br /> The [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] invited him to bring a play to its World Theatre Season. Sharman returned to India to write his dramatic, contemporary version of the 5,000-year-old Indian epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' in English. The four-act play retells the epic story from a contemporary viewpoint, but without any loss of reverence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Vaidya|first1=Anasuya|title=Gopal Sharman|url=http://www.aksharatheatre.com/#!gopal-sharman/c19fw|website=www.aksharatheatre.com|publisher=wix.com|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=30 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130142114/http://www.aksharatheatre.com/#!gopal-sharman/c19fw|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sharman's version of ''The Ramayana'' is widely acclaimed in India, with more than 2,000 performances to date. It has played on London's [[West End theatre|West End]]; on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and at the [[United Nations Headquarters]] in New York City; at the [[Smithsonian Institution]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=R. Morris|first1=James|title=Smithsonian Institution|journal=Man and His Culture|date=15 March 1975}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Washington, D.C.; the National Theatres of Finland and Canada — even in the Bahamas and the Fiji Islands — and {{citation needed span|text=in more cities and towns in India than any other theatrical production since after Independence.|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> When ''The Ramayana'' played in New York, ''[[The New York Times]]'' hailed Sharman's play as &quot;India's Gift to Broadway&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Shephard|first1=Richard|title=About New York|agency=The New York Times Company|issue=24 January 1975|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the U.S. West Coast, poet Gene Detro wrote in Portland's ''[[The Oregon Journal]]'': &quot;Both poet playwright Gopal Sharman and his actress wife Jalabala Vaidya are possessed of genius … Sharman's script fuses poetic power with the pacing of a very fine film editor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Detro|first1=Gene|title=Performance held &quot;Strong Magic&quot;|issue=10 May 1974|publisher=The Oregon Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The Akshara Theatre==<br /> [[File:OpenAirTheatre.jpg|thumbnail|The Akshara Outdoor Pipal Tree Theatre created by Sharman]]<br /> Sharman created an arts complex in the [[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]] in New Delhi called the Akshara National Classical Theatre. He designed and built it himself, using his own stone carvings as embellishments. The complex houses three theatres, television production studios and a gallery. The couple also worked and lived there.<br /> <br /> ==Television work==<br /> Sharman made a series of television programmes and documentaries from the mid-1980s. These include the ''India Alive'' series, ''The Kashmir Story'', ''The Sufi Way'', ''Music Alive'' and ''My Life Is My Song'', all telecast nationally. His 11-part series ''India'' was shown on the American [[PBS]] network.<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> Sharmam's plays include:<br /> * ''Alice &amp; Humpty Dumpty''<br /> * ''The Bhagavad Gita''<br /> * ''Full Circle''<br /> * ''I, Galileo Galilei''<br /> * ''In Goethe's Magical World''<br /> * ''India Alive''<br /> * ''Jeevan Geet''<br /> * ''Karma''<br /> * ''Larflarflarf''<br /> * ''Let's Laugh Again''<br /> * ''The Ramayana''<br /> * ''This and That''<br /> <br /> His television work includes:<br /> <br /> * ''Kathanjali'', a five-part series based on his own stories as well as Tagore's ''[[Gitanjali]]'' and ''The Kabuliwala''<br /> * ''India Alive'', a 31-part series<br /> * ''The Kashmir Story'', a two-and-a-half-hour documentary <br /> * ''Music Alive'', an eight-part series <br /> * ''My Life Is My Song'', his musical documentary<br /> * ''Sufi Way'', a six-part series&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Vaidya|first1=Anasuya|title=Gopal Sharman|url=http://www.aksharatheatre.com/#!gopal-sharman/c19fw|website=www.aksharatheatre.com|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=30 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130142114/http://www.aksharatheatre.com/#!gopal-sharman/c19fw|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sharman wrote four books:<br /> *''Filigree in Sound'' on Indian music, published by Andre Deutsch of London<br /> *''The Ramayana'', the epic as a play in English, published by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan<br /> *''Don’t Miss It'', the story of the Akshara Theatre's beginnings, published by the Akshara Press<br /> *''Karma'', an [[Upanishadic]] musical, published by the Akshara Press&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Vaidya|first1=Anasuya|title=Gopal Sharman|url=http://www.aksharatheatre.com/#!gopal-sharman/c19fw|website=www.aksharatheatre.com|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=30 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130142114/http://www.aksharatheatre.com/#!gopal-sharman/c19fw|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sharman, Gopal}}<br /> [[Category:1935 births]]<br /> [[Category:2016 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Indian founders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian expatriates in England]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male poets]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Organization founders]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from New Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raviwar_Peth&diff=530045 2026-04-27T14:05:41Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: created a data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Locality in cities of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{about||the locality in Pune|Raviwar Peth, Pune}}<br /> {{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> <br /> '''Raviwar Peth''' is a general term, in the Marathi language, for a locality in the Indian cities. These include cities like [[Pune]], [[Solapur]], [[Madhavnagar]], [[Karad]], [[Ahmednagar]] etc. The term Raviwar has derived from the day [[Sunday]] in [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<br /> <br /> [[Category:Geography of Maharashtra]]<br /> <br /> {{Pune-geo-stub}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhanbad_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=496622 2026-04-19T08:36:32Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: started some stub needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Jharkhand}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Dhanbad &lt;Br&gt;{{Small|JH-7}}<br /> | type = LS<br /> | constituency_no = <br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Jharkhand/Dhanbad.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | mp = [[Dulu Mahato]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | state = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Bokaro (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bokaro]]&lt;br&gt;[[Chandankiyari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandankiyari]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sindri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sindri]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nirsa]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dhanbad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]]&lt;br&gt;[[Jharia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jharia]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Jharkhand]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency covers parts of [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]] and [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]] districts.<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Presently, Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|title=Parliamentary Constituency|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jharkhand website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226080317/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|archivedate=2012-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |36<br /> |[[Bokaro (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bokaro]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]<br /> |[[Shwettaa Singh]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> |37<br /> |[[Chandankiyari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandankiyari]] (SC)<br /> |[[Umakant Rajak]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |-<br /> |38<br /> |[[Sindri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sindri]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]<br /> |[[Bablu Mahato]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |39<br /> |[[Nirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nirsa]]<br /> |[[Arup Chatterjee]]<br /> |-<br /> |40<br /> |[[Dhanbad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]]<br /> |[[Raj Sinha]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |41<br /> |[[Jharia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jharia]]<br /> |[[Ragini Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> |-<br /> ! Year <br /> ! Name <br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[P. C. Bose]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |P. R. Chakravarti<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |Rani Lalita Rajya Laxmi<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Independent}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |[[Ram Narain Sharma]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[A. K. Roy]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Marxist Coordination Committee]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |[[Shankar Dayal Singh]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |[[A. K. Roy]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Rita Verma]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |[[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Pashupati Nath Singh]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> ||[[Dulu Mahato]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election result ==<br /> ===2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Dhanbad]]}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dulu Mahato]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,89,172|percentage=55.26|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anupama Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,57,789|percentage=32.04|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Eklak Ansari|party=Independent|votes=79,653|percentage=5.58|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |votes = 7,354<br /> |percentage = 0.51<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes= 3,31,583|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=14,31,957|percentage=62.52|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner =Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Dhanbad]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Pashupati Nath Singh]] <br /> |votes = 8,27,234<br /> |percentage = 66.03<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Kirti Azad]]<br /> |votes = 3,41,040<br /> |percentage = 27.22<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Madhvi Singh<br /> |votes = 8,235<br /> |percentage = 0.66<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |votes = 4,345<br /> |percentage = 0.38<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 4,86,194<br /> |percentage = 38.81<br /> |change = <br /> }} <br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 12,53,265<br /> |percentage = 60.47<br /> |change = -0.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Dhanbad]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Pashupati Nath Singh]] <br /> |votes = 5,43,491<br /> |percentage = 47.51<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Ajay Kumar Dubey<br /> |votes = 2,50,537<br /> |percentage = 21.90<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Marxist Co-ordination Committee<br /> |candidate = [[Anand Mahato]]<br /> |votes = 1,10,185<br /> |percentage = 9.63<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)<br /> |candidate = [[Samresh Singh]]<br /> |votes = 90,926<br /> |percentage = 7.95<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]]<br /> |votes = 29,937<br /> |percentage = 2.62<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All Jharkhand Students Union<br /> |candidate = Hemlata S. Mohan<br /> |votes = 21,277<br /> |percentage = 1.81<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |votes = 7,675<br /> |percentage = 0.67<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,92,954<br /> |percentage = 25.61<br /> |change = <br /> }} <br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 11,43,945<br /> |percentage = 60.53<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Dhanbad]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Pashupati Nath Singh]] <br /> |votes = 2,60,521<br /> |percentage = 31.99<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]]<br /> |votes = 2,02,474<br /> |percentage =24.86<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate =Samaresh Singh<br /> |votes = 1,32,445<br /> |percentage = 16.26<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Marxist Co-ordination Committee<br /> |candidate = [[A. K. Roy]]<br /> |votes = 85,457<br /> |percentage = 10.49<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 58,047<br /> |percentage =7.14<br /> |change = <br /> }} <br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes =8,14,208<br /> |percentage =45.07<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser=Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Dhanbad district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/jharkhand/dhanbad/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Dhanbad lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jharkhand}}<br /> {{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|23.81|86.44|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Bokaro district]]<br /> [[Category:Dhanbad district]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sargent_(judge)&diff=493609 2026-04-16T15:58:27Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: started first details needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|4th Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Charles Sargent<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]<br /> | image = Charles_Sargent.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|4th Chief Justice]] of [[Bombay High Court]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1882<br /> | term_end1 = July 1895<br /> | appointer1 = [[Queen Victoria]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Michael Roberts Westropp]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Charles Frederick Farran]]<br /> | office2 = Judge of [[Bombay High Court]]<br /> | term_start2 = 3 March 1866<br /> | term_end2 = 1882<br /> | appointer2 = [[Queen Victoria]]<br /> | birth_date = 1821<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = 21 June 1900<br /> | death_place = <br /> | children = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]<br /> | occupation = [[Lawyer]], [[Judge]]<br /> | profession = [[Chief Justice]]<br /> | signature = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sir Charles Sargent''' (1821 – 21 June 1900) was a [[List of Chief Justices of the Bombay High Court|Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court]] in [[British india|British India]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Sargent completed his education at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] where he took his [[M. A.|M.A.]] and achieved the distinction of being Fifth Wrangler. He was called to the Bar at [[Lincoln's Inn]] in 1848.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIAyDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Charles+Sargent+chief+justice+Bombay&amp;pg=PT94|title=Enslaved Daughters: Colonialism, Law and Women's Rights|last=Sudhir Chandra|date=27 February 2008|isbn=9780199088782|access-date=May 17, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Before coming to [[India]] Sargent was a member of Supreme Council of Justice of the [[Ionian Islands]] and also its Chief Justice for six years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doM8DwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Charles+Sargent+chief+justice+Bombay&amp;pg=PT282|title=An Independent, Colonial Judiciary: A History of the Bombay High Court|last=Abhinav Chandrachud|date=28 May 2015|isbn=9780199089482|access-date=May 17, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-67bBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Charles+Sargent+chief+justice+Bombay&amp;pg=PA209|title=The First Women Lawyers: A Comparative Study of Gender, Law and the Legal|last=Mary Jane Mossman|date=31 May 2006|isbn=9781847310958|access-date=May 17, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He joined in the [[Bombay High Court]] on 3 March 1866&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1866-03-06 |title=London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23080/page/1647 |page=1647 |issue=23080}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Puisne Judge and after the retirement of [[Michael Roberts Westropp]] he became the Chief Justice in 1882. His judgments were generally short, lucid and free from political or racial bias. He served there up to 1895.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTMmcGFnZW5vPTE=|title=Sir CHARLES SARGENT|website=bombayhighcourt.nic.in|access-date=May 17, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sargent, Charles}}<br /> [[Category:1821 births]]<br /> [[Category:1900 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]<br /> [[Category:British India judges]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century English judges]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munger_Assembly_constituency&diff=519077 2026-04-15T23:00:22Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> |name = Munger <br /> |type= SLA<br /> |map_image = 165-Munger constituency.svg<br /> |map_caption = <br /> |map_alt = <br /> |mla = [[Pranav Kumar Yadav]]<br /> |party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> |region = <br /> |state = [[Bihar]]<br /> |district = [[Munger District|Munger]]<br /> |division = <br /> |loksabha_cons = [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger]]<br /> |constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|165]]<br /> |established = 1957<br /> | electors = 341,931<br /> |abolished = &lt;!-- year abolished --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Munger''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Munger district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Munger will be one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2043&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/36-seats-in-bihar-to-have-electronic-voting-machines-with-paper-trail-facility-1204308|title=36 Seats in Bihar to Have Electronic Voting Machines With Paper Trail Facility}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/poll-bound-bihar-to-get-36-evms-with-paper-trail-facility/|title=Poll-bound Bihar to get 36 EVMs with paper trail facility}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Munger Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/munger.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |Nirpad Mukherji<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Ramgovind Verma<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |Hasim<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |Ravish Chandra Verma<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |Prafulla Kumar Mishra<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |[[Jabir Husain]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Ramdeo Singh Yadav]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Monazir Hassan]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> |-<br /> |2009^<br /> |Vishwanath Prasad Gupta<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br /> |Anant Kumar Satyarthy<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br /> |[[Vijay Kumar Yadav (Bihar Legislative Assembly)|Vijay Kumar Yadav]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br /> |[[Pranav Kumar Yadav]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2025 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Munger&lt;ref name=&quot;2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Munger&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Munger |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04165.htm |accessdate=14 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216090757/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04165.htm|archivedate=16 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Pranay Kumar<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:108028}}<br /> |percentage = 51.12<br /> |change = +5.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Avinash Kumar Vidyarthi<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:89278}}<br /> |percentage = 42.25<br /> |change = -2.74<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br /> |candidate = Monazir Hassan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3598}}<br /> |percentage = 1.7<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Santosh Kumar Mandal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2035}}<br /> |percentage = 0.96<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3075}}<br /> |percentage = 1.46<br /> |change = -0.4<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:18750}}<br /> |percentage = 8.87<br /> |change = +8.12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:211307}}<br /> |percentage = 61.8<br /> |change = +13.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = BJP<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = NDA<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2020 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Munger&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Pranav Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:75573}}<br /> |percentage = 45.74<br /> |change = +2.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Avinash Kumar Vidyarthi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:74329}}<br /> |percentage = 44.99<br /> |change = -0.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Shalini Kumari<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4497}}<br /> |percentage = 2.72<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3076}}<br /> |percentage = 1.86<br /> |change = +0.74<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1244}}<br /> |percentage = 0.75<br /> |change = -1.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:165216}}<br /> |percentage = 48.73<br /> |change = -5.52<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Munger&lt;ref name=&quot;Munger Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Munger Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/munger |accessdate=14 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216090743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/munger|archivedate=16 December 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Vijay Kumar &quot;Vijay&quot;<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:77216}}<br /> |percentage = 45.63<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Pranav Kumar Singh<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:72851}}<br /> |percentage = 43.05<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Subodh Verma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4008}}<br /> |percentage = 2.37<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Basudeb Sharma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3562}}<br /> |percentage = 2.1<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party<br /> |candidate = Arvind Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3121}}<br /> |percentage = 1.84<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1898}}<br /> |percentage = 1.12<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4365}}<br /> |percentage = 2.58<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:169228}}<br /> |percentage = 54.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |loser = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}<br /> {{Munger Division topics}}<br /> {{coord|25|23|34|N|86|30|02|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Munger district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Channapatna_Assembly_constituency&diff=493537 2026-04-14T03:20:46Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: started some pg from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Channapatna<br /> | state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 185<br /> | map_image = 185-Channapatna constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | district = [[Ramanagara]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:230381}} (2023)&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|7}}<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | mla = [[C. P. Yogeshwara]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = <br /> | preceded_by = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Channapatna Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in Karnataka Assembly is one of the constituencies located in [[Ramanagara district]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=14assemblymemberslist&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fourteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] |access-date= 3 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is a part of [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency]], along with eight other assembly constituencies.<br /> Channapatna constituency is well known for many important people in Karnataka politics. The first education minister of Mysore State, V. Venkatappa, was from this constituency.<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || V. Venkatappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || B. K. Puttaramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || B. J. Linge Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | T. V. Krishnappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || D. T. Ramu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | M. Varade Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Sadath Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || M. Varade Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 elections in India#Karnataka|2009 By-election]] || Ashwath. M. C || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 elections in India#Karnataka|2011 By-election]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 elections in India#Karnataka|2024 By-election]] || [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly By-election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2024 elections in India#Karnataka|2024 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15622-bye-elections-july-to-dec-2024/ |title= Bye-Elections, July to Dec, 2024 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 112,642 |percentage = 54.44% |change = {{increase}}46.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nikhil Kumaraswamy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 87,229 |percentage = 42.16% |change = {{decrease}}6.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ningaraju S. D. S. S. Shanakanapura |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,352 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. T. Prakash |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,649 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 427 |percentage = 0.21% |change = {{decrease}}0.35 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,413 |percentage = 12.28% |change = {{increase}}4.23 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 206,886 |percentage = 88.79% |change = {{increase}}2.90 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 206,920}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232,996 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.14 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}5.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 96,592 |percentage = 48.83% |change = {{increase}}2.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 80,677 |percentage = 40.79% |change = {{increase}}5.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,374 |percentage = 7.77% |change = {{decrease}}8.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,110 |percentage = 0.56% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,915 |percentage = 8.05% |change = {{decrease}}3.34 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 197,883 |percentage = 85.89% |change = {{decrease}}0.98 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 197,796}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 230,381 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.87 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}2.28 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 87,995 |percentage = 46.55% |change = {{increase}}3.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 66,465 |percentage = 35.16% |change = {{increase}}34.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Revanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,208 |percentage = 15.98% |change = {{increase}}11.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,103 |percentage = 0.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,530 |percentage = 11.39% |change = {{increase}}7.64 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 189,028 |percentage = 86.87% |change = {{increase}}2.09 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 189,013}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,606 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.48 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing = {{increase}}0.13 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2013 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 80,099 |percentage = 46.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anitha Kumaraswamy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 73,635 |percentage = 42.67% |change = {{increase}}4.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadath Ali Khan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,134 |percentage = 4.71% |change = {{decrease}}3.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikumar Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,609 |percentage = 0.93% |change = {{decrease}}49.67 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,464 |percentage = 3.75% |change = {{decrease}}8.22 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 168,515 |percentage = 84.78% |change = {{increase}}5.82 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 172,550}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,769 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.50 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.18 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly By-election 2011 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2011 elections in India#Karnataka|2011 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 75,275 |percentage = 50.60% |change = {{increase}}8.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. L. Nagaraju |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 57,472 |percentage = 38.63% |change = {{decrease}}5.06 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Ramanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,687 |percentage = 8.53% |change = {{decrease}}3.19 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,803 |percentage = 11.97% |change = {{increase}}10.42 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 148,769 |percentage = 78.96% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 148,764}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,399 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.93 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}6.91 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly By-election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2009 elections in India#Karnataka|2009 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ashwath. M. C |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 64,517 |percentage = 43.69% |change = {{decrease}}1.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,235 |percentage = 42.15% |change = {{increase}}39.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. K. Yogesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,299 |percentage = 11.72% |change = {{decrease}}36.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. S. Sujeevan Kr |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,212 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{decrease}}1.20 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,282 |percentage = 1.55% |change = {{decrease}}1.88 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 147,665 |percentage = 79.11% |change = {{increase}}0.96 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 147,665}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,669 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.56 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.62 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2008 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,356 |percentage = 48.31% |change = {{decrease}}4.95 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashwath. M. C |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 64,426 |percentage = 44.88% |change = {{increase}}5.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Ramesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,434 |percentage = 2.39% |change = {{decrease}}2.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Mukarram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,905 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Zulfikar Mehdi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,835 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,930 |percentage = 3.43% |change = {{decrease}}9.99 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 143,627 |percentage = 78.15% |change = {{increase}}6.64 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 143,560}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,793 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.07 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.95 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,162 |percentage = 53.26% |change = {{increase}}24.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashwath. M. C |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 47,993 |percentage = 39.84% |change = {{increase}}25.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijaykumar. B |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,698 |percentage = 4.73% |change = {{decrease}}5.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appaji Gowda. H. R |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,691 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaswamy. L |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 933 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,169 |percentage = 13.42% |change = {{decrease}}3.66 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 120,490 |percentage = 71.51% |change = {{decrease}}1.41 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 120,477}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,502 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.54 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}7.25 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. P. Yogeshwara]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 50,716 |percentage = 46.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadath Ali Khan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,888 |percentage = 28.93% |change = {{decrease}}5.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Varade Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 16,269 |percentage = 14.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. P. Putta Siddegowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,350 |percentage = 10.30% |change = {{increase}}7.57 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,828 |percentage = 17.08% |change = {{decrease}}7.35 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 116,429 |percentage = 72.92% |change = {{decrease}}8.60 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 110,223}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 6,127 |percentage = 5.26% |change = {{increase}}3.90 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,659 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.08 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}12.53 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1994 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Varade Gowda |party = Janata Dal |votes = 67,661 |percentage = 58.54% |change = {{increase}}56.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadath Ali Khan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,428 |percentage = 34.11% |change = {{decrease}}16.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. Ramu |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 3,319 |percentage = 2.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Venkatappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,157 |percentage = 2.73% |change = {{increase}}0.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Venkatesh |party = Janata Party |votes = 768 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,233 |percentage = 24.43% |change = {{increase}}16.42 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 117,175 |percentage = 81.52% |change = {{increase}}2.12 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 115,584}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,591 |percentage = 1.36% |change = {{decrease}}1.88 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,735 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.26 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.07 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1989 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sadath Ali Khan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,010 |percentage = 50.47% |change = {{increase}}6.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Varade Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 42,912 |percentage = 42.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Su. Tha. Rame Gowda |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 2,366 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. J. Krishna |party = Janata Dal |votes = 2,008 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttamadu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,846 |percentage = 1.83% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,098 |percentage = 8.01% |change = {{decrease}}3.40 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 104,455 |percentage = 79.40% |change = {{increase}}1.93 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 101,067}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 3,388 |percentage = 3.24% |change = {{increase}}2.07 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,553 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.27 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.84 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Varade Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 47,503 |percentage = 55.31% |change = {{increase}}3.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. Ramu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,704 |percentage = 43.90% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddaramu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 684 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,799 |percentage = 11.41% |change = {{increase}}3.18 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 86,911 |percentage = 77.47% |change = {{increase}}2.73 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 85,891}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,020 |percentage = 1.17% |change = {{decrease}}0.40 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,183 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.77 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.08 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Varade Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 36,910 |percentage = 52.23% |change = {{increase}}29.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. V. Krishnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,094 |percentage = 44.00% |change = {{increase}}41.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Bhoja Raj |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 1,201 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Jaleel |party = Independent politician |votes = 503 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. C. Channegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 503 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Javaraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 460 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,816 |percentage = 8.23% |change = {{decrease}}10.82 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 71,801 |percentage = 74.74% |change = {{decrease}}5.56 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 70,671}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,130 |percentage = 1.57% |change = {{increase}}0.01 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,068 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.86 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}5.93 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. Ramu |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,601 |percentage = 46.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. J. Linge Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,190 |percentage = 27.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. V. Ramanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,263 |percentage = 23.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Lingaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,578 |percentage = 2.24% |change = {{decrease}}52.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Puttaramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 552 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,411 |percentage = 19.05% |change = {{increase}}3.17 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 71,522 |percentage = 80.30% |change = {{increase}}16.09 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 70,408}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,114 |percentage = 1.56% |change = {{increase}}1.56 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,067 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.98 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.34 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. V. Krishnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,120 |percentage = 54.64% |change = {{increase}}7.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sivvaramaiah |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 20,656 |percentage = 38.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shivalingaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,708 |percentage = 3.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Ramachandran |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,304 |percentage = 2.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. S. Gundappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 507 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,464 |percentage = 15.88% |change = {{increase}}12.02 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 54,475 |percentage = 64.21% |change = {{decrease}}12.52 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 53,295}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,839 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.32 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}3.74 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. V. Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,875 |percentage = 50.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. J. Linge Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,991 |percentage = 47.05% |change = {{decrease}}11.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Venkatagirigowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,002 |percentage = 2.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,884 |percentage = 3.86% |change = {{decrease}}12.48 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 51,537 |percentage = 76.73% |change = {{decrease}}2.87 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 48,868}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,164 |ref = |change = {{increase}}34.16 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.27 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. J. Linge Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,256 |percentage = 58.17% |change = {{increase}}18.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Puttaramaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 16,003 |percentage = 41.83% |change = {{decrease}}9.36 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,253 |percentage = 16.34% |change = {{increase}}4.78 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 39,850 |percentage = 79.60% |change = {{increase}}9.15 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 38,259}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,064 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.48 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}6.98 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Puttaramaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 16,343 |percentage = 51.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. J. Linge Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,651 |percentage = 39.63% |change = {{decrease}}12.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Choode Gowda Alias Puttaswamy Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,930 |percentage = 9.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,692 |percentage = 11.56% |change = {{increase}}6.68 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 31,924 |percentage = 70.45% |change = {{decrease}}3.74 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 31,924}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,313 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.59 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.25 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Channapatna &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. Venkatappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,741 |percentage = 52.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Puttaramaiah |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 13,369 |percentage = 47.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,372 |percentage = 4.88% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 28,110 |percentage = 74.19% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 28,110}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,891 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> {{coord|12.65|77.20|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Ramanagara district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mudunuri_Prasada_Raju&diff=518726 2026-04-02T10:01:56Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> '''Mudunuri Naga Raja Vara Prasada Raju''' (born 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapuram Assembly Constituency]] in [[West Godavari district|West Godavari District]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Narasapuram Assembly Election 2024: Narasapuram Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/narasapuram-constituency-result-1058 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is nominated by YSRCP to contest the Narasapuram Constituency again for the 2024 Assembly Election.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Raju is born in Madhavaya Palem to Satyanarayana Raj. He completed his schooling from Lenin Municipal High School, [[Narasapuram]] in 1988. Later, he did his intermediate, the pre-university course, from Sri Y. N. College, Narsapuram, [[West Godavari District]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-09 |title=Mudunuri Naga Raja Vara Prasad Raju {{!}} MLA {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Narasapuram |url=https://theleaderspage.com/mudunuri-naga-raja-vara-prasad-raju/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; His daughter Sindhu is a doctor. Chief Minister [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] attended his daughter's wedding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CM Jagan Attends MLA Mudunuri Prasada Raju's Daughter Wedding Reception - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/cm-jagan-attends-mla-mudunuri-prasada-raju-daughter-wedding-reception |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Raju started his political journey with [[Indian National Congress]] party. He won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] representing Congress from Narasapuram Assembly Constituency defeating [[Kothapalli Subbarayudu]] of [[Jana Sena Party]] by 17,325 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Narasapuram Election Results 2019 Live Updates |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/narasapuram-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2153663.html |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-05-15 |title=11 new faces from W Godavari |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/May/19/11-new-faces-from-w-godavari-50493.html |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, he joined [[YSR Congress Party]]. In 2019 he won the Narasapuram seat representing YSRCP defeating Bommidi Nayaker of Jana Sena Party by a margin of 6,436 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Deekshitula |date=2024-01-18 |title=Narasapuram: Kapus to call shots in Assembly polls |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/narasapuram-kapus-to-call-shots-in-assembly-polls-852092 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Narasapuram Assembly Election 2024: Narasapuram Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/narasapuram-constituency-result-1058 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, he lost from [[Achanta Assembly constituency]] to Pithani Sathyanarayana of [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He also served as [[Government Whip]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2023-06-09 |title=Eluru: G Padmasree elected as chief of joint West Godavari DPP |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/eluru-g-padmasree-elected-as-chief-of-joint-west-godavari-dpp-801809 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Mudunuri Prasada}}<br /> [[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from West Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]<br /> [[Category:1975 births]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Brother_Island_(Andaman_Islands)&diff=522476 2026-04-02T09:21:54Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: created new page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Island in the Indian Ocean}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox islands<br /> | name = North Brother Island<br /> | map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#Bay of Bengal<br /> | map_caption = Location in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and in the [[Bay of Bengal]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10.988|92.664|type:isle_region:IN-AN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | etymology = <br /> | location = [[Bay of Bengal]]<br /> | archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]<br /> | waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]<br /> }}<br /> '''North Brother Island''' is an [[Desert island|uninhabited]] [[island]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], part of the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman Archipelago]]. It is located in the [[Duncan Passage]], about 19 [[km|kilometre]] northeast of [[Little Andaman Island]]. It is part of the [[South Andaman district]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], a [[Union Territory]] of India.<br /> <br /> The island is nearly round, about 1.1&amp;nbsp;km across. It is almost flat, thickly wooded except in its central part, fringed by a narrow beach and surrounded by a reef all around. The central part is depressed and becomes a lake in the rainy season.&lt;ref name=&quot;portman&quot;/&gt; A lighthouse tower was erected during 1992-93 and commissioned on 17 April 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;indgov1&quot;&gt;Indian Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships, ''[http://dgllnoida.gov.in/anthaman/NORTH%20BROTHER%20ISLAND.html Welcome to NORTH BROTHER ISLAND LIGHT HOUSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206231423/http://www.dgllnoida.gov.in/anthaman/NORTH%20BROTHER%20ISLAND.html |date=6 December 2011 }}''. Accessed on 2012-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt; The island hosts a 0.75 [[square kilometre|km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]] [[wildlife sanctuary]], established 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;indgov2&quot;&gt;Government of India, ''[http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_andaman.htm Directory of Wildlife Protected Areas in India] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20030825040128/http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_andaman.htm |date=25 August 2003 }}''. Accessed on 2012-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By the end of the 19th century, the island was occasionally visited by the [[Onge people|Onge]] of Little Andaman to catch [[sea turtle]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;portman&quot;&gt;M. V. Portman (1899), ''[http://booksnow2.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca2/22/historyofourrela02portuoft/historyofourrela02portuoft_bw.pdf A history of our Relations with the Andamanese]'', Volume II. Office of the Government Printing, Calcutta, India.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It has been conjectured to be part of the route for the Onge expansion into south [[Great Andaman Island]] in the wake of the [[Great Andamanese people|Great Andamanese]] tribes, around 1890 to 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;weber&quot;&gt;George Weber (~2009), ''[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm The Tribes]''. Chapter 8 in ''[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/text-group-BodyChapters.htm The Andamanese] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724070402/http://andaman.org/BOOK/text-group-BodyChapters.htm |date=24 July 2013 }}''. Accessed on 2012-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{portal|Islands}}<br /> <br /> * [[South Brother Island, India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Islands of South Andaman district]]<br /> [[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]<br /> [[Category:Islands of India]]<br /> [[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th_Karnataka_Assembly&diff=481678 2026-03-31T09:54:01Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Karnataka state legislative session (2023-2028)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}{{Infobox legislative term <br /> |name = 16th Karnataka Assembly<br /> |image = Seal of Karnataka.svg<br /> |body = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |before = [[15th Karnataka Assembly]]<br /> |state=[[Karnataka]]<br /> |country=[[India]]<br /> |election=[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> |term=5 years<br /> |government=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |opposition=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |website={{url|https://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/assembly.htm|Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}<br /> |meeting_place = {{blist|[[Vidhana Soudha|Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru]]|[[Suvarna Vidhana Soudha|Suvarna Vidhana Soudha, Belagavi]] (Winter session)}}<br /> |term_start=2023<br /> |term_end=2028<br /> | chamber1_leader1_type = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]<br /> | chamber1_leader1 = [[Siddaramaiah]]<br /> | chamber1_leader2_type = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister]]<br /> | chamber1_leader2 = [[D. K. Shivakumar]]<br /> |chamber1_leader3_type=[[List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]<br /> |chamber1_leader3=[[U. T. Khader]]<br /> |chamber1_leader4_type=[[List of deputy speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]<br /> |chamber1_leader4=[[Rudrappa Lamani|R. M. Lamani]]<br /> | chamber1_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]<br /> | chamber1_leader5 = [[R. Ashoka]]<br /> |chamber1_leader6_type = Deputy Leader of the Opposition<br /> |chamber1_leader6 = [[Arvind Bellad]]<br /> |membership1=224}}<br /> <br /> The '''16th Legislative Assembly of Karnataka''' was formed following the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly election]] for all 224 seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-full-list-of-winners-8606612/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Result 2023 Live: Karnataka Assembly Election Results - Congress celebrates party's impending victory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-live-news-karnataka-cm-siddaramaiah-dk-shivakumar/liveblog/100195381.cms |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Live Updates: Congress wins 136 seats, BJP 65, JDS 19 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karnataka-election-result-2023-live-updates-vote-counting-bjp-congress-jds-2378541-2023-05-13 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The election were held on 10 May 2023 and the results were declared on 13 May 2023.<br /> <br /> ==Composition==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !colspan=2|Alliance<br /> !colspan=2|Political party<br /> !No. of MLAs<br /> !Leader of the party<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |rowspan=3 style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|'''Government&lt;br/&gt;[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]'''&lt;br/&gt;Seats: '''140'''<br /> |{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|136<br /> |[[Siddaramaiah]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;''([[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]])''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{party color cell|Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha}}<br /> |[[Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1<br /> |[[Darshan Puttannaiah]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{party color cell|Independent politician}}<br /> |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|3<br /> |{{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2 {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> |rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|'''Opposition&lt;br/&gt;[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''&lt;br/&gt;Seats: '''81'''<br /> |{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|63<br /> |[[B. Y. Vijayendra]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> |[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|18<br /> |[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{party color cell|Others}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|'''Others'''&lt;br/&gt;Seats: '''1'''<br /> |{{party color cell|Independent politician}}<br /> |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1<br /> |[[K. H. Puttaswamy Gowda|K. Puttaswamy Gowda]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{party color cell|Vacant}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|'''[[Casual vacancy#India|Vacant]]'''&lt;br/&gt;Seats: '''2'''<br /> |{{party color cell|Vacant}}<br /> |<br /> *[[Bagalkot Assembly constituency| Bagalkot]]<br /> *[[Davanagere South Assembly constituency|Davanagere South]]<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2<br /> |{{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=4|Total<br /> !colspan=2|224<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> &lt;section begin=&quot;MLA Header&quot;/&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! District<br /> ! No.<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! Name<br /> <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> <br /> ! Remarks<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> |rowspan=&quot;18&quot; |[[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]<br /> |1<br /> |[[Nippani Assembly constituency|Nippani]]<br /> |[[Shashikala Annasaheb Jolle|Shashikala Jolle]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Chikkodi-Sadalga (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi-Sadalga]]<br /> |[[Ganesh Hukkeri]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Athani (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Athani]]<br /> |[[Laxman Savadi]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Kagwad (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kagwad]]<br /> |[[Raju Kage]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |[[Kudachi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kudachi]] (SC)<br /> |[[Mahendra Kallappa Tammannavar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |[[Raibag (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Raibag]] (SC)<br /> |[[Duryodhan Aihole]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |[[Hukkeri (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Hukkeri]]<br /> |[[Nikhil Umesh Katti|Nikhil Katti]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |[[Arabhavi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Arabhavi]]<br /> |[[Balachandra Jarkiholi]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |[[Gokak (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Gokak]]<br /> |[[Ramesh Jarkiholi]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |[[Yemkanmardi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Yemkanmardi]] (ST)<br /> |[[Satish Jarkiholi]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Cabinet Minister <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |[[Belgaum Uttar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Belgaum Uttar]]<br /> |[[Asif Sait]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |[[Belagavi Dakshin (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Belgaum Dakshin]]<br /> |[[Abhay Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |[[Belgaum Rural (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Belgaum Rural]]<br /> |[[Lakshmi Hebbalkar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Cabinet Minister<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |[[Khanapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Khanapur]]<br /> |[[Vithal Somanna Halagekar|Vithal Halagekar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |[[Kittur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kittur]]<br /> |[[Babasaheb Devanagouda Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> |[[Bailhongal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bailhongal]]<br /> |[[Mahantesh Koujalagi]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |[[Saundatti Yellamma (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Saundatti Yellamma]]<br /> |[[Vishwas Vasant Vaidya]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> |[[Ramdurg (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Ramdurg]]<br /> |[[Ashok Pattan]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]<br /> |19<br /> |[[Mudhol (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Mudhol]] (SC)<br /> |[[R. B. Timmapur]] <br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> |[[Terdal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Terdal]]<br /> |[[Siddu Savadi]] <br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |21<br /> |[[Jamkhandi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jamkhandi]]<br /> |[[Jagadish Gudagunti]] <br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> |[[Bilgi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bilgi]]<br /> |[[J. T. Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |23<br /> |[[Badami (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Badami]]<br /> |[[Bhimsen Chimmanakatti]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |24<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bagalkot (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]]<br /> |[[H. Y. Meti]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Died on 4 November 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-04 |title=Karnataka Congress MLA HY Meti passes away at 79 in Bengaluru |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-congress-mla-hy-meti-passes-away-at-79-in-bengaluru-101762250636192.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''Vacant'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |25<br /> |[[Hungund (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Hungund]]<br /> |[[Vijayanand Kashappanavar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapura]]<br /> |26<br /> |[[Muddebihal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Muddebihal]]<br /> |[[C. S. Nadagouda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |27<br /> |[[Devar Hippargi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Devar Hippargi]]<br /> |[[Bhimanagouda Patil|Rajugouda Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |28<br /> |[[Basavana Bagevadi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Basavana Bagevadi]]<br /> |[[Shivanand Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |29<br /> |[[Babaleshwar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Babaleshwar]]<br /> |[[M. B. Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Cabinet Minister <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |30<br /> |[[Bijapur City (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bijapur City]]<br /> |[[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> <br /> |Expelled from [[BJP]] on 26 March 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=BJP expels Karnataka MLA for 6 years over remarks against party, BS Yediyurappa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/karnataka/story/bjp-expels-mla-basangouda-patil-yatnal-anti-party-anti-yediyurappa-2699477-2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |31<br /> |[[Nagthan (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Nagathan]] (SC)<br /> |[[Katakadond Vittal Dondiba]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |32<br /> |[[Indi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Indi]]<br /> |[[Yashavant Rayagoud Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |33<br /> |[[Sindagi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Sindagi]]<br /> |[[Ashok M. Managuli]] <br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]<br /> |34<br /> |[[Afzalpur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Afzalpur]]<br /> |[[M. Y. Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |35<br /> |[[Jevargi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jevargi]]<br /> |[[Ajay Singh (Karnataka politician)|Ajay Singh]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Yadgir district|Yadgir]]<br /> |rowspan=2|36<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Shorapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Shorapur]] (ST)<br /> |[[Raja Venkatappa Naik]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> | Died on 25 February 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-25 |title=Karnataka Congress MLA Raja Venkatappa Naik dies at 66 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/karnataka-congress-mla-raja-venkatappa-naik-dies-at-66-2506884-2024-02-25 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |[[Raja Venugopal Naik]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Elected on 4 June 2024<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |37<br /> |[[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]<br /> |[[Sharanabasappa Gouda Darshanapur|Sharanabasappa Darshanapur]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |38<br /> |[[Yadgir (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Yadgir]]<br /> |[[Channareddy Patil Tunnur]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |39<br /> |[[Gurmitkal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Gurmitkal]]<br /> |[[Sharanagouda Kandakur]] <br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]<br /> |40<br /> |[[Chittapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chittapur]] (SC)<br /> |[[Priyank Kharge]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Cabinet Minister <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |41<br /> |[[Sedam (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Sedam]]<br /> |[[Sharan Prakash Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |42<br /> |[[Chincholi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chincholi]] (SC)<br /> |[[Avinash Jadhav]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |43<br /> |[[Gulbarga Rural (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga Rural]] (SC)<br /> |[[Basawaraj Mattimud]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |44<br /> |[[Gulbarga Dakshin (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga Dakshin]]<br /> |[[Allamprabhu Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |45<br /> |[[Gulbarga Uttar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga Uttar]]<br /> |[[Kaneez Fathima]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |46<br /> |[[Aland (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Aland]]<br /> |[[B. R. Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Bidar district|Bidar]]<br /> |47<br /> |[[Basavakalyan (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Basavakalyan]]<br /> |[[Sharanu Salagar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |48<br /> |[[Humnabad (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Humnabad]]<br /> |[[Siddu Patil]] <br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |49<br /> |[[Bidar South (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bidar South]]<br /> |[[Shailendra Beldale|Shailendra Bedale]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |50<br /> |[[Bidar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bidar]]<br /> |[[Rahim Khan (politician)|Rahim Khan]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |51<br /> |[[Bhalki (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bhalki]]<br /> |[[Eshwara Khandre]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |52<br /> |[[Aurad (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Aurad]] (SC)<br /> |[[Prabhu Chauhan]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Raichur district|Raichur]]<br /> |53<br /> |[[Raichur Rural (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Raichur Rural]] (ST)<br /> |[[Basanagouda Daddal]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |54<br /> |[[Raichur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Raichur]]<br /> |[[Dr Shivaraj Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |55<br /> |[[Manvi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Manvi]] (ST)<br /> |[[G. Hampayya Nayak]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |56<br /> |[[Devadurga (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Devadurga]] (ST)<br /> |Karemma<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |57<br /> |[[Lingsugur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Lingsugur]] (SC)<br /> |[[Manappa D. Vajjal]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |58<br /> |[[Sindhanur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Sindhanur]]<br /> |[[Hampanagouda Badarli]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |59<br /> |[[Maski (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Maski]] (ST)<br /> |[[Basanagouda Turvihal]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Koppal district|Koppal]]<br /> |60<br /> |[[Kushtagi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kushtagi]]<br /> |[[Doddanagouda Hanamagouda Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |61<br /> |[[Kanakagiri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kanakagiri]] (SC)<br /> |[[Tangadagi Shivaraj Sangappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |62<br /> |[[Gangawati (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Gangawati]]<br /> | [[G. Janardhana Reddy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |KRPP merges with BJP&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-03-25 |title=Janardhana Reddy to merge his party with BJP today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/janardhana-reddy-to-merge-his-party-with-bjp-today/articleshow/108759820.cms |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |63<br /> |[[Yelburga (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Yelburga]]<br /> |[[Basavaraj Rayareddy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |64<br /> |[[Koppal (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Koppal]]<br /> |[[K. Raghavendra Hitnal]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Gadag district|Gadag]]<br /> |65<br /> |[[Shirahatti (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shirahatti]] (SC)<br /> |[[Chandru Lamani]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |66<br /> |[[Gadag (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Gadag]]<br /> |[[H. K. Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |67<br /> |[[Ron (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Ron]]<br /> |[[Gurupadagouda Patil|Gurupadagouda Sanganagouda Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |68<br /> |[[Nargund (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Nargund]]<br /> |[[C. C. Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]<br /> |69<br /> |[[Navalgund (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Navalgund]]<br /> |[[Ningaraddi Hanamaraddi Konaraddi]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |70<br /> |[[Kundgol (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kundgol]]<br /> |[[M. R. Patil (politician)|M. R. Patil]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |71<br /> |[[Dharwad (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Dharwad]]<br /> |[[Vinay Kulkarni]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |72<br /> |[[Hubli-Dharwad East (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad East]] (SC)<br /> |[[Abbayya Prasad]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |73<br /> |[[Hubli-Dharwad Central (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad Central]]<br /> |[[Mahesh Tenginakai]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |74<br /> |[[Hubli-Dharwad West (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad West]]<br /> |[[Arvind Bellad]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> Deputy Leader of the Opposition<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |75<br /> |[[Kalghatgi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kalghatgi]]<br /> |[[Santosh Lad]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Uttara Kannada]]<br /> |76<br /> |[[Haliyal (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Haliyal]]<br /> |[[R. V. Deshpande]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |77<br /> |[[Karwar (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Karwar]]<br /> |[[Satish Krishna Sail]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |78<br /> |[[Kumta (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kumta]]<br /> |[[Dinakar Keshav Shetty]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |79<br /> |[[Bhatkal (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Bhatkal]]<br /> |[[Mankala Vaidya]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |80<br /> |[[Sirsi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Sirsi]]<br /> |[[Bhimanna T. Naik]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |81<br /> |[[Yellapur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Yellapur]]<br /> |[[Arbail Hebbar Shivaram]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> <br /> | Expelled from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Karnataka BJP expels two MLAs for 6 years over ‘repeated violations’|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-bjp-expels-two-mlas-for-6-years-over-repeated-violations-101748333850188-amp.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Haveri district|Haveri]]<br /> |82<br /> |[[Hangal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Hangal]]<br /> |[[Srinivas Mane]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|83<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Shiggaon (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shiggaon]]<br /> |[[Basavaraj Bommai]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |Elected to Lok Sabha on 4 June 2024<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |Pathan Yasir Ahmed Khan<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Elected on 23 November 2024 <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |84<br /> |[[Haveri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Haveri]] (SC)<br /> |[[Rudrappa Lamani|Rudrappa Manappa Lamani]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |85<br /> |[[Byadgi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Byadgi]]<br /> |[[Basavaraj Neelappa Shivannanavar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |86<br /> |[[Hirekerur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hirekerur]]<br /> |[[U. B. Banakar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |87<br /> |[[Ranebennur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Ranebennur]]<br /> |[[Prakash Koliwad]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]<br /> |88<br /> |[[Hoovina Hadagali Assembly constituency|Hoovina Hadagali]] (SC)<br /> |[[Krishna Nayaka]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |89<br /> |[[Hagaribommanahalli (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hagaribommanahalli]] (SC)<br /> |[[K. Nemaraja Naik]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |90<br /> |[[Vijayanagara (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Vijayanagara]]<br /> |[[H. R. Gaviyappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Ballari district|Ballari]]<br /> |91<br /> |[[Kampli (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kampli]] (ST)<br /> |[[J. N. Ganesh]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |92<br /> |[[Siruguppa (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Siruguppa]] (ST)<br /> |[[B. M. Nagaraja]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |93<br /> |[[Bellary (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bellary]] (ST)<br /> |[[B Nagendra]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Cabinet Minister<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |94<br /> |[[Bellary City (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bellary City]]<br /> |[[Nara Bharath Reddy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|95<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Sandur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Sandur]] (ST)<br /> |[[E. Tukaram]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Elected to Lok Sabha on 4 June 2024<br /> <br /> |- <br /> |E. Annapoorna<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Elected on 23 November 2024 <br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> |[[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]<br /> |96<br /> |[[Kudligi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kudligi]] (ST)<br /> |[[N. T. Srinivas]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]<br /> |97<br /> |[[Molakalmuru (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Molakalmuru]] (ST)<br /> |[[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |98<br /> |[[Challakere (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Challakere]] (ST)<br /> |[[T. Raghumurthy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |99<br /> |[[Chitradurga (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]]<br /> |[[K. C. Veerendra Puppy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |100<br /> |[[Hiriyur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hiriyur]]<br /> |[[D. Sudhakar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |101<br /> |[[Hosadurga (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hosadurga]]<br /> |[[B. G. Govindappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |102<br /> |[[Holalkere (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Holalkere]] (SC)<br /> |[[M. Chandrappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> |[[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]<br /> |103<br /> |[[Jagalur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Jagalur]] (ST)<br /> |[[B. Devendrappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> &lt;section begin=&quot;Vijayanagara district 3&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |104<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Harapanahalli (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Harapanahalli]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Latha Mallikarjun]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> <br /> |Joined Congress&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lata Mallikarjun officially joins Congress party |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1082912 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]<br /> |105<br /> |[[Harihar (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Harihar]]<br /> |[[B. P. Harish]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |106<br /> |[[Davanagere North (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davanagere North]]<br /> |[[S. S. Mallikarjun]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|107<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Davanagere South (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davanagere South]]<br /> |[[Shamanur Shivashankarappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Died on 14 December 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Veteran Congress leader Shamanur Shivashankarappa passes away at 94 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/veteran-congress-leader-shamanur-shivashankarappa-passes-away-at-94/article70396221.ece |access-date=14 December 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''Vacant'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |108<br /> |[[Mayakonda (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Mayakonda]] (SC)<br /> |[[K. S. Basavanthappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |109<br /> |[[Channagiri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Channagiri]]<br /> |[[Basavaraju V. Shivaganga]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |110<br /> |[[Honnali (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Honnali]]<br /> |[[A. D. G. Shanthana Gowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]<br /> |111<br /> |[[Shimoga Rural (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shimoga Rural]] (SC)<br /> |[[Sharada Puryanaik]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |112<br /> |[[Bhadravati (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Bhadravati]]<br /> |[[B. K. Sangameshwara]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |113<br /> |[[Shimoga (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]]<br /> |[[Channabasappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |114<br /> |[[Tirthahalli (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Tirthahalli]]<br /> |[[Araga Jnanendra]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |115<br /> |[[Shikaripura (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Shikaripura]]<br /> |[[B. Y. Vijayendra]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |116<br /> |[[Sorab (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Sorab]]<br /> |[[Madhu Bangarappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |117<br /> |[[Sagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Sagar]]<br /> |[[Gopala Krishna Beluru]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Udupi district|Udupi]]<br /> |118<br /> |[[Byndoor (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Byndoor]]<br /> |[[Gururaj Shetty Gantihole]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |119<br /> |[[Kundapura (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kundapura]]<br /> |[[A. Kiran Kumar Kodgi]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |120<br /> |[[Udupi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Udupi]]<br /> |[[Yashpal A. Suvarna]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |121<br /> |[[Kapu (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kapu]]<br /> |[[Gurme Suresh Shetty]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |122<br /> |[[Karkala (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Karkala]]<br /> |[[V. Sunil Kumar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]<br /> |123<br /> |[[Sringeri (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Sringeri]]<br /> |[[T. D. Rajegowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |124<br /> |[[Mudigere (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Mudigere]] (SC)<br /> |[[Nayana Motamma]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |125<br /> |[[Chikmagalur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chikmagalur]]<br /> |[[H. D. Thammaiah]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |126<br /> |[[Tarikere (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Tarikere]]<br /> |[[G. H. Srinivasa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |127<br /> |[[Kadur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kadur]]<br /> |[[K. S. Anand]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |[[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]]<br /> |128<br /> |[[Chikkanayakanahalli (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chiknayakanhalli]]<br /> |[[C. B. Suresh Babu]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |129<br /> |[[Tiptur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Tiptur]]<br /> |[[K. Shadakshari]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |130<br /> |[[Turuvekere (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Turuvekere]]<br /> |[[M. T. Krishnappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |131<br /> |[[Kunigal (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kunigal]]<br /> |[[H. D. Ranganath]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |132<br /> |[[Tumkur City (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Tumkur City]]<br /> |[[G. B. Jyothi Ganesh]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |133<br /> |[[Tumkur Rural (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Tumkur Rural]]<br /> |[[B. Suresh Gowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |134<br /> |[[Koratagere (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Koratagere]] (SC)<br /> |[[G. Parameshwara]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Cabinet Minister <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |135<br /> |[[Gubbi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Gubbi]]<br /> |[[S. R. Srinivas]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |136<br /> |[[Sira (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Sira]]<br /> |[[T. B. Jayachandra]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |137<br /> |[[Pavagada (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Pavagada]] (SC)<br /> |[[H. V. Venkatesh]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |138<br /> |[[Madhugiri (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Madhugiri]]<br /> |[[K. N. Rajanna]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]]<br /> |139<br /> |[[Gauribidanur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Gauribidanur]]<br /> |[[K. Puttaswamy Gowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |140<br /> |[[Bagepalli (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bagepalli]]<br /> |[[S. N. Subbareddy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |141<br /> |[[Chikballapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chikkaballapur]]<br /> |[[Pradeep Eshwar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |142<br /> |[[Sidlaghatta (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Sidlaghatta]]<br /> |[[B. N. Ravi Kumar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |143<br /> |[[Chintamani (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chintamani]]<br /> |[[M. C. Sudhakar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Cabinet Minister<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Kolar district|Kolar]]<br /> |144<br /> |[[Srinivasapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Srinivaspur]]<br /> |[[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |145<br /> |[[Mulbagal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Mulbagal]] (SC)<br /> |[[Samruddhi V. Manjunath]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |146<br /> |[[Kolar Gold Field (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolar Gold Field]] (SC)<br /> |[[M. Roopakala]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |147<br /> |[[Bangarapet (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bangarapet]] (SC)<br /> |[[S. N. Narayanaswamy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |148<br /> |[[Kolar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kolar]]<br /> |[[Kothur G. Manjunath]]a<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |149<br /> |[[Malur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Malur]]<br /> |[[K. Y. Nanjegowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;28&quot; |[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]<br /> |150<br /> |[[Yelahanka (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Yelahanka]]<br /> |[[S. R. Vishwanath]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |151<br /> |[[Krishnarajapuram (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Krishnarajapuram]]<br /> |[[Byrati Basavaraj|B.A. Basavaraja]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |152<br /> |[[Byatarayanapura (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Byatarayanapura]]<br /> |[[Krishna Byre Gowda|Krishna Byregowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |153<br /> |[[Yeshvanthapura (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Yeshwantpur]]<br /> |[[S. T. Somashekhar|S.T. Somashekar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> <br /> | Expelled from [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |154<br /> |[[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]<br /> |[[Munirathna]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |155<br /> |[[Dasarahalli (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Dasarahalli]]<br /> |[[S. Muniraju]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |156<br /> |[[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]<br /> |[[K. Gopalaiah]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |157<br /> |[[Malleshwaram (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Malleshwaram]]<br /> |[[C. N. Ashwath Narayan|C.N. Ashwath Narayan]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |158<br /> |[[Hebbal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Hebbal]]<br /> |[[Byrathi Suresh|Suresha B.S.]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |159<br /> |[[Pulakeshinagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Pulakeshinagar]] (SC)<br /> |[[A.C. Srinivasa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |160<br /> |[[Sarvagnanagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Sarvagnanagar]]<br /> |[[K. J. George|K.J. George]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Cabinet Minister <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |161<br /> |[[C. V. Raman Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|C. V. Raman Nagar]] (SC)<br /> |[[S. Raghu]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |162<br /> |[[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]<br /> |[[Rizwan Arshad]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |163<br /> |[[Shanti Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Shanti Nagar]]<br /> |[[N. A. Haris|N.A. Haris]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |164<br /> |[[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]<br /> |[[Dinesh Gundu Rao]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |165<br /> |[[Rajaji Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajaji Nagar]]<br /> |[[S. Suresh Kumar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |166<br /> |[[Govindraj Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Govindraj Nagar]]<br /> |[[Priya Krishna (politician)|Priya Krishna]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |167<br /> |[[Vijay Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Vijay Nagar]]<br /> |[[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1953)|M. Krishnappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |168<br /> |[[Chamrajpet (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chamrajpet]]<br /> |[[B. Z. Zameer Ahmed Khan|B.Z. Zameer Ahmed Khan]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Cabinet Minister <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |169<br /> |[[Chickpet (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chickpet]]<br /> |[[Uday Garudachar|Uday B. Garudachar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |170<br /> |[[Basavanagudi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Basavanagudi]] <br /> |[[L. A. Ravi Subramanya|Ravi Subramanya L.A.]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |171<br /> |[[Padmanaba Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Padmanabhanagar]]<br /> |[[R. Ashoka]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> | Leader of Opposition <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |172<br /> |[[B.T.M Layout (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|B.T.M. Layout]]<br /> |[[Ramalinga Reddy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Cabinet Minister <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |173<br /> |[[Jayanagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jayanagar]]<br /> |[[C. K. Ramamurthy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |174<br /> |[[Mahadevapura (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Mahadevapura]] (SC)<br /> |[[Manjula S.]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |175<br /> |[[Bommanahalli (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bommanahalli]]<br /> |[[M. Satish Reddy|Satish Reddy M.]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |176<br /> |[[Bangalore South (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]<br /> |[[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1962)|M. Krishnappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |177<br /> |[[Anekal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Anekal]] (SC)<br /> |[[B. Shivanna]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]<br /> |178<br /> |[[Hosakote (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Hoskote]]<br /> |[[Sharath Kumar Bache Gowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |179<br /> |[[Devanahalli (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Devanahalli]] (SC)<br /> |[[K. H. Muniyappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Cabinet Minister <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |180<br /> |[[Doddaballapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Doddaballapur]]<br /> |[[Dheeraj Muniraj]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |181<br /> |[[Nelamangala (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Nelamangala]] (SC)<br /> |[[N. Shreenivasaiah]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]]<br /> |182<br /> |[[Magadi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Magadi]]<br /> |[[H. C. Balakrishna]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |183<br /> |[[Ramanagara (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Ramanagara]]<br /> |[[H. A. Iqbal Hussain]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |184<br /> |[[Kanakapura (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]]<br /> |[[D. K. Shivakumar|D.K. Shivakumar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> | Deputy Chief Minister <br /> <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|185<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Channapatna (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Channapatna]]<br /> |[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |Elected to Lok Sabha on 4 June 2024<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |[[C. P. Yogeshwar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Elected on 23 November 2024<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Mandya district|Mandya]]<br /> |186<br /> |[[Malavalli (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Malavalli]] (SC)<br /> |[[P. M. Narendraswamy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |187<br /> |[[Maddur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Maddur]]<br /> |[[K. M. Udaya]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |188<br /> |[[Melukote (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Melukote]]<br /> |[[Darshan Puttannaiah]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |189<br /> |[[Mandya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandya]]<br /> |[[Ravikumar Gowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |190<br /> |[[Shrirangapattana (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shrirangapattana]]<br /> |[[A. B. Ramesha Bandisiddegowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |191<br /> |[[Nagamangala (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Nagamangala]]<br /> |[[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |192<br /> |[[Krishnarajpete (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Krishnarajapet]]<br /> |[[H. T. Manju]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Hassan district|Hassan]]<br /> |193<br /> |[[Shravanabelagola (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shravanabelagola]]<br /> |[[C. N. Balakrishna]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |194<br /> |[[Arsikere (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Arsikere]]<br /> |[[K. M. Shivalinge Gowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |195<br /> |[[Belur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Belur]]<br /> |[[H. K. Suresh]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |196<br /> |[[Hassan (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Hassan]]<br /> |[[Swaroop Prakash]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |197<br /> |[[Holenarasipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Holenarasipur]]<br /> |[[H. D. Revanna]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |198<br /> |[[Arkalgud (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Arkalgud]]<br /> |[[A. Manju]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |199<br /> |[[Sakleshpur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Sakleshpur]] (SC)<br /> |[[Cement Manju]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[Dakshina Kannada]]<br /> |200<br /> |[[Belthangady (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Belthangady]]<br /> |[[Harish Poonja]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |201<br /> |[[Moodabidri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Moodabidri]]<br /> |[[Umanatha Kotian]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |202<br /> |[[Mangalore City North (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Mangalore City North]]<br /> |[[Y. Bharath Shetty]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |203<br /> |[[Mangalore City South (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Mangalore City South]]<br /> |[[D. Vedavyasa Kamath]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |204<br /> |[[Mangalore (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Mangalore]]<br /> |[[U. T. Khader]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |Speaker<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |205<br /> |[[Bantval (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Bantval]]<br /> |[[U. Rajesh Naik]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |206<br /> |[[Puttur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Puttur]]<br /> |[[Ashok Kumar Rai (Indian politician)|Ashok Kumar Rai]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |207<br /> |[[Sullia (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Sullia]] (SC)<br /> |[[Bhagirathi Murulya]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]<br /> |208<br /> |[[Madikeri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Madikeri]]<br /> |[[Mantar Gowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |209<br /> |[[Virajpet (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Virajpet]]<br /> |[[A. S. Ponnanna]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |[[Mysore district|Mysore]]<br /> |210<br /> |[[Periyapatna (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Periyapatna]]<br /> |[[K. Venkatesh]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |211<br /> |[[Krishnarajanagara (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Krishnarajanagara]]<br /> |[[D. Ravishankar]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |212<br /> |[[Hunasuru (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Hunsur]]<br /> |[[G. D. Harish Gowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |213<br /> |[[Heggadadevankote (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Heggadadevankote]] (ST)<br /> |[[Anil Chikkamadhu]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |214<br /> |[[Nanjangud (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Nanjangud]] (SC)<br /> |[[Darshan Dhruvanarayana]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |215<br /> |[[Chamundeshwari (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chamundeshwari]]<br /> |[[G. T. Devegowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |216<br /> |[[Krishnaraja (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Krishnaraja]]<br /> |[[T. S. Srivatsa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |217<br /> |[[Chamaraja (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chamaraja]]<br /> |[[K. Harish Gowda]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |218<br /> |[[Narasimharaja (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Narasimharaja]]<br /> |[[Tanveer Sait]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |219<br /> |[[Varuna (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Varuna]]<br /> |[[Siddaramaiah]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> | Chief Minister<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |220<br /> |[[T. Narasipur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|T. Narasipur]] (SC)<br /> |[[H. C. Mahadevappa]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]]<br /> |221<br /> |[[Hanur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hanur]]<br /> |[[M. R. Manjunath]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |222<br /> |[[Kollegal (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kollegal]] (SC)<br /> |[[A. R. Krishnamurthy]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |223<br /> |[[Chamarajanagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]]<br /> |[[C. Puttarangashetty]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |224<br /> |[[Gundlupet (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Gundlupet]]<br /> |[[H M Ganesh Prasad]]<br /> |{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> |&lt;section end=&quot;Chamarajanagar district&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Karnataka Legislative Assembly}} <br /> {{Current Indian assemblies}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Terms of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028| ]]<br /> [[Category:2023 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Karnataka]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devadoss_Hospital&diff=496397 2026-03-30T04:35:31Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Private Hospital in Madurai,India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date= February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox hospital<br /> | name = Devadoss Hospital<br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | region = [[Madurai]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | funding = Non-profit<br /> | type = District General<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|9.95794|78.154117|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br /> | patron = Dr. A. Devadoss<br /> | emergency = Yes<br /> | beds = 200<br /> | founded = 2007<br /> | website = {{URL|devadosshospitals.com}}<br /> }} <br /> <br /> '''Devadoss Hospital''' is a [[private hospital]] located in [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India was founded by [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedist]] Prof. A. Devadoss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-06 |title=Madurai Marathon 2024 to be held in Madurai on January 7 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurai-marathon-2024-to-be-held-in-madurai-on-january-7/article67714052.ece |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The hospital was inaugurated in 2007. <br /> <br /> The hospital received substantial publicity in 2019 when a [[Nepalis|Nepal women]] an [[acid attack]] survivor Bindabasini Kansakar was admitted for treatment of [[face transplant]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-12-14 |title=Nepali acid attack survivor recovers at Madurai hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/nepali-acid-attack-survivor-recovers-at-madurai-hospital/articleshow/72555473.cms |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hospital reconstructed the face of the woman survivor by almost 90 per cent of the face.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madurai hospital reconstructs face of Nepal acid attack survivor, gives her new confidence |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/madurai-hospital-reconstructs-face-of-nepal-acid-attack-survivor-gives-her-new-confidence-2252014.html |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2023, laboratories run there started using first automated [[Joint replacement|artificial joint]] surgery robot system in southern Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-24 |title=Madurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/devadoss-hospital-launches-cuvis-a-joint-robot-system/article67229870.ece |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-25 |title=Joint robot system for surgery launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/joint-robot-system-for-surgery-launched/articleshow/103041407.cms |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The hospital was founded by Dr. A. Devadoss, an [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedic surgeon]] to provide the multi-disciplinary healthcare in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chhavi |date=2022-11-21 |title=DNB Orthopaedics: Admissions, Medical Colleges, Fees, Eligibility criteria details here |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/medical-courses/dnb-orthopaedics-admissions-medical-colleges-fees-eligibility-criteria-details-here-102653 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] and The Hindu recognized the hospital as one of the doyens of healthcare in Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-06-02 |title=Transforming healthcare experiences |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Transforming-healthcare-experiences/article14380365.ece |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The award and recognition were given to managing director Dr. Hema Sathish and Dr. Sathish Devadoss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-07 |title=5,000 people of all ages take part in Madurai Marathon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/5000-people-of-all-ages-take-part-in-madurai-marathon/article67716386.ece |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Hospital Facilities == <br /> <br /> Devadoss Hospital is a multispeciality hospital offering the following facilities: <br /> <br /> * Total no. of beds: 200&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Devadoss Hospital |url=https://www.jaslokhospital.net/international-patients/hospital-facilities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318085528/https://www.jaslokhospital.net/international-patients/hospital-facilities |archive-date=2016-03-18 |website=www.devadosshospitals.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Non-ICU beds: 188 <br /> <br /> * ICU beds: 20 <br /> <br /> == Accreditations == <br /> <br /> Devadoss Hospital received certification from [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals &amp; Healthcare Providers]], a constituent board of [[Quality Council of India]], set up to establish and operate accreditation program for healthcare organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals &amp; Healthcare Providers (NABH) |url=https://portal.nabh.co/frmViewAccreditedEntryLevelHosp.aspx#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=portal.nabh.co}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == References == <br /> <br /> {{Reflist}} <br /> <br /> == External links == <br /> <br /> * {{Official website|http://www.devadosshospitals.com}} <br /> <br /> [[Category:Private hospitals in India]] <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Hospitals in Madurai]] <br /> <br /> [[Category:Hospitals established in 2007]] <br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]] <br /> <br /> [[Category:2007 establishments in Tamil Nadu]] <br /> <br /> {{India-hospital-stub}} <br /> <br /> {{Health in Tamil Nadu}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_Front_(West_Bengal)&diff=461361 2026-03-28T16:29:48Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: cleanup information and cleaned formatting per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Political coalition in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> | name = Left Front<br /> | native_name = {{transliteration|bn|Bamfront}}<br /> | logo = &lt;div style=&quot;background: linear-gradient(to left, #FFE5E5, #FFCCCC, #FFB3B3); padding:4px; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[File:CPI(M) Election symbol.png|50px]][[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]][[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px]][[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:bold; margin-top:5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}&quot;&gt;''Left Front''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> | colorcode = {{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|1977|||df=yes}}<br /> | website = <br /> | country = India<br /> | abbreviation = LF<br /> | predecessor = <br /> | membership_year = <br /> | position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<br /> | seats1_title = [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | seats1 = {{composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}}}<br /> | seats2_title = [[Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | seats2 = {{composition bar|0|16|{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}}}<br /> | seats3_title = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | seats3 = {{composition bar|0|294|{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}}}<br /> | seats4_title = [[Gram Panchayats]]<br /> | seats4 = {{composition bar|3242|63229|{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}}}<br /> | seats5_title = [[Panchayat Samiti|Panchayat Samitis]]<br /> | seats5 = {{composition bar|196|9730|{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}}}<br /> | seats6_title = [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishads]]<br /> | seats6 = {{composition bar|2|928|{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}}}<br /> | seats7_title = [[Municipalities]]<br /> | seats7 = {{composition bar|1|108|{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}}}<br /> | colours = {{color box|{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}|border=darkgray}} Red<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | eci = <br /> | chairman = [[Biman Bose]]<br /> | leader1_title = [[Lok Sabha]] Leader<br /> | leader1_name = <br /> | leader2_title = [[Rajya Sabha]] Leader<br /> | leader2_name = <br /> | founders = [[Jyoti Basu]]<br /> | national = <br /> | regional = [[Left Front-led Alliance|Left Front+]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/left-front-moves-to-forge-broader-alliance-ahead-assembly-polls-1503519078.html|title=Left Front moves to forge broader alliance ahead Assembly polls|publisher=The statesman|access-date=16 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | symbol = <br /> | logo_upright = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> {{Communism in India}}<br /> <br /> The '''Left Front''' is an alliance of [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] political parties in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30250849.ece|title=What is the Left Front?|publisher=The Hindu Frontline|access-date=24 Feb 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was formed in January 1977 led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] with other founding parties being the [[All India Forward Bloc]], the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]], the [[Marxist Forward Bloc]], the [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]] and the [[Biplobi Bangla Congress]]. Other parties joined in later years, most notably the [[Communist Party of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cpim.org/thirty-years-left-front-government-west-bengal/|title=Thirty Years of the Left Front Government in West Bengal|publisher=Cpim.org|date=17 May 2009|access-date=16 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Left Front ruled the state of West Bengal for 34 years in seven consecutive terms 1977–2011, five with [[Jyoti Basu]] as Chief Minister and two under [[Buddhadev Bhattacharya]].&lt;ref name=biman&gt;''People's Democracy''. [http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2007/0624/06242007_biman%20basu.htm West Bengal: How The Left Front And Its Government Emerged] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815214713/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2007/0624/06242007_biman%20basu.htm |date=15 August 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The CPI(M) is the dominant force in the alliance.&lt;ref name=&quot;MitraEnskat2004&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=N. Jose Chander|title=Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC&amp;pg=PA105|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-092-1|pages=105–111}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] the Left Front failed to gain a majority of seats and left office. As of 2016 [[Biman Bose]] is the Chairman of the West Bengal Left Front Committee.&lt;ref&gt;Embassy of Cuba in India. ''[http://www.cubadiplomatica.cu/india/EN/Solidarity/withCubafromIndia/tabid/20409/ctl/Details/mid/31414/ItemID/64477/Default.aspx AIPSO WEST BENGAL OBSERVES FIDEL’S 90 BIRTHDAY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132127/http://www.cubadiplomatica.cu/india/EN/Solidarity/withCubafromIndia/tabid/20409/ctl/Details/mid/31414/ItemID/64477/Default.aspx |date=15 November 2016 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> === Left-Janata alliance in 1977 Lok Sabha election ===<br /> The Left Front has its roots in various past platforms of collaboration of the West Bengal left parties and anti-[[Indian National Congress]] forces.&lt;ref name=biman/&gt; Such examples were the [[United Left Front (1967)|United Left Front]], the [[People's United Left Front]] and the [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] that governed West Bengal 1967–1971.&lt;ref name=biman/&gt; However, ahead of the [[1977 Indian general election|March 1977 Lok Sabha election]] the left parties under the leadership of CPI(M) decided to form an alliance just amongst themselves, based on past negative experiences in collaboration with centrist anti-Congress forces.&lt;ref name=biman/&gt; <br /> <br /> The Left Front was set up when the repressive climate of the [[Emergency (India)|Emergency]] was finally relaxed in January 1977.&lt;ref name=biman/&gt; The six founding parties of the Left Front, i.e. the CPI(M), the [[All India Forward Bloc]], the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]], the [[Marxist Forward Bloc]], the [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]] and the [[Biplabi Bangla Congress]], articulated a common programme. The Left Front contested the Lok Sabha election in an electoral understanding together with the [[Janata Party]].&lt;ref name=biman/&gt; The [[Workers Party of India]] applied for inclusion into the Left Front, but was denied entry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basu1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Sajal Basu|title=Factions, ideology, and politics: coalition politics in Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTZuAAAAMAAJ|date=1 December 1990|publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications)|isbn=978-81-85195-26-1|page=133}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 Lok Sabha election]] the Left Front contested 26 out of the 42 West Bengal Lok Sabha constituencies; CPI(M) fielded candidates for 20 seats, RSP 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e1977/&gt; CPI(M) won 17 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e1977&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1977 TO THE SIXTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS &amp; DETAILED RESULTS)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; The combined Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 5,049,077 votes (33.4% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=e1977/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Left victory in 1977 assembly polls ===<br /> Ahead of the subsequent [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|June 1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections]] seat-sharing talks between the Left Front and the Janata Party broke down.&lt;ref name=biman/&gt; The Left Front had offered the Janata Party 52% of the seats and the post as Chief Minister to JP leader [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]], but JP did not accept anything less than 56% of the seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2007/0624/06242007_biman%20basu.html|title=West Bengal: How The Left Front And Its Government Emerged|accessdate=16 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front thus opted to contest the elections on its own.&lt;ref name=biman/&gt; It issued a 36-point manifesto ahead of the polls.&lt;ref name=biman/&gt; The Left Front manifesto has similarities with the past 32-point United Front manifesto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The seat-sharing within the Left Front was based on the 'Promode Formula', named after the CPI(M) State Committee Secretary [[Promode Dasgupta]].&lt;ref name=nlr/&gt; Under the Promode Formula the party with the highest share of votes in a constituency would continue to field candidates there, under its own election symbol and manifesto.&lt;ref name=nlr/&gt;<br /> <br /> CPI(M) contested 224 seats, AIFB 36, RSP 23, MFB 3, RCPI 4 and BBC 2.&lt;!-- It is understood that the winning &quot;independent&quot; candidate in Tarakeswar belonged to MFB, and that Sudhin Kumar running as an &quot;independent&quot; belonged to RCPI. The ECI report seems to confuse BBC and the BBCP (a RCPI splinter group), it is understood here that 1 of the mentioned, unsuccessful candidates (498 votes, Chakdaha) listed as &quot;BBC&quot; might have belonged to BBCP rather than BBC. See the CPI(M) election statistics book, that confirms Sabang and Indpur were contested by BBC and not BBCP. It does appear that the WPI candidate in Harishchandrapur would have been supported by LF, but no confirmation found online.--&gt;&lt;ref name=s1977&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Bharati Mukherjee|title=Political Culture and Leadership in India: A Study of West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYg9LlHn21cC&amp;pg=PA31|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-320-9|page=31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Committee&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee|title=Election results of West Bengal: statistics &amp; analysis, 1952–1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Committee|page=419|isbn=9788176260282}}&lt;/ref&gt; There was also a Left Front-supported independent candidate in the [[Chakdaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chakdaha seat]].&lt;ref name=s1977/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee1991&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Left Front won the election, winning 231 out of the 294 seats.&lt;ref name=nlr&gt;''New Left Review''. ''[https://newleftreview.org/II/70/kheya-bag-red-bengal-s-rise-and-fall RED BENGAL’S RISE AND FALL]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee1991&quot;/&gt; CPI(M) won 178 seats, AIFB 25, RSP 20, MFB 3, RCPI 3 and 1 independent.&lt;ref name=s1977/&gt; AIFB and RSP won significant chunks of seats in northern Bengal.&lt;ref name=nlr/&gt; The combined Left Front vote was 6,568,999 votes (45.8% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=s1977/&gt;<br /> The electoral result came as a surprise to the Left Front itself, as it had offered 52% of the seats in the pre-electoral seat-sharing talks with the Janata Party.&lt;ref name=biman/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===First Left Front government===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | width = 220<br /> | image1 = Jyoti Basu - Calcutta 1996-12-21 089 Cropped.png<br /> |background color = #FFC6C4<br /> | caption1 = '''[[Jyoti Basu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Longest serving [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]]<br /> }}<br /> On 21 June 1977 the Left Front formed a government with [[Jyoti Basu]] as its Chief Minister.&lt;ref name=biman/&gt;&lt;ref name=bud&gt;''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2007/0624/06242007_buddhadev.htm Thirty Years of Left Front Government in West Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401020426/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2007/0624/06242007_buddhadev.htm |date=1 April 2015 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; The first cabinet meeting of the Left Front government ordered the release of political prisoners.&lt;ref name=ht&gt;''Hindustan Times''. ''[http://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/timeline-of-left-front-government-in-west-bengal/story-muPwAyT5OH4wDKgimtqEJJ.html Timeline of Left Front government in West Bengal]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] joined the Left Front after the 1977 elections.&lt;ref name=fro/&gt;<br /> Prior to the arrival of the Left Front government, the political environment of West Bengal was chaotic, and the new cabinet struggled to establish order.&lt;ref name=&quot;MitraEnskat2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Subrata Kumar Mitra|author2=Mike Enskat|author3=Clemens Spiess|title=Political Parties in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&amp;pg=PA77|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96832-8|pages=77–78}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first years of governance was shaky, as the CPI(M) struggled with the notion of managing a communist government within a capitalist framework.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=int/&gt; Minor coalition partners expressed concern over inviting multinational corporations to invest in West Bengal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Operation Barga and panchayat polls====<br /> In the initial phase of Left Front governance, two key priorities were [[land reform]] and decentralisation of administration.&lt;ref name=bud/&gt;&lt;ref name=pra&gt;''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2006/0625/06252006_prakash.htm West Bengal Left Front Govt: A Historic Anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115131946/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2006/0625/06252006_prakash.htm |date=15 November 2016 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 September 1977 the West Bengal Land (Amendment) Bill was passed.&lt;ref name=ht/&gt; Through [[Operation Barga]] was done before in 1967 under the leadership of [[Hare Krishna Konar]] and [[Benoy Choudhury]], in which share-croppers were given inheritable rights on lands they tilled, 1.1 million acres of land was distributed amongst 1.4 million share-croppers.&lt;ref name=nlr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakrabarty2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Bidyut Chakrabarty|title=Left Radicalism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA107|date=13 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-66805-3|page=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 4 June 1978 three-tier [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] local bodies were elected across the state, elections in which the Left Front won a landslide victory.&lt;ref name=bud/&gt;&lt;ref name=ht/&gt; Some 800,000 acres of land were distributed to 1.5 million heads of households between 1978 and 1982.&lt;ref name=nlr/&gt; The Left Front government was also credited with coping with the refugee situation created by the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and severe floods.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Seeing distribution of central government funds as unjust and politicized, the Left Front government began measures to pressure the central government to change its approach towards the state governments. These movements eventually resulted in the [[Sarkaria Commission]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakrabarty2014b&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Bidyut Chakrabarty|title=Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oEtRBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA81|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-997489-4|page=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====1980 Lok Sabha election====<br /> <br /> Ahead of the [[1980 Indian general election|1980 Lok Sabha election]] the Left Front and the [[Communist Party of India]] entered into a seat-sharing agreement.&lt;ref name=fro/&gt; CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, AIFB 4 seats and CPI 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e1980/&gt; CPI(M) won 28 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats.&lt;ref name=e1980&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1980 TO THE SEVENTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS &amp; DETAILED RESULTS)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; The combined Left Front-CPI vote in West Bengal reached 11,086,354 votes (52.7% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=e1980/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 27 May 1980 the Left Front cancelled the past Code of Conduct for state government employees, which had limited the right to strike.&lt;ref name=ht/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Second Left Front government===<br /> [[File:Basu, Ranadive, Mukherjee, Basavapunnaiah, and Konar in the conference of AIKS held in Barsul in 1969.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Jyoti Basu|Basu]], [[B. T. Ranadive|Ranadive]], [[Samar Mukherjee (Howrah politician)|Mukherjee]], [[Makineni Basavapunnaiah|Basavapunnaiah]], and [[Hare Krishna Konar|Konar]] in the conference of [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|AIKS]] held in [[Barshul|Barsul, West Bengal]] in 1969]]<br /> <br /> ===Three new members===<br /> In 1982 the Left Front acquired three new members, CPI joined the Left Front ahead of the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]s and the Socialist Party was split into the [[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)]] and the [[West Bengal Socialist Party]] (both DSP and WBSP became Left Front member parties).&lt;ref name=fro/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Basu1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Amrita Basu|title=Two Faces of Protest: Contrasting Modes of Women's Activism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyY0Yb5BrqgC&amp;pg=PA44|date=1 October 1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08919-8|page=44}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the older, smaller Left Front constituents were uncomfortable with the expansion of the alliance, claiming that CPI(M) was diluting it politically.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basu1994&quot;/&gt; There were also disagreements on distribution of ministerial portfolios after the expansion of the alliance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basu1994&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====1982 assembly election====<br /> CPI(M) contested 209 seats in the assembly election, CPI 12 seats, AIFB 34 seats and RSP 23 seats.&lt;ref name=s1982/&gt; 16 candidates were fielded by the remainder of Left Front partners (RCPI, WBSP, DSP, BBC, MFB) and contested as independents.&lt;ref name=s1982&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdfSTATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1982 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Left Front won 238 out of 294 seats in the election.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt; CPI(M) won 174 seats, CPI 7 seats, AIFB 28 seats, RSP 19 seats, WBSP 4 seats, DSP 2 seats, RCPI 2 seats, MFB 2 seats.&lt;ref name=s1982/&gt;&lt;!-- A bit of [[BP:OR]], but it appears that amongst the Left Front candidates winning their elections on independent symbols were <br /> [[Prabodh Chandra Sinha]] (DSP) from [[Egra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Egra]], Haripada Jana (DSP) from [[Pingla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pingla]], [[Kiranmoy Nanda]] (WBSP) from [[Mugberia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mugberia]], Bankim Behari Maity (WBSP) from [[Narghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narghat]], Sunirmal Paik (WBSP) from [[Khejuri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khejuri]], <br /> Trilochan Mal (RCPI) from [[Hansan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hansan]], Bimalananda Mukherjee (RCPI) from [[Santipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Santipur]], <br /> Sunil Santra (MFB) from [[Jamalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamalpur]], <br /> [[Ram Chatterjee]] (MFB) from [[Tarakeswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarakeswar]], Swadesh Ranjan Maji (WBSP?) from [[Panskura Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panskura East]].<br /> Non-winning LF candidates on independent tickets,<br /> Sabang (BBC?)<br /> Ramnagar (DSP or WBSP?)<br /> Bhagabangola (most probably WBSP)<br /> Arambagh (WBSP or DSP?)<br /> Howrah Central (RCPI)<br /> Bara Bazar (WBSP or DSP?)<br /> --&gt; The combined Left Front vote was 11,869,003 votes (52.7% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=s1982/&gt;<br /> The incumbent Food Minister, the RCPI leader [[Sudhindranath Kumar]], lost his seat.&lt;ref name=sudhin/&gt; Kumar was proposed as a candidate for a [[Rajya Sabha]] seat on behalf of the Left Front in 1984, but that move did not go down well with RSP and AIFB.&lt;ref name=sudhin/&gt;<br /> <br /> Jyoti Basu and five cabinet minister were sworn in on 27 May 1982.&lt;ref name=as1982/&gt; Another 15 cabinet ministers and 22 Ministers of State were sworn in on 2 June 1982.&lt;ref name=as1982&gt;{{cite book|title=Asian Recorder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdRtAAAAMAAJ|volume=28|year=1982|publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press|page=lxiii}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1984 Lok Sabha election===<br /> In the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 Lok Sabha election]], CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, AIFB 4 seats and CPI 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e1984/&gt; CPI(M) won 18 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 2 seats and RSP 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e1984&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1984 TO THE EIGHT LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS &amp; DETAILED RESULTS)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 12,296,816 votes (47.6% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=e1984/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Calcutta Municipal Corporation polls====<br /> On 30 June 1985, the first [[Calcutta Municipal Corporation]] elections were held under the Left Front rule, an election that the alliance won.&lt;ref name=ht/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Third Left Front government===<br /> <br /> ====1987 assembly election====<br /> In the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] the Left Front increased its share of seats to 251.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt; CPI(M) had contested 213 seats, CPI 12 seats, AIFB 34 seats and RSP 23 seats.&lt;ref name=s1987/&gt; 12 candidates were fielded by smaller Left Front partners on independent tickets.&lt;ref name=s1987&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1987 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--<br /> (9 seats won by LF independent were Bhagabangola (WBSP most probably), Santipur (RCPI), Tarakeswar (MFB), Narghat (WBSP), Egra (DSP), Khejuri (WBSP), Mugberia (WBSP), Pingla (DSP), Jamalpur (MFB). 3 seats were LF independents finished in second place were Murshidabad (WBSP or DSP?), Hansan (RCPI), Bara Bazar (supposing that 2nd place candidate is LF, WBSP or DSP?). BBC appears to have contested the election on CPI(M) symbol in Sabang<br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> CPI(M) won 187 seats, CPI 11 seats, AIFB 26 seats, RSP 18 seats, WBSP 4 seats, MFB 2 seats, DSP 2 seats and RCPI 1 seat.&lt;ref name=s1987/&gt; The Left Front vote stood at 13,924,806 (53%).&lt;ref name=s1987/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====1989 Lok Sabha election====<br /> In the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 Lok Sabha election]], CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e1989/&gt; In [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta Northwest]] the Left Front supported a [[Janata Dal]] candidates who failed to get elected.&lt;ref name=e1989/&gt;&lt;ref name=nw&gt;''India Today''. ''[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19910531-lok-sabha-polls-key-contituencies-where-the-popular-and-the-powerful-are-locked-in-combat-815384-1991-05-30 Key contests: Pulling out the stops]''&lt;/ref&gt; CPI(M) won 27 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats.&lt;ref name=e1989&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1989 TO THE NINTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS &amp; DETAILED RESULTS)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front vote in West Bengal, including the votes for the JD candidate, reached 16,284,415 votes (50.6% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=e1989/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fourth Left Front government===<br /> <br /> ====1991 assembly election====<br /> In the [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] the Left Front won 244 seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=s1991/&gt; CPI(M) had fielded 205 candidates (excluding minor parties contesting on CPI(M) tickets), CPI 11, AIFB 34, RSP 23, MFB 2, RCPI 2, DSP 2, WBSP 4 and BBC 1.&lt;ref name=s1991&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1991 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Committee4&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee|title=Election results of West Bengal: statistics &amp; analysis, 1952–1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Committee|page=4|isbn=9788176260282}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several leaders of minor Left Front parties contested on the CPI(M) symbol, such as Kiranmoy Nanda (WBSP), Gouranga Samanta (BBC) and Prabodh Chandra Sinha (DSP).&lt;ref name=s1991/&gt; However, DSP also one candidate with its own symbol in Pingla.&lt;ref name=s1991/&gt; &lt;!-- Two different RCPI tickets contested Hansan (RCPI (Rasik Bhatt)) and Santipur ([[Real Communist Party of India]]) respectively.&lt;ref name=s1991/&gt; --&gt;MFB fielded 1 candidate on an independent ticket and 1 candidate on CPI(M) ticket. The Left Front supported [[Janata Dal]] candidates in 8 constituencies, mainly in and around Calcutta, as well as 1 candidate of the [[All India Gorkha League]] and 1 candidate of the [[Communist Revolutionary League of India]].&lt;ref name=s1991/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Committee4&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- <br /> Clearly, LF did not support the 1 JD candidate in Jadavpur (who obtained 437 votes) that contested against Buddhadev Bhattacharya. But all other JD candidates clearly didn't have any LF opponent and LF was allied with JD nationally at the time.<br /> <br /> One point that needs to be clarified is if any candidate in Darjeeling was supported by LF, possibly the runner-up ABGL candidate might have been endorsed by LF, but no WP:RS found that indicates such a support. Chander (2004) states that LF won 246 seats, but that would have to include the JD seat and the Darjeeling seat, which was won by Ghishing (GNLF an enemy of CPI(M)).<br /> <br /> The RCPI split is a mess, clearly both the ”Real Communist Party of India” and RCPI(RB) contested supported by LF. The 'Real Communist Party of India' is never heard of after 1991, probably merged back into RCPI(RB). RCPI(RB) is the faction that has continued in LF. But was the 'Real Communist Party' a LF member party? There are no indications anywhere that so would have been the case.<br /> <br /> As per the WBSP, DSP and BBC candidates on CPI(M) tickets, it is really difficult to dechiffer how many they were from the ECI docs alone. BBC would not have gotten any other seat that Sabang, DSP probably only fielded Prabodh on CPI(M) ticket but WBSP is more complicated as they would have had at least 4 different candidates.<br /> <br /> Furthermore, it is presumed that the winning Jamalpur candidate, contesting on CPI(M) ticket,would have belonged to MFB.<br /> <br /> Update 28 Nov: https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&amp;hl=en&amp;id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ p. 4 clarifies this:<br /> Left Front supported GL candidate in Darjeeling, 8 JD candidates, (WB)SP 4, MFB 2, DSP 2, BBC 1, CRLI 1, RCPI 2 (i.e. both RCPI and RCPI(RB))<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> CPI(M) won 182 seats, CPI 6 seats&lt;!-- There seems to be a mix-up in ECI data of 1 CPI seat, seems incorrectly listed at ECI as CPM --&gt;, AIFB 29 seats, RSP 18 seats, WBSP 4, seats, DSP 2 seats, RCPI 1 seat, MFB 2 seats and DSP 1 seat (on its own symbol).&lt;ref name=s1991/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Committee4&quot;/&gt; One JD candidate won.&lt;ref name=s1991/&gt; The combined vote for Left Front and allies stood at 15,090,595 (48.92% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=s1991/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====1991 Lok Sabha election====<br /> In the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 Lok Sabha election]], CPI(M) contested 30 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e1991/&gt; In [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta Northwest]] and [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta Northeast]] the Left Front supported a [[Janata Dal]] candidates who failed to get elected.&lt;ref name=&quot;nw&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=e1991/&gt; CPI(M) won 27 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats.&lt;ref name=e1991&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1991 TO THE TENTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS &amp; DETAILED RESULTS)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front vote in West Bengal, including the votes for the JD candidates, reached 14,955,151 votes (47.1% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=e1991/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1995 the [[Communist Revolutionary League of India]] (CRLI) of [[Ashim Chatterjee]] joined the Left Front.&lt;ref name=crli&gt;''The Telegraph''. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060428092308/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060425/asp/frontpage/story_6142420.asp ’70s’ nemesis, now comrade – Ex-Naxal leader Ashim Chatterjee on same side as Ray]''&lt;/ref&gt; Chatterjee, a former [[Naxalite]] student leader, had unsuccessfully contested the 1991 assembly election as a CPI(M)-supported candidate.