https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Maqbool+lari+senseiBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-17T14:42:42ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chepauk&diff=434629Chepauk2023-10-11T17:18:00Z<p>Maqbool lari sensei: Last good version</p>
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<div>{{about|the locality|the popular international Cricket Stadium|M. A. Chidambaram Stadium}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chepauk<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br />
| image_skyline = Chepauk Railway Station.JPG<br />
| image_width =<br />
| image_caption = Chepauk MRTS station <br />
| nickname = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0637|N|80.2817|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chepauk&params=13.0637_N_80.2817_E_type:city_region:IN-TN]<br />
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai District]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Metro<br />
| subdivision_name3 = Chennai<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 56<br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 600005<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Chennai Corporation<br />
| website = {{URL|www.chennai.tn.nic.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chepauk''' is a locality in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The name Chepauk is popularly used to refer to the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|M. A. Chidambaram International Cricket Stadium]], also known as the Chepauk Stadium. It is also home to the [[Chepauk Palace]], built in the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style. The [[University of Madras]] campus is yet another prominent landmark of Chepauk. The Central Research laboratory is located here. Chepauk's postal index number (PIN) code is 600005. The main roads of Chepauk are Bells Road and Walajah Road.<br />
<br />
The [[University of Madras]] has its main campus located here.<br />
<br />
The [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly-secretariat complex]] was built up at [[Omandurar Government Estate]], also situated on the periphery of Chepauk, which was later converted into a vast multi-speciality government hospital. The Chennai [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|MRTS]] railway passes through Chepauk and the [[Chepauk (Chennai MRTS)|Chepauk MRTS station]] is located adjacent to the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]].<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The English name "Chepauk" is said to be derived from the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word "Che Baagh", meaning "Six gardens".<br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
It is a part of [[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni (state assembly constituency)|Chepauk-Triplicane assembly constituency]] which in turn a part of [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf <br />
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies <br />
|access-date=2008-10-08 <br />
|work=Tamil Nadu <br />
|publisher=Election Commission of India <br />
|url-status=dead <br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf <br />
|archive-date=2008-10-31 <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Public transport==<br />
<br />
Chepauk is one of the stations on the [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|MRTS]] elevated rail corridor in [[Chennai]]<br />
<br />
'''MTC Buses Passing exactly through chepauk:'''<br />
<br />
Through Bells Road, Stadium and Walajah Road: 22A, 6A, 22, 27B, 127B, 27L, 27H, 40, 40A, M28<br />
<br />
Walajah Road and Annasquare: 11H<br />
<br />
Beach Road (Chepauk and Annasquare): 13 series, 45B,45E, PP19, PP21, 21G, G21, H51, PP51, 21H, H21, 6D, 6E, 12G, 25G, 21K, M21K, 21L, etc.<br />
<br />
A metro rail station, Government Estate, in the underground line of the [[CMRL]] is also present near the Government Multi-Speciality Hospital.<br />
<br />
== Geolocation ==<br />
{{Geographic Location<br />
|title = '''Neighbourhoods adjacent to Chepauk'''<br />
|Northwest = [[Island Grounds]]<br />
|North = [[Fort St. George]]<br />
|Northeast = [[Chennai Port|Port]] / [[Bay of Bengal]]<br />
|West = [[Chintadripet]]<br />
|Centre = Chepauk<br />
|East = [[Marina Beach]] / [[Bay of Bengal]]<br />
|Southwest = [[Royapettah]]<br />
|South = [[Triplicane]]<br />
|Southeast = [[Marina Beach]] / [[Bay of Bengal]]<br />
}}<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chepauk&params=13.0637_N_80.2817_E_type:city_region:IN-TN GeoHack - Chepauk]<br />
<br />
{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}<br />
{{Areas of Chennai}}<br />
{{Chennai district}}<br />
{{Chennai Topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Coastal neighbourhoods of Chennai]]<br />
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{{Chennai-geo-stub}}</div>Maqbool lari senseihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&diff=435018Chennai2023-10-04T14:51:17Z<p>Maqbool lari sensei: /* History */ Missing word</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Capital of Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{redirect|Madras}}<br />
{{About|the city|its eponymous district|Chennai district|other uses}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chennai<br />
| native_name = ''Cennaī''<br />
| native_name_lang = ta<br />
| other_name = Madras<br />
| nickname = Gateway of South India,<ref name="OT_ScorchingHot"/><ref name="OI_TourismDay2018"/><ref name="National_Unwrapped"/><ref name="OI_Turns375"/> Detroit of India,<ref name="USDept1997"/><ref name="Devonshire"/><ref name="USITC"/><ref name="EcoNews"/> Healthcare Capital of India <ref name="CityGetsMostForeignTourists"/><ref name="Health capital"/><ref name="Hamid2012"/><br />
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]<!-- Chennai is the mother city with a population of more than 10 million, so it is a megacity. If the page includes surrounding places, then it can be mentioned as metropolitan area --><br />
| image_seal = <br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 280<br />
| image_style = <br />
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1<br />
| image1 = Chennai Central.jpg<br />
| image5 = Chennai - bird's-eye view.jpg<br />
| image4 = Ripon Building Chennai.JPG<br />
| image2 = Parthasarathy Temple during Shri Vaikunda Ekaadasi festival.jpg <br />
| image3 = Chennai LabourStatue Closeup.jpg<br />
| image6 = Chennai metro during trail run during night.JPG<br />
}}<br />
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': [[Chennai Central railway station]]; the [[Triumph of Labour]]; [[Marina beach|the Marina]]; [[Kathipara junction|South Chennai skyline]]; [[Ripon Building]]; and [[Parthasarathy Temple]]<br />
| image_map = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India#Asia#Earth<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 300<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chennai Metropolitan Area##Location in Tamil Nadu##Location in India##Location in Asia##Location in Earth<br />
| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q1352|region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Tamil Nadu|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = Former name<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai district]]{{efn|name=CMA|The Chennai Metropolitan Area also includes portions of [[Kanchipuram District|Kanchipuram]], [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Tiruvallur District|Tiruvallur]] districts adjoining the [[Chennai District]].}}<br />
| subdivision_name4 = Madras<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = 1639<br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]<br />
| leader_party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Chennai|Mayor]]<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Priya Rajan|Priya R.]]<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="mhupa.gov.in">{{cite web |title=Chennai: PhaseII |url=http://mhupa.gov.in/ray/csmc_ppt/7th_csmc_pilotphase_Chennai-PhaseII.pdf |access-date=24 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424080715/http://mhupa.gov.in/ray/csmc_ppt/7th_csmc_pilotphase_Chennai-PhaseII.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="area">{{cite news |title=Chennai Expansion Could Be Tricky, Suggests History |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/aug/24/Chennai-Expansion-Could-Be-Tricky-Suggests-History-804135.html |access-date=30 May 2017 |work=The New Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107160350/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/aug/24/Chennai-Expansion-Could-Be-Tricky-Suggests-History-804135.html |archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm |title=About Greater Chennai Corporation |work=Official Website of Greater Chennai Corporation |access-date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602002913/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm |archive-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |last=Balasubramanian |first=Harini |title=Chennai Metropolitan Area Set To Get Second-Biggest In India |url=https://www.proptiger.com/guide/post/chennai-metropolitan-area-set-to-expand |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.proptiger.com |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Metropolitan Area to become larger by over 1,000 villages |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/oct/22/chennai-metropolitan-areato-become-larger-by-over-1000-villages-2510707.html |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-26 |title=Chennai Metropolitan Authority orders expansion of city; 1225 villages to be added |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-city-expansion-new-villages-added-8230199/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |publisher=Demographia |year=2022 |pages=21}}</ref><br />
| area_total_km2 = 426<br />
| area_total_sq_mi = 459.0755<br />
| area_metro_km2 = 5904<br />
| area_metro_sq_mi = 2279.547<br />
| area_metro_footnotes = {{Clear}}([[Chennai metropolitan area]]){{efn|name=CMA}}<br />
| elevation_m = 7<br />
| elevation_ft = 23<br />
| population_total = 12,395,000<br />
| population_as_of = 2022<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Greater Chennai Corporation unveiled"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm |title=About Greater Chennai Corporation |website=Official Website of Greater Chennai Corporation |access-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602002913/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm |archive-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| population_metro = 8,653,521<br />8,917,749 (Extended UA)<ref name="extended UA 2011">{{cite web |title=India Stats: Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |website=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=20 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="UA_2011">{{cite web |title=Tamil Nādu (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html |publisher=City population.de |access-date=13 October 2015}}</ref><br />
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|6th]]<br />
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank<br />
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|4th]]<br />
| population_demonym = Chennaiite<br>Chennaikaran (male), Chennaikari (female)<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Native<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]<br />
| postal_code = 600xxx<br />
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-44]]<br />
| registration_plate = TN-01 to TN-14, TN-18, TN-22, TN-85<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Purchasing Power Parity|GDP (PPP)]]<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = 78.6-86 billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai - C40 Cities |website=c40.org |url=https://www.c40.org/cities/chennai/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Richest Cities Of India |work=businessworld.in / Brookings |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011/ |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="pricewater">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008-2025|publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]]|access-date=16 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|archive-date=4 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="McKinsey">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025|title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025|publisher=Foreign Policy|access-date=24 August 2012|archive-date=28 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828041241/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/|Chennai Corporation}}<br />
| footnotes = {{Notelist}}<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Official<br />
| demographics1_title3 = Minority<br />
| demographics1_info1 = <br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| demographics1_info3 = <br />
| pushpin_label = Chennai<br />
| official_name =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chennai''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Ta-ind-Chennai_EshwerShiv.ogg|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|n|aɪ}}, {{IPA-ta|ˈt͡ɕenːaɪ̯|lang}}), [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Cennaī}}; formerly known as '''Madras''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=Madras MW.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|d|r|ɑː|s}} or {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|d|r|æ|s}}<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=3-12-539683-2}}</ref>}} is the [[capital city]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], the southernmost [[states and territories of India|state of India]]. It is the state's [[primate city]] both in area and population and is located on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. According to the 2011 Indian census, Chennai is the [[List of most populous cities in India|sixth-most populous city]] in India and forms the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|fourth-most populous urban agglomeration.]] Incorporated in 1866, the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] is the oldest [[municipal corporation]] of India and the second oldest in the world after [[London]].<br />
<br />
Historically, Chennai and surroundings were part of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]], [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] kingdoms for many centuries. The coastal land, which then contained the fishing village '''Madrasapattinam''', was purchased by the British [[East India Company]] from the Nayak ruler [[Damarla Chennapa Nayaka]], in the 17th century. The British garrison established the Madras city and port, and built [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]]—the first British fortress in India—which [[Battle of Madras|the French won over]] briefly in 1746, before becoming the winter capital of the [[Madras Presidency]], a [[Colonialism|colonial]] province of the [[British Raj]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. After [[Indian independence movement|India gained its independence]] in 1947, Madras continued as the capital city of the [[Madras State]] and present-day Tamil Nadu. The city was officially [[List of renamed Indian cities and states#Tamil Nadu|renamed]] as Chennai in 1996.<br />
<br />
The city is coterminous with [[Chennai district]], which together with the adjoining suburbs constitutes the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]],{{efn|The term Chennai is often used to denote the Chennai Metropolitan Area, colloquially applied for the wider area than just the city. This area includes the city/district of Chennai, and adjacent parts from its three neighbouring districts. This wider usage of the term has been documented as far back as 1639, when the Madras Municipal Corporation was created.}} the [[List of urban areas by population|36th-largest urban area in the world by population]]<ref>{{cite web |title=UN Demographic Urban Areas |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=UN stats}}</ref> and one of the largest metropolitan economies of India. As the traditional and de facto gateway of South India,<ref name="OT_ScorchingHot"/><ref name="OI_TourismDay2018"/><ref name="National_Unwrapped"/><ref name="OI_Turns375"/> Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreigners. It was ranked the 43rd most-visited city in the world in 2015 and 36th in 2019.<ref name="Che">{{cite web |last1=Bremner |first1=Caroline |title=Top 100 City Destinations Ranking |url=http://go.euromonitor.com/rs/805-KOK-719/images/2017%20Top%20100%20Cities%20Destinations%20Final%20Report.pdf |website=Euromonitor International |access-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223093124/http://go.euromonitor.com/rs/805-KOK-719/images/2017%20Top%20100%20Cities%20Destinations%20Final%20Report.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yasmeen |first1=Rabia |title=Top 100 city destinations |url=http://go.euromonitor.com/rs/805-KOK-719/images/wpTop100Cities19.pdf |publisher=Euromonitor International |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224065335/http://go.euromonitor.com/rs/805-KOK-719/images/wpTop100Cities19.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> ''The Quality of Living Survey'' rates it as India's safest city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakshmi |first1=K. |title=Chennai rated the safest city in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-rated-the-safest-city-in-india/article8277935.ece |access-date=19 April 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=25 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108102249/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-rated-the-safest-city-in-india/article8277935.ece |archive-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> Chennai attracts 45 percent of [[Medical tourism|health tourists]] visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennai – India's Health Capital |publisher=India Health Visit |url=http://www.indiahealthvisit.com/chennai-health-capital.htm |access-date=1 September 2012 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818222035/http://www.indiahealthvisit.com/chennai-health-capital.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> As such, it is termed "India's health capital".<ref>{{cite news |title=The quality of air you breathe in Chennai is worse than in Delhi |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-quality-of-air-you-breathe-in-chennai-is-worse-than-in-delhi/article7422559.ece |access-date=15 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108142813/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-quality-of-air-you-breathe-in-chennai-is-worse-than-in-delhi/article7422559.ece |archive-date=8 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/air-quality-takes-a-turn-for-the-worse-nungambakkam-sees-pm10-levels-touch-a-maximum-of-173-microgramscubic-metre-in-2018-19/article28068120.ece |title=Chennai's air quality takes a turn for the worse |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Deepa H. |date=19 June 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 August 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225142608/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/air-quality-takes-a-turn-for-the-worse-nungambakkam-sees-pm10-levels-touch-a-maximum-of-173-microgramscubic-metre-in-2018-19/article28068120.ece |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> Chennai has the [[List of cities by GDP|fifth-largest urban economy]],<ref name="gdp" /> and had the third-largest [[expatriate]] population in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/realty-trends/growing-expat-community-favour-cluster-accomodation/articleshow/3983788.cms |title=Growing expat community favour cluster {{sic|accom|odation |nolink=y}} |date=15 January 2009 |access-date=29 December 2012|work=The Economic Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716083916/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/realty-trends/growing-expat-community-favour-cluster-accomodation/articleshow/3983788.cms |archive-date=16 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/hsbc-new-horizons/india-exploring-an-asian-giant |title=India – exploring an Asian giant |newspaper=The Guardian |date=February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ranked as a beta-level city in the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|Global Cities Index]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Global cities index 2015 |url=https://www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/2015/current-research-detail |publisher=A.T. Kearney |access-date=16 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060620/https://www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/2015/current-research-detail |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> Chennai was dubbed India's best city by ''[[India Today]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-today-best-city-awards-2014-venkaiah-naidu-aroon-purie-shekhar-gupta-chennai/1/403196.html |title=India Today Best City Awards 2014: Chennai bags top honour |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/alpha-beta-and-gamma-cities/ |work=Classification of Cities |title=Alpha, Beta and Gamma cities |publisher=Spotted by Locals |access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> It was named the "hottest" city (city worth visiting and worth living in for long term) by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] in 2015, citing its amalgam of both modern and traditional values.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20150116-living-in-2015s-hottest-cities |title=The best places to live this year |author=Lindsey Galloway |work=BBC.com Travel}}</ref> It was the only South Asian city to be ranked among [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'s "Top 10 food cities" in 2015,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/food-cities |title=Top 10 food cities |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309194124/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/food-cities |archive-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> and ranked ninth on [[Lonely Planet]]'s best cosmopolitan cities of the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/chennai-named-9th-best-cosmopolitan-city-in-the-world/article6528783.ece |title=Chennai named 9th best cosmopolitan city in the world |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730144213/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/chennai-named-9th-best-cosmopolitan-city-in-the-world/article6528783.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> In October 2017, Chennai was added to the [[UNESCO]] Creative Cities Network (UCCN) list for its rich musical tradition.<ref name="UCCNList">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-now-part-of-creative-cities-network/article20008340.ece |title=Chennai is now part of UNESCO's 'creative cities network' |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055136/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-now-part-of-creative-cities-network/article20008340.ece |archive-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> Chennai hosts more than one-third of India's automobile industry, and is a major [[film production]] center, home to the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil-language film industry]].<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{see also|Names of Chennai in different languages}}<br />
<br />
The name ''Chennai'' was derived from the name of [[Damarla Chennapa Nayakadu|Damarla Mudirasa Chennappa Nayakudu]], father of Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak, a [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] ruler who served as a general under [[Peda Venkata Raya|Venkata III]] of the [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]] from whom [[East India Company|the British East India Company]] acquired the town in 1639.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#hist |title=District Profile, Chennai |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114174944/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#hist |archive-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=C S Srinivasachari |title=History of the City of Madrae third-largest economys |year=1939 |pages=63–69 |publisher=P_Varadachary_And_co |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofthecity035512mbp}}</ref> As such, the city's name is of [[Telugu language]] origin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Origin And Foundation of Madras {{!}} TLPMS |url=http://tlpms.in/book-details.php?id=33 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902013856/http://tlpms.in/book-details.php?id=33 |archive-date=2 September 2018 |access-date=10 January 2017 |website=tlpms.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title={{!}} TLPMS |url=http://tlpms.in/activities.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210082351/http://tlpms.in/activities.php |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=10 January 2017 |website=tlpms.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=S. Muthiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C |title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8}}</ref> The first official use of the name ''Chennai'' is said to be in a sale deed, dated August 1639, to [[Francis Day of Madras|Francis Day]] of the East India Company, even before<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#hist |title=District Profile&nbsp;– Chennai |publisher=District Administration, Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104031434/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#hist |archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Chennakesava Perumal Temple, Chennai|Chennakesava Perumal Temple]] was built in 1646,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/the-town-temple-resurrected/article2960548.ece |title=The 'Town Temple' resurrected |last=Muthiah |first=S. |date=4 March 2012 |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307234509/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2960548.ece |archive-date=7 March 2012 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live}}</ref> while some scholars argue to the contrary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/02/28/stories/2002022800030400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020815065408/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/02/28/stories/2002022800030400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 August 2002 |title=Face behind the name |last=thmmn |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 March 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
The name ''Madras'' is also of native origin, and has been shown to have been in use before the British established a presence in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/madras-is-not-alien/article6338551.ece |title=Madras is not alien |first=Suganthy |last=Krishnamachari |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 August 2014 |via=www.thehindu.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119060322/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/madras-is-not-alien/article6338551.ece |archive-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> A Vijayanagara-era inscription dated to the year 1367 that mentions the port of Mādarasanpattanam, along with other small ports on the east coast, was discovered in 2015 and it was theorised that the aforementioned port is the fishing port of [[Royapuram]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/madras-is-not-alien/article6338551.ece |title=Madras is not alien |last1=Krishnamachari |first1=Suganthy |date=21 August 2014 |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 December 2015 |issue=Friday Review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119060322/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/madras-is-not-alien/article6338551.ece |archive-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> According to some sources, ''Madras'' is derived from Madraspattinam, a fishing village north of Fort St George.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPUvqtdfjyAC&pg=PA181 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4}}</ref> However, it is uncertain whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/08/31/stories/2007083150020100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001091702/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/08/31/stories/2007083150020100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2007 |title=Young World: And the city grew |last=Kurian |first=Nimi |date=31 August 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally ''Mundir-raj'' or ''Mundiraj,'' which was the name of a Telugu community, Mudiraj, who were the native inhabitants of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mudiraja.com/mudiraju_cities.html |title=MUDIRAJ BUILT CITIES |website=mudiraja.com |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321222042/http://www.mudiraja.com/mudiraju_cities.html |archive-date=21 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAIAAAAQAAJ |title=Routes in the Peninsula of India: Comprising the Whole of the Madras Presidency and Portions of the Adjacent Territories of Bengal and Bombay |last=F. H. |first=Scott |publisher=Pharoah and Co., Athenaeum Press |year=1853 |page=iv}}</ref><br />
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There are also suggestions that it may have originated from the Portuguese phrase ''Mãe de Deus'' or ''Madre de Dios'', which means "[[mother of God]]", due to Portuguese influence on the port city, specifically referring to a Church of St. Mary.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/orginandGrowth.htm |title=Origin of the Name Madras |work=Corporation of Madras |access-date=25 January 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921042917/http://chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/orginandGrowth.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 1996, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] officially [[Geographical renaming|changed]] the name from ''Madras'' to ''Chennai''. At that time many [[Renaming of cities in India|Indian cities underwent a change of name]].<ref name="NYTN">{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |title=In India's name game, cities are the big losers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/06/opinion/IHT-meanwhile-in-indias-name-game-cities-are-the-big-losers.html |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |date=6 September 2002 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114184834/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/06/opinion/IHT-meanwhile-in-indias-name-game-cities-are-the-big-losers.html |archive-date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/23/stories/2005092316520600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411174847/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/23/stories/2005092316520600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2006 |title=Walkout in State Assembly |date=23 September 2005 |access-date=28 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |author=Special Correspondent}}</ref> However, the name ''Madras'' continues in occasional use for the city,<ref>Kalpana (2003) ''Madras: The Architectural Heritage''<br />Muthiah (2004), ''Madras Rediscovered''<br />Ali (2005), ''Madras on Rainy Days''<br />Ashok & Balasubramanian (2005) ''Chennai latté: a Madras brew''<br />Chandrasekhar, Government Museum (2006) ''The wild ferns of Madras city and its immediate neighbourhood''<br />Maracayyā (2008), ''Madras: Tracing the Growth of the City since 1639''<br />Barlow (2009) ''The Story of Madras''<br />Muthiah (2011) ''A Madras Miscellany: A Decade of People, Places & Potpourri''<br />
</ref> as well as for places named after the city such as [[University of Madras]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]], [[Madras Institute of Technology]], [[Madras Medical College]], [[Madras Veterinary College]], [[Madras Christian College]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
{{see also|History of Chennai|Timeline of Chennai history}}<br />
[[File:Clive House.jpg|thumb|left|Clive House at [[Fort St. George]], the first English settlement in India, founded in 1639]]<br />
[[File:Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]], Viceroy of [[Portuguese India]], established the first European settlement in Chennai with the construction of the port of [[Mylapore|São Tomé de Meliapor]] in 1522.]]<br />
[[File:Surrender of The City of Madras 1746.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Madras|Surrender of the City of Madras]] in 1746 to de La Bourdonnais, by Jacques François Joseph Swebach]]<br />
[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|thumb|18th-century print of Fort St. George, the oldest English settlement in India]]<br />
[[File:Church stmt.jpg|thumb|St. Thomas Mount, Chennai]]Stone age implements have been found near [[Pallavaram]] in Chennai. According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), Pallavaram was a [[megalith]]ic cultural establishment, and pre-historic communities resided in the settlement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Road workers stumble upon ancient grinding stone in Pallavaram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/road-workers-stumble-upon-ancient-grinding-stone-in-pallavaram/articleshow/6581764.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 September 2010 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407175605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/road-workers-stumble-upon-ancient-grinding-stone-in-pallavaram/articleshow/6581764.cms |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The region around Chennai has served as an important administrative, military, and economic centre for many centuries. During the 1st century [[common era|CE]], a poet and weaver named [[Thiruvalluvar]] lived in the town of [[Mylapore]] (a neighbourhood of present-day Chennai).<ref name="Chinmaya Trust">{{cite book |title=Awakening Indians to India (Hard Bound) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nqmg3xeDmOMC |publisher=Central Chinmaya Mission Trust |page=215 |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7597-433-3 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> From the 1st–12th century the region of present Tamil Nadu and parts of [[South India]] was ruled by the [[Cholas]].<ref name="Cholas">{{cite book |title=India: Food & Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orHWFRMKf4EC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320141922/http://books.google.com/books?id=orHWFRMKf4EC |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2015 |publisher=Replika Press Pvt. Ltd. |page=21 |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84537-619-2 |author=Pat Chapman }}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] of [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] built the areas of [[Mahabalipuram]] and Pallavaram during the reign of [[Mahendravarman I]]. They also defeated several kingdoms including the [[Chera Dynasty|Cheras]], Cholas and [[Pandyas]] who ruled over the area before their arrival. Sculpted caves and paintings have been identified from that period.<ref name="Daniélou & Hurry">{{cite book |title=A brief history of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kwnv3I6qIosC&pg=PA173 |publisher=Alain Daniélou |page=173 |year=2003 |author1=Alain Daniélou |author2=Kenneth Hurry |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3}}</ref> Ancient coins dating to around 500 BCE have also been unearthed from the city and its surrounding areas. A portion of these findings belonged to the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], which ruled the region during the medieval period.<ref name="Ccoin">{{cite news |title=Chennai Coins-the Vijayanagara Connection |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/article12576.ece |work=The Hindu |date=31 August 2009 |last=R. |first=Vaidyanadhan |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826075328/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/article12576.ece |archive-date=26 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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The [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] first arrived in 1522 and built a port called ''São Tomé'' after the Christian apostle, [[Thomas (apostle)|St. Thomas]], who is believed to have preached in the area between 52 and 70&nbsp;CE. In 1612, the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] established themselves near [[Pulicat]], north of Chennai.<ref name="chennapatnam">{{cite web |title=Chennai History |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/orginandGrowth.htm |work=Corporation of Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921042917/http://chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/orginandGrowth.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 20 August 1639 Francis Day of the [[East India Company]] along with the [[Nayak of Kalahasti]] [[Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu]], travelled to the [[Chandragiri]] palace for an audience with the Vijayanager Emperor [[Peda Venkata Raya]].<ref name="Madras land grant">{{cite book |title=''Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamilnadu'' |publisher=Oxford : Oxford University Press, Delhi |page=xix, 349 p., [16] p. of plates : ill., maps ; 22&nbsp;cm |year=1998 |author=Velcheru Narayana Rao, David Shulman, Sanjay Subrahmanyam |isbn=0-19-564399-2}}</ref> Day was seeking to obtain a grant for land on the Coromandel coast on which the company could build a factory and warehouse for their trading activities. He was successful in obtaining the lease of a strip of land about {{cvt|6|mi|km|0|order=flip}} long and {{cvt|1|mi|km|order=flip}} inland in return for a yearly sum of five hundred [[lakh]] [[Pagoda (coin)|pagodas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55644 |title=South India Under The Vijayanagar Empire Vol. 1 |first=H. |last=Heras |date=1 July 1927 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/orginandGrowth.htm |title=Welcome to Greater Chennai Corporation |website=www.chennaicorporation.gov.in |access-date=25 January 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921042917/http://chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/orginandGrowth.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>James Talboys Wheeler, India Under British Rule; From the Foundation of the East India Company, TheClassics.us (12 September 2013), {{ISBN|978-1230394978}}</ref> On 22 August, he secured the land grant from local Nayak ([[Damarla Chennapa Nayakadu|Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka]] and his younger brother [[Aiyappa Nayaka]] of [[Poonamallee]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583 |title=FACETS OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORY |last1=Thilakavathy |first1=M. |last2=Maya |first2=R. K. |date=5 June 2019 |publisher=MJP Publisher |pages=583 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present |last=Frykenberg |first=Robert Eric |date=26 June 2008 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780198263777 |language=en}}</ref> The region was then formerly a fishing village known as "Madraspatnam".<ref name="Ccoin"/> A year later, the Company built [[Fort St. George]], the first major English settlement in India,<ref name="Roberts.J.M">{{cite book |title=A short history of the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC |publisher=Helicon publishing Ltd. |page=277 |year=1997 |author=Roberts J. M. |isbn=978-0-19-511504-8}}</ref> which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city and urban Chennai, grew around this Fort.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wagret |first=Paul |title=Nagel's encyclopedia-guide |publisher=Nagel Publishers |location=Geneva |year=1977 |series=India, Nepal |page=556 |isbn=978-2-8263-0023-6 |oclc=4202160}}</ref> Post independence the fort housed the Tamil Nadu Assembly until the new Secretariat building was opened in 2010, but shortly afterwards it was again moved back to Fort St. George, due to a change in the Government.<ref>{{Cite news |title=All eyes on new Assembly-Secretariat Complex |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article261427.ece |work=The Hindu |author=City Bureau |date=22 March 2010 |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831045804/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article261427.ece |archive-date=31 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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In 1746, Fort St. George and Madras [[Battle of Madras|were captured]] by the French under General [[Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais|La Bourdonnais]], the Governor of [[Mauritius]], who plundered the town and its outlying villages.<ref name=chennapatnam/> The British regained control in 1749 through the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] and strengthened the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and [[Hyder Ali]], the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Sultan of Mysore]].<ref name="Tucker">{{cite book |title=A global chronology of conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756 |publisher=ABC—CLIO |page=756 |year=2010 |author=Spencer C. Tucker |isbn=978-1-85109-667-1}}</ref> They resisted a [[Siege of Madras|French siege attempt]] in 1759.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madras Miscellany&nbsp;- When Pondy was wasted |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article900212.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 November 2010 |last=S. |first=Muthiah |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203122435/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article900212.ece |archive-date=3 December 2010}}</ref> In 1769 the city was threatened by Mysore and the British were defeated by Hyder Ali, after which the [[Treaty of Madras]] ended the war.<ref name="Radhey Shyam">{{cite book |title=History of Modern India:1707 A.D. to 2000 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA94 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |page=94 |year=2002 |author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia |isbn=978-81-269-0085-5}}</ref> By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region around Tamil Nadu and the northern modern–day states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]], establishing the [[Madras Presidency]] with Madras as the capital.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Madras-Presidency |title=Madras Presidency |encyclopedia=Britannica |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Madras (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|left|Map of Madras, {{circa|1914}}]]<br />
Gradually, the city grew into a major naval base and became the central administrative centre for the British in South India.<ref name=southasia/> The city served as the baseline for the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey|Great Trigonometrical Survey of India]] started on 10 April 1802.<ref name="Gill">Gill, B. (2001); "THE BIG MAN. Surveying Sir George Everest", in: ''Professional Surveyor Magazine'', Vol. 21 Nr 2. Retrieved [http://www.krcmar.ca/sites/default/files/2000_Winter_The%20Big%20Man-%20Surveying%20Sir%20George_1.pdf online] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210152803/http://www.krcmar.ca/sites/default/files/2000_Winter_The%20Big%20Man-%20Surveying%20Sir%20George_1.pdf |date=10 February 2017 }} 8 March 2016.</ref> With the advent of [[Rail transport in India|railways in India]] in the 19th century, the thriving urban centre was connected to other important cities such as Bombay and Calcutta, promoting increased communication and trade with the [[hinterland]].<ref name="Bret Wallach">{{cite book |title=Understanding the cultural landscape |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2J3YXhZaG8C |publisher=The Guilford Press |page=195 |year=2005 |author=Bret Wallach |isbn=978-1-59385-119-4}}</ref> Sir [[Arthur Lawley]] was Governor of Madras from 1906 to 1911 and promoted modern agriculture, industry, railways, education, the arts and more democratic governance.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lawley-sir-arthur-7111 |title=Biography of Arthur Lawley |chapter=Lawley, Sir Arthur (1860–1932) |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023063306/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lawley-sir-arthur-7111 |archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> The Governor lived in Government House, Fort St George, and had a country home at [[Guindy]], with access to a golf course, hockey pitches, riding stables and the Guindy Horse Racing Track.<ref name=Madras1>Sir Arthur Lawley, Eloquent Knight Errant, Chapter 6. Catastrophe, Conspiracy, Celebration. The Benefits of Empire, Lady Lawley Cottage (Western Australian Red Cross) 2008 iBook</ref><ref name=Madras2>Notes on the Administration of Sir Arthur Lawley, Governor of Madras, 1906–1911. Madras Government Press, 1912</ref> In the First World War as Red Cross Commissioner in Mesopotamia, he looked after the welfare of Indian soldiers.<ref name=Madras3>A Message from Mesopotamia, Sir Arthur Lawley, Hodder and Stoughton, London. 1917.</ref> Madras was the only Indian city to be [[Bombardment of Madras|attacked]] by the [[Central Powers]] during [[World War I]],<ref name="Hodge">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the age of imperialism, 1800–1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5zTkGKy4wEC |last=Hodge |first=Carl Cavanagh |page=446 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-04341-3 |year=2008}}</ref> when an oil depot was shelled by the German [[light cruiser]] {{SMS|Emden|1906|6}} on 22 September 1914, as it raided shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean, causing disruption to shipping.<ref name="emdenshelling">{{cite book |title=Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce and Industrial resources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&pg=PA52 |publisher=Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company, London |pages=51–52 |year=1914 |isbn=81-206-1344-9 |author1=J W Bond |author2=Arnold Wright}}</ref><br />
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After [[Indian independence movement|India gained its independence]] in 1947, the city became the capital of [[Madras State]], which was renamed as [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaTamilNadu.htm |title=Madras Renamed Tamil Nadu |work=Hubert Herald |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911082149/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaTamilNadu.htm |archive-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> The violent [[Anti-Hindi agitations|agitations of 1965]] against the compulsory [[imposition of Hindi]] and in support of English in India in the state marked a major shift in the [[Politics of Tamil Nadu|political dynamics]] of the city and eventually it had a big impact on the whole state. Because of Madras and its people, English was not abolished as an official language, and remains an official language of India alongside Hindi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai says it in Hindi |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chennai-says-it-in-hindi/830371/0 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 August 2011 |author=V. Shoba |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615131810/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chennai-says-it-in-hindi/830371/0 |archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> On 17 July 1996, the city known as Madras was officially renamed Chennai, in line with what was then a nationwide trend to using less Anglicised names.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/july-17-1996-madras-came-to-be-known-as-chennai |title=Madras renamed Chennai |date=17 July 2013 |publisher=mapsofindia.com |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> On 26 December 2004, an [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Indian Ocean tsunami]] lashed the shores of Chennai, killing 206 people in Chennai and permanently altering the coastline.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Impact of tsunami on meiofauna of Marina beach, Chennai, India |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jul102005/34.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=89 |issue=1 |last=Altaff |first=K |author2=J Sugumaran, Maryland S Naveed |date=10 July 2005 |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-date=22 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122094502/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jul102005/34.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mohanty |first=Ashutosh |title=Impact of Tsunami in India |publisher=Expressindia |url=http://www.sc99ews.com/tsunami/impact.htm |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115231707/http://www.sc99ews.com/tsunami/impact.htm |archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> The [[2015 South Indian floods|2015 Chennai Floods]] submerged major portions of the city, killing 269 people and resulting in damages of {{INRConvert|86.4|b|0}}.<ref name="dna015">{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu government pegs flood damage at Rs 8,481 crore, CM Jayalalithaa writes to PM Modi |publisher=DNA |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tamil-nadu-government-pegs-flood-damage-at-rs-8481-crore-cm-jayalalithaa-writes-to-pm-modi-2148012 |date=23 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907224318/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tamil-nadu-government-pegs-flood-damage-at-rs-8481-crore-cm-jayalalithaa-writes-to-pm-modi-2148012 |archive-date=7 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="industries">{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu's deadly rains hit industries hard |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/514696/tamil-nadus-deadly-rains-hit.html |access-date=1 December 2015 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=30 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907212428/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/514696/tamil-nadus-deadly-rains-hit.html |archive-date=7 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/chennai-flood-death-toll-crosses-260-home-minister-says-situation-very-alarming/ |title=Chennai rains: Death toll crosses 260, Home Minister says situation 'very alarming' |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108112612/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/chennai-flood-death-toll-crosses-260-home-minister-says-situation-very-alarming/ |archive-date=8 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Environment==<br />
===Geography===<br />
{{Main|Geography of Chennai}}<br />
Chennai is located on the [[Coastline of Tamil Nadu|south–eastern coast]] of India in the north–eastern part of Tamil Nadu on a flat coastal plain known as the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]]. Its average elevation is around {{cvt|6.7|m|ft}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical and physical features |publisher=[[Chennai District]] |url=http://chennai.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#geog |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730180830/http://chennai.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#geog |archive-date=30 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and its highest point is {{cvt|60|m|ft}}.<ref name="highest-point">{{cite journal |last=Pulikesi |first=M |author2=P. Baskaralingam, D. Elango, V.N. Rayudu, V. Ramamurthi, S. Sivanesan |title=Air quality monitoring in Chennai, India, in the summer of 2005 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=589–596 |date=25 August 2006 |quote=Chennai is fairly low–lying, its highest point being only {{cvt|300|m|ft}} above sea level is a rugged barren hill opposite to the Airport called Pallavapuram Hill.|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.12.039|pmid=16442714}}</ref> Chennai is {{cvt|2184|km}} south of [[Delhi]], {{cvt|1337| km}} southeast of [[Mumbai]], and {{cvt|1707|km}} southwest of [[Kolkata]] by road. Two major rivers flow through Chennai, the [[Cooum River]] (or ''Koovam'') through the centre and the [[Adyar River]] to the south. A third river, the [[Kosasthalaiyar River|Kortalaiyar]], travels through the northern fringes of the city before draining into the Bay of Bengal, at Ennore. The estuary of this river is heavily polluted with effluents released by the industries in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unom.ac.in/index.php?route=department/department/profile&deptid=8&facultyid=28 |title=Welcome to University of Madras – 154 years of Excellence |publisher=Unom.ac.in |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> Adyar and Cooum rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and waste from domestic and commercial sources, the Coumm being so heavily polluted it is regarded as the city's eyesore.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/issues-of-pollution-raised-at-meeting-for-adyar-river-restoration/article6194140.ece |title=Adyar River pollution |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730140403/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/issues-of-pollution-raised-at-meeting-for-adyar-river-restoration/article6194140.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/TNs-Cooum-river-80-dirtier-than-sewage/articleshow/3382689.cms |title=Couvum River pollution |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310100749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/tns-cooum-river-80-dirtier-than-sewage/articleshow/3382689.cms |archive-date=10 March 2021}}</ref> A protected [[estuary]] on the Adyar forms a natural habitat for several species of birds and animals.<ref>{{cite book |author=S. Theodore Baskaran |editor=S. Muthiah |title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1 |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |year=2008 |page=55 |chapter=Chapter 2: Wildlife |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The [[Buckingham Canal]], {{cvt|4|km|mi}} inland, runs parallel to the coast, linking the two rivers. The [[Otteri Nullah]], an east–west stream, runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at [[Basin Bridge]]. Several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city. Some areas of the city have the problem of excess iron content in groundwater.<ref>{{cite news |last=K |first=Lakshmi |title=It's no cola, it's the water supplied in Korattur |date=13 July 2004 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/13/stories/2004071312840300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050127161018/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/13/stories/2004071312840300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
[[File:Chennai 80.26884E 13.04434N.jpg|thumb|left|Satellite image of Chennai]]<br />
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Chennai's soil is mostly [[clay]], [[shale]] and [[sandstone]].<ref name="rainwaterharvesting.org">{{cite web |title=Practices and Practitioners |url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Urban/Practices-and-practitioners.htm |publisher=Centre for Science and Environment |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Clay underlies most of the city, chiefly [[Manali, Tamil Nadu|Manali]], [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]], [[Maduravoyal]], [[KK Nagar|K. K. Nagar]], [[Tambaram]], [[Mudichur]], [[Pallavaram]] [[Semmencherry]], [[Alapakkam, Kancheepuram|Alapakkam]], [[Vyasarpadi]] and [[Anna Nagar]]. Sandy areas are found along the river banks and coasts, and include areas such as [[Tiruvottiyur]], [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]], [[Washermanpet|New Washermanpet]], [[Chepauk]], [[Mylapore]], [[Porur]], [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]], [[Besant Nagar]] and Uthandi. In these areas, rainwater [[Surface runoff|runoff]] [[percolation|percolates]] quickly through the soil. Areas having hard rock surface include Guindy, [[Nanganallur]], [[Pallikaranai]], [[Alandur]], Jaladampet, [[Velachery]], [[Adambakkam]] and a part of [[Saidapet]] and [[Perungudi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/quality-of-groundwater-better-this-year/articleshow/7381926.cms |title=Quality of groundwater better this year |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 December 2012 |date=29 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426110806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Quality-of-groundwater-better-this-year/articleshow/7381926.cms |archive-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="water table">{{cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |title=Tardy monsoon: Chennai water table rises only marginally |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=28 August 2012 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tardy-monsoon-chennai-water-table-rises-only-marginally/article3828935.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922181939/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tardy-monsoon-chennai-water-table-rises-only-marginally/article3828935.ece |archive-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> The [[Water table|ground water table]] in Chennai is at 4–5&nbsp;m below ground in most of the areas,<ref name="water table"/> which was considerably improved and maintained through the mandatory rain water harvesting system.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Susheela Raghavan |author2=Indira Narayanan |editor=S.Muthiah |title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1 |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |year=2008 |page=13 |chapter=Chapter 1: Geography |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C}}</ref> Of the 24.87&nbsp;km coastline of the city, 3.08&nbsp;km experiences erosion, with sand accretion along the shoreline can be noticed at the [[Marina beach]] and the area between the [[Ennore Port]] and [[Kosasthalaiyar river]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |title=T.N. lost 41% shoreline to erosion: study |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |publisher=Kasturi & Sons |date=10 November 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-lost-41-shoreline-to-erosion-study/article25458192.ece |access-date=10 November 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129180742/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-lost-41-shoreline-to-erosion-study/article25458192.ece |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref><br />