&lt;ref name=crli/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fifth Left Front government===<br /> <br /> ====WBSP-SP merger====<br /> [[File:Kolkatajoshi (100).JPG|thumb|Mural in favour of WBSP local body candidate in [[Kolkata]]]]Ahead of the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], WBSP had merged into the [[Samajwadi Party]] which became a member of the Left Front.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=xp&gt;''Indian Express''. ''[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kiranmoy-returns-to-sp-will-remain-a-minister/ Kiranmoy returns to SP,will remain a&amp;nbsp;minister]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====1996 assembly election====<br /> CPI(M) fielded 217 candidates in the assembly election, CPI 12, AIFB 34, RSP 23, RCPI 2 and BBC 1 candidate on an independent ticket.&lt;ref name=s1996&gt;Election Commission of India. [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf STATISTICAL ''Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal'']&lt;/ref&gt; DSP, WBSP and MFB candidates contested on CPI(M) tickets. In 5 seats the Left Front supported JD candidates, mainly in the Calcutta area.&lt;ref name=s1996/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Left Front won 203 out of 294 seats, the first major electoral set-back since its foundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=s1996/&gt; CPI(M) won 157 seats (including minor parties on its tickets), CPI 6, AFB 21, RSP 18 and BBC 1.&lt;ref name=s1996/&gt; The electoral losses were primarily felt in [[Calcutta]] and the industrial areas, and nine incumbent Left Front ministers failed to get re-elected.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt; All JD candidates finished in second place and RCPI lost its representation in the assembly.&lt;ref name=s1996/&gt; However, in terms of votes the Left Front and the five JD candidates got 18,143,795 votes (49.3%).&lt;ref name=s1991/&gt; Jyoti Basu's fifth Left Front government was sworn in, with 48 ministers representing all 13 districts of the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====United Front era (1996–1999)====<br /> In the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 Lok Sabha election]], CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e1996/&gt; In [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta Northwest]] the Left Front supported a [[Janata Dal]] candidate who failed to get elected.&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghSaxena2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Mahendra Prasad Singh|author2=Rekha Saxena|title=India at the Polls: Parliamentary Elections in the Federal Phase|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnAlnDZ2KcYC&amp;pg=PA137|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2328-9|page=137}}&lt;/ref&gt; CPI(M) won 23 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats.&lt;ref name=e1996&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1996 TO THE ELEVENTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS &amp; DETAILED RESULTS)]''&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front vote in West Bengal, including the votes for the JD candidate, reached 18,011,700 votes (47.8% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=e1996/&gt;<br /> In the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 Lok Sabha election]], CPI(M) contested 32 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e1998/&gt; The list of candidates was announced at a press conference on 6 January 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghSaxena2003&quot;/&gt; The Left Front had been able to reach consensus on its candidates well before the other major parties, and subsequently the CPI(M) election campaign came off to an early start.&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghSaxena2003&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahuja1998&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> A mammoth [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] (the national alliance backed by the left at the time) election meeting was held in Calcutta on 31 January 1998 with Jyoti Basu as the main speaker.&lt;ref name=fro98&gt;''Frontline''. ''[http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&amp;page=flonnet&amp;rdurl=fl1504/15040300.htm The campaign phase]''&lt;/ref&gt; Basu undertook a tour of all West Bengal districts to campaign for the Left Front candidates.&lt;ref name=fro98/&gt;<br /> <br /> The CPI(M) candidates included 18 incumbent Lok Sabha MPs, whereas the CPI and RSP fielded all of their incumbent MPs.&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghSaxena2003&quot;/&gt; The Left Front fielded the ex-mayor and 4-term minister [[Prasanta Sur]] to contest against Trinamool Congress leader [[Mamata Banerjee]] for the [[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South seat]], but Sur failed to defeat Banerjee.&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghSaxena2003&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=fro982&gt;''Frontline''. ''[http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1502/15020300.htm The phase of alignments]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.eci.gov.in/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S25/partycomp23.htm| title = Partywise comparison since 1977 Lok Sabha elections| access-date = 25 March 2008| work = 23 – Calcutta South Parliamentary Constituency| publisher = Election Commission of India| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050907120307/http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectionAnalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S25/partycomp23.htm| archive-date = 7 September 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front also fielded Prasanta Chatterjee, the sitting mayor of Calcutta for the Calcutta Northeast seat as well as fielding sitting [[Howrah]] mayor Swadesh Chakravarty against the Congress(I) MP [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghSaxena2003&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=fro982/&gt; AIFB fielded a new candidate in [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]], as the Barasat MP [[Chitta Basu (politician)|Chitta Basu]] had died.&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghSaxena2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> All in all, CPI(M) won 24 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 2 seats and RSP 4 seats.&lt;ref name=e1998&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS &amp; DETAILED RESULTS)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; AIFB lost the Barasat seat to Trinamool Congress.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahuja1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=M. L. Ahuja|title=Electoral Politics and General Elections in India, 1952–1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&amp;pg=PA178|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-711-5|pages=178–180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S25/partycomp13.htm 13 – BARASAT Parliamentary Constituency]''&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 17,101,211 votes (46% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=e1998/&gt;<br /> <br /> Ahead of the [[1999 Indian general election|1999 Lok Sabha election]], the Left Front released its list of candidates on 30 July 1999; CPI(M) contested 32 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.&lt;ref name=t99&gt;''The Telegraph''. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132521/http://www.telegraphindia.com/990731/the_east.htm NINE NEW FACES ON FRONT POLL LIST]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=e1999/&gt; The Left Front fielded nine new candidates; two sitting CPI(M) MPs were replaced ([[Ananda Pathak]] from [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]] and Ajoy Mukherjee from [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]).&lt;ref name=t99/&gt; CPI(M) fielded new faces in five Calcutta constituencies.&lt;ref name=t99/&gt; AIFB fielded a new candidate in [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]].&lt;ref name=t99/&gt; RSP and CPI retained all their sitting parliamentarians as candidates for re-election.&lt;ref name=t99/&gt;<br /> <br /> CPI(M) won 21 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 2 seats and RSP 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e1999&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1999 TO THE 13th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS &amp; DETAILED RESULTS)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 16,494,424 votes (46.1% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=e1999/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====CRLI out, WBSP reconstituted====<br /> CRLI left the Left Front in 2000 in the wake of the [[Saifuddin Choudhury]]'s expulsion from CPI(M).&lt;ref name=crli/&gt;&lt;ref name=bas/&gt; In 2000, the WBSP was reconstituted after [[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]] took over the Samajwadi Party and [[Kiranmoy Nanda]] (Fisheries Minister of Left Front government 1982–2011) broke away.&lt;ref name=xp/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Panskura by-election====<br /> In 2000 a by-election was called for the [[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura Lok Sabha seat]] as the sitting CPI MP [[Geeta Mukherjee]] died.&lt;ref name=&quot;byh&quot;&gt;''The Hindu''. ''[http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/09/stories/05091348.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}''&lt;/ref&gt; Mukherjee had held the seat since 1980.&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S25/partycomp29.htm 29 – PANSKURA Parliamentary Constituency]''&lt;/ref&gt; The by-election, as it occurred just months before the 2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, was attached crucial importance.&lt;ref name=pan2&gt;''The Tribune''. ''[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000609/nation.htm#2 Left Front suffers setback]''&lt;/ref&gt; Jyoti Basu, former Prime Minister [[V.P. Singh]] and CPI leader [[A.B. Bardhan]] campaigned for the Left Front candidate whilst Mamata Banerjee campaigned for the Trinamool Congress candidate.&lt;ref name=pan2/&gt; The defeat of the Left Front candidate (former Rajya Saha MP [[Gurudas Dasgupta]] of CPI) by the Trinamool Congress candidate was a major jolt to the alliance.&lt;ref name=byh/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;rediff.com. ''[http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jun/08rifat.htm Trinamul wins Panskura seat]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> On 27 October 2000 Basu, aged 86, was given permission by the CPI(M) leadership to resign as Chief Minister.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chander2004&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=ht/&gt;&lt;ref name=bas&gt;rediff.com. ''[http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/nov/06basu.htm Bengal after Basu]''&lt;/ref&gt; Buddhadev Bhattacharya was sworn in as new Chief Minister on 6 November 2000.&lt;ref name=ht/&gt;&lt;ref name=bas/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sixth Left Front government===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | width = 220<br /> | image1 = Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee in 2006.jpg<br /> |background color = #FFC6C4<br /> | caption1 = '''[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]'''&lt;br /&gt;[[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal, 2000-2011]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====2001 assembly election====<br /> In the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] the Left Front won 199 out of 294 seats, having received 17,912,669 votes along with its RJD and JD(S) allies (49% of the votes in the state).&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakrabarty2014&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=s2001/&gt;&lt;ref name=pd2001&gt;''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2001/may20/may20_bengal%20results.htm Left Front Wins A Two-Thirds Majority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115071312/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2001/may20/may20_bengal%20results.htm |date=15 November 2016 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; For the first time since 1977 CPI(M) did not hold an absolute majority of its own in the assembly.&lt;ref name=fro1&gt;''Frontline''. ''[http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1811/18111210.htm A spectacular show]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> CPI(M) had fielded 210 candidates, CPI 13, AIFB 34, RSP 23, RCPI 2, WBSP 4, DSP 2, MFB 1&lt;!-- MFB and DSP ran on independent tickets --&gt; and BBC 1&lt;!-- running on CPI(M) ticket --&gt;.&lt;ref name=s2001&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2001 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bbc2001&gt;''The Telegraph''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132028/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1010430/national.htm &quot;DOC IN SEARCH OF WINNING PRESCRIPTION&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; A 38-point Left Front election manifesto was presented in March 2001 at CPI(M) West Bengal headquarters, Muzaffar Bhavan, and was signed by Jyoti Basu (CPI(M)), Sailen Dasgupta (CPI(M)), [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]] (CPI(M), Anil Biswas (CPI(M)), Ashok Ghosh (AIFB), Debabrata Bandyopadhyay (RSP), Manjukumar Majumdar (CPI), Kiranmoy Nanda (SP), Prabodh Chandra Sinha (DSP), Mihir Byne (RCPI), Pratim Chatterjee (MFB) and Sunil Chaudhuri (BBC).&lt;ref&gt;''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2001/march11/march11_bengal.htm Left Front Releases Election Manifesto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115131942/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2001/march11/march11_bengal.htm |date=15 November 2016 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; A mass rally was held at [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Brigade Grounds]] on 25 March 2001 with participation from various Left Front leaders and with former Prime Minister [[V.P. Singh]] as special guest.&lt;ref&gt;''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2001/april01/april1_bengal3.htm Massive Rally Reaffirms Popular Support For Left Front] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115131944/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2001/april01/april1_bengal3.htm |date=15 November 2016 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> CPI(M) won 142 seats, CPI 7, AIFB 25, RSP 17, WBSP 4, DSP 2 and BBC 1.&lt;ref name=s2001/&gt;&lt;ref name=pd2001/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2 seats (Bara Bazar and Hirapur) the Left Front had supported candidates of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and in 2 seats (Chowringee and Rash Behari Avenue) the alliance had backed candidates from [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] .&lt;ref name=s2001/&gt;&lt;ref name=fro1/&gt;&lt;ref name=rjd&gt;''The Telegraph''. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20041022015939/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1010502/national.htm DATE WITH HISTORY &amp; HISTORY-SHEETER]''&lt;/ref&gt; No RJD nor JD(S) candidates were elected.&lt;ref name=s2001/&gt; In Hirapur local CPI(M) cadres rebelled against the official RJD candidate and ran a dissident candidate of their own which finished in second place, ahead of the official Left Front-supported RJD candidate.&lt;ref name=s2001/&gt;&lt;ref name=rjd/&gt;<br /> The sixth Left Front government, with 48 ministers, was sworn in of 19 May 2001.&lt;ref&gt;''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2001/may27/may27_bengal_ministers.htm Bengal Left Front Announces Cabinet Portfolios ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132053/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2001/may27/may27_bengal_ministers.htm |date=15 November 2016 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====2004 Lok Sabha election====<br /> In the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha election]], CPI(M) contested 32 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e2004/&gt; CPI(M) won 26 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 3 seats.&lt;ref name=e2004&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004 TO THE 14th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS &amp; DETAILED RESULTS)]''&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 18,766,404 votes (50.7% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=e2004/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Seventh Left Front government===<br /> <br /> ====2006 assembly election====<br /> {{main|List of Members of Left Front Ministry in West Bengal in 2006}}<br /> [[File:Marxists flags - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|250px|right|CPI(M) supporters during the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 election campaign]]]]In the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] the Left Front won 234 out of 294 seats and received 19,800,148 votes (including votes for allies, representing 50.2% of the statewide vote).&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakrabarty2014&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=s2006&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2006 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front had contested 290 seats (210 CPI(M), 34 AIFB, 23 RSP, 13 CPI, 4 WBSP, 2 DSP, 2 MFB&lt;!-- contesting as independents in Tarakeswar and Jamalpur, see Ganashakti ref --&gt;, 1 RCPI&lt;!-- contesting on CPI(M) symbol, see Ganashakti ref --&gt;, 1 BBC&lt;!-- contesting on CPI(M) symbol in Sabang, see Ganashakti ref --&gt;).&lt;ref name=s2006/&gt;&lt;ref name=pd06&gt;''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2006/0226/02262006_bengal%20list.htm Bengal LF’s List Of Candidates Emphasises Both Youth And Experience] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115071315/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2006/0226/02262006_bengal%20list.htm |date=15 November 2016 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Ganashakti''. [http://ganashakti.com/bengali/news_details.php?newsid=6133 ১৯ জেলায় দুই প্রধান প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বী এবং নির্দল ও অন্যান্য দলের প্রার্থী] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116021022/http://ganashakti.com/bengali/news_details.php?newsid=6133 |date=16 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In selecting candidates, the Left Front denied tickets to 64 incumbent legislators (52 from CPI(M), 8 from AIFB, 2 from WBSP, 1 from RSP, 1 from CPI), seeking to rejuvenate the list of candidates.&lt;ref name=pd06/&gt;<br /> <br /> Out of the 234 seats won by the Left Front, 175 were won by CPI(M) candidates, 8 from CPI, 23 AIFB, 20 RSP, 4 WBSP, 2 MFB and 1 DSP.&lt;ref name=s2006/&gt; Most of the incumbent ministers were re-elected, exceptions being [[Prabodh Chandra Sinha]] (Parliamentary Affairs, DSP) and [[Mohammed Amin (politician)|Mohammed Amin]] (Labour, CPI(M)).&lt;ref name=out&gt;''Outlook''. ''[http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/left-front-storms-back-with-three-fourths-majority-in-wb/384044 Left Front storms back with three-fourths majority in WB]''&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front Chief Whip, [[Rabin Deb]], also lost his seat.&lt;ref name=out/&gt;<br /> [[File:Communist banners in West Bengal - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|250px|right|thumb| CPI(M) Flags during [[2009 Indian general election|2009 Lok Sabha election]] in West Bengal]]<br /> In 4 seats the Left Front supported other parties, two each for the Rashtriya Janata Dal and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].&lt;ref name=pd06/&gt; One of the RJD candidates was elected.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakrabarty2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Left Front significantly improved its performance in comparison to 2001 in the [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] and [[South 24 Parganas district]]s.&lt;ref name=out/&gt; Only in the [[Cooch Behar District]] did the Left Front suffer a reversal of fortunes.&lt;ref name=out/&gt;<br /> Following the 2006 election, [[Tata Motors]] announced that it would establish its [[Tata Nano]] car factory in [[Singur]].&lt;ref name=ht/&gt; A major [[Singur Tata Nano controversy|land dispute]] surged. Likewise, a [[Nandigram violence|land dispute]] issue surged over a planned chemical factory in [[Nandigram]].&lt;ref name=ht/&gt; These two conflicts put severe strains on the Left Front 2007–2008.&lt;ref name=ht/&gt; On 8 September 2008 the Left Front and the opposition [[All India Trinamool Congress]] reached an agreement on Singur dispute but in the next month Tata Motors announced that it withdrew from West Bengal.&lt;ref name=ht/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2008 the Left Front won an overwhelming majority of the seats in the [[Howrah]] Municipal Corporation; out of a total of 50 seats in the Municipal Corporation CPI(M) won 26, CPI 3, AIFB 2, RCPI 1 and 1 seat for [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].&lt;ref name=how&gt;''The Telegraph''. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150507190557/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131129/jsp/howrah/story_17622292.jsp Rout of the Left]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====2009 Lok Sabha election====<br /> The Left Front suffered a set-back in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 Lok Sabha election]].&lt;ref name=ht/&gt; The CPI(M) contested 32 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats, RSP 4 seats.&lt;ref name=ec1&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/13_PerformanceOfStateParty.pdf 13 – PERFORMANCE OF STATE PARTIES]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf 25 – CONSTITUENCY WISE DETAILED RESULTS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=11 August 2014 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; CPI(M) won 9 seats from West Bengal, CPI, AIFB and RSP two seats each.&lt;ref name=ec1/&gt; The combined Left Front vote in West Bengal was 18,503,157 votes (43.3% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLII/STATE_PARTYWISESEATWONANDVOTES_LokSabha2009_24012014.pdf PARTY WISE SEATS WON AND VOTES POLLED (%), LOK SABHA 2009]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Left Front as main opposition (2011–2016)===<br /> [[File:Dspmötekolkata.JPG|thumb|right|Meeting of [[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)]] in [[Kolkata]]. Banner reads 'Bamfront', Bengali for 'Left Front'.]]<br /> <br /> ====2011 assembly election====<br /> In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] the Left Front failed to gain a majority of seats and the 34-year streak of continuous state government was broken.&lt;ref name=s2011&gt;Election Commission of India. [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf &quot;Statistical Report on General Election, 2011 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/05/2011513143311330487.html|title=Defeat rocks India's elected communists|first=Subir|last=Bhaumik|date=13 May 2011|access-date=8 January 2017|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> CPI(M) had fielded 210 candidates, CPI 14, AIFB 34, RSP 23, SP 5, DSP 2, RCPI 2, MFB 2 and BBC 1.&lt;!-- BBC and MFB candidates on CPI(M) symbols --&gt;&lt;ref name=s2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=cpim2016&gt;Communist Party of India (Marxist). ''[http://cpim.org/content/west-bengal-list-candidates West Bengal – List of Candidates]''&lt;/ref&gt; In one seat Left Front had supported a RJD candidate.&lt;ref name=s2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=cpim2016/&gt;<br /> <br /> The combined strength of the Left Front in the newly elected assembly stood at 62; CPI(M) managed to win 40 seats, CPI 2, AIFB 11, RSP 7, SP 1 and DSP 1.&lt;ref name=s2011/&gt; The vote of Left Front and its allies had been 19,555,844 (41%).&lt;ref name=s2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> For the first time since 1977, MFB lost the Tarakeswar seat.&lt;ref name=ana&gt;''Anandabazar Patrika''. [http://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal/state-election-news/tmc-worried-about-party-mlas-weak-perfomance-1.351220 বিধায়কের দুর্বল পারফর্ম্যান্সেই চিন্তায় দল]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013 the Left Front was routed in the elections to the Howrah Municipal Corporation, losing control over the town for the first time in three decades.&lt;ref name=how/&gt; CPI(M) managed to win solely two out of 50 wards, all other Left Front partners drew blank.&lt;ref name=how/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Economic Times''. ''[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-25/news/44449850_1_trinamool-congress-cpi-tmc Trinamool Congress sweeps civic polls in West Bengal]{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=mun&gt;NDTV. ''[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/west-bengal-civic-polls-mamata-magic-continues-trinamool-wins-left-bastion-howrah-542303 West Bengal civic polls: Mamata magic continues, Trinamool wins Left bastion Howrah]''&lt;/ref&gt; The incumbent CPI(M) mayor Mamta Jaiswal lost her seat.&lt;ref name=mun/&gt; On the same day the Left Front lost also lost the local election in [[Jhargram]], winning 1 out of 17 seats.&lt;ref name=mun/&gt;<br /> <br /> Ahead of the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha election]] the [[Samajwadi Party]] (with whom the WBSP had merged) parted ways with the Left Front.&lt;ref name=bs&gt;''Business Standard''. ''[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ahead-of-polls-left-front-suffers-coalition-blues-114030800182_1.html Ahead of polls, Left Front suffers coalition blues]''&lt;/ref&gt; The Samajwadi Party led by [[Kiranmoy Nanda]] (for many years the Fisheries Minister in the Left Front cabinets) had demanded that the Left Front allocate Lok Sabha seats to the party, a request that CPI(M) had refused.&lt;ref name=bs/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Left Front fielded 32 CPI(M) candidates to the Lok Sabha, 4 RSP candidates, 3 CPI candidates and 3 AIFB candidates.&lt;ref name=pdwb&gt;''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2014/0309_pd/03092014_ci2.html West Bengal Left Front Releases List of Candidates]''&lt;/ref&gt; 26 out of the 42 candidates were new contestants.&lt;ref name=pdwb/&gt; Out of the 42 candidates, only 2 CPI(M) candidates were elected.&lt;ref name=e2014&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf 17 – State Wise Seat Won &amp; Valid Votes Polled by Political Parties]''&lt;/ref&gt; The Left Front vote in West Bengal was 15,287,783 votes (29.9% of the votes cast in the state).&lt;ref name=e2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2014 a broader platform of cooperation between West Bengal left parties emerged, encompassing the ten Left Front parties (CPI(M), CPI, AIFB, RSP, DSP, RCPI, MFB, BBC, [[Workers Party of India]], [[Bolshevik Party of India]]) as well as the [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]], the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]], the [[Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]], the [[Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|Party of Democratic Socialism]], the [[Communist Party of Bharat]] and the CRLI.&lt;ref&gt;''The Gulf Today''. ''[http://gulftoday.ae/portal/1ba67d51-4f1c-4046-8401-8b7d1933c612.aspx Left parties vow joint fight against ‘communalism’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115071904/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/1ba67d51-4f1c-4046-8401-8b7d1933c612.aspx |date=15 November 2016 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=lfb&gt;Communist Party of India (Marxist). ''[http://cpim.org/publicissues/bengal-lf-support-sept-2-strike Bengal LF Support to Sept. 2 Strike]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Indian Express''. ''[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/left-front-cpm-congress-alliance-biman-bose-2846356/ ‘Fading partners’: Left parties open debate ‘against’&amp;nbsp;Cong]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rajya Sabha TV. ''[http://rstv.nic.in/17-left-parties-meet-strengthen-unity-communalism.html 17 Left parties meet to strengthen unity against “communalism”]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=toi&gt;''Times of India''. ''[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/16-Left-parties-to-observe-December-6-as-communal-harmony-day-in-Bengal/articleshow/45168847.cms?from=mdr 16 Left parties to observe December 6 as communal harmony day in Bengal]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;DNA. ''[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cpim-general-secretary-prakash-karat-says-efforts-on-to-bring-left-forces-together-2026648 CPI(M) General Secretary Prakash Karat says efforts on to bring Left forces together]''&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014 the 16 party alliance pledged to commemorate 6 December (the day of the destruction of [[Babri Masjid]]) as Communal Harmony Day.&lt;ref name=toi/&gt; As of 2015 Samajwadi Party was again a Left Front member, expanding the alliance to 17 parties.&lt;ref name=lfb/&gt; In July 2016 [[Janata Dal (United)]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] also joined the left parties in protests against price hikes.&lt;ref&gt;''People's Democracy''. ''[http://peoplesdemocracy.in/2016/0717_pd/massive-rally-against-price-rise Massive Rally against Price Rise]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ahead of the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] the Left Front presented a first list with 116 candidates on 7 March 2016.&lt;ref name=pd2016&gt;''People's Democracy''. ''[http://peoplesdemocracy.in/2016/0313_pd/bengal-assembly-poll-left-front-releases-first-list-candidates Bengal Assembly Poll: Left Front Releases First List of Candidates]''&lt;/ref&gt; The list included 69 new candidates, 16 women and 25 candidates from religious minorities.&lt;ref&gt;''Indian Express''. ''[http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/bengal-polls-2016-biman-bose-left-fronts-first-list-has-116-candidates/ Bengal polls: Left Front’s first list has 116&amp;nbsp;candidates]''&lt;/ref&gt; At the time the Left Front was engaged in building a broader front with parties like [[Janata Dal (United)]] and NCP against the Trinamool Congress government.&lt;ref name=pd2016/&gt; Moreover, an electoral understanding with the [[Indian National Congress]] was being sought.&lt;ref name=pd2016/&gt; A second list of 84 candidates was released on 10 March 2016, to the displeasure of INC leaders as 14 constituencies on the Left Front list were already being contested by INC.&lt;ref name=ht2006&gt;''Hindustan Times''. ''[http://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/cpm-s-second-list-pits-its-candidates-against-cong-nominees-in-dozen-seats/story-5m2LScGjDLeCzO16deEUPK.html CPM’s 2nd list pits its candidates against Cong nominees in dozen seats]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The Hindu''. ''[http://www.thehindu.com/elections/westbengal2016/lefts-second-list-leaves-congress-fuming/article8338440.ece Left’s second list leaves Congress fuming]''&lt;/ref&gt; The second list included 52 new candidates, 9 women and 20 Muslims.&lt;ref name=ht2006/&gt; Apart from the 84 Left Front candidates, two candidates each from JD(U) and RJD were announced.&lt;ref name=ht2006/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Asian Age''. ''[http://www.asianage.com/india/left-s-second-list-west-bengal-out-291 Left’s second list for West Bengal out]''&lt;/ref&gt; Dialogue between Left Front and INC continued after the release of the Left Front second list.&lt;ref&gt;NDTV. ''[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/west-bengal-polls-congress-cpi-m-hopeful-of-solving-seat-sharing-issues-1286107 West Bengal Polls: Congress, CPI-M Hopeful Of Solving Seat Sharing Issues]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ahead of the 2016 election Nanda and his SP again resigned from the Left Front, citing opposition to the electoral tie-up with the Indian National Congress.&lt;ref&gt;''The Telegraph''. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161115131909/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161106/jsp/7days/story_117635.jsp 'Akhilesh can't stand Amar Singh, for his ways and for his interference']''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After a period of dispute between CPI(M) and INC over the Tarakeswar seat, it was agreed that NCP would field a candidate there.&lt;ref name=ana/&gt; MFB continued to contest the Jamapur seat, however.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganashakti''. [http://ganashakti.com/bengali/news_details.php?newsid=79911 জনস্রোতে ভেসে মনোনয়ন জমা দিলেন বাম, গণতান্ত্রিক ও ধর্মনিরপেক্ষ শক্তির ১৬প্রার্থী গণতান্ত্রিক ও ধর্মনিরপেক্ষ শক্তির ১৬প্রার্থী] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901080452/http://ganashakti.com/bengali/news_details.php?newsid=79911 |date=1 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As per the Left-Congress electoral understanding, RCPI was requested to withdraw its candidate from the Hansan seat.&lt;ref name=ker&gt;newkerala.com. ''[http://www.newkerala.com/news/2016/fullnews-50350.html Bengal polls second phase crucial for Left-Congress combine (Curtain Raiser)]''&lt;/ref&gt; The candidate did however contest anyway, against the wishes of the Left Front.&lt;ref name=ker/&gt; He got 751 votes.&lt;ref name=s2016/&gt;<br /> <br /> CPI(M) contested 147 seats, CPI 11, AIFB 25, RSP 19, DSP 2 and MFB 1&lt;!-- on CPI(M) ticket --&gt;.&lt;ref name=s2016/&gt; In total the Left Front won 32 seats; CPI(M) won 25 seats, AIFB 2, RSP 3, CPI 1 and MFB 1.&lt;ref name=s2016/&gt; The combined Left Front vote (excluding allies) was 14,216,327 (26% of the votes in the state).&lt;ref name=s2016&gt;Election Commission of India. [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/statistical_reportwestbangal.aspx &quot;West Bangal General Legislative Election 2016&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Decline from 2016 to 2021 ===<br /> On 30 July 2017, DSP announced that it had broken its links with the Left Front.&lt;ref&gt;''Business Standard''. ''[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dsp-severs-ties-with-left-front-117073000485_1.html DSP severs ties with Left Front]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> CPI(M) party-supported canteen (Sramajibi Canteen) had given food packets to labourers and poor people in various parts of Kolkata at a subsidised rate during the lockdown and had continued even after that.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/will-the-cpim-congress-alliance-in-west-bengal-work-this-time|title=Will the CPI(M)-Congress Alliance in West Bengal Work This Time?|website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; Strategies were implemented to combat COVID-19 and the destruction caused by cyclone [[Cyclone Amphan|Amphan]] especially in the [[Sundarbans|Sunderbans]] on 20 May 2020 and its [[cadre (politics)|cadre]]s and volunteers rushed in to help with basics like soap, food grains, cooked food and tarpaulin for people whose homes were destroyed.<br /> <br /> In the months preceding the Assembly Elections, CPI(M) held rallies, conducted volunteer work and other activities in different parts of [[Purba Medinipur district|East]] and [[Paschim Medinipur district|West Midnapore]], in areas which had been difficult to access for them for over 10 years due to crude impeachment against the ''red jhanda'' by the [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]] and [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoists]] alike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/west-bengal-election-left-cpim-amphan-covid|title=Riding on Tireless Relief Work, the Left Charts a Return to Bengal's Radar|website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the preceding two years, after the reopening of all the party offices, the cadres were actively involved in various social welfare schemes with the participation of the youth in organising community kitchens, free ration and vegetable markets, safe housing, distribution of kits to students for studies and clothes to the underprivileged.<br /> <br /> Among many social welfare initiatives, the Left had set up Rs. 50 health clinics and safe houses for the poor who cannot afford expensive medical care facilities amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the state. The CPI(M) had converted nearly 30 party offices into safe homes for poor people who did not have extra room at their dwellings for quarantining in case of COVID-19 infection.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/with-welfare-schemes-for-the-needy-during-covid-19-crisis-left-front-aims-at-comeback-in-2021-polls-2844789.html|title=With Welfare Schemes for the Needy During Covid-19 Crisis, Left Front Aims at Comeback in 2021 Polls|date=3 September 2020|website=news18.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Decline ===<br /> <br /> === 2021 Assembly elections ===<br /> On the eve of the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] Left Front had reiterated a political alliance with the [[Indian National Congress]] in order to uproot the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool]] state government and oppose the advance of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in West Bengal. The Left Front raised slogans for the creation of a Left democratic secular government. The [[Indian Secular Front]] led by the Furfura Sharif cleric [[Abbas Siddique]] also joined the [[Mahajot]] and had finalized its seat-sharing capacities with the alliance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/assembly-west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-other-small-secular-parties-to-join-bengal-alliance-congress-adhir-ranjan-chowdhury-2371871|title=Indian Secular Front, Other Parties To Join Bengal Alliance: Congress|website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The new alliance had been termed as [[Sanjukta Morcha]] (translated in English: The United Front) [Bengali: সংযুক্ত মোর্চা]. The Left Parties contested in 175 seats, Congress in 92 and ISF in 37 seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/left-to-fight-165-bengal-seats-congress-92-isf-37/articleshow/81340342.cms|title=West Bengal Elections 2021: Left to fight 165 Bengal seats, Congress 92, ISF 37 |website=The Times of India|date=5 March 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As per the decision, out of 175 seats, CPI(M) contested on 137 seats, AIFB on 18 seats, RSP on 11 seats, CPI on 10 seats and the MFB on 1 seat. The Left Front did not win any seats out of the 292 seats of which votes were counted on 2 May 2021. The alliance, &quot;Sanjukta Morcha&quot; had won 1 seat in total, the sole seat being won by Nawsad Siddique in Bhangar Constituency of West Bengal. That was the first time when, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly was devoid of any Left Front or INC MLA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 May 2021|title=The rise of BJP and fall of leftist and Congress in West Bengal|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/world/politics/rise-bjp-and-fall-leftist-and-congress-west-bengal-240853|work=The Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; The runner ups of CPIM stood as follows:<br /> <br /> * Md. Kamal Hossain in Bhagabangola<br /> * Md. Rostafizur Rahaman in Domkal<br /> * Saiful Islam Molla in Jalangi<br /> * Dr. Sujan Chakraborty in Jadavpur<br /> <br /> The CPI(M) had, for a long time been running the ''Sramajibi Canteens'' and the ''Red Volunteers'' programme and continued to do the same, even after bagging only 4.6% of the vote share. The Sramajibi Canteens and the Red Volunteers service continued operating through all the COVID-19 waves.<br /> <br /> ==== 2021-2022 Municipal elections ====<br /> <br /> ===== 2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation elections =====<br /> The Left Front had contested in 128 seats and managed to secure 11.89% votes and 2 seats (CPI(M) and CPI each winning 1 seat in Ward 92 (Borough X) and Ward 103 (Borough XI) respectively) in the [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Kolkata Municipal Corporation election]]. The Left Front bagged a second position in 65 seats, more than any other party in the polls. Differentially, CPI(M) got 9.65%, CPI got 1.02%, RSP got 0.78% and AIFB got 0.44% of votes polled.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} Thus, in terms of vote-share, the Left Front emerged as the main opposition in the Kolkata Municipal Corporation.<br /> <br /> ===== 2022 municipal elections =====<br /> During the civic body elections in February, the Left won an landslide victory in Taherpur municipality with an absolute majority. Taherpur got Uttam Ananda Das as the chairman by making the leftists win eight seats.<br /> <br /> ==Members==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;<br /> |+Left Front <br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Party'''<br /> !'''Flag'''<br /> !'''Ideology'''<br /> !'''State Secretary'''<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; |'''National Parties'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |'''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]'''<br /> |[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]<br /> |[[Communism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br /> |[[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; |'''State Parties'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |'''[[Communist Party of India]]'''<br /> |[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]<br /> |[[Communism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br /> |Swapan Banerjee<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}<br /> |'''[[All India Forward Bloc]]'''<br /> |[[File:All India Forward Bloc flag.svg|50px]]<br /> |[[Left-wing nationalism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Socialism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Marxism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anti-imperialism]]<br /> |Naren Chatterjee<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}<br /> |'''[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]'''<br /> |[[File:RSP-flag.svg|50px]]<br /> |[[Communism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anti-Stalinism]]<br /> |Tapan Hor<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; |'''Unrecognized Parties'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}<br /> |'''[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]'''<br /> |[[File:RCPI Flag.jpg|50px]]<br /> |&lt;br&gt;[[Communism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anti-Stalinism]]<br /> |Subhash Roy<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Marxist Forward Bloc}}<br /> |'''[[Marxist Forward Bloc]]'''<br /> |<br /> |[[Left-wing nationalism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Socialism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Marxism]]<br /> |Ashish Chakraborty<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Bolshevik Party of India}}<br /> |'''[[Bolshevik Party of India]]'''<br /> |<br /> |[[Communism]]<br /> |Probir Ghosh<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Workers Party of India}}<br /> |'''[[Workers Party of India]]'''<br /> |<br /> |[[Socialism]]<br /> |Sibnath Sinha<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party color cell|Biplobi Bangla Congress}}<br /> |'''[[Biplobi Bangla Congress]]'''<br /> |[[File:Biplobi Bangla Congress Banner.jpg|50px]]<br /> |[[Bengali nationalism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Socialism]]<br /> |(Not specified)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Past Members'''<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Party<br /> !Flag<br /> !Ideology<br /> !Leader(s)<br /> |-<br /> |{{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}<br /> |'''SP'''<br /> |[[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> |[[File:Samajwadi Party New Flag.png|35px]]<br /> |[[Socialism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Democratic socialism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Left-wing populism]]<br /> |[[Kiranmoy Nanda]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Left Front chairmen==<br /> [[Promode Dasgupta]] served as Left Front Committee chairman during the early years of the alliance.&lt;ref name=int&gt;''India Today''. ''[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800415-left-front-leaders-in-west-bengal-express-disappointment-over-gap-between-pledges-and-achievement-806594-2014-02-01 Pressure all round]''&lt;/ref&gt; Dasgupta died in November 1982, after which Saroj Mukherjee became Left Front chairman.&lt;ref&gt;''India Today''. ''[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19851015-problem-of-old-age-troubles-cpim-with-increasing-retirements-of-ministers-802038-2014-01-12 Grey areas]''&lt;/ref&gt; Mukherjee retained the post until his death in 1990.&lt;ref name=sudhin&gt;''India Today''. ''[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840331-coming-rajya-sabha-polls-prove-to-be-a-severe-test-for-west-bengal-political-parties-802915-1984-03-30 West Bengal: Seating scrap]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''India Today''. ''[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19900315-with-the-death-of-saroj-mukherjee-growth-of-cpim-may-not-be-so-smooth-812400-1990-03-14 In transition]''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sailen Dasgupta]] served as chairman of the Left Front Committee from 1990 until his death in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;''Frontline''. ''[http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1815/18151220.htm A life dedicated to socialism]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2002/april28/04282002_17cong_condLres.htm 17th Congress Condolence Resolutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217061910/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2002/april28/04282002_17cong_condLres.htm |date=17 February 2019 }}''&lt;/ref&gt; As Dasgupta suffered ailments in the latter part of his life, Biman Bose held the position as Acting Chairman of the Left Front Committee from 1998 to 2001.&lt;ref name=fro&gt;''Frontline''. ''[http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1812/18120100.htm What is the Left Front?]''&lt;/ref&gt; Bose took over as Chairman of the Left Front Committee after Dasgupta's death.&lt;ref&gt;''The Tribune''. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/nation.htm &quot;Left Front Declares RS List&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Chronological list===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; | No.<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; | Name<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; | Tenure <br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; | Description<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |[[Promode Dasgupta]]<br /> |1977–1982<br /> |Served as Secretary of West Bengal State Committee of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from 1964 to 1982. <br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |[[Saroj Mukherjee]] <br /> |1982–1990<br /> |Served as Secretary of West Bengal State Committee of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from 1982 to 1990. <br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |Sailen Dasgupta<br /> |1990–1998<br /> |Served as Secretary of West Bengal State Committee of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from 1990 to 1998.<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |[[Biman Bose]]<br /> |1998–''Incumbent''<br /> |Served as Secretary of West Bengal State Committee of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from 2006 to 2015.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Chief Ministers of West Bengal from Left Front==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+ Chief ministers of West Bengal from Left Front<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|No|Number}}{{efn|group=Chief ministers|A number in parentheses indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Portrait<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Name<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |Constituency<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Tenure{{efn|group=Chief ministers|While the tenures have been primarily sourced to a list on the West Bengal Legislative Assembly website, obvious errors (mainly around the 1969–71 period) have been corrected with the help of a historical essay from the same website.}}<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Duration<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Assembly&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160313055600/http://wbassembly.gov.in/html/briinfopreass.htm Brief Information on Previous Assemblies]. West Bengal Legislative Assembly. Archive link from 12 March 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(election)}}<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 1<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[File:Jyoti Basu - Calcutta 1996-12-21 089 Cropped.png|frameless|99x99px]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;height: 60px;&quot; | [[Jyoti Basu]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]<br /> | 21 June 1977<br /> | 23 May 1982<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | {{ayd|1977|6|21|2000|11|5}}<br /> | 8th<br /> &lt;small&gt;([[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | 24 May 1982<br /> | 29 March 1987<br /> | 9th<br /> &lt;small&gt;([[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982 election]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 30 March 1987<br /> | 18 June 1991<br /> | 10th<br /> &lt;small&gt;([[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987 election]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 19 June 1991<br /> | 15 May 1996<br /> | 11th <br /> &lt;small&gt;([[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991 election]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 16 May 1996<br /> | 5 November 2000<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;height: 80px;&quot; | 12th<br /> &lt;small&gt;([[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996 election]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[File:Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee in 2009.jpg|107x107px]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;height: 60px;&quot; | [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]<br /> | 6 November 2000<br /> | 14 May 2001<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{ayd|2000|11|6|2011|5|20}}<br /> |-<br /> | 15 May 2001<br /> | 17 May 2006<br /> | 13th<br /> &lt;small&gt;([[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001 election]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 18 May 2006<br /> | 20 May 2011<br /> | 14th &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006 election]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 60px;&quot;<br /> |}<br /> {{Notelist |group=Chief ministers}}<br /> <br /> ==Electoral history==<br /> === In Loksabha elections ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |+Left Front election results in Loksabha election in West Bengal<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; | Year<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |Legislature<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |Total Seats<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |Seats won /&lt;br&gt; contested<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot;|Change /&lt;br&gt;in seats<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |Votes<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |% &lt;br&gt; of votes<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |Notes<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |[[6th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|23|26|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{increase}} 23<br /> |5,049,077<br /> |33.4<br /> |Left Front contested only 26 out of 42 seats.<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> |[[7th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|38|42|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{increase}} 15<br /> |11,086,354<br /> |52.7<br /> |Includes 3 CPI candidates.<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |[[8th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|26|42|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 12<br /> |12,296,816<br /> |47.6<br /> |<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |[[9th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|37|42|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{increase}} 11<br /> |16,284,415<br /> |50.6<br /> |Includes 1 JD candidate<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |[[10th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|37|42|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{steady}}<br /> |14,955,151<br /> |47.1<br /> |Includes 2 JD candidates<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |[[11th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|37|42|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{steady}}<br /> |18,011,700<br /> |47.8<br /> |Includes 1 JD candidate<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |[[12th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|33|42|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 4<br /> |17,101,211<br /> |46.0<br /> |<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |[[13th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|29|42|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 4<br /> |16,494,424<br /> |46.1<br /> |<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election in West Bengal|2004]]<br /> |[[14th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|35|42|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{increase}} 6<br /> |18,766,404<br /> |50.7<br /> |<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election in West Bengal|2009]]<br /> |[[15th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|15|42|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 20<br /> |18,503,157<br /> |43.3<br /> |<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election in West Bengal|2014]]<br /> |[[16th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|2|42|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 13<br /> |15,287,783<br /> |29.9<br /> |<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|2019]]<br /> |[[17th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|0|40|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 2<br /> |4,269,471<br /> |7.96<br /> |Left Front only contested 40 seats.<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal|2024]]<br /> |[[18th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |42<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|0|30|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |{{steady}}<br /> |3,826,670<br /> |6.35<br /> |12 seats were contested by the INC<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === In State Assembly elections ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |+Left Front election results in State Assembly elections in West Bengal<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |Year<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |Leader<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |Votes<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |%<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |Seats<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}};color:white&quot; |Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |rowspan=5|[[Jyoti Basu]]<br /> |6,568,999<br /> |45.8<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|231|294|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /> |11,869,003<br /> |52.7<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|238|294|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> |13,924,806<br /> |53.0<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|251|294|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |15,090,595<br /> |48.7<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|245|294|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |Includes 8 JD candidates<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> |18,143,795<br /> |49.3<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|203|294|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |Includes 5 JD candidates<br /> |-<br /> |[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]<br /> |17,912,669<br /> |49.0<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|199|294|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |Includes 2 RJD and 2 JD(S) candidates<br /> |-<br /> |[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |19,800,148<br /> |50.2<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|235|294|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |Includes 2 RJD and 2 NCP candidates<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |19,555,844<br /> |41.0<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|62|294|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |Includes 1 RJD candidate<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Surjya Kanta Mishra]]<br /> |14,216,327<br /> |26.0<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|32|294|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |Left Front only contested 205 seats.<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |3,400,984<br /> |5.67<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|0|294|hex=#ff0000}}<br /> |Left Front only contested 177 seats.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)]]<br /> * [[Left Front (Tripura)]]<br /> * [[List of communist parties in India]]<br /> * [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian political parties}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Left-wing political party alliances]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Political party alliances in India]]<br /> [[Category:United fronts|West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:1977 establishments in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties established in 1977]]<br /> [[Category:Left-wing politics in India| ]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malegaon&diff=467077 2026-03-28T04:12:45Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: further rework information for clarity additionally and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Malegaon<br /> | official_name = मालेगांव<br /> | nickname = Textile City<br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | image_skyline = Malegaon Fort.jpg<br /> | image_alt = PowerLoom<br /> | image_caption = Malegaon Fort<br /> | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1191|frame-width=370|frame-height=300|stroke-width=3|frame-lat=18.92|frame-long=76.68|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{coord|20.55|N|74.55|E}}|marker-size2=medium}}<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Malegaon in Maharashtra<br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|20.55|N|74.55|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Malegaon Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> | leader_name = {{bulletlist|[[Dadaji Bhuse]], [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]]<br /> |[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique]], [[AIMIM]]}}<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 68<br /> | area_rank = 26.25<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 438<br /> | population_total = 481,228<br /> | population_demonym = Malegaonkar<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | blank_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}<br /> | blank_info_sec2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 423203 (City and Soygaon) &amp; 423105 (for Camp area)<br /> | area_code = &lt;!-- 02554 --&gt;<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | registration_plate = MH-41<br /> | website = {{url|malegaonmahaulb.maharashtra.gov.in/en}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Malegaon''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Mālegāv''; Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[malegaːʋ]]]) is a city in [[Nashik District]] of [[Maharashtra]] State in [[India]]. It is situated on the bank of the Girna river with Mosam River river flowing through middle of the city dividing it in two parts. Malegaon is famous for its loom industries.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> On the road linking Mumbai and Agra – now [[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway-3]] ({{Proper name|NH3)}}, it used to be a small junction known as ''Maliwadi'' (hamlet of gardeners).<br /> [[File:Sayaji Palace.jpg|thumb|Sayaji Palace]]<br /> Naro Shankar Raje Bahadur was appointed as an agent in [[Malwa]]. He was gifted 18 villages which included Malewadi. He constructed Malegaon Fort in 1740 using craftsmen from [[Surat]] and northern India, the construction of which took 25 years. After the fort was completed, the craftsmen settled in the town. Since long people have been immigrating to Malegaon after persecution. Post the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been faster growth in the city.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Malegaon(previously Maligaon&lt;ref name=&quot;mulligaum&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=George Newenham |year=1837 |title=''A New and Comprehensive Gazetteer'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyQDAAAAYAAJ}} G.N. Wright, 1837. See entry for MULLIGAUM, p216.&lt;/ref&gt;) is at the confluence of the [[Girna River|Girna]] and [[Mosam River|Mosam]] (previously Moosy&lt;ref name=&quot;mulligaum&quot; /&gt;) rivers, at elevation of 438&amp;nbsp;metres (1437&amp;nbsp;feet) at {{Coord|18.42|N|77.53|E}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Malegaon.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Malegaon |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=2013-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is 280 km northeast of the state capital [[Mumbai]]. It is centrally located and has good connectivity with nearby cities like [[Nashik]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Indore]], [[Surat]], and [[Dhule]]. It is at 89.5km (~ 1.45 hrs. drive) from nearest airport [[Nashik Airport]].<br /> <br /> Roads:<br /> * [[State Highway 10 (Maharashtra)]]<br /> * [[National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)]] (Asian Highway no. 10) (Mumbai - Agra)<br /> <br /> ===Climate===<br /> {{Weather box<br /> | location = Malegaon (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)<br /> | metric first = Yes<br /> | single line = Yes<br /> | width = auto<br /> | Jan record high C = 36.4<br /> | Feb record high C = 41.0<br /> | Mar record high C = 45.6<br /> | Apr record high C = 45.6<br /> | May record high C = 46.7<br /> | Jun record high C = 44.4<br /> | Jul record high C = 39.4<br /> | Aug record high C = 37.2<br /> | Sep record high C = 39.0<br /> | Oct record high C = 40.9<br /> | Nov record high C = 39.4<br /> | Dec record high C = 36.8<br /> | year record high C = 46.7<br /> | Jan high C = 30.2<br /> | Feb high C = 33.3<br /> | Mar high C = 37.5<br /> | Apr high C = 40.5<br /> | May high C = 40.7<br /> | Jun high C = 35.9<br /> | Jul high C = 30.6<br /> | Aug high C = 29.1<br /> | Sep high C = 30.8<br /> | Oct high C = 33.5<br /> | Nov high C = 31.7<br /> | Dec high C = 31.1<br /> | year high C = 33.7<br /> | Jan low C = 10.2<br /> | Feb low C = 12.1<br /> | Mar low C = 16.2<br /> | Apr low C = 20.2<br /> | May low C = 23.2<br /> | Jun low C = 23.4<br /> | Jul low C = 22.7<br /> | Aug low C = 21.8<br /> | Sep low C = 21.0<br /> | Oct low C = 18.6<br /> | Nov low C = 14.7<br /> | Dec low C = 11.1<br /> | year low C = 18.1<br /> | Jan record low C = 0.6<br /> | Feb record low C = -0.6<br /> | Mar record low C = 5.6<br /> | Apr record low C = 9.4<br /> | May record low C = 15.0<br /> | Jun record low C = 15.6<br /> | Jul record low C = 17.4<br /> | Aug record low C = 15.6<br /> | Sep record low C = 14.2<br /> | Oct record low C = 7.5<br /> | Nov record low C = 5.6<br /> | Dec record low C = 2.6<br /> | year record low C = -0.6<br /> | rain colour = green<br /> | Jan rain mm = 3.3<br /> | Feb rain mm = 0.3<br /> | Mar rain mm = 4.3<br /> | Apr rain mm = 3.9<br /> | May rain mm = 9.2<br /> | Jun rain mm = 113.2<br /> | Jul rain mm = 137.4<br /> | Aug rain mm = 112.1<br /> | Sep rain mm = 124.5<br /> | Oct rain mm = 64.6<br /> | Nov rain mm = 18.0<br /> | Dec rain mm = 2.7<br /> | year rain mm = 593.8<br /> | Jan rain days = 0.4<br /> | Feb rain days = 0.1<br /> | Mar rain days = 0.3<br /> | Apr rain days = 0.5<br /> | May rain days = 0.9<br /> | Jun rain days = 5.9<br /> | Jul rain days = 7.8<br /> | Aug rain days = 7.0<br /> | Sep rain days = 6.3<br /> | Oct rain days = 2.8<br /> | Nov rain days = 0.9<br /> | Dec rain days = 0.3<br /> | year rain days = 33.2<br /> |time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | Jan humidity = 32<br /> | Feb humidity = 30<br /> | Mar humidity = 21<br /> | Apr humidity = 20<br /> | May humidity = 25<br /> | Jun humidity = 48<br /> | Jul humidity = 65<br /> | Aug humidity = 71<br /> | Sep humidity = 65<br /> | Oct humidity = 47<br /> | Nov humidity = 41<br /> | Dec humidity = 39<br /> |year humidity = 42<br /> |source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> <br /> | title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020<br /> | publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]<br /> | access-date = April 8, 2024<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IMDnormals&gt;<br /> <br /> | title = Station: Malegaon Climatological Table 1981–2010<br /> | work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010<br /> | publisher = India Meteorological Department<br /> | date = January 2015<br /> | pages = 467–468<br /> | access-date = 21 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IMDextremes&gt;<br /> <br /> | title = Extremes of Temperature &amp; Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)<br /> | publisher = India Meteorological Department<br /> | date = December 2016<br /> | page = M145<br /> | access-date = 21 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Villages near Malegaon and towards Satana, Nampur, Sonaj, Talwade and Vadel are agricultural areas and major producers of [[onion]]s. [[Pomegranate]] is another crop of commercial importance that is cultivated by farmers in nearby pockets. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) of Malegaon has a front office at Malegaon and a research farm at Vadel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.kvkmalegaon.org |title=Krishi Vigyan Kendra |website=kvkmalegaon.org |access-date=21 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a campus of Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir's H. H. Sri Sri Murlidhara Swamiji College of Agriculture and H. H. Sri Sri Murlidhara Swamiji College of Horticulture in the Malegaon Camp area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mgvagri.kbhgroup.in |title=H. H. Sri Sri Murlidhara Swamiji College of Agriculture |website=mgvagri.kbhgroup.in |access-date=21 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a cloth manufacturing industry mostly using power looms. Cloths made are also further processed in few plants or sold to merchants. Several plastic manufacturing companies are operational around city. Around 3 Buffalo meat processing and export units are present in Malegaon City.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://apeda.gov.in/apedahindi/Announcements/Integrated_Abattoir_Cum_Meat_Processin_Plant_03March2022.pdf |title=List of Integrated Abattoir Cum Meat Processing Plant |website=apeda.gov.in |access-date=21 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post Covid-19 period, it is becoming a medical tourism hub. People are coming for treatment. Several outskirts are getting Farmhouses built for 1 day outing and rest. These farmhouses are equipped with swimming pools.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> {{As of|2011}} India [[census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/nashik/malegaon-population.html|title=Malegaon Taluka Population Nashik, Maharashtra, List of Villages &amp; Towns in Malegaon Taluka}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malegaon city had urban/metropolitan population of 481,228. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Malegaon has an average literacy rate of 70.54%: Male literacy is 74.25% and female literacy is 66.63%. About 15.41% of the population is under 6 years of age.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In Malegaon City [[Islam]] is the most [[Muslims|practiced religion]] with approximately 379,927 (78.95%) following it. 89,011 (18.50%) of the population following [[Hindu]] religion. Buddhism is followed by 6,830 (1.42%) and Jainism 3,933 (0.82).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/nashik/malegaon-population.html|title=Malegaon Taluka Population Nashik, Maharashtra, List of Villages &amp; Towns in Malegaon Taluka}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Male<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Female<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total Population<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Change<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; |Religion (%)<br /> |-<br /> !Hindu<br /> !Muslim<br /> !Christian<br /> !Sikhs<br /> !Buddhist<br /> !Jain<br /> !Other religions and persuasions<br /> !Religion not stated<br /> |-<br /> |2001&lt;ref&gt;[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |208864<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |200539<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |409403<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | - <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |20.975<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |75.382<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.253<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.109<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |2.128<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |1.056<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.071<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.026<br /> |-<br /> |2011&lt;ref&gt;[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |244080<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |237148<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |481228<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.175<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |18.497<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |78.949<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.105<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.042<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |1.419<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.817<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.020<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.151<br /> |} <br /> {{Graph:Chart<br /> | width=400<br /> | height=150<br /> | xAxisTitle=Year<br /> | yAxisFormat = %<br /> | showSymbols = <br /> |colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black<br /> | yAxisTitle=Religion<br /> | legend=<br /> | y1Title=Hindu<br /> | y2Title=Muslim<br /> | y3Title=Christian<br /> | y4Title=Sikhs<br /> | y5Title=Buddhist<br /> | y6Title=Jain<br /> | y7Title=Other<br /> | y8Title=Religion not stated<br /> | x=2001,2011<br /> | type = line<br /> | y1=0.20975,0.18497<br /> | y2=0.75382,0.78949<br /> | y3=0.00253,0.00105<br /> | y4=0.00109,0.00042<br /> | y5=0.02128,0.01419<br /> | y6=0.01056,0.00817<br /> | y7=0.00071,0.0002<br /> | y8=0.00026,0.00151<br /> }}<br /> {{Graph:Chart<br /> | width=400<br /> | height=150<br /> | xAxisTitle=Year<br /> | yAxisFormat = %<br /> | showSymbols = <br /> |colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black<br /> | yAxisTitle=Religion<br /> | legend=<br /> | y1Title=Hindu<br /> | y2Title=Muslim<br /> | y3Title=Christian<br /> | y4Title=Sikhs<br /> | y5Title=Buddhist<br /> | y6Title=Jain<br /> | y7Title=Other<br /> | y8Title=Religion not stated<br /> | x=2001,2011<br /> | type = rect<br /> | y1=0.20975,0.18497<br /> | y2=0.75382,0.78949<br /> | y3=0.00253,0.00105<br /> | y4=0.00109,0.00042<br /> | y5=0.02128,0.01419<br /> | y6=0.01056,0.00817<br /> | y7=0.00071,0.0002<br /> | y8=0.00026,0.00151<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> <br /> Malegaon has a lot of schools and colleges. Night schools for elders, only Boys and only Girls schools, colleges offering diploma/degrees in Pharmacy, Education, Medicine, Management, etc. Language of instruction include urdu, marathi and english. <br /> * The Malegaon High School and Junior College (ATT)<br /> * Loknete Venkatrao Hire Academy<br /> * Mansoora College<br /> * Govt. College of Agribusiness Management Kashti Malegaon<br /> * H.H.Sri Sri Muralidhara Swamiji College Of Agriculture<br /> * Swami Vivekanand Sanstha'S Institute Of Pharmacy<br /> * Dr. B.V. Hiray College of Management and Research Centre<br /> * Maharaja Sayajirao Gaikwad Arts, Science &amp; Commerce College<br /> <br /> == Covid-19 Malegaon Model ==<br /> A epidemiological study by panel of doctors appointed by government was conducted to unearth the reasons behind super covid control in Malegaon and published in Asian Journal of Medical Sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/AJMS/article/view/46722 | doi=10.3126/ajms.v13i10.46722 | title=An epidemiological study to determine demographic factors influencing COVID-19 IgG antibody production among the adult population of urban area in Malegaon, Maharashtra - A cross sectional study | year=2022 | last1=Nirmalkumar Adhar Rawandale | last2=Vikrant Sayaji Pagar | last3=Madhuri Magan Suryawanshi | last4=Sushant Shamrao Chavan | last5=Jinendra Mohan Jain | last6=Pallavi Supriya Prabhakar Saple | last7=Madhuri Rajeev Kanitkar | journal=Asian Journal of Medical Sciences | volume=13 | issue=10 | pages=3–11 | s2cid=252674034 | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; News agencies captured the phenomenon. Indian Express published a story around this with title magic Malegaon project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/magic-malegaon-project-less-covid-cases-in-city-muhs-to-study-blood-samples-of-malegaon-residents-7826341/ | title=Magic Malegaon project: Less Covid cases in city, MUHS to study blood samples of Malegaon residents | date=18 March 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Times of India also published a news article around this with title Malegaon success story.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/malegaon-success-story-to-tackle-covid-19/articleshow/77503368.cms | title=Malegaon success story to tackle Covid-19 | newspaper=The Times of India | date=12 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During this testing and challenging time, local Unani Medical Doctors (BUMS) played a pivotal role. The Eastern Part of the City was sealed after the Covid outbreak. Doctors in Western Part of the City refused to admit the Covid positive patients. The Malegaon General Hospital had also closed its doors for Covid patients.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://ummid.com/news/2020/may/18.05.2020/malegaon-general-hospital-fit-only-as-a-luxury-hotel.html/ | title=Malegaon Gen Hospital fit only as luxury hotel: Local residents | date=18 May 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; At this crucial juncture Unani Medical Graduates took control of the Healthcare System of the City. Risking their life, they converted their small dispensaries to admit Covid patients, and went home to home to save them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://ummid.com/news/2020/may/28.05.2020/how-bums-doctors-created-a-wall-against-coronavirus-in-malegaon.html/ | title=How BUMS Doctors Created Wall Against Coronavirus in Malegaon | date=28 May 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bomb blast==<br /> {{Main|29 September 2008 western India bombings}}<br /> <br /> On 29 September 2008, three bombs exploded in the States of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] killing eight people and injuring 80, in that Two bombs went off in [[Malegaon]]. Three of the arrested suspects were identified as Sadhvi [[Pragya Singh Thakur]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/arrests-of-hindu-terrorists-embarasses-bjp/article1-347669.aspx |title=Arrests of framed 'Hindu terrorists' embarasses BJP |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105035105/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/arrests-of-hindu-terrorists-embarasses-bjp/article1-347669.aspx |archive-date=5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sadhvi-in-jail-for-Malegaon-blast/articleshow/3637596.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104120056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-25/india/27909361_1_maharashtra-s-anti-terrorism-squad-ats-abvp |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Sadhvi in jail for Malegaon blast|date=25 October 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiv Narayan Gopal Singh Kalsanghra, and Shyam Bhawarlal Sahu. All three were produced before the Chief Judicial Magistrate's court in [[Nashik]], which remanded them to custody till 3 November.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/25/stories/2008102561761400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026033900/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/25/stories/2008102561761400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2008 |title=Front Page : Malegaon blast; three remanded to custody |date=25 October 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 28 October, the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], came out in support of the accused saying that the arrests were political in nature. {{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}, [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] chief, [[Uddhav Thackeray]], propounded a potential [[conflict of interest]] in political rivalry as the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) controlled the relevant ministry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Sadhvi_Pragya_victim_of_race_within_cops_Shiv_Sena/rssarticleshow/3649064.cms |title=Real masterminds still at large, sadhvi Pragya a victim: Sena&amp;nbsp;— Mumbai&amp;nbsp;— City |work=The Times of India |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=9 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The National Investigation Agency (NIA) has found evidence against [[Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur]] and it has recommended the court to act against all charges against her which was proven incorrect.&lt;ref name=IndianExpress&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sunil-joshi-murder-nia-set-to-drop-case-against-sadhvi-pragya-others-arrested-by-mp-police/1212272/ |title=NIA set to drop case against Sadhvi Pragya, others arrested by MP Police |date=27 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Indian Army]] officer [[Prasad Shrikant Purohit]] was also accused of being involved in the blast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/malegaon-blast-ats-says-purohit-main-conspi/413034/ |title=Malegaon blast: ATS says Purohit main conspirator |work=The Indian Express |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=9 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==MLA’s==<br /> <br /> MLAs from [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency]] for Maharashtra Assembly:<br /> *1930: Gulab Miya Wasif, [[Indian National Congress]] [First MLA Before Independence]<br /> * 1952: Mohammad Sabir Abdul Sattar, [[Indian National Congress]] (First MLA after independence)<br /> * 1962: Haroon Ansari, [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> * 1967: [[Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman]], Praja [[socialist]]<br /> * 1972: Aysha Hakeem Saheba, Indian National Congress<br /> * 1978: [[Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman]], [[Janata Party]]<br /> * 1980: Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman, Janata Party<br /> * 1985: Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman, [[Janata Party]]<br /> * 1990: Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman, [[Janata Dal(S)]]<br /> * 1995: Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman, Janata Dal(S)<br /> * 1999: Shaikh Rasheed Haji Shaikh Shaffi, [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> * 2004: Shaikh Rasheed Haji Shaikh Shaffi, [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> * 2009: [[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique]], Jan Surajya Shakti<br /> * 2014: [[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid]], [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> * 2019: [[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique]], [[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]<br /> * 2024: [[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique]], [[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]<br /> <br /> MLAs from Malegaon Outer Constituency for Maharashtra Assembly:<br /> <br /> * 1978: Hiray Baliram Waman, INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS<br /> * 1980: Hiray Baliram Waman, INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS<br /> * 1985: Hiray Pushpatai Vyankatrao, INDIAN CONGRESS (SOCIALIST) <br /> * 1990: Hiray Pushpatai Vyankatrao, [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> * 1995: Hiray Pushpatai Vyankatrao, [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> * 1999: Hire Prashant Venkatrao, [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br /> * 2004: [[Dadaji Bhuse]], Independent<br /> * 2009: [[Dadaji Bhuse]], [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br /> * 2014: [[Dadaji Bhuse]], [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br /> * 2019: [[Dadaji Bhuse]], [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br /> * 2024: [[Dadaji Bhuse]], [[Shiv Sena]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Malegaon outer, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: SHS's Dadaji Dagdu Bhuse defeats Independent candidate Pramod Bachhav with 106606 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/malegaon-outer-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638223-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080303210801/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/12558.html Indian Express article: A Town Called Malegaon]<br /> *[http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nasik/022%20Places/001%20Place.htm#KankralaFort Gazetteer Nasik]<br /> <br /> {{Nashik district topics}}<br /> {{Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Malegaon| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Nashik district]]<br /> [[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Textile industry in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitha_Keekoth&diff=486051 2026-03-26T19:20:09Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: added a post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian volleyball player}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br /> '''Amitha Keekoth''' (born 8 November 2000) is an Indian volleyball player from [[Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keekoth Amitha - AVC Women’s Nations Cup 2025 - Players |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/avc-women-nations-cup/players/222943 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=volleyballworld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She plays for [[India women's national volleyball team]] as a setter, and for Kerala in the domestic tournaments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-14 |title=Volleyball: India women finish ninth at AVC Nations Cup |url=https://thebridge.in/volleyball/volleyball-india-women-finish-ninth-avc-nations-league-53522 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2025, she was part of the Indian women's volleyball team that played the 2025 AVC Women's Nations Cup in Vietnam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Indian Women's Volleyball Squad 2025 Unveiled |url=https://jeetwinsports.in/other-sports/volley-ball/anusree-leads-the-indian-womens-volleyball-team-for-avc-2025-national-cup-indian-squad-and-fixture-revealed/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Keekoth, Amitha}}<br /> [[Category:2000 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Volleyball players from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women's volleyball players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br /> [[Category:Setters (volleyball)]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Raichur&diff=467163 2026-03-26T15:28:06Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: general fixed structure for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|War in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Battle of Raichur<br /> | partof = Deccani–Vijayanagar wars<br /> | date = 19 May 1520&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sewell |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/forgotten_empire_vijayanagar_-_robert_sewell/page/n192/mode/1up |title=Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K A Nilakanta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280075/page/n226/mode/1up |title=Further Source Of Vijayanagara History Vol I|date=1946 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Page needed|date=October 2025}}<br /> | place = [[Raichur]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br /> | territory = <br /> | result = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagar]] victory{{blist|Complete sack and destruction of capital [[Bijapur]]{{sfn|Eaton|2013|p=292}}}}<br /> | status = <br /> | combatant1 = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]<br /> | combatant2 = {{plainlist|<br /> [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Sultanate of Bijapur]]<br /> }}<br /> | commander1 = [[Krishnadevaraya]]&lt;ref name=Bhat/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Timmarusu]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Pemmasani Nayaks|Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayaka]]&lt;br/&gt;Timmappa Nayaka&lt;br/&gt;Adapa Nayaka&lt;br/&gt;Kumara Virayya&lt;br/&gt;Ganda Raya<br /> | commander2 = [[Ismail Adil Shah]]{{Surrendered}}&lt;ref name=Bhat/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Mirza Jahangir{{KIA}}&lt;br/&gt;Salabut Khan{{POW}}{{Executed}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=GOPAL |first=M. H. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385 |title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1 |date=1956 |publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY |pages=139–144}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Asada Khan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sewell |first1=Robert |title=Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar |quote=The Raya then crossed the river and seized the Shah's camp, while the Shah himself, by the counsel and help of Asada Khan, a man who afterwards became very famous, escaped only with his life, and fled from the field on an elephant. |url=https://archive.org/details/forgotten_empire_vijayanagar_-_robert_sewell/page/n185/mode/1up}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | strength1 = {{plainlist|<br /> '''Contemporary sources: '''<br /> * 132,000<br /> ** 32,000 [[cavalry]] <br /> ** 550 [[elephants]]<br /> *Portuguese contingent&lt;br /&gt;'''Another estimate: '''<br /> *30,000 troops&lt;br /&gt;'''Modern estimates: '''<br /> * 70,000 [[infantry]]<br /> * 30,000 [[cavalry]]<br /> * 550 [[war elephants]]{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}<br /> }}<br /> | strength2 = {{plainlist|<br /> *120,000 [[infantry]]<br /> *18,000 [[cavalry]]<br /> *150 [[elephants]]&lt;br/&gt;'''Inside fort:'''<br /> *8,000 infantry<br /> *400 horses<br /> *20 elephants<br /> *30 catapults<br /> *200 Heavy artillery <br /> }}<br /> | strength3 = <br /> | casualties1 = 16,000 soldiers<br /> | casualties2 = Unknown but heavy{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}<br /> | casualties3 = <br /> | notes = <br /> | image = Raichur Fort 1.jpg<br /> | caption = [[Raichur Fort]]<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Arcabuziers India.jpg|thumb|327x327px|Portuguese Arcabuziers in India, 16th century. [[João de Castro|D João de Castro]] Tapestries.]]<br /> <br /> The '''Battle of Raichur''' was fought between the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Sultanate of Bijapur]] in 1520&lt;ref name=&quot;Roy 68&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Roy|2014|p=68}}: &quot;In 1520, Battle of Raichur was fought between Krishna Raya of Vijayanagara and Sultan Ismail Adil Shah of Bijapur.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; in the town of [[Raichur]], [[India]]. It resulted in a decisive victory for Vijayanagara forces, and the Bijapur ruler was defeated and pushed across the river [[Krishna River|Krishna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Krishna Reddy |title=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEmpfmbxKEC&amp;q=raichur+battle&amp;pg=SL2-PA167|year=2008 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780070635777 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> The fort of [[Raichur]] was built by [[Kakatiya]] king [[Prataparudra]] in 1294, and passed on to the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] Kingdom after the decline of [[Kakatiya]]s. Ever since, the fort had been under dispute for nearly two centuries. The fort, along with other areas of the northern Deccan, was captured by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Bin Tughluq]] in 1323. The Bahmani Sultanate captured the fort in 1347.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Eaton|2013|p=278}}: &quot;In the confusion surrounding the expulsion of imperial forces in 1347, the Doab apparently fell to the powers that simultaneously arose on the ashes of Tughluq imperialism in the Deccan, the Bahmani sultanate (1347-1538).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]] attempted to recapture the city of [[Raichur]] from the Bahmanis, but failed. The immediate prelude to the Battle of Raichur began in the year 1520. In that year, [[Krishnadevaraya]] sent Seyed Maraikar, a Muslim in his service, to [[Goa]] with a large sum of money to buy horses. Maraikar betrayed Krishnadevaraya's cause and went to Adil Khan with the money and offered his services. Krishnadevaraya's demand that Maraikar be returned along with the money was duly refused. During the period of peace Krishnadevaraya made extensive preparations for a grand attack on [[Raichur Doab]].<br /> <br /> ==Battle==<br /> The battle was fought in [[Raichur]] between the armies of [[Krishnadevraya|Krishnadevaraya]] and the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Roy 68&quot; /&gt; The main commander of the Vijayanagara army was Saluva [[Timmarusu]] also known as Saluva Timma.&lt;ref&gt;History of South India: Medieval period, University of Virginia{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vijayanagara Empire had a force consisting of 32,600 cavalry and 551 elephants according to contemporary sources. Initially, [[Pemmasani Nayaks|Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayaka]] led the vanguard with 30,000 [[infantry]], 1,000 [[cavalry]], and few [[war elephants]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar, P.A 2025&quot;&gt;Kumar, P.A. 2025. Pemmasani Nayaks: Vanguard of Vijayanagara. Ananda Publications, Hyderabad, India&lt;/ref&gt;{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} He was followed by commanders like Timmappa Nayaka, Adapa Nayaka, and Ganda Raya, other notable leaders included Jagadeva, Rayachuri Rami Nayudu, and Kumara Virayya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar, P.A 2025&quot;/&gt; {{citation needed|date=June 2025}} The Bijapur Sultanate had a force consisting of 7,000 cavalry and 250 elephants. Modern and contemporary writers disagree on the number of infantry personnel that each side had. The contemporary sources say that Krishnadevaraya had an infantry force consisting of a bit over 700,000 soldiers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=GOPAL |first=M. H. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385 |title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1 |date=1956 |publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY |pages=136}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ismail Adil Shah|Adil Shah]], with a 120,000 foot, 18,000 horses and 150 elephants strong army, moved to relieve [[Raichur]]. Despite being outnumbered, his artillery advantage was significant. Upon reaching the [[Krishna River]], he found it blocked by [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] troops. He then crossed the river and advanced towards Krishna's camp. Both armies prepared for battle and spent a night armed and ready. The next morning, [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishnadeva]] ordered an attack on the Musalmans, initially making progress but facing heavy artillery fire from the Bijapuris. The Hindu forces retreated in disorder, and Krishnadevaraya rallied his troops to counter-attack, ultimately leading to the enemy's panic and retreat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C |url=http://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate |date=1967 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource |pages=314–315}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=GOPAL |first=M. H. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385 |title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1 |date=1956 |publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY |pages=137–139}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishnadeva]], the Vijayanagar leader, encouraged his remaining troops, vowing to die as soldiers instead of fleeing. He called for loyal officers, and together, they charged the enemy. This unexpected counter-attack caused the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapuris]] to retreat, leading to chaos and many casualties on both sides. The [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar army]] suffered over 16,000 dead, while the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapuris]] lost many, including Mirza Jehangir, and five important captains including Salabut Khan taken prisoners.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Upon seeing the enemy retreat, Krishna's generals sought permission to continue the battle. However, prioritizing peace, he ordered his troops to withdraw. After capturing the Bijapuris' camp, Krishna counted the spoils: 100 elephants, 400 cannons, tents, horses, oxen, and other animals. He released captured women, honored the fallen with funeral rites, and distributed alms. With the battle concluded, Krishna returned to the siege of [[Raichur Fort|Raichur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Moreover, the use of a Portuguese contingent&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Ismāʿīl ʿĀdil Shāh - Bijāpur ruler |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ismail-Adil-Shah|encyclopedia = Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; commanded by Cristovão de Figueiredo&lt;ref name=Bhat&gt;{{Cite journal|journal =Portuguese Studies Review|volume= 16|number = 2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSiaBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Raichur+Portuguese&amp;pg=PA27 |date=15 December 2009|title = Political Interaction between Portuguese Goa and Karnataka|first = N. Shyam|last = Bhat}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the use of fireweapons helped to conquer the fortress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Evolve Back|url= https://www.evolveback.com/hampi/the-battle-of-raichur-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-vijayanagara-empire/}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is a high probability that [[matchlocks]], which were obtained through contact with the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], were used as well by the army of the Vijayanagara Empire.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Buchanan |first=Brenda J. |title=Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G7qoDQAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-1-351-93190-8 |oclc=965718764 |quote=&quot;There is also a strong likelihood of the adoption of European matchlocks in the Vijayanagara Empire at around the same time [1517], through contact with the Portuguese.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the Portuguese with their [[arquebus]]es picked off the defenders from the walls, and thus enabled the besiegers to approach close to the lines of fortification and pull down the stones. Driven to desperation, and their governor being slain, the garrison surrendered.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Portuguese accounts state that cannons were used extensively by the [[Bijapur Sultanate]]; the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] used them minimally, at best.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Eaton|2013|p=289}}: &quot;All of this suggests that by 1520 cannon were being used in the field—extensively by Bijapur, at best minimally by Vijayanagara—but with only limited effect.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] emerged victorious despite the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]] having superior firepower.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Roy |2014 |p=68}}: &quot;Though Bijapur had superior firepower, Vijayanagara emerged victorious.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Aftermath ==<br /> <br /> === Sack of Bijapur ===<br /> <br /> When the city of [[Raichur]] surrendered, Krishnadevaraya made a triumphal entry into it.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Murthy |first1=H. V. Sreenivasa |last2=Ramakrishnan |first2=R. |title=A History of Karnataka, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g09uAAAAMAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=S. Chand |page=189 |quote=&quot;The city of Raichur surrendered and Krishnadevaraya made triumphal entry into it.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Krishnadevaraya was brutal towards Bijapuri generals of [[Raichur]]. Many [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapuri]] generals lost their lands. He declared that if Adil Shah would come to him, do obeisance, and kiss his foot, his lands would be restored to him. The submission never took place. Krishnadevaraya then led his army as far north as [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and occupied it.{{sfn|Eaton|2013|p=292}} Upon returning to [[Vijayanagara]], Krishnadevaraya received [[Ismail Adil Shah|Isma'il Adil Khan's]] ambassador, who requested the return of captured items, including [[Raichur Fort|Raichur fort]]. [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishnaraya]] agreed on the condition that [[Ismail Adil Shah|Adil Khan]] would pay homage.{{sfn|Eaton|2013|p=292}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The meeting was scheduled at [[Mudgal]], but when Krishnadevaraya arrived, [[Ismail Adil Shah|Adil Khan]] was absent. Enraged, he advanced on [[Bijapur]], [[Ismail Adil Shah|Adil Shah]] fled and Krishnadevaraya occupied the royal palace. Although not intending to sack the city, [[Bijapur]] suffered damage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=GOPAL |first=M. H. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385 |title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1 |date=1956 |publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY |pages=140–144}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Vijayanagara Empire around 1525.jpg|thumb|Vijayanagara Empire in 1525]]<br /> [[Ismail Adil Shah|Adil Shah]] tried to negotiate, but his ambassador, [[Asad Khan Lari]], betrayed him, claiming Salabat Khan's interference for the failed meeting. Believing the lie, Krishnadevaraya ordered Salabat's execution. Asad Khan accomplished his goal and fled.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Infuriated by the ambassador's deceit, Krishnadevaraya invaded [[Bijapur]], causing destruction and capturing some cities. At Sagar, he faced a large army and won a decisive battle with heavy casualties on both sides. Krishnaraya also won battles at Shorapur and Kemba in [[Kalaburagi Fort|Kalaburagi]] district.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Vijayanagara, Progress of Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fStuAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology &amp; Museums |pages=200}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He took prisoner three sons of a former king of the [[Bahmani]] dynasty, who had been held captive by the [[Ismail Adil Shah|Adil Shah]] and he proclaimed the eldest as king of the [[Deccan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Military History of Medieval India |first=Gurcharn Singh |last=Sandhu |publisher=Vision Books |year=2003 |pages=342}}&lt;/ref&gt; This attempt to subvert the rule of the five [[Sultan]]s who had established themselves on the ruins of the single [[Deccan]] sovereignty only resulted in stiffening their hostility towards their common foe.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Sewell |first1=Robert |last2=Nunes |first2=Fernão |last3=Paes |first3=Domingos |title=A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A Contribution to the History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kc3LKI_slEC&amp;pg=PA157 |year=2000 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0125-3 |pages=157–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Krishnadevaraya began to make preparations for an attack on [[Belgaum]], which was in Adil Shah's possession. Soon after, he fell seriously ill to carry out his project and died at the age of forty-five years, in the year 1530. He was succeeded by [[Achyuta Deva Raya]].<br /> <br /> ==Political consequences==<br /> [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] and [[Hindu nationalism|nationalist]] historians claimed the battle as part of a [[clash of civilizations]] between Hindus and Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Contemporary scholars reject such characterizations as flawed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; The battle of Raichur had far-reaching effects. The [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] victory weakened the power and prestige of the Adil Shah. He turned his attention to making alliances with the other Muslim neighbours. The victory also caused other Sultans in [[Deccan]] to form an alliance to defeat the Vijayanagara Empire. The war also affected the fortunes of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] on the west coast. Goa rose and fell simultaneously with the rise and fall of the Vijayanagara dynasty because their entire trade depended on Hindu support.&lt;ref name=Bhat/&gt;<br /> <br /> Richard Eaton argues that Vijayanagara's victory at Raichur ultimately led to its downfall.&lt;ref name=Eaton&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard |chapter=The Deccan and the South, 1400-1650 |title=India in the Persianate Age, 1000-1765 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2019 |pages=168–172}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because Krishna Raya was able to overcome an army with technologically superior weapons, he underestimated the value of investment in military technology. The Sultans of the Deccan, on the other hand, continued to improve their arms and learned the tactics necessary to deploy them well.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{citation |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |chapter=‘Kiss My Foot,’ Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy and the Battle for Raichur, 1520 |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&amp;pg=PA275 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=275–298}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSVnAwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=A&amp;C Black |isbn=978-1-78093-813-4}}<br /> * Ananda Kumar, P. 2025. Pemmasani Nayaks: Vanguard of Vijayanagara. Ananda Publications, Hyderabad, India.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{citation |last=Wagoner |first=Phillip B. |title=Tidings of the king: a translation and ethnohistorical analysis of the Rāyavācakamu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_A1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1495-3}}<br /> * Krishnaraja Vijayam - Kumara Dhurjati (in Telugu).<br /> * Sougandhika Prasavapaharanamu - Ratnakaram Gopala Kavi (in Telugu).<br /> * K. Iswara Dutt, Journal of Andhra Historical Research Society. Vol. 10, pp.&amp;nbsp;222–224.<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Sastry |first1=K. A. Nilakanta |title=Further Sources of Vijayanagara History |date=1946 |url=https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Raichur}}<br /> [[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]<br /> [[Category:1520 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Conflicts in 1520]]<br /> [[Category:Raichur district]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thode_Door_Thode_Paas&diff=541048 2026-03-24T18:15:27Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: put up first post added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox television<br /> | image = Thode Dur Thode Paas.jpg<br /> | caption = Promotional poster<br /> | genre = Family drama<br /> | creator = Shiirshak S. Anand<br /> | director = Ajay Bhuyan<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | producer = {{ubl|Guneet Dogra|Nailesh Gada|Shailesh Sanghvi|Manish Trehan}}<br /> | writer = Shiirshak S. Anand<br /> | starring = [[Pankaj Kapur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mona Singh]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kunaal Roy Kapur]]<br /> | music = Malla Siddharth<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 5<br /> | cinematography = Sriram Ganapathy<br /> | editor = Adeeth Bhardwaj<br /> | runtime = <br /> | company = S3 Films<br /> | network = [[ZEE5]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2025|11|07}}<br /> | last_aired = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Thode Door Thode Paas''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language family drama web series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sunanda |title=Thode Door Thode Pass OTT Release: Pankaj Kapur, Mona Singh's Series To Be Out On This Date; Details Inside |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/thode-door-thode-pass-ott-release-pankaj-kapur-mona-singhs-series-to-be-out-on-this-date-details-inside |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Created by Shiirshak S. Anand and directed by Ajay Bhuyan, the series stars [[Pankaj Kapur]], [[Mona Singh]], and [[Kunaal Roy Kapur]] in lead roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=29 October 2025 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas: Pankaj Kapur, Mona Singh and Kunaal Roy Kapur star in family drama; explores the need to unplug in digital age |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/thode-door-thode-paas-pankaj-kapur-mona-singh-and-kunaal-roy-kapur-star-in-family-drama-explores-the-need-to-unplug-in-digital-age/articleshow/124890735.cms |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; It premiered on 7 November 2025 on [[ZEE5]]. The story follows the Mehta family, whose patriarch challenges his family to undertake a six-month digital detox in exchange for a reward of ₹1 [[crore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vasudevan |first=Aishwarya |title=Thode Door Thode Paas trailer: Pankaj Kapur forces Mona Singh and Kunaal Roy Kapur into a digital detox, throwing the family into chaos |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thode-door-thode-paas-trailer-pankaj-kapur-forces-mona-singh-kunaal-roy-kapur-into-digital-detox-throwing-family-into-chaos/c20e14dd3d912 |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;scroll&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=29 October 2025 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas trailer: A family tries out digital detox for six months to win crores |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1088115/thode-door-thode-paas-trailer-a-family-tries-out-digital-detox-for-six-months-to-win-crores |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Premise ==<br /> The story follows Ashwin Mehta, a retired naval officer who realizes that his family's growing dependence on digital devices has weakened their personal relationships. To restore balance, he challenges the entire family to give up their phones, laptops, and social media for six months. If they succeed, they will receive a monetary reward of ₹1 crore. The series explores how this &quot;digital detox&quot; affects the family's communication, emotions, and togetherness.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * [[Pankaj Kapur]] as Ashwin Mehta<br /> * [[Mona Singh]] as Simran Mehta<br /> * [[Kunaal Roy Kapur]] as Kunal Mehta<br /> * Ayesha Kaduskar as Avnii Mehta<br /> * Leah Khambata as Sona<br /> * Gurpreet Saini as Kumud Mehta <br /> * Sartaj Kakkar as Vivaaaan Mehra<br /> * Mayur More as Raunak<br /> <br /> == Episodes ==<br /> {{Episode table |background=#9C958E |overall=No. |title=Title |director=Directed by |writer=Written by |airdate=Original release date |episodes={{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber=1<br /> |Title=Dooriyan<br /> |DirectedBy=Ajay Bhuyan<br /> |WrittenBy=Shiirshak S. Anand<br /> |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|11|7|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary=Kunal and Simran struggle to juggle work and family life while their children, Avni and Vivaan, remain absorbed in their devices. When family patriarch Ashwin returns from a trip, he announces a drastic change for the household.<br /> |LineColor=64544C<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber=2<br /> |Title=Zindagi Offline<br /> |DirectedBy=Ajay Bhuyan<br /> |WrittenBy=Shiirshak S. Anand<br /> |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|11|7|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary=Ashwin proposes a six-month gadget-free challenge, promising ₹1 crore to each family member who completes it. The Mehtas reluctantly accept the terms, but the new rules soon create tension, particularly between Kunal and Vivaan.<br /> |LineColor=64544C<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber=3<br /> |Title=Retro Duniya<br /> |DirectedBy=Ajay Bhuyan<br /> |WrittenBy=Shiirshak S. Anand<br /> |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|11|7|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary=Still adjusting to life without phones and Wi-Fi, the Mehtas find themselves in awkward situations at home and outside. As they slowly adapt to the detox, Ashwin brings home a VCR so the family can share an old-school movie night together.<br /> |LineColor=64544C<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber=4<br /> |Title=Door Ya Paas<br /> |DirectedBy=Ajay Bhuyan<br /> |WrittenBy=Shiirshak S. Anand<br /> |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|11|7|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary=The tech-free routine begins to reshape relationships within the family. Long-suppressed feelings surface between Kunal and Simran, while Ashwin and Avni grow closer through a shared creative project.<br /> |LineColor=64544C<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber=5<br /> |Title=Reconnection<br /> |DirectedBy=Ajay Bhuyan<br /> |WrittenBy=Shiirshak S. Anand<br /> |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2025|11|7|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary=A sudden crisis forces the Mehtas to confront their fears about the detox and their own choices. As past wounds and hidden truths come out, the digital challenge turns into an opportunity for the family to emotionally reconnect.<br /> |LineColor=64544C<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The series is created by Shiirshak S. Anand and directed by Ajay Bhuyan. Cinematography is handled by Sriram Ganapathy, with editing by Adeeth Bhardwaj. It is produced by Manish Trehan, Shailesh Sanghvi, Jheel Sanghvi, and Aangi Sanghvi under the ZEE5 banner.&lt;ref name=&quot;ottplay2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas OTT release date: When &amp; where to stream Pankaj Kapur, Mona Singh &amp; Kunaal Roy Kapur's slice-of-life dramedy series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thode-door-thode-paas-ott-release-date-when-where-stream-pankaj-kapur-mona-singh-kunaal-roy-kapur-slice-of-life-dramedy-series/95aa503c0c29 |access-date=5 November 2025 |website=OTTPlay}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Thode Door Thode Paas'' released on 7 November 2025 on [[ZEE5]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ottplay2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas: Family Show Starring Pankaj Kapur, Mona Singh To Release On THIS Date |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/thode-door-thode-paas-family-show-starring-pankaj-kapur-mona-singh-to-release-on-this-date-article-153061179 |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Sreeparna Sengupta of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3.5/5, describing it as &quot;a heart-warming, feel-good story buoyed by a delightful Pankaj Kapur.&quot; She appreciated its optimism and humour but felt that some of its resolutions were a little too neat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/thode-door-thode-paas/season-1/seasonreview/125077660.cms |title=Thode Door Thode Paas Season 1 Review: A heart-warming, feel-good series buoyed by a delightful Pankaj Kapur |last=Sengupta |first=Sreeparna |access-date=2025-11-07 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Writing for ''[[India Today]]'', Sana Farzeen also awarded 3.5 stars, calling the show &quot;warm and refreshing.&quot; She noted that the premise might have worked even better as a shorter film but commended its gentle tone and the chemistry among the cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2025 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas review: Pankaj Kapur leads a warm family drama on digital detox |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/thode-door-thode-paas-review-pankaj-kapur-digital-detox-family-drama-2815060-2025-11-07 |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that the series &quot;digital-detox experiment leads to analogue joy,&quot; and admired its restrained storytelling and thoughtful performances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2025 |title='Thode Door Thode Paas' review: A digital detox leads to analogue joy |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1088353/thode-door-thode-paas-review-a-digital-detox-leads-to-analogue-joy |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave it 3 out of 5, calling it &quot;a quick, charming watch&quot; that delivers its &quot;disconnect-to-reconnect&quot; message without becoming preachy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=6 November 2025 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas review: Clever digital detox tale is a quick, charming watch |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/thode-door-thode-paas-review-pankaj-kapur-mona-singh-kunaal-roy-kapur/c7a5d03189562 |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=OTTplay}}&lt;/ref&gt; In ''[[Rediff.com]]'', [[Deepa Gahlot]] described the show as &quot;a pleasant watch&quot; held together by Kapur's effortless screen presence, though she found the setup of the digital challenge slightly contrived.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2025 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas Review: Pleasant Watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/thode-door-thode-paas-review/20251107.htm |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated it 2.5 stars, acknowledging the sincerity of its cast but observing that the show's conflicts resolve too quickly and that the narrative &quot;feels hushed and hurried.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2025 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas web-series review: Pankaj Kapur, Mona Singh, Kunal Roy Kapur are earnest in a hushed, hurried show |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thode-door-thode-paas-web-series-review-pankaj-kapur-mona-singh-kunal-roy-kapur-are-earnest-in-a-hushed-hurried-show-13948538.html |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to ''[[Times Now|Times Now News]]'', the show's &quot;digital fasting funda&quot; gently reminds viewers to &quot;disconnect to reconnect.&quot; Troy Ribeiro of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5, calling it &quot;a wholesome, witty and warm reminder that connection begins where Wi-Fi ends.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2025 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas Review: Pankaj Kapur's 'Digital Fasting' Funda Teaches Disconnect To Reconnect |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/thode-door-thode-paas-review-pankaj-kapur-digital-fasting-funda-teaches-disconnect-to-reconnect-review-153112436 |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=6 November 2025 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas Review: Pankaj Kapur, Mona Singh's series is a wholesome, witty, warm reminder that connection begins where Wi-Fi ends |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/thode-door-thode-paas-review-pankaj-kapur-mona-singhs-series-is-a-wholesome-witty-warm-reminder-that-connection-begins-where-wi-fi-ends |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=Free Press Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Rediff TV'' described it as &quot;a pleasant watch,&quot; echoing the praise for its warmth and sincerity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 November 2025 |title=Thode Door Thode Paas Review: Pleasant Watch |url=https://tv.rediff.com/movies/thode-door-thode-paas-review-pleasant-watch/360920 |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=Rediff TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * ''[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/thode-door-thode-paas/0-6-4z5848899 Thode Door Thode Paas]'' on [[ZEE5]]<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=36150795|title=Thode Door Thode Paas}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindi-language web series]]<br /> [[Category:ZEE5 original&amp;nbsp;programming]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashipur_(community_development_block)&diff=547285 2026-03-22T19:55:39Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: minor fixed section to improve readability also and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{For|other places with same name|Kashipur (disambiguation){{!}}Kashipur}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> |official_name = Kashipur<br /> |other_name =<br /> |nickname = <br /> |settlement_type = Community development block<br /> |motto =<br /> |image_skyline =<br /> |imagesize = <br /> |image_caption = <br /> |image_flag = <br /> |flag_size =<br /> |image_seal = <br /> |seal_size =<br /> |image_map = Kashipur in Purulia (West Bengal).svg<br /> |mapsize = <br /> |map_caption = Location in West Bengal<br /> |pushpin_map = <br /> |pushpin_label_position = right<br /> |pushpin_mapsize=<br /> |pushpin_map_caption =<br /> |subdivision_type = Country<br /> |subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> |subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]] <br /> |subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> |subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br /> |subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]<br /> |subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency<br /> |subdivision_name3 = [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]<br /> |subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency<br /> |subdivision_name4 =[[Kashipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]<br /> |leader_title =<br /> |leader_name =<br /> |established_title = <br /> |established_date = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]<br /> |area_magnitude = <br /> |unit_pref = Metric <br /> |area_footnotes =<br /> |area_total_km2 = 451.31<br /> |area_land_km2 = <br /> |population_as_of = 2011<br /> |population_footnotes =<br /> |population_note =<br /> |population_total = 200,083<br /> |population_density_km2 = auto<br /> |timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br /> |utc_offset = +5.30<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|23|26|00|N|86|40|00|E|display=inline}}<br /> |elevation_footnotes = <br /> |elevation_m = 190<br /> |elevation_ft = <br /> |postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] <br /> |postal_code = 723132 (Panchakotraj)&lt;br/&gt;723121 (Adra)&lt;br/&gt;723168 (Manihara) <br /> |area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code<br /> |area_code = 03251<br /> |registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-55, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-56<br /> |blank_name = Literacy Rate<br /> |blank_info = 71.06 per cent<br /> |website = http://purulia.gov.in/ <br /> |footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kashipur''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] of the [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===Background===<br /> The ''Jaina Bhagavati-Sutra'' of the 5th century AD mentions that Purulia was one of the sixteen [[mahajanapadas]] and was a part of the kingdom known as Vajra-bhumi in ancient times. In 1833, the Manbhum district was carved out of the [[Jungle Mahals]] district, with headquarters at Manbazar. In 1838, the headquarters was transferred to [[Purulia]]. After independence, when Manbhum district was a part of [[Bihar]], efforts were made to impose Hindi on the Bengali-speaking majority of the district and it led to the [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)]]. In 1956, the Manbhum district was partitioned between Bihar and West Bengal under the States Reorganization Act and the Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act 1956.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html |title=Historical background |access-date=2008-03-02 |publisher=Purulia District |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103032840/http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html |archive-date=2008-01-03 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/bhasa_andolon.html| title = Historical Event: Bhasa Andolan|work= Department of Information and Cultural Affairs| publisher = Purulia.nic.in |access-date = 4 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> [[File:Purulia Tehsil Map.svg|thumb|450px|left|'''CD blocks in Purulia district''']]<br /> Kashipur is located at {{coord|23.43|N|86.67|E|format=dms|}}.<br /> <br /> The Kashipur CD block is bounded by the [[Raghunathpur I]] and [[Santuri (community development block)|Santuri]] CD blocks on the north, the [[Chhatna (community development block)|Chhatna]] CD block, in the Bankura district, on the east, the [[Hura (community development block)|Hura]] CD block on the south and a part of the west, and the [[Para (community development block)|Para]] CD block on the west.&lt;ref name=&quot;censusmap&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Puruliya | work= Map of District Puruliya with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 December 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Kashipur CD block has an area of 451.31&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 13 [[gram panchayat]]s, 137 gram sansads (village councils), 211 [[mouza]]s, 98 inhabited villages and 3 census towns. [[Kashipur, Purulia#Police Station|Kashipur]] and [[Adra, Purulia#Police Station|Adra]] police stations serve this block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Headquarters of this CD block are at [[Kalloli]].&lt;ref name=&quot;censusmap&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Gram panchayat]]s in the Kashipur CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Agardih-Chitra, Barrah, Beko, Gagnabaid, Gourandih, Hadalda-Upprah, Kalidaha, Kashipur, Monihara, Rangamati-Ranjandih, Simla-Dhanara, Sonajuri and Sonathali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Purulia - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> ===Population===<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Kashipur CD block had a total population of 200,083, of which 174,325 were rural and 25,758 were urban. There were 101,801 (51%) males and 98,282 (49%) females. There were 23,737 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 57,015 (28.50%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 49,537 (24.76%).<br /> &lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the 2001 census, the Kashipur block had a total population of 186,980, out of which 95,259 were males and 91,721 were females. The Kashipur CD block registered a population growth of 11.75 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the Purulia district was 13.96 per cent.&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Puruliya District | access-date = 12 September 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205850/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Census town]]s in the Kashipur CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Kantaranguri]] (5,435), [[Adra, Purulia|Adra]] (14,956) and [[Lapara, Purulia|Lapara]] (5,367).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Kashipur CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Palaskola (4,119).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> Other villages in the Kashipur CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Kashipur, Purulia|Kashipur]] (2,369), Uparra (1,836), Rangamatia (1,316), Barra (2,620), Sonajuri (2,624), Beko (3,149), Gagnabad (2,628), Kalidaha (2,110), Simla (2,530), Dhanera (1,165), Agardi (1,063), Sonathol (1,586), Manihara (3,104) and Gourangadih (2,246).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Literacy===<br /> According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in Kashipur CD block was 125,307 (71.06% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 74,149 (82.83% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 51,128 (58.91%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 23.92%.&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br /> <br /> {{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purulia district|collapsible=y}}<br /> <br /> ===Language and religion===<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religion in Kashipur CD block (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;/&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#FCD116<br /> |left1=<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.71}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other &lt;small&gt;(tribal religion)&lt;/small&gt;|maroon|8.05}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|5.16}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.42}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.66}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 171,510 and formed 85.71% of the population in the Kashipur CD Block. Muslims numbered 10,315 and formed 5.16% of the population. Christians numbered 840 and formed 0.42% of the population. Others numbered 17,418 and formed 8.71% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Others include ādivāshi, Sạri Dharma, sārnā, Sarin, Kheria,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 88.42%, Muslims 4.95%, Christians 0.61% and tribal religions 5.78% of the population respectively.&lt;ref name=censusreligion2001&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Languages of Kashipur CD block (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 72.63 |color1 = orchid<br /> |label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 20.87 |color2 = darkturquoise<br /> |label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 3.30 |color3 = orange<br /> |label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 0.99 |color4 = green<br /> |label5 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value5 = 0.94 |color5 = steelblue<br /> |label6 = Others |value6 = 1.27 |color6 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2011 census, 72.63% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 20.87% [[Santali language|Santali]], 3.30% [[Hindi]], 0.99% [[Urdu]] and 0.94% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rural Poverty==<br /> According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 32.85% of total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in Purulia district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat &amp; Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 11 January 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 31-38% of the population in Purulia, Murshidabad and Uttar Dinajpur districts were below poverty level, the highest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 11 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> ===Livelihood===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption= '''Livelihood&lt;br/&gt;in Kashipur CD block'''<br /> |value1 = 18.32<br /> |label1 = Cultivators<br /> |value2 = 43.68<br /> |label2 = Agricultural labourers<br /> |value3 = 2.97<br /> |label3 = Household industries<br /> |value4 = 35.03<br /> |label4 = Other Workers}}<br /> <br /> In the Kashipur CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 15,208 and formed 18.32%, agricultural labourers numbered 36,249 and formed 43.68%, household industry workers numbered 2,463 and formed 2.97% and other workers numbered 29,075 and formed 35.03%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Total workers numbered 82,995 and formed 41.48% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 117,088 and formed 58.52% of the population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 23 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Infrastructure===<br /> There are 198 inhabited villages in the Kashipur CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Puruliya, 2011, 100% villages have power supply. 197 villages (99.49%) have drinking water supply. 38 villages (18.18%) have post offices. 179 villages (90.40%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 85 villages (45.93%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 66 villages (33.33%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 3 villages (1.52%) have agricultural credit societies and 4 villages (2.02%) have banks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 79, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Agriculture===<br /> In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in the Kashipur CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 0.96%, patta (document) holders 15.97%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.74%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 25.96% and agricultural labourers 52.37%.&lt;ref name=handbook2014&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia | work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in the Kashipur CD block was 9,001.30 hectares, out of which 2,367.40 hectares by canal water, 4,435.92 hectares by tank water, 44.68 hectares by river lift irrigation, 228.60 hectares by open dug wells and 1,924.70 hectares by other means.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013–14, the Kashipur CD block produced 48,385 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 22,061 hectares, 25 tonnes of Boro paddy from 12 hectares, 25 tonnes of wheat from 17 hectares. It also produced maize, mustard, til and potatoes.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Banking===<br /> In 2013–14, the Kashipur CD block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Backward Regions Grant Fund===<br /> The Purulia district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> {{Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line|collapse=yes}}<br /> {{Adra–Asansol line|collapse=y}}<br /> {{Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line|collapse=yes}}<br /> <br /> In 2013–14, the Kashipur CD block had 5 originating/ terminating bus routes.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line|Asansol-Adra line]] of the South Eastern Railway terminates in this CD block at a major junction station at the [[Adra Junction railway station|Adra]] with connections to Kharagpur, Purulia and Gomoh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/oldtrain/3380 |title = Asansol-Kharagpur Passenger 58018 | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 21 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Kharagpur-Bankura-Adra line]] of the South Eastern Railway terminates at Adra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/midnapore-adra-memu-68089-mdn-to-adra/21528/952/956 |title = 68089 Midnapore-Adra Memu |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 23 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> In 2013–14, the Kashipur CD block had 231 primary schools with 19,104 students, 40 middle schools with 2,203 students, 8 high schools with 4,991 students and 17 higher secondary schools with 17,986 students. Kashipur CD block had 1 general college with 1,521 students and 587 institutions with 9,197 students for special and non-formal education.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> See also – [[Education in India]]<br /> <br /> According to the 2011 census, in Kashipur CD block, amongst the 198 inhabited villages, 9 villages did not have a school, 46 villages had two or more primary schools, 35 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 20 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 976-77, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 18 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Kashipur Michael Madhusudhan Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2000 at [[Kashipur, Purulia|Kashipur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.kashipurmmm.org/ |title = Kashipur Michael Madhusudan Mahavidyalaya |publisher= KMMM | access-date = 17 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> In 2014, the Kashipur CD block had 1 block primary health centre, 4 primary health centres and 1 central government medical facility, with total 256 beds and 13 doctors. 9,970 patients were treated indoor and 296,525 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> Kolloli Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Kalloli|Panchakot Raj]], is the major government medical facility in the Kashipur CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Talajuri (PO Gorangdih) (with 10 beds), Kroshjuri (with 10 beds), Agardih (with 2 beds) and [[Kantaranguri]] (PO Beko) (with 6 beds). South Eastern Railway Hospital at [[Adra, Purulia|Adra]] functions with 222 beds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =18 January 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 January 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 December 2019 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> {{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br /> {{Purulia topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Community development blocks in Purulia district]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagdah_Assembly_constituency&diff=469853 2026-03-19T03:11:26Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}<br /> {{About|the assembly constituency in West Bengal, India|its namesake village|Bagdah, North 24 Parganas|its namesake community development block|Bagdah (community development block)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Bagdah<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Bagda.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bagdah Assembly Constituency<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]<br /> | constituency_no = 94<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | abolished = <br /> | mla = [[Madhuparna Thakur]]<br /> | party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = <br /> | electors = 277,464<br /> }}<br /> '''Bagdah''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 94 Bagdah Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Bagdah CD Block|Bagdah community development block]] and Gangrapota, Sundarpur and [[Tengra]] [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Bangaon (Community development block)|Bangaon community development block]].&lt;ref name=delimitation&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date=15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bagdah Assembly constituency (SC) is part of No. 14 [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).&lt;ref name=delimitation/&gt; It was earlier part of [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 15 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101006140327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf| archive-date= 6 October 2010 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=2| Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | Manindra Bhusan Biswas<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Apurba Lal Majumdar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Kamalakshi Biswas]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> | [[Apurba Lal Majumdar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Kamalakshi Biswas]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[Dulal Bar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | Upendranath Biswas<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[Dulal Bar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[Biswajit Das (politician)|Biswajit Das]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2024^<br /> | [[Madhuparna Thakur]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * ^ by-election<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2026===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagdah}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Madhuparna Thakur]] <br /> |party = Trinamool Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Gour Biswas <br /> |party = All India Forward Bloc<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above (India)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = <br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2024 by-election===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> | title=[[2024 elections in India#West_Bengal|2024 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Bagdah&lt;ref name=&quot;Bagdah Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bagdah Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJuly24/candidateswise-S2594.htm|accessdate=25 July 2025 |work= |publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] |date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725163249/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJuly24/candidateswise-S2594.htm|archivedate=25 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Madhuparna Thakur]]|votes=1,07,706|percentage= 55.04|change={{increase}}10.1}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Binay Kumar Biswas|votes=74,251|percentage=37.95|change={{decrease}}11.46}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Gouradipta Biswas|votes=8,189|percentage=4.89|change=''New''}} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ashoke Kumar Haldar|votes=1,297|percentage=0.66|change={{decrease}}3.11}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=667|percentage=0.34|change={{decrease}}0.13}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=33,455|percentage=17.09|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=231,240|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Trinamool Congress <br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> In the 2021 election, [[Biswajit Das (politician)|Biswajit Das]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) defeated his nearest rival Paritosh Kumar Saha of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC). He later switched parties to AITC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das party switch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-31 |title=Bengal BJP MLA Biswajit Das rejoins TMC, third leader to return after Mamata Banerjee's win |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-bjp-mla-biswajit-das-joins-tmc-kolkata-7480197/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Bagdah (SC) constituency&lt;ref name=&quot;WB Election 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url =https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS2594.htm?ac=94| title=WB Legislative Election 2021 / Results / Bagdah }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Biswajit Das (politician)|Biswajit Das]]<br /> |votes = 108,111<br /> |percentage = 49.41<br /> |change = +45.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Paritosh Kumar Saha<br /> |votes = 98,319<br /> |percentage = 44.94<br /> |change = +1.