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===Geology===<br />
Chennai is classified as being in [[Seismic hazard|Seismic Zone III]], indicating a moderate risk of damage from [[earthquakes]].<ref>{{cite news |last=John |first=Ekatha Ann |title=Disaster body for panel to monitor highrises in Chennai |location=Chennai |date=29 September 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/chennai/34162823_1_ndma-cmda-highrise-buildings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429200323/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/chennai/34162823_1_ndma-cmda-highrise-buildings |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Owing to the geotectonic zone the city falls in, the city is considered a potential [[geothermal energy]] site. The [[crust (geology)|crust]] has granite rocks indicating volcanic activities in the past. It is expected that temperatures of around 200 to 300&nbsp;°C will be available if the ground were drilled 4 to 5&nbsp;km deep. The region has the oldest rocks in the country dating back to nearly a billion years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yadav |first=Priya |title=Soon, power from ancient rocks |location=Chennai |date=10 January 2013 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-10/chandigarh/36257098_1_geothermal-energy-rocks-energy-solutions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514031954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-10/chandigarh/36257098_1_geothermal-energy-rocks-energy-solutions |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 January 2013}}</ref><br />
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===Flora and fauna===<br />
{{Main|Flora and fauna of Chennai}}<br />
The southern stretch of Chennai's coast from Tiruvanmiyur to Neelangarai are favoured by the endangered [[olive ridley sea turtle]]s to lay eggs every winter. A large number of cattle [[egret]]s, pond [[heron]]s and other waterbirds can be seen in the rivers of Cooum and Adyar. About 75,000 birds migrate to Chennai every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://acjnewsline.org/?p=2902 |title=Rare grey headed Lapwings spotted at Pallikaranai marsh |publisher=acjnewsline.com |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331131319/http://acjnewsline.org/?p=2902 |archive-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> Marshy wetlands such as [[Pallikaranai wetland|Pallikaranai]] also play host to a number of migratory birds during the monsoon and winter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/PDF/WET.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321122516/http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/PDF/WET.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2012 |title=Wetlands in Tamil Nadu |publisher=Tamil Nadu State Dept. of Environment and Related Issues |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> [[Birding in Chennai|Chennai is also a popular city for birding]], housing more than 200 resident and wintering bird species; over 300 species of birds have been recorded in the city and its neighbourhoods by members of [[Madras Naturalists' Society]] since its inception in 1978.<br />
<br />
[[Guindy National Park]] is a protected area within the city limits. Wildlife conservation and research activities take place at<br />
[[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]] including [[olive ridley sea turtle]] conservation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/wildlife-centre-at-vandalur-zoo-replaces-night-safari/article5314832.ece |title=Wildlife centre at Vandalur zoo replaces safari |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730145915/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/wildlife-centre-at-vandalur-zoo-replaces-night-safari/article5314832.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]] is a [[herpetology]] research station, located {{cvt|40|km}} south of Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://listofzoos.com/Madras+Crocodile+Bank+Trust |title=Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, India |work=listofzoos.com |publisher=List of Zoos Worldwide |access-date=29 August 2011}}</ref> The city's tree cover is estimated to be around 64.06&nbsp;sq&nbsp;km.<ref name="CityTreeCover">{{cite news |title=Tree cover in city is only around 15% |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=11 February 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tree-cover-in-city-is-only-around-15/article22719066.ece |access-date=11 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730152628/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tree-cover-in-city-is-only-around-15/article22719066.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> The most dominant tree species is the [[copper pod]], followed by [[Indian beech]] and [[Neem]]. A total of 121 species of trees belonging to 94 genera and 42 families are found in the city.<ref name="CityTreeCover"/> Nearly half of the native plant species in the city's wetlands have disappeared in recent years. The city, which had 85 percent of its area covered with aquatic plants until the 1970s, now has only 25 percent of its area covered with such plants.<ref name="wetlands flora">{{cite news |last=K. |first=Lakshmi |title=Indigenous flora in city wetlands under threat |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |publisher=Kasturi & Sons |date=20 January 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indigenous-flora-in-city-wetlands-under-threat/article26039519.ece |access-date=3 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203021114/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indigenous-flora-in-city-wetlands-under-threat/article26039519.ece |archive-date=3 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Environment conservation===<br />
[[File:Chitlapakkam-lake-chennai-7-r.jpg|thumb|[[Chitlapakkam Lake]] in the southern part of the city]]<br />
Chennai has three rivers and many lakes spread across the city. [[Urbanization]] has led to the shrinkage of water bodies and wetlands.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/vanishing-wetlands/article6860776.ece |title=Vanishing wetlands |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730150251/https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/vanishing-wetlands/article6860776.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> The quantity of wetlands in the city has decreased from 650 to only 27 currently.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Next time by water |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2015/12/12/next-time-by-water |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=11 December 2015 |issn=0013-0613 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027132431/https://www.economist.com/asia/2015/12/12/next-time-by-water |archive-date=27 October 2020}}</ref> The Chennai River Restoration trust set up by the government is working on the restoration of [[Adyar River]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/good-governance/tamil-nadu/Muck-in-Chennai-rivers-may-soon-turn-manure/articleshow/49074041.cms |title=Muck in Chennai rivers to turn into manure |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102012423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/good-governance/tamil-nadu/Muck-in-Chennai-rivers-may-soon-turn-manure/articleshow/49074041.cms |archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> [[Environmentalist Foundation of India]] is a volunteering group working towards wildlife conservation and habitat restoration.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/more-citizens-initiatives-for-restoring-waterbodies/article7748606.ece |title=More citizens initiative for restoring water bodies |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730150443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/more-citizens-initiatives-for-restoring-waterbodies/article7748606.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/water-security-mission-to-watch-out-for-citys-needs/article7700011.ece |title=Water security mission to watch out for city's needs |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407180443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/water-security-mission-to-watch-out-for-citys-needs/article7700011.ece |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The encroachment of urban development on wetlands has gravely hampered the city's sustainability, and contributed both to the [[2015 South Indian floods|city's floods in 2015]] and [[2019 Chennai water crisis|water scarcity crisis in 2019]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/living-without-water-in-chennai/article28065458.ece |title=Living without water in Chennai |last=V |first=Jinoy Jose P. & NARAYANAN |website=@businessline |date=18 June 2019 |language=en |access-date=19 June 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225161257/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/living-without-water-in-chennai/article28065458.ece |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagarajan |last2=Megson |first2=Jody |last3=Wu |first3=Jin |first1=Ganesh |title=How One of the World's Wettest Major Cities Ran Out of Water |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-02-03/how-a-water-crisis-hit-india-s-chennai-one-of-the-world-s-wettest-cities |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=3 February 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402180757/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-02-03/how-a-water-crisis-hit-india-s-chennai-one-of-the-world-s-wettest-cities |archive-date=2 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
Chennai has a dry-summer [[tropical wet and dry climate]] which is designated ''As'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. The city lies on the [[thermal equator]]<ref name="Cmdaabout">{{cite web |title=About Chennai |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/SMP/_A_About%20Chennai.pdf |page=1 |access-date=28 December 2012 |publisher=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922051921/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/SMP/_A_About%20Chennai.pdf |url-status=dead }}<!--Temporary ref --></ref> and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The hottest part of the year is late May to early June, known regionally as ''Agni Nakshatram'' ("fire star") or as ''Kathiri Veyyil'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T |title=Hot spell may continue for some more weeks in the State |date=18 May 2005 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051813790700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050530081653/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051813790700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> with maximum temperatures around {{cvt|35|–|40|C|F}}. The coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around {{cvt|19|–|25|C|F}}. The lowest recorded temperature was {{cvt|13.9|°C|°F}} on 11 December 1895 and 29 January 1905.<ref name=IMDextremes2010>{{cite web |last=India Meteorological Department |title=Ever Recorded Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall up to 2010 |url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department, Pune |page=67 |access-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> The highest recorded temperature was {{cvt|45|°C|°F}} on 31 May 2003.<ref name="IMDextremes2010" /> The average annual rainfall is about {{cvt|140|cm|in}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Meteorological Department, Chennai Regional Website |url=http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/rdwr.htm |access-date=28 December 2012 |publisher=[[Indian Meteorological Department]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121080418/http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/rdwr.htm |archive-date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north–east [[monsoon]] winds, from mid–October to mid–December. [[Cyclone]]s in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit the city. The highest annual rainfall recorded is {{cvt|257|cm|in}} in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T |title=Entering 2006, city's reservoirs filled to the brim |date=3 January 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010315310300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228083427/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010315310300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Prevailing winds in Chennai are usually southwesterly between April and October<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2402/es2402page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization |title=NASA climate data visualised |publisher=Classzone.com |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130112106/https://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2402/es2402page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization |url-status=dead }}</ref> and north-easterly during the rest of the year. Historically, Chennai has relied on the annual rains of the [[Northeast monsoon|monsoon season]] to replenish water reservoirs, as no major rivers flow through the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/northeast_monsoon.htm |title=Northeast Monsoon |publisher=India Meteorological Department Regional Meteorological Centre: Chennai |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229133725/http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/northeast_monsoon.htm |archive-date=29 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Chennai has a water table at 2 metres for 60 percent of the year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V. |title=Metro dips under historic Cooum |work=The Times of India |date=22 March 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/metro-dips-under-historic-cooum/articleshow/12366911.cms |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002162651/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Metro-dips-under-historic-Cooum/articleshow/12366911.cms |archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> The city of Chennai is located on the east coast of India, which is also known as the [[Coromandel Coast]].<br />
Chennai is largely dependent on [[Northeast monsoon|NE monsoon]], since 65% of rains are received in this season. Cyclones and depressions are common features during the season. Cyclones, in particular, are especially unpredictable. They may even move towards [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], west [[Bengal]], [[Bangladesh]], and also [[Myanmar]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The season between October and December is referred as the NE monsoon period.<ref>{{cite web |title=NE monsoon sets in, brings in copious rains |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/12imd.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926100107/https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/12imd.htm |archive-date=26 September 2020 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Floods are common during this period. In 2015, Chennai received [[2015 South India floods#Chennai|record-breaking rains]] since 1918, which caused massive floods.<br />
{{#section:Geography of Chennai|weatherbox}}<br />
<br />
===Land usage===<br />
As of 2018, the city had a green cover of 14.9 percent, against the [[World Health Organization]] recommendation of 9&nbsp;square metres of green cover per capita in cities. The city had a built-up area of 71 percent. Waterbodies cover an estimated 6 percent of the total area, and at least 8 percent of the area has classified as open space.<ref name="Hindu_228CrProjectForGreen">{{cite news |last=Lopez |first=Aloysius Xavier |title=A Rs. 228-cr. project to take city's green cover to 20% |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |page=4 |publisher=Kasturi & Sons |date=31 August 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-228-cr-project-to-take-citys-green-cover-to-20/article24824653.ece |access-date=2 September 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203112857/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-228-cr-project-to-take-citys-green-cover-to-20/article24824653.ece |archive-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> As of 2017, the total volume of water harvested was 339 mcft and groundwater recharge was 170 mcft.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |title=The vanishing waterbodies of Chennai |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |page=2 |publisher=Kasturi & Sons |date=1 April 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-vanishing-waterbodies-of-chennai/article23404437.ece |access-date=21 October 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127175534/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-vanishing-waterbodies-of-chennai/article23404437.ece |archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
{{Main|Administration of Chennai}}<br />
[[Image:Chennai District.png|280px|thumb|Divisions of Chennai district]]<br />
Chennai city is governed by the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] (formerly "Corporation of Madras"), which was established in 1688. It is the oldest surviving [[municipal corporation]] in India and the second oldest surviving corporation in the world.<ref>{{cite book |author=S.Muthiah |title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1 |page=217 |year=2008 |work=Association of British Scholars (India). Chennai Chapter |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&pg=PA433}}</ref><ref name="320yrs">{{cite news |title=Chennai Corporation to celebrate 320 years |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/23/stories/2008092357680100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923115809/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/23/stories/2008092357680100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2008 |first=Kannal |last=Achutan |date=23 September 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> In 2011, the jurisdiction of the Chennai Corporation was expanded from {{cvt|174|km2|mi2}} to an area of {{cvt|426|km2| mi2}},<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/scope-of-digital-mapping-exercise-in-city-likely-to-be-enlarged/article2745099.ece |title=Scope of digital mapping exercise in city likely to be enlarged |work=The Hindu |date=24 December 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115231204/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/scope-of-digital-mapping-exercise-in-city-likely-to-be-enlarged/article2745099.ece |archive-date=15 November 2020}}</ref> dividing into three regions—North, South and Central, which covers [[List of Chennai Corporation wards|200 wards]].<ref name="thehindu_ccorp1_ccorp2">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2658830.ece |title=Expanded Chennai Corporationto be divided into 3 regions |work=The Hindu |date=25 November 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016071724/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2658830.ece |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wards Committee |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/wards_commitee.pdf |work=[[Chennai Corporation]] |date=12 September 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-date=15 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215062815/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/wards_commitee.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The corporation is headed by a mayor, an office presently occupied by [[Priya Rajan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Chennai to get its youngest and first Dalit woman as mayor; meet R Priya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/chennai-to-get-its-youngest-and-first-dalit-woman-as-mayor-meet-r-priya-101646304060975.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The Mayor and [[councillors]] of the city are elected through a popular vote by the residents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Chart |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm |work=About COC;Corporation of Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602002913/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm |archive-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> While the city limit was expanded in 2011, the revised population is yet to be officially announced.<br />
<br />
The [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] (CMDA) is the nodal agency responsible for planning and development of [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]], which is spread over an area of {{cvt|1189|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Hindu_Indecisiveness keeps urban projects on hold">{{cite news |last=Srivathsan |first=A |title=Indecisiveness keeps urban projects on hold |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=19 September 2013 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indecisiveness-keeps-urban-projects-on-hold/article5142863.ece |access-date=20 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730160819/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indecisiveness-keeps-urban-projects-on-hold/article5142863.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> covering the [[Chennai district]] and parts of [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]], [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]] and [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]] districts. The larger suburbs are governed by town municipalities and the smaller ones are governed by town councils called [[Panchayati Raj|panchayats]]. Under the gamut of the CMDA are 5 [[Parliament of India|parliamentary]] and 28 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|assembly constituencies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Corporation of Chennai |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm |work=Chennai Corporation |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602002913/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm |archive-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Chennai Metropolitan Area&nbsp;– Profile |work=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/ |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The CMDA has drafted an additional [[Comprehensive planning|Master Plan]] that aims to develop satellite townships around the city. The city's contiguous satellite towns include [[Mahabalipuram]] in the south, [[Chengalpattu]] and [[Maraimalai Nagar]] in the southwest, and [[Sriperumbudur|Sriperumpudur]], [[Arakkonam]], [[Kanchipuram]] and [[Tiruvallur]] to the west.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/12/stories/2007041204230100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415012655/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/12/stories/2007041204230100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2007 |title=3 satellite towns proposed for Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 April 2007}}</ref><br />
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Chennai, as the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, houses the state executive and [[legislature|legislative]] headquarters primarily in the Secretariat Buildings in the [[Fort St George|Fort&nbsp;St&nbsp;George]] campus. The [[Madras High Court]], is the highest [[judicial]] authority in the state, whose jurisdiction extends across [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2003-04/homejustice2003-04-1.htm |title=Government of Tamil Nadu: Home Department: Department of Justice |publisher=Official website of the Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=19 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124011527/http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2003-04/homejustice2003-04-1.htm |archive-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> Chennai has three [[Parliament of India|parliamentary]] constituencies—[[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]], [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]] and [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]]—and elects 24 Members of the Legislative Assembly ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]]) to the state legislature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |title=List of TN Assembly constituencies |publisher=Assembly.tn.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Law and order===<br />
[[File:Chennai High Court.jpg|thumb|[[Madras High Court]]]]<br />
The [[Greater Chennai Police]] is the main law enforcement agency in the city, with a jurisdiction of over {{cvt|745|km2|mi2}} catering to over 8.5&nbsp;million people. It consists of 121 [[police station]]s and is headed by a [[police commissioner|commissioner of police]]. The Greater Chennai Police is a division of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]], and the administrative control lies with the Tamil Nadu Home Ministry.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/24/stories/2005022413340600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050224131500/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/24/stories/2005022413340600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2005 |title=City police await notification on extending Commissionerate's jurisdiction |author=K.T. Sangameswaran |access-date=28 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2005}}</ref> [[Chennai City Traffic Police]] (CCTP) is responsible for the traffic management in the city. The metropolitan suburbs are policed by the [[Chennai Metropolitan Police]], headed by the [[Chennai Police Commissionerate]], and the outer district areas of the CMDA are policed by the [[Kanchipuram]] and [[Thiruvallur]] police departments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in |title=Chennai Metro Police |publisher=Tamil Nadu Police |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29583 |title=Kanchipuram Police |publisher=Tamil Nadu Police |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011142636/http://tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29583 |archive-date=11 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29617 |title=Thiruvallur Police |publisher=Tamil Nadu Police |access-date=12 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011143503/http://tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29617 |archive-date=11 October 2011}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Gcp patrol car.jpg|thumb|left|A police patrol car]]<br />
{{As of|2011}} (prior to the expansion of Chennai Corporation area), Chennai city has a sanctioned strength of 14,000 police personnel. With a population density of 26,903 persons per square kilometre, the city had 1 policeman for every 413 people. The Chennai suburban police had about 4,093 police personnel and a ratio of 1:1,222.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/despite-rising-population-number-of-police/articleshow/7887318.cms |title=Despite rising population, number of police |work=The Times of India |date=7 April 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407180858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/despite-rising-population-number-of-police/articleshow/7887318.cms |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> In 2010, the crime rate in the city was 169.2 per 100,000 people, as against an average of 341.9 in the 35 major cities of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%202.pdf |access-date=28 December 2012 |title=Crimes in Mega Cities |publisher=Govt. of India |work=National Crime Records Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826215533/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%202.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> In 2011, North Chennai zone had 30 police stations and 3 police out posts, Central Chennai zone had 28 police stations and 3 police out posts, and South Chennai zone had 30 police stations.<ref name="Police stations">{{cite news |last=Selvaraj |first=A. |title=Triplicane police station gets bigger with more area, men |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=15 April 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/triplicane-police-station-gets-bigger-with-more-area-men/articleshow/7986294.cms |access-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407181033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/triplicane-police-station-gets-bigger-with-more-area-men/articleshow/7986294.cms |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><br />
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In 2009, [[Madras Central Prison]], one of the oldest prisons in India, built over {{cvt|11|acres|0}} of land, was demolished; the prisoners were moved to [[Puzhal Central Prison]].<ref>{{cite news |title=150-yr-old Central prison closed for good |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/150-yr-old-central-prison-closed-for-good/articleshow/4003254.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 January 2009 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305024821/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/150-yr-old-Central-prison-closed-for-good/articleshow/4003254.cms |archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref><br />
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===Politics===<br />
Since the 19th century, when Western scholars proposed that [[Dravidian languages]], which dominated the southern region of India, formed a different linguistic group to that of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] that are predominant in the north of the subcontinent, the aspects of Tamil nationalism gained prominence. This resulted in the [[Anti-Hindi agitations]] in the city and across the state. However, the post-[[Partition of India|Independence]] re-organisation of Indian states according to linguistic and ethnic basis has moderated Tamil nationalism, especially the demand for separation from the Indian Union. The [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi agitations in mid-1960s]] made the DMK more popular and more powerful political force in the state. The agitations of the 1960s played a crucial role in the defeat of the Tamil Nadu Congress party in the 1967 elections and the continuing dominance of Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu politics.<ref name="hindu3">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/article61129.ece |title=Language issue again: the need for a clear-headed policy |author=S. Viswanathan |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 December 2009 |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120072025/http://beta.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/article61129.ece |archive-date=20 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai 2.jpg|thumb|[[Fort St. George|Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]]]]<br />
<br />
Being the capital of the [[Madras Province]] that covered a vast area of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region, Chennai remained the centre of politics in the southern region of India during the British colonial era. After [[Partition of India|Independence]], it remained the centre of political activities of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Chennai is the birthplace of the idea of the [[Indian National Congress]], commonly known as the Congress Party. Founded by Indian and British members of the [[Theosophical Society]] movement, most notably [[Allan Octavian Hume|A.O. Hume]],<ref name=bevir>[http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress], Bevir, Mark, University of California, Berkeley, Publication Date: 1 January 2003 s. 14–18. Original Citation: Mark Bevir, "Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress", [[International Journal of Hindu Studies]] 7 (2003), 99–115. E.g., "Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the Indian National Congress.", "1884 annual convention of the Theosophical Society. At this convention, Rao argued that the Society should start formally to discuss the political situation in India as well as more strictly religious matters. Although Rao did not get his way, he did arrange a meeting of sympathetic theosophists to be held at his home. Those who attended this meeting with Rao included Aiyar, Ananda Charlu, and M. Viraraghavachariar. They formed the Madras Mahajana Sabha," "meeting to coincide with the next annual convention of the Theosophical Society. This meeting would promote their idea of an all-India body." "Hume was probably the single most important individual for the formation of the Indian National Congress."</ref> the idea was originally conceived in a private meeting of 17 men after a Theosophical Convention held in the city in December 1884.<ref name=pattabhi>Sitaramayya, B. Pattabhi. 1935. The History of the Indian National Congress. Working Committee of the Congress. [https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfTheIndianNationalCongress Scanned version]</ref> During the first 50 years of the Indian National Congress, the city played host to its conferences seven times in 1887, 1894, 1898, 1903, 1908, 1914 and 1927, becoming one of the strong bases for the [[Indian independence movement]]. After independence, the city hosted the Congress in 1955 in its suburb of [[Avadi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Political and Social Conflict in South India; The non-Brahmin movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929 |last=Irschick |first=Eugene F. |year=1969 |oclc=249254802 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |url=http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Irschick/Politics.pdf |access-date=23 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001539/http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Irschick/Politics.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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Chennai is also the birthplace of several regional political movements since the British era. South Indian Welfare Association, one of the earliest regional parties, was founded in 1916, which later came to be known as the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], which was the main opposition party to the Indian National Congress in the state.<ref name="rajaraman4">{{cite book |last=Rajaraman |first=P. |title=The Justice Party: a historical perspective, 1916–37 |publisher=Poompozhil Publishers |year=1988 |url=http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/handle/2009/4745 |oclc=20453430 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181607/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/handle/2009/4745 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |df=dmy-all |at=ch. 4 (Ideology, Organisation and Programme of the Justice Party)}}</ref><ref name="Irschick10">{{Harvnb|Irschick|1969| pp=172–178}}</ref> In 1944, the party was renamed [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (DK) by [[E. V. Ramasami]] (popularly known as 'Periyar'). The party was a non-political party that demanded the establishment of an independent state called [[Dravida Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Richard Warren |title=Religion and Society: The First Twenty-five Years, 1953–1978 |publisher=Christian Literature Society (for the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore) |year=1982 |oclc=9007066 |page=242}}</ref> However, due to the differences between its two leaders Periyar and [[C. N. Annadurai]], the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). The DMK decided to enter into politics in 1956.<br />
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===Utility services===<br />
{{See also|Water management in Chennai}}<br />
The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board]]. Water is drawn from [[Red Hills Lake]] and [[Chembarambakkam Lake]], the primary water reservoirs of the city,<ref>{{cite book |title=Second Master Plan |publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority |pages=157–159 |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> and treated at water treatment plants located at Kilpauk, Puzhal, Chembarambakkam<ref name="Metro Water">{{cite web |title=Water Supply System |url=http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/departments/operation/developwss.htm |publisher=Chennai Metro Water |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015122930/http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/departments/operation/developwss.htm |archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Second Master Plan |publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority |page=163 |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The city receives 530&nbsp;million liters per day (mld) of water from [[Krishna River]] through [[Telugu Ganga project]], 180 mld of water from the [[Veeranam]] lake project<ref name="Metro Water"/> and 100 mld of water from the Minjur desalination plant, the country's largest sea water [[desalination]] plant.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-s-biggest-desalination-plant-opens-in-chennai/story-cH4doM5UnG3bjLHYAqms7H.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803150810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-biggest-desalination-plant-opens-in-Chennai/Article1-580562.aspx |archive-date=3 August 2010 |title=India's biggest desalination plant opens in Chennai |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 August 2010 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=HinduDesalinationPlant>{{cite news |title=IVRCL to set up desalination plant near Chennai |work=The Hindu |date=12 August 2005 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213183507/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=HinduDesalinationPlant2>{{cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=R.K. |title=Preliminary work on desalination plant to be completed by December-end |date=4 September 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012002902/http://hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> However, Chennai is predicted to face a huge deficit of 713 mld in 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 mld and supply estimated at only 1,535 mld.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-worst-saving-water-782 |title=Chennai worst in saving water |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 May 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011034707/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-worst-saving-water-782 |archive-date=11 October 2012}}</ref> The city's sewer system was designed in 1910, with some modifications in 1958.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ann |first=Ekatha |title=Rain opens city's filthy underbelly |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=22 October 2014 |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Rain-opens-citys-filthy-underbelly-22102014004026 |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026101334/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Rain-opens-citys-filthy-underbelly-22102014004026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There are 714 public toilets in the city managed by the city corporation,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/No-response-from-firms-to-build-toilets/articleshow/16522863.cms |title=No response from firms to build toilets |work=The Times of India |date=24 September 2012 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023204451/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/No-response-from-firms-to-build-toilets/articleshow/16522863.cms |archive-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> and 2,000 more have been planned by the corporation.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Feb 24, use public toilets for free, says mayor |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=31 October 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/From-Feb-24-use-public-toilets-for-free-says-mayor/articleshow/17028133.cms |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001161302/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/From-Feb-24-use-public-toilets-for-free-says-mayor/articleshow/17028133.cms |archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> The corporation also owns 52 community halls across the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Residents to soon have free use of community halls |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=31 October 2012 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/residents-to-soon-have-free-use-of-community-halls/article4048482.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730141741/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/residents-to-soon-have-free-use-of-community-halls/article4048482.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><br />
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The Corporation of Chennai provides civic services to the city. Garbage collection in some of the wards is contracted to Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, a private company,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-firm-to-begin-conservancy-work-next-week/article2773817.ece |title=New firm to begin conservancy work next week |access-date=28 December 2012 |work=The Hindu |date=4 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235405/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-firm-to-begin-conservancy-work-next-week/article2773817.ece |archive-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> while the Corporation looks after the removal and processing of solid waste in the others,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/New-garbage-collection-street-cleaning-mechanism/article13383057.ece |title=New garbage collection, street cleaning mechanism |work=The Hindu |access-date=28 December 2012 |date=27 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804032350/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/New-garbage-collection-street-cleaning-mechanism/article13383057.ece |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> with a superintendent engineer managing the channels. {{As of|2011}}, eight transfer stations exist within the city for treating the waste.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/solid-waste-management/index.htm |title=Solid Waste Management |publisher=Corporation of Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-date=15 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215061708/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/solid-waste-management/index.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Garbage is dumped in two dump-yards in the city—One in [[Kodungaiyur]] and another in [[Pallikaranai]], with a major portion of the latter covering the [[Pallikaranai]] marshland.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cluster-based-solid-waste-mgmt-may-ease-pressure-on-dump-yards/articleshow/12564826.cms |title=Cluster-based solid waste mgmt may ease pressure on dump yards |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 April 2012 |last=Madhavan |first=D. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928023326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Cluster-based-solid-waste-mgmt-may-ease-pressure-on-dump-yards/articleshow/12564826.cms |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> In market areas, the conservancy work is done during the night.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/SMS-fillip-for-garbage-collection/article13379578.ece |title=SMS fillip for garbage collection |work=The Hindu |access-date=28 December 2012 |first=Deepa H |last=Ramakrishnan |date=25 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804174939/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/SMS-fillip-for-garbage-collection/article13379578.ece |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> Electricity is distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Emergency and Utility Services Contact Details at Chennai |publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu |url=http://chennai.nic.in/emergency.htm |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014904/http://chennai.nic.in/emergency.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fire services are handled by the [[Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/contact.htm |title=Contact us |publisher=Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423055359/http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/contact.htm |archive-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city, along with the suburbs, has 33 operating fire stations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/stns.htm |title=List of fire stations |publisher=Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424123232/http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/stns.htm |archive-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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The Chennai City region has 568 post offices, of which nearly 460 operate from rented premises.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |title=Iconic General Post Office to finally get a makeover |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=28 June 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iconic-general-post-office-to-finally-get-a-makeover/article24274117.ece |access-date=15 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025703/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iconic-general-post-office-to-finally-get-a-makeover/article24274117.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
{{Main|Architecture of Chennai}}<br />
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Chennai|Heritage structures in Chennai}}<br />
With the history of many neighbourhoods of the city such as [[Mylapore]], [[Triplicane]], and [[Tiruvanmiyur]] antedating that of the city itself, the architecture of Chennai ranges in a wide chronology. The oldest buildings in the city date from the 7th and 8th centuries CE, which include the [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]] in Mylapore and the [[Parthasarathy Temple]] in Triplicane, built in the [[Dravidian architecture]]. This architecture includes various styles, such as those of the [[Pallavas]], the [[Chola]]s, and the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] empires. The associated ''Agraharam'' architecture, which consists of traditional row houses surrounding a temple, can still be seen in these areas.<ref name="Agraharam_TimeVirtuallyStandsStill">{{cite news |last=Sujatha |first=R. |title=Agraharam – time virtually stands still here |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=29 April 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3367816.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705142259/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3367816.ece |archive-date=5 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="VanishingAgraharams">{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Aruna V. |title=Chennai's vanishing agraharams |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=7 October 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/article2518383.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430024916/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/article2518383.ece |archive-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[World Heritage Site|heritage temples]] at [[Mamallapuram]] at the outskirts of the city are some of the examples of the Pallava architecture. Chennai ranks second to Kolkata in having the largest collection of Indian heritage buildings in the country.<ref name = "Heritagebuildingsinchennai">{{cite news |last=Ravishankar |first=Sandhya |title=No fire safety norms at Chennai heritage buildings |newspaper=IBN Live |location=Chennai |publisher=CNN IBN |date=6 September 2007 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-fire-safety-norms-at-chennai-heritage-buildings/48155-3-1.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103111402/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-fire-safety-norms-at-chennai-heritage-buildings/48155-3-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Parrys Corner, Chennai, India.jpg|thumb|[[Parry's Corner]], one of the oldest business areas of Chennai, lined up with [[Art Deco]] buildings|alt=a multi-storeyed building, with road in the foreground]]<br />
With the advent of the [[Mugal Empire|Mugals]] and the [[British Empire|British]], the city saw a rise in a blend of [[Hindu]], [[Islamic]] and [[Gothic revival]] styles, resulting in the distinct [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Metcalfe |first=Thomas R. |title=A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj |journal=History Today |volume=32 |issue=9 |url=http://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The architecture for several early institutions such as banking and commerce, railways, press and education, chiefly through the colonial rule, followed the earlier directions of the Neo-Classical and the Indo-Saracenic.<ref name="ArtDecoInChennai"/> The [[Chepauk Palace]] in the city, designed by [[Paul Benfield]], is said to be the first Indo-Saracenic building in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indo-saracenic Architecture |work=Henry Irwin, Architect in India, 1841–1922 |publisher=higman.de |url=http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730131008/http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> Since then, many of the colonial-era buildings in the city were designed in this style of architecture, which is most apparent around the [[Fort St. George]] built in 1640. Most of these were designed by English architects [[Robert Fellowes Chisholm]] and [[Henry Irwin]]. The best examples of this style include the [[Madras High Court]] (built in 1892), [[Southern Railway headquarters, Chennai|Southern Railway headquarters]], [[Ripon Building]], [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]], Senate House of the [[University of Madras]], [[Amir Mahal]], [[Bharat Insurance Building]], [[Victoria Public Hall]] and the [[College of Engineering, Guindy|College of Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=George J. |title=Indo Saracenic Architecture in Channai |publisher=CMDA |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Indo_Saracenic_Architecture_in_Chennai.pdf |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The [[Triumph of Labour]], also known as the Labour statue, at the Marina Beach is an important landmark of Chennai.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Indian Art |publisher=saraswati publication |edition=2013}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Southern Railway HQ.jpg|thumb|[[Southern Railway Headquarters, Chennai|Southern Railway Headquarters]], one of the fine examples of Indo-Saracenic architecture in the city]]<br />
The construction of the National Art Gallery in Madras was completed in 1909. The new building, with a distinct façade, was built of pink sandstone brought from Sathyavedu, and formed part of the Madras Museum campus. It was opened, on 23 January 1909, by the Governor of Fort St. George, Sir [[Arthur Lawley]], and called the Victoria Memorial Hall after the Queen-Empress Victoria.<ref name=VictoriaRegina>"New for Old". Frontline. Volume 20 – Issue 14, 5 to 18 July 2003. India's National Magazine from publishers of the Hindu.</ref><ref name=Victoria2>Sir Arthur Lawley, Eloquent Knight Errant, Chapter 6. Catastrophe, Conspiracy, Celebration. The Benefits of Empire. Lady Lawley Cottage (Western Australian Red Cross) 2008 iBooks</ref><ref name=Victoria3>Sir Arthur Lawley's Photo Album, Empire and Commonwealth Museum</ref> The residential architecture in the city was based on the bungalow or the continuous row house prototypes.<ref name="ArtDecoInChennai"/> Gothic revival style buildings include the [[Chennai Central]] and [[Chennai Egmore]] railway stations. The [[Santhome Church]], which was originally built by the Portuguese in 1523 and is believed to house the remains of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostle]] [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], was rebuilt in 1893 in [[neo-Gothic]] style.<ref name="ChennaiMagic_ADayInChennai">{{cite web |title=A day in Chennai |publisher=Chennai Magic |url=http://www.chennaimagic.com/day_in_chennai.htm |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708171802/http://www.chennaimagic.com/day_in_chennai.htm |archive-date=8 July 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
By the early 20th century, the [[art deco]] too made its entry upon the city's urban landscape. From the 1930s onwards, many buildings in [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] were built in this style, including the United India building (presently housing the [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC)) and the Burma Shell building (presently the Chennai House), both built in the 1930s, and the Dare House, built in 1940. Other examples include the Bombay Mutual building (presently housing LIC) and the South Indian Chamber of Commerce building.<ref name="ArtDecoInChennai">{{cite news |last=Sitalakshmi |first=K. R. |title=Art Deco buildings in Chennai |location=Chennai |date=5 August 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/08/05/stories/2006080500190400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204104825/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/08/05/stories/2006080500190400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> After [[Partition of India|Independence]], the city witnessed a rise in the [[Modernism]] style of architecture.<ref name="ArtDecoInChennai"/> The completion of the [[LIC Building]] in 1959, the tallest building in the country at that time,<ref name="ReachingTheSky">{{Cite news |last=Srivathsan |first=A. |title=Reaching the sky |location=Chennai |date=14 July 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071450191100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918053410/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071450191100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> marked the transition from lime-and-brick construction to concrete columns in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Shanthi |title=GREEN buildings |location=Chennai |date=19 March 2005 |url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031900110100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507154431/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031900110100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The presence of the [[Doppler weather radar|weather radar]] at the [[Chennai Port]], however, prohibited the construction of buildings taller than 60&nbsp;m around a radius of 10&nbsp;km for several decades that followed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob P. |title=Doppler radar may put cap on building heights |publisher=Livemint.com |location=New Delhi |date=13 December 2007 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/OODRIEHbh9UFiYHBvNgaJP/Doppler-radar-may-put-cap-on-building-heights.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224134258/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/OODRIEHbh9UFiYHBvNgaJP/Doppler-radar-may-put-cap-on-building-heights.html |archive-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> In addition, the floor-area ratio (FAR) in the central business district is also 1.5, much less than that of smaller cities of the country. This resulted in the city expanding horizontally, unlike other metropolitan cities where vertical growth was prominent. On the contrary, the peripheral regions, especially on the southern and south-western sides, began experiencing vertical growth with the construction of buildings up to 60 floors. Within the downtown area, the 48-storied [[Highliving District Tower H]] remains the tallest building at 161 metres.<ref name="TOI_CityWithinACity">{{cite news |title=Living in a city within a city: How is SPR City redefining the residential market? |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |publisher=The Times Group |date=30 May 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/living-in-a-city-within-a-city-how-is-spr-city-redefining-the-residential-market/articleshow/67414866.cms |access-date=9 September 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105115119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/living-in-a-city-within-a-city-how-is-spr-city-redefining-the-residential-market/articleshow/67414866.cms |archive-date=5 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
===Population===<br />
{{Main|Demographics of Chennai|Religion in Chennai}}<br />
{{Historical population<br />
| source = {{ubl|<br />
*1639–1791:<ref>{{cite book |title=Vestiges of Old Madras, Vol 3 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24142 |chapter=Population of Madras |author=H. D. Love |year=1913 |page=557}}</ref><br />
*1871–1901:<ref>{{cite book |title=Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 16 |year=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref><br />
*1871–1931:<ref>{{cite book |title=The politics of heritage from Madras to Chennai |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsheritage00hanc |url-access=limited |author=Mary Elizabeth Hancock |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-253-35223-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsheritage00hanc/page/n236 220]}}</ref><br />
*1931–1951:<ref>{{Cite book |title=Madras Rediscovered |last=Muthiah |first=S. |year=2004 |author-link=S. Muthiah |publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd |isbn=81-88661-24-4 |page=22}}</ref><br />
*1951–1961:<ref>{{cite book |title=Studies in Demography |author=Sangya Srivastava |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-261-1992-9 |page=251}}</ref><br />
*1991–2001:<ref>{{cite web |title=Area and Population |work=Chennai District Statistical Handbook |url=http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/shb-pdf/SHB001%20-%20AREA%20POPULATION.pdf |publisher=District Administration, Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830215520/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/shb-pdf/SHB001%20-%20AREA%20POPULATION.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
*2001:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=2011 Census results |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref><br />