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Prabir Kirtonia (Bapi)<br /> |votes = 8,250<br /> |percentage = 3.77<br /> |change = -45.87<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Santosh Biswas<br /> |votes = 2,240<br /> |percentage = 1.02<br /> |change = +0.27<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Pradip Kumar Biswas<br /> |votes = 851<br /> |percentage = 0.39<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |votes = 1,020<br /> |percentage = 0.47<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 218,791<br /> |percentage = 79.06<br /> |change = +0.57<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> In the 2016 election, [[Dulal Chandra Bar|Dulal Bar]] of [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) defeated his nearest rival [[Upendra Nath Biswas]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]].<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Bagdah (SC) constituency&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url =https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/10-Detailed%20Reportwest.pdf|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2016 |publisher = Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Dulal Chandra Bar|Dulal Bar]]<br /> |votes = 102,026<br /> |percentage = 49.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = [[U. N. Biswas|Upendranath Biswas]]<br /> |votes = 89,790<br /> |percentage = 43.68<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Bikash Biswas<br /> |votes = 1,532<br /> |percentage = 0.75<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Biva Majumder<br /> |votes = 8,987<br /> |percentage = 4.38<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |votes = 1,324<br /> |percentage = 0.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Harish Chandra Mondal<br /> |votes = 792<br /> |percentage = 0.39<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Guru Chand Mukti Morcha<br /> |candidate = Hirak Golder<br /> |votes = 581<br /> |percentage = 0.28<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Republican Party of India (Athawale)<br /> |candidate = Gautam Malo<br /> |votes = 498<br /> |percentage = 0.24<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 205,546<br /> |percentage = 79.63<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Bagdah (SC) constituency&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2011&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = [[U. N. Biswas|Upendranath Biswas]]<br /> |votes = 91,821<br /> |percentage = 52.91<br /> |change = +1.57#<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Forward Bloc<br /> |candidate = Mrinalkanti Sikdar<br /> |votes = 70,865<br /> |percentage = 40.84<br /> |change = -9.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Chandan Mallick<br /> |votes = 4,414<br /> |percentage = 2.54<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Arabinda Biswas<br /> |votes = 4,306<br /> |percentage = 2.48<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Pranita Mandal<br /> |votes = 1,212<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Nirjatita Samaj Biplabi Party<br /> |candidate = Dhirendra Nath Mandal<br /> |votes = 913<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 173,531<br /> |percentage = 85.57<br /> |change = 11.40#<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]]&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2006&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dulal Chandra Bar of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Bagdah (SC) seat defeating his nearest rival Kamalakshmi Biswas of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]].<br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Bagdah (SC)}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Dulal Chandra Bar]]|votes=79896|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=[[Kamalakshi Biswas]]|votes=74991|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Chandan Mallick|votes=3121|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kartick Bain|votes=2531|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=160539|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|winner=All India Trinamool Congress|loser=AIFB}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2001]]}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=[[Kamalakshi Biswas]]|votes=61936|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Dulal Chandra Bar|votes=61699|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Arabinda Biswas|votes=8288|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Chandan Mallick|votes=1715|percentage=|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=135666|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|winner=All India Forward Bloc}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977-2006===<br /> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Kamalakshmi Biswas of Forward Bloc defeated [[Dulal Chandra Bar]] of Trinamool Congress in 2001,&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2001&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalidas Adhikari of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1996&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Ram Chandra Bose of Congress in 1991.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1991&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apurba Lal Majumdar of Congress defeated [[Kamalakshi Biswas]] of Forward Bloc in 1987.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1987&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamalakshmi Biswas of Forward Bloc defeated Apurba Lal Majumdar of Congress in 1982&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1982&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Independent in 1977.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1977&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp84.htm |title =84 - Bagdah (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1962-1972===<br /> Apurba Lal Majumdar of Forward Bloc won in 1972,&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1972&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission| access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1971,&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1971&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1969&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1969&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 1967.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1967&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, Inda, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manindra Bhusan Biswas of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1962&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to that the Bagdah seat did not exist.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joi_Baba_Felunath_(film)&diff=470064 2026-03-07T06:25:03Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: expand information also and corrected details as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1979 Indian Bengali mystery film by Satyajit Ray}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Joi Baba Felunath<br /> | image = Joi Baba Felunath poster.jpg<br /> | caption = A poster for ''Joi Baba Felunath''<br /> | director = [[Satyajit Ray]]<br /> | producer = R.D.B. Productions<br /> | writer = Satyajit Ray<br /> | starring = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Santosh Dutta]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Siddartha Chatterjee]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Utpal Dutt]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Monu Mukherjee]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]], &lt;br /&gt; [[Biplab Chatterjee]]<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1979|01|05|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | runtime = 112 minutes<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | budget = [[Rupee|Rs]] 10 [[lakh]]<br /> | gross = [[Rupee|Rs]] 70 lakh<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox book &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books --&gt;<br /> | name = Joi Baba Felunath<br /> | image = <br /> | author = [[Satyajit Ray]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | cover_artist = Satyajit Ray<br /> | genre = [[Detective fiction]]<br /> | publisher = [[Ananda Publishers]]<br /> | release_date = 1975<br /> | media_type = Print<br /> | exclude_cover = yes<br /> | pages = <br /> | isbn = <br /> | preceded_by = [[Royal Bengal Rahashya (novel)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]<br /> | followed_by = [[Ghurghutiyar Ghatona]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Joi Baba Felunath''''' (English title ''The Elephant God'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Andrew Robinson|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye|url=https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0|url-access=registration|access-date=10 December 2012|year=1989|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06946-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0/page/237 237]–}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a 1979 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] film directed and written by [[Satyajit Ray]]. Featuring an ensemble cast of [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Santosh Dutta]], [[Siddartha Chatterjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]] amongst others, it is an adaption of the eponymous [[Feluda]] novel and serves as the sequel of ''[[Sonar Kella]]''. Shortly after the demise of actor Santosh Dutta who portrayed Jatayu's role, Ray remarked that it was impossible to ever make a Feluda film again without Dutta.&lt;ref name=&quot;RayCardullo2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Satyajit Ray|author2=Bert Cardullo|title=Satyajit Ray: Interviews|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQYs4X5d9WAC&amp;pg=PR35|access-date=10 December 2012|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-937-8|pages=35–}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Pradosh C. Mitter (a.k.a. [[Feluda]]), his cousin Tapesh (a.k.a. Topshe) and the thriller writer [[Lalmohan Ganguly]] (a.k.a. Jatayu) go to [[Varanasi]] during the [[Durga Puja]] for vacation. There they meet a Bengali family, the Ghosals. Upon hearing that Feluda is a private investigator, the Ghosal family patriarch entrusts him with the task of finding out the thief of the attempted theft that took place in their house. Meanwhile, the arrival of a saint by the name of 'Machhli Baba' in Varanasi rouses the excitement of the local people.<br /> <br /> A very valuable property of the Ghosals, a golden [[Ganesh]] statue, about three inches in height, was the target of the thief. On the other hand, [[Maganlal Meghraj]], a wealthy [[Marwaris|Marwari]] businessman, had his eyes on the Ganesh for a very long time. He learns about Feluda's involvement in this case. He invites the trio to his house and tries to bribe Feluda with Rs.2,000 in order to stop the investigation. Feluda refuses to do so, which angers Maganlal, and he sets up a [[knife throwing]] show, using Jatayu as bait (much to the viewer's [[amusement]]). After the incidents in Maganlal's house, Feluda takes a vow - either he'll avenge Jatayu's harassment, or he'll quit his job of being a detective.<br /> <br /> Although warned by Maganlal, Feluda doesn't lose interest in the case, and deduces that Machhli Baba is actually a [[fraud]] working for Maganlal. A member of the Ghosal family, Bikash Singha, was also bribed by Maganlal to steal the Ganesh and hand it over to him. Feluda gets hold of Bikash and makes him confess his involvement in the theft. But Bikash states that when he went to steal the Ganesh, it was not there. Several questions arise in Feluda's mind. Where is the Ganesh, then? Why was the innocent idol-maker of the Ghosals, Shashibhushan Pal, murdered brutally? What plan did the Ghosal family head hatch upon with his grandson to save the Ganesh?<br /> <br /> Finally, everything is revealed: Umanath Ghoshal's son, Rukminikumar (a.k.a. Ruku) got to know that Maganlal was planning to steal the Ganesh statue, so he hid the Ganesh statue in the idol of [[Maa Durga]]'s [[Lion]]. Shashibabu, while painting the lion got the statue and handed it to Bikash—without knowing his involvement with Maganlal—before going home because of his sudden illness. Afraid that Shashibabu would reveal everything and would unintentionally ruin his plan, Maganlal sends a henchman with Bikash to liquidate Shashibabu. The henchman with the help of Bikash, tracks down Shashibabu, murders him brutally by stabbing him and disposes off the knife in the [[Ganges]]. Subsequently, after an intricately planned [[sting operation]], Maganlal and Machhli Baba are arrested by the Varanasi police.<br /> <br /> Feluda reveals that the idol was a replica and the actual one was safely kept in the Ghosals' bank. The Ghosals praise him for his excellent deduction and observation skills.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as [[Feluda]], the Bengali detective from [[Calcutta]]<br /> * [[Utpal Dutt]] as Maganlal Meghraj, a Marwari businessman and the main antagonist of the film<br /> * [[Santosh Dutta]] as [[Lalmohan Ganguly]] a.k.a. Jatayu.<br /> * [[Siddartha Chatterjee]] as Tapesh ranjan Mitra a.k.a. Topshe, Feluda's cousin and assistant<br /> * Jit Bose as Rukminikumar a.k.a. Ruku <br /> * [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]] as Umanath Ghosal, Ruku's father<br /> * [[Biplab Chatterjee]] as Bikash Singha<br /> * [[Kamu Mukherjee]] as Arjun, the knife-thrower in Maganlal's house (cameo)<br /> * [[Monu Mukherjee]] as Machhli Baba (cameo)<br /> * Panineeta Bandhyopadhyay<br /> * Subhadra Devi<br /> * [[Satya Bandhyopadhyay|Satya Banerjee]] (P.L.T.) as Niranjan Chakrabarty, the hotel manager <br /> * Indubhushan Gujral as Inspector Tiwari<br /> * [[Moloy Roy]] as Biswasree Gunomoy Bagchi, a [[bodybuilder]]<br /> * Santosh Sinha as Shashibhushan Pal a.k.a. Shashibabu, the idol maker<br /> * Bimal Chatterjee as Ambika Ghosal, the Ghoshal family patriarch<br /> <br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/us-academy-has-restored-ray-films-see-them-at-film-festival/382543/ |title=US academy has restored Ray films, see them at film festival |access-date=7 November 2008 |agency=The Indian Express |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404133201/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/us-academy-has-restored-ray-films-see-them-at-film-festival/382543/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070811014447/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/joibaba_felunath.htm Joi Baba Felunath (SatyajitRay.org)]<br /> * {{IMDb title|0077775}}<br /> <br /> {{National Film Award Best Children's Film}}<br /> {{Feluda}}<br /> {{Satyajit Ray}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1979 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Satyajit Ray]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian detective films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray]]<br /> [[Category:Best Children's Film National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:1979 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Feluda (film series)]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language detective films]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhesus_macaque&diff=475339 2026-03-07T00:20:41Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Species of Old World monkey}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | name = Rhesus macaque<br /> | image = Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta mulatta), male, Gokarna.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Male, Gokarna Forest, [[Nepal]]<br /> | image2 = Rhesus Macaque in Andhra Pradesh, India.jpeg<br /> | image2_caption = Female with infant in Andhra Pradesh<br /> | status = LC<br /> | status_system = IUCN3.1<br /> | status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{cite iucn |title=''Macaca mulatta'' |author=Singh, M. |author2=Kumar, A. |author3=Kumara, H.N. |date=2020 |article-number=e.T12554A17950825 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12554A17950825.en |access-date=10 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | genus = Macaca<br /> | species = mulatta<br /> | authority = ([[Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann|Zimmermann]], 1780)&lt;ref name=msw3&gt;{{MSW3 Groves|pages=163|id=12100551 |heading=Species ''Macaca mulatta''}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | range_map = Rhesus Macaque area.png<br /> | range_map_caption = Rhesus macaque native range<br /> | synonyms = {{hidden begin|title=Species synonymy}}<br /> *''Simia fulvus'' &lt;small&gt;([[John Graham Kerr|Kerr]], 1792)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Simia rhesus'' &lt;small&gt;[[Jean Baptiste Audebert|Audebert]], 1798&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Simia erythraea'' &lt;small&gt;[[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1800&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Macaca nipalensis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1840&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Macaca oinops'' &lt;small&gt;Hodgson, 1840&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Inuus sanctijohannis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Robert Swinhoe|R. Swinhoe]], 1866&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Inuus sancti-johannis'' &lt;small&gt;R. Swinhoe, 1866&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Macacus lasiotus'' &lt;small&gt;[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1868&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Macacus tcheliensis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|A. Milne-Edwards]], 1872&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Macacus vestitus'' &lt;small&gt;A. Milne-Edwards, 1892&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Macacus rhesus villosus'' &lt;small&gt;[[Frederick W. True|True]], 1894&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Pithecus littoralis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Elliot]], 1909&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Macaca siamica'' &lt;small&gt;[[Cecil Boden Kloss|Kloss]], 1917&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Macaca mulatta mcmahoni'' &lt;small&gt;[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1932&lt;/small&gt;<br /> {{hidden end}}<br /> | synonyms_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{ITIS|id= 180099|taxon=''Macaca mulatta''}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Macaca mulatta 3d scan Natural History Museum University of Pisa C 1549.stl|thumb|3d model of skeleton]]<br /> The '''rhesus macaque''' ('''''Macaca mulatta'''''), colloquially '''rhesus monkey''', is a species of [[Old World monkey]] in the ''[[Macaca]]'' genus. There are between six and nine recognised subspecies split between two groups, the Chinese-derived and the Indian-derived. Generally brown or grey in colour, it is {{cvt|47–53|cm}} in length with a {{cvt|20.7–22.9|cm}} tail and weighs {{cvt|5.3–7.7|kg}}. It is native to [[South Asia|South]], [[Central Asia|Central]], and [[Southeast Asia]] and has the widest geographic range of all non-human [[primate]]s, occupying a great diversity of altitudes and habitats. <br /> <br /> The rhesus macaque is [[diurnality|diurnal]], arboreal, and terrestrial. It is mostly [[herbivorous]], feeding mainly on [[fruit]], but also eating [[seed]]s, [[root]]s, [[buds]], [[Bark (botany)|bark]], and [[cereal]]s. Rhesus macaques living in cities also eat human food and trash. They are [[gregarious]], with troops comprising 20–200 individuals. The social groups are [[matrilineal]]. Individuals communicate with a variety of facial expressions, vocalisations, body postures, and gestures. <br /> <br /> As a result of the rhesus macaque's relatively easy upkeep, wide availability, and closeness to humans anatomically and physiologically, it has been used extensively in medical and biological research. It has facilitated many scientific breakthroughs including vaccines for [[rabies]], [[smallpox]], [[polio]], and [[antiretroviral medication]] to treat [[HIV/AIDS]]. A rhesus macaque became the first [[monkeys and apes in space|primate astronaut]] in 1948.<br /> <br /> The rhesus is listed as [[Least Concern]] in the [[IUCN Red List]].<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The name &quot;rhesus&quot; is reminiscent of the mythological king [[Rhesus of Thrace]], a minor character in the [[Iliad]]. However, the French naturalist [[Jean-Baptiste Audebert]] who named the species, stated: &quot;it has no meaning&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Jaeger |first=E. |year=1972 |title=A source-book of biological names and terms |location=Springfield, Illinois |publisher=Charles C. Thomas}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rhesus macaque is also known colloquially as the &quot;rhesus monkey&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rhesus macaque monkey (1932) |publisher=[[British Society for Immunology]] |url=https://www.immunology.org/rhesus-macaque-monkey-1932 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108003247/https://www.immunology.org/rhesus-macaque-monkey-1932 |archive-date=2020-11-08<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Frequently asked questions about nonhuman primates in research |newspaper=National Primate Research Centers |date=<br /> |url=https://nprcresearch.org/primate/faq.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123053404/https://nprcresearch.org/primate/faq.php |archive-date=2015-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> [[File:Macaque India 3.jpg|thumb|Rhesus macaque by the [[Agra Fort]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India]]<br /> [[File:Rhesus Macaque2.jpg|thumb|Mother and child rhesus macaque in Nepal]]<br /> <br /> According to Zimmermann's first description of 1780, the rhesus macaque is distributed in eastern [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], as far east as the [[Brahmaputra Valley]], Barak valley and in peninsular [[India]], [[Nepal]], and northern [[Pakistan]]. Today, this is known as the Indian rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta mulatta'', which includes the morphologically similar ''M. rhesus villosus'', described by [[Frederick W. True|True]] in 1894, from [[Kashmir]], and ''M. m. mcmahoni'', described by [[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]] in 1932 from Kootai, [[Pakistan]]. Several [[China|Chinese]] [[subspecies]] of rhesus macaques were described between 1867 and 1917. The molecular differences identified among populations, however, are alone not consistent enough to conclusively define any subspecies.&lt;ref name=&quot;apc04&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Brandon-Jones, D. |author2=Eudey, A. A. |author3=Geissmann, T. |author4=Groves, C. P. |author5=Melnick, D. J. |author6=Morales, J. C. |author7=Shekelle, M. |author8=Stewart, C.-B. |title=Asian primate classification |publisher= International Journal of Primatology |volume=25 |issue=1 |date=2004 |pages=97–164 |url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/papers/pdf_files/2004asianprimates.pdf |access-date=5 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Chinese subspecies can be divided as follows:<br /> * ''M. m. mulatta'' is found in western and central China, in the south of [[Yunnan]], and southwest of [[Guangxi]];&lt;ref name=&quot;shilai1991&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Jiang, X. |author2=Wang, Y. |author3=Ma, S. |year=1991 |title=Taxonomic revision and distribution of subspecies of rhesus monkey (''Macaca mulatta'') in China |journal=Zoological Research |volume=12 |url=http://www.zoores.ac.cn/EN/abstract/abstract1901.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''M. m. lasiota'' ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1868), the west Chinese rhesus macaque, is distributed in the west of [[Sichuan]], northwest of [[Yunnan]], and southeast of [[Qinghai]];&lt;ref name=&quot;shilai1991&quot; /&gt; it is possibly synonymous with ''M. m. sanctijohannis'' ([[Robert Swinhoe|R. Swinhoe]], 1867), if not with ''M. m. mulatta''.&lt;ref name=&quot;apc04&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''M. m. tcheliensis'' ([[Henri Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], 1870), the north Chinese rhesus macaque, lives in the north of [[Henan]], south of [[Shanxi]], and near [[Beijing]]. Some consider it as the most endangered subspecies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02215449 |title=Phylogeny of rheusus monkeys (''Macaca mulatta'') as revealed by mitochondrial DNA restriction enzyme analysis |journal=International Journal of Primatology |volume=14 |issue=4 |page=587 |year=1993 |last1=Zhang |first1=Y. |last2=Shi |first2=L. |s2cid=21883524}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Others consider it possibly synonymous with ''M. m. sanctijohannis'', if not with ''M. m. mulatta''.&lt;ref name=&quot;apc04&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''M. m. vestita'' ([[Henri Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], 1892), the Tibetan rhesus macaque, lives in the southeast of [[Tibet]], northwest of Yunnan ([[Deqin County|Deqing]]), and perhaps including [[Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Yushu]];&lt;ref name=&quot;shilai1991&quot; /&gt; it is possibly synonymous with ''M. m. sanctijohannis'', if not with ''M. m. mulatta''.&lt;ref name=&quot;apc04&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''M. m. littoralis'' ([[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Elliot]], 1909), the south Chinese rhesus macaque, lives in [[Fujian]], [[Zhejiang]], [[Anhui]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Hunan]], [[Hubei]], [[Guizhou]], northwest of [[Guangdong]], north of [[Guangxi]], northeast of [[Yunnan]], east of [[Sichuan]], and south of [[Shaanxi]];&lt;ref name=&quot;shilai1991&quot; /&gt; it is possibly synonymous with ''M. m. sanctijohannis'', if not with ''M. m. mulatta''.&lt;ref name=&quot;apc04&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''M. m. brevicaudus'', also referred to as ''Pithecus brevicaudus'' ([[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Elliot]], 1913), lives on the [[Hainan Island]] and [[Wanshan Islands]] in [[Guangdong]], and the islands near [[Hong Kong]];&lt;ref name=&quot;shilai1991&quot; /&gt; it may be synonymous with ''M. m. mulatta''.&lt;ref name=&quot;apc04&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''M. m. siamica'' ([[Cecil Boden Kloss|Kloss]], 1917), the Indochinese rhesus macaque, is distributed in [[Myanmar]], in the north of [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]], in [[Laos]], and in the Chinese provinces of [[Anhui]], northwest [[Guangxi]], Guizhou, [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], central and eastern [[Sichuan]], and western and south-central [[Yunnan]]; possibly synonymous with ''M. m. sanctijohannis'', if not with ''M. m. mulatta''.&lt;ref name=&quot;apc04&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:Rhesus Macaque, Red Fort, Agra.jpg|thumb|Male Rhesus macaque in Agra fort, Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> The rhesus macaque is brown or grey in color and has a pink face, which is bereft of fur. It has, on average, 50 vertebrae and a wide rib cage. Its tail averages between {{convert|20.7|and|22.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fooden2000&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.7192 |title=Systematic review of the rhesus macaque, ''Macaca mulatta'' (Zimmermann, 1780) |year=2000 |last1=Fooden |first1=J. |journal=Fieldiana |volume=96 |pages=1–180|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adult males measure about {{convert|53|cm|in|abbr=on}} on average and weigh about {{convert|7.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Females are smaller, averaging {{convert|47|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|5.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in weight.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fooden2000&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghSinha2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=M. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |year=2004 |chapter=Life history traits: ecological adaptations or phylogenetic relics? |editor1-last=Thierry |editor1-first=B. |editor2-last=Singh |editor2-first=M. |editor3-last=Kaumanns |editor3-first=W. |title=Macaque societies: a model for the study of social organization |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=80–83 |isbn=978-0-521-52168-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[intermembral index|ratio of arm length to leg length]] is 89.6–94.3%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamada_etal2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hamada |first1=Y. |last2=Watanabe |first2=T. |last3=Chatani |first3=K. |last4=Hayakawa |first4=S. |last5=Iwamoto |first5=M. |year=2005 | title=Morphometrical comparison between Indian- and Chinese-derived rhesus macaques (''Macaca mulatta'') |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=183–188 |doi=10.1537/ase.03104 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The rhesus macaque has a dental formula of {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.3|lower=2.1.2.3|total=32}} and [[bilophodont]] [[Molar (tooth)|molar teeth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1939 |title=The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Mammalia volume I |location=London |publisher=Taylor and Francis |pages=15–185 |chapter=Catarhini |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n49/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Distribution and habitat ==<br /> Rhesus macaques are native to [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Vietnam]], southern [[China]], and some neighbouring areas. They have the widest geographic ranges of any non-human primate, occupying a great diversity of altitudes throughout Central, South, and Southeast Asia. Inhabiting arid, open areas, rhesus macaques may be found in grasslands, woodlands, and in mountainous regions up to {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation. They are strong swimmers,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-417144-2.00006-8 |chapter=Basic physiology of ''Macaca mulatta'' |title=The nonhuman primate in nonclinical drug development and safety assessment |year=2015 |last1=Lewis |first1=A. D. |last2=Prongay |first2=K. |pages=87–113 |isbn=978-0-12-417144-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; and can swim across rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson_etal2016&quot;&gt;{{cite report |publisher=Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension |year=2016 |title=History and status of introduced rhesus macaques (''Macaca mulatta'') in Silver Springs State Park, Florida |first1=C. J. |last1=Anderson |first2=S. A. |last2=Johnson |first3=M. E. |last3=Hostetler |first4=M. G. |last4=Summers |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/uw412}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rhesus macaques are noted for their tendency to move from rural to urban areas, coming to rely on handouts or refuse from humans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ciani, A. C. |year=1986 |title=Intertroop agonistic behavior of a feral rhesus macaque troop in ranging in town and forest areas in India |journal=Aggressive Behavior |volume=12 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/1098-2337(1986)12:6&lt;433::AID-AB2480120606&gt;3.0.CO;2-C |pages=433–439 |url=http://www.esploratore.com/files/resourcesmodule/@random44be4ac49f856/1153323855_Intertroop_Agonistic_Behavior_of_a_Feral_rhesus_Macaque_Troop_Ranging_in_Town_and_Areas_in_India.pdf |access-date=5 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; They adapt well to human presence, and form larger troops in human-dominated landscapes than in forests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=K. |last1=Rishi |first2=S. |last2=Anindya |first3=R. |last3=Sindhu |year=2013 |title=Comparative demography of two commensal macaques in India: implications for population status and conservation |journal=Folia Primatologica |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=384–393 |doi=10.1159/000351935 |pmid=24022675 |s2cid=45152033}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rhesus monkeys live in patches of forest within agricultural areas, which gives them access to agroecosystem habitats and makes them at ease in navigating through them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ji |first1=Y. |last2=Wei |first2=X. |last3=Liu |first3=F. |last4=Li |first4=D. |last5=Li |first5=J. |date=2022 |title=Spatial-Temporal Patterns of Human-Wildlife Conflicts Under Coupled Impact of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors in Mt. Gaoligong, Western Yunnan, China |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=40|article-number=e02329|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02329 |bibcode=2022GEcoC..4002329J |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The southern and the northern distributional limits for rhesus and [[bonnet macaque]]s, respectively, currently run parallel to each other in the western part of India, are separated by a large gap in the center, and converge on the eastern coast of the peninsula to form a distribution overlap zone. This overlap region is characterized by the presence of mixed-species troops, with pure troops of both species sometimes occurring even in close proximity to one another. The range extension of rhesus macaque – a natural process in some areas, and a direct consequence of introduction by humans in other regions – poses grave implications for the endemic and declining populations of bonnet macaques in southern India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=R. R. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |year=2011 |title=Of least concern? Range extension by rhesus macaques (''Macaca mulatta'') threatens long-term survival of bonnet macaques (''M. radiata'') in Peninsular India |url=https://nias.academia.edu/RishiKumar/Papers/538383/Of_least_concern_Range_Extension_by_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta_Threatens_Long-Term_Survival_of_Bonnet_Macaques_M._radiata_in_Peninsular_India |journal=International Journal of Primatology |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=945–959 |doi=10.1007/s10764-011-9514-y |s2cid=35227050 |access-date=5 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kumar et al (2013)&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=R. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |last3=Radhakrishna |first3=S. |date=2013 |title=Comparative Demography of Two Commensal Macaques in India: Implications for Population Status and Conservation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256490353 |journal=Folia Primatologica |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=384–393 |doi=10.1159/000351935 |pmid=24022675 |s2cid=45152033}}&lt;/ref&gt; provides a summary of population distribution and habitat in India. It states that there were sightings of rhesus macaques in all surveyed habitats except semi-evergreen forests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fossil record===<br /> Fossilized isolated teeth and [[mandible]] fragments from [[Tianyuan Cave]] and a juvenile [[maxilla]] from Wanglaopu Cave near [[Zhoukoudian]] represent the first recognized occurrence of rhesus macaque fossils in the far north of China, and thus the population of rhesus macaques which lived around [[Beijing]] decades ago is believed to have originated from [[Pleistocene]] ancestors rather than being human-introduced.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tong |first=H. |date=2014 |title=Fossils of Macaca mulatta from Tianyuan Cave, with Notes on Some Previously Unpublished Specimens of Macaca from Zhoukoudian Area |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=1397–1408 |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.12307|bibcode=2014AcGlS..88.1397T |s2cid=128707124}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fossil [[mandible]] fragments from the [[Taedong River]] Basin around [[Pyongyang]], North Korea, have also been assigned to this species.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Han |first1=K. S. |last2=So |first2=K. S. |last3=Choe |first3=R. S. |last4=Kang |first4=J. C. |last5=Kang |first5=I. |last6=Ri |first6=C. U. |date=2022 |title=First record of ''Macaca mulatta'' (Cercopithecidae: Papionini) from the Taedong River Basin, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea |journal=Palaeoworld |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=573–578 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2022.09.008 |s2cid=252768097}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Exogenous colonies ===<br /> Rhesus macaques have also been introduced and acclimated to other areas, such as the United States, where they are considered an [[invasive species]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1997 |title=Monkey Business: For 25 years, furry residents of tiny islands have been real swingers |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/990297062/?match=1&amp;terms=%22outwitted%20by%20monkeys%22 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=AP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Around the spring of 1938, a colony of rhesus macaques was released in and around [[Silver Springs (attraction)|Silver Springs]] in [[Florida]] by a tour boat operator known locally as &quot;Colonel Tooey&quot; to enhance his &quot;Jungle Cruise&quot;. Tooey had been hoping to profit from the boom in jungle adventure stories in film and print media, buying the monkeys to be attractions at his river boat tour. Tooey apparently hadn't been aware of rhesus macaques being proficient swimmers, meaning his original plan to keep the monkeys isolated to an island inside the river didn't work. The macaques nevertheless remained in the region thanks to daily feedings by Tooey and the boat tours. Tooey subsequently released additional monkeys to add to the gene pool and avoid [[inbreeding]]. The traditional story that the monkeys were released for scenery enhancement in the [[Tarzan]] movies that were filmed at that location is false, as the only Tarzan movie filmed in the area, 1939's ''[[Tarzan Finds a Son!]]'', does not contain rhesus macaques.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Primates face to face |last=Wolfe |first=L. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-521-79109-X |page=320 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYg3eOqjq4UC&amp;pg=PA320}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whilst this was the first colony established and the longest lasting, other colonies have since been established intentionally or accidentally. A population in [[Titusville, Florida]], was featured at the now defunct Tropical Wonderland theme park, which coincidentally was at one time endorsed by [[Johnny Weissmuller]], who had portrayed Tarzan in the aforementioned films. This association might have contributed to the misconception the monkeys were associated directly with the Tarzan films. This colony either escaped or was intentionally released, roaming the woods of the area for a decade. In the 1980s a trapper captured several monkeys from the Titusville population and released them in the Silver Springs area to join that population. The last printed records of monkeys in the Titusville area occurred in early 1990s, but sightings continue to this day.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson et al&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=C. J. |last2=Hostetler |first2=M. E. |last3=Johnson |first3=A. |title=History and Status of Introduced Non-Human Primate Populations in Florida |journal=Southeastern Naturalist |date=2017 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=19–36 |doi=10.1656/058.016.0103}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Various colonies of rhesus macaque are speculated to be the result of [[zoos]] and wildlife parks destroyed in hurricanes, most notably [[Hurricane Andrew]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/04/20/090420fa_fact_bilger |author=Bilger, B. |title=The natural world, swamp things |newspaper=The New Yorker |date= 20 April 2009 |page=80 |access-date=5 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2020 estimate put the number at 550–600 rhesus macaques living in the state;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2020/02/25/rhesus-macaques-herpes-florida/ |title=People can't agree on what to do about Florida's herpes-infected monkeys |first=Hannah |last=Knowles<br /> |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; officials have caught more than 1,000 of the monkeys in the past decade. Most of the captured monkeys tested positive for [[herpes B virus]], which leads wildlife officials to consider the animals a public health hazard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2013/09/12/herpes-infected-monkeys-terrorize-florida/ |title=Herpes-infected monkeys terrorize Florida |work=[[New York Post]] |first=Natalie |last=O'Neill |date=12 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite the risks, the macaques have continued to enjoy long-standing support from residents in Florida, strongly disagreeing with their removal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson et al&quot; /&gt; The Silver Springs colony has continued to grow in size and range, being commonly sighted in both the park grounds, the nearby city of [[Ocala, Florida]], and the neighboring [[Ocala National Forest]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Silver Springs monkeys - International Primate Protection League |url=https://ippl.org/blog/the-silver-springs-monkeys/ |website=International Primate Protection League |access-date=13 May 2023 |date=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Individuals likely originating from this colony have been seen hundreds of kilometers away, in [[St. Augustine, Florida]] and [[St. Petersburg, Florida]]. One infamous individual, named the &quot;Mystery Monkey of [[Tampa Bay area|Tampa Bay]]&quot;, evaded capture for years, inspiring social media posts and a song.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hayes |first1=S. |title=Where is the Mystery Monkey of Tampa Bay? |url=https://www.tampabay.com/special-reports/2021/11/09/where-is-the-mystery-monkey-of-tampa-bay/ |work=Tampa Bay Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Exogenous]] colonies have also resulted from research activities. There is a colony of rhesus macaques on [[Morgan Island, South Carolina|Morgan Island]], one of the [[Sea Islands]] in the [[South Carolina Lowcountry]]. They were imported in the 1970s for use in the local labs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thestate.com/mld/thestate/news/local/8961941.htm The State | Homepage&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826195106/http://www.thestate.com/mld/thestate/news/local/8961941.htm |date=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Taub, D.M. |author2=Mehlman, P.T. |title=Development of the Morgan Island rhesus monkey colony |journal=P R Health Sci J |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=159–69 |date=1989 |pmid=2780958}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another research colony was established by the Caribbean Primate Research Center of the [[University of Puerto Rico]] on the island of [[Cayo Santiago]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Rawlins-1986&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rawlins | first1=R. G. | last2=Kessler |first2=M. J. |title=The Cayo Santiago Macaques: History, Behavior, and Biology |series=SUNY series in primatology |publisher=State University of New York Press |place=Albany |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-88706-135-6 | oclc=42855829 |page=306}}&lt;/ref&gt; off of [[Puerto Rico]]. There are no predators on the island, and humans are not permitted to land, except as part of the research program. Another Puerto Rico research colony was released into the [[Desecheo National Wildlife Refuge]] in 1966. {{As of|2022}} they are continuing to do ecological harm, damage crops amounting to $300,000/year and cost $1,000,000/year to manage.&lt;ref name=&quot;UFLIFASEDIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=WEC367/UW412: History and Status of Introduced Rhesus Macaques (''Macaca mulatta'') in Silver Springs State Park, Florida | website=Ask IFAS, Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS) | publisher=[[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] (IFAS), UF | date=2022 | url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/UW412 | access-date=2022-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Ecology and behavior ==<br /> [[File:Macaque Haji Malang.jpg|thumb|Rhesus macaque displaying its canine teeth]]<br /> The rhesus macaque is [[Diurnality|diurnal]], and both [[arboreal]] and [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]]. It is [[quadruped]]al and, when on the ground, it walks [[digitigrade]] and [[plantigrade]]. It is mostly [[herbivorous]], feeding mainly on [[fruit]], but also eating [[seed]]s, [[root]]s, [[buds]], [[Bark (botany)|bark]], and [[cereal]]s. It is estimated to consume around 99 different plant species in 46 families. During the [[monsoon]] season, it gets much of its water from ripe and succulent fruit. Rhesus macaques living far from water sources lick dewdrops from leaves and drink rainwater accumulated in tree hollows.&lt;ref name=&quot;Makwana 1979&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Makwana |first1=S. |year=1979 |title=Field ecology and behavior of the rhesus macaque. Food, feeding and drinking in Dehra Dun forests |journal=Indian Journal of Forestry |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=242–253}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have also been observed eating [[termite]]s, [[grasshopper]]s, [[ant]]s, and [[beetle]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lindburg |first=D. G. |year=1971 |chapter=The rhesus monkeys in north India: an ecological and behavioural study |editor-last=Rosenblum |editor-first=L. A. |title=Primate behaviour: developments in the field and laboratory research |publisher=Academic Press |location=New York |volume=1 |pages=83–104 |isbn=0-12-534001-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other foods include adult and larval insects, spiders, lice, honeycombs, crabs and bird eggs.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} When food is abundant, they are distributed in patches, and forage throughout the day in their home ranges. They drink water when foraging, and gather around streams and rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southwick 1965&quot;/&gt; Rhesus macaques have specialized pouch-like cheeks, allowing them to temporarily hoard their food.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burrows-et-al-2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Burrows |first1=A. M. |last2=Waller | first2=B. M. |last3=Parr |first3=L. A. |title=Facial musculature in the rhesus macaque (''Macaca mulatta''): evolutionary and functional contexts with comparisons to chimpanzees and humans |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=215 |issue=3 |year=2009 |issn=0021-8782 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01113.x |pages=320–334 |pmid=19563473 |pmc=2750044}}&lt;/ref&gt; With an increase in anthropogenic land changes, the rhesus macaque has evolved alongside intense and rapid environmental disturbance associated with human agriculture and urbanization resulting in proportions of their diet to be altered.&lt;ref name=Cooper2022&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=E. B. |last2=Brent |first2=L. J. N. |last3=Snyder-Mackler |first3=N. |last4=Singh |first4=M. |last5=Sengupta |first5=A. |last6=Khatiwada |first6=S. |last7=Malaivijitnond |first7=S. |last8=Qi Hai |first8=Z. |last9=Higham |first9=J. P. |date=2022 |title=The rhesus macaque as a success story of the Anthropocene |journal=eLife |volume=11 |article-number=e78169 |doi=10.7554/eLife.78169 |pmc=9345599 |pmid=35801697 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[comparative psychology|psychological]] research, rhesus macaques have demonstrated a variety of complex [[cognitive abilities]], including the ability to make same–different judgments, understand simple rules, and monitor their own mental states.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Couchman, J. J. |title=Beyond stimulus cues and reinforcement signals: a new approach to animal metacognition |journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=356–368 |year=2010 |doi=10.1037/a0020129 |pmid=20836592 |pmc=2991470 |display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Blanchard |first1=T. C. |last2=Wolfe |first2=L. S. |last3=Vlaev |first3=I. |last4=Winston |first4=J. S. |last5=Hayden |first5=B. Y. |title=Biases in preferences for sequences of outcomes in monkeys |journal=Cognition |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=289–299 |doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.012 |year=2014 |pmid=24374208 |pmc=3969290}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have even been shown to demonstrate [[self-agency]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Couchman, J. J. |title=Self-agency in rhesus monkeys |journal=Biology Letters |year=2011 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2011.0536 |volume=8 |pages=39–41 |pmid=21733868 |issue=1 |pmc=3259954}}&lt;/ref&gt; an important type of self-awareness. In 2014, onlookers at a train station in Kanpur, India, documented a rhesus monkey, knocked unconscious by overhead power lines, that was revived by another rhesus that systematically administered a series of resuscitative actions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Waxman |first=O. B. |date=2014 |url=https://time.com/3643900/monkey-electrocution-india/ |title=Hero monkey revives simian pal electrocuted in India |magazine=Time}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Group structure ===<br /> [[File:Rhesus macaque monkey family D72 16866k.jpg|thumb|Rhesus macaque adult females with baby, IIT Mandi, Himachal, India. Aug '20]]<br /> Like other macaques, rhesus troops comprise a mixture of 20–200 males and females.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Teas, J. |author2=Richie, T. |author3=Taylor, H. |author4=Southwick, C. |year=1980 |chapter=Population patterns and behavioral ecology of rhesus monkeys (''Macaca mulatta'') in Nepal |title=The macaques: studies in ecology, behavior, and evolution |editor=Lindenburg, D. |place=San Francisco |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Company |isbn=0-442-24817-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Females may outnumber the males by a ratio of 4:1. Males and females have separate hierarchies. Female [[philopatry]], common among social mammals, has been extensively studied in rhesus macaques. Females tend not to leave the social group, and have highly stable [[matrilineal]] hierarchies in which a female's rank is dependent on the rank of her mother. In addition, a single group may have multiple matrilineal lines existing in a hierarchy, and a female outranks any unrelated females that rank lower than her mother.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Judge, P. |author2=Waal, F. |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |title=Rhesus monkey behaviour under diverse population densities: coping with long-term crowding |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=643–662 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1997.0469 |pmid=9299049 |bibcode=1997AnBeh..54..643J |s2cid=22512222}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rhesus macaques are unusual in that the youngest females tend to outrank their older sisters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Waal |first=F. |year=1993 |chapter=Codevelopment of dominance relations and affiliative bonds in rhesus monkeys |title=Juvenile primates: life history, development, and behavior |editor1-last=Pereira |editor1-first=M. |editor2-first=L. |editor2-last=Fairbanks |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-226-65622-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is likely because young females are more fit and fertile. Mothers seem to prevent the older daughters from forming coalitions against her.{{clarify |date = January 2016 |reason = &quot;her&quot; who? the mother, or the youngest daughter?}} The youngest daughter is the most dependent on the mother, and would have nothing to gain from helping her siblings in overthrowing their mother. Since each daughter has a high rank in her early years, rebelling against her mother is discouraged.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hill 1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=D. |last2=Okayasu |first2=N. |year=1996 |chapter=Determinants of dominance among female macaques: nepotism, demography and danger |title=Evolution and ecology of macaque societies |editor1-last=Fa |editor1-first=J. |editor2-first=D. |editor2-last=Lindburg |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-41680-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Juvenile male macaques also exist in matrilineal lines, but once they reach four to five years of age, they are driven out of their natal groups by the dominant male. Thus, adult males gain dominance by age and experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southwick 1965&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Southwick |first1=C. |last2=Beg |first2=M. |first3=R. |last3=Siddiqi |year=1965 |chapter=Rhesus monkeys in North India |title=Primate behavior: field studies of monkeys and apes |editor-last=DeVore |editor-first=I. |location=San Francisco, USA |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |isbn=978-0-03-050340-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the group, macaques position themselves based on rank. The &quot;central male subgroup&quot; contains the two or three oldest and most dominant males which are codominant, along with females, their infants, and juveniles. This subgroup occupies the center of the group and determines the movements, foraging, and other routines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southwick 1965&quot;/&gt; The females of this subgroup are also the most dominant of the entire group. The farther to the periphery a subgroup is, the less dominant it is. Subgroups on the periphery of the central group are run by one dominant male, of a rank lower than the central males, and he maintains order in the group and communicates messages between the central and peripheral males. A subgroup of subordinate, often subadult, males occupy the very edge of the groups, and have the responsibility of communicating with other macaque groups and making alarm calls.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gouzoules 1998&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Gouzoules, H. |author2=Gouzoules, S. |author3=Tomaszycki, M. |year=1998 |title=Agonistic screams and the classification of dominance relationships: are rhesus monkeys fuzzy logicians? |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=51–60 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1997.0583 |pmid=9480671 |s2cid=25747013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rhesus social behaviour has been described as despotic, in that high-ranking individuals often show little tolerance, and frequently become aggressive towards non-kin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Thierry |first1=B. |year=1985 |title=Social development in three species of macaque (''Macaca mulatta'', ''M. fasicularis'', ''M. tonkeana''): A preliminary report on the first ten weeks of life |journal=Behavioural Processes |volume=11 |issue= 1|pages=89–95 |doi=10.1016/0376-6357(85)90105-6 |pmid=24924364 |s2cid=140208622}}&lt;/ref&gt; Top-ranking female rhesus monkeys are known to sexually coerce unreceptive males and also physically injure them, biting off digits and damaging their genitals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Queen Kong? In rhesus realm, females rule |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2007-11-19-0711190082-story.html |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=chicagotribune.com|date=19 November 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rhesus macaques have been observed engaging in interspecies grooming with [[Hanuman langur]]s and with [[sambar deer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=First record of interspecies grooming between Raffles' banded langur and long-tailed macaque |last1=Lee |first1=Z.H. |last2=Ang |first2=A. |last3=Ruppert |first3=N. |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |date=26 August 2021 |doi=10.11609/jott.7510.13.9.19246-19253 |pages=19246–19253 |volume=13 |issue=9 |url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/7510/7884|access-date=2021-09-05|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Communication ===<br /> Rhesus macaques interact using a variety of facial expressions, vocalizations, body postures, and gestures. Perhaps the most common facial expression the macaque makes is the &quot;silent bared teeth&quot; face.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maestripieri 1999&quot; &gt;{{cite book |last=Maestripieri |first=D. |year=1999 |chapter=Primate social organization, gestural repertoire size, and communication dynamics: a comparative study of macaques |pages=55–77 |editor-last=King |editor-first=B. J. |title=The origins of language: what nonhuman primates can tell us |location=Santa Fe, NM, USA |publisher=School American Research Press |isbn=0-85255-904-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is made between individuals of different social ranks, with the lower-ranking one giving the expression to its superior. A less-dominant individual also makes a &quot;fear grimace&quot;, accompanied by a scream, to appease or redirect aggression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rowe |first=N. |year=1996 |title=The pictorial guide to the living primates |location=East Hampton, NY, USA |publisher=Pogonias Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another submissive behavior is the &quot;present rump&quot;, where an individual raises its tail and exposes its genitals to the dominant one.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maestripieri 1999&quot; /&gt; A dominant individual threatens another individual by standing quadrupedally and making a silent &quot;open mouth stare&quot; accompanied by the tail sticking straight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Partan, S. R. |year=2002 |title=Single and multichannel signal composition: facial expressions and vocalizations of rhesus macaques (''Macaca mulatta'') |journal=Behaviour |volume=139 |issue=2–3 |pages=993–1027 |doi=10.1163/15685390260337877}}&lt;/ref&gt; During movements, macaques make coos and grunts. These are also made during affiliative interactions, and approaches before grooming.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hauser, M. D. |year=1998 |title=Functional referents and acoustic similarity field playback experiments with rhesus monkeys |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1647–58 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1997.0712 |pmid=9642008 |bibcode=1998AnBeh..55.1647H |s2cid=8253916}}&lt;/ref&gt; When they find rare food of high quality, macaques emit warbles, harmonic arches, or chirps. When in threatening situations, macaques emit a single loud, high-pitched sound called a shrill bark.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lindburg 1971&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Lindburg |first=D. G. |year=1971 |chapter=The rhesus monkey in north India: an ecological and behavioral study |pages=1–106 |editor-last=Rosenblum |editor-first=L. A. |title=Primate behavior: developments in field and laboratory research |volume=2 |location=New York |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=1-4832-4440-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Screeches, screams, squeaks, pant-threats, growls, and barks are used during aggressive interactions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lindburg 1971&quot;/&gt; Infants &quot;[[gecker]]&quot; to attract their mother's attention.&lt;ref name=&quot;Patel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajp.20027 |title=Acoustic and behavioral analyses of 'gecker' distress vocalizations in young rhesus macaques (''Macaca mulata'') |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=62 |issue=5 |page=48 |year=2004 |author1=Patel, E. R. |author2=Owren, M. J. |bibcode=2004ASAJ..115.2485P}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Reproduction ===<br /> [[File:Davidraju img15(Macaca mulatta) Rhesus macaque.jpg|thumb|Mother rhesus macaque with her baby]]<br /> [[File:Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) Red-shanked douc langur (Pygathrix nemaeus) hybrid Son Tra.jpg|thumb|Hybrid with [[red-shanked douc langur]] (''Pygathrix nemaeus'')]]<br /> Adult male macaques try to maximize their reproductive success by entering into [[sex]] with females both in and outside the [[breeding period]]. Females prefer to mate with males that are not familiar to them. Outsider males who are not members of the female's own troop are preferred over higher-ranking males. Outside of the consortship period, males and females return the prior behavior of not exhibiting preferential treatment or any special relationship. The breeding period can last up to eleven days, and a female usually mates with numerous males during that time. Male rhesus macaques have been observed to fight for access to sexually receptive females, and they suffer more wounds during the mating season.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bercovitch 1997&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bercovitch, F. |year=1997 |title=Reproductive strategies of rhesus macaques |journal=Primates |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=247–263 |doi=10.1007/BF02381613 |s2cid=8372920}}&lt;/ref&gt; Female macaques first breed when they are four years old and reach [[menopause]] at around twenty-five years of age.&lt;ref name=&quot;MLWalker2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Walker, M. L. |author2=Herndon, J. G. |title=Menopause in nonhuman primates? |journal=Biology of Reproduction |volume=79 |pages=398–406 |year=2008 |pmid=18495681 |doi=10.1095/biolreprod.108.068536 |issue=3 |pmc=2553520}}&lt;/ref&gt; Male macaques generally play no role in raising the young but do have peaceful relationships with the offspring of their consort pairs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southwick 1965&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Manson and Parry&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid8460656&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manson |first1=J. H. |last2=Perry |first2=S. E. |title=Inbreeding avoidance in rhesus macaques: whose choice? |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=335–44 |year=1993 |pmid=8460656 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330900307 |bibcode=1993AJPA...90..335M |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37662/1/1330900307_ftp.pdf |hdl=2027.42/37662 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; found that free-ranging rhesus macaques avoid inbreeding. Adult females were never observed to copulate with males of their own matrilineage during their fertile periods.<br /> <br /> Mothers with one or more immature daughters in addition to their infants are in contact with their infants less than those with no older immature daughters, because the mothers may pass the parenting responsibilities to their daughters. High-ranking mothers with older immature daughters also reject their infants significantly more than those without older daughters and tend to begin mating earlier in the mating season than expected based on their dates of [[parturition]] the preceding birth season.&lt;ref name = &quot;Berman 1992&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Berman, C. |year=1992 |title=Immature siblings and mother-infant relationships among free-ranging rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=44 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(92)90031-4 |bibcode=1992AnBeh..44..247B |s2cid=53171870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Infants farther from the center of the groups are more vulnerable to [[infanticide]] from outside groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southwick 1965&quot;/&gt; Some mothers abuse their infants, which is believed to be the result of controlling [[parenting styles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Maestripieri, D. |year=1998 |title=Parenting styles of abusive mothers in group-living rhesus macaques |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1997.0578 |pmid=9480666 |bibcode=1998AnBeh..55....1M |s2cid=8348608}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Primatologist [[Robert Goy]] discovered that adult rhesus macaques will take care of an unrelated infant in captivity. A male rhesus macaque will ignore an infant as long as a female rhesus macaque is around. If a male rhesus macaque is the only option for parental care, they will tend to an unrelated infant as a female would.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=de Waal |first1=Frans |title=Different: Gender Through the Eyes of a Primatologist |date=2022 |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=978-1-324-00710-4 |page=254-255}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Aging===<br /> The rhesus monkey has been used as a model for studying aging of the [[ovary|ovaries]] of primate females.&lt;ref name = Zhang2015&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=D |last2=Zhang |first2=X |last3=Zeng |first3=M |last4=Yuan |first4=J |last5=Liu |first5=M |last6=Yin |first6=Y |last7=Wu |first7=X |last8=Keefe |first8=DL |last9=Liu |first9=L. |display-authors=4 |title=Increased DNA damage and repair deficiency in granulosa cells are associated with ovarian aging in rhesus monkey |journal=Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics |year=2015 |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=1069–1078 |doi=10.1007/s10815-015-0483-5 |pmid=25957622 |pmc=4531862}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ovarian aging was found to be associated with increased [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA double strand breaks]] and reduced [[DNA repair]] in [[granulosa cell]]s, that is, [[somatic cell]]s closely associated with developing [[oocyte]]s.&lt;ref name = Zhang2015/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Self-awareness ===<br /> In several [[mirror test|experiments]] giving mirrors to rhesus monkeys, they looked into the mirrors and groomed themselves, as well as flexed various muscle groups. This behaviour indicates that they recognised and were [[Self-awareness|aware of themselves]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Rajala, A. Z. |author2=Reininger, K. R. |author3=Lancaster, K. M. |author4=Populin, L. C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=Rhesus monkeys (''Macaca mulatta'') do recognize themselves in the mirror: implications for the evolution of self-recognition |journal=PLOS ONE <br /> |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012865 |volume=5 |issue=9 |article-number=e12865 |pmid=20927365 |pmc=2947497 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...512865R |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Predators===<br /> [[Common thresher shark]]s and [[Ganges shark]]s prey on rhesus macaques when they swim across [[estuaries]] at [[ebb tide]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Primates as prey: ecological, morphological and behavioral relationships between primate species and their predators|date=May 2000|publisher=Washington University Department of Anthropology|author=Hart, D. L.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Human–rhesus conflict ===<br /> The macaque–human relationships is complex and culturally specific, ranging from relatively peaceful coexistence to extreme levels of conflict.&lt;ref name=Priston2012&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Priston |first1=N. E. C. |last2=McLennan |first2=M. R.|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-3967-7_14 |chapter=Managing Humans, Managing Macaques: Human–Macaque Conflict in Asia and Africa |pages=225–250 |date=2012 |title=The Macaque Connection |editor1=Radhakrishna, S. |editor2=Huffman, M. A. |editor3=Sinha, A. |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer New York |isbn=978-1-4614-3966-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conflicts tend to result from rapidly changing agricultural practices, increasing urbanisation, and clearing of woodlands and other territory, pushing macaques into human settlements in the search for resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gopalan |first1=R. |last2=Radhakrishna |first2=S. |date=2022 |title=Moving From Coexistence to Conflict: A Political Ecology Perspective On Human-Rhesus Macaque Conflict in Himachal Pradesh, India |journal=Human Ecology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=463–476 |doi=10.1007/s10745-022-00331-7 |bibcode=2022HumEc..50..463G |s2cid=250156685}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2021 study stated that human-macaque conflict is one of the most critical challenges faced by wildlife managers in the South- and Southeast-Asian regions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Conflict between rhesus macaques and humans is at all-time high, with areas once forested habitat being converted to industrial agriculture. In Nepal, the expansion of monocultures, increased forest fragmentation, degradation of natural habitats and changing agricultural practices have led to a significant increase in the frequency of human-macaque conflict.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koirala |first1=S. |last2=Garber |first2=P. A. |last3=Somasundaram |first3=D. |last4=Katuwal |first4=H. B. |last5=Ren |first5=B. |last6=Huang |first6=C. |last7=Li |first7=M. |date=2021 |title=Factors affecting the crop raiding behavior of wild rhesus macaques in Nepal: Implications for wildlife management. |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=297 |article-number=113331 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113331 |pmid=34298347 |bibcode=2021JEnvM.29713331K}}&lt;/ref&gt; Crop raiding is one of the biggest visible effects of human-rhesus conflict. The estimated financial cost to individual farmer households of macaque corn and rice raiding is approximately US$14.9 or 4.2% of their yearly income.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; This has resulted in farmers and other members of the population viewing macaques inhabiting agricultural landscapes as serious crop pests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Nepal is a significant study area with almost 44% of Nepal's land area containing suitable habitat for rhesus macaques&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Koirala |first1=S. |last2=Baral |first2=S. |last3=Garber |first3=P. A. |last4=Basnet |first4=H.