*2011:<ref name="Greater Chennai Corporation unveiled">{{cite news |title=Chennai Corporation is re-christened Greater Chennai Corporation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/It%E2%80%99s-all-about-the-glories-of-Greater-Chennai/article14029085.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020183202/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/It%E2%80%99s-all-about-the-glories-of-Greater-Chennai/article14029085.ece |archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
|1639 | 7000<br />
|1646 | 19000<br />
|1670 | 40000<br />
|1681 | 200000<br />
|1685 | 300000<br />
|1691 | 400000<br />
|1715 | 100000<br />
|1726 | 100000<br />
|1733 | 100000<br />
|1791 | 300000<br />
|1871 | 367552<br />
|1881 | 405848<br />
|1891 | 452518<br />
|1901 | 509346<br />
|1911 | 518660<br />
|1921 | 526911<br />
|1931 | 647232<br />
|1941 | 777481<br />
|1951 | 1416056<br />
|1961 | 1729141<br />
|1971 | 2469449<br />
|1981 | 3266034<br />
|1991 | 3841396<br />
|2001 | 4343645<br />
|2011 | 7088000<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A resident of Chennai is called a ''Chennaite''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennaite to represent India at Abilympics |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/02/stories/2007030218830300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303103520/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/02/stories/2007030218830300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2007 |access-date=28 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lakshmi |first=C. S. |title=The Unhurried City: Writings on Chennai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnflUVu0w2QC |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-303026-3 |page=11}}</ref><ref name="Bergman">{{cite book |author=Bergman |title=Introduction to Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ws6om7JHZ-sC |date=2003 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-81-317-0210-9 |page=485}}</ref> According to 2011 census, the city had a population of 4,646,732, within an area of 174 square kilometres administered by the Municipal Corporation, working out a population density of 26,705 persons per square kilometre;<ref name="smartcities.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://smartcities.gov.in/writereaddata/CitiesProfile/TamilNadu_Chennai.pdf |title=Smart Cities Mission |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> that had 11&nbsp;lakh households, with 51% of them living in rented houses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aloysius Xavier Lopez |title=Half of city lives in rented homes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/half-of-city-lives-in-rented-homes/article3251937.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804032435/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/half-of-city-lives-in-rented-homes/article3251937.ece |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> The city's limits were expanded later in 2011 to 426 square kilometres and its population reached 7,088,000,<ref name="Greater Chennai Corporation unveiled"/> resulting in a population density of 16,639 persons per square kilometre, with Chennai Municipal Corporation being renamed as [[Greater Chennai Corporation]].<ref name="Greater Chennai Corporation unveiled"/><br />
<br />
As of 2019, 712,000 families live below poverty line, which is about 40 percent of the 1.788&nbsp;million families in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Number of people below the poverty line to increase in city |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |page=3 |publisher=Kasturi & Sons |date=13 May 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/number-of-people-below-the-poverty-line-to-increase-in-city/article27111004.ece |access-date=20 May 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024213617/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/number-of-people-below-the-poverty-line-to-increase-in-city/article27111004.ece |archive-date=24 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Languages===<br />
[[Tamil people|Tamils]] form the majority of Chennai's population. [[Indian English|English]] is spoken largely by [[white-collar worker]]s,<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddique |first=Zahra |year=2008 |title=Ethnicity, Race and Gender in the Labor Market |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqRLGSCgfLUC&pg=PA30 |isbn=978-0-549-50781-9}}</ref> often mixed into Tamil.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Joseph Getter |author2=B.Balasubrahmaniyan |editor-first=Mark |editor-last=Slobin |title=Global Soundtracks: Worlds of Film Music |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQw5Ci7sbasC&pg=PA119 |date=29 September 2008 |page=119 |chapter=Tamil Film Music: Sound and Significance |isbn=978-0-8195-6882-3}}{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kannadigas-outnumber-malayalis-21-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/2952062.cms |title=Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2:1 in Tamil Nadu |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 December 2012 |date=15 April 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131144158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kannadigas-outnumber-Malayalis-21-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/2952062.cms |archive-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> In 2001, out of the 2,937,000 migrants (33.8% of its population) in the city, 61.5% were from other parts of the state, 33.8% were from rest of India and 3.7% were from outside the country.<ref name="masterplan_demography">{{cite web |title=Demography |work=Second Master Plan |publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume1_English_PDF/Vol1_Chapter02_Demography.pdf |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> As per the 2001 census, the number of speakers mother tongue wise are as follows, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is spoken by 3,424,107 (78.8%), followed by [[Telugu language|Telugu]] by 419,209 (9.7%), [[Urdu]] by 180,245 (4.1%), [[Malayalam]] by 113,828 (2.6%), [[Hindi]] by 104,084 (2.4%), and [[Kannada]] by 22,250 (0.5%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx |title=Welcome to Census of India: Census India Library |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=27 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315050316/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Japanese Language|Japanese]], [[French language|French]], [[Mandarin Chinese]], [[Russian Language|Russian]], [[German language|German]] and [[Spanish Language|Spanish]] are some of the languages spoken by the 250,000 foreign expatriates residing in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/k-and-the-city-why-are-more-and-more-chennaiites-learning-korean/article25256267.ece |title=K and the city: Why are more and more Chennaiites learning Korean? |first=Sweta |last=Akundi |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 October 2018 |via=www.thehindu.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128030545/https://www.thehindu.com/society/k-and-the-city-why-are-more-and-more-chennaiites-learning-korean/article25256267.ece |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/how-mandarin-has-become-crucial-in-chennai/article25321543.ece |title=How Mandarin has become crucial in Chennai |first=Sweta |last=Akundi |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 October 2018 |via=www.thehindu.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203115726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/how-mandarin-has-become-crucial-in-chennai/article25321543.ece |archive-date=3 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/21/how-many-tongues-can-you-speak-1776354.html |title=How many tongues can you speak? |website=The New Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107191558/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/21/how-many-tongues-can-you-speak-1776354.html |archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/guten-morgen-chennaiites-signing-up-for-german-lessons-on-the-rise/articleshow/64152188.cms |title=Guten Morgen! Chennaiites signing up for German lessons on the rise &#124; Chennai News – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=14 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129115236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/guten-morgen-chennaiites-signing-up-for-german-lessons-on-the-rise/articleshow/64152188.cms |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/konnichiwa/article22157129.ece1 |title=Konnichiwa! |website=@businessline |date=25 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020210354/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/konnichiwa/article22157129.ece1 |archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Religion and ethnicity===<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Chennai City (2011)<ref name=religion2011/><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|80.73}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|9.45}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|7.72}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|1.11}}<br />
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.99}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Chennai, along with [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]], is one of the few Indian cities that are home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-magic-of-melting-pot-called-chennai/article2728177.ece |title=The magic of melting pot called Chennai |work=The Hindu |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201746/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-magic-of-melting-pot-called-chennai/article2728177.ece |archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> Minorities include [[Telugu people|Telugus]], [[Marwaris]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Parsi]]s,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/10/stories/2008031050410500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414165824/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/10/stories/2008031050410500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 April 2008 |title=The Parsi Arrival |date=10 March 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2012/parsis_of_madras.html |title=The Parsis of Madras |journal=Madras Musings |date=15 October 2008 |volume=XVIII |issue=12 |access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sindhis-to-usher-in-new-year-with-fanfare/articleshow/12387158.cms |title=Sindhis to usher in new year with fanfare |work=The Times of India |date=24 March 2012 |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002201726/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sindhis-to-usher-in-new-year-with-fanfare/articleshow/12387158.cms |archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/03/stories/2003040300060100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030622220001/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/03/stories/2003040300060100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 June 2003 |title=Catholic in outlook |date=3 April 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> [[Odia people|Odias]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/why-oriyas-find-chennai-warm-and-hospitable/articleshow/13104180.cms |title=Why Oriyas find Chennai warm and hospitable |work=The Times of India |date=12 May 2012 |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003065711/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Why-Oriyas-find-Chennai-warm-and-hospitable/articleshow/13104180.cms |archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> [[Goans]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/12/18/stories/101872mz.htm |title=Goan spirit in Chennai |work=The Hindu |date=18 December 2000 |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318134242/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/12/18/stories/101872mz.htm |archive-date=18 March 2014}}</ref> [[Kannadigas]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chennais-kannadigas-not-complaining/articleshow/2926980.cms |title=Chennai's Kannadigas not complaining |work=The Times of India |date=5 April 2008 |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609022307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chennais-Kannadigas-not-complaining/articleshow/2926980.cms |archive-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> [[Anglo-Indians]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2012/the-anglo-indians-of-madras.html |title=The Anglo-Indians of Chennai |journal=Madras Musings |volume=XX |issue=12 |date=15 October 2010 |access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> [[Bengali people|Bengalis]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/a-slice-of-bengal-in-chennai/articleshow/16902833.cms |title=A slice of Bengal in Chennai |work=The Times of India |date=22 October 2012 |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407181944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/a-slice-of-bengal-in-chennai/articleshow/16902833.cms |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2011/the-punjabis-of-chennai.html |first=Madhu |last=B.R. |title=The Punjabis of Chennai |journal=Madras Musings |volume=XX |issue=12 |date=16 September 2009 |access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> and [[Malayalees]]. As per the religious census of 2011, Chennai's population was 80.73% [[Hindu]], 9.45% [[Muslim]], 7.72% [[Christians|Christian]], 1.11% [[Jainism|Jain]], 0.06% [[Sikh]], 0.06% [[Buddhist]], <0.04% followed other religions and 0.83% followed no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web |title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |format=XLS |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Kapaleeswarar1.jpg|thumb|[[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]], a Hindu shrine in the neighborhood of Mylapore|218x218px]]<br />
[[File:Santhome Basilica.jpg|thumb|[[St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai|Santhome Basilica]], a Christian [[cathedral]] in Mylapore as well|253x253px]]<br />
[[File:Triplicane Wallajah Mosque.JPG|thumb|[[Triplicane Big Mosque]], a prominent mosque in Chennai|217x217px]]<br />
<br />
===Housing===<br />
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Chennai}}<br />
In a 2013 survey titled 'Emerging trends in real estate in Asia Pacific 2014', Chennai emerged in the top 25 real estate destinations list in the Asia Pacific region. The city ranked 22nd in the list.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai in top 25 real estate destinations in Asia-Pacific: PwC survey |newspaper=Business Line |location=Mumbai |date=10 December 2013 |publisher=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/chennai-in-top-25-real-estate-destinations-in-asia-pacific-pwc-survey/article23159480.ece |access-date=22 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407182046/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/chennai-in-top-25-real-estate-destinations-in-asia-pacific-pwc-survey/article23159480.ece |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> There are about 1,240 [[slums in Chennai]] home to about 900,000 people.<ref name="CC_HealthInfrastructure">{{cite web |title=Departments—Health |publisher=Corporation of Chennai |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/health/infrastructure.htm |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217221833/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/health/infrastructure.htm |archive-date=17 December 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Per 2011 census, there are 1.1&nbsp;million households in the city and the residential housing stock available is 1,150,000 – a surplus of about 50,000 houses. About 43,700 of them are kept vacant. In the suburbs of Chennai located in Tiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts, the figures of vacant houses 56,000 and 71,000, respectively. Of the existing housing stock in the city, about 200,000 houses are not in good condition, necessitating either to rebuild or build new units. About 26,000 households live in houses without any room and another 427,000 families (with an average size of five members) live in small dwelling units with only one room. An earlier estimate shows that there is a need to generate about 420,000 units for low-income groups by 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Srivathsan |first=A. |title=Plenty of houses, few affordable |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=5 November 2012 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/plenty-of-houses-few-affordable/article4065091.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730144141/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/plenty-of-houses-few-affordable/article4065091.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{As of|2012}}, an estimated population of 11,116 (0.16 percent) were homeless. Per Supreme Court guidelines, the city needs 65 shelters for the homeless. However, it has only 15, of which eight are functioning and two are under renovation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Manish |title=Shelters Stay Shuttered |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=27 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2017, there are more than 2.2&nbsp;million households, with 40 percent of the residents not owning a house.<ref>{{cite news |last=Xavier Lopez |first=Aloysius |title=The shelter stalemate |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=26 August 2017 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-shelter-stalemate/article19562923.ece |access-date=30 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041140/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-shelter-stalemate/article19562923.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Arts and culture==<br />
{{Main|Culture of Chennai}}<br />
{{See also|Tamil culture}}<br />
<br />
===Museums and art galleries===<br />
[[File:Chennai National Art Gallery.jpg|thumb|left|National Art Gallery, Chennai]]<br />
Chennai is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121216/news-current-affairs/article/cm-wants-global-arts-fest-chennai |title=CM wants global arts fest in Chennai |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=16 December 2012 |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101230438/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121216/news-current-affairs/article/cm-wants-global-arts-fest-chennai |archive-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> The city also has one of the oldest museums and art galleries in the country{{snd}}[[Government Museum, Chennai]] and the [[National Art Gallery, Chennai]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/04/03/stories/2009040350570300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408215041/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/04/03/stories/2009040350570300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2009 |title=Where creativity thrives |date=3 April 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> established in the early 18th century.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/education/college-and-university/for-a-solid-grounding-in-arts/article2042038.ece |title=For a solid grounding in arts |work=The Hindu |date=3 April 2009 |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118041236/http://www.thehindu.com/education/college-and-university/for-a-solid-grounding-in-arts/article2042038.ece |archive-date=18 January 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The city also hosts two art festivals annually. The "Fort Museum" inside the premises of Fort St. George is an important museum having a noteworthy collection of objects of the British era in its collection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_chennai.asp |title=Fort St. George museum |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016071725/http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_chennai.asp |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The museum is managed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] and has in its possession, the first [[Flag of India]] hoisted at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St George]] after the declaration of India's Independence on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]].<ref name=FirstIndianFlagBL>{{cite news |title=Indian tri-colour hoisted at Chennai in 1947 to be on display |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Indian-tricolour-hoisted-at-Chennai-in-1947-to-be-on-display/article20567638.ece |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407182137/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Indian-tricolour-hoisted-at-Chennai-in-1947-to-be-on-display/article20567638.ece |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Music and performing arts===<br />
[[File:MGR Memorial Chennai.jpg|thumb|MGR Memorial at Marina beach, Chennai]]<br />
Chennai is a major centre for music, art and culture in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/12/01/stories/2002120100770500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509012345/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/12/01/stories/2002120100770500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2004 |title=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 December 2002}}</ref> The city is known for its classical dance shows. In 1930, for the first time in India, [[Madras University]] introduced a course of music, as part of the Bachelor of Arts curriculum.<ref name="Lakshmi Subramanian">{{cite book |title=New Mansions for Music: Performance, Pedagogy and Criticism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hY6PQ_eK7IUC |work=Social Science Press |author=Lakshmi Subramanian |pages=121–122 |isbn=978-81-87358-34-3 |year=2008| publisher=Berghahn Books }}</ref> The ''[[Madras Music Season]]'', initiated by [[Madras Music Academy]] in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December.<ref>{{cite book |last=Knight |first=Douglas M. Jr. |title=Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life |year=2010 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6906-6 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3EsA2NooW4C}}</ref> It features performances of traditional [[Carnatic music]] by many artists in and around the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/01/02/stories/2009010251120700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826155000/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/01/02/stories/2009010251120700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2013 |title=Diary of a different kind |author=Charukesi |date=2 January 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The main folk music in Chennai is [[Gaana]], a combination of various folk musics sung mainly sung in the working-class area of North Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torching prejudice through gumption and Gaana |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html |last=G |first=Ezekiel Majello |date=10 October 2019 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=12 May 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206015436/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html |archive-date=6 December 2020}}</ref><br />
[[File:Valluvar Kottam.JPG|thumb|[[Valluvar Kottam]]]]<br />
An arts festival called the [[Chennai Sangamam]], which showcases not only various art of Tamil Nadu, but also from the neighbouring states, like ''kalari'' (from Kerala), which is a major attraction, is held in January every year. The Speciality of Chennai Sangamam is that the various programmes are held near or at the various famous landmarks in the city so that everyone in the city has access to the programmes and there is no fee charged for entry for any of the programmes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaisangamam.com/ |title=Chennai Sangamam 2011 |publisher=The official website |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> ''Pookolam'', a form of art that uses coloured flour to create patterns and designs, comes from Kerala, but can be seen in abundance at the time of [[Onam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onamfestival.org/pookalam.html |title=Pookalam |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=onamfestival.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125191433/http://www.onamfestival.org/pookalam.html |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The city has a diverse theatre scene and is one of the important centres for [[Bharata Natyam]], a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is the oldest dance of India.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262 |title=World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures |publisher=Oxford University Press |author=Peter Fletcher |isbn=978-0-19-816636-8 |date=29 April 2004}}</ref> An important cultural centre for Bharata Natyam is [[Kalakshetra]], on the beach in the south of the city.<ref>{{cite news |author=GR |url=http://hindu.com/2000/12/02/stories/0902033h.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020326184925/http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/02/stories/0902033h.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2002 |title=Yearning for Chennai ambiance |access-date=28 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 December 2000}}</ref> In 2012, a group of five Bharatha Natyam dancers from Chennai performed at the ''India Campaign'' during the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="bnatolympic">{{cite news |title=Bharatanatyam at London Olympics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bharatanatyam-at-london-olympics/article3753736.ece |date=11 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804012953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bharatanatyam-at-london-olympics/article3753736.ece |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><br />
Chennai has been featured in [[UNESCO Creative Cities Network]] (UCCN) list since October 2017 for its century-old musical tradition.<ref name="UCCNList"/> Chennai is also home to some choirs, who during the Christmas season stage various carol performances across the city in Tamil and English.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/of-choirs-and-carols-110122500009_1.html |title=Of choirs and carols |work=[[Business Standard]] |year=2010 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210221239/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/of-choirs-and-carols-110122500009_1.html |archive-date=10 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.go-nxg.com/?p=3155 |title=There's a song in the air.. |work=NXg |date=January 2009 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615082343/http://www.go-nxg.com/?p=3155 |archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cityscape==<br />
<br />
Chennai is broadly divided into four regions: North, Central, South, and West. North Chennai is primarily an industrial area, with a higher population density and narrower roads. South and West Chennai, previously mostly residential, are rapidly becoming commercial, home to a growing number of information technology firms, financial companies and [[call centre]]s. The city is expanding quickly along the [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]] and the Grand Southern Trunk Road ([[Grand Southern Trunk Road|GST Road]]) in the south and towards [[Ambattur]], [[Koyambedu]] and [[Sriperumbudur|Sriperumbdur]] in the west.<ref>{{cite web |title=Structure of Chennai |work=Second Master Plan |publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority |pages=9, 10 |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter01_Structure%20of%20Chennai.pdf |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826201439/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter01_Structure%20of%20Chennai.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Central Chennai comprises residential elements, but is primarily home to the downtown area, and surrounding areas, the most visited by travellers to the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tamilnadu/chennai-map.htm |title=Chennai City Map |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
{{Main|Economy of Chennai}}<br />
[[File:Dare House,Chennai.jpg|thumb|Corporate headquarters of the $10 billion Murugappa Group in Chennai]]<br />
[[File:India Land Tech Park,Ambattur.JPG|left|thumb|[[Chennai Tech Park|India Land Tech Park]], [[Ambattur]]]]<br />
[[File:Infosys Mcity, Building number 5.jpg|thumb|[[Infosys]] at [[Mahindra World City, New Chennai|Mahindra World City]], Chennai]]<br />
[[File:ALCOB Ashok Leyland Corporate Building in Guindy, Chennai.jpg|thumb|[[Ashok Leyland]] Corporate Headquarters in [[Guindy]], Chennai]]<br />
[[File:TCS-Siruseri-Building.jpg|left|thumb|[[Tata Consultancy Services|TATA Consultancy Services]], Chennai]]<br />
[[File:Cognizant's Delivery Center in Chennai -TCO.jpg|thumb|[[Cognizant]]'s Delivery Center in Chennai]]<br />
<br />
Recent estimates of the economy of the entire [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]] range from $78.6 to $86&nbsp;billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]), ranking it from [[List of cities by GDP|fourth- to sixth-most productive metro area]] of India.<ref name=gdp><br />
*{{cite web |title=Global city GDP 2014 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |archive-date=25 May 2017}}<br />
*{{cite web |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]] |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=4 May 2011}}<br />
*{{cite web |title=India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP Photos Yahoo! India Finance |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009131024/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |archive-date=9 October 2014 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=27 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai has a broad industrial base in the automobile, computer, technology, hardware manufacturing and healthcare sectors. {{As of|2012}}, the city is India's second-largest exporter of information technology (IT) and [[business process outsourcing]] (BPO) services.<ref name="Nasscom">{{cite web |title=Chennai activities |url=http://www.nasscom.org/chennai-activities |publisher=[[NASSCOM]] |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116141448/http://nasscom.org/chennai-activities |archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="itchennai2">{{cite news |title=Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=1 May 2008 |access-date=28 December 2012 |first=Rajesh |last=Chandramouli |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820000027/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms |archive-date=20 August 2020}}</ref> A major part of India's automobile industry is located in and around the city thus earning it the nickname "[[Detroit of India]]".<ref name="USDept1997">{{cite book |title=Business America |date=1997 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Aa4AAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Devonshire">{{cite book |author=Chris Devonshire-Ellis |title=Doing Business in India |year=2012 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-642-27617-0 |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIx9E5I9LB8C&pg=PA218}}</ref><ref name="USITC">{{cite book |last=U.S. International Trade Commission |title=Competitive Conditions for Foreign Direct Investment in India, Staff Research Study #30 |year=2007 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4578-1829-5 |pages=2–10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMIo-FZXCYEC&pg=SA2-PA10}}</ref><ref name="EcoNews">{{cite web|publisher=Economist Newspaper Ltd. |title=The economist |year=2004 |volume=370 |issue=8361–8364 |page=282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhjQAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name="THT_ThiruViKa">{{cite news |last= |first= |title=தெரு வாசகம்: கார்களை அலங்கரிக்கும் சாலை |newspaper=The Hindu Tamil |location=Chennai |pages= |language= |publisher=Kasturi & Sons |date=6 July 2018 |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/sontha-veedu/134991-.html |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref> Known as the "Gateway of South India",<ref name="OT_ScorchingHot">{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70874/things-to-do-in-chennai |title=Scorching hot during summer and unbelievably crowded, the modern city of Chennai dipped in traditions from its Madras days never fails to surprise a traveller |last=Mohan |first=Vishnu |date=5 October 2020 |website= |publisher=Outlook Traveller |access-date=31 December 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref name="OI_TourismDay2018">{{cite news |last=Vikas |first=S. V. |title=World Tourism Day 2018: Significance, theme and why it is observed |newspaper=One India |location=New Delhi |pages= |language= |date=27 September 2018 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/world-tourism-day-2018-significance-theme-why-it-is-observed-2783487.html |access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="National_Unwrapped">{{cite news |last=Grover |first=Amar |title=Chennai unwrapped: Why the city is the great international gateway to South India |newspaper=The National |location=Chennai |pages= |language= |date=17 September 2019 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/travel/chennai-unwrapped-why-the-city-is-the-great-international-gateway-to-south-india-1.911568 |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="OI_Turns375">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Reetu |title=Chennai turns 375: Things you should know about 'Gateway to South India' |newspaper=One India |location=Chennai |pages= |language= |date=23 August 2014 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/chennai-turns-375-years-old-things-you-should-know-1507481.html |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref> Chennai is the third-most visited city in India by international tourists according to Euromonitor.<ref name="Che"/> The city is also called the Cultural Capital of South India.<ref name="Kamath2000">{{cite book |author=Rina Kamath |title=Chennai |year=2000 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1378-5 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA66}}</ref> The city was home to the [[Madras Stock Exchange]], India's fourth stock exchange, one of four permanently recognised by [[SEBI]], and India's third-largest by trading volume, ranked behind the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrasstockexchange.in |title=Madras Stock Exchange |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110236/http://www.madrasstockexchange.in/ |archive-date=16 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="investorsmse">{{cite news |title=Investors told to go in for long term investment, index funds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/investors-told-to-go-in-for-long-term-investment-index-funds/article3222777.ece |date=25 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Trichy |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804024931/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/investors-told-to-go-in-for-long-term-investment-index-funds/article3222777.ece |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrasstockexchange.in/ |title=The Organisation |work=Madras Stock Exchange |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906061853/http://www.madrasstockexchange.in/ |archive-date=6 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Industrialisation in the city dates back to the 16th century, when textile mills manufactured goods which were exported to British during its war with France. According to ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine, Chennai is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world and is ranked among the "''Forbes''-Top 10 Fastest Growing Cities in the World".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_11.html |title=In pictures: the next decade's fastest-growing cities&nbsp;– Chennai, India |work=Forbes |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121195323/https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_11.html |archive-date=21 November 2018}}</ref> It is ranked 4th in hosting the maximum number of ''Fortune'' 500 companies of India, next only to [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]]. It also is home to 24 Indian companies having a net worth of more than US$1&nbsp;billion. {{As of|2012}}, the city has about 34,260 identified companies in its 15 zones, of which 5,196 companies have a paid-up the capital of over {{INR}} 50 lakh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Company tax upped, capped at ₹ 30,000 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=30 October 2012 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/company-tax-upped-capped-at-rs-30000/article4044728.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730140428/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/company-tax-upped-capped-at-rs-30000/article4044728.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Zoho headquarters in chennai.jpg|thumb|left|[[Zoho Corporation|Zoho]] headquarters in Chennai]]<br />
Chennai has a diversified economic base anchored by the automobile, software services, hardware manufacturing, health care and financial services industries.<ref name="Nasscom"/> According to the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]], Chennai is estimated to grow to a US$100&nbsp;billion economy, 2.5 times its present size, by 2025.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/Seminar-to-focus-on-Chennairsquos-growth-potential/article20139919.ece |title=Seminar to focus on Chennai's growth potential |work=The Hindu |date=21 August 2008 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213024301/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/Seminar-to-focus-on-Chennairsquos-growth-potential/article20139919.ece |archive-date=13 February 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, with {{INR}} 1&nbsp;lakh crore investment in the pipeline over 5 years, the city is poised for major industrial investment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.magicbricks.com/chennai-tops-in-occupancy-level-in-hospitality-sector |title=Chennai tops in occupancy level in hospitality sector |publisher=MagicBricks.com |date=5 October 2012 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213070307/http://content.magicbricks.com/chennai-tops-in-occupancy-level-in-hospitality-sector/ |archive-date=13 December 2012}}</ref> Chennai is classified as a [[global city]] by [[GaWC]], with a ranking of Beta<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Lboro.ac.uk |date=14 September 2011 |access-date=6 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> based on the extent of global reach and financial influence.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcAx3bjuC98C&pg=PA23 |page=23 |title=Tourism and the branded city: film and identity on the Pacific Rim |publisher=Ashgate publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-4829-1 |date=6 November 2007}}</ref> It is estimated that about 400 financial industry businesses are headquartered in the city,<ref>{{cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=C. |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/28/chennai-finance-city-taking-shape-1779935.html |title=Chennai Finance City taking shape |publisher=Express Publications |date=28 February 2018 |access-date=17 March 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107162239/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/28/chennai-finance-city-taking-shape-1779935.html |archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref> half of which are located in the areas of Mylapore, R. A. Puram, Nungambakkam and T. Nagar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=C. |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jun/08/state-of-the-art-commerce-hub-likely-on-anna-salai-1987448.html |title=State-of-the-art commerce hub likely on Anna Salai |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=1 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921100423/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jun/08/state-of-the-art-commerce-hub-likely-on-anna-salai-1987448.html |archive-date=21 September 2020}}</ref><br />
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The city is base to around 40 percent of India's automobile industry and 45 percent of auto components industry.<ref name="mc1">{{cite news |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/special-videos/chennai-the-next-global-auto-manufacturing-hub_539405.html |title=Chennai: The next global auto manufacturing hub? |work=CNBC-TV18 |access-date=28 December 2012 |date=27 April 2011 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> A large number of automotive companies including [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal enfield]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Renault]], [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Robert Bosch]], [[Nissan Motors]], [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha Motor]], [[Daimler AG]], [[Caterpillar Inc.]], [[Komatsu Limited]], [[BharatBenz]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[BMW]], [[Citroën]] and [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]] have manufacturing plants in Chennai.<ref name="economictimes_auto">{{cite news |title=Chennai will be world's largest auto-manufacturing hub: Stalin |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/chennai-will-be-worlds-largest-auto-manufacturing-hub-stalin/articleshow/7470071.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=10 February 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213073608/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/chennai-will-be-worlds-largest-auto-manufacturing-hub-stalin/articleshow/7470071.cms |archive-date=13 February 2011}}</ref> The [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] at [[Avadi]] produces military vehicles, including India's main battle tank: ''[[Arjun MBT]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trials-of-arjun-mark-ii-start-in-pokhran/articleshow/14380569.cms |title=Trials of Arjun mark II start in Pokhran |access-date=28 December 2012 |date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Jaisalmer |last=Bhatia |first=Vikram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131021418/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Trials-of-Arjun-mark-II-start-in-Pokhran/articleshow/14380569.cms |archive-date=31 January 2017}}</ref> The [[Integral Coach Factory]] manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for [[Indian Railways]].<ref name=Integral_Coach_Factory>{{cite web |title=Profile |publisher=Integral Coach Factory |url=http://www.icf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294 |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106035451/http://www.icf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294 |archive-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Ambattur#Ambattur Industrial Estate|Ambattur–Padi industrial zone]] houses many textile manufacturers, and a special economic zone (SEZ) for apparel and footwear manufacturing has been set up in the southern suburbs of the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ravi Kumar |first=N |title=Mahindra City, a world of its own |date=3 December 2004 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/03/stories/2004120310000400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223073916/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/03/stories/2004120310000400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Chennai contributes more than 50 percent of India's leather exports.<ref>{{cite web |title=Development Plan for Chennai Metropolitan Area |publisher=Govt. of India |page=13 |url=http://www.jnnurm.nic.in/toolkit/CDP_CHENNAI.PDF |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226213256/http://www.jnnurm.nic.in/toolkit/CDP_CHENNAI.PDF |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref><br />
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Many software and software services companies have development centres in Chennai, which contributed 14 percent of India's total software exports of {{INR}} 14,42,140 lakh during 2006–07, making it the second largest Indian city software exporter following [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Nasscom"/> The [[Tidel Park]] in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built.<ref name="fordithub">{{cite news |title=Ford's Rs. 200-cr. IT hub in Chennai |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/02/stories/04022231.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020130201321/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/02/stories/04022231.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2002 |date=2 November 2000 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2008/jul/31slide5.htm |title=Work ethics: How Indian cities fare |access-date=28 December 2012 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> Major software companies have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest base.<ref name=itchennai2/><br />
[[File:Tid.jpg|thumb|[[Tidel Park]]]]<br />
Prominent financial institutions, including the [[World Bank]], [[Standard Chartered Bank]], [[ABN AMRO]], [[Bank of America]], [[The Royal Bank of Scotland]], [[Goldman Sachs]], [[Barclays]], [[HSBC]], [[ING Group]], [[Allianz]], [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation]], [[The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ]], [[Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank]], [[Asian Development Bank]], [[Credit Suisse]], [[BNP Paribas Fortis]], Irevna, [[Deutsche Bank]] and [[Citibank]] have [[back office]] and development centre operations in the city.<ref>{{cite news |first=J |last=Padmapriya |title=RBS may set up a facility in Chennai |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/rbs-may-set-up-a-facility-in-chennai/articleshow/4357134.cms |access-date=28 December 2012 |work=The Economic Times |date=4 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407183135/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/rbs-may-set-up-a-facility-in-chennai/articleshow/4357134.cms |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> Chennai is home to the national level commercial banks [[Indian Bank]]<ref name="Indian-Bank">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianbank.in/BranchAddress.htm |title=Indian Bank Head Office |publisher=Indian Bank |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070801224238/http://www.indianbank.in/BranchAddress.htm |archive-date=1 August 2007}}</ref> and [[Indian Overseas Bank]]<ref name="IOB">{{cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S |title=The bank in a 'palace' grounds |date=1 October 2003 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/01/stories/2003100100320300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003010820/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/01/stories/2003100100320300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="BOB">{{cite web |title=Branch Network |publisher=Bharat Overseas Bank Bank |url=http://www.bharatoverseasbank.com/branch.asp |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306084711/http://www.bharatoverseasbank.com/branch.asp |archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref> and many state level co–operative banks, finance and insurance companies. Telecom and Electronics manufacturers based in and around Chennai include [[Samsung]], [[Nokia Siemens]], [[Motorola]], [[Lenovo]], [[Dell]], [[Force10]], [[Wipro]], [[Flextronics]] and [[Siemens]] among others. Chennai is currently the largest electronics hardware exporter in India, accounting for 45% of the total exports in 2010–11.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Electronics Hardware Export 2010–11 |url=http://www.escindia.in/uploads/OVERALL%20ELECTRONICS%20HARDWARE%20EXPORT%202010-11.pdf |publisher=ECSIndia |access-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191958/http://www.escindia.in/uploads/OVERALL%20ELECTRONICS%20HARDWARE%20EXPORT%202010-11.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> Telecom giants [[Ericsson]] and [[Alcatel-Lucent]], pharmaceuticals giant [[Pfizer]] and chemicals giant [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemicals]] have research and development facilities in Chennai. The TICEL bio–tech park at [[Taramani]]<ref name="ticel-park">{{cite web |title=List of clients |publisher=TICEL Bio Park |url=http://www.ticelbiopark.com/clients.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331021341/http://www.ticelbiopark.com/clients.html |archive-date=31 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Golden Jubilee bio–tech park at [[Siruseri]]<ref name="golden-jubilee-park">{{cite web |title=Existing units |publisher=Golden Jubilee Biotech Park for Women Society |url=http://www.biotechpark.co.in/existing.html |access-date=2 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519024701/http://www.biotechpark.co.in/existing.html |archive-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> houses biotechnology companies and laboratories. The [[World Trade Center Chennai|World Trade Center complex]] is located at [[Perungudi]] on the southern side of the city.<ref name="Hindu_WTCInMarch2020">{{cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |title=WTC to open doors in March 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |page=6 |publisher=Kasturi & Sons |date=19 October 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/wtc-to-open-doors-in-march-2020/article29739935.ece |access-date=20 October 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029061204/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/wtc-to-open-doors-in-march-2020/article29739935.ece |archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> According to [[Jones Lang LaSalle]], demand for investment-grade buildings in Chennai is high from IT companies. The average annual gross demand in Chennai is 4.5 million square feet.<ref name="Hindu_WTCInMarch2020"/><br />
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[[File:WTC_UnderConst.jpg|thumb|[[World Trade Center Chennai|World Trade Center]] towers]]<br />
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A study conducted by the [[National Housing Bank]] on the residential price index of Indian cities showed that Chennai experienced the highest growth after the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-07/chennai/31304556_1_residex-realty-prices-residential-price-index |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514105632/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-07/chennai/31304556_1_residex-realty-prices-residential-price-index |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2013 |title=High-rise Market |date=7 April 2012 |access-date=28 December 2012 |last=Sivan |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |first=Jayaraj}}</ref> Medical tourism is an important part of Chennai's economy with 45 percent of total medical tourists to India making to Chennai.<ref>{{cite book |title=Medical Tourism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1Un-gGsozMC&pg=PA71 |page=71 |last=Connell |first=John |isbn=978-1-84593-660-0 |year=2011}}</ref> The [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] industry<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual report 2011 |url=http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANNUAL_2011.pdf |publisher=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124081428/http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANNUAL_2011.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> and the Tamil television industry are also significant parts of Chennai's economy. The city also has a permanent exhibition complex in [[Nandambakkam]] called the [[Chennai Trade Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennai Trade Centre{{snd}}A Profile |publisher=India Trade Promotion Organisation |url=http://www.indiatradefair.com/corp/channai.asp.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021233344/http://www.indiatradefair.com/corp/channai.asp.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2006 |access-date=28 December 2012 }}</ref> It hosted the [[Tamil Nadu Global Investors Meet]] in 2019 which was a business summit organised by the Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianembassybrussels.gov.in/pdf/TN-GIM-Brochure-2019.pdf |title=TN GIM - Brochure New - 13 Nov - TN-GIM-Brochure-2019.pdf |access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> With 385 ultra-rich living in the city as of 2013, Chennai is positioned in the sixth place among Indian cities that are home to the country's super-rich.<ref>{{cite news |last=Karthiyayini |title=Chennai comes sixth among India's super-rich cities |newspaper=TruthDive |location=Chennai |date=18 October 2013 |url=http://truthdive.com/2013/10/18/chennai-comes-sixth-among-indias-super-rich-cities.html |access-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020061802/http://truthdive.com/2013/10/18/chennai-comes-sixth-among-indias-super-rich-cities.html |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> The city is the third largest market in India for luxury cars.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aravind |first=Indulekha |title=Chennai swank |newspaper=Business Standard |location=Bangalore |date=26 October 2012 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/chennai-swank-112102700056_1.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804035213/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/chennai-swank-112102700056_1.html |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><br />
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===Banking and finance===<br />
[[File:World Bank Office in Taramani, Chennai.jpg|thumb|right|World Bank Office in Chennai]]<br />
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The [[Reserve Bank of India]] ranked Chennai as third-largest deposit centre and third-largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Prior to the advent of modern commercial banks, the banking services in the city were offered to the public by ''Nattukottai Chettiars'' or ''Nagarathars'', chiefly in and around the neighbourhood of [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], who offered loans as well as accepted money deposits from the public, in addition to offering loans to the agricultural labourers. Even today, many of the banking offices are housed in heritage structures belonging to the colonial era that are chiefly clustered around [[Rajaji Salai, Chennai|Rajaji Road]] in George Town.<ref name="TOI_BankingHeritageOfMadras">{{cite news |last=Suresh |first=S. |title=The Banking Heritage of Madras |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=3 November 2012 |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/11/03&PageLabel=50&EntityId=Ar05001&ViewMode=HTML |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Chennai is home to the first European-style banking system in India with the establishment of the 'Madras Bank' on 21 June 1683, almost a century before the establishment of the first commercial banks, such as the Bank of Hindustan and the General Bank of India, which were established in 1770 and 1786, respectively.<ref name="InsightIntoProgressOfBanking">{{cite news |last=Mukund |first=Kanakalatha |title=Insight into the progress of banking |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=3 April 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/04/03/stories/2007040300301600.htm |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Upon the recommendation of the British Finance Committee on the formation of a government bank, the Madras Bank, then known as the 'Government Bank', started functioning again from 1806. In 1843, the bank merged with the Carnatic Bank (1788), the British Bank of Madras (1795) and the Asiatic Bank (1804) and became the [[Bank of Madras]], which was one of the three Presidency banks of India, the other two being the [[Bank of Bengal]] and the [[Bank of Bombay]]. In 1921, the three Presidency banks merged to form the [[Imperial Bank of India]], which later became the [[State Bank of India]] in 1955.<ref name="200YearsAndGoingStrong">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Shiv |title=200 years and going strong |newspaper=The Tribune |date=26 June 2005 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050626/spectrum/main1.htm |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804210248/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050626/spectrum/main1.htm |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><br />
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Chennai is the headquarters of the [[Indian Bank]], the [[Indian Overseas Bank]] and the erstwhile [[Bharat Overseas Bank]], which merged with the Indian Overseas Bank in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=IOB set to takeover Bharat Overseas Bank |newspaper=Rediff Business |publisher=Rediff.com |date=28 January 2006 |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/28iob.htm |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022215206/https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/28iob.htm |archive-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> The city is home to the [[Reserve Bank of India, South Zonal Office|south zonal office]] of the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the country's central bank, along with its zonal training centre and Reserve Bank Staff College, one of the two colleges of the bank.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us, RBI |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx?pg=Offices.htm#colleges |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111101938/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx?pg=Offices.htm |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> The city also houses the [[World Bank office, Chennai|permanent back office]] of the [[World Bank]], which is one of the largest buildings owned by the bank outside its headquarters in [[Washington, DC]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=R.K. |title=World Bank decides to locate back office in Chennai |location=Chennai |date=26 May 2009 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052660290800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530190136/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052660290800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The Chennai office handles corporate financial, accounting, administrative and IT services of the bank, in addition to several value-added operations of the bank that were earlier handled only in its Washington, DC office, including the bank's analytical work in bond valuation which is estimated to be US$100&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=World Bank may ramp up Chennai BPO operations |newspaper=Business Standard |location=Chennai |date=17 November 2003 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/world-bank-may-ramp-up-chennai-bpo-operations-103111701057_1.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804084546/https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/world-bank-may-ramp-up-chennai-bpo-operations-103111701057_1.html |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> Several foreign banks have established their branches in the city. The first Sri Lankan Bank in India was established when the Bank of Ceylon opened its branch in Madras on 31 October 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us{{snd}}India, Chennai |publisher=Sri Lanka Deputy High Commission in Southern India |url=http://www.sldhcchennai.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=28 |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911104457/http://www.sldhcchennai.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=28 |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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==Infrastructure==<br />