|last5=Katuwal |first5=H. B. |last6=Gurung |first6=S. |last7=Rai |first7=D.|last8=Gaire |first8=R. |last9=Sharma |first9=B. |last10=Pun |first10=T. |last11=Li |first11=M. |date=2022 |title=Identifying the environmental and anthropogenic causes, distribution, and intensity of human rhesus macaque conflict in Nepal . |journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=316 |article-number=115276 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115276 |pmid=35576709 |bibcode=2022JEnvM.31615276K |s2cid=248790322}}&lt;/ref&gt; but only having 8% of such suitable area being protected national parks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Rhesus macaques are rated as one of the top ten crop-raiding wildlife species in Nepal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Suggestions to mitigate conflict include &quot;prioritizing forest restoration programs, strategic management plans designed to connect isolated forest fragments with high rhesus macaque population densities, creating government programs that compensate farmers for income lost due to crop-raiding, and educational outreach that informs local villagers of the importance of conservation and protecting biodiversity&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&quot;. Mitigation strategies offers the most effective solutions to reduce conflict occurring between rhesus macaques and humans in Nepal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> India is another country that is seeing the rise of human-macaque conflict. Macaque-human conflict particularly occurs in the twin hill-states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Saraswat |first1=R. |last2=Sinha |first2=Anindya |last3=R. |first3=Sindhu |date=2015 |title=A god becomes a pest? Human-rhesus macaque interactions in Himachal Pradesh, northern India |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=435–443 |doi=10.1007/s10344-015-0913-9 |bibcode=2015EJWR...61..435S |s2cid=254194027}}&lt;/ref&gt; with such conflict being a source of contentious debate in political scenarios, resentment and polarization amongst agriculturalists and wildlife conservationists.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In India, crop raiding by rhesus macaques has been identified as the main cause of conflict.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In urban areas, rhesus macaques damage property and injure people in house raids to access food and provisions;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; in agricultural areas, they cause financial losses to farmers due to crop depredation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; The estimated extent of crop damages in Himachal Pradesh ranges from 10–100% to 40–80% of all crop losses.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; The financial implications of such damage is estimated at approximately USD$200,000 in agriculture and USD$150,000 in horticulture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Quantification of crop and financial loses is challenging. Farmers' negative views of macaques may cause them to perceive higher than actual losses. This has led to harsh actions against rhesus macaque communities. Other factors in rhesus perception include economic status, farmer economic stability, cultural attitudes towards the given species and the frequency and intensity of wildlife conflicts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; All of the above have resulted in changes in conservation and management with legal rhesus macaque culling issued in 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Human-macaque conflict is also occurring in China, specifically in the area of Longyang District, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province. The peak period of conflict occurs from August–October. Factors associated with accessibility and availability of food and shelter appear to be the key drivers of human-macaque conflict, with an overall increase between the years of 2012 and 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> One key factor of conflict that directly affects the human-macaque relationship is visibility. Visibility of rhesus macaques in [[agroecosystem]]-dominated areas largely impacts conflict between humans and rhesus macaques. The conspicuous presence of rhesus macaques in and around farms results in farmers believing that macaques cause heavy crop depredations which, in turn, have led to negative perceptions and actions against the species.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Anand |first1=S. |last2=Vaidyanathan |first2=S. |last3=Radhakrishna |first3=S. |date=2021 |title=The Role of Landscape Structure in Primate Crop Feeding: Insights from Rhesus Macaques (''Macaca mulatta'') in Northern India |journal=International Journal of Primatology |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=764–780 |doi=10.1007/s10764-021-00238-y |s2cid=238680232}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Towards the end of March 2018, it was reported that a monkey had entered a house in the village of Talabasta, [[Odisha]], India and kidnapped a baby. The baby was later found dead in a well. Though monkeys are known to attack people, enter homes and damage property, this reported behaviour was unusual.&lt;ref name=BBC2018&gt;{{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |title=Indian police search for monkey that snatched baby |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43615812 |date=2018 |access-date=2018-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=9news2018&gt;{{cite news |work=[[9news.com.au]] |title=Baby stolen by monkey in India found dead |url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/2018/04/03/05/13/baby-stolen-by-monkey-in-india-found-dead |date=2018 |access-date=2018-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Population management tools ===<br /> Crop-raiding is seen as one of the most important behaviours to change to reduce conflicts. One example is the implementation of guards in agricultural settings to chase off intruding monkeys using dogs, slingshots, and firecrackers. This method is non-lethal and can alter behavioural patterns of crop-raiding monkeys. Another strategy that farmers can employ is to plant alternative, buffer crops which are unattractive to monkeys in high-conflict zones, such as along the edges of macaque habitats. In urban settings, planting food trees within city periphery and country parks aim to discourage macaques from entering nearby residential areas for food.&lt;ref name=Priston2012/&gt;<br /> In areas of tourism, human behaviour change is necessary to prevent conflict. An important aspect is enforcing no feed regulations that only allow provisioning by trained staff at scheduled times. Regulating visitor behaviours that provoke aggressive responses from macaques, including noise regulation, greatly benefits conflict reduction.&lt;ref name=Priston2012/&gt;<br /> [[Translocation (Wildlife conservation)|translocation]] of problem macaques in urban rhesus communities in India has been employed as a non-lethal solution to human–macaque conflicts.&lt;ref name=Priston2012/&gt; Fertility control is also feasible for reducing human–macaque conflict because it avoids killing costs and problems associated with translocation.&lt;ref name=Priston2012/&gt;<br /> <br /> == In science ==<br /> [[File:Sam prior to Little Joe 2 - C-1959-52201.jpg|thumb|[[Project Mercury]] rocket [[Little Joe 1B]], launched in 1960, carried Miss Sam to {{convert|9.3|mi|km|abbr=on}} in altitude.]]<br /> The rhesus macaque is well known to science. Due to its relatively easy upkeep in captivity, wide availability, and closeness to humans anatomically and physiologically, it has been used extensively in medical and biological research on human and animal health-related topics. It has given its name to the [[Rh factor]], one of the elements of a person's [[Blood type|blood group]], by the discoverers of the factor, [[Karl Landsteiner]] and [[Alexander Wiener]]. The rhesus macaque was also used in the well-known experiments on maternal deprivation carried out in the 1950s by [[bioethics|controversial]] [[comparative psychology|comparative psychologist]] [[Harry Harlow]]. Other medical breakthroughs facilitated by the use of the rhesus macaque include:&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitruka 1976&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Animals for medical research: models for the study of human disease |editor1=Mitruka, B. M. |editor2=Rawnsley, H. M. |editor3=Vadehra, D. V. |publisher=Wiley &amp; Sons |location=New York |isbn=0-89874-156-4 |author=Mitruka, B. M. |year=1976 |chapter=Introduction |pages=1–21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * development of the [[rabies]], [[smallpox]], and [[polio]] [[vaccines]]<br /> * creation of drugs to manage [[HIV/AIDS]]<br /> * understanding of the female reproductive cycle and development of the embryo and the propagation of [[embryonic stem cells]].<br /> <br /> The [[U.S. Army]], the [[U.S. Air Force]], and [[NASA]] launched [[monkeys and apes in space|rhesus macaques into outer space]] during the 1950s and 1960s, and the Soviet/Russian space program launched them into space as recently as 1997 on the [[Bion program|Bion missions]]. [[Albert II (monkey)|Albert II]] became the first primate and first mammal in space during a U.S. [[V-2 rocket]] suborbital flight on 14 June 1949, and died on impact when a parachute failed.<br /> <br /> Another rhesus monkey, Able, was launched [[Monkeys in space|on a suborbital spaceflight]] in 1959, and was among the first living beings (along with [[Miss Baker]], a [[squirrel monkey]] on the same mission) to travel in space and return alive.&lt;ref name=&quot;Able&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kansas.com/2010/03/22/1236075/kansan-among-first-to-go-to-space.html |title=Kansan among first to go to space |publisher=Wichita Eagle and Kansas.com |date=22 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 October 1999, the rhesus macaque became the first [[cloning|cloned]] [[primate]] with the birth of [[Tetra (monkey)|Tetra]]. January 2001 had the birth of [[ANDi]], the first [[transgenic]] primate; ANDi carries foreign [[gene]]s originally from a [[jellyfish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GM monkey&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=GM monkey first |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1112171.stm |access-date=13 February 2015 |work=BBC News |agency=BBC |date=11 January 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Though most studies of the rhesus macaque are from various locations in northern India, some knowledge of the natural behavior of the species comes from studies carried out on a colony established by the [[Caribbean Primate Research Center]] of the [[University of Puerto Rico]] on the island of [[Cayo Santiago]], off [[Puerto Rico]], where approximately 1800 of the monkeys live.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last =Daniel | first =Ariel | title =These monkeys were 'notoriously competitive' until Hurricane Maria wrecked their home | newspaper =[[National Public Radio]] | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date =July 10, 2024| url =https://www.npr.org/2024/07/09/g-s1-6734/rhesus-macaques-hurricane-maria-changed-monkey-society | access-date =November 29, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; No predators are on the island, and humans are not permitted to land except as part of the research programmes. The colony is provisioned to some extent, but about half of its food comes from natural foraging.<br /> <br /> Rhesus macaques, like many macaques, carry the [[herpes B virus]]. This virus does not typically harm the monkey, but is very dangerous to humans in the rare event that it [[zoonosis|jumps species]], for example in the 1997 death of [[Yerkes National Primate Research Center]] researcher Elizabeth Griffin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101233505/http://www.ergriffinresearch.org/about-elizabeth/ |archive-date=1 November 2012 |url=http://www.ergriffinresearch.org/about-elizabeth/ |title=About Elizabeth (Beth) R. Griffin (1975–1997) |publisher=Elizabeth R. Griffin Research Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bragg |first=R. |date=1997-12-14 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/14/us/a-drop-of-virus-from-a-monkey-kills-a-researcher-in-6-weeks.html |title=A drop of virus from a monkey kills a researcher in 6 weeks |newspaper=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emory.edu/EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/1998/January/erjanuary.12/1_12_98Yerkes.html |title=Yerkes 'family' pulled together after death of young researcher from rare Herpes B infection |publisher=Emory.edu |date=1998-01-12 |access-date=2015-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Rhesus macaque - 20160710.webm|thumb|Rhesus macaque in a [[Japan]]ese zoo, 2016]]<br /> <br /> === Genome sequencing ===<br /> {{Infobox genome | taxId = 215 | ploidy = diploid | chromosomes = 21 pairs | size = 3,097.37 Mb | year = 2007}}<br /> <br /> Work on the [[genome]] of the rhesus macaque was completed in 2007, making the species the second nonhuman [[primate]] whose genome was sequenced.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=A barrel of monkey genes |author1=Zahn, L. M. |author2=Jasny, B. R. |author3=Culotta, E. |author4=Pennisi, E. |author4-link=Elizabeth Pennisi |name-list-style=amp |journal=Science |date=2007 |doi=10.1126/science.316.5822.215 |volume=316 |issue=5822 |page=215 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Humans and macaques apparently share about 93% of their [[DNA sequence]] and shared a [[common ancestor]] roughly 25 million years ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=DNA sequence of rhesus macaque has evolutionary, medical implications |publisher=Human Genome Sequencing Center |date=13 April 2007 |url=http://www.bcm.edu/news/item.cfm?newsID=853 |access-date=15 April 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rhesus macaque has 21 pairs of chromosomes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Banding patterns of the chromosomes of the rhesus monkey (''Macaca mulatta'') |author1=Perticone, P. |author2=Rizzoni, M. |author3=Palitti, F. |author4=Di Chiara, P. |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=1974 |doi=10.1016/0047-2484(74)90023-2 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=291–295|bibcode=1974JHumE...3..291P }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Comparison of rhesus macaques, [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]s, and humans revealed the structure of ancestral primate genomes, positive selection pressure and lineage-specific expansions, and contractions of gene families. &quot;The goal is to reconstruct the history of every gene in the human genome,&quot; said [[Evan Eichler]], University of Washington, Seattle. DNA from different branches of the primate tree will allow us &quot;to trace back the evolutionary changes that occurred at various time points, leading from the common ancestors of the primate clade to ''Homo sapiens'',&quot; said [[Bruce Lahn]], University of Chicago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1139477 |pmid=17431168 |title=Human-specific changes of genome structure detected by genomic triangulation |journal=Science |volume=316 |issue=5822 |pages=235–7 |year=2007 |last1=Harris |first1=R. A. |last2=Rogers |first2=J. |last3=Milosavljevic |first3=A. |bibcode=2007Sci...316..235H |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the human and chimpanzee genomes were sequenced and compared, it was usually impossible to tell whether differences were the result of the human or chimpanzee gene changing from the common ancestor. After the rhesus macaque genome was sequenced, three genes could be compared. If two genes were the same, they were presumed to be the original gene.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |pmid=17431167 |year=2007 |author1=Rhesus macaque genome sequencing analysis consortium |title=Evolutionary and biomedical insights from the rhesus macaque genome |journal=Science |volume=316 |issue=5822 |pages=222–234 |last2=Gibbs |first2=R. A. |last3=Rogers |first3=J. |display-authors=3 |last4=Katze |first4=M. G. |last5=Bumgarner |first5=R. |last6=Weinstock |first6=G. M. |last7=Mardis |first7=E. R. |last8=Remington |first8=K. A. |last9=Strausberg |first9=R. L. |last10=Venter |first10=J. C. |last11=Wilson |first11=R. K. |last12=Batzer |first12=M. A. |last13=Bustamante |first13=C. D. |last14=Eichler |first14=E. E. |last15=Hahn |first15=M. W. |last16=Hardison |first16=R. C. |last17=Makova |first17=K. D. |last18=Miller |first18=W. |last19=Milosavljevic |first19=A. |last20=Palermo |first20=R. E. |last21=Siepel |first21=A. |last22=Sikela |first22=J. M. |last23=Attaway |first23=T. |last24=Bell |first24=S. |last25=Bernard |first25=K. E. |last26=Buhay |first26=C. J. |last27=Chandrabose |first27=M. N. |last28=Dao |first28=M. |last29=Davis |first29=C. |last30=Delehaunty |first30=K. D. |doi=10.1126/science.1139247 |bibcode=2007Sci...316..222. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> DNA microarrays are used in macaque research. For example, [[Michael Katze]] of University of Washington, Seattle, infected macaques with 1918 and modern influenzas. The DNA microarray showed the macaque genomic response to human influenza on a cellular level in each tissue. Both viruses stimulated innate immune system inflammation, but the 1918 flu stimulated stronger and more persistent inflammation, causing extensive tissue damage, and it did not stimulate the interferon-1 pathway. The DNA response showed a transition from innate to adaptive immune response over seven days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cilloniz |first=C. |author2=Shinya, K. P. |author3=Korth, X. |author4=Proll, M. J. |author5=Aicher, S. C. |author6=Carter, L. D. |author7=Chang, V. S. |author8=Kobasa, J. H. |author9=Feldmann, D. |author10=Strong, F. |author11=Feldmann, J. E. |author12=Kawaoka, H. |author13=Katze, Y. |author14=Michael, G. |title=Lethal influenza virus infection in macaques is associated with early dysregulation of inflammatory related genes |journal=PLOS Pathogens |year=2009 |volume=5 |issue=10 |article-number=e1000604 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000604 |pmid=19798428 |pmc=2745659 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=J. N. |author2=Palermo, R. E. B. |author3=Gritsenko, C. R. |author4=Sabourin, M. |author5=Long, P. J. |author6=Sabourin, J. P. |author7=Bielefeldt-Ohmann, C. L. |author8=García-Sastre, H. |author9=Albrecht, A. |author10=Tumpey, R. |author11=Jacobs, T. M. |author12=Smith, J. M. |author13=Katze, R. D. |author14=Michael, G. |title=Macaque proteome response to highly pathogenic avian influenza and 1918 reassortant influenza virus infections |journal=Journal of Virology |date=2010 |volume=84 |issue=22 |pages=12058–12068 |doi=10.1128/jvi.01129-10 |pmid=20844032 |pmc=2977874}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The full sequence and annotation of the macaque genome is available on the [[Ensembl]] genome browser.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ensembl.org/Macaca_mulatta/Info/Index/ |title=''Macaca mulatta'' - Ensembl genome browser 96}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Conservation status ==<br /> The rhesus macaque is listed as [[Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] and estimated to exist in large numbers; it is tolerant of a broad range of [[habitat]]s, including urban environments.&lt;ref name=iucn/&gt; It has the largest natural range of any non-human primate.&lt;ref name=Cooper2022/&gt; The Thai population is locally threatened. In addition to habitat destruction and agricultural encroachment, pet releases of the different species into existing troops are diluting the gene pool and putting its genetic integrity at risk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Malaivijitnond |first1=S. |last2=Takenaka |first2=O. |last3=Kawamoto |first3=Y. |last4=Urasopon |first4=N. |last5=Hadi |first5=I. |last6=Hamada |first6=Y. |year=2007 |title=Anthropogenic macaque hybridization and genetic pollution of a threatened population |journal=Tropical Natural History |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–23 |doi=10.58837/tnh.7.1.102915 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Previously unreported population of rhesus macaques ''Macaca mulatta'' in Chiang Rai province, Thailand: preliminary observations |first1=P. |last1=Kyes |first2=P. |last2=Thamsenanupap |first3=T. |last3=Tanee |first4=A. |last4=Intralawan |first5=R. C. |last5=Kyes |journal=Asian Primates Journal |year=2018 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=6–13 |pmc=6914309 |pmid=31844847}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the wealth of information on its ecology and behaviour, little attention has been paid to its demography or population status,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=R. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |last3=Radhakrishna |first3=S. |date=2013 |title=Comparative Demography of Two Commensal Macaques in India: Implications for Population Status and Conservation |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ijfp/84/6/article-p384_4.xml |journal=Folia Primatologica |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=384–393 |doi=10.1159/000351935 |pmid=24022675 |s2cid=45152033|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; which can pose a risk for future Rhesus macaque populations. The extension of its distributional limits by approximately {{cvt|3500|km2}} in southeast India caused population stress on other species. This range extension has been caused by human intervention tactics whereby village translocation occurs from urban conflict ridden areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Radhakrishna |first1=Sindhu |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |date=2011 |title=Less than wild? Commensal primates and wildlife conservation |journal=Journal of Biosciences |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=749–753 |doi=10.1007/s12038-011-9145-7 |pmid=22116271 |s2cid=32085979}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Girneys]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Wikispecies|Macaca mulatta|the rhesus macaque}}{{Commons and category|Macaca mulatta|Macaca mulatta}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060507095619/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Macaca_mulatta/ ARKive: images and movies of the rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta'']<br /> * [http://brainmaps.org Brain maps and brain atlases of rhesus macaque]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051230210410/http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/rhesus_macaque Primate Info Net: ''Macaca mulatta'' Factsheet]<br /> * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macaca_mulatta.html University of Michigan Museum of Zoology's Animal Diversity Web: ''Macaca mulatta'']<br /> * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190118170107/http://www.rhesusgenome.org/ ''Macaca mulatta'' Genome]}}<br /> * [http://www.media-generation.com/DVD%20PAGES/Rhesus/Rhesus.htm Rhesus Play] Film analysis of agonistic play by Donald Symons (UCSB) on DVD<br /> * View the [http://www.ensembl.org/Macaca_mulatta/Info/Index/ Macaque genome] in [[Ensembl]].<br /> * {{UCSC genomes|rheMac8}}<br /> <br /> {{C.Cercopithecinae nav}}<br /> {{Taxonbar |from=Q156606}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Animal models]]<br /> [[Category:Fauna of Yunnan]]<br /> [[Category:Macaca|rhesus macaque]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals described in 1780|rhesus macaque]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of Afghanistan]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of China]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of India]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of Laos]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals of Vietnam]]<br /> [[Category:Monkeys in India]]<br /> [[Category:Primates of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Refuse-eating animals]]<br /> [[Category:Space-flown life]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatyapuri_(film)&diff=502399 2026-03-04T00:15:18Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: stub.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2022 film by Sandip Ray }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Hatyapuri<br /> | image = HATYAPURI_FILM_OFFICIAL_POSTER.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[Sandip Ray]]<br /> | based_on = ''[[Hatyapuri]]'' &lt;br&gt; by [[Satyajit Ray]]<br /> | producer = Anjan Ghoshal &lt;br&gt; Shyamsundar Dey<br /> | writer = [[Satyajit Ray]] &lt;br&gt; Sandip Ray<br /> | story = <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Indraneil Sengupta]]<br /> *Ayush Das<br /> *Abhijit Guha<br /> *[[Paran Bandopadhyay]]<br /> *[[Saheb Chatterjee]] }}<br /> | music = Sandip Ray<br /> | cinematography = Shashanka Palit<br /> | editing = Subrata Roy<br /> | studio = Ghosal Media &lt;br&gt; Shadow Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|12|23}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = {{INR|2.56}} crore{{cn|date=November 2024}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Hatyapuri''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Sandip Ray]] based on the [[Hatyapuri|novel of the same name]] by [[Satyajit Ray]], which was originally published in 1979. The film stars [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as [[Feluda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Sandip Ray on the making of Hatyapuri and casting Indraneil Sengupta as Feluda |url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sandip-ray-on-the-making-of-hatyapuri-and-casting-indraneil-sengupta-as-feluda/cid/1905085/ |work=The Telegraph (India) | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film worked as a second reboot after ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|the first reboot film Badshahi Angti (2014)]]'' and also a loose sequel of ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Hatyapuri has made my dream of playing Feluda come true, says actor Indraneil Sengupta |url= https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jun/21/34853/hatyapuri-has-made-my-dream-of-playing-feluda-come-true-says-actor-indraneil-sengupta |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230625222050/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jun/21/34853/hatyapuri-has-made-my-dream-of-playing-feluda-come-true-says-actor-indraneil-sengupta |url-status= live |archive-date= 25 June 2023 |work=Cinestaan | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Sandip Ray on Hatyapuri |url= https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/sandip-ray-on-hatyapuri/230802 |work=T2online (The Telegraph) | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The movie was released theatrically on 23 December 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= It's Christmas release for Sandip Ray’s next Feluda film ‘Hatyapuri’ |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/its-christmas-release-for-sandip-rays-next-feluda-film-hatyapuri/articleshow/95444782.cms |work=The Times Of India | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was subsequently released online on 2 June 2023, on [[ZEE5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= ZEE5 Global announces world digital Premiere of Hatyapuri |url= https://www.easterneye.biz/zee5-announces-world-digital-premiere-of-hatyapuri/|work=Eastern Eye | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In May 2024, ''[[Nayan Rahasya]]'' was released as its sequel.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The film revolves around a series of murders that take place in Puri, a coastal town of Odisha. Indraneil Sengupta plays the role of a detective who is called upon to solve the mysterious murders. As he delves deeper into the investigation, he uncovers a web of deceit, secrets, and conspiracies that lead him to the shocking truth behind the crimes.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Indraneil Sengupta]] as [[Feluda]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Indraneil Sengupta on ‘Hatyapuri’: I never tried to make Feluda look superior who shows off |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/indraneil-sengupta-on-hatyapuri-i-never-tried-to-make-feluda-look-superior-who-shows-off/articleshow/96445059.cms |work= The Times of India | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Ayush Das as Topshe<br /> *[[Abhijit Guha (director)]] as [[Lalmohan Ganguly]]<br /> *[[Paran Bandyopadhyay]] as Durgagati Sen<br /> *[[Supriyo Dutta]] as Shyamlal Barik<br /> *[[Saheb Chatterjee]] as Bilas Majumdar/ Animesh Kumar Sarkar<br /> *[[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as Laxman Bhattacharya<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was initially announced in December 2021. However the progress on it got stalled due to differences between director Sandip Ray and [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], who were to produce the film. The row was over the casting of the lead actor. While director Sandip Ray's choice was Indraneil Sengupta, the producers wanted to cast [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Sandip Ray to direct new Feluda film based on Satyajit Ray's 'Hatyapuri' |url= https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/14772/sandip-ray-to-direct-new-feluda-film-based-on-satyajit-ray-s-hatyapuri.html |work= India Blooms | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Subsequently, Ray opted for new producers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= US-based hi-tech entrepreneur steps in to co-produce detective film based on Satyajit Ray’s 'Feluda’ |url= https://theprint.in/feature/us-based-hi-tech-entrepreneur-steps-in-to-co-produce-detective-film-based-on-satyajit-rays-feluda/964392/ |work= The Print | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> The shoots of Hatyapuri finally started in June 2022. The recce of the film was completed in April 2022. The film is mostly shot in [[Puri]], [[Odisha]] and [[Kolkata]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Camera starts rolling for new Feluda film ‘Hatyapuri’, details inside |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/camera-starts-rolling-for-new-feluda-film-hatyapuri-details-inside/articleshow/92176235.cms |work= The Times of India | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> <br /> ===Theatrical Release===<br /> The film was released on 23 December 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Camera starts rolling for new Feluda film ‘Hatyapuri’, details inside |url= https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ray-esque-sandip-rays-feluda-film-hatyapuri-to-crown-christmas-season-11844881.html |work= Firstpost | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Hatyapuri |url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hatyapuri/ET00323673 |work= BookMyShow | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Home Video===<br /> The streaming rights of the movie were sold to ZEE5. It was available for streaming worldwide on 2 June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Camera starts rolling for new Feluda film ‘Hatyapuri’, details inside |url= https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bengali-film-hatyapuri-gets-its-world-digital-premiere-on-zee5-from-june-2-599823 |work= WION | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Camera starts rolling for new Feluda film ‘Hatyapuri’, details inside |url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/satyajit-rays-son-sandip-rays-hatyapuri-starring-indraneil-sengupta-abhijeet-guha-ayush-das-premieres-zee5/ |work= Bollywood Hungama | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Marketing ==<br /> The release date of the film was announced in November 2022.{{cn|date=August 2024}} The teaser was launched on 15 November 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= ‘Hatyapuri’ teaser out now, will Indraneil be accepted as new Feluda? |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/hatyapuri-teaser-out-now-will-indrneil-be-accepted-as-new-feluda/articleshow/95690375.cms |work=The Times of India | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trailer of the movie was released on 1 December 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glimpses from the trailer launch of Hatyapuri|url= https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2022/dec/29/glimpses-from-the-premiere-of-sandip-rays-hatyapuri-1666.html |work=Indulge (The New Indian Express) | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ===Box office===<br /> Hatyapuri drew full houses across 130 screens on its release weekend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Christmas special: Sandip Ray's 'Hatyapuri', Mithun Chakraborty-starrer 'Projapoti' get Kolkata crowd back in theatres|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sandip-rays-hatyapuri-mithun-chakraborty-starrer-projapoti-hit-with-christmas-crowds/articleshow/96531756.cms?from=mdr|work= The Economic Times| access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film grossed {{INR|2.56}} crore at the end of its theatrical run and emerged as one of the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2022|highest grossing Bengali films of 2022]].{{fact|date=October 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Critical reception===<br /> The movie received mostly positive reviews from both critics. [[The Times of India]] rated it 3 out of 5 and commented, With Hatyapuri, Ray gives us new hope for a modern Feluda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Hatyapuri Movie Review : A Feluda story with a modern twist that needs more work |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/hatyapuri/movie-review/96431840.cms|work= The Times Of India | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Hindustan Times]] also rated it 3 out of 5 while hailing Indraneil Sengupta as the new Feluda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Hatyapuri Review: ইন্দ্রনীল কি পারলেন ফেলুদা হতে? কতটাই বা রহস্য জমল হত্যাপুরীতে|url= https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hatyapuri-directed-by-sandip-ray-starring-indraneil-sengupta-review-31672114266427.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230625183517/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hatyapuri-directed-by-sandip-ray-starring-indraneil-sengupta-review-31672114266427.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 25 June 2023|work= Hindustan Times | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[The Business Standard]] went on to call it one of the best adaptations of a Feluda story.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Hatyapuri: A good Feluda instalment, if not one of the best ever|url= https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/hatyapuri-good-feluda-instalment-if-not-one-best-ever-569222|work= The Business Standard | access-date=25 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sequel ==<br /> After the success of the film and for the child actor ''Abhinav Barua'' who played the small role ''Doomru'' in this film, director [[Sandip Ray]] announced in 2023 that he will adapt ''Nayan Rahasya'' novel of [[Feluda (series)]] as soon as possible. Because he thought this is the right age for ''Abhinav Barua'' to play the role of ''Nayan''. Production completed in late 2023 and the film [[Nayan Rahasya]] released in 10 May 2024.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=tt9319882}}<br /> *[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/hatyapuri/0-0-1z5363591 ''Hatyapuri''] on [[ZEE5]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]<br /> [[Category:Indian detective films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Sandip Ray]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Greentouch Entertainment films]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell_Bottom_(2019_film)&diff=490380 2026-03-03T21:20:56Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: added stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the 2019 Indian comedy film|the type of trousers|Bell-bottoms|the 2021 Indian spy film|Bell Bottom (2021 film)}}{{short description|2019 Kannada film by Jayatheertha}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Bell Bottom<br /> | image = Bell Bottom poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Film poster<br /> | director = [[Jayatheertha]]<br /> | producer = Santhosh Kumar K. C.<br /> | screenplay = Jayatheertha<br /> | story = Dayanand T. K.<br /> | starring = [[Rishab Shetty]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Hariprriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Achyuth Kumar]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Yogaraj Bhat]]&lt;br/&gt;Pranay Ranjan<br /> | music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Arvind S Kashyap|Arvind S. Kashyap]]<br /> | editing = K. M. Prakash<br /> | studio = Golden Horse Cinema<br /> | distributor = [[Jayanna Combines|Jayanna Films]]<br /> | released = {{film date|2019|02|15|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 130 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bell-bottom/movie-review/68003205.cms|title=BELL BOTTOM MOVIE REVIEW|work=The Times of India|date=2019-02-15|accessdate=2020-01-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bell Bottom: The Adventures of Detective Diwakara''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime comedy film]] directed by [[Jayatheertha]] and written by Dayanand T. K. Set in the 1980s, it is produced by Santhosh Kumar K. C. under the Golden Horse Cinema banner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bell-bottom-is-a-comedy-thriller-that-will-appeal-to-all/articleshow/67992576.cms|title=Bell Bottom is a comedy thriller that will appeal to all|work=The Times of India|date=15 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rishab Shetty]] and [[Hariprriya]] are in the lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/09/rishab-shetty-as-hero-in-bell-bottom-to-be-helmed-by-jayatheertha-1748439.html|title=Rishab Shetty as hero in Bell Bottom to be helmed by Jayatheertha|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=9 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/663753/hariprriya-reunites-jayatheertha-bell-bottom.html|title=Hariprriya reunites with Jayatheertha in 'Bell Bottom'|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=10 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The supporting cast includes [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Yogaraj Bhat]] and [[Pramod Shetty]]. The technical crew members include [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] as the music composer, Aravind Kashyap as the cinematographer, K. M. Prakash as the editor and Raghu Niduvalli as the dialogue writer. It was shot in Sagara taluk in [[Shivamogga]]. Parts of the police station sequences were shot in [[Udupi]].<br /> <br /> The film launched in late January 2019 and was released across theaters in Karnataka on 15 February 2019, becoming one of the highest grossers of 2019. It completed 100 days in 25-plus centers having sold-out shows. It also premiered at the ''Indian Film Week'' in Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.balkaninews.com/news/bell-bottom-at-the-japan-indian-film-festival/cid1913485.htm|title=ಜಪಾನ್ ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಫಿಲಂ ಫೆಸ್ಟಿವಲ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಲ್ ಬಾಟಮ್.|first=editorkannada|last=Balkani|date=18 December 2020|website=kannada.balkaninews.com|access-date=1 February 2021|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115153236/https://kannada.balkaninews.com/news/bell-bottom-at-the-japan-indian-film-festival/cid1913485.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Divakara is a wannabe detective who grows up reading [[Mystery fiction|murder mystery]] and [[Spy fiction|spy]] novels and watching movies like ''[[Goa Dalli CID 999]]'' where he adopts his name as ''Detective'' Divakara. After immense pressure from his [[Police Constable|Constable]] father Annappa, Divakara joins the police station as a constable. One day, Divakara solves a murder mystery and gets immensely popular where [[Inspector of Police|Inspector]]s Sahadeva, Manjunath and Parashuram entrust him to solve a mysterious robbery case where recovered goods are stolen in the police station. Divakara accepts and begins the investigation. With Constable Qureshi's help, Divakara suspects ''Marakutuka'' and interrogates him where he learns about a maniac named ''Sagani'' Pinto, but to no avail. <br /> <br /> Amidst investigation, Divakara meets Kusuma, a bootlegger who sells hooch in the area and falls in love with her. Divakara learns about a robbery bust by his cousin Inspector Sunil and informs Sunil about the mysterious burglary where despite tight security at night, the goods are stolen. Divakara learns about a priest named ''Mantravadi'' Modi Nanjappa, where he suspects foul play. After a misunderstanding, Sahadeva insults Divakara, which leads Divakara to take vengeance against Sahadeva with the help of photographer friend Gurupada. After a clue, Divakara suspects some blind priests as they had always arrived at the police station at the time of the robbery where he also learns Kusuma's involvement in the robberies. <br /> <br /> Gurupada uploads the photos of Parashuram's wife Lalitha romancing Sahadeva (when Divakara and Gurupadha accidentally see them in the forest and that Gurupada took photos of them), which leads to Parashuram creating a ruckus at the bar by attacking Sahadeva and Manjunath, where he takes the photos of the ruckus and provides it to Sunila, who in turn provides it to the [[police commissioner]] which leads to the Inspectors getting arrested. Divakara interrogates Kusuma about the robberies, but there is no evidence of her involvement in the robberies. At night, Divakara learns about a drug named [[Scopolamine|Devil's Breath]] and that Pinto was illegally supplying the drug; he interrogates Pinto who reveals that Modi Nanjappa is also involved in the robbery. <br /> <br /> While interrogating the blind priests, Divakara learns about the antidote of the drug which is actually created by Kusuma, and that Kusuma frequently arrives at the police station at the time of the robbery on the pretext of her [[Report card|marks card]] theft and also trains the blind priest to perform the robbery without leaving any clues. After relaying the information to Annappa, Divakara reveals that Annappa is the main kingpin behind the robberies. Divakaras asks the reason for the robberies and Annappa reveals that Chamanlal Seth, a rich merchant had laid eyes on the land of ''Ashakirana'' orphanage which is famous for producing [[Bell-bottoms|Bell bottom pants]].<br /> <br /> With the help of Sahadeva, Parashuram and Manjunath, Seth manages to send the children under the pretext of renovating the orphanage and files that there is no orphanage of such name. With the orphanage being leased with Seth, Annappa decides to steal the robbery goods and also to take vengeance against the Inspectors. Having them locked in the interrogation room, Divakara reaches the place where the goods are buried, but there is no sign of the goods. On the day of the building lease, Divakara manages to make Seth to refuse the land on the basis of superstitious beliefs, and the orphanage is saved. Thus the orphanage is reopened again where Divakara and Kusuma, along with Annappa and his girlfriend Lalitha get married.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Rishab Shetty]] as Detective Divakara<br /> * [[Hariprriya]] as Kusuma<br /> * [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Annappa<br /> * [[Yogaraj Bhat]] as Marakutuka<br /> * [[Pramod Shetty]] as Inspector Sahadeva<br /> * Sujay Shastry as Sagani Pinto<br /> * Pranay Ranjan as Police Officer<br /> * Shivamani as Mantravaadi Modi Nanjappa&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/shivamani-to-reprise-bell-bottom-role-in-tamil/articleshow/68821956.cms|title=Shivamani to reprise Bell Bottom role in Tamil|author=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|website=Bangalore Mirror|accessdate=14 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Dinesh Mangaluru]] as Chamanlal Seth<br /> * [[P. D. Sathish Chandra]] as Photographer Gurupada <br /> * [[Prakash Thuminad]] as Police Constable Qureshi<br /> *Renuka as Lalitha <br /> * Girikrishna as Inspector<br /> * [[Naveen D Padil]] as Goobe Rama <br /> *Santhosh Kumar K.C as Police Inspector Sunil, Cousin of Detective Divakara<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Bell Bottom<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | border = yes<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Soundtrack cover<br /> | released = {{Start date|2018|12|16|df=yes}}<br /> | recorded = 2018<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length =<br /> | label = Rishab Audio<br /> | producer = B. Ajaneesh Loknath<br /> | prev_title = [[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]<br /> | prev_year = 2018<br /> | next_title = [[Padde Huli]]<br /> | next_year = 2019<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] has scored the soundtrack and score for the film. A total of three songs were composed by him. The audio was launched under Rishab audio label.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/bell-bottom|title= Bell Bottom Songs|work=Gaana.com|date=December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The songs are written by [[Yogaraj Bhat]] and Raghu Niduvalli.<br /> <br /> {{tracklist<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length =<br /> | title1 = Yethake Bogase Thumba<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]<br /> | length1 = 04:07<br /> | title2 = Aadhi Jyothi Banyo<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Folk song]]<br /> | extra2 = Kadabagere Muniraju, chorus<br /> | length2 = 03:38 <br /> | title3 = Retro Club<br /> | lyrics3 = Raghu Niduvalli<br /> | extra3 = Sangeetha Ravindranath<br /> | length3 = 03:33<br /> | title4 = Audio trailer<br /> | lyrics4 = <br /> | extra4 = B. Ajaneesh Loknath<br /> | length4 = 02:40<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Marketing==<br /> Unlike the usual marketing strategies including poster release, teaser and trailer releases, the film team approached a different strategy by releasing the audio trailer of the film. With this, the film became the first ever in the world to have an audio trailer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://metrosaga.com/bell-bottom-audio-trailer/|title=Rishab Shetty's Bell Bottom Becomes The First Ever Movie In The World To Release An Audio Trailer|publisher=Metro Saga|date=8 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110190912/https://metrosaga.com/bell-bottom-audio-trailer/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The audio trailer clocked 2 minutes 57 seconds and was released on a popular radio channel in Bengaluru. Later, a video trailer was released and was narrated in a ''[[Harikatha|Harikathé]]'' style.<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film got a good response at the box office. The movie became one of the biggest films in 2019. It became the first Kannada film of 2019 to complete 100 days. Seeing the success of the film the makers announced a sequel titled ''Bell Bottom 2'' in January 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bell-bottom-2-official-title-to-be-revealed-on-the-27th-of-january/articleshow/80452997.cms | title='Bell Bottom 2' official title to be revealed on the 27th of January – Times of India | work=The Times of India | date=25 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Critical reception ===<br /> The critic of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that Dayananda's story makes so much sense because it takes place in the 80s. Director Jayatheertha has managed to stitch a beautiful tale together and he knows how to draw an audience to theatres. Arvind Kashyap proves his prowess with the camera. The '80s tone is perfectly captured and his sense of framing is brilliant. He takes us on a nostalgic journey to the '80s just with his camera. The movie rides high on comedy and emotions and also has the undertones of a crime thriller. The music, cinematography and dialogues make ''Bell Bottom'' one of the best movies of the year so far. Ajneesh Loknath's background music and songs lift the mood and give the right '80s feel. The fun-filled dialogues are entertaining and make us laugh hard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bell-bottom-review-rishab-shetty-delight-comic-detective-film-96770|title='Bell Bottom' review: Rishab Shetty is a delight in this comic detective film|date=15 February 2019|website=The News Minute}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The critic of ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' wrote: &quot;Bell Bottom is one of the finer films to have hit the screens lately. The film is entertaining, no doubt. But what is more commendable is the fact that it has those little nuances that ensure the imagery to the time that the film is set in remain intact. Bell Bottom is worth that weekend trip to the cinema halls for its laughs and clever writing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bell-bottom/movie-review/68003205.cms|title=Bell Bottom Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Bell Bottom by Times of India|work=The Times of India |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The critic of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote: &quot;Bell Bottom made under Golden Horse Cinema is worth a watch as it marks the beginning of a summer thrill&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/feb/16/bell-bottom-flares-up-for-a-summer-thrill-1939502.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217115756/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/feb/16/bell-bottom-flares-up-for-a-summer-thrill-1939502.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2019|title=Bell Bottom flares up for a summer thrill|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and nominations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=5|Critics’ Choice Film Awards 2020<br /> |Best Film<br /> |Golden Horse Cinema<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |rowspan=5|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/|title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete nominations list|date=11 March 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=3 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/|title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete winners list|date=28 Mar 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=16 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Director<br /> |[[Jayatheertha]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actor <br /> |[[Rishab Shetty]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actress <br /> |[[Hariprriya]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Writing <br /> |Dayananda T K <br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=6|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br /> |Best Film<br /> |Golden Horse Cinema<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |rowspan=6|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2019 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223640/https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url= https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2021-check-out-full-winners-list-840868|title=SIIMA 2020: Check Out Full Winners' List |website=ibtimes|access-date=20 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Director<br /> |Jayatheertha<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br /> |[[Rishab Shetty]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Supporting Actor <br /> |P. D. Sathish Chandra <br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Lyricist<br /> |[[Yogaraj Bhat]] &quot;Yethake Bogase Thumba&quot;<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Male Playback Singer<br /> |[[Vijay Prakash]] &quot;Yethake Bogase Thumba&quot;<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Remake ==<br /> The film is being remade in Tamil by [[Sathyasiva]] with the same title.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; Initially, the Hindi movie [[Bell Bottom (2021 film) |of the same name]] starring [[Akshay Kumar]] was speculated to be a remake of this movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-11-11|title=Akshay Kumar Announces New Film Titled Bell Bottom, a Hindi Remake of Kannada Film|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-announces-new-film-titled-bell-bottom-a-hindi-remake-of-kannada-film-3838311/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-07|website=[[India.com]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605144727/https://www.india.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-announces-new-film-titled-bell-bottom-a-hindi-remake-of-kannada-film-3838311/ |archive-date=5 June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Akshay Kumar later refuted this, clarifying his movie was based on an original screenplay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/not-remaking-kannada-bell-bottom-says-akshay-kumar/articleshow/72004763.cms | title=Not remaking Kannada Bell Bottom, says Akshay Kumar – Times of India | work=The Times of India | date=11 November 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|9430780}}<br /> * [https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/bell-bottom.html ''Bell Bottom'' (2018)] at ''[[Filmi Beat]]''<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bell Bottom}}<br /> [[Category:2019 films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 crime comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]<br /> [[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian detective films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:2019 masala films]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Jayatheertha]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional private investigators]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vamsa_Vruksham&diff=468328 2026-03-03T20:18:45Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: expanded lead to improve readability and updated info for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Vamsa Vruksham<br /> | image = Vamsa Vruksham (1980).JPG<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]<br /> | producer = Harischandra Reddy&lt;br /&gt;A. Raghava Reddy<br /> | screenplay = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]<br /> | based_on = {{Based on| ''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]''|[[S. L. Bhyrappa]]}}<br /> | starring = [[Anil Kapoor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[J. V. Somayajulu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kanta Rao]]&lt;br /&gt;Mukkamala&lt;br /&gt;[[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]]<br /> | music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Baba Azmi]]<br /> | editing = [[Anil Malnad]]<br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1980|11|20|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 166&amp;nbsp;minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Vamsa Vruksham''''' ({{translation|The [[genealogy]] tree}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]. The film stars [[Anil Kapoor]], [[J. V. Somayajulu]], [[Kanta Rao]], [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]], and [[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]]. The film marked Kapoor's debut as an actor in a lead role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-09-09|title='బాపు నా గురువు'|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/i-owe-my-career-to-bapu-anil-kapoor-165167|access-date=2021-06-21|website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a remake of the 1972 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]'' which was based on [[S. L. Bhyrappa]]'s novel of [[Vamshavriksha (novel)|same name]]. [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] wrote the screenplay.<br /> <br /> Released on 20 November 1980, the film was not commercially successful.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=బాపు 'వంశవృక్షం'కు 40 ఏళ్ళు|trans-title=40 years for Bapu's Vamsa Vruksham|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/babu-vamsa-vruksham-completed-40-years-2020111908520787|access-date=2021-06-21|website=[[Andhra Jyothy]]|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was later dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Pyaar Ka Sindoor'' in 1986.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Anil Kapoor]]<br /> *[[J. V. Somayajulu]]<br /> *[[Kanta Rao]]<br /> *[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]<br /> *[[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]]<br /> * Jhansi<br /> *[[Dubbing Janaki]]<br /> *Kona Madhusudana Rao<br /> *[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]<br /> *Jitendra Mohan<br /> *Ramanatham<br /> *Sripada Hanumachchastri<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The film features score by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] with lyrics by [[C. Narayana Reddy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> ;[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> *[[Filmfare Best Director Award (Telugu)]] – [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]<br /> *[[Filmfare Best Actress Award (Telugu)]] - [[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt0156162}}<br /> <br /> {{Bapu (film director)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Films directed by Bapu]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]<br /> [[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1980 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1980 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]<br /> [[Category:1980 drama films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Apparao_40_Plus&diff=506434 2026-03-03T18:06:28Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = John Apparao 40 Plus<br /> | image = John Appa Rao 40 Plus.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = Kuchipudi Venkat<br /> | producer = Kuchipudi Venkat<br /> | writer = Kuchipudi Venkat<br /> | starring = [[Krishna Bhagavan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Simran (actress)|Simran]]<br /> | music = Kiran Varanasi <br /> | cinematography = V. Gopinath<br /> | editing =<br /> | distributor = Black and Eight Production<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|3|20}}<br /> | runtime =<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''John Apparao 40 Plus'''''{{efn|Titled on screen as '''''John Apparao 40+'''''.}} is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film starring [[Krishna Bhagavan]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] with [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]], [[Shankar Melkote]], [[Satyam Rajesh]] and [[Vasu Inturi]] in supporting roles. The film was theatrically released on 20 March 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Appa Rao ([[Krishna Bhagavan]]) is a career-oriented fashion designer who is in his 40s. He is still a bachelor due to lack of opportunities and career orientation. That is when a posh lady, Pravalika ([[Simran (actress)|Simran]]), approaches him and makes him fall in love with her. She offers him a new career and great business in the [[UK]]. Meantime, it is revealed that there is a dreaded ISI agent called John Alias Mastan ([[Krishna Bhagavan]]) who looks just like Appa Rao. The rest of the story is all about what happens to Appa Rao when his look-alike John spots him.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Colbegin}}<br /> * [[Krishna Bhagavan]] as John/Masthan Bhai and Appa Rao<br /> * [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Pravalika<br /> * [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Razaq<br /> * [[Shankar Melkote]] as Tarun Manikyal Rao<br /> * [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as John's friend<br /> * [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]<br /> * [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]<br /> * [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]<br /> * [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Police Inspector<br /> * [[Raghu Babu]]<br /> * [[Satyam Rajesh]] as John's friend<br /> * [[Ravi Prakash]]<br /> * [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]]<br /> * Kinnera<br /> * [[Vasu Inturi]] as John's friend<br /> * [[Prudhvi Raj]]<br /> * [[Allari Subhashini]] as Doctor<br /> * [[Ruthika]] as a Fashion Model and Special Dance Number &quot;Meghalalo Telepommanndi&quot;{{Colend}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film is directed by Kuchipudi Venkat, who previously directed ''[[Modati Cinema]]'' (2005) with Krishna Bhagawan (in his lead debut) and Simran in the lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-johnapparao.html|title=John Appa Rao 40+ press meet - Telugu cinema - Krishna Bhagawan &amp; Venkat Kuchipudi|access-date=6 February 2024|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220222917/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-johnapparao.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-55th-birthday-to-talented-comedian-krishna-bhagavan/articleshow/70034534.cms|title = Happy 55th Birthday to talented comedian Krishna Bhagavan! - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 6 February 2024|archive-date = 23 April 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230423185809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-55th-birthday-to-talented-comedian-krishna-bhagavan/articleshow/70034534.cms|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A song was shot in Bali. Rutika was cast as the second lead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/john-appa-rao-nearing-completion/articleshow/2620436.cms|title = John Appa Rao nearing completion - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 6 February 2024|archive-date = 13 January 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220113102608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/john-appa-rao-nearing-completion/articleshow/2620436.cms|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was shot in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-evening-of-life/article2273945.ece|title = In the evening of life|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 12 October 2007|access-date = 6 February 2024|archive-date = 13 January 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220113021359/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-evening-of-life/article2273945.ece|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> This film contains six songs, all remixes. The music director was Kiran Varanasi. The soundtrack was launched on 2 February 2008.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Ennenno Janmala Bandham&quot;<br /> | [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]<br /> | 3:53<br /> | from ''[[Pooja (1975 film)|Pooja]]'' (1975)<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Meghalalo Telipommannadi&quot;<br /> | Sainoj, [[Delsy Ninan]]<br /> | 4:22<br /> | from ''[[Gulabi (1995 film)|Gulabi]]'' (1995)<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kajara Mohabbatwala&quot;<br /> | Tanya and Kiran Varanasi<br /> | 2:42<br /> | from ''[[Kismat (1968 film)|Kismat]]'' (1968)<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;O Bangaru Rangula Chilaka&quot;<br /> | Dr. Banti, Pooja<br /> | 3:54<br /> | from ''Thota Ramudu'' (1975)<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ninnukori Varnam&quot;<br /> | Pranavi<br /> | 4:14<br /> | from ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' (1988)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Release and reception==<br /> The film was scheduled to release on Sankranti in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071002183407/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/johnapparao_sep1707.php Release News]&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' gave a negative review and opined that &quot;Director Venkat has no grip on the screenplay and his directorial skills prove he is inexperienced. Remix songs by old hits are good. On the whole, the film fails to impress&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/john-apparao-40-review-telugu-pclw6Xggcdhge.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113022902/https://www.sify.com/movies/john-apparao-40-review-telugu-pclw6Xggcdhge.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2022|title = John Apparao 40+|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Y. Sunitha Chowdhary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that &quot;The comedian who is known for his poker faced and spooky one liners comes across as a versatile actor here, never once overacts but unfortunately the double meaning dialogues and sexual innuendos make the film unfit for family viewing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Strictly-for-the-40-plus-Film-Review/article15188191.ece|title=Strictly for the 40 plus Film Review|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 March 2008|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|access-date=6 February 2024|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113095258/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Strictly-for-the-40-plus-Film-Review/article15188191.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that &quot;The film has some humorous lines, no doubt, and starts off as a comedy but post-interval, it veers off into something else totally. Well, that's the kahani mein twist ({{Translation|twist in the story}})&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/21john.htm|title=John Appa Rao 40 + is boring|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=21 March 2008|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|access-date=6 February 2024|archive-date=23 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823073302/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/21john.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|1285120}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2008 films]]<br /> [[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2008 Indian films]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedham_Pudhithu&diff=471117 2026-03-03T05:13:25Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: adjusted article for accuracy and updated info based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1987 film by Bharathiraja}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Vedham Pudhithu.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Bharathiraja]]<br /> | screenplay = Bharathiraja<br /> | based_on = {{based on|''Saadhigal Illaiyadi Papa''|[[Vedham Pudhithu Kannan|K. Kannan]]}}<br /> | producer = &lt;!-- Bharathiraja --&gt;<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Saritha]]|[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]}}<br /> | cinematography = [[B. Kannan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;35thaward&quot; /&gt;<br /> | editing = P. Mohan Raj<br /> | music = [[Devendran]]<br /> | studio = Janani Art Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1987|12|27}}<br /> | runtime = 130 minutes&lt;ref name=&quot;35thaward&quot; /&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Vedham Pudhithu''''' ({{IPAc-en|v|eɪ|ð|əm|_|p|ʊ|ð|ɪ|ð|ʊ}} {{Translation|The new [[Vedas]]}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and co-written by [[Bharathiraja]]. It is based on the play ''Saadhigal Illaiyadi Papa'' by K. Kannan, who wrote the film adaptation's dialogues and became known as [[Vedham Pudhithu Kannan|''Vedham Pudhithu'' Kannan]]. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]], [[Saritha]] and [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], with [[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]], [[Charuhasan]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Janagaraj]] and Master Dasarathi in supporting roles. It revolves around an atheist whose son falls in love with a [[Brahmin]] woman in the same village, leading to catastrophic consequences.<br /> <br /> ''Vedham Pudhithu'' criticises the [[Caste system in India|caste system]], [[Tamil Brahmin]]ism and their hypocrisies. It was released on 27 December 1987, and became controversial for its depiction of Tamil Brahmins, with the Tamil Nadu Brahmins Association calling for its banning. Despite this, it became a critical and commercial success. The film won three [[Filmfare Awards South]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Film&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Film&amp;nbsp;– Tamil]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Tamil]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Actor&amp;nbsp;– Tamil]] (Sathyaraj) – and two [[National Film Awards]] – [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]] and [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] (P. Mohan Raj).<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Balu Thevar and his wife Pechi live in a village and belong to a land-owning caste ([[Mukkulathor|Thevar]]), held supposedly lower in the [[Vedas|Vedic]] [[Caste system in India|caste system]] hierarchy than [[Brahmin]]s. Balu is an atheist and speaks openly against the caste system, but is nevertheless tolerated by the villagers because he is generous in helping others in need. Their son Sankarapandi has just returned from the city, having completed his education. He meets Vaidehi, the daughter of a [[Tamil Brahmin]] priest Neelakanta Sastrigal, and they fall in love.<br /> <br /> One night, Sankarapandi and Vaidehi are together in a temple, when Balu is discovered after hiding Vaidehi. To atone for his son's &quot;crime,&quot; Balu [[Ashtanga Namaskara|prostrates]] before the Brahmins. Afterwards Vaidehi tells her father about their love, who then tells Balu. Neelakanta tries to marry her off to another man in a neighbouring village, but she fakes her death and hides in the house of a forest ranger. Thinking that Vaidehi is dead, Neelakanta confronts Sankarapandi at a waterfall and accuses him of causing her death. During the confrontation, Sankarapandi accidentally falls, but holds onto a plant. Neelakanta tries to save him, but both fall to their deaths.