===Communication===<br />
Chennai is one of four Indian cities connected to the rest of the world by [[Submarine communications cable|undersea fibre-optic cables]], the other three being [[Mumbai]], [[Kochi]], and [[Tuticorin]]. The city is the [[Cable landing point|landing point]] of major submarine telecommunication cable networks such as [[SEA-ME-WE 4|SMW<sub>4</sub>]] (connecting India with Western Europe, Middle East and Southeast Asia), [[i2i]] (connecting India with Singapore), [[TIISCS|TIC]] (connecting India with Singapore), [[Bay of Bengal Gateway|BBG]] (connecting India with the [[Sultanate of Oman]], [[Malaysia]], the [[UAE]], and [[Sri Lanka]]), [[Gulf Bridge International]], and [[BRICS (submarine cable)|BRICS]] (connecting India with Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa). The 3,175-km-long, 8-fiber-paired i2i has the world's largest design capacity of 8.4 terabits per second.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bharti, SingTel announce pact for submarine cable – Chennai-Mumbai-Singapore link to cost Rs $650m |newspaper=Business Line |location=New Delhi |date=25 October 2000 |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/10/25/stories/14251803.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125163249/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/10/25/stories/14251803.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's 1st undersea cable network ready |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=Singapore |date=8 April 2002 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6306817.cms |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817121213/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6306817.cms |archive-date=17 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VSNL completes Singapore's first Indian-owned undersea fiber-optic cable |publisher=Tata.com |date=3 November 2004 |url=http://www.tata.com/company/releases/inside.aspx?artid=KqkMdfB8TA0= |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928232230/http://tata.com/company/releases/inside.aspx?artid=KqkMdfB8TA0%3D |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BRICS Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services Between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa |work=BRICS Cable News |publisher=BRICS Cable |date=16 April 2012 |url=http://www.bricscable.com/products.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420075013/http://www.bricscable.com/products.html |archive-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Work to lay a 2,300-km undersea optical submarine cable connecting [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] to mainland India through Chennai, carrying 100 Gbit/s optical waves, is slated to begin in December 2019 and completed by March 2020. It will connect [[Port Blair]] and the islands of [[Havelock Island|Havelock]], [[Little Andaman]] ([[Hutbay]]), [[Car Nicobar]], [[Kamorta Island|Kamorta]], [[Great Nicobar]], [[Long Island, Andaman|Long Island]] and [[Rangat]] with Indian mainland.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rohit |first=T. K. |title=Work on undersea cable to connect Andamans to begin in December |work=The Hindu |date=11 September 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/work-on-undersea-cable-to-connect-andamans-to-begin-in-december/article29386971.ece |access-date=20 October 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323212218/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/work-on-undersea-cable-to-connect-andamans-to-begin-in-december/article29386971.ece |archive-date=23 March 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{As of|2013}}, eight mobile phone service companies operate seven [[GSM]] networks including Airtel, Aircel, BSNL, Vodafone, Tata Docomo GSM, Idea, Reliance GSM and three [[CDMA]] networks including MTS, Reliance CDMA, Tata Docomo CDMA in the city. 2G Mobile internet connections are provided by all the operators, and 3G and 4G mobile broadband are provided by few operators in the city. There are four land line companies<ref>{{cite press release |title=Information note to the Press (Press Release No.71/2007) |publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India |date=24 August 2007 |url=http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/PressReleases/486/pr24aug07no71.pdf |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515114849/http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/PressReleases/486/pr24aug07no71.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2012}} Annexure lists these six entities as the licensed cellular operators for the Chennai circle. The [[CDMA]] Development Group's official website lists [[Tata Teleservices]] and [[Reliance Communications]] as the only operators to have deployed [[CDMA]] on cellular systems in India. {{cite web |title=CDMA Worldwide: Deployment search&nbsp;– Asia-Pacific |publisher=CDMA Development Group |url=http://www.cdg.org/worldwide/index.asp?h_area=1 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073228/http://cdg.org/worldwide/index.asp?h_area=1 |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Narayanan |first=R.Y. |title=Touchtel arrives in Coimbatore |work=The Hindu |date=5 September 2002 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/09/05/stories/2002090502151700.htm |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231926/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/09/05/stories/2002090502151700.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> providing commercial and domestic broadband Internet services. Chennai was the first Indian city to deploy [[Wi-Fi]] internet access in a widespread manner.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-is-now-wi-fi-enabled/articleshow/4656341.cms |title=Chennai is now wi-fi-enabled |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 December 2012 |date=15 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928014551/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-is-now-wi-fi-enabled/articleshow/4656341.cms |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, there were 9.8&nbsp;million mobile phone users in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Vivek |title=Chennai ranks third among metros in surfing internet on cellphones |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 December 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-ranks-third-among-metros-in-surfing-internet-on-cellphones/articleshow/7130287.cms |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022090437/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-ranks-third-among-metros-in-surfing-internet-on-cellphones/articleshow/7130287.cms |archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> In 2010, Chennai had the fourth highest number of active Internet users in India, with 2.2&nbsp;million users.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India's Internet users top 100&nbsp;m in Sept |newspaper=Business Line |date=7 November 2011 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/indias-internet-users-top-100-m-in-sept/article20357930.ece1 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407183711/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/indias-internet-users-top-100-m-in-sept/article20357930.ece1 |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> As of 2018, the city topped in broadband speed among Indian cities, with a recorded download speed of 32.67 Mbit/s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=City tops in broadband speed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 March 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/city-tops-in-broadband-speed/article23231075.ece |access-date=17 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730145812/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/city-tops-in-broadband-speed/article23231075.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Power===<br />
[[File:Kalpakkam 04710083 (8386517544).jpg|thumb|left|Madras Atomic Power Station]]<br />
Major power plants in the city include [[North Chennai Thermal Power Station]], [[GMR Vasavi Diesel Power Plant]], [[Ennore Thermal Power Station]], [[Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station]], [[Madras Atomic Power Station]] and [[Vallur Thermal Power Station|Vallur Thermal Power Project]]. According to the Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited (TANGEDCO), {{As of|2013|lc=y}}, the city consumes about 20 percent of the electricity in the state of Tamil Nadu. The peak evening demand of the city is 1,500 MW which is about 50 percent of the state's peak evening demand of 3,000 megawatt. This includes 37 percent consumption by the industrial sector, 30 percent by the domestic sector, 18 percent by the agricultural sector, and 11.5 percent by the commercial sector. The peak power consumption is for four months between May and August, with the city consuming the highest during June because it is when the summer peaks. On 20 June 2013, the city consumed the highest of 52,785 MU.<ref>{{cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |title=Chennai consumes 20% of the power of the State |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=22 April 2014 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-consumes-20-of-the-power-of-the-state/article5934753.ece |access-date=24 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730145913/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-consumes-20-of-the-power-of-the-state/article5934753.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>[[File:Vallur_Thermal_Power_Plant.JPG|thumb|[[Vallur Thermal Power Station]]]]{{As of|2014}}, the city consumes around 3.83 crore units of power a day or 1,400 crore units annually. Hourly consumption of power in the city is about 2,000 to 3,000 MW.<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro rail sets up units to power trains, stations to meet year-end deadline to start services |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=15 April 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Chennai/Metro-rail-sets-up-units-to-power-trains-stations-to-meet-year-end-deadline-to-start-services/articleshow/33757188.cms |access-date=18 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221204401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/metro-rail-sets-up-units-to-power-trains-stations-to-meet-year-end-deadline-to-start-services/articleshow/33757188.cms |archive-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> Availability of power in the city has become a concern in recent years due to increasing demand and slow-paced addition of power plants, due to which scheduled power cuts have become increasingly common. However, this situation was eradicated by the end of 2014.<ref>{{cite web |author=PTI |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-08/india/36992443_1_vallur-solar-power-thermal-power-projects |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429212912/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-08/india/36992443_1_vallur-solar-power-thermal-power-projects |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=No power cuts in Tamil Nadu from this year end, says Jaya |access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Padmini Sivarajah, TNN 5 February 2013, 05.28AM IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Power-crisis-improving-in-southern-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/18343496.cms |title=Power crisis improving in southern Tamil Nadu |work=The Times of India |date=5 February 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107201811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Power-crisis-improving-in-southern-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/18343496.cms |archive-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, the total electricity consumption by the street lamps in the city is 27&nbsp;MW, costing about {{INR}} {{formatnum:60000000}} per month.<ref name="CC_Electrical">{{cite web |title=Electrical{{snd}}Consumption and Cost|publisher=Corporation of Chennai |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/electrical/index.htm |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123014730/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/electrical/index.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> The 426&nbsp;sq&nbsp;km of the city has over 248,000 streetlights, including 88,000 in the newly expanded areas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=LED lights on roads in added city areas soon |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=3 February 2013 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/led-lights-on-roads-in-added-city-areas-soon/article4373161.ece |access-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730164641/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/led-lights-on-roads-in-added-city-areas-soon/article4373161.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Health care===<br />
{{Main|Healthcare in Chennai}}<br />
Chennai is known for its advanced medical facilities, including both government-run and private hospitals. The government-aided hospitals include [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|General Hospital]], [[Adyar Cancer Institute]], [[Tambaram TB Sanatorium|TB Sanatorium]], and [[National Institute of Siddha]]. The National Institute of Siddha is one of the seven apex national-level educational institutions that promote excellence in Indian system of medicine and [[Ayurveda]].<ref>{{cite book |last=De |first=Barun Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLBwsuW26oMC&pg=PA39 |title=Public System Management |isbn=81-224-1767-1 |publisher=New Age International Publishers |location=New Delhi |year=2006 |page=39}}</ref> Major hospitals in Chennai include [[Apollo Hospitals]], [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Speciality Hospital]], [[SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre]], Chettinad Health City, [[Madras Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology|MIOT Hospitals]], [[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute]], [[Fortis Malar Hospital]], Lifeline Hospitals, [[Vasan Healthcare]], Dr Mehta Hospitals, Global Hospitals & Health City, [[Sankara Nethralaya]] and Vijaya Medical & Educational Trust.<ref>{{cite web |last=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers |title=NABH Accredited Hospitals |publisher=NABH |date=March 2012 |url=http://nabh.co/main/hospitals/accredited.asp |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723105839/http://nabh.co/main/hospitals/accredited.asp |archive-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> Chennai attracts about 45 percent of health tourists from abroad and 30 percent to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. The city has been termed ''India's health capital''.<ref name="CityGetsMostForeignTourists"/><ref name="Health capital">{{cite web |last=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers |title=Chennai&nbsp;– India's Health Capital |publisher=India Health Visit |url=http://www.indiahealthvisit.com/chennai-health-capital.htm |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818222035/http://www.indiahealthvisit.com/chennai-health-capital.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Hamid2012">{{cite news |last=Hamid |first=Zubeda |title=The medical capital's place in history |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=20 August 2012 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031054/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The city has more than 12,500 beds in its hospitals,<ref name="CityToGet3000MoreBeds">{{cite news |title=Country's med capital to get 3,000 more beds |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=16 July 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/countrys-med-capital-to-get-3000-more-beds/articleshow/9243427.cms |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407184019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/countrys-med-capital-to-get-3000-more-beds/articleshow/9243427.cms |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> including about 5,000 in multi-specialty hospitals in the private sector and over 6,000 beds in the public sector.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kannan |first=Ramya |title=What the new hospital and college mean for Chennai |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=20 August 2011 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/what-the-new-hospital-and-college-mean-for-chennai/article2374703.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804055816/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/what-the-new-hospital-and-college-mean-for-chennai/article2374703.ece |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> This works to 2.1 beds per 1,000 population against the national average of less than one bed per 1,000 population and the [[World Health Organization]]'s norms of three beds per 1,000 persons, higher than any other city in the country.<br />
<br />
===Waste management===<br />
The city generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day of which 429 tonnes are plastic waste.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramkumar |first=Pratiksha |title=Chennai stares at a plastic disaster |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=4 April 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-stares-at-a-plastic-disaster/articleshow/19373649.cms |access-date=6 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928021708/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-stares-at-a-plastic-disaster/articleshow/19373649.cms |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> The city has three dumpyards, one each at [[Perungudi]], [[Kodungaiyur]], and [[Pallikaranai]]. The corporation has planned to close these yards and create four new dumpyards at Malaipattu, [[Minjur]], [[Vallur]] and Kuthambakkam villages, ranging in size from {{cvt|20|acres|0}} to {{cvt|100|acres|0}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=City to finally be free of garbage dumps |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=30 October 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/City-to-finally-be-free-of-garbage-dumps/articleshow/17012878.cms |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928023302/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/City-to-finally-be-free-of-garbage-dumps/articleshow/17012878.cms |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Corpn plans to move dump yards; residents breathe easy |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=30 October 2012 |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/10/30&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00500&ViewMode=HTML |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The civic body also spends {{INR}} 400 crore a year on solid-waste management.<ref>{{cite news |last=Philip |first=Christin Mathew |title=Don't dump waste on others: Experts |location=Chennai |date=3 November 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-03/chennai/34892706_1_door-to-door-garbage-collection-source-segregation-civic-body |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513230003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-03/chennai/34892706_1_door-to-door-garbage-collection-source-segregation-civic-body |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Tourism and hospitality==<br />
{{Main|Tourism in Chennai}}<br />
[[File:ITC-Grand-Chola-Chennai-2.JPG|thumb|[[ITC Grand Chola Hotel]], Chennai, is the largest hotel in South India.]]<br />
With temples, beaches and centres of historical and cultural significance, including the [[UNESCO Heritage Site]] of [[Mahabalipuram]], Chennai is one of the most-visited cities in India. The city serves as the gateway to the [[South India|southern part of India]] with tourists landing in the city and then visiting the rest of the region. Chennai was the most-visited Indian city by foreign tourists in 2009 and issued the third-highest number of visas on arrival in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-high-city-gets-most-foreign-tourists/articleshow/6442393.cms |title=Chennai High: City gets most foreign tourists |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 August 2010 |publisher=The Times of India (27 August 2010) |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122134913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-High-City-gets-most-foreign-tourists/articleshow/6442393.cms |archive-date=22 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140924/nation-current-affairs/article/foreign-tourist-arrivals-rise |title=Foreign tourist arrivals increase |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124211148/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140924/nation-current-affairs/article/foreign-tourist-arrivals-rise |archive-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> In 2011, Chennai was ranked the 41st most visited city, with 3,174,500 tourists, a 14-percent increase from 2010.<ref name="EuroMonitor_Top100CitiesDestination">{{cite web |title=Top 100 Cities Destination Ranking 2011 |publisher=Euromonitor International |date=21 January 2013 |url=http://blog.euromonitor.com/2013/01/top-100-cities-destination-ranking.html |access-date=24 January 2013 |archive-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518231432/http://blog.euromonitor.com/2013/01/top-100-cities-destination-ranking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> About 830,620 domestic tourists arrived in Chennai in March 2011.<ref name="CityGetsMostForeignTourists">{{cite news |title=Chennai High: City gets most foreign tourists |work=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=27 August 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-high-city-gets-most-foreign-tourists/articleshow/6442393.cms |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122134913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-High-City-gets-most-foreign-tourists/articleshow/6442393.cms |archive-date=22 November 2020}}</ref> Chennai's leading tourist countries-of-origin are Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. In 2015, the city received 4,243,700 foreign tourists, making it the third-most-visited city<!--As per the 2015 report of Euromonitor International, six Indian cities feature in the 100 most-visited destinations in the world by foreign tourists: Delhi at 28, Mumbai at 30, Chennai at 43, Agra at 45, Jaipur at 52 and Kolkata at 90 as mentioned by the source below--> in India after [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]] and 43rd-most visited city in the world by foreign tourists.<ref name="Che"/> {{As of|2012}}, the city had 21 [[List of hotels in Chennai|luxury hotels]] in the five-star category, with over 4,500 rooms in the inventory.<ref name="NewHotelsBeckon">{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Liffy |author2=Deepa H. Ramakrishnan |title=New hotels beckon the business class |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=1 June 2012 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-hotels-beckon-the-business-class/article3477386.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803232147/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-hotels-beckon-the-business-class/article3477386.ece |archive-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> The collective luxury room inventory across four- and five-star categories as of 2018 is around 7,000.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chandramouli |first=Rajesh |title=Hotels full as Chennai turns into wedding destination |work=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=27 April 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/hotels-full-as-city-turns-into-wedding-destination/articleshow/63932181.cms |access-date=6 September 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428104119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/hotels-full-as-city-turns-into-wedding-destination/articleshow/63932181.cms |archive-date=28 April 2018}}</ref> About 85 percent of the room demand in Chennai comes from business travellers.<ref name="ChennaiEmergesTop">{{cite news |last=Siva Prasanna Kumar |first=J. V. |title=Chennai emerges top among Indian cities in hotel room addition |work=Deccan Chronicle |location=Chennai |date=29 April 2019 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290419/chennai-emerges-top-among-indian-cities-in-hotel-room-addition.html |access-date=6 September 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124214024/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290419/chennai-emerges-top-among-indian-cities-in-hotel-room-addition.html |archive-date=24 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Entertainment===<br />
[[File:அண்ணா நூற்றாண்டு நினைவு நூலகம் படம் 2.JPG|thumb|[[Anna Centenary Library]], one of the largest libraries in Asia|left]]<br />
Chennai is the base for [[Tamil cinema]], sometimes nicknamed as ''Kollywood'', alluding to the neighbourhood of [[Kodambakkam]] where a number of film studios are located. Many film personalities have gone on to become politicians including [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. Karunanidhi]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Dan Ellens |author2=Lakshmi Srinivas |title=A Time for India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nsyr3J1fpIC |year=2005 |publisher=Vantage Press |isbn=978-0-533-15092-2}}</ref> Chennai hosts major film studios, including [[AVM Productions]], the oldest surviving studio in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |title=When studios dotted Vadapalani |location=Chennai |date=15 July 2009 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/07/15/stories/2009071550030100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826183406/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/07/15/stories/2009071550030100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, there are 120 cinema screens and multiplexes. Major multiplexes include [[SPI Cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]], Escape cinemas, Devi and [[Mayajaal]].<ref>{{cite news |last=RamaKrishnan |first=Deepa H. |title=Cinema halls oppose service tax, stay shut |location=chennai |work=The Hindu |date=24 February 2012 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cinema-halls-oppose-service-tax-stay-shut/article2925250.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126060008/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cinema-halls-oppose-service-tax-stay-shut/article2925250.ece |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> Chennai's expansive theatre network stages many Tamil plays of many genres: political satire, slapstick comedy, history, mythology and drama.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramesh |first=V |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/17/stories/2003071700060100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040728223100/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/17/stories/2003071700060100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2004 |title=The Sultan of sarcasm |date=17 July 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/11/stories/2006011115150700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114050053/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/11/stories/2006011115150700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2006 |title=Actor R.S. Manohar dead |date=11 January 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ranee |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/10/stories/2003121000390100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031231060700/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/10/stories/2003121000390100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2003 |title=Laughter, the best medicine |date=10 December 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> English plays are popular in the city, along with the more common Tamil-language plays.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080616-all-for-a-laugh-736499-2008-06-04 |title=All for a laugh |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202103932/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080616-all-for-a-laugh-736499-2008-06-04 |archive-date=2 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
===Recreation===<br />
{{Main|Parks in Chennai}}<br />
[[File:Chennai - bird's-eye view.ogv|thumb|Marina Beach]]<br />
The zoo, beaches and wildlife parks form the primary recreation areas of the city. Chennai has a 19+&nbsp;km coastline with its corporation limits. The city boasts two popular beaches, the [[Marina Beach|Marina]] and the [[Elliot's Beach|Elliot's]]. [[Marina Beach|The Marina]] spans {{cvt|13|km|mi}} between the deltas of Cooum and Adyar, and is the second-longest urban beach in the world.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJfu5vbPbA0C&pg=PA81 |title=Observing our environment from space: new solutions for a new millennium |author=EARSeL |year=2002 |isbn=90-5809-254-2 |publisher=A. A. Balakema}}</ref> [[Elliot's Beach]] lies south of the Adyar delta. Covelong Beach lies along the Coromandal Coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennai.org.uk/beaches/elliot-beach.html |title=Elliot's Beach |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=chennai.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227012841/http://www.chennai.org.uk/beaches/elliot-beach.html |archive-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]] is a [[reptile]] [[zoo]] located {{cvt|40|km}} south of the city covering an area of {{cvt|8.5|acre}} and had over 450,000 visitors in 2007. The center has one of the world's largest collections of reptiles and has bred 14 of the 23 existing species of crocodiles and alligators.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/03/science/saving-the-crocodile-and-putting-on-a-spectacular-show.html |title=Saving the Crocodile and Putting on a Spectacular Show |work=The New York Times |access-date=30 August 2011 |first=Stephen |last=Kinzer |date=3 February 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204538/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/03/science/saving-the-crocodile-and-putting-on-a-spectacular-show.html |archive-date=22 February 2019}}</ref> The [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]], one of the largest zoological parks in the world, annually attracts nearly 2&nbsp;million visitors.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=IBN Live |title=Wandering down Chennais wild side |date=3 June 2011 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/wandering-down-chennais-wild-side/155808-60-120.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604191158/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/wandering-down-chennais-wild-side/155808-60-120.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> [[Guindy National Park]], a protected area of Tamil Nadu, has a children's park and a [[Chennai Snake Park Trust|snake park]], which gained statutory recognition as a medium zoo from the Central Zoo Authority of India in 1995. Chennai is one of the few cities in the world to accommodate a [[national park]], the [[Guindy National Park]], within its limits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guindy National Park |publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]] |url=http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_gnp.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928004229/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_gnp.html |archive-date=28 September 2012}}</ref> An estimated 4.5 percent of the city's area is under green cover<!--OLD STATISTICS. TO BE UPDATED FOR THE RECENT EXPANSION OF THE CITY.-->.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/massive-afforestation-drive-to-begin-in-chennai/articleshow/8200770.cms |title=Massive afforestation drive to begin in Chennai |work=The Times of India |date=9 May 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407184722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/massive-afforestation-drive-to-begin-in-chennai/articleshow/8200770.cms |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> This enables [[birding]]. The seven zones of the old corporation limits have about 260 parks, many of which suffer poor maintenance.<ref name="chennaiparks">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/More-parks-but-Chennai-needs-green-thumb/articleshow/15626196.cms |title=More parks, but Chennai needs green thumb |work=The Times of India |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=28 December 2012 |last=Philip |first=Christin Mathew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024033219/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/More-parks-but-Chennai-needs-green-thumb/articleshow/15626196.cms |archive-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> The city has a per capita park space of 0.41&nbsp;sq&nbsp;m, which is the least among all metros in India.<ref name="chennaiparks"/> The eight zones in the newly added areas of the city have about 265 locations that have been identified for development of new parks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lopez |first=Aloysius Xavier |title=More green relief for Chennai soon |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=30 March 2012 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/more-green-relief-for-chennai-soon/article3259316.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804030511/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/more-green-relief-for-chennai-soon/article3259316.ece |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> The largest park is the 358-acre [[Tholkappia Poonga]], developed to restore the fragile ecosystem of the Adyar estuary.<ref>{{cite news |last=A. |first=Srivathsan |author2=J. Malarvizhi |title=Eco-park will cover entire 358-acre expanse of the Adyar Creek |location=Chennai |date=30 March 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/30/stories/2007033009780100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423014037/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/30/stories/2007033009780100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The horticulture department-owned [[Semmoli Poonga]] is a 20-acre downtown botanical garden.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sivan |first=Jayraj |title=Collector refutes MK's charge, says property on Cathedral Rd not govt's |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Chennai |date=11 October 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/collector-refutes-mks-charge-says-property-on-cathedral-rd-not-govts/articleshow/10308598.cms |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928023337/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Collector-refutes-MKs-charge-says-property-on-Cathedral-Rd-not-govts/articleshow/10308598.cms |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chennai houses several theme parks, namely MGM Dizzee World and Queen's Land.<ref name="watereverywhere">{{cite news |title=Water, water, everywhere&nbsp;... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/article3412483.ece |first=Madhavan |last=T |date=12 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726154458/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/article3412483.ece |archive-date=26 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="amusementparks">{{cite news |title=Amusement parks: a preferred destination |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/amusement-parks-a-preferred-destination/article3536508.ece |first=Madhavan |last=T |date=16 June 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235358/https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/amusement-parks-a-preferred-destination/article3536508.ece |archive-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> However, several fatal accidents have occurred in the theme parks.<ref name="roughshod">{{cite news |title=Do amusement parks ride roughshod over safety? |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/30/stories/2008013060331100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202215505/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/30/stories/2008013060331100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2008 |date=30 January 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> [[Wonderla]] plans to open an amusement park in 2017.<ref name="amusementchennai">{{cite news |title=New Amusement park for chennai&nbsp;... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/wonderla-plans-amusement-park-in-tn/article7536192.ece |first=Pradeesh |last=Chandran |date=10 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730140257/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/wonderla-plans-amusement-park-in-tn/article7536192.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> Other important recreation centres include [[Madras Boat Club]], which is over 140 years old, and [[Gymkhana Club, Chennai|Gymkhana Club]], which is famous for its 18-hole golf courses. Built in 1867, Madras Boat Club is the second-oldest surviving Indian rowing club.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rowing Federation of India |publisher=Rowing federation |url=http://www.indiarowing.com/home.php |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121023906/http://indiarowing.com/home.php |archive-date=21 November 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Shopping===<br />
{{See also|Shopping in Chennai}}<br />
Chennai is home to several malls, due to its status as an [[Information technology industry|IT]] hub.<ref name="nomalls">{{cite news |title=No market for malls? |url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2004/12/04/stories/2004120400050100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507150555/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2004/12/04/stories/2004120400050100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2005 |date=4 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="moremalls">{{cite news |title=More malls to Chennai's skyline |url=http://www.hindu.com/rp/2011/04/03/stories/2011040350010100.htm |date=3 April 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-date=21 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221082105/http://www.hindu.com/rp/2011/04/03/stories/2011040350010100.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mallIThub">{{cite news |title=Mall activity picks up in Chennai IT hubs |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/Mall-activity-picks-up-in-Chennai-IT-hubs/article20216955.ece |first=Nina |last=Varghese |date=7 August 2006 |work=Business Line |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804040615/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/Mall-activity-picks-up-in-Chennai-IT-hubs/article20216955.ece |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> Major ones include [[Express Avenue|Express Avenue (EA)]], [[Chennai Citi Centre|Citi Centre]], [[Abhirami Mega Mall|Abirami mega mall]], [[Spencer Plaza]], [[Ampa Skywalk]], [[Phoenix Market City (Chennai)|Phoenix Market City]] and [[Forum Vijaya Mall]].<ref name="Phoenix Market City">{{cite news |title=Phoenix Market City in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/the-phoenix-rises/article4344437.ece |date=25 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730141808/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/the-phoenix-rises/article4344437.ece |archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> Chennai is an important gold market in India contributing to 45 percent of the 800-tonne annual national gold uptake.<ref name="HinduBL_ShopTillYouDrop">{{cite news |last=Varghese |first=Nina |title=T.Nagar: Shop till you drop, and then shop some more |newspaper=Business Line |location=Chennai |date=29 August 2006 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/08/29/stories/2006082903011900.htm |access-date=14 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000130/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/08/29/stories/2006082903011900.htm |archive-date=26 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is also the base to the World Gold Council's India operations. The city's retail industry is majorly concentrated in [[T. Nagar]] which accounts for major share jewellery and clothes sold in Chennai.<ref name="HinduBL_ShopTillYouDrop"/> According to the 2012 report by property consultant Cushman & Wakefield, ''Main Streets Across the World'', Khader Nawaz Khan Road at [[Nungambakkam]] ranked 10th position in the list of 'Top 10 Global Highest Retail Rental Growth Markets 2012', with 36.7 percent jump in rents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai records maximum growth in retail rent globally |newspaper=Samay Live |publisher=saharansamay.com |date=19 November 2012 |url=http://english.samaylive.com/business-news/676517901/business-mumbai-growth-in-retail-rent.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126061555/http://english.samaylive.com/business-news/676517901/business-mumbai-growth-in-retail-rent.html |archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
{{Main|Transport in Chennai}}<br />
<br />
===Air===<br />
[[File:Chennai airport view 4.jpeg|thumb|Chennai International Airport|240px]]<br />
The [[Chennai International Airport]] is the fourth-busiest in India in terms of passenger traffic behind [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bengaluru]]. It handled about 15.2&nbsp;million passengers in 2013–2014;<ref name=southasia>{{Cite book |title=World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia |author=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC&pg=PA442 |page=442 |isbn=978-0-7614-7645-0 |year=2007|publisher=Marshall Cavendish }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Traffic Statistics – Passengers |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k12annex3.pdf |work=Airports Authority of India |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518081740/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k12annex3.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Traffic Statistics – Aircraft Movements |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k12annex2.pdf |work=Airports Authority of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617013457/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k12annex2.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> in terms of international passengers, Chennai is the third-busiest airport behind [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], Delhi, and [[Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annexure-IIIA Traffic Statistics – International Passengers |website=www.aai.aero |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k14annex3.pdf |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212421/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k14annex3.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Chennai handles 400 flights a day, again placing it fourth among Indian airports. The city is connected to major hubs across Asia, [[Europe]], [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]] through more than 30 national and international carriers.<ref name=hoax>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Hoax-bomb-threat-at-Chennai-airport/articleshow/8802788.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20111113180411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Hoax-bomb-threat-at-Chennai-airport/articleshow/8802788.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2011 |title=Hoax bomb threat at Chennai airport |work=The Times of India |date=10 June 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{see also|Chennai greenfield airport, Parandur}}<br />
The existing airport is undergoing modernisation and expansion with an addition of {{cvt|1069.99|acres|2}}, while a new greenfield airport is to be constructed at an estimated cost of {{INR}} 2,000 crore in [[Sriperumbudur]] on {{cvt|4200|acre|km2}} of land.<ref name=New_Airport>{{cite news |title=New greenfield airport to be set up near Chennai |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200705221441.htm |date=22 May 2007 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026105518/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200705221441.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> The new airport is said to be likely to handle cargo spillover traffic from the existing one.<ref name="aerodreams">{{cite news |title=Chennai's aero dreams take wing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennais-aero-dreams-take-wing/articleshow/12974999.cms |date=3 May 2012 |author1=Arun Janardhanan |author2=V Ayyappan |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Chennai |access-date=25 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928021647/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennais-aero-dreams-take-wing/articleshow/12974999.cms |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Rail===<br />
[[File:Chennai central railway junction - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai Central Railway Station|Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station, Chennai]]|240px]] <br />
Chennai hosts the [[Southern Railway headquarters, Chennai|headquarters]] of the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]. The city has four main railway terminals. [[Chennai Central]], [[Chennai Egmore]], [[Chennai Beach]] and [[Tambaram]]. Chennai Central station, the city's largest, provides nationwide access,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Central-station-to-shut-down-on-December-13/articleshow/5290066.cms |title=Central station to shut down on December 13 |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 December 2012 |date=2 December 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928014443/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Central-station-to-shut-down-on-December-13/articleshow/5290066.cms |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> whereas Chennai Egmore provides access to destinations primarily within Tamil Nadu; however, it also handles a few inter–state trains. A fifth terminal has been proposed to decongest Chennai Central.<ref name="egmore-trains">{{cite news |title=35 trains to run at higher speed |date=27 August 2004 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/28/stories/2004082807870500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040917184630/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/28/stories/2004082807870500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The [[Chennai suburban railway]] network, one of the oldest in the country, facilitates transportation within the city. It consists of four {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] sectors terminating at two locations in the city, namely Chennai Central and [[Chennai Beach]]. While three sectors are operated on-grade, the fourth sector is primarily an [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|elevated corridor]], linking Chennai Beach to [[Velachery]] and is connected with the rest of the rail network.<br />
<br />
=== Metro ===<br />
{{Main|Chennai Metro}}<br />
[[File:Chennai Metro Rail at Koyambedu.JPG|thumb|Chennai Metro|242x242px]]<br />
[[Chennai Metro]] is a rapid-transit system serving the city and was partially commenced on 29 June 2015. To improve the city's public transportation system and prepare the city for the future commuting needs, the Chennai Metro was planned and approved by the state cabinet during 2007 for which construction began on 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/nov/26/3-Corridors-in-Chennai-Metro-Rail-May-be-Extended-by-35-Km-848343.html |title=3 Corridors in Chennai Metro Rail May be Extended by 35&nbsp;km |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=14 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185144/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/nov/26/3-Corridors-in-Chennai-Metro-Rail-May-be-Extended-by-35-Km-848343.html |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> Phase I of the Chennai Metro network consists of the Blue Line and the Green Line covering a length of 45.1 kilometres (28.0&nbsp;mi) consisting of 40 [[List of Chennai metro stations|stations]] with [[Alandur metro station|Alandur]] and [[Chennai Central metro station|Chennai Central]] serving as interchanges. 55% of the corridors in Phase I are underground and the rest are elevated. The first stretch of Phase I, covering seven stations from [[Koyambedu]] to [[Alandur]] over a distance of {{cvt|10|km|mi}}, began operation on 29 June 2015. As of March 2023, the entire Phase 1 stretching from [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]] to [[Alandur]] on the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green line]] and [[Wimco Nagar]] to [[Chennai International Airport]] on [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue line]] are operational, bringing the total operational network over 45&nbsp;km. With this, the entirety of Phase I is operational. In December 2016, the [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]] (CMRL) announced the Phase-2 of Chennai Metro for a length of 104&nbsp;km consisting of 104 stations, subject to approval from the State and Central governments. The Phase 2 was subsequently approved in late 2018, with certain provisos, and [[soil test]]ing for various stations, which are now under construction since 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/104-km-104-stations-Unveiling-Phase-II-of-Metro/article14549167.ece |title=104 km, 104 stations: Unveiling Phase II of Metro |last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |work=The Hindu |access-date=14 March 2017 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108125603/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/104-km-104-stations-Unveiling-Phase-II-of-Metro/article14549167.ece |archive-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> As of April 2019, ridership has risen considerably to around 100,000 daily commuters, post the inaugural of the entire Phase I.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/chennai-metro-ridership-reaches-peak-in-april/article27134898.ece |title=Chennai Metro ridership reaches peak in April |work=The Hindu Businessline |access-date=15 May 2019 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926090542/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/chennai-metro-ridership-reaches-peak-in-april/article27134898.ece |archive-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> Phase I-A, which is an extension of the [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue line]] from Washermanpet to Thiruvottiyur was inaugurated in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/9-km-north-chennai-metro-line-may-open-by-june-2020/articleshow/69807170.cms |title=9-km north Chennai metro line may open by June 2020 |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 June 2019 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210083331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/9-km-north-chennai-metro-line-may-open-by-june-2020/articleshow/69807170.cms |archive-date=10 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Road===<br />
[[File:Chennai Kathipara bridge.jpg|thumb|[[Cloverleaf interchange]] of the [[Chennai Outer Ring Road]] at [[Kathipara Junction]]|240px]]<br />
As of 2019, the city corporation maintains about 471 bus route roads and 33,0000 interior roads.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lopez |first=Aloysius Xavier |title=Several arterial stretches in Chennai are prone to accidents |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=6 May 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/several-arterial-stretches-in-city-prone-to-accidents/article27042085.ece |access-date=12 May 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128031824/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/several-arterial-stretches-in-city-prone-to-accidents/article27042085.ece |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> The Chennai–Mumbai and Chennai–Kolkata prongs of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] system of [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] start from the city.<ref name="highwayhitch">{{cite news |title=Hitches on the highways |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hitches-on-the-highways/article3290083.ece |first=Sandeep |last=Joshi |date=7 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235352/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hitches-on-the-highways/article3290083.ece |archive-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> In addition, four major [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] (NH), namely, [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH&nbsp;4]] to [[Mumbai]] (via [[Bangalore]] and [[Pune]]), [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH&nbsp;5]] to [[Kolkata]] (linked via [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH&nbsp;6]]) (via [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Bhubaneswar]]), [[National Highway 45 (India)|NH&nbsp;45]] to [[Theni]] (via [[Villupuram]], [[Tiruchirapalli]] and [[Dindigul]]) and [[National Highway 205 (India)|NH&nbsp;205]] to [[Madanapalle]] (via [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]) originate in the city, connecting it to other Indian cities. Chennai is connected to other parts of the state and the Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] by [[State Highway (India)|state highways]].<ref name="transport">{{cite web |title=GIS database for Chennai city roads and strategies for improvement |url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/utility/transport/utilitytr0001.htm |work=Geospatial World |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717045706/http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/Utility/transport/utilitytr0001.htm |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The government has constructed [[grade separator]]s and [[Overpass|flyovers]] at major intersections, and built [[Inner Ring Road, Chennai|Inner Ring Road]] and [[Outer Ring Road, Chennai|Outer Ring Road]].<ref name="thehindu21102010"/><ref name="thehindu29092007">{{cite news |title=Bridge across time Skyline |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007092950161200.htm&date=2007/09/29/&prd=pp& |work=The Hindu |last=Srivathsan |first=A |date=29 September 2007 |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-date=4 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004132453/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007092950161200.htm&date=2007%2F09%2F29%2F&prd=pp& |url-status=dead}}</ref><!--DETAIL NOT GIVEN IN REF--> The [[Anna Flyover|Gemini flyover]], built in 1973, crosses over the arterial road, and eases the traffic movements towards [[Anna Salai]] and towards the [[Kathipara Junction|Kathipara Flyover]].<ref name="thehindu21102010"/><ref name="thehindu29092007"/> {{As of|2011}}, according to the Transport Department, there were 25.8&nbsp;lakh two–wheelers and 5.6&nbsp;lakh four–wheelers in the city, and the Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) bus fleet were 3,421, equaling 0.1% of all vehicles in the city.<ref name="TOI20052011">{{cite news |title=Great demand for better public transport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/great-demand-for-better-public-transport/articleshow/8450330.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 May 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001165927/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Great-demand-for-better-public-transport/articleshow/8450330.cms |archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Bus transport====<br />
[[File:Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus.jpg|thumb|Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus|240px]]<br />
When opened, the [[Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus]] (CMBT) was the largest bus station in Asia.<ref name="OI_Turns375"/><ref name="cmbtiso">{{cite news |title=Koyambedu bus terminus gets ISO certification |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122816740400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705012703/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122816740400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2006 |first=Dorairaj |last=S |date=28 December 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> It is the main intercity bus station of Chennai,<ref name="TOI22052011">{{cite news |title=Clogged way to filthy Koyambedu bus terminus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/clogged-way-to-filthy-koyambedu-bus-terminus/articleshow/8497045.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 May 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928023321/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Clogged-way-to-filthy-Koyambedu-bus-terminus/articleshow/8497045.cms |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> administered by [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|seven government-owned transport corporations]], which operate intercity and interstate bus services. There are many private bus companies. The [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|MTC]] provides an exclusive intracity bus service, consisting of 3,421 buses on 724 routes, which provides transportation to 55.2&nbsp;lakh passengers daily.<ref name="thehindu21102010">{{cite news |title=MTC website to help keep track of buses |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/21/stories/2010102161030300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024073240/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/21/stories/2010102161030300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2010 |date=21 October 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="nonewroutes">{{cite news |title=More buses coming but no new routes |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-08/chennai/30603980_1_new-routes-mtc-new-buses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429212726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-08/chennai/30603980_1_new-routes-mtc-new-buses |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2013 |date=8 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] operates [[Volvo]] air-conditioned services from Chennai to nearby [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Vellore]], [[Hosur]] and [[Trichy]].<ref name="boonkancheetnstc">{{cite news |title=A boon to Kancheepuram unit of TNSTC |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/19/stories/2010021950820200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224011329/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/19/stories/2010021950820200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2010 |first=Venkatasubramanian |last=V |date=19 February 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Kancheepuram |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Other modes====<br />
The other means of road transport in the city include vans, regionally known as ''Maxi Cabs'', [[auto rickshaw]]s, on-call metered taxis and tourist taxis.<ref name="taxilaw">{{cite news |title=Airport taxis, a law unto themselves |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/airport-taxis-a-law-unto-themselves/article3871479.ece |date=8 September 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804024917/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/airport-taxis-a-law-unto-themselves/article3871479.ece |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Chennai ORR is 62.3&nbsp;km long connecting NH 45 (GST Road) at Perungalathur, NH 4 (GWT Road) at Nazarathpet, NH 205 (CTH Road) at Nemilicherry (Thiruninravur), NH 5 (GNT Road) at Nallur and TPP road at Minjur under the process by [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]].<br />
<br />
Chennai has currently one [[Expressways of India|expressway]]–the [[Chennai Outer Ring Road]]. In the coming years, the city will get more expressways, which will connect other cities of India, resulting in better connectivity and commute with the rest of the country. They are as follows:<br />
<br />
*[[Chennai Port–Maduravoyal Expressway]]: Under construction since 2013,<ref name="auto1">{{cite news <br />
| last = Ramakrishnan <br />
| first = Deepa H. <br />
| author2 = N. Anand <br />
| title = PM's adviser to meet CM for talks on pending projects <br />
| newspaper = The Hindu <br />
| location = Chennai <br />
| date = 7 November 2012 <br />
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/pms-adviser-to-meet-cm-for-talks-on-pending-projects/article4071593.ece<br />
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130204031722/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/pms-adviser-to-meet-cm-for-talks-on-pending-projects/article4071593.ece<br />
| url-status = live<br />
| archive-date = 4 February 2013<br />
| access-date = 7 Nov 2012 <br />
}}</ref> to be completed by December 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai Port to Maduravoyal corridor project in TN to be completed by Dec 2024, says Union Minister Nitin Gadkari|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=Chennai-Port-to-Maduravoyal-corridor-project-in-TN-to-be-completed-by-Dec-2024%2c-says-Union-Minister-Nitin-Gadkari&id=448755|work=[[All India Radio|News On AIR]]|date=3 October 2022|access-date=13 March 2023|language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Bangalore–Chennai Expressway]]: Under construction since August 2019,<ref>{{cite news|author1=Shivakumar, C.|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/feb/02/chennai-bangalore-expressway-work-to-start-in-six-months-nirmala-sitharaman-2097828.html|title = Chennai-Bangalore Expressway work to start in six months: Nirmala Sitharaman|work=The New Indian Express|date=2 February 2020|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> to be completed by March 2024.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Shivakumar, C.|title=Chennai-Bengaluru expressway: 14km road work complete|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/jan/26/chennai-bengaluru-expressway-14km-road-work-complete-2541479.amp|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 January 2023|access-date=26 January 2023|language=en}}</ref><br />
*Chennai–[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] Expressway: Proposed, to be completed by December 2025.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Patil, Anuja|title=Chennai Salem Expressway: Route Map, Land Acquisition, Latest News and Status|url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/chennai-salem-expressway/131019.html|work=[[MagicBricks]]|date=7 February 2023|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Surat–Chennai Expressway]]: Proposed, to be completed by December 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Surat – Chennai Expressway – Information & Status|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-surat-chennai-expressway-route-map-status-update-tenders/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Sea===<br />
[[File:Port of Chennai, India - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Chennai Port|240px]]<br />
The city is served by two major ports, [[Chennai Port]], one of the largest [[artificial ports]] in India, and [[Ennore Port]]. Chennai Port is the largest in the Bay of Bengal, with an annual cargo tonnage of 61.46&nbsp;million (2010–2011), and the second-largest container-hub in India, with an annual container volume of 1.523&nbsp;million TEUs (2010–2011). The port handles transportation of automobiles, motorcycles and general industrial cargo.<ref name=southasia/> The Ennore Port with an annual cargo tonnage of 11.01&nbsp;million (2010–2011), handles coal, ore and other bulk and rock mineral products.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ennoreport.gov.in/traffic.htm |work=Government of Tamil Nadu |publisher=Ennoreport.gov.in |title=Traffic handled |date=7 September 2011 |access-date = 28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727212512/http://ennoreport.gov.in/traffic.htm |archive-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> [[Royapuram fishing harbour]] is used by fishing boats and [[Kattupalli Shipyard]] near [[Ennore Port]] was inaugurated in January 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa inaugurates Kattupalli port |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=31 December 2013 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/jayalalithaa-inaugurates-kattupalli-port/article4363516.ece |access-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127214725/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/jayalalithaa-inaugurates-kattupalli-port/article4363516.ece |archive-date=27 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tidco.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/whats_new.pdf |title=Shipyard Cum Captive Port Complex in the Kattupalli Village |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604140228/http://tidco.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/whats_new.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Media==<br />
{{Main|Media in Chennai|List of Newspapers in Chennai}}<br />
{{See also|List of Tamil-language television channels|Broadcasting in Chennai}}<br />
Newspaper publishing started in Chennai with the launch of a weekly, ''The Madras Courier'', in 1785.<ref name=media_history>{{cite web |url=http://chennai.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#evt |publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu |title=Historical Events at a Glance |work=District Profile |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730180830/http://chennai.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#evt |archive-date=30 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was followed by the weeklies ''The Madras Gazette'' and ''The Government Gazette'' in 1795. ''The Spectator'', founded in 1836, was the first English newspaper in Chennai to be owned by an Indian and became the city's first daily newspaper in 1853.<ref>{{cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S |url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/03/stories/2003020300160300.htm |date=3 February 2003 |title=A landmark's last vestiges vanish |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527125255/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/03/stories/2003020300160300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=27 May 2006}}</ref> The first Tamil newspaper, ''Swadesamitran'', was launched in 1899.<ref name=media_history/> First Telugu journal printed from Madras was ''Satya Doota'' in 1835 and ''Andhra Patrika'' found in 1908 was the most successful Telugu newspaper from Madras.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPdHAAAAMAAJ&q=doota |title=Studies in the history of Telugu journalism: presented to V. R. Narla on the occasion of his shashtyabdapurti |last1=Veṅkaṭēśvararāvu |first1=Nārla |last2=Committee |first2=Narla Shashtyabdapurti Celebration |date=1968 |publisher=Narla Shashtyabdapurti Celebration Committee; [distributors: Andhra Pradesh Book Distributors, Secunderabad |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8UkDQAAQBAJ&q=andhra+patrika+madras |title=Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology |last1=N_r_ya_ar_vu |first1=V_lc_ru |last2=Rao |first2=Velcheru Narayana |last3=Shulman |first3=David |date=2002 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=9780520225985 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:SUN network office.JPG|thumb|left|Headquarters of [[Sun Network]], India's largest private TV broadcaster]]<br />
The major English dailies published in Chennai are ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]'' and many more. The evening dailies are, ''The Trinity Mirror'' and ''[[News Today]]''. {{As of|2004}}, ''The Hindu'' was the city's most read English newspaper, with a daily circulation of 267,349.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shankaran |first=Sanjiv |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/may/04spec3.htm |work=rediff.com |title=How Deccan Chronicle stormed Chennai |date=4 May 2005 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207090431/https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/may/04spec3.htm |archive-date=7 February 2021}}</ref> The major business dailies published from the city are ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ''[[The Hindu Business Line]]'', ''[[Business Standard]]'', ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' and ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]''. The major Tamil dailies include the ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'', ''[[Dinakaran]]'', ''[[Dina Mani]]'', ''[[Dina Malar]]'', ''[[The Hindu (Tamil)|The Hindu Tamil]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/ |date=7 October 2013 |work=The Hindu |title=Hindu Tamil Magazine |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> ''[[Tamil Murasu]]'', ''[[Makkal Kural]]'' and ''[[Malai Malar]]''. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' and ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' are the major Malayalam dailies while major Telugu dailies include ''[[Eenadu]]'', ''Vaartha'', ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' and ''Sakshi''.<ref name="newspapers-list">{{cite web |url=http://rni.nic.in/reception_main1.asp |title=Publication Place Wise-Registration |publisher=Registrar of Newspapers for India |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712112136/http://www.rni.nic.in/reception_main1.asp |archive-date=12 July 2006}} If one types in ''Chennai'' in the input box and submits, the list is displayed.</ref> The one and only Hindi Newspaper published from Chennai is the ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajasthan Patrika to launch Chennai edition |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan302004/n14.asp |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=14 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028105910/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan302004/n14.asp |archive-date=28 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Local weekly Newspapers circulated to residents are T. Nagar Times, Pillar Times, Arcot Road Talk, Chrompet Times.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localnewspaper.in |title=Chennai News |last=newspaper |first=local |website=www.localnewspaper.in |access-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722160959/http://localnewspaper.in/ |archive-date=22 July 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Chennai's First Corporate Leisure Newspaper, ''The Shopping Express''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://theshoppingexpress.in/epaper/issue1/ |date=9 March 2012 |work=The ShoppingExpress |title=Chennai's First Corporate Leisure Newspaper |access-date=9 March 2012 |archive-date=20 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520042203/http://www.theshoppingexpress.in/epaper/issue1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Magazines published from Chennai include ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', ''[[Kumudam]]'', ''[[Kalki (Tamil magazine)|Kalki]]'', ''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'', ''[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]'', ''[[Thuglak]]'', ''[[Frontline magazine|Frontline]]'' and ''[[Sportstar]]''<br />
<br />
[[Doordarshan]] runs two terrestrial television channels and two satellite television channels from its Chennai centre, which was set up in 1974. Private Tamil satellite television networks such as [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], [[Raj Network|Raj TV]], [[Zee Tamizh]], [[Star Vijay]], [[Jaya TV]], [[Makkal TV]], Vasanth TV, [[Kalaignar TV]], [[Captain TV]] and [[PuthiyaThalaimurai TV]] broadcast out of Chennai. The [[Sun Network]] one of India's largest broadcasting companies is based in the city. While the cable TV service is entirely controlled by the state government,<ref>{{cite news |title=Arasu Cable to launch operations from September 2 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2411833.ece |access-date=28 December 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721012917/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2411833.ece |archive-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> direct–to–home ([[Direct broadcast satellite|DTH]]) is available via [[DD Direct Plus]], [[Dish TV]], [[Tata Sky]], Videocon DTH, [[Sun direct DTH]], Reliance Big TV and [[Digital TV]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/13/stories/2006061317950300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617010958/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/13/stories/2006061317950300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2006 |title=Dish TV launches 'One Alliance' bouquet |date=13 June 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/04/stories/2007030404630200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306073657/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/04/stories/2007030404630200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2007 |title=DTH companies come up with offers for World Cup |date=4 March 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Chennai is the first city in India to have implemented the [[Conditional Access System]] for cable television.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/06/stories/2003120604511200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031231130030/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/06/stories/2003120604511200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2003 |access-date=28 December 2012 |date=6 December 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Conditional Access System in South Delhi from December 15}}</ref> Radio broadcasting began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |title=AIR Chennai's 80-year journey |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |publisher=Kasturi & Sons |date=21 May 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/air-chennais-80-year-journey/article23947443.ece |access-date=28 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035611/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/air-chennais-80-year-journey/article23947443.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> The radio station at the Rippon Buildings complex was founded in 1930 and was then shifted to [[All India Radio]] in 1938.<ref name=media_history/> The city has four [[amplitude modulation|AM]] and 11 [[frequency modulation|FM]] radio stations operated by [[All India Radio]], [[Anna University]] and [[Suryan FM]], [[Radio Mirchi]], [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]], [[Hello FM]], [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]], [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] among others.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Gilbert | editor-first=Sean |title=[[World Radio TV Handbook|World Radio TV Handbook 2007: The Directory of International Broadcasting]] |publisher=WRTH Publications Ltd. |year=2006 |place=London |pages=237–242 |isbn=0-8230-5997-9}}</ref><br />
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==Education==<br />
{{Main|Education in Chennai}}<br />
{{See also|Schools in Chennai|Education in India}}<br />
[[File:Inside madras law college old building, Sep 2013.jpg|left|thumb|[[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai]]]]<br />
[[File:IITMmensa.jpg|thumb|[[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] is a premier engineering institute in India.]]<br />
[[File:Anna university Chennai.jpg|left|thumb|[[College of Engineering, Guindy]] is the oldest engineering college in India established in 1794.]]<br />
[[File:Senate House (University of Madras).jpg|thumb|[[University of Madras]], Senate House]]<br />
Chennai is home to some of the best educational institutions in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=City home to some of the best educational institutions in India |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=9 April 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/city-home-to-some-of-the-best-educational-institutions-in-india/article26775302.ece |access-date=2 May 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727210916/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/city-home-to-some-of-the-best-educational-institutions-in-india/article26775302.ece |archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> The city ranks second among Indian metropolitan city centres with a 90.33 percent literacy rate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-1350986528-slideshow/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-photo-1350986351.html |title=Indian metro cities with the highest literacy rates &#124; Photo Gallery – Yahoo! India Finance |publisher=In.finance.yahoo.com |date=23 October 2012 |access-date=6 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129132031/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-1350986528-slideshow/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-photo-1350986351.html |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Chennai has a mix of public and private schools, some of which also receive financial support from the government.<br />
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The public school system is managed by the Chennai Corporation with an enrollment of 142,387 students in over [[List of schools in Chennai|330 schools]].<ref name=CC1/> Tamil and English are the primary medium of instruction, though some schools also use Telugu and Urdu as medium of instruction in their schools.<ref name="CC1">{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/education/history.htm |title=History of the Education Department |publisher=[[Corporation of Chennai]] |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215070057/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/education/history.htm |archive-date=15 December 2012}}</ref> Public schools run by the Chennai Corporation are all affiliated with the [[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]], while private schools may be affiliated with either of the Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education or the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2006/11/20/stories/2006112000410100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013193537/http://hindu.com/edu/2006/11/20/stories/2006112000410100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2007 |title=Balancing uniformity and diversity |date=20 November 2006 |author1=Ramachandran, K. |author2=Srinivasan, Meera |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> A few schools are affiliated with the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]],<ref name="icsecentpercent">{{cite news |title=Indian Certificate of Secondary Education schools achieve 100% pass percentage |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-21/news/31799999_1_x-indian-certificate-icse-board-hari-shree-vidyalayam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-21/news/31799999_1_x-indian-certificate-icse-board-hari-shree-vidyalayam |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2013 |date=21 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012}}<!-- I've added this ref because it mentions ICSE/ISC in Chennai, feel free to reword the statement around it.--></ref> the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS) board or the [[Montessori|Montessori system]]. Education in Chennai starts with two years of Kindergarten from age three onward and then follows the Indian [[Education in India|10+2+3 plan]], ten years of school, two years of higher secondary education, and three years of undergraduate education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/schooleducation/structure.htm |title=Educational structure |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704025650/http://www.tn.gov.in/schooleducation/structure.htm |archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/schooleducation/statistics/picture1-edn.htm |title=Educational system in Tamil Nadu |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907203053/http://www.tn.gov.in/schooleducation/statistics/picture1-edn.htm |archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref><br />
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English is the medium of instruction in the majority of institutions for higher education.<ref name="CC1"/> The [[University of Madras]], founded in 1857, is one of India's first three modern universities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/a-brief-history-of-the-modern-indian-university |title=A brief history of the modern Indian university |date=24 November 2016 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727204708/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/a-brief-history-of-the-modern-indian-university |archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> Colleges for science, arts, and commerce degrees are typically affiliated with the [[University of Madras]], which has six campuses in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egovernance.unom.ac.in/CBCSAPPLICATION/download/inst.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=egovernance.unom.ac.in |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412124042/http://egovernance.unom.ac.in/CBCSAPPLICATION/download/inst.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] (IIT Madras) and the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], [[Anna University]] are two well-known centres for engineering education in the city. The Indian Army's [[Officers Training Academy]] is also headquartered in the city.<br />
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Chennai has a plethora of libraries, including British Council Library, American Library, Connemara Public Library, and Anna Centenary Library. The [[Connemara Public Library]] is one of four [[National Depository Centre]]s in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Connemara-librarys-online-catalogue-launched/article16372153.ece |title=Connemara library's online catalogue launched |work=The Hindu |access-date=28 December 2012 |date=23 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185717/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Connemara-librarys-online-catalogue-launched/article16372153.ece |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Sahib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmmeWL_9hqAC |title=Library and Literacy Movement for National Development |isbn=81-8069-065-2 |publisher=Concept |location=New Delhi |year=2004}}</ref> The [[Anna Centenary Library]] is the largest library in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html |last=Venkatsh |first=M. R. |title=Chennai now boasts South Asia's largest library |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=15 September 2010 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227105421/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html |archive-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=G.C. Shekhar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1111103/jsp/nation/story_14702553.jsp |title=Largest library to turn into hospital |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=3 November 2011 |access-date=6 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154304/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1111103/jsp/nation/story_14702553.jsp |archive-date=9 July 2017}}</ref><br />
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Chennai has two [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] research institutions namely [[Central Leather Research Institute]] and [[Structural Engineering Research Centre]]. Chennai Book Fair, an annual book fair organised in Chennai by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI), is the largest exhibition for Tamil book publishers to display their books. The fair is typically held for about 10 days between the last week of December and the third week of January.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chennai |first=Rina |last=Kamath |page=105 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2000 |isbn=81-250-1378-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sports and recreation==<br />
{{Main|Sport in Chennai}}<br />
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Chennai panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] multipurpose stadium]]<br />
[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in Chennai.<ref>{{cite book |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C |page=618 |isbn=978-0-313-37462-3 |last1=Kaminsky |first1=Arnold P |last2=Long |first2=Roger D |year=2011| publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> It was introduced in 1864 with the foundation of the [[Madras Cricket Club]].<ref name="Pletcher">{{cite book |title=The Geography of India:Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC |page=184 |isbn=978-1-61530-142-3 |last=Pletcher |first=Kenneth |year=2010| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group }}</ref> The [[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]] established in 1916 is among the oldest cricket stadiums in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=MA Chidambaram stadium |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/Cricket/cl-t20-2011/VenueDetails.aspx?venueid=91 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228112548/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/Cricket/cl-t20-2011/VenueDetails.aspx?venueid=91 |archive-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The stadium was also one of the venues of the [[ICC Cricket World Cup|1987,1996 and 2011 ICC Cricket World Cups]]. [[Chemplast Cricket Ground]] located at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]] campus is another important venue for cricket matches. Prominent cricketers from the city include former cricket captains [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S.&nbsp;Venkataraghavan]] and [[Kris Srikkanth|Kris&nbsp;Srikkanth]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Srinivas Venkataraghavan |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/35656.html |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |last=Ramchand |first=Partab |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kris Srikkanth |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/34103.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |last=Ramchand |first=Partab |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> A cricket fast bowling academy called the [[MRF Pace Foundation]], whose coaches include [[T. A. Sekhar]] and [[Glenn Mcgrath]], is based in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Howard visits MRF Pace Foundation |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/09/stories/2006030908432000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311232527/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/09/stories/2006030908432000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2007 |date=9 March 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pathan owes his success to MRF Pace Foundation |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/040220/43/2bljj.html |date=20 February 2004 |work=Yahoo! News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311232922/http://in.news.yahoo.com/040220/43/2bljj.html |archive-date=11 March 2007 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Being home to the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) cricket team [[Chennai Super Kings]], the city hosted the finals of the IPL's [[Indian premier league 2011|2011]] and [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] series.<ref>{{cite news |title=RCB vs CSK: Chennai Super Kings beat Royal Challengers Bangalore to reach IPL 4 final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms |date=24 May 2011 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chennai home to IPL final again in 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms |date=30 May 2011 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Ma ChidambaramStadium panaroma.jpg|thumb|left|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], one of the premier cricket venues in India]]<br />
The city's professional [[Association football|football]] club [[Chennaiyin FC]] competes in [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), the top tier association football league of India associated with [[Asian Football Confederation]] and recognized by [[FIFA]]. The club uses the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] nicknamed the [[Marina Arena]] as their home ground and are champions of the Indian Super League in 2015 and 2018.<br />
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Chennai was the venue of the [[1995 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Thyagarajan |first=S |title=On the road to restoration |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/04/stories/2003120400820400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031224054746/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/04/stories/2003120400820400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2003 |date=4 December 2003 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Chennai is home to a [[World Series Hockey]] (WSH) team, the [[Chennai Cheetahs]]. The [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]] is associated with [[Field hockey|hockey]] and was venue for the international hockey tournament the [[2005 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2005 Men's Champions Trophy]] and the [[2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2007 Men's Asia Cup]]. The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] is associated for hosting [[association football|Football]] and athletic competitions, it also houses a multi–purpose indoor complex for competition in volleyball, basketball and table tennis. [[Water sports]] are played in the Velachery Aquatic Complex. Tennis sport is popularising among the city youths, Since 1997 Chennai has been host to the only [[ATP World Tour]] event held in India, the [[Chennai Open]]<ref>{{cite web |title=About the venue |url=http://www.chennaiopen.org |publisher=[[International Management Group]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> which has been shifted to [[Pune]] as [[Maharashtra Open]] from 2017. [[Vijay Amritraj]], [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] [[Ramesh Krishnan]] and [[Somdev Devvarman]] are tennis players from Chennai.<ref name="amirtharajs">{{cite news |title=Off-court ace |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050319/asp/weekend/story_4513588.asp |last=Basu |first=Arundhati |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=19 March 2005 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709152426/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050319/asp/weekend/story_4513588.asp |archive-date=9 July 2017}}</ref><br />
Chennai is home to [[Chennai Slam]],<ref>[http://www.indiansportsnews.com/other-sports/basketball-news/38988-uba-pro-basketball-league-delhi-capitals-chennai-slam-set-up-final-clash UBA Pro Basketball League: Delhi Capitals, Chennai Slam set up final clash] Indian Sports News, 31 March 2016. Accessed 5 May 2017.</ref> two-time national champion of India's top professional basketball division, the [[UBA Pro Basketball League]].<br />
<br />
[[Madras Boat Club]] (founded in 1846) and the [[Royal Madras Yacht Club]] (founded by [[Francis Spring|Sir Francis Spring]] in 1911) promote the sailing sports in Chennai, and organise national and international sailing events.<ref name="Pletcher"/> Automobile racing in India has been closely connected with Chennai since its beginnings shortly after independence. Motor racing events are held on a special purpose track in [[Madras Motor Race Track]], [[Sriperumbudur]],<ref name="hindumotorsport">{{cite news |last=Thyagarajan |first=S |title=On the right track |date=22 August 2002 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/22/stories/2002082200640400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104145002/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/22/stories/2002082200640400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> which has also been the venue for several international competitions.<ref name="expressmotorsport">{{cite news |title=Chennai on right track |date=5 February 1998 |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980205/03650544.html |work=The Indian Express |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011195517/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980205/03650544.html |archive-date=11 October 2012}}</ref> [[Formula One]] driver [[Karun Chandhok]] was born in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Karthikeyan-to-race-for-HRT-in-2012/articleshow/11740528.cms |title=Karthikeyan to race for HRT in 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206111058/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Karthikeyan-to-race-for-HRT-in-2012/articleshow/11740528.cms |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Karun-Chandhok-goes-the-Endurance-way/articleshow/11467253.cms |title=Karun Chandhok goes the Endurance way |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827074126/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Karun-Chandhok-goes-the-Endurance-way/articleshow/11467253.cms |archive-date=27 August 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Horse racing is held at the [[Guindy Race Course]], while rowing competitions are hosted at the Madras Boat Club. The city has two 18-hole golf courses, the [[Cosmopolitan Club (Chennai)|Cosmopolitan Club]] and the [[Gymkhana Club, Chennai|Gymkhana Club]], both established in the late nineteenth century. The city has a [[rugby union]] team called the Chennai Cheetahs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai Cheetahs lifts title |date=16 April 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/16/stories/2007041605951700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418095946/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/16/stories/2007041605951700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Home to the country's first [[FIDE titles#International Master (IM)|international chess master]], the first [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]], the first [[FIDE titles#Woman Grandmaster (WGM)|female grandmaster]], the first [[Arbiter (chess)|international arbiter]], and 12 of the 34 world chess grandmasters from India, Chennai is often dubbed "India's chess capital".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shanker |first1=V. Prem |last2=Pidaparthy |first2=Umika |title=Chennai: India's chess capital |newspaper=Aljazeera |location= |pages= |language= |publisher= |date=27 November 2013 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/27/chennai-indias-chess-capital |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> Former world chess champion [[Viswanathan Anand]] grew up and resides in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brijnath |first=Rohit |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100655521900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011192157/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100655521900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2007 |title=India's most consistent champion |date=6 October 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/29276320/back-chennai-viswanathan-anand-looks-forward-home-food-bonding-son |title=Back in Chennai, Viswanathan Anand looks forward to home food and bonding with son |date=6 June 2020 |website=[[ESPN]] |first=Susan |last=Ninan}}</ref> Other sports persons of repute from Chennai include table tennis players [[Sharath Kamal]] and two–time world [[carrom]] champion, [[Maria Irudayam]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/07/stories/2007090760930400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012041902/http://hindu.com/2007/09/07/stories/2007090760930400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2007 |title=Four Chennai teachers have a reason to rejoice |date=7 September 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sportal.nic.in/front.asp?maincatid=51&headingid=71 |publisher=Govt. of India |title=Indian Teams in International Competitions |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012135/http://sportal.nic.in/front.asp?maincatid=51&headingid=71 |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Chennai was the host of the [[World Chess Championship 2013]] match between Viswanathan Anand and [[Magnus Carlsen]].<ref name="fideoffer">{{cite news |title=Fide offers 2013 World Chess C'ship to Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms |first=Hari Hara |last=Nandanan |date=21 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms |archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="chennaihost">{{cite news |title=world chess championship 2013 at chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-will-host-world-chess-championship-jayalalithaa/article4594208.ece |work=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225841/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-will-host-world-chess-championship-jayalalithaa/article4594208.ece |archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> In 2022, Chennai hosted the [[44th Chess Olympiad]],<ref name="TH_FIDEhost">{{cite news |title=This is how Chennai is decked up for the 44th Chess Olympiad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/watch-this-is-how-chennai-is-decked-up-for-the-44th-chess-olympiad/article65686785.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="BL_FIDEHost">{{cite news |title=Chess Olympiad 2022: How Tamil Nadu clinched the hosting rights |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chess-olympiad-2022-how-tamil-nadu-made-quick-move-to-clinch-the-hosting-rights/article65685225.ece |first1=V |last1=Narayanan |first2=T. E. |last2=Raja Simhan |date=26 July 2022 |work=The Hindu Business Line |location=Chennai |access-date=27 July 2022 }}</ref> in which 1,400 players from across 187 countries will participate.<ref name="BL_FIDEHost"/><br />
<br />
===City based teams===<br />
{{Main list|Sport in Chennai#Teams<br />
}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Home Stadium !! Founded<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chennai Slam]]<br />
|[[Basketball]]<br />
|[[UBA Pro Basketball League]]<br />
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]<br />
| 2015<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chennai Superstarz]]<br />
|[[Badminton]]<br />
|[[Premier Badminton League]]<br />
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]<br />
| 2015<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]<br />
|[[Cricket]]<br />
|[[Indian Premier League]]<br />
|[[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]]<br />
| 2008<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]<br />
|[[Cricket]]<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]<br />
|[[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]]<br />
| 2016<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chennaiyin FC]]<br />
|[[Association football|Football]]<br />
|[[Indian Super League]]<br />
|[[Marina Arena]]<br />
| 2013<br />
|-<br />
||[[Tamil Thalaivas]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/29-tamil-thalaivas-teamprofile |title=Tamil Thalaivas |access-date=8 October 2017 |work=Prokabbadi |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005208/https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/29-tamil-thalaivas-teamprofile |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|[[Kabaddi]]<br />
|[[Pro Kabaddi League]]<br />
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]<br />
| 2017<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chennai Lions]]<br />
|[[Table tennis]]<br />
|[[Ultimate Table Tennis]]<br />
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]<br />
|2019<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chennai Blitz]]<br />
|[[Volleyball]]<br />
|[[Prime Volleyball League]]<br />
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]<br />
|2021<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==International relations==<br />
<br />
===Foreign missions===<br />
{{See also|List of diplomatic missions in Chennai}}<br />
The consular presence in the city dates back to 1794, when William Abbott was appointed US consular agent for [[South India]].<ref name="History">{{cite web |title=History |publisher=US Consulate Chennai |url=http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/history.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213213744/http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/history.html |archive-date=13 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Mike |title=Abbott Family Genealogy |publisher=mikesclark.com |url=http://www.mikesclark.com/genealogy/abbott.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615014030/http://www.mikesclark.com/genealogy/abbott.html |archive-date=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="AbbottOfTeynampet">{{cite news |title=An Abbott of Teynampet |location=Chennai |date=30 April 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/04/30/stories/2007043000240601.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113042945/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/04/30/stories/2007043000240601.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, there were 43 [[List of diplomatic missions in Chennai|foreign representations in Chennai]], including consulates general, deputy high commissions and honorary consulates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Did you know that&nbsp;... |publisher=Embassy Pages |url=http://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy19502/ |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The [[Consulate General of the United States, Chennai|American Consulate in Chennai]] is one of the top adjudication posts in the world and the number one in processing employment-based visas. It was ranked among the top globally in issuing 'L' and 'H' category visas for workers and professionals and was ranked eighth globally in terms of all category of visas being issued.<ref name="ChennaiAmongTop10Visa">{{cite news |title=U.S. Consulate in Chennai among top 10 visa issuers |location=Chennai |date=9 July 2010 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/09/stories/2010070956080200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713185155/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/09/stories/2010070956080200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO), which is the office of the field officers in charge of immigration and registration activities in the city, is located at Shastri Bhavan at Haddows Road.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreigners Regional Registration Office, Chennai |publisher=Bureau of Immigration, Ministry of Home Affairs, India |url=http://www.immigrationindia.nic.in/frro_chennairAdd2.htm |access-date=5 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122092643/http://www.immigrationindia.nic.in/frro_chennairAdd2.htm |archive-date=22 January 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Twin towns – Sister cities===<br />
{{location map+|float=right|World|width=400|caption=Sister cities of Chennai|places=<br />
{{Location map~ |World|mark = Green pog.svg <!--green dot--> |coordinates = {{coord|13|4|57|N|80|16|30|E}}|label='''Chennai''' |position=top |marksize=10 }}<br />
{{Location map~ |World|coordinates = {{coord|48|42|00|N|44|31|0|E}} |label=[[Volgograd]] |position=bottom |marksize=6 }}<br />
{{Location map~ |World|coordinates = {{coord|39|44|21|N|104|59|25|W}} |label=[[Denver]] |position=top |marksize=6 }}<br />
{{Location map~ |World|coordinates = {{coord|29|25|30|N|98|29|38|W}} |label=[[San Antonio]] |position=right |marksize=6 }}<br />
{{Location map~ |World|coordinates = {{coord|03|08|52|N|101|41|43|E}} |label=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |position=right |marksize=6 }}<br />
{{Location map~ |World|coordinates = {{coord|29|33|30|N|106|34|00|E}} |label=[[Chongqing]] |position=right |marksize=6 }}<br />
{{Location map~ |World|coordinates = {{coord|35|33|00|N|129|19|00|E}} |label=[[Ulsan]] |position=top |marksize=6 }}<br />
}}<br />
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}<br />
Chennai has [[Twin towns and sister cities|sister city]] relationships with the following cities of the world:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! City<br />
! Country<br />
! State/Region <br />
! Continent<br />
! Since<br />
! Ref.<br />
|- style="background:#ffffcf;"<br />
| [[Volgograd]]<br />
| {{flagicon|RUS}} Russia<br />
| [[Volgograd Oblast]]<br />
| Europe<br />
| 1966<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/volgograd.html |title=Volgograd: 80 Kilometers of Industry and War Heroes |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183901/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/volgograd.html |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ffffcf;"<br />
| [[Denver]]<br />
| {{flagicon|USA}} United States<br />
| [[Colorado]]<br />
| North America<br />
| 1984<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.denversistercities.org/chennai.php |title=Overview of Chennai, India: Denver Sister Cities International |publisher=Denversistercities.org |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605045557/http://www.denversistercities.org/chennai.php |archive-date=5 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ffffcf;"<br />
| [[San Antonio]]<br />
| {{flagicon|USA}} United States<br />
| [[Texas]]<br />
| North America<br />
| 2008<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sainternationalrelations.org/sister-cities-program.html |title=What is it? |publisher=Official Website of the City of San Antonio |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ffffcf;"<br />
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]<br />
| {{flagicon|MYS}} Malaysia<br />
| [[Federal Territory (Malaysia)|Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur]]<br />
| Asia<br />
| 2010<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hindu.com/2010/11/26/stories/2010112661760300.htm |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101129155307/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/26/stories/2010112661760300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2010 |title=Chennai, Kuala Lumpur sign sister city pact |date=26 November 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ffffcf;"<br />
| [[Chongqing]]<br />
| {{flagicon|PRC}} China<br />
| [[Direct-controlled municipalities of China|Municipality of Chongqing]]<br />
| Asia<br />
| 2015<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/25240/Joint_Statement_between_the_India_and_China_during_Prime_Ministers_visit_to_China |title=Agreement between PRC and India |date=15 May 2015 |work=Ministry of external affairs, India |access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ffffcf;"<br />
| [[Ulsan]]<br />
| {{flagicon|KOR}} South Korea<br />
| [[List of special cities of South Korea|Ulsan Metropolitan City]]<br />
| Asia<br />
| 2016<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Another-Sister-City-pact-this-time-with-South-Korea%E2%80%99s-Ulsan/article14547911.ece |title=Another Sister City pact, this time with South Korea's Ulsan |date=3 August 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804024935/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Another-Sister-City-pact-this-time-with-South-Korea%E2%80%99s-Ulsan/article14547911.ece |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Areas of Chennai]]<br />
*[[List of people from Chennai]]<br />
*[[Timeline of Chennai history]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011354/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/ Official website] of Chennai district<br />
*[http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/ Official website of the Corporation of Chennai] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202212744/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/chennai_city_municipal_corporation_act.pdf |date=2 December 2012 }}<br />
*{{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Tamil_Nadu/Localities/Chennai/}}<br />
*[https://www.britannica.com/place/Chennai Chennai] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = Chennai <br />
|North = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|East = ''[[Indian Ocean]]'' <br />
|South = ''[[Indian Ocean]]'' <br />
|West = [[Kerala]] <br />
}}<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
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{{Chennai Topics|state=uncollapsed}}<br />
{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}<br />
{{Rapid Transit in Chennai}}<br />
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}<br />
{{Million-plus cities in India}}<br />
{{Municipal corporations of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{World's most populated urban areas}}<br />
{{Megacities}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Subject bar |book=Chennai |portal1=India |portal2=Geography |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Chennai |n=yes |n-search=Category:Chennai |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q1352}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chennai| ]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chennai district]]<br />
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]<br />
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]<br />
[[Category:Port cities in India]]<br />
[[Category:Coromandel Coast]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1640s]]<br />
[[Category:1640s establishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]</div>Maqbool lari senseihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Churchgate&diff=434635Churchgate2023-09-29T10:30:05Z<p>Maqbool lari sensei: Information added.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the area|the railway station of the same name|Churchgate railway station}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Churchgate<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br />
| image_skyline = Churchgate Bombay 1863.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = The original gate which led to the present day [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai|St. Thomas Cathedral]] in 1863 was later dismantled.<br />
| nickname = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India#India Maharashtra#India Mumbai<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18.93|N|72.82|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = City<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| area_code_type = <br />
| area_code = 022<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 400020<br />
| registration_plate = MH 01<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Street_in_Bombay_in_the_1860s.jpg|thumb|[[Mumbai]] in the 1860s with Church Gate visible in the background.]]<br />
<br />
'''Churchgate''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[t͡ʃəɾt͡ʃɡeːʈ]]]) is an area in the southern part of [[Mumbai]], close to the Arabian Sea. The area is known for its unique architecture consisting of art deco style residential buildings, access to sporting venues, and the business district of [[Nariman Point]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
During the eighteenth and up to the mid-19th century, Mumbai was a walled city surrounded by a fortification. The city walls had three gates. One of the gates, Churchgate, was named after [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai]]. The area west of the original gate came to be known as Churchgate. In the mid-19th century, the wall of the fort along with its gates were torn down to aid in the expansion of city. {{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}. At the exact location of the Churchgate, [[Flora Fountain]] was built.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imrani |first=Mishkaat |date=2022-04-27 |title=Flora Fountain's book street in Mumbai is a gem for all bibliophiles! |url=https://www.localsamosa.com/2022/04/27/flora-fountains-book-street-in-mumbai-is-a-gem-for-all-bibliophiles/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=Shop Local Samosa |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012153134/https://www.localsamosa.com/2022/04/27/flora-fountains-book-street-in-mumbai-is-a-gem-for-all-bibliophiles/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography ==<br />
[[Arabian Sea]] is situated at west and [[Nariman Point]] on south of Churchgate.<br />
[[Churchgate railway station]] is a major railway terminus on the Western line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pasricha |first=P. S. |date=February 1983 |title=Pedestrian Planning in Greater Bombay |url=https://trid.trb.org/view/195112 |journal=Traffic Engineering & Control |volume=24 |issue=2 |issn=0041-0683 |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831110749/https://trid.trb.org/view/195112 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kagra |first1=Hemant |last2=Sonare |first2=Prashant |title=2011 5th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT) |chapter=Train management system for Mumbai Suburban train network - an operations perspective |date=October 2011 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6111027 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1109/ICAICT.2011.6111027 |isbn=978-1-61284-832-7 |s2cid=14719325 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831110749/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6111027 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== 2008 Mumbai attacks ==<br />
<br />
On November 26th 2008, a Pakistan trained [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] terrorist attacked the [[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Trident hotel]] and the [[Oberoi hotel]]. This attack ended up killing as many as 30 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eleven years since 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/eleven-years-since-26/11-mumbai-terror-attacks/oberoi-trident-hotel/slideshow/72235668.cms |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831110749/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The hotels are situated on the southern border of Churchgate in the [[Nariman Point]] area. The attacks were part of a larger [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Mumbai terrorist attack]], which killed 166 and injured 238 in an unprecedented [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] attack. In response, Mumbai police killed one terrorist and apprehended another, [[Ajmal Kasab]], along with which the [[National Security Guard]]s (NSG) killed 8 other terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=26/11: The day terror hit us |date=26 November 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/2611-the-day-terror-hit-us-101637865751628-amp.html |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831110750/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/2611-the-day-terror-hit-us-101637865751628-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Metro ==<br />
[[Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line]] i.e Metro 3 will pass through Churchgate area, this route will cover [[Colaba]]-[[Bandra]]-[[SEEPZ|Seepz]]. [[Hutatma Chowk metro station|Hutatma Chowk]], [[Churchgate metro station|Churchgate]] and [[Vidhan Bhavan metro station|Vidhan Bhavan]] are the stations listed for Line 3. All the stations will be built underground. Line 3 is expected to reduce road congestion, and to reduce the load on the Western Line between Bandra and Churchgate.<br />
<br />
==Places==<br />
Following places are located in Churchgate area of Mumbai: <br />
* [[Cricket centre]] - headquarters and office of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]<br />