<br /> <br /> Vaidehi's younger brother Sankara, who is devoutly studying the Vedas and passing through the student phase of his Brahmin life, is left orphaned. Being considered inauspicious, since his mother, father, and sister are all dead, no one from the Brahmin community wants to take care of him. He thus wanders the streets begging for food. Balu, bothered by this, and having lost his own son, starts raising Sankara as his own son. Balu and Pechi quit eating meat, to not offend Sankara. However, since Sankara has been eating in a lower caste home, he is rejected by his community from learning the Vedas.<br /> <br /> Pechi, enraged with Sankara's ostracisation, promises to educate him in an English-medium school. Balu later makes fun of Sankara, telling him that it is not important to learn Vedas and worry about caste. At this point, Sankara notes Balu's own hypocrisy: his preference for using his caste name (Thevar), while at the same time professing against the caste system. Balu sees the merit in this argument, and immediately abandons all his weapons, symbols of his Thevar status, by immersing them in a river, and stops referring to himself by his caste name.<br /> <br /> Vaidehi, not knowing of Sankarapandi and her own father's death, tells the forest ranger about her love, after which he promises to reunite them. The forest ranger comes to the village and finds out what has happened. After returning, he informs Vaidehi. Vaidehi, then sadly returns to her village, tells Pechi to take care of her younger brother for the rest of his life and prepares to leave. She reunites with Sankara.<br /> <br /> Krishna [[Iyer]], who had wanted to marry Vaidehi but was rebuked, sees her return. He aggravates the villagers with news of Vaidehi's return and says it is inauspicious for the village, since her last death rites have already been performed. Krishna adds that it is improper for Brahmins to live in a non-Brahmin house; He then sets some hay on fire and tells the villagers it is God's disapproval of these two &quot;crimes&quot;. Krishna assembles a mob towards Balu's house, and they demand Balu throw Vaidehi out. Balu refuses, a fight breaks out, and in the ensuing scuffle, he is stabbed and dies. His final request is for the villagers to live in unity, and not let caste divide them.<br /> <br /> The next day, Sankara, having lost two fathers, removes his ''[[Upanayana|poonal]]'' and immerses it in a stream, disgusted with and in open defiance of Brahminical beliefs, while performing the last rites of Balu as though he were his own son.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Sathyaraj]] as Balu Thevar&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Saritha]] as Pechi{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=296}}<br /> * [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as Vaidehi&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]] as Sankarapandi{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=482}}<br /> * [[Charuhasan]] as Neelakanta Sastrigal&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as the forest ranger{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=482}}<br /> * [[Janagaraj]] as Krishna Iyer{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=296}}<br /> * Master Dasarathi as Sankara&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Ilavarasu]] as Balu Thevar's nephew&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=கார்த்திக் |first=டி. |date=28 March 2019 |title=மற்றும் இவர்: கேட்டது ஒன்று, கிடைத்ததும் நன்று! |trans-title=And him: Asked for one thing, got goodness as well! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/159327-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128043127/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/159327-.html |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Kullamani]]<br /> * [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]<br /> * Kanakarajsamy as an extra on the street (uncredited)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Vedham Pudhithu'', written and directed by [[Bharathiraja]], is based on [[Vedham Pudhithu Kannan|K. Kannan]]'s play ''Saadhigal Illaiyadi Papa''. Kannan wrote the film adaptation's dialogues.{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=482}} This was [[Sathyaraj]]'s third appearance in a Bharathiraja film after ''[[Muthal Mariyathai]]'' (1985) and ''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]'' (1986).{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=297}} He found it comfortable playing the atheist character Balu Thevar, due to being a follower of the atheist/rationalist [[Periyar]]. Sathyaraj wore a wig to play the character.&lt;ref name=&quot;maalaimalar&quot; /&gt; It is the screen debut of B. Kanakarajsamy, who worked as an electrician in ''Kadalora Kavithaigal''. According to Kanakarajsamy, &quot;It was a group role. I was asked to walk up and down a street&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=1 June 2019 |title=Say hello to Mr. Double-decker Narayanan! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/say-hello-to-mr-double-decker-narayanan/article27399458.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225190932/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/say-hello-to-mr-double-decker-narayanan/article27399458.ece |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=29 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming took place predominantly in [[Mysore]],{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=297}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 May 2021 |title=&quot;வேதம் புதிது' படத்தில் இருந்த சம்பவங்கள் அப்படியே நிஜத்திலும் நடந்தது&quot; – இயக்குநர் பாரதிராஜாவின் அனுபவம் |url=https://tamilcinetalk.com/director-bharathiraja-explains-vedham-puthithu-movie-scenes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513083640/https://tamilcinetalk.com/director-bharathiraja-explains-vedham-puthithu-movie-scenes/ |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=Tamil Cine Talk |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the song &quot;Kannukkul Nooru Nilava&quot; was filmed at [[Melukote]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=6 November 2019 |title=From 'Kadalora Kavithaigal' to 'Adithya Varma': Tamil cinema's quintessential 'soft-spoken hero' Raja returns after a 20-year exile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-raja-profilefrom-kadalora-kavithaigal-to-adithya-varma-tamil-cinemas-quintessential-soft-spoken-hero-raja-returns-after-a-20-year-exile/article29900048.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191107062826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-raja-profile/article29900048.ece |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Themes ==<br /> ''Vedham Pudhithu'' criticises the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and [[Tamil Brahmin]]ism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=20 December 1987 |title=Deep Throat |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110088/page/n1345/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230310161421/https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110088/page/n1345/mode/2up |archive-date=10 March 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |page=43 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=108 |issue=26–49}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]], in ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'', believe the film purports to &quot;merge humanist values into religious ritual&quot;.{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=482}} They also consider that, like other Bharathiraja films, it has &quot;the local village deity as dramatic pivot&quot;.{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=60}}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by [[Devendran]] while the lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vedham Pudhidhu (1987) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001983 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907211745/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001983 |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vedham Pudhithu Tamil Film LP VInyl Record by Devendran |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/vedham-pudhithu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-devendran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911120502/https://macsendisk.com/product/vedham-pudhithu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-devendran/ |archive-date=11 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Macsendisk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to differences with his usual composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]], Bharathiraja chose Devendran to compose this film's music.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=23 July 2020 |title=Bharathiraja and Ilaiyaraaja to work together after 28 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bharathiraja-and-ilaiyaraaja-to-work-together-after-28-years/article32166767.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127181114/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bharathiraja-and-ilaiyaraaja-to-work-together-after-28-years/article32166767.ece |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=31 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Devendran revealed that he had composed a fusion tune which he had slightly modified as &quot;Kannukkul Nooru Nilava&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2011 |title=Devendran bounces back |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/news/jan2011/devendran-bounces-back.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211093313/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/news/jan2011/devendran-bounces-back.asp |archive-date=11 February 2021 |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song is set in [[Shanmukhapriya]] raga,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 September 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey&amp;nbsp;– Sacred Shanmukhapriya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sacred-shanmukhapriya/article2418290.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141005141410/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sacred-shanmukhapriya/article2418290.ece |archive-date=5 October 2014 |access-date=21 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=20 September 2013 |title=Ragas hit a high |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181226035819/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=21 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;Sandhikka Thudittaen&quot; is set in Poorvikalyani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=29 March 2013 |title=For a calm mind |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/for-a-calm-mind/article4561428.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129061944/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/for-a-calm-mind/article4561428.ece |archive-date=29 January 2022 |access-date=29 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Kannukkul Nooru Nilava<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> | length1 = 5:14<br /> | title2 = Mandhiram Sonnen<br /> | extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> | length2 = 4:53<br /> | title3 = Putham Puthu Olai<br /> | extra3 = K. S. Chithra<br /> | length3 = 4:55<br /> | title4 = Mattu Vandi Salai<br /> | extra4 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]<br /> | length4 = 4:06<br /> | title5 = Sandhikka Thudittaen<br /> | extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki<br /> | length5 = 4:58<br /> | total_length = 24:06<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Vedham Pudhithu'' was released on 27 December 1987. Before release, the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] objected to the scene where people carry a saint and Balu Thevar commenting on it; as a result the film was stuck in limbo, facing uncertainty over its release. A special screening was later arranged for [[M. G. Ramachandran]], then the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], at his request. He saw the film, appreciated Sathyaraj's performance, and the film was given clearance for release.{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=296}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=I was worried if Theerpukkal Virkapadum would be stuck inside the censor room: Sathyaraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-was-worried-if-theerpukkal-virkapadum-would-be-stuck-inside-the-censor-room-sathyaraj/articleshow/88320457.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103032837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-was-worried-if-theerpukkal-virkapadum-would-be-stuck-inside-the-censor-room-sathyaraj/articleshow/88320457.cms |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=31 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 50 out of 100, saying Bharathiraja had moved up to the next step in his career with this film, several scenes were hearttrending and there itself the film achieved success.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 1988 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம் : வேதம் புதிது |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/29--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128043233/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/29--2 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] (a duo) of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film for various aspects, including Bharathiraja's unique storytelling style, the cast performances, Devendran's music and Vairamuthu's lyrics. The duo compared the film to a [[kolam]], albeit a hastily made one, but still worth watching.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=24 January 1988 |title=வேதம் புதிது |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1988/jan/24-01-1988/p49.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220730045509/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1988/jan/24-01-1988/p49.jpg |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=49 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though the film became controversial for its depiction of Tamil Brahmins and the Tamil Nadu Brahmins Association called for its banning, despite having been certified &quot;[[U certificate (India)|U]]&quot; (universal) by the censor board without cuts,{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=482}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 January 1988 |title=HC admits plea to ban 'Vedam Pudhithu' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19880108&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; it became a critical and commercial success, running for over 150 days in theatres. Kannan later came to be known as ''Vedham Pudhithu'' Kannan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=வாசகர் |first=விகடன் |date=27 January 2022 |title=புதுப் புது வேதங்கள்! #MyVikatan |url=https://www.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/tamil-cinema-religion-casteism |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127073031/https://www.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/tamil-cinema-religion-casteism#bypass-sw |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> At a July 1988 event organised by the Cine Technicians Association of South India meant to commemorate the platinum jubilee of Indian cinema, Bharathiraja received a newly created &quot;MGR Award&quot; for directing the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 July 1988 |title=Film technicians honoured |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mYNlAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=iJ4NAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1009%2C1391146 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430132631/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mYNlAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=iJ4NAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1009%2C1391146 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Sathyaraj, he was considered for the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]], but missed out on a technicality.&lt;ref name=&quot;maalaimalar&quot; /&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Event{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Category<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Recipient(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[35th Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Film&amp;nbsp;– Tamil]]<br /> |''Vedham Pudhithu''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=35th Annual Filmfare Awards {{!}} Regional Films |url=https://archive.org/details/35thAnnualFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170205141932/https://archive.org/details/35thAnnualFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[Filmfare]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 July 1986 |title=Kamal bags Filmfare Award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19880716&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=27 February 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Tamil]]<br /> |[[Bharathiraja]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Actor&amp;nbsp;– Tamil]]<br /> |[[Sathyaraj]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[35th National Film Awards]]<br /> |[[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]<br /> |''Vedham Pudhithu''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;35thaward&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br /> |P. Mohan Raj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Portrayal of Tamil Brahmins in popular media]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vedam Pudhithu (1987) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b701235 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128035919/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b701235 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[British Film Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;maalaimalar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2016 |title=நடிகர் சத்யராஜ் பாலுத்தேவராக வாழ்ந்த வேதம் புதிது: 6 விருதுகளை வாங்கித்தந்த படம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2016/08/15225445/1032769/Cinema-History-Sathyaraj.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128053945/https://www.maalaimalar.com/amp/cinema/cinehistory/2016/08/15225445/1032769/Cinema-History-Sathyaraj.vpf |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;35thaward&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=35th National Film Festival, 1988 |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/82_35thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814103528/http://www.dff.nic.in/images/Documents/82_35thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> *{{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{Bharathiraja}}<br /> {{Filmfare Award for Best Film&amp;nbsp;– Tamil}}<br /> {{National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1987 controversies]]<br /> [[Category:1987 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1987 films]]<br /> [[Category:1987 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Bharathiraja]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Devendran]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]<br /> [[Category:Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing National Award]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Bharathiraja]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films based on plays]]<br /> [[Category:Race-related controversies in film]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidyadhisha_Tirtha&diff=544310 2026-02-28T09:59:24Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: put up first pg nd citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian philosopher and scholar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu leader<br /> | name =Vidyadhisha Tirtha<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> |honorific_suffix =<br /> | image = Shri Vidyadhisha Tirtha Swamiji, a peetadhipati of Shri Uttaradi Matha Idol at Ranebennur, Karnataka, India (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption= Idol of Vidyadhisha Tirtha at [[Ranebennur]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | birth_name = Pandurangi Narasimhacharya<br /> | birth_place = [[Puntamba]], [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | death_date = 1631<br /> |death_place =Ekachakranagaram<br /> | honors =<br /> | order = [[Vedanta]] ([[Uttaradi Math]])<br /> | guru = [[Vedavyasa Tirtha]]<br /> | successor = [[Vedanidhi Tirtha]]<br /> | disciples = [[Vedanidhi Tirtha]], Pandurangi Keshavacharya, Kasi Timmannacharya<br /> | philosophy = [[Dvaita]],&lt;br&gt;[[Vaishnavism]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Vaishnavism}}<br /> {{DvaitaInfobox}}<br /> <br /> '''Vidyadhisha Tirtha''' ({{IAST|Vidyādhīśa Tīrtha}}), was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[philosopher]], scholar, theologian, saint and dialectician. He served as the sixteenth pontiff of [[Uttaradi Math]] from 1619 to 1631.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=433}}{{Sfn|Prabhupada|2012|p=1229}} He is considered to be one of the important stalwarts in the history of [[Dvaita]] school of thought on account of his sound elucidations of the works of [[Madhvacharya]], [[Jayatirtha]] and [[Vyasatirtha]]. He is also the most celebrated pontiff of [[Uttaradi Math]] after [[Padmanabha Tirtha]], [[Jayatirtha]] and [[Raghuttama Tirtha]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=474}}<br /> <br /> Born into a [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family of scholars, Vidyadhisha started pursuing the knowledge of Mīmāṃsā, Vyakhyana and Vedanta at very early age. Before becoming the pontiff of [[Uttaradi Math]], he was an accomplished scholar and logician. He composed 10 works, consisting of commentaries on the works of [[Madhva]], [[Jayatirtha]] and [[Vyasatirtha]] and several independent treatises. His work ''Vakyartha Chandrika'' is an elaborate, complicated commentary known for its brilliance.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}{{Sfn|Bon|1960|p=6}}<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Most of the information about Vidyadhisha Tirtha's life is derived from ''Vidyadhisha Vijaya''. He was born as Narasimhacharya in a Pandurangi family of scholars to ''Anandacharya'' or ''Ananda Bhattaraka'', who was an erudite scholar in [[Nyaya]], [[Vedanta]], [[Mimamsa]], [[Vyakarana]] and a disciple of [[Raghuttama Tirtha]] of [[Uttaradi Math]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=387}} The family belongs to [[Vashista]] gotra and [[Deshastha Brahmin]] community.{{Sfn|Sharma|p=476}} Narasimha received all his instructions in [[Vyakarana]], [[Nyaya]] and other branches under his own father, Ananda Bhattarka. He was married early and settled in [[Puntamba]], to teaching. He have defeated many learned scholars of his village like Tama Bhatta, Golinga Shivabhatta, Vishva Pandita and others in Tarka and [[Vyakarana]]. After his father's death, he moved off to [[Nashik]] and [[Trimbak|Tryambak]] on account of fear of Muslim depredations on his town.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=476}} Narasimha lived for eight years at [[Sangamner]] and [[Paithan]] and thence moved down to [[Pandharpur]] and then to [[Bijapur]] where he defeated Narasa Pandita. His learning and achievements attracted [[Vedavyasa Tirtha]] of [[Uttaradi Math]], who honoured him with presents and invited him to Mannur on the [[Bhima River]], where he was persuaded to take orders and was ordained a monk under the name ''Vidyadhisha''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=476}} The main incidents in Vidyadhisha's pontifical career were his disputations with Rangoji Bhatta and his tour of south and north of [[India]]. Rangoji Bhaṭṭa was the brother of Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita. He visited [[Dhanushkodi|Dhanushkoti]], [[Madurai]], [[Srirangam]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Kumbhakonam]], [[Kanchi]], [[Dharmapuri]] and [[Udupi]] in south. His northern tour included [[Benares]] and [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] where he converted whole community of [[Gayawalas]] to the religion of [[Madhva]]. This great historic event has given the school of [[Madhvacharya]] followers from among important section of [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-speaking Brahmins of the [[North India]]. The Gayawalas ever since remained staunch followers of Madhva, oving allegiance to [[Uttaradi Math]]. The ''Gurucharya'' place this event in 1630.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=476}} Later he visited Badri and on his way back from there, he disappeared, in 1631, at Ekachakranagaram, in the Ganga-Yamuna daob.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}} The descendants of Vidyadhisha family have subsequently installed his image in [[Tumminakatti|Tuminakatte]] near [[Ranebennur]] where they celebrate his anniversary, every year, as the original Brindavana of Ekachakranagara could not be located.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> The number of extant works ascribed to Vidyadhisha Tirtha are eleven in number. There are five commentaries and six independent works ascribed to him.{{Sfn|Bhatta|Samuel|1997|p=368}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=478}}{{Sfn|Potter|1995|p=1504}}<br /> <br /> ===Commentaries===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Description<br /> ! References<br /> |-<br /> |''Vakyartha Chandrika''<br /> |Commentary on Nyaya Sudha of [[Jayatirtha]] <br /> |{{Sfn|Potter|1995|p=1504}}<br /> |-<br /> |''Pramanalakshanaṭippani''<br /> |Gloss on Pramanalakshana of [[Madhva]]<br /> |{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}<br /> |-<br /> |''Viṣṇutattvanirṇayaṭippani''<br /> |Commentary on Viṣṇutattvanirṇaya of [[Madhva]]<br /> |{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}<br /> |-<br /> |''Kathālakṣaṇaṭippani''<br /> |Gloss on Kathālakṣaṇa of [[Madhva]]<br /> |{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}<br /> |-<br /> |''Talavakopanishadkhandartham''<br /> |Commentary on [[Kena Upanishad|Talavakaropanishad]]<br /> |{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Independent works===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Description<br /> ! References<br /> |-<br /> |''{{IAST|Ēkādaśīnirṇaya}}''<br /> |Work on how to determine [[Ekadashi]]<br /> |{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}<br /> |-<br /> |''{{IAST|Janmāṣṭamīnirṇaya}}''<br /> |Work on how to determine [[Janmashtami]]<br /> |{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}<br /> |-<br /> |''Vishnupanchakavratanirnaya''<br /> |Work on how to determine days for Vishnu Panchaka Vrata<br /> |{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}<br /> |-<br /> |''Tithitrayanirnaya''<br /> |Work on how to determine [[Tithi]]<br /> |{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}<br /> |-<br /> |''{{IAST|Oṃkāravādartha}}''<br /> |An exposition on the word [[Om|OM]]<br /> |{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}<br /> |-<br /> |''{{IAST|Rangojibhattadhikkāra}}''<br /> | A work containing few points raised by Rangoji Bhatta during the debate &amp; replies to them.<br /> | {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=477}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}<br /> *{{Citation|title=Contribution of Karṇāṭaka to Sanskrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPNjAAAAMAAJ|first1=C. Panduranga|last1=Bhatta|first2=G. John|last2=Samuel|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|year=1997}}<br /> *{{Citation|title=Sri Caitanya-caritamrta, Madhya-lila: The Pastimes of Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9phBAAAQBAJ|first=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami|last=Prabhupada|publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|year=2012|isbn=978-9171496621}}<br /> *{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies. 1, Bibliography : Section 1, Volumes 1-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrAyj17GDM4C|first=Karl H.|last=Potter|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1995|isbn=978-8120803084}}<br /> *{{cite book|title=Studies in Keladi History: Seminar Papers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWZDAAAAYAAJ|publisher=Mythic Society|first=G. S.|last=Dikshit|year=1981}}<br /> *{{cite book|title=Developments in Indian Philosophy from Eighteenth Century Onwards: Classical and Western|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQnsAAAAIAAJ|first=Daya|last=Krishna|publisher=Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture|year=2002|isbn=978-8187586081}}<br /> {{cite book|title=Indian Philosophy &amp; Culture, Volumes 5-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3Uf4JgbTFoC|publisher=Vaishnava Research Institute, Vrindāban, India|first=Bhakti Hridaya|last=Bon |year = 1960|access-date=20 April 2005}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{Citation|title=Oṃkāravāda of Śrī Vidyādhīśatīrtha and Tārasvarūpaprakāśa of Śrīnāthācārya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKDWAAAAMAAJ|author=Vidyādhīśatīrtha|publisher=Oriental Research Institute|year=2000}}<br /> *[https://archive.org/details/vidyadheesavijayajanardhanasuried.wairangacharyaprintedbylakshmanababuraokokatepune1926 Vidyadheesa Vijaya by Janardhana Suri (Sanskrit)]<br /> *[https://archive.org/details/sri_vidyadhisha_tirthara_kuritada_kritigalu_-_indiresha_dasaru Sri Vidyadhisha Tirthara Kuritada Kritigalu by Indiresha Dasa (Kannada)]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.uttaradimath.org/parampara/sri-vidyadhisha-tirtha Vidyadhisha Tirtha] from https://www.uttaradimath.org/.<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Madhva religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]<br /> [[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Uttaradi Math]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:1631 deaths]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lajpat_Nagar_metro_station&diff=447565 2026-02-24T15:11:35Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]]&lt;br /&gt;Lajpat Nagar<br /> | type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Violet|line2=Pink|line3=Golden}}<br /> | style = Delhi Metro<br /> | image = Lajpat Nagar Metro Station Platform.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Lajpat Nagar metro station Platform<br /> | address = Lala Lajpat Rai Marg, New Delhi 110024, India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Golden|croute}}<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = [[Elevated]], Underground<br /> | platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|R}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|L}}|[[Island Platform]]|Platform-3 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|R}}|Platform-4 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|L}}}}<br /> | depth = <br /> | levels = 2<br /> | tracks = 4<br /> | parking = {{parking symbol}} Available<br /> | bicycle = <br /> | opened = {{ubl|Violet Line- {{start date and age|2010|10|3|df=yes}}|Pink Line- {{start date and age|2018|08|6|df=yes}}}}<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]<br /> | accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br /> | code = {{#property:P296}}<br /> | owned = [[Delhi Metro]]<br /> | operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)<br /> | zone = <br /> | smartcardname = <br /> | smartcardstatus = <br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | mpassengers = {{Infobox<br /> | data1 = {{Rail pass box<br /> | passengers = 65,330&lt;ref name = &quot;New Interchange Stations - Taking Load off DM Hubs&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Priyangi |date=1 December 2023 |title=How new interchange stations are taking load off Delhi Metro hubs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/how-new-interchange-stations-are-taking-load-off-delhi-metro-hubs/articleshow/105640678.cms |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | pass_year = October 2019<br /> | pass_percent = <br /> }}<br /> | data2 = {{Rail pass box<br /> | passengers = 78,218&lt;ref name = &quot;New Interchange Stations - Taking Load off DM Hubs&quot; /&gt;<br /> | pass_year = October 2023<br /> | pass_percent = 19.73<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Violet|left1=Jangpura|right1=Moolchand<br /> |line2=Pink|left2=South Extension|right2=Vinobapuri|header3=Future service|line3=Golden|right3=Andrews Ganj|to-right3=Kalindi Kunj via Saket G Block}}<br /> | route_map = {{Delhi Metro Violet Line Route}}{{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}{{Delhi Metro Golden Branch Line Route}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Lajpat Nagar''' is an interchange station between [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] and [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] in [[Delhi]]. It is located between [[Jangpura metro station|Jangpura]] and [[Moolchand metro station|Moolchand]] on the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] in [[Lajpat Nagar]]. The station was opened with the first section of the Violet Line on 3 October 2010, in time for the Commonwealth Games opening ceremony on the same day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=OZixKt2MNIslld| title=Central Secretariat – Sarita Vihar Corridor Opens for Commuter Operations Tomorrow| publisher=Delhi Metro}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It became an interchange station with the opening of the Pink Line on 6 August 2018. The station on the Pink Line is underground, whereas the Violet line station is elevated. However, both the lines are seamlessly connected, without commuters having to exit the ticketed area to interchange from one line to another.<br /> <br /> [[Lajpat Nagar|Lajpat Nagar Market]] is one of the famous shopping market in Delhi which is famous for women's clothes, artificial jewelry, Footwear, household electronics and Home Decor items. This market is walking distance from Lajpat Nagar metro station and rickshaws can be hired easily for traveling back and forth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Distance between Lajpat Nagar metro station and Central Market|url=http://alldistancebetween.com/in/distance-between/lajpat-nagar-metro-station-central-market-5141200537840c6e585c68d55ffcb4b9/#:~:text=It%20takes%201%20minutes%20to,is%20covered%20by%20a%20car.|access-date=2021-06-21|website=alldistancebetween.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Timings of this market is 11:00 AM to 08:00 PM.<br /> <br /> ==The station==<br /> ===Facilities===<br /> HDFC Bank, SBI, RBL Bank [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]], food court are available at Lajpat Nagar metro station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx|title = DMRC : ATM Details}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Station layout==<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=100|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Violet}}&gt;'''Platform 1'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Southbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|R}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Moolchand}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Violet}}&gt;'''Platform 2'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Northbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|L}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Jangpura}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; colspan=2 align=center|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |valign=top|'''L1'''<br /> |valign=top|Concourse<br /> |valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=100 valign=top|Street Level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=50 valign=top|'''UG Level-1'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=100 valign=top|Concourse<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=&quot;50&quot; rowspan=3 valign=&quot;top&quot; |'''UG Level-2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; width=100|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}&gt;'''Platform 3'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Southbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|R}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Vinobapuri}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=100|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}&gt;'''Platform 4'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Northbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:left;&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|L}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|South Extension}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Nearby==<br /> Lajpat Nagar Central Market, [[Lajpat Nagar|Amar Colony]], [[Defence Colony]], Acharya Munir Ashram, [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing]], [[Haldiram's|Haldiram]]'s, The Japan Foundation, Guru Nanak Market, Ziyyara Edutech Private Limited, RPVV Lajpat Nagar, GCoSSS lajpat nagar.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> *[[Delhi]]<br /> *[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]<br /> *[[Transport in Delhi]]<br /> *[[Delhi Monorail]]<br /> *[[South Delhi]]<br /> *[[New Delhi]]<br /> *[[National Capital Region (India)]]<br /> *[[List of rapid transit systems]]<br /> *[[List of metro systems]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons|Delhi Metro}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}<br /> * [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]<br /> * [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]<br /> * {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010}}<br /> * [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br /> *{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Lajpat+Nagar/@28.5707148,77.233354,685m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sLajpat+Nagar+metro+station!3m4!1s0x0:0x726d6243cef686c6!8m2!3d28.5705398!4d77.2364187|title= Lajpat Nagar metro station}}<br /> <br /> {{Delhi Metro}}<br /> {{Delhi &amp; NCR Metro stations|violet line=yes|pink line=yes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in South Delhi district]]<br /> [[Category:Memorials to Lala Lajpat Rai]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dabhadi_Assembly_constituency&diff=495237 2026-01-26T17:04:10Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: started basic article more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Dabhadi<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | state = Maharashtra<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | abolished = 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | electors = 2,11,377<br /> | mla = Dadaji Dagdu Bhuse<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}<br /> | constituency_no =<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | district =<br /> | loksabha_cons =<br /> | reservation =<br /> }}<br /> &lt;b&gt;Dabhadi Assembly constituency &lt;/b&gt;was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |- <br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=4 | Hiray Baliram Waman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=3 | Hiray Pushpatai Vyakatarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Hiray Prashant Vyankatrao || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Dadaji Bhuse]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2004===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dabhadi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dadaji Bhuse]]<br /> |party=Independent politician |votes=68,079 |percentage=45.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Prashant Vyankatrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=59,062 |percentage=39.05% |change={{increase}}4.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Prasad Baliram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,816 |percentage=10.46% |change={{decrease}}19.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Prasad Bapu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,944 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Ramesh Ragho |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,543 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikam Suresh Bhila |party=Independent politician |votes=1,262 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nazir Ah. Irshad Ah |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,108 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,017 |percentage=5.96% |change= {{increase}}0.86 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,51,258 |percentage=71.56% |change= {{increase}}1.51 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,11,377 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.31 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}10.05 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1999===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dabhadi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Prashant Vyankatrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=41,304 |percentage=34.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikam Suresh Ramrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,275 |percentage=29.85% |change={{increase}}3.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Baliram Waman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,697 |percentage=25.98% |change={{decrease}}7.50 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,029 |percentage=5.10% |change= {{increase}}3.09 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,18,165 |percentage=64.08% |change= {{increase}}0.36 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,68,685 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.92 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.47 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1995===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dabhadi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Pushpatai Vyakatarao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,126 |percentage=33.48% |change={{decrease}}13.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Baliram Waman |party=Independent politician |votes=37,716 |percentage=31.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikam Suresh Ramrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,502 |percentage=26.28% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Deelipsing Bhagatsing |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,788 |percentage=1.49% |change={{decrease}}10.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikam Laxman Kisan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,162 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikam Bandurao Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=1,018 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sk. Rasool Sk. Ramzan |party=Independent politician |votes=821 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,410 |percentage=2.01% |change= {{decrease}}9.67 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,19,849 |percentage=67.76% |change= {{increase}}5.44 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,71,979 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.60 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.17 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1990===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dabhadi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Pushpatai Vyakatarao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,460 |percentage=46.65% |change={{increase}}1.64 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikam Ashok Damodar |party=Shiv Sena |votes=32,577 |percentage=34.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Narendra Meghsham |party=Janata Dal |votes=10,830 |percentage=11.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,883 |percentage=11.68% |change= {{increase}}7.72 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=93,165 |percentage=61.23% |change= {{decrease}}5.26 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,45,006 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.77 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.32 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1985===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dabhadi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Pushpatai Vyakatarao |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=39,876 |percentage=48.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Indirabai Baliram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,648 |percentage=45.00% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Garud Deoraj Ramchandra |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,603 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahant Taptigiriji Guru Somwargiriji Khadeshwari |party=Independent politician |votes=768 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,228 |percentage=3.96% |change= {{decrease}}7.43 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=81,433 |percentage=68.11% |change= {{decrease}}0.45 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,155 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.97 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}5.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dabhadi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Baliram Waman |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=38,906 |percentage=54.58% |change={{increase}}7.62 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Vyankatrao Bhausaheb |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=30,785 |percentage=43.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,121 |percentage=11.39% |change= {{increase}}0.15 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=71,285 |percentage=68.39% |change= {{decrease}}5.99 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,900 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.38 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1978===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dabhadi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Baliram Waman |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=32,918 |percentage=46.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Shivaji Namdeo |party=Janata Party |votes=25,036 |percentage=35.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Tryambak Ramji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,088 |percentage=11.54% |change={{decrease}}42.87 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikam Rajaram Damodar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,795 |percentage=2.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,882 |percentage=11.24% |change= {{decrease}}9.41 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,108 |percentage=73.48% |change= {{increase}}15.69 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,318 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.07 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.45 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1972===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dabhadi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Baliram Waman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,805 |percentage=54.41% |change={{decrease}}7.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivaji Namdeo Patil |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=17,868 |percentage=33.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Damodar Zipru Supare |party=Republican Party of India |votes=2,885 |percentage=5.45% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bachhav Sukhdeo Jairam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,309 |percentage=2.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,937 |percentage=20.66% |change= {{decrease}}17.80 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=52,945 |percentage=57.89% |change= {{decrease}}9.07 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,867 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.27 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.55 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dabhadi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hiray Baliram Waman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,382 |percentage=61.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivaji Namdeo Patil |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=11,904 |percentage=23.50% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. J. Pawaar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,957 |percentage=3.86% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. D. Nikam |party=Independent politician |votes=975 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,478 |percentage=38.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=50,650 |percentage=63.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,059 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br /> {{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vambu_Sandai&diff=453994 2026-01-20T05:48:17Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: expand page after review and fixed typos per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Vambuchanda]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoseph_Macwan&diff=546312 2025-12-31T07:59:31Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: put up new stub w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Gujarati writer from India (1940–2022)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{not to be confused with|Joseph Macwan}}<br /> {{Infobox writer <br /> | name = Yoseph Macwan<br /> | image = Yoseph Macwan, Ahmedabad.jpg<br /> | caption = Macwan in 2010<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = gu<br /> | pseudonym = <br /> | birth_name = Yoseph Philip Macwan<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1940|12|20|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2022|12|25|1940|12|20|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India<br /> | occupation = Poet, literary critic<br /> | language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> | nationality = Indian <br /> | education = Master of Arts<br /> | alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]<br /> | period = <br /> | notableworks = <br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Sabina|1973}}<br /> | awards = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] (2013)<br /> }}<br /> | signature = Yoseph Macwan autograph.gif<br /> | years_active = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Yoseph Philip Macwan''' (20 December 1940 – 25 December 2022) was an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] poet and literary critic from [[Gujarat]], India. He was also known for his contribution in [[Gujarati children's literature]].<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Yoseph Macwan was born on 20 December 1940 at [[Ahmedabad]] to Philip and Mariyam Macwan. His family belonged to Malawada village near [[Nadiad]]. Due to family constraints, he worked as a helper in [[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service]] after SSC but he was underpaid thus he decided to continue studies. He completed B.A. in Gujarati in 1968, M.A. in 1970 and B.Ed. in 1975 from [[Gujarat University]]. He regularly attended [[Budh Sabha]]. He joined [[Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya]], Ahmedabad as a teacher in 1963 and served there until his retirement. He ran ''Vaishakhi'' bimonthly for three years.&lt;ref name=&quot;AGSI&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ|last=Brahmabhatt|first=Prasad|publisher=Parshwa Publication|year=2010|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7|location=Ahmedabad|pages=116–118|language=gu|trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sureshbjani.wordpress.com/2008/08/22/yosef_macwan/|title=યોસેફ મેકવાન, Yosef Macwan|date=2008-08-22|website=ગુજરાતી પ્રતિભા પરિચય|access-date=2017-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Macwan died on 25 December 2022 in Ahmedabad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યકાર યોસેફ મૅક્વાનનું નિધન|newspaper=Gujarati Mid-day|date=26 December 2022|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/news/gujarat-news/article/gujarati-poet-novelist-yoseph-macwan-died-in-ahmedabad-184266|language=gu|access-date=2 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> His first work ''Aravata'' was published in Sanskriti magazine. ''Swagat'' (1969) was his first poetry collection which included sonnets, metrical poetry and [[geet (song)|geet]]. His other poetry collections are ''Soorajno Hath'' (1983), ''Alakhna Asawar'' (1994) and ''Avajna X-Ray'' (2000).&lt;ref name=&quot;AGSI&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He has contributed in [[Children's literature in Gujarati language|Gujarati children's literature]]. His children's poetry collections are ''Tofan'' (1999), ''Ding Dong-Ding Dong'' (1998) while children's stories include ''Vah Re Varta Vah!'' (1994). His birds related poetry includes ''Pranibagni Ser'' and ''Kalrav'' (1990).&lt;ref name=&quot;AGSI&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;I1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Cū Innāci|title=Christian Contribution to Indian Languages and Literatures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-xjAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Mariyakam|page=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Kan Hoy Te Sambhale'' (2001) and ''Samvedanna Sal Ane Val'' (2004) are his essay collections. ''Halva Hathe'' (1997) has humorous essays. He wrote criticism also which is published in ''Cross Ane Kavi'' (1987), ''Shabdagoshthi'', ''Shabdani Arpar'' (2008), ''Shabdane Ajvale'' (2007) and ''Shabdasahvas'' (2008). ''Stotrasamhita'' (1980) is his metrical translation of the Biblical [[alleluia]]s which are sung in several churches of Gujarat.&lt;ref name=&quot;AGSI&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> His first poetry collection ''Swagat'' was awarded by [[Government of Gujarat]]. His children's poetry was awarded by Gujarati Sahitya Akademi while his children's stories were awarded by [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]. He received Jayant Pathak Poetry Award for ''Soorajno Hath'' in 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;AGSI&quot;/&gt; He received [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] in 2013.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> He married twice; 1960-67 and in 1973 to Sabina aka Surbhi. They had two children.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Portal|Children's literature}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Macwan, Yoseph}}<br /> [[Category:1940 births]]<br /> [[Category:2022 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:Indian children's poets]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]<br /> [[Category:Indian humorous poets]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian literary critics]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banasura_Hill&diff=461027 2025-12-26T17:30:34Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: small improve information additionally per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the tallest mountains in Western Ghats, Kerala}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox mountain<br /> | name = Banasura Hill &lt;br&gt; ബാണാസുര മല<br /> | elevation_m = 2073<br /> | elevation_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;colway&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wayanad.nic.in/docs/Order%20of%20the%20DDMA.pdf|title=Proceedings of the Chairman, District Disaster Management Authority and the District Magistrate, Wayanad|publisher=Collectorate, Wayanad|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717042312/http://wayanad.nic.in/docs/Order%20of%20the%20DDMA.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | prominence_m = 1306&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Indian Subcontinent - World Ribus | date=17 April 2025 | url=https://worldribus.org/indian-subcontinent/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | listing = Ribu<br /> | range = [[Western Ghats]]<br /> | location = Border of [[Padinjarathara]], [[Wayanad district]] and [[Vadakara]] Taluk, [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br /> | photo = DR0069DSC 9221.jpg<br /> | map = India Kerala<br /> | range_coordinates = <br /> | map_size = 300<br /> | label_position = right<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|11|41|39|N|75|54|29|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | topo = <br /> | type = <br /> | age = <br /> | first_ascent = <br /> | easiest_route = Hike<br /> }}<br /> [[File:DR0072DSC 9260.jpg|thumb|A view of Banasura hill]]<br /> '''Banasura Hill''' is situated in [[Padinjarathara]] and it is one of the tallest mountains in the Western Ghats of the [[Wayanad district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The hill is named after [[Banasura]], a mythical character of Indian legends. It is one of the highest peaks exceeding 2,000m between [[Nilgiris]] and [[Himalayas]] after [[Chembra Peak]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Banasura Hill has an altitude of {{convert|2073|m|ft|0}} and is a part of the [[Western Ghats]]. It is the northernmost peak higher than {{convert|2000|m|ft|0}} south of the Gangetic plains in India. It lies off the state highway from [[Kuttiady]] to [[Mananthavady]]. [[Mananthavady]] which lies 25&amp;nbsp;km away is the closest town and the closest state transport depot. The closest National Highway is [[NH 766]] that passes through [[Kalpetta]] which is about 37&amp;nbsp;km away.{{cn|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> ==Trekking routes and visitor information==<br /> <br /> Along the way there is a thunderous waterfall that locals call &quot;[[Meenmutty Falls, Wayanad|Meenmutty]]&quot;. Trekking pass should be collected from Meenmutty falls ticket counter itself. Ticket counter will close at 11 AM. Only limited tickets are issued per day. It is a good three-hour climb to the top of the hill. The view from there is spectacular. At the foot of the hill is the [[Banasura Sagar Dam]], the largest earth dam in India. The dam is another point from where one can start the trek up Banasura Hill.<br /> <br /> ==Flora and fauna==<br /> The narrow trail that leads up to the top of the hill winds through thick tropical vegetation. The [[flora]] includes some rare medicinal plants. The [[fauna]] found en route consist of [[monkeys]], [[boars|wild boars]], [[deer]] and [[elephants|wild elephants]].<br /> <br /> ==Tribes and local history==<br /> There are four tribal settlements at the foot of the Banasura Hill belonging largely to the [[Kurichiyas|Kurichiya]] tribe. The [[Kurichiyas]] have a martial tradition, and are experts with the bow and arrow. When [[Pazhassi Raja|Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]] revolted against the [[United Kingdom|British]] for imposing exorbitant tax on agricultural products, and fled to the forests of Wayanad to fight a long-drawn guerilla war against them, it was to these [[Kurichiyas|Kurichiya]] tribesmen that the [[Pazhassi Raja]] turned for support. The [[Pazhassi Raja]] used their knowledge of the topography of the area to inflict defeats on the [[United Kingdom|British]] forces. The rugged and thickly forested terrain around Banasura Hill with numerous caves, streams and watercourses formed an ideal hiding place for the [[Pazhassi Raja]]. In modern days, the higher elevations are inhabited by descendants of the [[Pazhassi Raja]] who have set up an intricate system of Ziplines and swinging ropes to traverse the network of tree houses they've constructed.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Banasura Sagar Dam]]<br /> *[[Kurichiya|Kurichiya tribe]]<br /> *[[Pazhassi Raja]]<br /> *[[Thariyode]]<br /> *[[Thariode]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category|Banasura Hill}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120618205240/http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=2132065959 Official Website for Department of Tourism]<br /> * [http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/banasura-in-north-wayanad-is-a-great-getaway-if-you-like-the-idea-of-a-solo-trek-a-picnic-with-friends-or-just-some-moments-of-peace/article19761856.ece THE HINDU]<br /> {{Western Ghats|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Tourism in Kerala}}<br /> <br /> [[Category: Mountains of the Western Ghats]]<br /> [[Category: Mountains of Kerala]]<br /> [[Category: Geography of Wayanad district]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malavli_railway_station&diff=446592 2025-12-24T02:13:10Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{one source|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{independent sources|date=February 2019}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Malavli<br /> | type = [[Pune Suburban Railway]] station<br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]<br /> | image_caption =<br /> | address = [[Malavli]], Tal. [[Maval]], Dist. [[Pune district|Pune]].<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|18.7443|73.4806|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}<br /> | map_type = India#India Maharashtra<br /> | line = [[Pune Suburban Railway]]<br /> | other =<br /> | structure =<br /> | platform = 2<br /> | depth =<br /> | levels =<br /> | tracks = 4<br /> | parking = Yes<br /> | bicycle =<br /> | opened =<br /> | closed =<br /> | rebuilt =<br /> | status = Active<br /> | electrified = Yes<br /> | accessible =<br /> | code = MVL<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | zone = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]<br /> | passengers =<br /> | pass_year =<br /> | pass_percent =<br /> | pass_system =<br /> | mpassengers =<br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Suburban Railway|line=Lonavala Line|left=Lonavala |right=Kamshet }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Malavli Station''' is a railway station of [[Pune Suburban Railway]] on [[Mumbai CST|Mumbai]]–[[Chennai]] line.<br /> <br /> The station has two platforms and a foot overbridge. Nearby attractions are two famous hilly forts: [[Lohagad]] Fort and [[Visapur Fort]]. Also nearby are the very famous Ekvira Devi Mandir, [[Karla Caves]] and [[Bhaja Caves]]. Vedanta academy of Swami Parthasarathy is about 200 meters north of the station.<br /> <br /> Local trains between [[Pune Junction]]–{{stnlnk|Lonavala}}, {{stnlnk|Shivaji Nagar}}–Lonavala stop here. The only passenger train having a stop at this station is the Pune Junction–{{stnlnk|Karjat}} Passenger.<br /> <br /> {{Pune Junction – Lonavala RDT}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/malavli-mvl/5659 Malavli Current Timings]<br /> <br /> {{Pune Suburban Railway}}<br /> {{Central Railway}}<br /> {{Pune district topics}}<br /> {{Railway stations in Maharashtra|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Pune railway division]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Pune district]]<br /> <br /> {{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_market_in_India&diff=492880 2025-12-09T07:34:05Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Market in India for greenhouse gas emissions}}<br /> A '''carbon market in India''' was introduced through Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 to follow [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference|United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26)]] as an attempt reduce [[fossil fuel]] consumption through use of [[Fossil fuel|non-fossil]] sources such as [[green hydrogen]], green ammonia, [[biomass]], and [[bioethanol]] as [[energy]] and [[Raw material|feedstock]].<br /> <br /> The Indian National Carbon Trading Scheme is a [[Carbon emission trading|carbon emission trading scheme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Disentangling the features of India’s new national carbon market |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/news/disentangling-indias-new-national-carbon-market/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; being developed by the [[Bureau of Energy Efficiency]] in India,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ruchira |last2=Ghosh |first2=Agamoni |date=2023-02-17 |title=India works on market stabilization fund details for upcoming carbon market |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/021723-india-works-on-market-stabilization-fund-details-for-upcoming-carbon-market?_its=jtdcjtiydmlkjtiyjtnbjtiyzwu3zmrkmtmtyjzhny00mdq4lwjmyzqtymqwodgynzu3mdyyjtiyjtjdjtiyc3rhdgulmjilm0elmjjybhr+mty3otiznzc0m35syw5kfjjfmtawmjjfc2vvxzixnzjmn2rhyjk2mwfjogu5nzbmztm2owy3nddhymnhjtiyjtde |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.spglobal.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which may start as a voluntary market in 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Jacob |date=2025-10-26 |title=What is the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme and How It’s Shaping India’s Carbon Market - NatNavi |url=https://natnavi.com/carbon-credit-trading-scheme-india-carbon-market/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=natnavi.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is expected to start trading existing Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) and Energy Savings Certificates (ESC) by 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ruchira |date=2023-03-17 |title=India may announce details of national carbon market scheme in June: official |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/031723-india-may-announce-details-of-national-carbon-market-scheme-in-june-official |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.spglobal.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and for these to become Carbon Credit Certificates by 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It was legislated in 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sirur |first=Simrin |date=2023-02-21 |title=Green think tank CEEW suggests EU &amp; Korea-like ‘emissions trade’ for India’s carbon market launch |url=https://theprint.in/environment/green-think-tank-ceew-suggests-eu-korea-like-emissions-trade-for-indias-carbon-market-launch/1387386/ |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been suggested that mandatory carbon allowances could be included in future&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The EU’s carbon tax: What India must do |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/the-eus-carbon-tax-what-india-must-do/2989625/ |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; so that it would become a carbon market similar to the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme|Chinese]] and [[European Union Emissions Trading System|EU ETS]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Without this, Indian exports could suffer from [[carbon tariffs]] such as the [[EU CBAM]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Parth Kumar,Manas |date=2024-09-16 |title=India to get its own carbon market |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/india-to-get-its-own-carbon-market |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The director of the bureau says that it will become the world's largest carbon market by 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=M. |date=2023-03-08 |title=India will be the biggest carbon market in the world by 2030, says BEE |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/india-will-be-the-biggest-carbon-market-in-the-world-by-2030-says-bee/article66594212.ece |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Why a Carbon Market? ==<br /> Due to India's fast growing population and economy it began to increase its fuel consumption. India's carbon market is roughly estimated to be worth over 1.2 billion dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chandran |first=Nidheesh |date=2025-05-10 |title=Carbon Credits for Sustainable Businesses - Everything You Need to Know - NatNavi |url=https://natnavi.com/carbon-credits-explained-sustainable-business/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=natnavi.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the world's second largest source of carbon as of 2024. Due to the over pollutant in air India created what we know as the carbon market. The carbon market was made to combat [[climate change]] and keep global warming at 1.5C or lower.&lt;ref&gt;Pandey, Kundan. “[Explainer] What Are Carbon Markets?” Mongabay, 27 Dec. 2023, india.mongabay.com/2023/12/explainer-what-are-carbon-markets/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Carbon markets compensate for companies' greenhouse gas emissions and purchasing these carbon credits can remove or reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Companies are not the only ones able to buy carbon credits but any individual can. Carbon credits are beneficial exports to the economy as it helps with the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions which can help improve the sustainability of natural habitats.<br /> == Goals ==<br /> <br /> The government of India established a carbon market in India, improved the Code for Energy Conservation Building and helped to build the governing council of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency through increasing members.&lt;ref name=&quot;cm2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India to open carbon market: What is it and how will it help in the fight against climate change |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/india-to-open-carbon-market-what-is-it-and-how-will-it-help-in-the-fight-against-climate-change-14475122.htm |access-date=31 August 2022 |publisher=cnbctv18.com |date=14 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cm1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mani |first1=Sowmya |title=India Will Get Carbon Markets: 10 Things About the Lok Sabha Bill &amp; How It Affects You |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/294285/lok-sabha-passes-energy-conservation-bill-carbon-credit-markets-things-to-know/#:~:text=The%20Indian%20government%20may%20launch,which%20establishes%20carbon%20credit%20markets. |access-date=31 August 2022 |publisher=The Better India |date=11 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bill aimed to make the use of non-fossil fuel sources mandatory for energy and encourage feedstocks like green ammonia, green hydrogen, ethanol and biomass.