* [[Wankhede stadium]] - an international cricket Stadium<br />
* [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] - headquarters of Mumbai cricket <br />
* [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine drive]] - a sea side road <br />
* [[Cricket Club of India]] (CCI)- an exclusive sports club for rich elites<br />
* [[Brabourne Stadium]] - an old cricket stadium, owned by CCI<br />
* [[Churchgate railway station]]<br />
<br />
==Colleges==<br />
*[[Kishinchand Chellaram College|K.C College]]<br />
*[[K C Law College, Mumbai|K.C. Law College]]<br />
* [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]]<br />
* [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]]<br />
* [[Government Law College, Mumbai]]<br />
* [[Jai Hind College]]<br />
* [[Sydenham College]]<br />
* [[Elphinstone College]]<br />
*[[SNDT Women's University]]<br />
<br />
==Sights==<br />
Tourist spots in the Churchgate area include:<br />
*[[Hutatma Chowk]] <br />
*[[Mumbai High Court|Maharashtra High Court]]<br />
*[[Oval Maidan]]<br />
<br />
{{overlay<br />
|image = Bombay fort map 1771.jpg<br />
|overlay1tip = Churchgate<br />
|overlay1top = 280<br />
|overlay1left = 255<br />
}}.<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}} <br />
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Mumbai-geo-stub}}</div>Maqbool lari senseihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jugaadistan&diff=428341Jugaadistan2023-09-11T16:56:37Z<p>Maqbool lari sensei: Just completed a new article.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian comedy drama television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates}} <br />
{{Use Indian English}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = [[comedy drama]]<br />
| creator = Divya Rao<br />
| based_on = <br />
| inspired_by = <br />
| writer = {{ubl|Anant Tripathi|Parijat Joshi|Tarun Dudeja|Unaiza Merchant}}<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| director = {{ubl|[[Akarsh Khurana]]|Adhaar Khurana}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Sumeet Vyas]]<br />
* [[Arjun Mathur]]<br />
* [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]<br />
* [[Rukshar Dhillon]]<br />
* [[Taaruk Raina]]<br />
* [[Gopal Datt]]<br />
* [[Ahsaas Channa]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = Khamosh Shah<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 8<br />
| executive_producer = Sanjeevkumar Nair<br />
| producer = Rohit Jain<br />
| cinematography = Akash Agrawal<br />
| editor = {{ubl|Jitendra Dongare|Sanyukta Kaza|Vansh Mehta}}<br />
| company = [[Lionsgate|Lionsgate India]]<br />
| network = [[Lionsgate Play]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|03|04|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Jugaadistan''''' is an 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]] television series produced under the banner of [[Lionsgate|Lionsgate India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/jugaadistan-director-akarsh-khurana-peeps-into-college-life-politics-in-new-web-series/81821376.html | title='Jugaadistan' director Akarsh Khurana peeps into college life, politics in new web series }}</ref> The series stars [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Arjun Mathur]], [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]], [[Rukshar Dhillon]], [[Taaruk Raina]], [[Gopal Datt]] and [[Ahsaas Channa]].<ref name="cast" >{{Cite web| url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/cast-of-jugaadistan-opens-up-about-unveiling-the-darker-side-of-student-life/| title=Cast of 'Jugaadistan' opens up about unveiling the darker side of student life|website=Lokmattimes}}</ref> It premiered on [[Lionsgate Play]] on 4 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jugaadistan-to-deadlock-what-to-watch-on-lionsgate-play-in-march-2022/3d370cfcfb247 | title=Jugaadistan to Deadlock: What to watch on Lionsgate Play in March 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{No plot}}<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Sumeet Vyas]]<br />
* [[Arjun Mathur]]<br />
* [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]<br />
* [[Rukshar Dhillon]]<br />
* [[Taaruk Raina]]<br />
* [[Gopal Datt]]<br />
* [[Ahsaas Channa]]<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The series was announced by [[Lionsgate|Lionsgate India]], consisting of eight episodes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2022/feb/18/sumeet-vyas-and-arjun-mathur-get-together-for-jugaadistan-a-lionsgate-play-original-39144.html | title=Sumeet Vyas and Arjun Mathur get together for Jugaadistan, a Lionsgate Play original }}</ref> [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Arjun Mathur]], [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]], [[Rukshar Dhillon]], [[Taaruk Raina]], [[Gopal Datt]] and [[Ahsaas Channa]] joined the cast.<ref name="cast" /> The [[principal photography]] of the series commenced during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and were primarily shot in [[Delhi]], [[Daryaganj]] and [[Paharganj]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/characters-scenes-ensemble-cast-drew-me-towards-jugaadistan-arjun-mathur-1087407.html | title=Character's scenes, ensemble cast drew me towards 'Jugaadistan': Arjun Mathur }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/interesting-life-lessons-by-akarsh-khurana-in-jugaadistan/articleshow/90053990.cms | title=Interesting life lessons by Akarsh Khurana in 'Jugaadistan' | newspaper=The Times of India | date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> The cast promoted the series on [[IIT Kharagpur|Kshitij 2022]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/actors-and-director-tell-the-jugaadistan-story-at-kshitij-2022-hosted-by-iit-kharagpur/cid/1855788 | title=Actors and director tell the Jugaadistan story at Kshitij 2022 hosted by IIT Kharagpur }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
{{Table to prose|section}}<br />
{| class="wikitable infobox" style="float:right; width:20%; font-size:80%; text-align:center; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding:0;" cellpadding="0"<br />
!colspan=2 style="font-size:120%;"|Professional reviews<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2 style="background:#d1dbdf; font-size:120%;"|Review scores<br />
|-<br />
!Source<br />
!Rating<br />
|-<br />
|[[Firstpost]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jugaadistaan-review-sumeet-vyas-arjun-mathurs-political-drama-is-marred-by-mishmash-of-genres-passable-performances-10427821.html | title=Jugaadistaan review: Sumeet Vyas, Arjun Mathur's political drama is marred by mishmash of genres, passable performances-Entertainment News , Firstpost | date=4 March 2022 }}</ref><br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hindustan Times]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/jugaadistan-review-scam-1992-meets-dil-dosti-etc-in-this-entertaining-but-flawed-campus-thrillerdrama-101646419400028.html | title=Jugaadistan review: Scam 1992 meets Dil Dosti Etc in enjoyable but flawed show | date=5 March 2022 }}</ref><br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[MissMalini.com]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.missmalini.com/2022/03/5/web-series-review-jugaadistan-shows-real-face-of-college-campus | title=Web Series Review ! जुगाड़ीस्तान !ओटीटी पर थ्रिलर और किलर की बोरिंग कहानियों के बीच फ्रेशनेस लाती है, कैम्पस लाइफ की यह रियलिस्टिक कहानी | date=5 March 2022 }}</ref><br />
|{{Rating|3.5|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Network18 Group|News18]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jugaadistan-review-sumeet-vyas-arjun-mathurs-show-reflects-realities-of-todays-youth-and-campus-life-4835999.html | title=Jugaadistan Review: Sumeet Vyas, Arjun Mathur's Show Reflects Realities of Today's Youth and Campus Life | date=4 March 2022 }}</ref><br />
|{{NA}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[OTT Play]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/jugaadistan-review-ahsaas-channa-and-sumeet-vyas-show-does-not-hit-the-spot/5797e76757510 | title=Jugaadistan review: Ahsaas Channa and Sumeet Vyas' show does not hit the spot }}</ref><br />
|{{Rating|2|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Jugaadistan Review: Engaging Portrayal Of Student Life Ethics And Ethos But Suffers From A Hotchpotch Storyline |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/jugaadistan-review-engaging-portrayal-of-student-life-ethics-and-ethos-but-suffers-from-a-hotchpotch-storyline-movie_reviews-185268|newspaper=Outlook India|location=India}}</ref><br />
|{{Rating|3.5|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[The Times of India]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jugaadistan/season-1/seasonreview/89895300.cms | title=Jugaadistan Season 1 Review : An interesting campus drama that suffers from problem of plenty | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><br />
|{{Rating|3|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]</div>Maqbool lari senseihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist),_Kerala&diff=394789Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala2023-07-20T10:47:30Z<p>Maqbool lari sensei: Just finished crafting a new article.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian Political Party<br />
|colorcode = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| party_name = Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala<br />
| native_name = <br />
| party_logo =[[File:Cpm election symbol.svg|180px]] <br />
| secretary = [[M. V. Govindan]]<br />
| leader = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<br />
| headquarters = "A. K. G. Bhawan", [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| alliance = {{ubl|[[Left Democratic Front]] (Kerala)}}<br />
| ideology = * [[Communism]]<br />
| youth = [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|Democratic Youth Federation (DYFI Kerala)]]<br />
| women = [[All India Democratic Women's Association|Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA Kerala)]]<br />
| students = [[Students' Federation of India|Students Federation (SFI Kerala)]]<br />
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|20|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} (Kerala)<br />
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|4|9|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} (Kerala)<br />
| state_seats_name = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|62|140|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
| membership = <br />
| publication = ''[[Deshabhimani]]''<br />
| website = {{URL|https://cpimkerala.org/}}<br />
| symbol = [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|150px]]<br />
| eci =<br />
|abbreviation=<br />
|flag=[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|150px]]<br />
|labour=[[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU)]]<br />
|Political position=[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]] <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
'''The Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala''' or '''CPI(M) Kerala''' is the Kerala state wing of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and a recognised State party in Kerala. Currently, it is the governing party in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and has significant representation of the state in [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-place-where-communists-can-still-dream/2017/10/26/55747cbe-9c98-11e7-b2a7-bc70b6f98089_story.html |title=One of the few places where a communist can still dream |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=2022-03-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped) 1.jpg|thumb|250px|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], One of the co-founders of CPI(M) and First [[Chief minister of Kerala]]]]<br />
In 1957 the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) was elected to rule the state [[government of Kerala]] under [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] only to have the government dismissed and President's Rule declared in 1959 following the [[Vimochana Samaram]]. In 1964, in conjunction with the [[Sino-Soviet Split|widening rift between China and the Soviet Union]], a large leftist faction of the CPI leadership, based predominantly in Kerala and West Bengal, split from the party to form the Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPI (M). In Kerala, the CPI (M) in coalition with other parties wrested control from the Congress and its allies (frequently including the CPI) in 1967, in 1980, and in 1987. Support for the CPI (M) in Kerala in general elections has ranged from 19 percent to 26 percent, but the party has never won more than nine of Kerala's twenty seats in Parliament. But as a coalition including CPI (M), CPI and other parties as Left Democratic Front they won 19 seats out of 20.<br />
[[File:Ek nayanar.jpeg|thumb|250px| [[E. K. Nayanar]], Longest serving [[Chief minister of Kerala]]]]<br />
<br />
== List of State Secretaries ==<br />
[[File:Pinarayi Vijayan cm.jpg|thumb|250px| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], current [[Chief minister of Kerala]] and longest serving state secretary of CPI(M)]]<br />
[[File:M V GOVINDAN MASTER 5.jpg|thumb|250px|[[M. V. Govindan]], current State Secretray of CPI(M)]]<br />
{|class ="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Secretary<br />
!Term<br />
|-<br />
| [[M. V. Govindan]]<br />
|31 August 2022–present<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]]<br />
|23 February 2015 – 28 August 2022<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<br />
|25 September 1998 – 23 February 2015<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chadayan Govindan]]<br />
|1996-1998<br />
|-<br />
| [[E. K. Nayanar]]<br />
|1992–1996<br />
|-<br />
| [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]<br />
|1980–1992<br />
|-<br />
| [[E. K. Nayanar]]<br />
|1972–1980<br />
|-<br />
| C.H. Kanaran<br />
|1964–1972<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of Elected Members==<br />
<br />
{|class="sortable" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" <br />
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc"<br />
! scope="col" | Sl.no<br />
! scope="col" | Constituency<br />
! scope="col" | Name of the<br />elected MLA<br />
! scope="col" | Party<br />affiliation<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kasaragod district|<span style="color:white;">'''Kasaragod district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1 ||[[Udma (State Assembly constituency)|Udma]] ||[[C. H. Kunhambu]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2 ||[[Thrikaripur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikaripur]] ||[[M. Rajagopal]]an|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kannur district|<span style="color:white;">'''Kannur district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3 ||[[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]] ||[[T. I. Madusoodhanan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 4 ||[[Kalliasseri (State Assembly constituency)|Kalliasseri]] ||[[M. Vijin|M.Vijin]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 5 ||[[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]] ||[[M. V. Govindan|M.V Govindan Master]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 6 ||[[Dharmadom (State Assembly constituency)|Dharmadom]] ||[[Pinarayi Vijayan]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 7 ||[[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|Thalassery]] ||[[A. N. Shamseer]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 8 ||[[Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattanur]] ||[[K. K. Shailaja]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 9 ||[[Azhikode (State Assembly constituency)|Azhikode]]||[[K. V. Sumesh|K.V Sumesh]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Wayanad district|<span style="color:white;">'''Wayanad district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 10 ||[[Mananthavady (State Assembly constituency)|Mananthavady]] ||[[O. R. Kelu]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kozhikode district|<span style="color:white;">'''Kozhikode district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 11 ||[[Koyilandy (State Assembly constituency)|Koyilandy]]||[[Kanathil Jameela]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 12 ||[[Perambra (State Assembly constituency)|Perambra]]||[[T. P. Ramakrishnan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 13 ||[[Balussery (State Assembly constituency)|Balussery]]||[[K. M. Sachin Dev|K.M Sachin Dev]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 14 || [[Kozhikode North (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode North]]||[[Thottathil Raveendran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 15 ||[[Beypore (State Assembly constituency)|Beypore]]||[[P. A. Mohammed Riyas|P.A Muhammed Riyas]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 16 ||[[Thiruvambady (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvambady]]||[[Linto Joseph]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||[[Kuttiady (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttiyadi]] ||K.P Kunhammad Kutty || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Malappuram district|<span style="color:white;">'''Malappuram district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 18 ||[[Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)|Ponnani]] ||[[P. Nandakumar|P.Nandakumar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Palakkad district|<span style="color:white;">'''Palakkad district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Shornur (State Assembly constituency)|Shornur]]||[[P. Mammikutty|P Mammikutty]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 20 ||[[Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)|Ottapalam]] ||[[K. Premkumar (politician)|K.Premkumar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || [[Kongad (State Assembly constituency)|Kongad]] ||[[K. Shanthakumari|K.Shanthakumari]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 22 ||[[Malampuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Malampuzha]]||[[A. Prabhakaran|A Prabhakaran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 23 ||[[Tarur (State Assembly constituency)|Tarur]] ||[[P. P. Sumod|P.P Sumod]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 24 || [[Nenmara (State Assembly constituency)|Nenmara]]|| [[K. Babu (CPIM politician)|K. Babu]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 25 ||[[Alathur]] ||[[K. D. Prasenan]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 26 ||[[Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)|Thrithala]] || [[M. B. Rajesh|M.B Rajesh]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Thrissur district|<span style="color:white;">'''Thrissur district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 27 ||[[Chelakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Chelakkara]] ||[[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K Radhakrishnan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|[[Wadakkanchery (State Assembly constituency)|Wadakkanchery]]||[[Xavier Chittilappilly]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 29 ||[[Kunnamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamkulam]]||[[A. C. Moideen]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 30 ||[[Guruvayur (State Assembly constituency)|Guruvayur]]||[[N. K. Akbar|N.K Akbar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">CPI(M)</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 31 || [[Manalur (State Assembly constituency)|Manalur]]||[[Murali Perunelli]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 32 ||[[Irinjalakuda (State Assembly constituency)|Irinjalakuda]]||[[R. Bindu|R Bindhu]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 33 || [[Puthukkad (State Assembly constituency)|Puthukkad]]||[[K. Ramachandran|K.K Ramachandran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Ernakulam district|<span style="color:white;">'''Ernakulam district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 34 ||[[Vypeen]] ||[[K.P. Unnikrishnan|K.N Unnikrishnan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 35 ||[[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamasseri]] ||[[P. Rajeev (Kerala)|P.Rajeev]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 36 ||[[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]||[[K. J. Maxi]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 37 ||[[Kothamangalam, Ernakulam|Kothamangalam]]||[[Antony John]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 38 || [[Kunnathunad (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnathunadu]] ||P.V Sreenijan || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">CPI(M)</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Idukki district|<span style="color:white;">'''Idukki district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 39 ||[[Devikulam]] ||[[A. Raja|A Raja]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 40 ||[[Udumbanchola]] ||[[M. M. Mani]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kottayam district|<span style="color:white;">'''Kottayam district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 41 ||[[Ettumanoor]] ||[[V. N. Vasavan|V.N Vasavan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Alappuzha district|<span style="color:white;">'''Alappuzha district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 42 ||[[Alappuzha]] ||[[P. P. Chitharanjan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 43 ||[[Ambalappuzha]] ||[[H. Salam|H.Salam]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 44 ||[[Kayamkulam]] ||[[Prathiba Hari]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 45 ||[[Mavelikkara]] ||[[M. S. Arun Kumar|M.S Arunkumar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 46 ||[[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Chengannur]]||[[Saji Cheriyan|Saji Cherian]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 47 || [[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]] ||[[Daleema|Dhaleema Jojo]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Pathanamthitta district|<span style="color:white;">'''Pathanamthitta district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 48 || [[Aranmula (State Assembly constituency)|Aranmula]]||[[Veena George]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 49 ||[[Konni (State Assembly constituency)|Konni]] ||[[K. U. Jenish Kumar]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kollam district|<span style="color:white;">'''Kollam district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 50 ||[[Kottarakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Kottarakkara]]||[[K. N. Balagopal|K.N Balagopal]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 51 ||[[Kollam (State Assembly constituency)|Kollam]]||[[Mukesh (actor)|M. Mukesh]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 52 ||[[Eravipuram (State Assembly constituency)|Eravipuram]]||[[M. Noushad (politician)|M. Noushad]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|<span style="color:white;">'''Thiruvananthapuram district'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 53 ||[[Varkala]] ||[[V. Joy]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">CPI(M)</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
|54 ||[[Aruvikkara (State Assembly constituency)|Aruvikkara]] ||[[G. Steephen|G.Stephen]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
|55 || [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemam]] || [[V. Sivankutty|V.Shivankutty]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 56 ||[[Attingal]]|| [[O. S. Ambika|O.S Ambika]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 57 || [[Vamanapuram]]||[[D. K. Murali]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 58 ||[[Kazhakoottam]]||[[Kadakampally Surendran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 59 ||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]|| [[V. K. Prasanth]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">CPI(M)</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 60 ||[[Parassala]]||[[C. K. Hareendran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 61 || [[Kattakkada]] ||[[I. B. Sathish]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
| 62 ||[[Neyyattinkara]] || [[K. A. Ansalan]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|<span style="color:white;">'''CPI(M)'''</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Rajya Sabha===<br />
{{Main article|List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! #<br />
! Name<ref name="members">{{cite web|title=Statewise List|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! Term Start<ref name="term">{{cite web|title=Statewise Retirement|url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref><br />
!Term End<ref name="term" /><br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[A. A. Rahim (CPM)|A. A. Rahim]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]<br />
|03-Apr-2022<br />
|03-Apr-2028<br />
|- <br />
|2<br />
|[[V. Sivadasan]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]<br />
|24-Apr-2021<br />
|23-Apr-2027<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[John Brittas]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]<br />
|24-Apr-2021<br />
|23-Apr-2027<br />
|- <br />
|4<br />
|[[Elamaram Kareem]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]<br />
|02-Jul-2018<br />
|01-Jul-2024<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Lok Sabha===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! #<br />
! style="width:120px" | Constituency<br />
! style="width:180px" | Name<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]<br />
| [[A. M. Ariff]]<br />
| bgcolor={{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|<br />
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Left Democratic Front]]<br />
* [[Communism in Kerala]]<br />
* [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br />
{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
<br />
{{Uncategorized}}</div>Maqbool lari senseihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._K._B._Hedgewar&diff=387848Dr. K. B. Hedgewar2023-04-06T23:48:13Z<p>Maqbool lari sensei: Created an influential manuscript.</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[K. B. Hedgewar]]</div>Maqbool lari senseihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_India&diff=388201Mining in India2023-01-14T09:36:10Z<p>Maqbool lari sensei: Published an enlightening piece.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Use Indian English}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates}}<br />
<br />
The '''mining industry in India''' is a major economic activity which contributes significantly to the [[economy of India]]. The [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) contribution of the mining industry varies from 2.2% to 2.5% only but going by the GDP of the total industrial sector, it contributes around 10% to 11%. Even mining done on small scale contributes 6% to the entire cost of mineral production. Indian mining industry provides job opportunities to around 700,000 individuals.<ref name="cci">{{cite web|title=MINERAL AND MINING INDUSTRY IN INDIA January, 2010|url=http://www.cci.in/pdf/surveys_reports/mineral-mining-industry.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216100748/http://www.cci.in/pdf/surveys_reports/mineral-mining-industry.pdf|archive-date=16 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2012, India is the largest producer of [[Mica#Sheet mica|sheet mica]], 2015 the fourth largest producer of [[iron ore]], [[alumina]], [[chromite]], and [[bauxite]] in the world. A [[coal]] and iron ore project is in the fifth largest reserve in world. India's metal and mining industry was estimated to be $106.4 billion in 2010.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=India mining industry 'out of control' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18438622 |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=BBC News }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, the country was the 4th largest world producer of [[iron ore]];<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics ]</ref> 4th largest worldwide producer of [[chromium]];<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-chromium.pdf USGS Chromium Production Statistics]</ref> 5th largest world producer of [[bauxite]];<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf USGS Bauxite Production Statistics]</ref> 5th largest world producer of [[zinc]];<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf USGS Zinc Production Statistics]</ref> 7th largest producer of [[manganese]] in the world;<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf USGS Manganese Production Statistics]</ref> 7th largest producer of [[lead]] in the world;<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf USGS Lead Production Statistics]</ref> 7th largest producer of [[sulfur]] in the world;<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf USGS Sulfur Production Statistics]</ref> 11th largest world producer of [[titanium]];<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-titanium-minerals.pdf USGS Titanium Production Statistics]</ref> 18th largest world producer of [[phosphate]];<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf USGS Phosphate Production Statistics]</ref> 16th largest world producer of [[gypsum]];<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gypsum.pdf USGS Gypsum Production Statistics]</ref> 5th largest world producer of [[graphite]];<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-graphite.pdf USGS Graphite Production Statistics]</ref> 3rd largest world producer of [[table salt|salt]].<ref>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf USGS Salt Production Statistics]</ref> It was the 11th the world's largest producer of [[uranium]] in 2018.<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf23.html World Uranium Mining]</ref><br />
<br />
Mining in India has been prominent since ancient times. The field is noted for significantly contributing to the economy of the nation. However, the mining in India is also infamous for [[Human rights|human rights violations]] and [[pollution|environmental pollution]]. The industry has been hit by several high-profile [[Mining scam in India|mining scandals]] in recent times.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/><br />
<br />
==Introduction ==<br />
The tradition of mining in the region is ancient and underwent modernization alongside the rest of the world as India has gained independence in 1947.<ref name=Khullar631/> The [[P. V. Narasimha Rao#Economic reforms|economic reforms of 1991]] and the 1993 National Mining Policy further helped the growth of the mining sector.<ref name=Khullar631/> India's minerals range from both [[metal]]lic and non-metallic types.<ref name=Khullar632-633/> The metallic minerals comprise [[ferrous]] and [[non-ferrous]] minerals, while the nonmetallic minerals comprise mineral [[fuel]]s, [[precious stone]]s, among others.<ref name=Khullar632-633>Khullar, 632-633฿</ref><br />
<br />
D.R. Khullar holds that mining in India depends on over 3,100 [[Mining|mine]]s, out of which over 550 are fuel mines, over 560 are mines for metals, and over 1970 are mines for extraction of nonmetals.<ref name=Khullar631>Khullar, 631</ref> The figure given by S.N. Padhi is: 'about 600 coal mines, 35 oil projects and 6,000 metalliferous mines of different sizes employing over one million persons on a daily average basis.'<ref name=padhi1019>Padhi, 1019</ref> Both [[open cast mining]] and [[underground mining]] operations are carried out and [[drilling]]/[[pump]]ing is undertaken for extracting liquid or gaseous fuels.<ref name=Khullar631/> The country produces and works with roughly 100 minerals, which are an important source for earning foreign exchange as well as satisfying domestic needs.<ref name=Khullar631/> India also exports [[iron ore]], [[titanium]], [[manganese]], [[bauxite]], [[granite]], and imports [[cobalt]], [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], [[graphite]] etc.<ref name=Khullar631/><br />
<br />
Unless controlled by other departments of the [[Government of India]], mineral resources of the country are surveyed by the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]], which also regulates the manner in which these resources are used.<ref name=Ar_ch2_pg4>Annual Report (2007-2008), Ministry of Mines, chapter 4, page 4</ref> The ministry oversees the various aspects of industrial mining in the country.<ref name=Ar_ch2_pg4/> Both the [[Geological Survey of India]] and the [[Indian Bureau of Mines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibm.nic.in|title=IBM website}}</ref> are also controlled by the ministry.<ref name=Ar_ch2_pg4/> [[Natural gas]], [[petroleum]] and atomic minerals are exempt from the various activities of the Indian Ministry of Mines.<ref name=Ar_ch2_pg4/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Coal mine in Dhanbad, India.jpg|thumb|Indian coal production is the 3rd highest in the world according to the 2008 Indian Ministry of Mines estimates.<ref name=MoM_doc1/> Shown above is a coal mine in [[Jharkhand]].]]<br />
<br />
[[Flint]] was known and exploited by the inhabitants of the [[Indus Valley civilization]] by the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref name=Biagi1856>Biagi, page 1856</ref> P. Biagi and M. Cremaschi of [[Milan University]] discovered a number of [[Harappa]]n [[Quarry|quarries]] in archaeological excavations dating between 1985 and 1986.<ref name=Biagi1857>Biagi, 1857</ref> Biagi (2008) describes the quarries: 'From the surface the quarries consisted of almost circular empty areas, representing the quarry–pits, filled with aeolian sand, blown from the [[Thar Desert]] dunes, and heaps of limestone block, deriving from the prehistoric mining activity. All around these structures flint workshops were noticed, represented by scatters of flint flakes and blades among which typical Harappan-elongated [[blade]] cores and characteristic bullet cores with very narrow bladelet detachments.'<ref name=Biagi1858>Biagi, 1858</ref> Between 1995 and 1998, [[Accelerator mass spectrometry]] [[radiocarbon dating]] of Zyzyphus cf. nummularia [[charcoal]] found in the quarries has yielded evidence that the activity continued into 1870-1800 BCE.<ref name=Biagi1860>Biagi, 1860</ref><br />
<br />
Minerals subsequently found mention in [[Indian literature]]. George Robert Rapp—on the subject of minerals mentioned in India's literature—holds that:<br />
<br />
{{Quotation|[[Sanskrit]] texts mention the use of [[bitumen]], [[rock salt]], [[orpiment|yellow orpiment]], [[chalk]], [[alum]], [[bismuth]], [[calamine]], [[realgar]], [[stibnite]], [[Potassium nitrate|saltpeter]], [[cinnabar]], [[arsenic]], [[sulphur]], [[yellow ochre|yellow]] and [[red ochre]], [[black sand]], and [[red clay]] in prescriptions. Among the metals used were [[gold]], [[silver]], [[copper]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[iron]], [[iron ore]]s, [[pyrite]], [[tin]], and [[brass]]. [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] appeared to have been the most frequently used, and is called by several names in the texts. No source for mercury or its ores has been located. Leading to the suggestion that it may have been imported.<ref name=Rapp>Rapp, 11</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Geographical distribution==<br />
<br />
The distribution of minerals in the country is uneven and mineral density varies from region to region.<ref name=Khullar631/> D.R. Khullar identifies five mineral 'belts' in the country: The North Eastern Peninsular Belt, Central Belt, Southern Belt, South Western Belt, and the North Western Belt. The details of the various geographical 'belts' are given in the table below:<ref name=Khullar632>Khullar, 632</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! Mineral Belt !! Location !! Minerals found<br />
|-<br />
|North Eastern Peninsular Belt || [[Chota Nagpur plateau]] and the [[Odisha, India|Odisha]] plateau covering the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha, India|Odisha]]. || [[Coal]], iron ore, manganese, [[mica]], bauxite, copper, [[kyanite]], [[chromite]], [[beryl]], [[apatite]] etc. Khullar calls this region the ''mineral heartland of India'' and further cites studies to state that: 'this region possesses India's 100 percent Kyanite, 93 percent iron ore, 84 percent coal, 70 percent chromite, 70 percent mica, 50 percent [[fire clay]], 45 percent [[asbestos]], 45 percent [[china clay]], 20 percent [[limestone]] and 10 percent manganese.'<br />
|-<br />
|Central Belt || [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]]. || Manganese, bauxite, [[uranium]], limestone, [[marble]], coal, [[Gemstone|gems]], mica, [[graphite]] etc. exist in large quantities and the net extent of the minerals of the region is yet to be assessed. This is the second largest belt of minerals in the country.<br />
|-<br />
|Southern Belt || [[Karnataka]] plateau and [[Tamil Nadu]]. || Ferrous minerals and bauxite. Low diversity.<br />
|-<br />
|South Western Belt || Karnataka and [[Goa]]. || Iron ore, [[garnet]] and [[clay]].<br />
|-<br />
|North Western Belt || [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] along the [[Aravali Range]]. || Non-ferrous minerals, [[uranium]], mica, [[beryllium]], [[Aquamarines|aquamarine]], [[petroleum]], [[gypsum]] and [[emerald]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
India has yet to fully explore the mineral wealth within its marine territory, mountain ranges, and a few states e.g. [[Assam]].<ref name=Khullar632/><br />
<br />
==Minerals==<br />
[[File:India mineral map.jpg|thumb|The distribution of minerals in India according to the [[United States Geological Survey]]]]<br />
<br />
Along with 48.83% [[arable land]], India has significant sources of [[coal]] (fourth-largest reserves in the world), bauxite, [[titanium ore]], [[chromite]], [[natural gas]], [[diamond]]s, [[petroleum]], and [[limestone]].<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=CIA Factbook: India |work=CIA Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/}}</ref> According to the 2008 Ministry of Mines estimates: 'India has stepped up its production to reach the second rank among the [[chromite]] producers of the world. Besides, India ranks 3rd in production of coal & [[lignite]], 2nd in [[barite]]s, 4th in iron ore, 5th in bauxite and [[crude steel]], 7th in manganese ore and 8th in [[aluminium]].'<ref name=MoM_doc1>[http://mines.nic.in/imsene.html ''India's Contribution to the World's mineral Production''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823060003/http://mines.nic.in/imsene.html }} (2008), Ministry of Mines, Government of India. National Informatics Centre.</ref><br />
<br />
India accounts for 12% of the world's known and economically available [[thorium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf62.htm |title=Information and Issue Briefs - Thorium |publisher=World Nuclear Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107083059/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf62.htm |archive-date=7 November 2006 }}</ref> It is the world's largest producer and exporter of mica, accounting for almost 60 percent of the net mica production in the world, which it exports to the [[United Kingdom]], [[Japan]], [[United States of America]] etc.<ref name=Khullar_650-651>Khullar, 650-651</ref> As one of the largest producers and exporters of iron ore in the world, its majority exports go to Japan, [[Korea]], [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name=Khullar_638>Khullar, 638</ref> Japan accounts for nearly 3/4 of India's total iron ore exports.<ref name=Khullar_638/> It also has one of the largest deposits of manganese in the world, and is a leading producer as well as exporter of manganese ore, which it exports to Japan, Europe ([[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Norway]], among other countries), and to a lesser extent, the United States of America.<ref name=Khullar_638-640>Khullar, 638-640</ref><br />
<br />
===Production===<br />
<br />
The net production of selected minerals in 2015 as per the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130330135214/http://mines.nic.in/anrep05-06/annexure.pdf ''Production of Selected Minerals'' Ministry of Mines, Government of India] is given in the table below:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! Mineral !! Quantity !! Unit !! Mineral type<br />
|-<br />
|[[Coal]] and [[lignite]] || 683 || Million [[tonnes]] || Fuel<br />
|-<br />
|[[Natural Gas]] || 32,249 || Million [[cubic metres]] || Fuel<br />
|-<br />
|[[Crude oil]] || 36.9 || Million [[tonnes]] || Fuel<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bauxite]] || 28.134 || million [[tonnes]] || Metallic mineral<br />
|-<br />
|[[Copper]] || 3.9 || Million [[tonnes]] || Metallic mineral<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gold]] || 1,594 || kilogram || Metallic mineral<br />
|-<br />
|[[Iron ore]] || 156 || Million tonnes || Metallic mineral<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lead]] || 145 || Thousand [[tonnes]] || Metallic mineral<br />
|-<br />
|[[Manganese|Manganese Ore]] || 2,148 || Thousand [[tonnes]] || Metallic mineral<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zinc]] || 759 || Thousand [[tonnes]] || Metallic mineral<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diamond]]|| 31,836,091 || [[Carat (mass)|Carats]] || Non-metallic mineral<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gypsum]] || 3,651 || Thousand [[tonnes]] || Non-metallic mineral<br />
|-<br />
|[[Limestone]] || 170 || Million [[tonnes]] || Non-metallic mineral<br />
|-<br />
|[[Phosphorite]] || 1,383 || Thousand [[tonnes]] || Non-metallic mineral<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Exports===<br />
[[File:Champion Reef Mine shaft.jpg|thumb|Mine shaft at [[Kolar Gold Fields]].]]<br />
The net exports selected of minerals in 2004-05 as per the ''Exports of Ores and Minerals'' Ministry of Mines, Government of India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mines.nic.in/anrep05-06/annexure.pdf |title=''Exports of Ores and Minerals'' |access-date=30 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330135214/http://mines.nic.in/anrep05-06/annexure.pdf |archive-date=30 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is given in the table below:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! Mineral !! Quantity exported in 2004-05 !! Unit<br />
|-<br />
| [[Alumina]] || 896,518 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Bauxite || 1,131,472 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Coal || 1,374 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Copper || 18,990 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Gypsum & plaster || 103,003 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Iron ore || 83,165 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Lead || 81,157 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Limestone || 343,814 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Manganese ore || 317,787 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Marble || 234,455 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Mica || 97,842 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Natural gas || 29,523 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Sulfur || 2,465 || tonnes<br />
|-<br />
| Zinc || 180,704 || tonnes<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Legal and constitutional framework ==<br />
India is not a signatory to the [[Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative]] [EITI].<ref>{{cite web |title=A Little More Transparency at EITI Can Go a Long Way {{!}} Center For Glo… |url=http://international.cgdev.org/blog/little-more-transparency-eiti-can-go-long-way |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130724095118/http://international.cgdev.org/blog/little-more-transparency-eiti-can-go-long-way |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-07-24 |website=archive.vn |access-date=22 February 2021 |date=24 July 2013}}</ref> But, on national scale, there are legal and constitutional framework to manage the mineral sector:<br />
* The policy level guidelines for mineral sector is given by the National Mineral Policy of 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=36463 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref><br />
* Mining operations are regulated under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) [MMDR] Act of 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mines.nic.in/index.aspx?level=1&lid=80&lang=1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315034256/http://mines.nic.in/index.aspx?level=1&lid=80&lang=1 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
* The State Governments, as owners of minerals, grant mineral concessions and collect royalty, dead rent and fees as per the provisions of MMDR Act 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mines.nic.in/faq.html |title=Ministry of Mines |access-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615021316/http://mines.nic.in/faq.html |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These revenues are held in the Consolidated Fund of State Government until the state legislature approves their use through budgetary processes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=90707 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref><br />
* In a recent development, the Supreme Court has said that "Ownership of minerals should be vested with the owner of the land and not with the government."<ref>{{cite web |title=Ownership of mineral wealth lies with owner of land: SC - Hindustan T… |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Minerals-belong-to-land-owner-not-state-SC/Article1-1092290.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130724094454/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Minerals-belong-to-land-owner-not-state-SC/Article1-1092290.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-07-24 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 February 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The subject of ‘mineral regulation and development’ occurs at S.No. 23 of the State list in the VIIth schedule to the Constitution. However, the Constitution circumscribes this power, by giving Parliament the power under S.No. 54 of the Central list in the VIIth schedule, to enact legislation, and to this extent, the States will be bound by the Central legislation. The Mines and Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act 1957 is the main Central legislation in force for the sector. The Act was enacted when the Industrial Policy Resolution 1957 was the guiding policy for the sector, and thus was aimed primarily at providing a mineral concession regime in the context of the metal making public sector undertakings. After the liberalization in 1991, a separate National Mineral Policy was promulgated in 1993 which set out the role of the private sector in exploration and mining and the MMDR Act was amended several times to provide for a reasonable concession regime to attract the private sector investment including FDI, into exploration and mining in accordance with NMP 1993.<br />
<br />
The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act 1957 in short) was enacted so as to provide for the regulation of mines and development of minerals under the control of the Union. The Act has been amended in 1972, 1986, 1994 and 1999 in keeping with changes in the policy on mineral development. The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Amendment Act, 1999, inter-alia, provides for (a) introduction of a new concept of reconnaissance operations distinct from prospecting; (b) delegation of powers to the State Governments to grant mineral concessions for limestone; (c) granting of mineral concession in non-compact and non-contiguous areas; (d) liberalizing the maximum area limits for prospecting licences and mining leases; (e) empowering the State Governments to make rules to curb the [[illegal mining]] etc.<br />
<br />
The Act was amended in the year 2015 with the intention of removing discretion and introducing more transparency in the grant of mineral concessions. The amendments now made to the MMDR Act, 1957 provide that mineral concessions will be granted only on the basis of bidding at an auction, for the prospecting stage or mining stage as the case may be.<br />
<br />
New Mineral (Auction) Rules notified in 2015 for the auction procedures. The Minerals (Evidence of Mineral Contents) Rules, also notified at the same time specifies the technical requirements.<br />
<br />
==Issues with mining==<br />
<br />
One of the most challenging issues in India's mining sector is the lack of assessment of India's natural resources.<ref name=Khullar632/> A number of areas remain unexplored and the mineral resources in these areas are yet to be assessed.<ref name=Khullar632/> The distribution of minerals in the areas known is uneven and varies drastically from one region to another.<ref name=Khullar631/> India is also looking to follow the example set by [[England]], Japan and [[Italy]] to recycle and use [[scrap iron]] for the ferrous industry.<ref name=Khullar659>Khullar, 659</ref><br />
<br />
The first National Mineral Policy was enunciated by the Government in 1993 for liberalization of the mining sector. The National Mineral Policy, 1993 aimed at encouraging the flow of private investment and introduction of state-of-the-art technology in exploration and mining. In the Mid-Term Appraisal of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, it was observed that the main factors responsible for lack of success of the Policy were procedural delays in the processing of applications for mineral concessions and the absence of adequate infrastructure in the mining areas. To go into the whole gamut of issues relating to the development of the mineral sector and suggest measures for improving the investment climate the Mid-Term Appraisal had proposed the establishment of a High Level Committee. Accordingly, the Government of India, Planning Commission, constituted a Committee on 14 September 2005. under the Chairmanship of Shri Anwarul Hoda, Member, Planning Commission. The committee made detailed recommendations on all of its terms of Reference in December 2006. Based on the recommendations of the High Level Committee, in consultation with State Governments, the Government replaced the National Mineral Policy, 1993 with a new National Mineral Policy on 13 March 2008.<br />
<br />
Under the [[British Raj]] a committee of experts formed in 1894 formulated regulations for mining safety and ensured regulated mining in India.<ref name=padhi1019/> The committee also passed the 1st Mines act of 1901 which led to a substantial drop in mining-related accidents.<ref name=padhi1019/> The accidents in mining are caused both by man-made and natural phenomenon, for example, explosions and flooding.<ref name=padhi1020>Padhi, 1020</ref> The main causes for incidents resulting in serious injury or death are roof fall, methane gas explosion, coal dust explosion, carbon monoxide poisoning, vehicular accidents, falling/slipping and hauling related incidents.<ref name=padhi1021>Padhi, 1021</ref><br />
<br />
In recent decades, the mining industry has been facing issues of large scale displacements, resistance of locals - as reported by the Indian journalist Aditi Roy Ghatak in the magazine [http://www.dandc.eu/articles/220537/index.en.shtml D+C Development and Cooperation] -, human rights issues like indentured labour as reported by the ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'' and environmental issues like pollution, corruption, deforestation and dangers to animal habitats.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nick Robins and Pratap Chatterjee |url=http://www.freewebs.com/epgorissa/ |title=Home - Environmental Protection Group, Orissa |publisher=Freewebs.com |access-date=2012-03-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209175533/http://www.freewebs.com/epgorissa/ |archive-date=9 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/post/9431 |title=ENVIS Newsletter on Environment Problems of Mining |publisher=India Water Portal |access-date=2012-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/goas-mining-problems |title=Goa's mining problems |publisher=India Environment Portal |access-date=2012-03-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718072418/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/goas-mining-problems |archive-date=18 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=P. Paramita Mishra |url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/250/1/141 |title=Mining and environmental problems in the Ib valley coalfield of Orissa, India |publisher=Sp.lyellcollection.org |access-date=2012-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/environment/mining.htm |title=Mining and related issues - Homepage |publisher=India Together |access-date=2012-03-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sand mining ===<br />
{{#section-h::Sand mining|India}}<br />
<br />
== Corporate Social Responsibility Study ==<br />
<br />
=== Background ===<br />
Mining plays an important role in Indian industry, which contributes about 3% of the [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] in 1990s, and about 2% of the [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] now.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/business/economy/091117/7-8-per-cent-contribution-of-mining-sector-in-gdp-can-create-25-million-jobs-in-india.html|title=7-8 per cent contribution of mining sector in GDP can create 25 million jobs in India|work=asianage.com/|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref> [[Goa]], a state of India, has 1000 million tonnes of iron ore reserves and thereby has a strong mining industry. It exports about 30 million tonnes of iron ore annually.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goadmg.gov.in/IronInfo.aspx|title=Iron Information|website=www.goadmg.gov.in|access-date=2018-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041719/http://www.goadmg.gov.in/IronInfo.aspx|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the early 21 century, the demand of iron ore from China increased in a dramatic speed, accordingly, the export of iron ore from Goa increased. Meanwhile, Indian government loosened the regulation on iron ore trading. These aspects, along with other factors like [[spot contract]], resulted in the doubled export of iron ore between 2005 and 2010.<br />
<br />
In order to maintain the sustainability of mining, the Indian government set up a series of regulations included in Act of Parliament in 1987. According to Act of Parliament, mining companies had to obtain the lease for 20 years in maximum from the Indian Government, otherwise, their mining behaviors were not allowed.<br />
<br />
=== CSR and Mineral Foundation of Goa ===<br />
When it comes to the [[Corporate social responsibility (India)|corporate social responsibility]] (CSR), Indian government encouraged companies to take discrete corporate social actions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Corporate Responsibility. Social Action, Institutions and Governance.|last=Ronny|first=Manos|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016}}</ref> According to [[Companies Act 2013]] of India, every company was required to invest 2% of their [[net profit]] in social program annually. Discrete corporate social actions means corporate social actions are not a part of the core strategy in companies, so companies are more likely to take social actions by setting up their own foundation.<br />
<br />
Mineral Foundation of Goa (MFG) is a non-profit organization that founded by 16 mine operators on December 12, 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goamining.org/index.php/organisation/mfg|title=MFG|website=goamining.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref> The main purpose of MFG is to implement their social responsibility by helping communities and residents near the mining area in various ways. Their most common take was to invest in social and environmental projects, such as environmental sustainability, healthcare and educational support. For instance, MFG totally invested Rs. 10 [[crore]]s in environmental sustainability project between 2000 and 2010. In some ways, they contributed a lot to the society through these projects, such as creating ponds, donating books and equipment to the schools. However, MFG was unwilling to give further support to maintain their results. On the other hand, farmers preferred to receive money from mining companies, whereas mining companies wanted to provide technical assistance.<br />
<br />
=== The Ban ===<br />
In 2010, Shah Commission visited Goa, and soon they found several important facts that existed in Goa's mining industry. Some mining companies continued mining even if their leases were expired, some were mining outside the permissive mining area., some failed to maintain a required distance between [[overburden]] and irrigation canals. All aspects above resulted in the fact that the production of iron ore exceeded the allowable output by more than 15%. Based on these negative impacts caused by mining industry, the state government shut down all 90 iron ore mines in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nepia.com/insights/industry-news/indias-supreme-court-lifts-iron-ore-mining-ban/|title=India's Supreme Court Lifts Iron Ore Mining Ban|website=www.nepia.com|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref> Later, the Supreme Court also gave a temporary ban on mining operations in Goa.<br />
<br />
=== Result and Conclusion ===<br />
The ban on the mining industry directly resulted in a huge loss of government revenue, which is up to Rs. 50,000 crores (8 billion dollars).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/indian-economy-lost-rs-50000-crore-on-iron-ore-mining-ban/articleshow/44953539.cms|title=Indian economy lost Rs 50,000 crore on iron ore mining ban|last=Upadhyay|first=Anindya|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref> Furthermore, the mining ban also hit India's GDP in 2013 and 2014. It also caused social problems as people who lost their jobs were unwilling to take their former occupations, like fishing and farming.<br />
<br />