&lt;ref name=&quot;cm4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Power Ministry introduces Bill to establish Carbon market in India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/power-ministry-introduces-bill-to-establish-carbon-market-in-india/article65722107.ece |access-date=31 August 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Benefits ==<br /> <br /> The carbon market in India seeks the following benefits:&lt;ref name=&quot;cm3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=How India can benefit from voluntary carbon markets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/how-india-can-benefit-from-voluntary-carbon-markets/articleshow/92077194.cms?from=mdr |access-date=31 August 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=8 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cm6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=As Carbon Trading Takes Off, Focus On Building A Robust Market |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/as-carbon-trading-takes-off-focus-on-building-a-robust-market-news-208881 |access-date=31 August 2022 |publisher=outlookindia.com |date=13 July 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cm1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> * Improves agricultural practices and social communities through emission reductions to improve their source of income through the voluntary credit market.<br /> * Helps in protecting coastal areas and improving agricultural productivity.<br /> * Economic development projects for community and gender and conservation of biodiversity through voluntary credit markets using premium pricing.<br /> * Providing an additional source of money for low-income households by upgrading cooking systems.<br /> <br /> == Features ==<br /> <br /> The carbon market in India includes multiple features:&lt;ref name=&quot;cm5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Sarita C. |title=India plans own uniform carbon trading market |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/india-plans-own-uniform-carbon-trading-market/articleshow/91082527.cms |access-date=31 August 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=26 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cm1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> * A system of trading to buy and sell credits permitting an industrial unit to emit a specific amount of greenhouse gas.<br /> * Compliance is voluntary.<br /> * Credits are to be used in the domestic market instead of export.<br /> * Clean energy can allow India to develop capacity as an energy exporter.<br /> <br /> == Challenges ==<br /> <br /> The mechanism of the carbon market in India can face challenges of corruption and environmental concerns.&lt;ref name=&quot;cm7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gogoi |first1=Gaurav |title=Carbon market in India is long time coming. But Modi govt can learn from these mistakes |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/carbon-market-in-india-is-long-time-coming-but-modi-govt-can-learn-from-these-mistakes/1085783/ |access-date=31 August 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=17 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Implementation may take time and should be done in a phased manner.&lt;ref name=&quot;cm8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Learning from global experience: Creating carbon markets for India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/learning-from-global-experience-creating-carbon-markets-for-india/articleshow/93395768.cms?from=mdr |access-date=31 August 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=6 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cm10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ensuring carbon market's success |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/ensuring-carbon-markets-success/2644378/ |access-date=31 August 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=26 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Carbon credit]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Emissions_Trading_schemes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Emissions trading]]<br /> [[Category:Climate change in India]]<br /> [[Category:Energy in India]]<br /> [[Category:Carbon emissions]]<br /> [[Category:Carbon finance]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhatta_Kallata&diff=470416 2025-11-28T06:27:32Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: updated lead for accuracy for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Short description|9th-century Shaivite thinker}}<br /> '''Bhatta Kallata''' also referred as '''Kallata''' was a notable 9th-century [[Kashmiri Shaivism|Kashmiri Shaivite]] thinker who may have written the ''Spanda-vritti'', and ''Spanda-karika''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parmeshwaranand2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Swami Parmeshwaranand|title=Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4xIBNmhpXcC&amp;pg=PA32|year=2004|publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-427-4|pages=32–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dyczkowski1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Mark S. G. Dyczkowski|title=The Stanzas on Vibration: The SpandaKarika with Four Commentaries: The SpandaSamdoha by Ksemaraja, The SpandaVrtti by Kallatabhatta, The SpandaVivrti by Rajanaka Rama, The SpandaPradipika by Bhagavadutpala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tM-y2WBYubcC&amp;pg=PA22|date=1992|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1261-9|pages=22–}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was a pupil of [[Vasugupta]], another possible author of the ''Spanda-karika''. According to ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' (The River of Kings) written in 12th-century CE by [[Kalhana]], he lived during the reign of [[Avanti Varman (Utpala dynasty)|Avanti Varman]] (855-883 CE).&lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterji1914&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Jagadish Chandra Chatterji|title=Kashmir Shaivaism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ErhIBHJEkwC&amp;pg=PA156|year=1914|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-179-0|pages=156–}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * ''Yoga Spandakarika: The Sacred Texts at the Origins of Tantra'', by Daniel Odier. Inner Traditions, 2005 {{ISBN|1594770514}}.<br /> * {{cite book|author=Mark S. G. Dyczkowski|title=The Stanzas on Vibration: The SpandaKarika with Four Commentaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tM-y2WBYubcC&amp;pg=PA22|date=1992|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1261-9|pages=22–}}<br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web| title = &quot;The Doctrine of Vibration&quot;, 1989 (online text)|author= Mark Dyczkowsky| url = https://archive.org/stream/TheDoctrineOfVibration-MarkDyczkowsky/TheDoctrineOfVibration.AnAnalysisOfTheDoctrinesAndPracticesOfKashmirShaivism.m.dyczkowskidelhi1989600dpilossy_djvu.txt }}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kallata, Bhatta}}<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri male writers]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri Shaivites]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Shaivites]]<br /> [[Category:9th-century Indian philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:9th-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]<br /> <br /> {{india-writer-stub}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geethan_Britto&diff=500173 2025-11-22T19:46:08Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: started new entry and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = &lt;!-- defaults to article title when left blank --&gt;<br /> | image = &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;<br /> | alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 2013{{endash}}2018<br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> }}<br /> '''Geethan Britto''' is former Indian actor, who worked in Tamil-language films.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Geethan Britto studied visual communication and also assisted [[Sahithya Jagannathan]]'s dance fusion presentation at the World Miss University contest in Seoul, Korea in 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mrinalini Sundar |title=I play a confused yet confident youngster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-play-a-confused-yet-confident-youngster/articleshow/50931366.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822094244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-play-a-confused-yet-confident-youngster/articleshow/50931366.cms |archive-date=2022-08-22 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/Dec/01/ours-is-indias-seoul-one-207329.html|title=Ours is India's Seoul One|access-date=17 October 2025|date=16 May 2012|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He made his debut through ''[[Kurai Ondrum Illai]]'' (2014). Regarding his performance, a critic noted, &quot;Geethan, with his boy-next-door looks, has a charm that makes you relate to him. You empathize with him when he longs to help his friend and yet cannot do so as the latter chooses to give up and feel for him when he breaks up with his sweet heart&quot; whilst another noted, &quot;Debutant Geethan as Krishna has a charming screen presence, essays Krishna neatly, lending the right nuances to the character&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2014 |title=Kuraiondrumillai Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Kuraiondrumillai by The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kuraiondrumillai/movie-review/44781425.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2014 |title=Feel-good Flavour with Freshers as the Lead |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/oct/12/feel-good-flavour-with-freshers-as-the-lead-670776.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809230725/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/oct/12/Feel-good-Flavour-with-Freshers-as-the-Lead-670776.html |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was, however, a box office failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;/&gt; His next film was the unreleased ''Aakko'', which was noted for the song &quot;Enakenna Yaarum Illaye&quot; by [[Anirudh Ravichander]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/anirudh-releases-his-next-teaser/articleshow/45033535.cms|title=Anirudh releases his next teaser|date=13 January 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His first film's cameraman recommended him for ''[[Oyee]]'' (2016) after [[Sivakarthikeyan]] couldn't accept the film due to date issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;I&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title='Oyee' was originally written for Sivakarthikeyan: Director Francis Markus |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/oyee-was-originally-written-for-sivakarthikeyan-director-francis-markus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405090415/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/oyee-was-originally-written-for-sivakarthikeyan-director-francis-markus/ |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2016|work=[[Indian Express]]|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; He trained in [[silambam]] for the film for almost a month.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2016 |title=Francis Markus: Oyee Is A Family Entertainer |url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/francis-markus-oyee-is-a-family-entertainer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302020227/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/francis-markus-oyee-is-a-family-entertainer/ |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=Silverscreen.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;I&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEgy4RYNApI|title=Actor Geethan opens up about 'Oye' movie {{!}} Super Housefull {{!}} News7 Tamil|date=11 February 2016|work=[[News 7 Tamil]]|language=ta|access-date=17 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Regarding his performance in that film, a critic noted, &quot;The effort taken by Geethan in learning the basics of silambam deserves mention&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oyee/movie-review/51755005.cms|title=Oyee Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Oyee by Times of India|work=The Times of India|date=13 April 2016|access-date=17 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Regarding his performance in his final film ''[[Seemathurai]]'' (2018), a critic noted, &quot;Geethan still gives it his all and is earnest as Marudhu, who is only required to smile, get beaten up, dance, smile, get beaten up, and dance again, with dialogues that can fit into a single sheet of paper&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 December 2018 |title=Seemathurai Review: A middling love story that never hits the intended highs |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/dec/07/seemathurai-review-the-love-story-between-geethan-and-varsha-bollamma-never-hits-the-intended-highs-9120.html |website=Cinema Express|access-date=17 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''Kathai Kelu'' || Arjun / Arjunan || Short film&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=4 November 2017 |title=Varsha Bollamma bags a meaty role |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/041117/varsha-bollamma-bags-a-meaty-role.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Kurai Ondrum Illai]]'' || Krishna || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |credited as Geethan<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Oyee]]'' || Krishna<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Seemathurai]]'' || Marudhu <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|5962237}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Britto, Geethan}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil actors]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_table&diff=466107 2025-09-18T15:43:15Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: refine information also and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Top of a saturated aquifer}}<br /> {{For|the architectural feature|Water table (architecture)}}<br /> [[File:Water table.svg|thumb|350px|Cross section showing the water table varying with surface topography as well as a perched water table]]<br /> [[Image:Groundwater flow and infiltration diagram.svg|thumb|250px|Cross-section of a hillslope depicting the [[vadose zone]], [[capillary fringe]], water table, and the [[phreatic]] or saturated zone. ''(Source: [[United States Geological Survey]].)'']]<br /> <br /> The '''water table''' is the upper surface of the [[phreatic zone]] or zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with [[groundwater]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/hydr/concepts/gwater/wattable.htm|title=What is the Water Table?|website=imnh.isu.edu|access-date=2016-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; which may be fresh, saline, or brackish, depending on the locality. It can also be simply explained as the depth below which the ground is saturated. The portion above the water table is the [[vadose zone]]. It may be visualized as the &quot;surface&quot; of the subsurface materials that are saturated with groundwater in a given vicinity.&lt;ref name=&quot;groundwater&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Freeze |first1=R. Allan |first2=John A. |last2=Cherry |year=1979 |title=Groundwater |location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=9780133653120 |oclc=252025686}}{{page needed|date=February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In coarse soils, the water table settles at the surface where the water [[Hydraulic head|pressure head]] is equal to the [[atmospheric pressure]] (where gauge pressure = 0). In soils where [[capillary action]] is strong, the water table is pulled upward, forming a [[capillary fringe]]. <br /> <br /> The groundwater may be from [[precipitation]] or from more distant groundwater flowing into the aquifer. In areas with sufficient precipitation, water infiltrates through pore spaces in the soil, passing through the unsaturated zone. At increasing depths, water fills in more of the pore spaces in the soils, until a zone of saturation is reached. Below the water table, in the zone of saturation, layers of permeable rock that yield groundwater are called [[aquifer|aquifers]]. In less permeable soils, such as tight bedrock formations and historic lakebed deposits, the water table may be more difficult to define.<br /> <br /> &quot;Water table&quot; and &quot;[[water level]]&quot; are not synonymous. If a deeper aquifer has a lower permeable unit that confines the upward flow, then the water level in this aquifer may rise to a level that is greater or less than the elevation of the actual water table. The elevation of the water in this deeper well is dependent upon the pressure in the deeper aquifer and is referred to as the [[potentiometric surface]], not the water table.&lt;ref name=&quot;groundwater&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Formation ==<br /> The water table may vary due to seasonal changes such as [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] and [[evapotranspiration]]. In undeveloped regions with permeable soils that receive sufficient amounts of precipitation, the water table typically slopes toward rivers that act to drain the groundwater away and release the pressure in the aquifer. [[Spring (hydrology)|Spring]]s, [[river]]s, [[lake]]s and [[oasis|oases]] occur when the water table reaches the surface. Groundwater entering rivers and lakes accounts for the base-flow water levels in water bodies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/pdf/part1bb.pdf|title=Ground Water and Surface Water A Single Resource - U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1139|last1=Winter|first1=Thomas C|last2=Harvey|first2=Judson W|date=1998|access-date=25 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Surface topography ===<br /> Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect ([[capillary fringe]]) in [[soil]]s, [[sediment]]s and other [[porous media]]. In the aquifer, groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure, and the direction of groundwater flow typically has both a horizontal and a vertical component. The slope of the water table is known as the &quot;hydraulic gradient&quot;, which depends on the rate at which water is added to and removed from the aquifer and the permeability of the material. The water table does not always mimic the topography due to variations in the underlying geological structure (e.g.,&amp;nbsp;folded, faulted, fractured bedrock).<br /> <br /> === Perched water tables ===<br /> A perched water table (or perched aquifer) is an aquifer that occurs above the regional water table. This occurs when there is an impermeable layer of rock or sediment ([[aquiclude]]) or relatively impermeable layer ([[aquitard]]) above the main water table/aquifer but below the land surface. If a perched aquifer's flow intersects the surface, at a valley wall, for example, the water is discharged as a [[spring (hydrosphere)|spring]].<br /> <br /> == Fluctuations ==<br /> [[File:Water table-season fluctuation.svg|thumb|350px|Seasonal fluctuations in the water table may cause river beds to dry up during the dry season]]<br /> <br /> === Tidal ===<br /> On low-lying [[Island#Oceanic islands|oceanic islands]] with porous soil, [[freshwater]] tends to collect in [[Lens (geology)|lenticular]] pools on top of the denser [[seawater]] intruding from the sides of the islands. Such an island's freshwater lens, and thus the water table, rises and falls with the tides.<br /> <br /> === Seasonal ===<br /> In some regions, for example, [[Great Britain]] or [[California]], [[winter]] [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is often higher than [[summer]] precipitation and so the groundwater storage is not fully recharged in summer. Consequently, the water table is lower during the summer. This disparity between the level of the winter and summer water table is known as the &quot;zone of intermittent saturation&quot;, wherein the water table will fluctuate in response to climatic conditions.<br /> <br /> === Long-term ===<br /> [[Fossil water]] is groundwater that has remained in an aquifer for several millennia and occurs mainly in [[desert]]s. It is non-renewable by present-day [[rainfall]] due to its depth below the surface, and any extraction causes a permanent change in the water table in such regions.<br /> <br /> ==Effects on crop yield==<br /> [[File: Rudd PartReg.png|thumb|upright=1.4|A plot of sugarcane yield versus depth of water table in Australia. The critical depth is 0.6&amp;nbsp;m.&lt;ref&gt;Rudd, A.V. and C.W Chardon 1977. ''The effects of drainage on cane yields as measured by water table height in the Machnade Mill area.'' In: Proceedings of the 44th Conference of the Queensland Society of Sugar Cane Technology, Australia.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.waterlog.info/partreg.htm Software for partial regression with horizontal segment]&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Most crops need a water table at a minimum depth.&lt;ref&gt;''Crop Yield versus Depth of the Ground Water Table, Statistical Analysis of Data Measured in Farm Lands Aiming at the Formulation of Drainage Needs.'' International Journal of Agricultural Science, 6, 174–187. Online: [https://www.iaras.org/iaras/filedownloads/ijas/2021/014-0023(2021).pdf] or [https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/Crop%20yield%20and%20depth%20of%20water%20table.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; For some important food and fiber crops a classification was made&lt;ref&gt;Nijland, H.J. and S. El Guindy 1984.''Crop yields, soil salinity and water table depth in the Nile Delta''. In: ILRI Annual Report 1983, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 19–29. Online: [https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/egypt.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; because at shallower depths the crop suffers a yield decline.&lt;ref&gt;K.J.Lenselink et al. ''Crop tolerance to shallow water tables''. Online: [https://www.waterlog.info/cropwat.htm]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! Crop and location || DWT tolerance || Classification || Explanation <br /> |-<br /> | Wheat, Nile Delta, Egypt || 45 || Very tolerant || Resists shallow water tables<br /> |-<br /> | Sugar cane, Australia || 60 || Tolerant || The water table should be deeper than 60&amp;nbsp;cm<br /> |-<br /> | Banana, Surinam || 70 || Slightly sensitive || Yield declines at water tables &lt;&amp;nbsp;70&amp;nbsp;cm deep<br /> |-<br /> | Cotton, Nile Delta || 90 || Sensitive || Cotton needs dry feet, water table should be deep<br /> |}<br /> :(where DWT = depth to water table in centimetres)<br /> <br /> == Effects on construction ==<br /> [[File:Elvis in Berlin.jpg|thumb|Blue pipes to remove groundwater in [[Berlin]]]]<br /> <br /> A water table close to the surface affects excavation, drainage, foundations, wells and leach fields (in areas without municipal water and sanitation), and more.<br /> <br /> When excavation occurs near enough to the water table to reach its capillary action, groundwater must be removed during construction. This is conspicuous in [[Berlin]], which is built on sandy, marshy ground, and the water table is generally 2 meters below the surface. Pink and blue pipes can often be seen carrying groundwater from construction sites into the [[Spree (river)|Spree]] river (or canals).{{citation needed|date = June 2023}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * {{annotated link|Artesian aquifer}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Groundwater recharge}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Hydrogeology}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Watertable control}}<br /> <br /> ==References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Agricultural water management}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Aquifers]]<br /> [[Category:Hydrology]]<br /> [[Category:Hydrogeology]]<br /> [[Category:Irrigation]]<br /> [[Category:Water supply]]<br /> [[Category:Water and the environment]]<br /> [[Category:Karst]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manvendra_Singh_(Dadraul_politician)&diff=516366 2025-08-20T20:06:59Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1955 to 2024)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> '''Manvendra Singh''' (born 1955 – 5 January 2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manvendra Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DADRAUL(SHAHJAHANPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=960 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was a two time member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Dadraul Assembly constituency in [[Shahjahanpur district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Dadraul, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Manvendra Singh with 72543 defeats SP's Rajesh Kumar Verma |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/dadraul-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923165-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Dadraul (Uttar Pradesh) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/dadraul-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7811426/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Singh was from Dadraul, Shahjahanpur district, Uttar Pradesh. He was the son of late Sherbahadur Singh. He completed his LLB in 1985 at D.A.V. College, which is affiliated with [[Lucknow University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Singh won from [[Dadraul Assembly constituency]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 100,957 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Rakesh Kumar Verma|Rajesh Kumar Verma]] of the [[Samajwadi Party]], by a margin of 9,701 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24136.htm?ac=136 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005154053/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24136.htm?ac=136 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After being in the [[Indian National Congress]] for a long time, he joined the BJP in 2017 and won the 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing BJP from Dadraul defeating four time MLA, [[Ram Murti Verma|Rammurti Verma]], of Samajwadi Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-06 |title=BJP's Dadraul MLA Manvendra Singh passes away after prolonged liver problem at New Delhi hospital |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjps-dadraul-mla-manvendra-singh-passes-away-after-prolonged-liver-problem-at-new-delhi-hospital/article67709651.ece |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Dadraul Assembly Seat Result: ददरौल सीट से BJP के मानवेंद्र सिंह ने दर्ज की जीत, जानें हार जीत का आंकड़ा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/dadraul-assembly-seat-result-live-update-win-lose-manvendra-singh-rajesh-verma-chandraketu-maurya-tanveer-safdar-rrmb-nodrss-4036964.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Death ===<br /> Singh died of a liver disease after prolonged illness at the [[Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences]] in [[New Delhi]] on 5 January 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UP BJP MLA Manvendra Singh dies after prolonged liver problem |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/up-bjp-mla-manvendra-singh-dies-after-prolonged-liver-problem-2836767 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Manvendra}}<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category: 2024 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br /> [[Category:People from Shahjahanpur district]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prakashananda&diff=526317 2025-08-19T01:11:06Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: created entry - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu leader<br /> | name= Prakashananda<br /> | image= Swami_prakashananda.jpg<br /> | caption= Prakshananda, a direct monastic disciple of [[Vivekananda]]<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | birth_date= {{Birth date|1874|7|8|df=y}} <br /> | birth_place= [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | birth_name= Sushil Chandra Chakravarty<br /> | death_date= {{death date and age|1927|2|13|1874|7|8|df=y}} <br /> | guru= [[Vivekananda]]<br /> | philosophy= [[Vedanta]]<br /> | honors=President of the Vedanta Society of Northern California from 1915 to 1927<br /> }}<br /> '''Swami Prakashananda''' (1874–1927) was a monastic disciple of [[Vivekananda]] and a monk of the [[Ramakrishna Order]] who played a major role in propagating and promoting the [[Vedanta]] philosophy and Vivekananda's message in India and America. He came to the US in 1906 to serve under [[Trigunatitananda]], a direct disciple of [[Ramakrishna]] at the Vedanta Society of San Francisco, later renamed as [[Vedanta Society#Vedanta_Society_of_Northern_California|Vedanta Society of Northern California]], and later became its president.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Jackson |first= Carl |date= 1994|title= Vedanta for the West |publisher= Indiana University Press|page= 115|isbn= 0-253-33098-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 150&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=150}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Prakashananda's pre monastic name was Sushil Chandra Chakravarty. His father was Ashutosh Chakravarty and the family resided in Serpentine Lane in Calcutta. Sushil Chandra was born on 8 July 1874. His brother Sudhir, who was rechristened as [[Shuddhananda]], had also become a monk with Ramakrishna Order and was a direct monastic disciple of Vivekananda as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 142&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=142}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Sushil and Sudhir during their college life had made friends with Kalikrishna, Khagen, Haripada and Govinda, a group of young men who were spiritually inclined. This group came in direct contact with [[Mahendranath Gupta]] (known as M), a direct householder disciple of Ramakrishna, and the author of [[The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna]], in the course of their study in [[Surendranath College|Ripon College]] where M was a lecturer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 143&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=143}}&lt;/ref&gt; M had inspired them to visit [[Baranagar Math]], where the monastic disciples of Ramakrishna had gathered for pursuing spiritual practices.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 143&quot;/&gt;<br /> Sushil was interested in both Western and Eastern philosophy, and he developed intimacy with several direct disciples of Ramakrishna, including [[Ramakrishnananda]] and [[Swami Yogananda|Yogananda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 144&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=144}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1891, he went to [[Jayrambati]], the native place of [[Sarada Devi]] and was initiated by her. He was also associated with [[Gopal Chandra Ghosh]], or [[Hutko Gopal]], a direct householder disciple of Ramakrishna who would inspire him with anecdotes from the saint's life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 144&quot;/&gt; He was also greatly inspired by the ideals of Vivekananda, who was then in America, preaching Vedanta. Sushil left home in 1896 under directive and guidance from Sarada Devi and joined the [[Alambazar Math]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 145&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=145}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also spent sometime in [[Vrindavan]] to practice austerities, in the company of [[Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda)|Premananda]].<br /> <br /> ==Monastic life and contribution==<br /> When Vivekananda returned to India in February 1897, he granted monastic vows to Sushil and renamed him as Prakashananda. Prakashananda also accompanied Vivekananda when the latter went to seek the blessings of Sarada Devi in 1898 after his return from Kashmir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 146&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=146}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also accompanied Vivekananda in consecrating the house of [[Navagopal Ghosh]], a direct householder devotee of Ramakrishna by installation of the image of Ramakrishna in the house. During this occasion Vivekananda composed the famous Pranaam Mantra or the salutary chant on Ramakrishna which is a part of the Sanskrit hymn chanted in vesper services.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Dalia|title=The house where the swami came|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130301/jsp/howrah/story_16617687.jsp#.UyU-tPmSySo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317082530/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130301/jsp/howrah/story_16617687.jsp#.UyU-tPmSySo|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2014|accessdate=16 March 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=1 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prakashananda assisted him during the worship ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikisource:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 6/Conversations and Dialogues/XI]]&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=August 2015}}<br /> Prakashananda served the famine stricken people in [[Dakshineswar]] as part of the relief program of [[Ramakrishna Mission]] in 1897–1898. In 1899, he and [[Swami Virajananda]] went to Dhaka to preach the message of Vedanta. The General Report of the Ramakrishna Mission Dhaka states, ''this branch of the Mission started as early as 1899 when Virajananda and Prakashananda, deputed by Vivekananda, visited these parts and by lectures and religious discourses created an interest in the message of Ramakrishna.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 148&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=148}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Prakashananda and Virajananda also met [[Durga charan Nag (Nag Mahasaya)]], a prominent householder disciple of Ramakrishna, in the village of Deobhog in East Bengal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 148&quot;/&gt; In 1899 when Sarada Devi's younger brother [[Abhay Charan]] was terminally ill, Prakashananda along with [[Saradananda]] nursed him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 148&quot;/&gt; He traveled on a pilgrimage to [[Kedarnath]] and [[Badrinath]] in the Himalayas in April 1900 and stayed in [[Rishikesh]] and [[Hardiwar]] for carrying out spiritual practices. He stayed for a while in the [[Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama Kankhal]] with [[Kalyanananda]]. In 1902, he went to work in [[Advaita Ashrama]], Mayavati and helped [[Swarupananda]] in editing [[Prabuddha Bharata]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 149&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|pages=149–150}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==In the Americas==<br /> In April 1906, Prakashananda was sent to assist [[Trigunatitananda]] in the affairs of the [[Vedanta Society of San Francisco]]. He helped Trigunatita for eight years until the latter's death in 1914. He took regular classes and gave public lectures and brought out a magazine called ''Voice of Freedom''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Jackson |first= Carl |date= 1994|title= Vedanta for the West |publisher= Indiana University Press|page= 115|isbn= 0-253-33098-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Northern California|first=Vedanta Society|title=History of Vedanta Society of Northern California|date=28 December 2020 |url=http://sfvedanta.org/the-society/history/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He also established the [[Pacific Vedanta Centre]] in 1914. After Trigunatita's death, Prakashananda became the minister in charge. He laid more emphasis on training the spiritual aspirants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Jackson |first= Carl |date= 1994|title= Vedanta for the West |publisher= Indiana University Press|page= 115|isbn= 0-253-33098-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 151&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; By reducing the expenditures of the society he paid off the large debt incurred for the construction of the first Hindu temple. He visited and lectured on Vedanta in different parts of California. He was elected a vice president of the [[International Buddhist Congress]] as part of the [[Panama–California Exposition]].&lt;ref name=&quot;in memoriam&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Prabuddha Bharata|title=Swami Prakashananda: In Memoriam|date=1927 |publisher=Swamy Vireswarananda |url=https://archive.org/stream/prabuddahabharat015152mbp/prabuddahabharat015152mbp_djvu.txt}}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the Vedanta Society he also looked after [[Shanti Ashrama]], a spiritual retreat first started by [[Turiyananda]], a brother disciple of Vivekananda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Shanti Ashrama|first=History|title=History of Shanti Ashrama|url=http://sfvedanta.org/the-society/history/shanti-ashrama-historical-overview/}}&lt;/ref&gt; He would bring students for spiritual practices and study of scriptures to this retreat.<br /> In order to recuperate from the strain of hard work, Prakashananda went to India in 1922 but returned to America in 1923 with two more monks, one of them being [[Prabhavananda]], a disciple of [[Swami Brahmananda]], the first president of Ramakrishna Order. He sent Prabhavananda on a lecture tour and encouraged him to establish new Vedanta Centres.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 152&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=152}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Vedanta Society of Portland]] was established in 1925 and Prakashananda himself presided over the inaugural ceremony.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda p. 153&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|year=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrana|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=153}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> He suffered from [[diabetes]] and died on Sunday, 13 February 1927, at the age of fifty-three. His obituary in [[Prabuddha Bharata]] read, ''May rest and eternal peace be the reward of him who on earth worked untiringly, unselfishly, who served God and man as Ms master would have it. We are reminded of Swami Vivekananda's words: Our salutation goes to all those God-like men who worked to help humanity.''&lt;ref name=&quot;in memoriam&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Category==<br /> {{Swami Vivekananda}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Monastic disciples of Swami Vivekananda]]<br /> [[Category:1874 births]]<br /> [[Category:1927 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission]]<br /> [[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devanathaswamy_temple,_Thiruvanthipuram&diff=496412 2025-06-26T20:24:11Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: started first place w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Perumal temple in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox temple<br /> | name = Devanatha Hemabhujavalli Temple<br /> | image = Devanathaswamytemple (6).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | country = India<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Cuddalore]]<br /> | location = Tamil Nadu, India<br /> | map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|11.744815|79.708986|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = Devanatha ([[Vishnu]])<br /> Hemabujavalli ([[Lakshmi]])<br /> | festivals = <br /> | architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity = <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | year_completed = <br /> | creator = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Devanatha Hemabhujavalli Temple''' (also called '''Thiruvanthipuram Koyil''') ('''Thiruvaheendrapuram''') is a [[Hindu]] temple in [[Thiruvanthipuram]], a village in the outskirts of [[Cuddalore]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], dedicated to the god [[Vishnu]] and goddess [[Lakshmi]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Devanatha and Lakshmi as Hemabhujavalli. Though the presiding deity is Devanatha and Hemabhujavalli, the temple is known for [[Hayagriva]], the ninth avatara of Vishnu in the [[Dashavatara]] of Vishnu and a god of knowledge. The temple is the only historical temple in South India to have a shrine of Hayagriva on hilltop.<br /> <br /> The temple in its current form is believed to have been built during the [[Medieval Cholas]], with later expansion from [[Pandyas]], [[Hoysala Empire]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. The temple has fifty inscriptions from [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120 CE), [[Vikrama Chola]] (1118–1135 CE), [[Rajaraja Chola III]] (1216–1256 CE), [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]] (1251–1268 CE), Vikrama Pandya, Vira Pandya III, Vijayanagara king [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] (1529–1542 CE) and Koperunjinga and many other rulers.<br /> <br /> A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and bodies of water. The ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower has five tiers and raises to a height of {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<br /> <br /> Devanathaswamy is believed to have appeared to [[Adisesha|Adishesha]] (the serpent-mount of Vishnu), the sage [[Markandeya]], and the Hindu god [[Indra]]. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the chariot festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (March–April), is the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref name=M&gt;{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=46–56|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/madras-hc-summons-five-ias-officers-in-contempt-of-court-case/ar-AA1HmhwG Case in Madras High Court] pertaining to removal of Christian School on this temple's land.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The place was originally believed to have housed a [[Shiva]] temple. A Chola ruler, who was a Saiva fanatic, wanted to demolish the Vishnu temple in his province. Seeing the images of [[Vinayagar]] and [[Dakshinamurthy]], which are otherwise found in Shiva temples, he was taken aback. It is believed Vishnu himself appeared before the king to acknowledge the oneness of almighty. Following the legend, the image of the presiding deity holds a lotus, the symbol of [[Brahma]] and has a third eye like Shiva, denoting the oneness. The region was called Tiruvaheendrapuram to honour Adisesha, who was originally called Vaheendran. Vaheendra is believed to have propitiated [[Indra]], the king of celestial deities. Tiruvaheendrapuram became Thiruvanthipuram with the passage of time.&lt;ref name=M/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legend==<br /> The temple finds mention in ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', ''[[Naradiya Purana]]'' and ''[[Skanda Purana]]''. According to the accounts, a group of sages wanted to view a [[Darshan (Indian religions)|theophany]] of Vishnu and went all the way to [[Kshira Sagara|Tirupparkadal]], the Ocean of Milk. They could not view Vishnu there and went all the way to [[Vaikunta|Vaikuntha]], the heavenly abode of Vishnu. The [[Jaya-Vijaya|guardians]] there stated that they could meet Vishnu only in a place close to the seashore north of [[Kumbakonam]], south of [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]] and west of [[Kanchipuram]]. When the sages reached there, they found sage [[Markandeya]] and his daughter Bhudevi were doing penance. They could view [[Mahavishnu]] in resplendent form with his weapons [[Sudarshana|Sudarshana Chakra]] (discus), [[Panchajanya]] (conch) and [[Kaumodaki]] gracing his arms.&lt;ref name=M/&gt;<br /> <br /> As per another legend, Vishnu handed the job of obtaining the pure water of lake Vraja Tirtha located in the [[Patala|netherworld]] to [[Garuda]], the eagle ''[[vahana]]''. Garuda reached the nether world and secretively obtained the water from the lake, without the knowledge of the sage, who established the lake. The sage learned of it and cursed the water to turn impure. Garuda then pleaded with the sage indicating the orders of Vishnu. The elongated transaction delayed the proceedings and Vishnu turned to his other prime devotee [[Adhisesha|Adhishesha]] the serpent who constructed a well by whipping the earth with his tail. The water from this well is used daily for the preparation of the temple prasad. The legend says, adding salt, pepper and jaggery to this well cures the devotee of any ailments and is religiously followed by people with skin ailments. Garuda was highly aggrieved and felt for his guilt. Vishnu appeased him saying that he would establish a river, which is believed to be the Kedilam river. A ceremonial bath is celebrated annually to commemorate the event.&lt;ref name=M/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=538|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Epigraphical Department has found more than 50 inscriptions in the temple belonging to the [[Medieval Chola]] period. The inscriptions indicate grants to the temple from [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120 CE), [[Vikrama Chola]] (1118–1135), [[Rajaraja Chola III]] (1216–1256), [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]] (1251–1268), Vikrama Pandya, Vira Pandya III, Vijayanagara king [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] (1529–1542 CE) and Koperunjinga. The Chola country was under siege during the rule of Rajaraja Chola III and he was imprisoned by Koperunjinga, a Pallava scion. [[Vira Narasimha II]] (1220–1234) came to the rescue of the Chola and ultimately killed the Ceylon king Parakramabahu. A temple tower was erected during the reign of Koperunjinga, while the procedures of worship were accorded similar to other temples during the reign of Maravarman Sundara Pandyan. The descendants of [[Ramanuja]] were given special provisions for worship during the period of Vijayanara Empire. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref name=M/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> [[File:Devanathaswamytemple (5).jpg|250px|left|thumb|Image of Lakshmi Hayagriva temple uphill]]<br /> The temple is located on the foothills of Outshadagiri, a small hill, which houses the temple of Hayagriva. The river Kedilam, located on the other side of the temple flows from south to north and is locally called Uttaravahini.&lt;ref name=C/&gt; The temple built in [[Dravidian Architecture]], is the only Vishnu temple built on the banks of the river, while there are a few prominent [[Shiva]] temples. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and bodies of water. The temples faces east, but the ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower, is located on the western entrance and has five tiers and raises to a height of {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The image of the presiding deity, Devanathaswamy, is housed in the central shrine. The sanctum also houses the image the consort, Senkamalavalli Thayar (also called Hemabhujavalli, Vaikunta Nayagi and Amruthavarshini) in sitting posture. The festival images of Vishnu, called by different names like Moovaraghia oruvan, Achuta, Dvistantha, Devanatha, Vibhuthanatha and Dasyatha, is housed in the sanctum. The temple houses the images of other deities like Pallikonda Perumal, Andal, AdiKesava Perumal, [[Azhwar|Alvar]]s, Hanumar and [[Garuda]]. There is a separate shrine housing [[Rama]], though the presiding deity is Devanathaswamy, the temple is known for [[Hayagriva]], the horse faced avatar of Vishnu. The images of Garuda and Hanuman are depicted in unique postures of Anajalihasta, which is different compared to all other temples. The temple is the only historical temple in South India to have a shrine of Hayagriva.&lt;ref name=M/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Festivals and religious practices==<br /> [[File:Devanathaswamytemple (7).jpg|250px|thumb|Women cook food and offer to the deity]]<br /> The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) as per [[Vadakalai]] sampradayam during festivals and on a daily basis (Vaikashasana Agama). As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushatkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalashanti'' at 8:00&amp;nbsp;a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00&amp;nbsp;p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00&amp;nbsp;p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00&amp;nbsp;p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00&amp;nbsp;p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alankaram'' (decoration), ''naivedyam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradhanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Neelamegha Perumal and Tirukannapura Nayagi. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dhvajastambha and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;dinamalar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sri Devanatha Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=499|publisher=Dinamalar|year=2011|access-date=5 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The major festival, the twelve-day Brahmotsavam is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Chittirai (April - May). Rathotsavam, the temple car is drawn during the ninth day of the festival. Masi Mahotsavam is another ten-day festival during the Tamil month of Masi (February - March). During the festival, the festival image is taken in procession to the seashore in Cuddalore. There are religious discourses, musical performances and floats organized during the festival. The other Vaishnavite festivals like [[Krishna Janmashtami]], Karthigai, Tamil New Year, Margali ten-day festival, Sankaranthi, Panguni Uthiram and Rohini Utsavam are celebrated. The temple is a renowned pilgrim centre and devotees tonsure their heads during auspicious occasions. Marriages are also performed in the premises.<br /> <br /> ==Religious significance==<br /> [[File:Devanathaswamytemple (3).jpg|left|250px|thumb|Plaque of the presiding deity in the sanctum]]<br /> The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]] in eleven hymns. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.&lt;ref name=C&gt;{{cite book|title=Vishnu temples of South India volume 4|last=Madhavan|first=Chithra|isbn=978-81-908445-3-6|publisher=Alpha Land Books Pvt. Ltd.|location=Chennai|ref=Madhavan|pages=79–85}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thirumangai mentions about the location of the temple under the foothills and glorified the scenic location surrounding the temple. He also mentions the various [[avatar]]s of Vishnu. Srivillputhurar, in his ''Villibharatam'' narrates that the temple was visited by [[Arjuna]], the [[Pandava]] prince during his pilgrimage. Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar in his ''Ashta Prabanda'' states that heavens shower flowers on the devotees of the temple.&lt;ref name=M/&gt;<br /> <br /> The presiding deity is sported with two hands holding conch and discuss in his two hands signifying Vishnu, lotus indicating [[Brahma]] and a third eye as [[Shiva]]. Indra performed Vaishnava Yagna at this place to worship Vishnu to win over the demon king Vritasura. Vishnu gave him the Vajrayudha after which Indra came out of hiding and slayed the demon.&lt;ref name=R&gt;{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=545–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Vedanta Desika]], a proponent of Vaishanvadatta philosophy and [[Vadakalai]] tradition is associated with the temple. He lived up to the age of 102 years and spent most of his time in the temple. He is attributed to two works in [[Sanskrit]], namely ''Devaneya Panchasat'' and ''Achuta Sataka'' and seven works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], namely ''Mummanikovai'', ''Ammanai'', ''Oosal'', ''Aesal'', ''Navamanimalai'', ''Kalal'' and ''Pandu''. Almost all of these works have indirect and direct mention of the temple. The image of Vedanta Desikar is housed in a separate shrine, with a separate [[Dwajasthambam|dvajasthambam]], a flagstaff.&lt;ref name=M/&gt; Desika has also praised Rama, whose shrine is located in the temple, in his works in ''Raghuvira Gadayam''.&lt;ref name=C/&gt;<br /> <br /> The temple is the only historical temple in South India to house an image of [[Hayagriva]], an avatar of Vishnu with a horse-face. Two [[Asura|asuras]] known as [[Madhu-Kaitabha|Madhu and Kaitabha]], are believed to have taken the Vedas away from the world. Brahma sought the help of Vishnu who propitiated in the form of Hayagriva, and Hayagriva killed both Madhu and Kaitabha and restored the Vedas to Brahma. Hayagriva is believed to be the god of knowledge and wisdom, who is believed to have restored the [[Vedas]] to [[Brahma]]. Hayagriva is also called Hayavadhana. Vedanta Desika has eulogized Hayagriva in his works.&lt;ref name=M/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Devanathaswamy temple}}<br /> <br /> # [https://aanmeegam.org/en/temples/devanathaswamy-thiruvanthipuram/ Thiruvanthipuram Devanathaswamy Temple] - Sourced from Aanmeegam.org<br /> {{Famous Vishnu temples|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Divya Desams| ]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Cuddalore district]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ala_Hazrat&diff=454804 2025-06-12T10:38:11Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: refined intro after review for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[A'la-Hazrat]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nangal,_Nihal_Singh_Wala&diff=520399 2025-05-17T16:13:42Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=May 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Nangal''' is a small village near [[Nihal Singh Wala]] Tehsil in the [[Moga district]] of [[Punjab, India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; This small village had a population of nearly 2500 according to the 2011 census.<br /> <br /> ==History ==<br /> <br /> {{Empty section|date=December 2015}}<br /> <br /> ==Population==<br /> {{As of|2011|alt=As of the 2011 census of India}}, the village's population was 2641.<br /> <br /> ==Religious sites==<br /> * Gurdwara Sitalsar Sahib<br /> * Asthaan of Baba Tapa Ram Ji<br /> * Temple Devi Dwalia<br /> * Gurdwara Baba Jiwan Singh<br /> * Mander Mata Naano Mai<br /> <br /> ==Other attractions==<br /> * Martyr Park<br /> * Village library<br /> <br /> ==See also ==<br /> *Bode<br /> *[[Badhni Kalan]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://facebook.com/nangalvillage Facebook Page]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Moga district]]<br /> {{Moga district}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karwal_(Mair_Rajput_Gotra)&diff=508763 2025-03-31T08:33:10Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madras_Export_Processing_Zone&diff=514561 2025-03-26T22:21:06Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Special economic zone in Chennai, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> |name = Madras Export Processing Zone <br /> |logo =<br /> |type = Special Economic Zone<br /> |foundation = 1984<br /> |owner = [[Government of India]]<br /> |location_city = [[Chennai]]<br /> |location_country = &lt;br /&gt; [[India]]<br /> |location = &lt;!--modifies &quot;Headquarters&quot; entry--&gt;<br /> |locations = &lt;!--# of locations--&gt;<br /> |area_served = <br /> |products = Multi-product (Garments, software, engineering)<br /> |caption = <br /> |homepage = [http://www.mepz.gov.in/home.asp www.mepz.gov.in]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Madras Export Processing Zone (MEPZ)''' is a [[special economic zone]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is one of the seven export processing zones in the country set up by the central government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Narasimhan <br /> | first = T. E. <br /> | title = Six new SEZs to come up in TN <br /> | newspaper = Business Standard <br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 23 June 2010 <br /> | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/six-new-sezs-to-come-up-in-tn-110062300014_1.html<br /> | access-date = 30 Mar 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was established in 1984 to promote [[foreign direct investment]], enhance [[International trade|foreign exchange]] earnings, and create greater employment opportunities in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;BS_MEPZNotToAllowMoreITFirms&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> The MEPZ is located on [[GST road|GST Road]] in [[Tambaram Sanatorium|Tambaram]], [[Chennai]]. It is located 6&amp;nbsp;km south of [[Chennai International Airport]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The MEPZ was started in 1984 as an initiative of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry with an investment of {{INR}} 6716.7 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;BS_MEPZPosts25PCGrowth&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Menon <br /> | first = Ravi <br /> | title = MEPZ posts 25% growth in exports <br /> | newspaper = Business Standard <br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 8 October 2007 <br /> | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mepz-posts-25-growth-in-exports-107100801048_1.html<br /> | access-date = 30 Mar 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 January 2003, the zone was converted into a special economic zone (SEZ)&lt;ref name=&quot;BS_MEPZNotToAllowMoreITFirms&quot;/&gt; with an added objective of facilitating exports through reduction of transaction costs.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEPZ_AboutUs&quot;/&gt; To facilitate this, the Ministry of Commerce and Industries introduced special features such as offshore banking units and container freight stations to be set up within the zone, in addition to liberalised customs procedures.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEPZ_AboutUs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = About us <br /> | publisher = MEPZ.gov.in <br /> | url = http://www.mepz.gov.in/aboutus.asp<br /> | access-date = 30 Mar 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2013, an additional exit and entry point for heavy vehicles arriving at and leaving the MEPZ–SEZ was opened.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_NewGateAtMEPZ&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> The zone is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industries and caters to the needs of units within the SEZ, in addition to monitoring the functions of 100-percent export-oriented units (EOUs) located in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], and [[Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BS_MEPZPosts25PCGrowth&quot;/&gt; The zone is headed by a development commissioner.<br /> <br /> ==Special economic zone==<br /> Spread over an area of 265 acres (109 hectares),&lt;ref name=&quot;BS_MEPZPosts25PCGrowth&quot;/&gt; MEPZ SEZ is a multi-product zone housing 117 functional units.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEPZ_AboutUs&quot;/&gt; In addition, another 27 units are under various stages of implementation.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEPZ_AboutUs&quot;/&gt; The zone employs over 26,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;BS_MEPZPosts25PCGrowth&quot;/&gt; In the manufacturing front, there are 110 SME units in the zone. MEPZ's manufacturing sector employs nearly 20,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;BS_MEPZPosts25PCGrowth&quot;/&gt; IT companies housed in the zone include [[Cognizant Technology Solutions]], Computer Sciences Corporation, CSS and HTC Global Services among others.&lt;ref name=&quot;BS_MEPZNotToAllowMoreITFirms&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = MEPZ not to allow more IT firms <br /> | newspaper = Business Standard <br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 29 May 2010 <br /> | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mepz-not-to-allow-more-it-firms-110052900023_1.html<br /> | access-date = 30 Mar 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 50 container trucks arrive at and leave the zone every day.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_NewGateAtMEPZ&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = New gate at Tambaram SEZ to end traffic hassles on GST Road <br /> | newspaper = The Hindu<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 24 March 2013 <br /> | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-gate-at-tambaram-sez-to-end-traffic-hassles-on-gst-road/article4542360.ece<br /> | access-date = 30 Mar 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Infrastructure===<br /> The zone has an exclusive 230&amp;nbsp;KV sub-station, capable of supplying 30&amp;nbsp;MW. It also has an exclusive telephone exchange with [[fibre optic]] connectivity, a post office, video conferencing facility in the administrative building, and a [[telecommunication tower]]. The foreign exchange transactions of the zone are facilitated by a branch of [[Indian Bank]] located within the SEZ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEPZ_Infra&quot;&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = Infrastructure <br /> | publisher = MEPZ.gov.in <br /> | url = http://www.mepz.gov.in/infrastructure.asp<br /> | access-date = 30 Mar 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Revenue==<br /> The export turnover for the year 2006-2007 was {{INR}} 24,620 million, of which manufacturing sector accounted for 70 percent.&lt;ref name=&quot;BS_MEPZPosts25PCGrowth&quot;/&gt; Garments, software, and engineering products contributed more than 50 percent of the export value. In recent years, engineering sector has been promoted with special reference to automobile ancillaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEPZ_AboutUs&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2008, software exports from the zone averaged {{INR}} 300 to 350 million per month.&lt;ref name=&quot;BS_MEPZPosts25PCGrowth&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India|Business and economics}}<br /> * [[Economy of Chennai]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091212022240/http://www.mepz.gov.in/home.asp Home page of MEPZ]<br /> * [http://sezindia.nic.in/sezindia-msez.asp MEPZ page in SEZIndia.nic.in]<br /> <br /> {{Chennai Topics}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12|56|37|N|80|07|16|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Economy of Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Special Economic Zones of India]]</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_275K_(India)&diff=520960 2025-03-04T21:51:12Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|National Highway in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{infobox road<br /> | country = IND<br /> | type = NH<br /> | route = 275K<br /> | map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3<br /> |title=National Highway 275K|text=Map of National Highway '''275K''' in red}}<br /> | map_custom = yes<br /> | length_km = 41.5<br /> | alternate_name = [[Mysore Ring Road]]<br /> | direction_a = <br /> | direction_b = <br /> | terminus_a = [[Hinkal]]<br /> | terminus_b = Hinkal &lt;!-- Back to originating point --&gt; <br /> | junction = <br /> | spur_type = NH<br /> | spur_of = 75<br /> | previous_type = NH<br /> | next_type = NH<br /> | previous_route = 275 &lt;!-- Route start junction --&gt;<br /> | next_route = 275 &lt;!-- Route end junction --&gt;<br /> | states = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | destinations = <br /> }}<br /> '''National Highway 275K''' ('''NH 275K''') is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/184287.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification and route substitutions|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 75 (India)|National Highway 75]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; NH-275K runs in the state of [[Karnataka]] in India. This national highway forms the [[Mysore Ring Road]] around Mysore city.its old name is National Highway 75.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Route ==<br /> NH275K forms the Mysore Ring Road connecting [[Hinkal]], Columbia Asia Hospital, [[APMC]] Bandipalya, and back to Hinkal around [[Mysore]] city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Junctions == <br /> {{RJL|date=November 2021}} <br /> : {{jct|NH|275|country=IND}} Terminal near Hinkal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> : {{jct|NH|150A|country=IND}} near Columbia Asia Hospital<br /> : {{jct|NH|275|country=IND}} near Columbia Asia Hospital<br /> : {{jct|NH|766|country=IND}} near Naranahali<br /> : {{jct|NH|150A|country=IND}} near APMC Bandipalya<br /> : {{jct|NH|275|country=IND}} Terminal near Hinkal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Map==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | coord = {{coord|12.30057|N|76.65|E}} &lt;!-- Map center --&gt;<br /> | float = center<br /> | zoom = 12<br /> | width = 460 &lt;!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --&gt;<br /> | height = 360<br /> | caption = {{center|Mysore Ring Road main junctions}}<br /> &lt;!-- Hinkal Location --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord1 = {{coord|12.3328275|N|76.5985224|E}}<br /> | mark1 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size1 = 10<br /> | label1 = Hinkal<br /> | label-size1 = 12<br /> | label-color1 = red<br /> | label-pos1 = bottom<br /> | mark-title1 = Hinkal Jn<br /> | mark-image1 =<br /> | mark-description1 = Hinkal Town<br /> &lt;!-- Hospital --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord2 = {{coord|12.3504145|N|76.6609722|E}}<br /> | mark2 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size2 = 10<br /> | label2 = CAH<br /> | label-size2 = 12<br /> | label-color2 = red<br /> | label-pos2 = bottom<br /> | mark-title2 = Hospital Jn<br /> &lt;!-- Nadanahali Jn --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord3 = {{coord|12.2932211|N|76.7057276|E}}<br /> | mark3 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size3 = 10<br /> | mark-title3 = Naranahali Jn<br /> &lt;!-- APMC Bandipalya --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord4 = {{coord|12.261797|N|76.6569114|E}}<br /> | mark4 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size4 = 10<br /> | mark-title4 = APMC Bandipalya Jn<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of national highways in India]]<br /> * [[List of national highways in India by state]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/9237035 NH 275K on OpenStreetMap]<br /> <br /> {{Indian Highways Network}}<br /> {{IND NH75 sr}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:National highways of India]]<br /> [[Category:National highways in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Mysore]]<br /> <br /> {{India-NH-stub}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peddapur,_Vikarabad_district&diff=525046 2024-12-17T19:40:25Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: created location</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Peddapur<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Village]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Telangana#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17.474520|N|17.474520|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = Vikarabad<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandal]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Marpalle]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 567 <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 501202<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 08416<br /> | registration_plate = TS-34<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = Sangareddy<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = 1:.951 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]<br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]<br /> | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Normal]] &lt;small&gt;([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Peddapur''' is a village ([[Peddapur]], [[Gram panchayat]]) in [[Marpalle]] [[Mandal (disambiguation)|mandal]], [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] [[district]], [[Telangana]] [[States and union territories of India|state]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Vikarabad district|url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO's/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|website=Special Chief Secretary of Revenue Department|publisher=mines.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=12 January 2023|archiveurl=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Views/NewDistrictGos.aspx|archivedate=11 October 2016|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Peddapur is located at {{Coord|17.474520|N|17.474520|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Peddapur3.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Peddapur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 567&amp;nbsp;metres (1863&amp;nbsp;ft).{{citation needed|date= January 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Vikarabad district}}<br /> [[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]<br /> [[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vikarabad district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Vikarabad-geo-stub}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baji_Rao&diff=489194 2024-01-23T21:41:39Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: added a bio</p> <hr /> <div>'''Baji Rao''' may refer to<br /> <br /> * [[Baji Rao I]] (1700-1740), Peshwa of the Indian Marathas<br /> * [[Balaji Baji Rao]] (&quot;Nanasaheb&quot;) (1720-1761), Peshwa of the Indian Marathas<br /> * [[Baji Rao II]] (1775-1851), last Peshwa of the Indian Marathas<br /> * [[Bajirao Singham]], fictional Indian police officer in the [[Singham (film series)|''Singham'' film series]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'', 2015 Indian epic historical romance film by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, about Bajirao I and his wife Mastani<br /> ** [[Bajirao Mastani (soundtrack)|''Bajirao Mastani'' (soundtrack)]], its soundtrack by Bhansali<br /> * [[Bajirao Mastani (TV series)|''Bajirao Mastani'' (TV series)]], an Indian television show about the ruler and his wife aired on Colors Marathi<br /> <br /> {{disambiguation}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meerut_University&diff=548614 2024-01-01T20:53:01Z

<p>MarcellaBehrend: Made redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]{{R from former name}}</div>

MarcellaBehrend