This study shows that when the core strategy conflicts with corporate social responsibility, the social benefits created by companies will not guarantee companies' normal operations.<ref name=":0" /> In Goa's case, even though some mining companies and organizations, like MFG, took corporate social actions, most of the mining companies are more profit-oriented. Due partially to the lack of government documents and supervision, mine operators became more opportunistic, in other words, companies tended to take the risk of doing illegal things and gain more profit. Moreover, social actions may not be sufficient. Despite the fact that the water quality had somewhat improved, the concentration of iron ore in water was still unacceptable in some periods.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Copper production in India]]<br />
*[[Diamond mining in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130330135208/http://mines.nic.in/anrep07-08/Eindex07-08.html ''Annual Report (2007-2008)''], Ministry of Mines, Government of India, National Informatics Centre.<br />
* Biagi, Paolo (2008), "Quarries in Harappa", ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition)'' edited by [[Helaine Selin]], pp.&nbsp;1856–1863, Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-4559-2}}.<br />
* Padhi, S.N. (2003), "Mines Safety in India-Control of Accidents and Disasters in 21st Century", ''Mining in the 21st Century: Quo Vadis?'' edited by A.K. Ghose etc., Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|90-5809-274-7}}.<br />
* Rapp, George Robert (2002), ''Archaeomineralogy'', Springer, {{ISBN|3-540-42579-9}}.<br />
* Khullar, D.R. (2006), "Mineral Resources", ''India: A Comprehensive Geography'', pp.&nbsp;630–659, ASMITH Publishers, {{ISBN|81-272-2636-X}}.<br />
* Yule, P.A.–Hauptmann, A.–Hughes (1989 [1992]) M. The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation, ''Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz'' 36, 193–275, ISSN 0076-2741 http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/509/<br />
* Lyday, T. Q. (1996), [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1996/9312096.pdf ''The Mineral Industry of India''], [[United States Geological Survey]].<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190103001558/http://www.novamining.com/ "Find Indian Mining related information at a single place"]<br />
* [http://mining.industry-focus.net "Indian Mining Industry - News and Analysis"].<br />
* [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/mining Resources on Mining, India environment portal]<br />
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{{Asia topic|Mining in}}<br />
{{Economy of India related topics}}<br />
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[[Category:Mining in India| ]]</div>Maqbool lari senseihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Iran&diff=388498Sikhism in Iran2022-12-02T15:01:16Z<p>Maqbool lari sensei: Created an insightful write-up.</p>
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<div>{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = Detail of the left-side mural from frescoes of two Akali-Nihang Sikhs (‘dvarpala’ or door guardians) at the entrance of a mandir in Iran, ca.1892.jpg<br />
| image2 = Detail of the right-side mural from frescoes of two Akali-Nihang Sikhs (‘dvarpala’ or door guardians) at the entrance of a mandir in Iran, ca.1892.jpg<br />
| header = Detail of frescoes of two Akali-Nihang Sikhs (‘dvarpala’ or door guardians) at the entrance of a mandir in [[Bandar Abbas]] in Iran, ca.1892<br />
}}{{Sikhism sidebar}}'''Sikhs''' form a very small minority in Iran, with a 2011 estimate stating some 60 to 100 families to be residing in [[Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prime-minister-narendra-modi-to-visit-iran-gurdwara/articleshow/52364802.cms|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi to visit Iran Gurdwara|first=Dipanjan Roy|last=Chaudhury|via=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/573080/irans-sikhs-get-a-better-deal-than-many-other-minorities/|title=Iran’s Sikhs get a better deal than many other minorities|last=Ghosh|first=Bobby|website=Quartz|language=en|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref> Members of the community speak Punjabi among themselves, and Persian and Balochi with the larger community.<ref name="JahaniKorn2008">{{cite book|author1=Carina Jahani|author2=Agnes Korn|author3=Paul Brian Titus|title=The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, Historical and Socio-political Perspectives on Pluralism in Balochistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNoRAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Reichert Verlag|isbn=978-3-89500-591-6|page=250}}</ref> Most Sikhs living in Iran are Iranian citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/573080/irans-sikhs-get-a-better-deal-than-many-other-minorities/|title=Iran’s Sikhs get a better deal than many other minorities|last=Ghosh|first=Bobby|website=Quartz|language=en|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The first presence of Sikhs to Iran began in the 1900, when both Sikh business people as well as Sikh troops in the British military [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|during its occupation of Iran]]. The primary target of Sikh immigration was initially the hamlet of [[Zahedan]], near the border with then [[British India]] (now [[Pakistan]]) during the 1920s when the [[Trans-Iranian Railway]] project was started.<ref name="Tribune">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010422/spectrum/main1.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Lead Article |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=2015-06-26}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/12/26/sikhs-play-key-role-in-iranian-province/37de65c5-e1e9-4553-910f-605c35a2b605/|title=Sikhs Play Key Role In Iranian Province|first=Michael|last=Weisskopf|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> According to a [[folk etymology]] it is believed that when [[Reza Shah]] visited the city he saw [[Sikhs]] in white robes living there and thus changed the name from ''Dozdab'' (Land of thieves) to ''Zahedan'' (plural of the persian word {{transl|ar|zâhid}} ({{lang|fa|زاهد}}), meaning 'pious') after the Sikhs who were considered zâhid (Sages) by him.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/irans-connection-to-indias-sikhs-498087|title=Iran's connection to India's Sikhs|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
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An Indian school was started in 1930s located in Zahedan serving Sikh families.<ref name="Teachesitall">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/kendriya-vidyalaya-tehran-teaches-it-all/article3836836.ece|title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Tehran teaches it all|last=Ians|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref> It was shifted to [[Tehran]] in 1952 and became [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Tehran]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://livingintehran.com/2017/12/07/international-kv-school-tehran/|title=International Schools in Tehran: Indian KV School}}</ref><br />
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In 1979 there were around 250 Sikhs in Zahedan who own motor parts distributorships, construction firms and import-export companies.<ref name="auto"/> After the [[Iranian Revolution]] a number Sikhs left for India and Europe and remaining shifted to the capital city of Tehran.<ref name="Teachesitall"/><ref name="auto1"/><br />
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In 2019 [[Government of Punjab, India|State Government of Punjab, India]] announced that a chair will be installed in the name of [[Guru Nanak]] in 11 universities, of which seven are in Punjab, three in other parts of India and one [[University of Religions and Denominations]] in Iran. The Chair will conduct research on life and teachings of Guru Nanak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/punjab-cm-amarinder-singh-announces-chair-in-name-of-guru-nanak-for-11-universities-2381217.html|title=Punjab CM Amarinder Singh Announces Chair in Name of Guru Nanak for 11 Universities|website=News18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Masjid-e-Hindan]]<br />
* [[Buddhism in Iran]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Asia topic|Sikhism in}}<br />
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[[Category:Sikhism in Iran| ]]</div>Maqbool lari senseihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_paid_news_scandal&diff=388020Indian paid news scandal2022-11-23T08:37:01Z<p>Maqbool lari sensei: Produced a new article draft.</p>
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{{R from move}}</div>Maqbool lari senseihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Marriage_Act&diff=386343Hindu Marriage Act2022-05-13T01:39:38Z<p>Maqbool lari sensei: Page crafted.</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]<br />
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}}</div>Maqbool lari senseihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris&diff=386272Paris2022-01-05T15:42:04Z<p>Maqbool lari sensei: Contributed a new addition to the platform.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Capital and largest city of France}}<br />
{{About|the capital of France}}<br />
{{Very long}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
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{{EngvarB}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates}}<br />
{{Infobox French commune<br />
|name = Paris<br />
|commune status = [[Capital city]], [[Communes of France|commune]], and [[Departments of France|department]]<br />
|image = {{multiple image<br />
|border = infobox<br />
|perrow = 1/3/2/1<br />
|total_width = 290<br />
|caption_align = center<br />
|image1 = La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg<br />
|caption1 = [[Eiffel Tower]] and the [[Seine]]<br />
|image2 = 04-2017. Notre-Dame de Paris-71.jpg<br />
|caption2 = [[Notre-Dame de Paris]]<br />
|image3 = Basilique du Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre, Paris 18e 140223 2.jpg<br />
|caption3 = [[Basilique du Sacré-Cœur]]<br />
|image4 = Paris-Pantheon-Facade.jpg<br />
|caption4 = [[Panthéon]]<br />
|image5 = Arc de Triomphe HDR 2007.jpg <br />
|caption5 = [[Arc de Triomphe]]<br />
|image6 = Paris Opera full frontal architecture, May 2009 (cropped).jpg <br />
|caption6 = [[Palais Garnier]]<br />
|image7 = Louvre Courtyard, Looking West.jpg<br />
|caption7 = The [[Louvre]]<br />
}}<br />
|image coat of arms = Grandes Armes de Paris.svg<br />
|image flag = Flag of Paris with coat of arms.svg<br />
|city motto = {{lang|la|[[Fluctuat nec mergitur]]}}<br />"Tossed by the waves but never sunk"<br />
|arrondissement = <br />
|canton = <br />
|subdivisions entry = [[Administrative division|Subdivisions]]<br />
|subdivisions = 20 [[Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]]<br />
|INSEE = 75056<br />
|postal code = 75001-75020, 75116<br />
|demonym = Parisian(s) ([[English language|en]]) ''Parisien(s)'' (masc.), ''Parisienne(s)'' (fem.) ([[French language|fr]]), ''Parigot(s)'' (masc.), "Parigote(s)" (fem.) (fr, colloquial)<br />
|mayor = [[Anne Hidalgo]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires |url=https://static.data.gouv.fr/resources/repertoire-national-des-elus-1/20221216-172042/rne-maire.csv |publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises |language=fr |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227222303/https://static.data.gouv.fr/resources/repertoire-national-des-elus-1/20221216-172042/rne-maire.csv |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|term = 2020&ndash;2026<br />
|party = [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]<br />
|intercommunality = [[Grand Paris|Métropole du Grand Paris]]<br />
|coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|Q90|type:city_region:FR|display=it}}<br />
|elevation m = 78<br />
|elevation min m = 28<br />
|elevation max m = 131<br />
|area km2 = 105.4<br />
|population = 2102650<br />
|population date = 2023<br />
|population footnotes = <ref name=pop2023/><br />
|urban area km2 = 2853.5<br />
|urban area date = 2020<br />
|urban pop = 10858852<br />
|urban pop date = 2019<ref name="paris_UU20_pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-00851 |title=Comparateur de territoire: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851) |publisher=INSEE |language=French |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119110723/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-00851 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|metro area km2 = 18940.7<br />
|metro area date = 2020<br />
|metro area pop = 13024518<br />
|metro area pop date = Jan.&nbsp;2017<ref name="paris_AAV20_pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |title=Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |publisher=INSEE |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120182725/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|website = {{url|www.paris.fr}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Paris''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|p|ær|ɪ|s}}; {{IPA-fr|paʁi|3=Paris Pronunciation in French by James Tamim.ogg}})<!--Do not add English pronunciation per MOS:LEAD--> is the [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants|most populous city]] of [[France]], with an official estimated [[population]] of 2,102,650 residents as of 1 January 2023<ref name=pop2023>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198 Estimated populations on 1 January 2023], [[INSEE]]. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</ref> in an area of more than {{convert|105|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="pop2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6005800?geo=COM-75056 |title=Populations légales 2019: Commune de Paris (75056) |publisher=INSEE |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122150105/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6005800?geo=COM-75056 |url-status=live}}</ref> making it the [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|fourth-most populated city]] in the [[European Union]] as well as the [[List of cities proper by population density|30th most densely populated city in the world]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World's Most Densely Populated Cities |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-most-densely-populated-cities.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319082523/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-most-densely-populated-cities.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of [[finance]], [[diplomacy]], commerce, [[Fashion capital|fashion]], [[gastronomy]], and science. For its leading role in the arts and sciences, as well as its early and extensive system of street lighting, in the 19th century, it became known as "the City of Light".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris {{!}} Definition, Map, Population, Facts, & History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Paris |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827145809/https://www.britannica.com/place/Paris |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
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The City of Paris is the centre of the [[Île-de-France]] [[Regions of France|region]], or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants on January 1, 2023, or about 19% of the population of France,<ref name=pop2023>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198 Estimated populations on 1 January 2023], [[INSEE]]. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</ref> making the region France's [[primate city]]. The Paris Region had a [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of €765 billion in 2021, the highest in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MET_10R_3GDP/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> According to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The world's most, and least, expensive cities |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/11/30/the-worlds-most-and-least-expensive-cities |access-date=2022-12-01 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201044121/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/11/30/the-worlds-most-and-least-expensive-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]] (the second-busiest airport in Europe) and [[Orly Airport]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/04/09/list-worlds-20-busiest-airports-2017/498552002/ |title=List: The world's 20 busiest airports (2017) |work=USA Today |access-date=2 May 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213204/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/04/09/list-worlds-20-busiest-airports-2017/498552002/ |archive-date=25 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.airport-world.com/news/general-news/6601-aci-figures-reveal-the-world-s-busiest-passenger-and-cargo-airports.html |title=ACI reveals the world's busiest passenger and cargo airports |work=Airport World |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628125151/http://www.airport-world.com/news/general-news/6601-aci-figures-reveal-the-world-s-busiest-passenger-and-cargo-airports.html |archive-date=28 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the [[Paris Métro]], serves 5.23 million passengers daily;<ref>{{cite web |title=Métro2030 |url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/r_108501/metro2030-our-new-paris-metro/ |website=RATP (Paris metro operator) |access-date = 25 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161221051116/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/r_108501/metro2030-our-new-paris-metro/ |archive-date = 21 December 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> it is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the [[Moscow Metro]]. [[Gare du Nord]] is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world and the busiest outside [[Japan]], with 262 million passengers in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/the-51-busiest-train-stations-in-the-world-all-but-6-located-in-japan |title=The 51 busiest train stations in the world – all but 6 located in Japan |work=Japan Today |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422213423/https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/the-51-busiest-train-stations-in-the-world-all-but-6-located-in-japan |archive-date=22 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the [[Louvre]] received 7.8 million visitors in 2022, keeping its position as the most-visited art museum in the world.<ref>"The Art Newspaper", March 27,2023</ref> The [[Musée d'Orsay]], [[Musée Marmottan Monet]] and [[Musée de l'Orangerie]] are noted for their collections of French [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] art. The [[Pompidou Centre]] [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]] has the largest collection of [[Modern art|modern]] and [[contemporary art]] in Europe and [[Musée Rodin]] and [[Musée Picasso]]. The historical district along the [[Seine]] in the city centre has been classified as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1991; popular landmarks there include the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris]] on the [[Île de la Cité]], now closed for renovation after the [[Notre-Dame de Paris fire|15 April 2019 fire]]. Other popular tourist sites include the Gothic royal chapel of [[Sainte-Chapelle]], also on the Île de la Cité; the [[Eiffel Tower]], constructed for the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|Paris Universal Exposition of 1889]]; the [[Grand Palais]] and [[Petit Palais]], built for the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris Universal Exposition of 1900]]; the [[Arc de Triomphe]] on the [[Champs-Élysées]], and the hill of [[Montmartre]] with its artistic history and its [[Sacré-Cœur, Paris|Basilica of Sacré-Coeur]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600 |title=Paris, Banks of the Seine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 17 October 2021 |archive-date = 9 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509014712/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600/ |url-status = live}}</ref><br />
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Paris hosts several [[United Nations]] organizations including [[UNESCO]], and other international organizations such as the [[OECD]], the [[OECD Development Centre]], the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]], the [[International Energy Agency]], the [[International Federation for Human Rights]], along with European bodies such as the [[European Space Agency]], the [[European Banking Authority]] or the [[European Securities and Markets Authority]].<br />
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The [[Association football|football]] club [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] and the [[rugby union]] club [[Stade Français]] are based in Paris. The 80,000-seat [[Stade de France]], built for the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]], is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]. Paris hosts the annual [[French Open]] [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] [[tennis]] tournament on the red clay of [[Stade Roland Garros|Roland Garros]]. The city hosted the Olympic Games in [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]] and [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]], and will host the [[2024 Summer Olympics]]. The [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]] and [[1998 FIFA World Cup]]s, the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]], as well as the [[1960 European Nations' Cup|1960]], [[UEFA Euro 1984|1984]] and [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]] [[UEFA European Championship]]s were also held in the city. Every July, the [[Tour de France]] [[road bicycle racing|bicycle race]] finishes on the [[Avenue des Champs-Élysées]] in Paris.<br />
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==Etymology==<br />
{{hatnote|See [[wikt:Paris|Wiktionary]] for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.}}<br />
The ancient [[oppidum]] that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by [[Julius Caesar]] as ''Luteciam Parisiorum'' ('[[Lutetia]] of the [[Parisii (France)|Parisii]]')'','' and is later attested as ''Parision'' in the 5th century AD, then as ''Paris'' in 1265.{{Sfn|Nègre|1990|p=155}}<ref name="Falileyev" /> During the Roman period, it was commonly known as {{Lang|la|Lutetia}} or {{Lang|la|Lutecia}} in Latin, and as ''Leukotekía'' in Greek, which is interpreted as either stemming from the [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] root ''*lukot-'' ('mouse'), or from *''luto-'' ('marsh, swamp'), depending on whether the Latin or Greek form is the closest to the original [[Gaulish]] name.{{Sfn|Lambert|1994|p=38}}{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=211}}<ref name="Falileyev" /><br />
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The name ''Paris'' is derived from its early inhabitants, the [[Parisii (France)|Parisii]] (Gaulish: ''Parisioi''), a [[Gauls|Gallic]] tribe from the [[La Tène culture|Iron Age]] and the [[Roman period]].{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=247}} The meaning of the Gaulish [[ethnonym]] remains debated. According to [[Xavier Delamarre]], it may derive from the Celtic root ''pario-'' ('cauldron').{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=247}} [[Alfred Holder]] interpreted the name as 'the makers' or 'the commanders', by comparing it to the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''peryff'' ('lord, commander'), both possibly descending from a [[Proto-Celtic]] form reconstructed as *''kwar-is-io''-.{{Sfn|Busse|2006|p=199}} Alternatively, [[Pierre-Yves Lambert]] proposed to translate ''Parisii'' as the 'spear people', by connecting the first element to the [[Old Irish]] ''carr'' ('spear'), derived from an earlier *''kwar-sā''.<ref name="Falileyev">{{harvnb|Falileyev|2010}}, s.v. ''Parisii'' and ''Lutetia''.</ref> In any case, the city's name is not related to the [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]] of [[Greek mythology]].<br />
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Paris is often referred to as the 'City of Light' (''La Ville Lumière''),{{sfn|Robertson|2010|p=37}} both because of its leading role during the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and more literally because Paris was one of the first large European cities to use gas [[street light]]ing on a grand scale on its boulevards and monuments. [[Gas lighting|Gas lights]] were installed on the [[Place du Carrousel]], [[Rue de Rivoli]] and [[Place Vendôme|Place Vendome]] in 1829. By 1857, the Grand Boulevards were lit.<ref>Fierro, Alfred, ''Histoire et Dictionnaire de Paris'' (1996), page 838</ref> By the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps.{{sfn|Du Camp|1875|p=596}} Since the late 19th century, the city is sometimes called by the slang term ''Panam(e)'' ({{IPA-fr|panam|pron}}), due to the Panama hats popularly worn in the capital in the early 20th century..{{sfn|Leclanche|1998|p=55}}<br />
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Inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as ''Parisiens'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁizjɛ̃||Parisien2.ogg}}). They are also pejoratively called ''Parigots'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁiɡo||Parigot.ogg}}).<ref group="note">The word was most likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke *argot*, then *parigot*was used in a provocative manner outside the Parisian region and throughout France to mean Parisians in general.</ref>{{sfn|Dottin|1920|p=535}}<br />
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==History==<br />
{{Main|History of Paris}}<br />
{{For timeline}}<br />
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===Origins===<br />
{{main|Lutetia}}<br />
The ''[[Parisii (Gaul)|Parisii]]'', a sub-tribe of the [[Celt]]ic [[Senones]], inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC.{{sfn|Arbois de Jubainville|Dottin|1889|p=132}}{{sfn|Cunliffe|2004|p=201}} One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the [[Seine]] on the [[île de la Cité]]; this meeting place of land and water trade routes gradually became an important trading centre.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=25}} The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins for that purpose.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=65–70}}<br />
[[File:ParisiiCoins.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)]]<br />
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The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] conquered the [[Paris Basin]] in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]].{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=88–104}} The Roman town was originally called [[Lutetia]] (more fully, ''Lutetia Parisiorum'', "Lutetia of the Parisii", modern French ''Lutèce''). It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an [[amphitheatre]].{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=154–167}}<br />
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By the end of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the town was known as ''Parisius'', a [[Latin language|Latin]] name that would later become ''Paris'' in French.{{Sfn|Meunier|2014|p=12}} [[Christianity]] was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint [[Saint Denis of Paris|Denis]], the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as ''Mons Martyrum'' (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "[[Montmartre]]", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis]], and many French kings are buried there.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=210–211}}<br />
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[[Clovis I|Clovis the Frank]], the first king of the [[Merovingian dynasty]], made the city his capital from 508.<ref>Patrick Boucheron, et al., eds. ''France in the World: A New Global History'' (2019) pp 81–86.</ref> As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the [[Franks]] to Paris and the Parisian [[Francien]] dialects were born. Fortification of the [[Île de la Cité]] failed to avert [[Siege of Paris (845)|sacking by Vikings in 845]], but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the [[Siege of Paris (885–886)]], for which the then [[Count of Paris]] (''comte de Paris''), [[Odo of France]], was elected king of [[West Francia]].{{sfn|Jones|1994|p=48}} From the [[House of Capet|Capetian]] dynasty that began with the 987 election of [[Hugh Capet]], Count of Paris and [[Duke of the Franks]] (''duc des Francs''), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.{{sfn|Schmidt|2009|pp=210–211}}<br />
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===High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV===<br />
{{See also|Paris in the Middle Ages|Paris in the 16th century|Paris in the 17th century}}<br />
[[File:Palais de la Cite.jpg|alt=The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)|thumb|The [[Palais de la Cité]] and [[Sainte-Chapelle]], viewed from the Left Bank, from the [[Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry]] (month of June) (1410)]]<br />
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By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}} The [[Palais de la Cité]], the royal residence, was located at the western end of the Île de la Cité. In 1163, during the reign of [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]], [[Maurice de Sully]], bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]] at its eastern extremity.<br />
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After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in from around the 10th century,{{sfn|Bussmann|1985|p=22}} Paris's cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's [[Les Halles]]) replaced the two smaller ones on the [[Île de la Cité]] and [[Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville – Esplanade de la Libération|Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville)]].{{sfn|de Vitriaco|Hinnebusch|1972|p=262}} The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's first municipal government.<br />
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In the late 12th century, [[Philip II of France|Philip Augustus]] extended the [[Louvre]] fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=36–40}} In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the [[University of Paris]] and would draw students from all of Europe.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=27}}<br />
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With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants.<br />
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By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by {{Lang|fr|merde}}, the French word for "shit". There were rue Merdeux, rue Merdelet, rue Merdusson, rue des Merdons, and rue Merdiere—as well as a rue du Pipi.<ref>John Kelly, ''"The Great Mortality"'' (2005). pp 42</ref><ref name=ParisDigest>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |title=Paris history facts |publisher=Paris Digest |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195637/https://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:P1030887 Paris IV hôtel de Sens rwk.JPG|alt=|thumb|The [[Hôtel de Sens]] ({{Circa}} 15th–16th), former residence of the Archbishop of Sens]]<br />
During the [[Hundred Years' War]], Paris was occupied by England-friendly [[Burgundian State|Burgundian forces]] from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when [[Henry V of England]] entered the French capital in 1420;<ref>Du Fresne de Beaucourt, G., ''Histoire de Charles VII'', Tome I: ''Le Dauphin'' (1403–1422), Librairie de la Société bibliographiqque, 35 Rue de Grenelle, Paris, 1881, pp. 32 & 48</ref> in spite of a 1429 effort by [[Joan of Arc]] to liberate the city,{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=52–53}} it would remain under English occupation until 1436.<br />
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In the late 16th-century [[French Wars of Religion]], Paris was a stronghold of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]], the organisers of 24 August 1572 [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] in which thousands of French Protestants were killed.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |archive-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bayrou|1994|pp=121–130}} The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown of France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris's first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the [[Pont Neuf]], built a Louvre extension connecting it to the [[Tuileries Palace]], and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now [[Place des Vosges]]. In spite of Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near [[Les Halles]] marketplace in 1610.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=577}}<br />
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During the 17th century, [[Cardinal Richelieu]], chief minister of [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]], was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the [[College of Sorbonne]], and a palace for himself, the [[Palais-Royal|Palais-Cardinal]], which he bequeathed to Louis XIII. After Richelieu's death in 1642, it was renamed the [[Palais-Royal]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=582}}<br />
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[[File:Plan de Paris en 1657.JPG|thumb|left|Lutetia Parisiorum vulgo Paris, Plan de Paris en 1657, [[Jan Janssonius]]]]<br />
Due to the Parisian uprisings during the [[Fronde]] civil war, [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] moved his court to a new palace, [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]], in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the [[Comédie-Française]], the Academy of Painting, and the [[French Academy of Sciences]]. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the [[City walls of Paris|city walls]] demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the ''[[Boulevards of Paris#The grands boulevards|Grands Boulevards]]'' of today.{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=42–43}} Other marks of his reign were the [[Collège des Quatre-Nations]], the [[Place Vendôme]], the [[Place des Victoires]], and [[Les Invalides]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=590–591}}<br />
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===18th and 19th centuries===<br />
{{See also|Paris in the 18th century|Paris during the Second Empire|Haussmann's renovation of Paris}}<br />
Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |last1=Durant |first1=Will |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |title=The Story of Civilization XI The Age of Napoleon |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=3 |access-date=11 February 2016 |isbn=978-0-671-21988-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229054200/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Story_of_Civilization_The_age_of_Nap.html?id=yKsYAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> A new boulevard, the [[Champs-Élysées]], extended the city west to [[Place Charles de Gaulle|Étoile]],{{Sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=45–47}} while the working-class neighbourhood of the [[Faubourg Saint-Antoine]] on the eastern side of the city grew more and more crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=129–133}}<br />
[[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|The storming of the [[Bastille]] on 14 July 1789, by [[Jean-Pierre Houël]]]]<br />
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[[File:Pantheon 2, Paris May 11, 2013.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Panthéon]], a major landmark on the [[Rive Gauche]], was completed in 1790.]]<br />
Paris was the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity known as the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] and [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert|d'Alembert]] published their ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' in 1751, and the [[Montgolfier Brothers]] launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon on 21 November 1783, from the gardens of the [[Château de la Muette]]. Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, the primary European centre of book publishing and fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=120}}<br />
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In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the [[French Revolution]]. On 14 July, a mob seized the arsenal at the [[Invalides]], acquiring thousands of guns, and [[storming of the Bastille|stormed the Bastille]], a symbol of royal authority. The first independent [[Paris Commune (French Revolution)|Paris Commune]], or city council, met in the ''Hôtel de Ville'' and, on 15 July, elected a [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]], the astronomer [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]].{{sfn|Paine|1998|p=453}}<br />
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[[Louis XVI]] and the royal family [[Women's march on Versailles|were brought to Paris]] and made prisoners in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned more and more radical, the king, queen, and mayor were guillotined (executed) in the [[Reign of Terror]], along with more than 16,000 others throughout France.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=674}} The property of the aristocracy and the church was [[Biens nationaux|nationalised]], and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=144}} A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|9 November 1799]] (''coup d'état du 18 brumaire''), when [[Napoleon|Napoléon Bonaparte]] seized power as First Consul.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=147}}<br />
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The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but between 1799 and 1815, it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect reporting only to him. He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the [[Arc de Triomphe]], and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the [[Canal de l'Ourcq]], [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] and the city's first metal bridge, the [[Pont des Arts]].{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}}<br />
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[[File:Louis-Emile Durandelle, The Eiffel Tower - State of the Construction, 1888.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The [[Eiffel Tower]], under construction in November 1888, startled Parisians — and the world — with its modernity.]]<br />
During the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Restoration]], the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the [[July Revolution]] in 1830 (commemorated by the [[July Column]] on the [[Place de la Bastille]]) brought a constitutional monarch, [[Louis Philippe I]], to power. The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the [[Provinces of France|provinces]] to the city.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=148}} Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a [[French Revolution of 1848|popular uprising]] in the streets of Paris in 1848. His successor, [[Napoleon III]], alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]], launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]].{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}} In 1860, Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.{{sfn|De Moncan|2012|pp=7–35}}<br />
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During the [[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the [[Prussian Army]]. After months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28 January 1871. On 28 March, a revolutionary government called the [[Paris Commune]] seized power in Paris. The Commune held power for two months, until it was harshly suppressed by the French army during the "[[Semaine sanglante|Bloody Week]]" at the end of May 1871.{{sfn|Rougerie|2014|p=118}}<br />
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Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|1889 Universal Exposition]], was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Universal Exposition]], which gave Paris the [[Pont Alexandre III]], the [[Grand Palais]], the [[Petit Palais]] and the first [[Paris Métro]] line.{{sfn|Fraser|Spalding|2011|p=117}} Paris became the laboratory of [[naturalism (literature)|Naturalism]] ([[Émile Zola]]) and [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]] ([[Charles Baudelaire]] and [[Paul Verlaine]]), and of [[Impressionism]] in art ([[Courbet]], [[Manet]], [[Claude Monet|Monet]], [[Renoir]]).{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=490–491}}<br />
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===20th and 21st centuries===<br />
{{See also|Paris in the Belle Époque|Paris during the First World War|Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)|Paris in World War II|History of Paris (1946–2000)}}<br />
By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|p=61}} At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world including [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Amedeo Modigliani|Modigliani]], and [[Henri Matisse]] made Paris their home. It was the birthplace of [[Fauvism]], [[Cubism]] and [[abstract art]],{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=497}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118065327/https://books.google.com/books/about/Bohemian_Paris.html?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |url-status=dead |title=Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art |first=Dan |last=Franck |archive-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-8021-9740-5}}</ref> and authors such as [[Marcel Proust]] were exploring new approaches to literature.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=491}}<br />
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During the [[First World War]], Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the [[First Battle of the Marne]]. The city was also bombed by [[Zeppelin]]s and shelled by German [[Paris Gun|long-range guns]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=750}} In the years after the war, known as ''[[Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)|Les Années Folles]]'', Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[James Joyce]], [[Josephine Baker]], [[Eva Kotchever]], [[Henry Miller]], [[Anaïs Nin]], [[Sidney Bechet]]<ref>William A. Shack, ''Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars'', University of California Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-520-22537-4}},</ref> and the [[surrealism|surrealist]] [[Salvador Dalí]].<ref name=Meisler>{{cite web |last1=Meisler |first1=Stanley |title=The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |website=Smithsonian.com |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518170614/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-surreal-world-of-salvador-dali-78993324/ |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In the years after the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|peace conference]], the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from [[French colonial empire|French colonies]] and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]].<ref>Goebel, [http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor ''Anti-Imperial Metropolis''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-european-history/anti-imperial-metropolis-interwar-paris-and-seeds-third-world-nationalism?format=HB#contentsTabAnchor }}.</ref><br />
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[[File:The Liberation of Paris, 25 - 26 August 1944 HU66477.jpg|thumb|General [[Charles de Gaulle]] on the Champs-Élysées celebrating the liberation of Paris, 26 August 1944]]<br />
On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "[[open city]]".{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=217}} On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup|''Vel d'Hiv'']] (''Vélodrome d'Hiver''), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]. None of the children came back.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=637}}{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=218}} On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the [[2nd Armored Division (France)|French 2nd Armoured Division]] and the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] of the [[United States Army]]. General [[Charles de Gaulle]] led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris, and made a rousing speech from the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=242–243}}<br />
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In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the [[Algerian War]] for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to [[Paris massacre of 1961|violent confrontations]] between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed, including some thrown into the Seine. The anti-independence [[Organisation armée secrète]] (OAS), for their part, carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |title=France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on |author=Kim Willsher |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026114936/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/france-remembers-algerian-massacre |archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=658}}<br />
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In May 1968, protesting students occupied the [[Sorbonne (building)|Sorbonne]] and put up barricades in the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]]. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The [[May 1968 events in France]] resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=226}} In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, [[Jacques Chirac]] became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=260}} The [[Tour Montparnasse|Tour Maine-Montparnasse]], the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and {{cvt|210|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high.{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|p=222}} The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2003|pp=107–108}} A suburban railway network, the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] (Réseau Express Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the [[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]] expressway encircling the city, was completed in 1973.{{sfn|Bell|de-Shalit|2011|p=247}}<br />
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Most of the postwar presidents of the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President [[Georges Pompidou]] started the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] (1977), [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] began the [[Musée d'Orsay]] (1986); President [[François Mitterrand]], in power for 14 years, had the [[Opéra Bastille]] built (1985–1989), the new site of the ''[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]'' (1996), the [[Arche de la Défense]] (1985–1989) in [[La Défense]], as well as the [[Louvre Pyramid]] with its underground courtyard (1983–1989); [[Jacques Chirac]] (2006), the [[Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac|Musée du quai Branly]].{{sfn|Sarmant|2012|pp=226–230}}<br />
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[[File:Paris,_France,_September_24,_2016_SkySat.jpg|thumb|Western Paris in 2016, as photographed by a [[SkySat]] satellite]]<br />
In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, [[Bertrand Delanoë]] became the first Socialist Mayor of Paris. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic in the city, he introduced the [[Vélib']], a system which rents bicycles for the use of local residents and visitors. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the [[Promenade des Berges de la Seine]], which he inaugurated in June 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |title=Les berges de Seine rendues aux Parisiens |journal=Le Moniteur |access-date=2 December 2014 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220195103/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/21534070-les-berges-de-seine-rendues-aux-parisiens |archive-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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In 2007, President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] launched the [[Grand Paris]] project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the [[Grand Paris|Metropolis of Grand Paris]], with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016.<ref name="Lichfield">{{cite news |title=Sarko's €35bn rail plan for a 'Greater Paris' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=12 June 2009 |location=London |first=John |last=Lichfield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502102151/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sarkos-euro35bn-rail-plan-for-a-greater-paris-1676196.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the [[Grand Paris Express]], totalling {{cvt|205|km|mi|abbr=off}} of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and [[TGV|high-speed rail (TGV)]] stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.<ref name=metro>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |title=€26.5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed |access-date=24 April 2013 |magazine=Railway Gazette International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318205908/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/EUR265bn-grand-paris-metro-expansion-programme-confirmed.html |archive-date=18 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |title=Le Metro du Grand Paris |publisher=Site of Grand Paris Express |language=fr |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020412/http://www.societedugrandparis.fr/#projet |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Place de la République, 18h50, une foule silencieuse.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Anti-terrorism demonstration on the Place de la République after the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]], 11 January 2015]]<br />
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In January 2015, [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] claimed [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|attacks]] across the Paris region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |title=2015 Charlie Hebdo Attacks Fast Facts |last=Library |first=C.N.N. |website=CNN |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623154608/http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/21/europe/2015-paris-terror-attacks-fast-facts/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |work=Le Monde |access-date=15 January 2015 |title=Attentats terroristes : les questions que vous nous avez le plus posées |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114153341/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/14/attentats-terroristes-les-questions-que-vous-nous-avez-le-plus-posees_4554653_4355770.html |archive-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Republican marches|1.5 million people marched in Paris]] in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |title=Les politiques s'affichent à la marche républicaine |work=Le Figaro |access-date=11 January 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213532/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/citations/2015/01/11/25002-20150111ARTFIG00086-les-politiques-s-affichent-a-la-marche-republicaine.php |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November of the same year, [[November 2015 Paris attacks|terrorist attacks]], claimed by ISIL,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Islamic State claims Paris attacks that killed 127 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |newspaper=Reuters |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114014250/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/14/us-france-shooting-idUSKCN0T22IU20151114 |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> killed 130 people and injured more than 350.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris attacks death toll rises to 130 |website=[[RTÉ.ie]] |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |language=en |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423123908/https://www.rte.ie/news/2015/1120/747897-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On 22 April 2016, the [[Paris Agreement]] was signed by 196 nations of the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] in an aim to limit the [[effects of climate change]] below 2°C.<ref>{{cite web|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y|archive-date=29 June 2017|access-date=26 June 2023|work=United Nations}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
===Location===<br />
{{Main|Geography of Paris}}<br />
[[File:Paris by Sentinel-2.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of Paris by Sentinel-2]]<br />
Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river [[Seine]] whose crest includes two islands, the [[Île Saint-Louis]] and the larger [[Île de la Cité]], which form the oldest part of the city. The river's mouth on the [[English Channel]] (''La Manche'') is about {{cvt|233|mi}} downstream from the city. The city is spread widely on both banks of the river.<ref name=City>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris |title=Paris |access-date=4 July 2013 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083834/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is {{cvt|35|m}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is [[Montmartre]] at {{cvt|130|m|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Blackmore|McConnachie|2004|p=153}}<br />
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Excluding the outlying parks of [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]], Paris covers an oval measuring about {{cvt|87|km2}} in area, enclosed by the {{cvt|35|km|adj=on}} ring road, the [[Boulevard Périphérique]].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of {{cvt|78|km2}}, the city limits were expanded marginally to {{cvt|86.9|km2}} in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about {{cvt|105|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |website=Mairie de Paris |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748 |title=Key figures for Paris |publisher=Paris.fr |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306220509/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748 |archive-date=6 March 2009}}</ref> The metropolitan area of the city is {{cvt|2300|km2}}.<ref name=City/><br />
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Measured from the [[Kilometre zero#France|'point zero']] in front of its [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame cathedral]], Paris by road is {{cvt|450|km}} southeast of London, {{cvt|287|km}} south of [[Calais]], {{cvt|305|km}} southwest of [[Brussels]], {{cvt|774|km}} north of [[Marseille]], {{cvt|385|km}} northeast of [[Nantes]], and {{cvt|135|km}} southeast of [[Rouen]].<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/48°51'24.1%22N+2°21'02.9%22E/@48.8567,2.3508,24716m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d48.8567!4d2.3508?hl=en Google Maps] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111052823/https://www.google.com/maps/place/48 }}, Retrieved 6 July 2013</ref><br />
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===Climate===<br />
{{Main|Climate of Paris}}<br />
[[File:Paris raining autumn cityscape (8252181936).jpg|thumb|Autumn in Paris]]<br />
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Paris has a typical Western European [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''), which is affected by the [[North Atlantic Current]]. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308094732/http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |archive-date=8 March 2013 |title=Climate |publisher=Paris.com |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between {{cvt|15|and|25|°C|°F}}, and a fair amount of sunshine.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=309}} Each year, however, there are a few days when the temperature rises above {{cvt|32|C}}. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the [[2003 European heat wave|heat wave of 2003]] when temperatures exceeded {{cvt|30|°C}} for weeks, reached {{cvt|40|°C}} on some days and rarely cooled down at night.{{sfn|Goldstein|2005|p=8}} Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/useful-info/climate |title=Climate in Paris |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |website=ParisInfo |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205162747/http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/useful-info/climate |archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing with low temperatures around {{cvt|3|°C}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Courtney Traub |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/visiting-paris-in-the-winter-1618789 |title=Visiting Paris in the Winter: A Complete Guide |website=tripsavvy |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011030400/https://www.tripsavvy.com/visiting-paris-in-the-winter-1618789 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below {{cvt|-5|°C}}. Snow falls every year, but rarely stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kelby Carr |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/weather-in-france-1517972#step4 |title=Weather in France – Climate and Temperatures of French Cities |website=tripsavvy |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100742/https://www.tripsavvy.com/weather-in-france-1517972#step4 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Paris has an average annual precipitation of {{cvt|641|mm|in|1}}, and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. However, the city is known for intermittent, abrupt, heavy showers. The highest recorded temperature was {{cvt|42.6|°C}} on 25 July 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=42.6 °C à Paris : record absolu de chaleur battu ! |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74506889-42-4-c-a-paris-record-absolu-de-chaleur-battu |website=meteofrance.fr |publisher=Météo France |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725135102/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74506889-42-4-c-a-paris-record-absolu-de-chaleur-battu |archive-date=25 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the lowest was {{cvt|-23.9|°C}} on 10 December 1879.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579 |title=Géographie de la capitale – Le climat |publisher=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |via=Paris.fr |access-date=24 May 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225432/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579 |archive-date=3 October 2006}}</ref><br />
{{Meteo France<br />
|Town=Paris<br />
|Sunshine= 1,661<br />
|Rain=637<br />
|Snow=12<br />
|Storm=18<br />
|Fog=10<br />
|Paris=no<br />
}}<br />
{{Paris weatherbox}}<br />
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==Administration==<br />
{{Main|Administration of Paris}}<br />
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===City government===<br />
{{See also|Arrondissements of Paris|List of mayors of Paris}}<br />
[[File:Paris plan jms.png|thumb|A map of the [[arrondissements of Paris]]]]<br />
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For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. The city was not granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly until 1974.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=334}} For all but 14 months from 1794 to 1977, Paris was the only French commune without a mayor, and thus had less autonomy than the smallest village. For most of the time from 1800 to 1977 (except briefly in 1848 and 1870–71), it was directly controlled by the departmental prefect (the prefect of the Seine until 1968, and the prefect of Paris from 1968 to 1977).<br />
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The first modern elected mayor of Paris was [[Jacques Chirac]], elected 20 March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1871 and only the fourth since 1794. The current mayor is [[Anne Hidalgo]], a [[Socialist Party (France)|socialist]], first elected [[2014 Paris municipal election|5 April 2014]]<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/english/english/anne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor/rub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237 |title=Anne Hidalgo is new Mayor of Paris |publisher=City of Paris |access-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220194454/http://www.paris.fr/english/english/anne-hidalgo-paris-s-new-mayor/rub_8118_actu_142533_port_19237 |archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> and re-elected [[2020 Paris municipal election|28 June 2020]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |title=Greens surge in French local elections as Anne Hidalgo holds Paris |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections |access-date=1 July 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630223850/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/28/voters-stay-away-from-second-round-french-local-elections |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The mayor of Paris is [[indirect election|elected indirectly]] by Paris voters; the voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect members to the ''[[Conseil de Paris]]'' (Council of Paris), which subsequently elects the mayor. The council is composed of 163 members, with each arrondissement allocated a number of seats dependent upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements (1st through 9th) to 34 members for the most populated (the 15th). The council is elected using [[closed list]] [[proportional representation]] in a [[two-round system]]. Party lists winning an [[absolute majority]] in the first round – or at least a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] in the second round – automatically win half the seats of an arrondissement.{{cn}} The remaining half of seats are distributed proportionally to all lists which win at least 5% of the vote using the [[highest averages method]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108 |title=Code électoral – Article L260 |language=fr |trans-title=Election Code – Article L260 |publisher=Legifrance |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225102129/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070239&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006353607&dateTexte=20141108 |url-status=live}}</ref> This ensures that the winning party or coalition always wins a majority of the seats, even if they do not win an absolute majority of the vote.<ref name="Pariscouncil">{{cite web |title=Election Preview: France Municipal Elections 2014 – Part I |url=https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/ |website=World Elections |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211513/https://welections.wordpress.com/2014/03/22/election-preview-france-municipal-elections-2014-part-i/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Facade of Hôtel de Ville de Paris - 2012.jpg|thumb|The [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]], or city hall, has been at the same site since 1357.]]<br />
Once elected, the council plays a largely passive role in the city government, primarily because it meets only once a month. The council is divided between a coalition of the left of 91 members, including the socialists, communists, greens, and extreme left; and 71 members for the centre-right, plus a few members from smaller parties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6731&elected_official_directory_id=-1&document_id=&portal_component=20&document_type_id=6&seq=0&actorlastname=&actorgender=&actormandate=&actorpoliticalgroupid=&actordistrictnumber=&detailed_search=Afficher+les+r%E9sultats |title=List of members of the Council of Paris |publisher=City of Paris |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131110213759/http://www.paris.fr/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6731&elected_official_directory_id=-1&document_id=&portal_component=20&document_type_id=6&seq=0&actorlastname=&actorgender=&actormandate=&actorpoliticalgroupid=&actordistrictnumber=&detailed_search=Afficher+les+r%E9sultats |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Update inline}}<br />
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Each of Paris's 20 arrondissements has its own town hall and a directly elected council ({{Lang|fr|conseil d'arrondissement}}), which, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor.{{sfn|Shales|2007|p=16}} The council of each arrondissement is composed of members of the Conseil de Paris and also members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. The number of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending upon its population. There are a total of 20 arrondissement mayors and 120 deputy mayors.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=334}}<br />
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The budget of the city for 2018 is 9.5 billion Euros, with an expected deficit of 5.5 billion Euros. 7.9 billion Euros are designated for city administration, and 1.7 billion Euros for investment. The number of city employees increased from 40,000 in 2001 to 55,000 in 2018. The largest part of the investment budget is earmarked for public housing (262 million Euros) and for real estate (142 million Euros).<ref>''Le Parisien'', 3 April 2018</ref><br />
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===Métropole du Grand Paris===<br />
[[File:Établissements publics territoriaux du Grand Paris et trois départements.svg|thumb|A map of the Greater Paris Metropolis (Métropole du Grand Paris) and its governing territories]]<br />
The [[Grand Paris|Métropole du Grand Paris]], or simply [[Grand Paris]], formally came into existence on 1 January 2016.<ref name="MGP"/> It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs ([[Hauts-de-Seine]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] and [[Val-de-Marne]]), plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including [[Argenteuil]] in [[Val d'Oise]] and [[Paray-Vieille-Poste]] in [[Essonne]], which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers {{cvt|814|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} and has a population of 6.945 million persons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte |title=Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la métropole du Grand Paris |access-date=27 February 2018 |publisher=Legifrance |language=fr |trans-title=Decree n° 2015-1212 of 30 September 2015 noting the perimeter fixing the seat and designating the public accountant of the metropolis of Greater Paris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100706/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2015/9/30/RDFB1519847D/jo/texte |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lemoniteur1">{{cite journal |author=Nathalie Moutarde |url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917 |journal=Le Moniteur |title=La métropole du Grand Paris verra le jour le 1er janvier 2016 |trans-title=The metropolis of Greater Paris will be born 1 January 2016 |language=fr |access-date=3 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162156/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/la-metropole-du-grand-paris-verra-le-jour-le-1er-janvier-2016-29110917 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing and protection of the environment.<ref name="MGP"/><ref name="lemoniteur1"/> The first president of the metropolitan council, [[Patrick Ollier]], a Republican and the mayor of the town of [[Rueil-Malmaison]], was elected on 22 January 2016. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1 |author=Manon Rescan |trans-title=From Greater Paris to Greater Paris Metropolis |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010075732/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/01/22/du-grand-paris-a-la-metropole-du-grand-paris_4851596_823448.html?xtmc=du_grand_paris_a_la_metropole_du_grand_paris&xtcr=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=Du Grand Paris à la Métropole du Grand Paris |access-date=30 January 2016 |work=Le Monde |language=fr}}</ref><br />
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===Regional government===<br />
The [[Region]] of [[Île de France]], including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the [[Regional Council of Île-de-France|Regional Council]], which has its headquarters in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. It is composed of 209 members representing the different communes within the region. On 15 December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by [[Valérie Pécresse]], narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. The regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin |title=Régionales 2015 : les chiffres clés du scrutin |language=fr |trans-title=Results of 2015 Regional Elections |publisher=Regional Council of Île-de-France |access-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219075856/http://www.iledefrance.fr/fil-actus-region/regionales-2015-chiffres-cles-du-scrutin |archive-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===National government===<br />
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Arrives to Meet with French Foreign Minister Le Drian in Paris (50610423656).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Élysée Palace]], official residence of the [[President of France|President of the French Republic]]]]<br />
As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's [[Government of France|national government]]. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The [[President of France|President of the French Republic]] resides at the [[Élysée Palace]] in the [[8th arrondissement of Paris|8th arrondissement]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2/ |title=Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire |language=fr |trans-title=The Elysée Palace and its history |publisher=Elysee.fr |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519171226/http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-palais-de-l-elysee-et-son-histoire-2 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]]'s seat is at the [[Hôtel Matignon]] in the [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th arrondissement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633 |publisher=Embassy of France, Washington |title=Matignon Hotel |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405081105/http://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article633 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Knapp|Wright|2006|pp=93–94}} Government ministries are located in various parts of the city; many are located in the 7th arrondissement, near the Hôtel Matignon.{{sfn|Borrus|2012|p=288}}<br />
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Both houses of the [[French Parliament]] are located on the Rive Gauche. The upper house, the [[Senate (France)|Senate]], meets in the [[Palais du Luxembourg]] in the [[6th arrondissement of Paris|6th arrondissement]], while the more important lower house, the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]], meets in the [[Palais Bourbon]] in the 7th arrondissement. The [[List of presidents of the Senate of France|President of the Senate]], the second-highest public official in France (the President of the Republic being the sole superior), resides in the [[Petit Luxembourg]], a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html |title=A la découverte du Petit Luxembourg |language=fr |trans-title=Discovering Petit Luxembourg |publisher=Senat.fr |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617015850/http://www.senat.fr/presidence/hotel.html |archive-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Conseil d'Etat Paris WA.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The Palais-Royal, residence of the [[Conseil d'État (France)|Conseil d'État]]]]<br />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right;clear:right;width:340px;"<br />
|+Members of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] for Paris (elected in 2017)<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ |title=Index général des travaux législatifs |access-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060318233956/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ |archive-date=18 March 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>!!Party<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 1st constituency]]<br />
| [[Sylvain Maillard]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 2nd constituency]]<br />
| [[Gilles Le Gendre]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 3rd constituency]]<br />
| [[Stanislas Guerini]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 4th constituency|Paris' 4th constituency]]<br />
| [[Brigitte Kuster]]<br />
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 5th constituency]]<br />
| [[Benjamin Griveaux]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 6th constituency]]<br />
| [[Pierre Person]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 7th constituency]]<br />
| [[Pacôme Rupin]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 8th constituency]]<br />
| [[Laetitia Avia]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 9th constituency]]<br />
| [[Buon Tan]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 10th constituency]]<br />
| [[Anne-Christine Lang]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Movement (France)}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 11th constituency]]<br />
| [[Marielle de Sarnez]]<br />
| [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 12th constituency]]<br />
| [[Olivia Grégoire]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 13th constituency]]<br />
| [[Hugues Renson]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 14th constituency]]<br />
| [[Claude Goasguen]]<br />
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 15th constituency]]<br />
| [[George Pau-Langevin]]<br />
| [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 16th constituency]]<br />
| [[Mounir Mahjoubi]]<br />
| [[La République En Marche!]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|La France Insoumise}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 17th constituency]]<br />
| [[Danièle Obono]]<br />
| [[La France Insoumise]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |<br />
| [[Paris's 18th constituency]]<br />
| [[Pierre-Yves Bournazel]]<br />
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]<br />
|}<br />
France's highest courts are located in Paris. The [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]], the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the [[Palais de Justice, Paris|Palais de Justice]] on the ''Île de la Cité'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html |language=fr |title=Introduction |work=Cour de Cassation [Court of Cassation] |access-date=27 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515150732/http://courdecassation.fr/institution_1/visite_cour_11/introduction_74.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]], which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the [[Palais-Royal]] in the [[1st arrondissement of Paris|1st arrondissement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1/ |language=fr |publisher=Conseil d'Etat |title=Histoire & Patrimoine |trans-title=History & Heritage |access-date=27 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410103133/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/histoire-patrimoine-1 |archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Constitutional Council of France|Constitutional Council]], an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf |title=Le siège du Conseil constitutionnel |publisher=Conseil Constitutionnel |trans-title=The seat of the Constitutional Council |language=fr |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323125504/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank/pdf/conseil-constitutionnel-5206.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including [[UNESCO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]], the [[International Chamber of Commerce]], the [[Paris Club]], the [[European Space Agency]], the [[International Energy Agency]], the ''[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]'', the [[European Union Institute for Security Studies]], the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]], the [[Bureau of International Expositions|International Exhibition Bureau]], and the [[International Federation for Human Rights]].<br />
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Following the motto "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris";<ref name="partners1">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |website=Mairie de Paris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225090448/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |title=Special partners |archive-date=25 December 2008 |access-date=14 October 2007}}</ref> the only [[Town twinning|sister city]] of Paris is [[Rome]], although Paris has partnership agreements with many other cities around the world.<ref name="partners1"/><br />
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===Police force===<br />
[[File:Gendarmerie BMW R1100RT.jpg|thumb|Police (Gendarmerie) motorcyclists in Paris]]<br />
The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the [[Prefecture of Police of Paris]], a subdivision of the [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Ministry of the Interior]]. It supervises the units of the [[National Police (France)|National Police]] who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the [[Paris Fire Brigade]]. Its headquarters is on [[Place Louis Lépine]] on the [[Île de la Cité]].<ref name="Presentation Generale">{{cite web |url=http://www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr/Presentation-generale |title=Présentation générale |trans-title=General Presentation |publisher=Police nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur [National Police — Ministry of the Interior] |language=fr |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308061047/http://www.police-nationale.interieur.gouv.fr/Presentation-generale |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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There are 43 800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters.<ref name="Presentation Generale"/> The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings, called the [[Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité]] (CRS), a unit formed in 1944 right after the liberation of France. Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of the city when there are demonstrations and public events.<br />
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The police are supported by the [[National Gendarmerie]], a branch of the [[French Armed Forces]], though their police operations now are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior. The traditional [[kepi]]s of the gendarmes were replaced in 2002 with caps, and the force modernised, though they still wear kepis for ceremonial occasions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr |title=Accueil |language=fr |trans-title=Home |publisher=Gendarmerie nationale — Ministère de l'intèrieur [National Gendarmerie — Ministry of the Interior] |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226055256/http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/ |archive-date=26 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence.<ref>{{cite web |title=France |website=Travel.State.Gov |publisher=U.S. Department of State |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/france.html |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404010203/https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/france.html |archive-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==Cityscape==<br />
{{wide image|Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg|1600px|align-cap=center|Panorama of Paris as seen from the Eiffel Tower in a full 360-degree view (river flowing from north-east to south-west, right to left)|dir=rtl}}<br />
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===Urbanism and architecture===<br />
{{See also|Architecture of Paris|Haussmann's renovation of Paris|Religious buildings in Paris|List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region}}<br />
[[File:Camille Pissarro - Boulevard Montmartre - Eremitage.jpg|thumb|[[Camille Pissarro]], ''Boulevard Montmartre'', 1897, [[Hermitage Museum]]]]<br />
Paris is one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war. For this, even its earliest history is still visible in its streetmap, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital has resulted in an accumulated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty played a large part in giving the city the reputation it has today.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Paris Street Evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=2153 |doi=10.1038/srep02153 |last1=Barthelemy |first1=Marc |last2=Bordin |first2=Patricia |last3=Berestycki |first3=Henri |last4=Gribaudi |first4=Maurizio |pmid=23835429 |s2cid=11824030 |pmc=3703887}}</ref> At its origin, before the Middle Ages, the city was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the [[Seine]]; of those, two remain today: [[Île Saint-Louis]] and the [[Île de la Cité]]. A third one is the 1827 artificially created [[Île aux Cygnes]].<br />
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Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to [[Napoleon III]] and his Prefect of the Seine, [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann|Baron Haussmann]]. Between 1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre, created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey "[[Paris stone]]". They also built the major parks around the city centre.<ref>De Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris de Haussmann'', Les Éditions de Mecene, Paris, {{ISBN|978-2-907970-98-3}}</ref> The high residential population of its city centre also makes it much different from most other western major cities.{{sfn|Braimoh|Vlek|2008|p=12}}<br />
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[[File:Rue de Rivoli at night, Paris August 2013.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rue de Rivoli]]]]<br />
[[File:Paris Place des Vosges 02.jpg|thumb|[[Place des Vosges]]]]<br />
Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century,<ref name="plan hauteurs">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=21647 |title=Plan des hauteurs |access-date=1 November 2014 |language=fr |publisher=Paris.fr |website=Mairie de Paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410225515/http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=21647 |archive-date=10 April 2014}}</ref> particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned. In recent developments, a 1974–2010 building height limitation of {{cvt|37|m}} was raised to {{cvt|50|m}} in central areas and {{cvt|180|m}} in some of Paris's peripheral quarters, yet for some of the city's more central quarters, even older building-height laws still remain in effect.<ref name="plan hauteurs"/> The {{cvt|210|m}} [[Tour Montparnasse]] was both Paris's and France's tallest building since 1973,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping/ |title=Plan Local d'Urbanisme – Règlement à la parcelle |website=Mairie de Paris |access-date=31 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822194654/http://paris-a-la-carte-version-pl.paris.fr/carto/mapping |archive-date=22 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> but this record has been held by the [[La Défense]] quarter [[Tour First]] tower in [[Courbevoie]] since its 2011 construction.<br />
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Parisian examples of historical architectural styles date back more than a millennium, including the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] church of the [[Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés]] (1014–1163), the early [[Gothic Architecture]] of the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis]] (1144), the [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]] (1163–1345), the [[Flamboyant Gothic]] of [[Saint Chapelle]] (1239–1248), the [[Baroque]] churches of [[Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis]] (1627–1641) and [[Les Invalides]] (1670–1708). The 19th century produced the neoclassical church of [[La Madeleine, Paris|La Madeleine]] (1808–1842), the [[Palais Garnier]] serving as an opera house (1875), the neo-Byzantine [[Sacré-Cœur, Paris|Basilica of Sacré-Cœur]] (1875–1919), as well as the exuberant ''[[Belle Époque]]'' modernism of the [[Eiffel Tower]] (1889). Striking examples of 20th-century architecture include the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] by [[Richard Rogers]] and [[Renzo Piano]] (1977), the [[Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie]] by various architects (1986), the [[Arab World Institute]] by [[Jean Nouvel]] (1987), the [[Louvre Pyramid]] by [[I. M. Pei]] (1989) and the [[Opéra Bastille]] by [[Carlos Ott]] (1989). Contemporary architecture includes the [[Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac]] by [[Jean Nouvel]] (2006), the contemporary art museum of the [[Louis Vuitton Foundation]] by [[Frank Gehry]] (2014)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-10-28/fondation-louis-vuitton-designed-by-frank-gehry-opens-in-paris |title=Inside Frank Gehry's Spectacular Louis Vuitton Foundation |work=Business Week |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=25 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115123541/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-10-28/fondation-louis-vuitton-designed-by-frank-gehry-opens-in-paris |archive-date=15 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the new [[Tribunal de grande instance de Paris]] by [[Renzo Piano]] (2018).<br />
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===Housing===<br />
The most expensive residential streets in Paris in 2018 by average price per square metre were [[Avenue Montaigne]] (8th arrondissement), at 22,372 euros per square metre; [[Place Dauphine]] (1st arrondissement; 20,373 euros) and the Rue de Furstemberg (6th arrondissement) at 18,839 euros per square metre.<ref>''Challenges'', www. Challenges.fr, 3 July 2018.</ref> The total number of residences in the City of Paris in 2011 was {{formatnum:1356074}}, up from a former high of {{formatnum:1334815}} in 2006. Among these, {{formatnum:1165541}} (85.9 percent) were main residences, {{formatnum:91835}} (6.8 percent) were secondary residences, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty (down from 9.2 percent in 2006).<ref name="insee_logement">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=LOG&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&search=75 |title=Chiffres Cléfs Logements (2011) – Département de Paris (75) |publisher=INSEE |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=LOG&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&search=75 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Sixty-two percent of its buildings date from 1949 and before, 20 percent were built between 1949 and 1974, and only 18 percent of the buildings remaining were built after that date.<ref name="notaires_idf">{{cite web |url=http://www.notaires.paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/deux_decennies_dimmobilier_final.pdf |title=Un territoire ancien et de petite taille |publisher=www.notaires.paris-idf.fr |access-date=1 November 2014 |language=fr |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101214159/http://www.notaires.paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/deux_decennies_dimmobilier_final.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-room apartments. Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, but it is much less than Île-de-France's 2.33 person-per-residence average. Only 33 percent of principal residence Parisians own their habitation (against 47 percent for the entire Île-de-France): the major part of the city's population is a rent-paying one.<ref name="notaires_idf"/> Social or public housing represented 19.9 percent of the city's total residences in 2017. Its distribution varies widely throughout the city, from 2.6 percent of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement, to 24 percent in the 20th arrondissement, 26 percent in the 14th arrondissement and 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement, on the poorer southwest and northern edges of the city.<ref>''Le Logement Parisien en Chiffres'', Agence Departmentale de l'information sur le lodgment de Paris, October 2017.</ref><br />
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On the night of 8–9 February 2019, during a period of cold weather, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. More than half had been homeless for more than a year. 2,885 were living in the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter. This was an increase of 588 persons since 2018.<ref>''Le Monde'', 18 March 2019.</ref><br />
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===Paris and its suburbs===<br />
[[File:Paris SPOT 1017.jpg|thumb|Paris and its suburbs, as seen from the [[Spot Satellite]]]]<br />
[[File:West of Paris seen from Tour Montparnasse - 2019-09-18.jpg|thumb|West of Paris seen from [[Tour Montparnasse]] in 2019]]<br />
Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative [[Seine (department)|Seine]] department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. To address this problem, the parent "District de la région parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed "[[Île-de-France]]" in 1977, but this abbreviated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Chapitre5_de_Breve_histoire_de_amenagement_de_Paris_DREIF_Auteur_Claude_Cottour_cle0344bc.pdf |title=Une brève histoire de l'aménagement de Paris et sa région Du District à la Région Île-de-France |access-date=26 November 2014 |publisher=DRIEA Île-de-France |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101005621/http://www.driea.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Chapitre5_de_Breve_histoire_de_amenagement_de_Paris_DREIF_Auteur_Claude_Cottour_cle0344bc.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began on 1 January 2016, when the Métropole du [[Grand Paris]] came into existence.<ref name=MGP>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig |title=Code général des collectivités territoriales – Article L5219-1 |access-date=29 November 2015 |publisher=Legifrance |language=fr |trans-title=General Code of Territorial Communities – Article L5219-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070633&idArticle=LEGIARTI000028528695&dateTexte=vig |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. [[Paul Delouvrier]] promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs ''mésentente'' when he became head of the Paris region in 1961:{{sfn|Masson|1984|p=536}} two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban "villes nouvelles" ("new cities"){{sfn|Yarri|2008|p=407}} and the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] commuter train network.{{sfn|Gordon|2006|pp=46–47}} Many other suburban residential districts (''grands ensembles'') were built between the 1960s and 1970s to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population:{{sfn|Castells|1983|p=75}} These districts were socially mixed at first,{{sfn|Tomas|Blanc|Bonilla|IERP|2003|p=237}} but few residents actually owned their homes (the growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s).<ref name="villes nouvelles">{{cite web |url=http://www.laburba.fr/app/download/7815645/Article+villes+nouvelles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326035711/http://www.laburba.fr/app/download/7815645/Article%2Bvilles%2Bnouvelles.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2016 |title=Les Politiques Nationales du Logement et le Logement dans les Villes Nouvelles |publisher=Laburba.fr |access-date=25 November 2014 |page=6 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere and their repopulation by those with more limited possibilities.<ref name="villes nouvelles"/><br />
<br />
These areas, ''quartiers sensibles'' ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its [[Goutte d'Or]] and [[Belleville, Paris|Belleville]] neighbourhoods. To the north of the city, they are grouped mainly in the [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] [[department (France)|department]], and to a lesser extreme to the east in the [[Val-d'Oise]] [[department (France)|department]]. Other difficult areas are located in the [[Seine]] valley, in [[Évry (Essonne)|Évry]] et [[Corbeil-Essonnes]] ([[Essonne (département)|Essonne]]), in [[Les Mureaux|Mureaux]], [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] ([[Yvelines]]), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ |title=Atlas des Zones urbaines sensibles (Zus) |access-date = 10 November 2014 |website=SIG du secretariat générale du SIV |publisher=Ministère de l'Egalité des Territoires et du Logement |language=fr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170816133325/http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ |archive-date = 16 August 2017 |url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Paris agglomeration's [[urban sociology]] is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southwest, and the middle-to-working classes are in the north and east. The remaining areas are mostly middle-class dotted with wealthy islands located there due to reasons of historical importance, namely [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés]] to the east and [[Enghien-les-Bains]] to the north of Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=20529&page=alapage/alap414/alap414_carte.htm#carte1 |title=Une forte hétérogénéité des revenus en Île-de-France |publisher=INSEE |access-date=26 November 2014 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229014922/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=20529&page=alapage%2Falap414%2Falap414_carte.htm#carte1 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Main|Demographics of Paris}}<br />
[[File:Paris population pyramid.svg|thumb|City of Paris population pyramid in 2022]]<br />
{{Collapsible Table Paris Region top countries & territories of birth}}<br />
The official estimated population of the City of Paris on 1 January 1, 2023 was 2,102,650, down from 2,165,423 on January 1, 2022, according to the [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]], the official French statistical agency. According to INSEE, the population has dropped by 122,919, or about five percent, over the past decade. The Mayor of Paris, [[Anne Hidalgo]], declared that this was a positive development, illustrating the "de-densification" of the city, creating more green space and less crowding.<ref>"Paris Population Shrank By 122,000 Over Past Decade","Forbes Magazine", February 24, 2023</ref> <ref>"Le Parisien, "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December 2021</ref> Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely-populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks.<ref name="Le Monde, 22 January 2019">''Le Monde'', 22 January 2019</ref> This drop was attributed partly to a lower birth rate, the departure of middle-class residents and the possible loss of housing in the city due to short-term rentals for tourism.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Paris perd ses habitants, la faute à la démographie et aux... meublés touristiques pour la Ville." ''Le Parisien'', 28 December 2017</ref><br />
<br />
Paris is the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, following [[Berlin]], [[Madrid]] and [[Rome]]. [[Eurostat]] places Paris (6.5 million people) behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities |title=Statistics on European cities |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114142816/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Statistics_on_European_cities |archive-date=14 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Paris Historical Population (1801-2008).png|thumb|upright=1.15|City proper, urban area, and metropolitan area population from 1800 to 2010]]<br />
The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921.<ref>{{Cassini-Ehess|26207|Paris}}</ref> The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included [[de-industrialisation]], high rent, the [[gentrification]] of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss came to a temporary halt at the beginning of the 21st century; the population increased from 2,125,246 in 1999 to 2,240,621 in 2012, before declining again slightly in 2017, 2018, and again in 2021.<ref>"Le Parisien", "Paris n'attire plus comme autrefois: année apres année, Paris perd des habitants": Le Parisien, 30 December 2021</ref><ref name="pophis">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-75056 |title=Population en historique depuis 1968: Commune de Paris (75056) |author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |access-date=11 September 2020 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215061844/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-75056 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Paris is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the ''agglomération Parisienne'', and statistically as a ''[[unité urbaine]]'' (a measure of [[urban area]]), the Paris agglomeration's population of 10,785,092 in 2017<ref name=pop_UU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=UU2020-00851 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851) |author=INSEE |access-date=17 June 2022 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617121211/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=UU2020-00851 |url-status=live }}</ref> made it the [[List of urban areas in the European Union|largest urban area in the European Union]].<ref name=urbaneurope>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-01-16-691 |title=Urban Europe — Statistics on cities, towns and suburbs |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012194422/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-01-16-691 |url-status=live}}</ref> City-influenced commuter activity reaches well beyond even this in a statistical [[Paris Metropolitan Area|''aire d'attraction'' de Paris]] ("functional area", a statistical method comparable to a [[metropolitan area]]<ref name=FU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173 |title=Functional areas - Definition |publisher=[[INSEE]] |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409035813/https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173 |url-status=live }}</ref>), that had a population of 13,024,518 in 2017,<ref name=pop_AU>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=AAV2020-001 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |author=INSEE |access-date=17 June 2022 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617120814/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=AAV2020-001 |url-status=live }}</ref> 19.6% of the population of France,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=FE-1 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: France entière |author=INSEE |access-date=11 September 2020 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195634/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=FE-1 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe|largest]] metropolitan area in the [[Eurozone]].<ref name=urbaneurope/><br />
<br />
According to [[Eurostat]], the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, [[Hauts-de-Seine]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] and [[Val-de-Marne]], had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level |title=Population statistics at regional level |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407164439/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level |archive-date=7 April 2015}}</ref>{{vn|reason=Old data, 2012 does not match with report date (March 2014). Current report could be different.}}<br />
<br />
===Migration===<br />
According to the 2012 French census, 586,163 residents of the City of Paris, or 26.2 percent, and 2,782,834 residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France), or 23.4 percent, were born outside of [[metropolitan France]] (the last figure up from 22.4% at the 2007 census).{{Citation needed}} 26,700 of these in the City of Paris and 210,159 in the Paris Region were people born in [[Overseas France]] (more than two-thirds of whom in the [[French West Indies]]) and are therefore not counted as immigrants since they were legally French citizens at birth.{{Citation needed}}<br />
<br />
A further 103,648 in the City of Paris and in 412,114 in the Paris Region were born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth.{{Citation needed}} This concerns in particular the many [[Pied-Noir|Christians]] and [[Maghrebi Jews|Jews]] from North Africa who moved to France and Paris after the times of independence and are not counted as immigrants due to their being born French citizens. The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from [[Europe]], 112,369 were immigrants from the [[Maghreb]], 70,852 from [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[Egypt]], 5,059 from [[Turkey]], 91,297 from [[Asia]] (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the [[Americas]], and 1,365 from the [[Oceania|South Pacific]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |title=Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Département de Paris (75) |author=INSEE |access-date=19 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world.{{Citation needed}}<br />
<br />
In the Paris Region, 590,504 residents were immigrants from [[Europe]], 627,078 were immigrants from the [[Maghreb]], 435,339 from [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[Egypt]], 69,338 from [[Turkey]], 322,330 from [[Asia]] (outside Turkey), 113,363 from the [[Americas]], and 2,261 from the [[Oceania|South Pacific]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |title=Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |author=INSEE |access-date=19 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=IMG1B&millesime=2012&niveau=2&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> These last two groups of immigrants are again vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in the Americas and the South Pacific.{{Citation needed}}{{Clarify|reason=It is unclear how this paragraph is different from the previous one.}}<br />
<br />
In 2012, there were 8,810 British citizens and 10,019 United States citizens living in the City of Paris (Ville de Paris) and 20,466 British citizens and 16,408 United States citizens living in the entire Paris Region ([[Île-de-France]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |title=Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |author=INSEE |access-date=20 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |title=Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Département de Paris (75) |author=INSEE |access-date=20 November 2015 |language=fr |author-link=INSEE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=NAT1&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=DEP&codgeo=75 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Religion===<br />
{{See also|Religious buildings in Paris}}<br />
[[File:Basilique du Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre 1.jpg|thumb|[[Sacré-Cœur, Paris|Sacré-Cœur]] in [[Montmartre]]]]<br />
[[File:Saint Gervais church from the rue des Barres, Paris 26 September 2016.jpg|thumb|[[St-Gervais-et-St-Protais]] in [[The Marais|Le Marais]]]]<br />
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Paris was the largest [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] city in the world.<ref>{{cite book |title=Catholicism and Politics in Argentina, 1810-1960 |first=Austen |last=Ivereigh |isbn=978-1-349-13618-6 |page=76 |publisher=Springer |quote=Buenos Aires was the second largest Catholic city in the world (after Paris)}}</ref> French census data does not contain information about religious affiliation.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |title=After Integration: Islam, Conviviality and Contentious Politics in Europe |last1=Burchardt |first1=Marian |last2=Michalowski |first2=Ines |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-658-02594-6 |language=en |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001032126/https://books.google.fr/books?id=mPibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2011 survey by the [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] (IFOP), a French public opinion research organisation, 61 percent of residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France) identified themselves as [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]. In the same survey, 7 percent of residents identified themselves as Muslims, 4 percent as Protestants, 2 percent as Jewish and 25 percent as without religion.<br />
<br />
According to the INSEE, between 4 and 5 million French residents were born or had at least one parent born in a predominantly Muslim country, particularly [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]. An IFOP survey in 2008 reported that, of immigrants from these predominantly Muslim countries, 25 percent went to the mosque regularly; 41 percent practised the religion, and 34 percent were believers but did not practice the religion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html |title=que pese l'Islam en France |work=Le Monde |language=fr |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127053220/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html |archive-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |title=How does France count its muslim population? |work=Le Figaro |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105002152/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |archive-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012 and 2013, it was estimated that there were almost 500,000 Muslims in the City of Paris, 1.5 million Muslims in the Île-de-France region and 4 to 5 million Muslims in France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.francesoir.fr/actualite/societe/dalil-boubakeur-%E2%80%9Cil-faut-doubler-nombre-mosquees-en-france%E2%80%9D-54083.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112504/http://archive.francesoir.fr/actualite/societe/dalil-boubakeur-%E2%80%9Cil-faut-doubler-nombre-mosquees-en-france%E2%80%9D-54083.html |url-status=live |archive-date=28 January 2015 |title=Interview with Dalil Boubakeur |work=Le Soir |language=fr |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Riou |first1=Mathilde |title=Le manque de mosquée en Ile-de-France |url=http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/2013/04/29/le-manque-de-mosquee-en-ile-de-france-243225.html |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=France 3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174949/http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/2013/04/29/le-manque-de-mosquee-en-ile-de-france-243225.html |archive-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Jewish population of the Paris Region was estimated in 2014 to be 282,000, the largest concentration of Jews in the world outside of [[Israel]] and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=776 |title=World Jewish Population 2014 |author=Berman Jewish Databank |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104100328/http://jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=776 |archive-date=4 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==International organisations==<br />
The [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) has had its headquarters in Paris since November 1958. Paris is also the home of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD).<ref>[https://www.oecd.org/en/careers/submit.htm |Where we are |publisher oecd.org |accessed on 30 August 2016].</ref> Paris hosts the headquarters of the [[European Space Agency]], the [[International Energy Agency]], [[European Securities and Markets Authority]] and, since 2019, the [[European Banking Authority]].<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
{{Main|Economy of Paris}}<br />
{{wide image|Panorama La Défense.jpg|1280px|[[La Défense]], the largest dedicated business district in Europe<ref name="France.fr">{{cite web |url=https://www.france.fr/en/paris/list/paris-what-to-do-what-to-see |title=La Défense, Europe's largest business district |publisher=France.fr |access-date = 8 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530043643/http://www.france.fr/en/paris-capital-region/la-defense-europes-largest-business-district |archive-date = 30 May 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"<br />
|+ Companies with world headquarters<br />in the [[Paris Region]] ranked by revenue<br />(2022)<br />
! Paris<br />ranking !! Corporation !! World<br />ranking<br />
|-<br />
|1||[[AXA]]||46<br />
|-<br />
|2|||[[TotalEnergies]]|||52<br />
|-<br />
|3|||[[Crédit Agricole]]||82<br />
|-<br />
|4||[[Carrefour]]||96<br />
|-<br />
|5|||[[BNP Paribas]]||97<br />
|-<br />
|6||[[Électricité de France|EDF]]||105<br />
|-<br />
|7||[[Danone]]||128<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="3"|Source: [[Fortune Global 500]] (2022)<br />
|}<br />
[[File:Eiffel Tower from the Tour Montparnasse 3, Paris May 2014.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|The [[Eiffel Tower]] and the [[La Défense]] district]]<br />
The economy of the City of Paris is based largely on services and commerce; of the 390,480 enterprises in the city, 80.6 percent are engaged in commerce, transportation, and diverse services, 6.5 percent in construction, and just 3.8 percent in industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056 |publisher=INSEE |title=Department of Paris; Complete Dossier |access-date=25 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307200924/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=COM-75056 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The story is similar in the [[Paris Region]] (Île-de-France): 76.7 percent of enterprises are engaged in commerce and services, and 3.4 percent in industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=REG-11 |publisher=INSEE |title=Île-de-France Region – Complete dossier |access-date=25 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316053531/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/dossier_complet.asp?codgeo=REG-11 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |publisher=INSEE |title=EMP2 – Emplois au lieu de travail par sexe, statut et secteur d'activité économique – Région d'Île-de-France (11) |access-date=26 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2012&niveau=3&nivgeo=REG&codgeo=11 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures/agregatnaf2008/agregatnaf2008.htm |publisher=INSEE |title=La nomenclature agrégée – NA, 2008 |access-date = 26 November 2015 |language=fr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151219154702/http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures%2Fagregatnaf2008%2Fagregatnaf2008.htm |archive-date = 19 December 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 ''pôles d'emplois'' or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or ''quartier central des affaires''; it is in the western part of the City of Paris, in the 2nd, 8th, 9th, 16th, and 18th arrondissements. In 2010, it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about 30 percent of the salaried employees in Paris and 10 percent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district also includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.<ref name="INSEE">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=20718 |title=En Île-de-France, 39 poles d'emploi structurent l'economie régionale |publisher=INSEE |access-date = 7 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=20718 |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The second-largest business district in terms of employment is [[La Défense]], just west of the city, where many companies installed their offices in the 1990s. In 2010, it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] and [[Levallois-Perret]], are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Défense. Another district, including [[Boulogne-Billancourt]], [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]] and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a centre of activity for the media and information technology.<ref name="INSEE" /><br />
<br />
The top French companies listed in the [[Fortune Global 500]] for 2021 all have their headquarters in the Paris Region; six in the central business district of the City of Paris; and four close to the city in the [[Hauts-de-Seine]] Department, three in [[La Défense]] and one in [[Boulogne-Billancourt]]. Some companies, like [[Société Générale]], have offices in both Paris and La Défense.<br />
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The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of [[euro|€]]742 billion and €59,400 per capita.<ref name="cci_paris2022">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cci-paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/2022-04/PRFF2022_DIGITAL_BD_pages%20s%C3%A9par%C3%A9es-v2.pdf |title=Paris Region Facts & Figures 2022 (Version anglaise) |pages=6, 12 |website=[[Paris Île-de-France Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] |access-date=2022-11-01 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101171254/https://www.cci-paris-idf.fr/sites/default/files/2022-04/PRFF2022_DIGITAL_BD_pages%20s%C3%A9par%C3%A9es-v2.pdf |url-status=live }} ([https://www.cci-paris-idf.fr/fr/prospective/crocis/chiffres-cles-region-ile-de-france web page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127144757/https://www.cci-paris-idf.fr/fr/prospective/crocis/chiffres-cles-region-ile-de-france }})</ref> or around 1/3 of the [[economy of France]] in 2019{{r|"cci_paris2022"|page=12}}. In 2021, its GDP ranked first among the metropolitan regions of the EU and its per-capita GDP PPP was the 8th highest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant) by NUTS 2 regions |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TGS00005/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=21341#trois |publisher=Insee |title=L'Île-de-France, une des régions les plus riches d'Europe |access-date=11 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011013/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=21341#trois |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="McKinsey">{{cite magazine |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |magazine=Foreign Policy |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828041241/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |archive-date=28 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population estimate as of January 1, 2023 - Series by region, department, sex and age from 1975 to 2023 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> the Paris region's GDP accounted for 32 percent of metropolitan France's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP in value (current prices) - Metropolitan France |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751746 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP in value (current prices) - Île-de-France |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/010751748 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries ([[Financial services|finance]], IT services) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).<ref name="INSEE 201210">{{cite web |url=http://www.ile-de-france.gouv.fr/content/download/5429/38877/file/L’industrie%20en%20Ile-de-France%20–%20Principaux%20indicateurs%20régionaux.pdf |title=L'Industrie en Île-de-France, Principaux Indicateurs Régionaux |publisher=INSEE |access-date = 24 November 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150223184616/http://www.ile-de-france.gouv.fr/content/download/5429/38877/file/L%E2%80%99industrie%20en%20Ile-de-France%20%E2%80%93%20Principaux%20indicateurs%20r%C3%A9gionaux.pdf |archive-date = 23 February 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central [[Hauts-de-Seine]] department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris's economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the [[Palais Garnier|''Opéra Garnier'']], ''La Défense'' and the ''[[Val de Seine]]''.<ref name="INSEE 201210" /> While the Paris economy is dominated by [[Service Sector|services]], and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and "eco" industries.<ref name="INSEE 201210" /><br />
<br />
In the 2017 worldwide cost of living survey by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], based on a survey made in September 2016, Paris ranked as the seventh most expensive city in the world, and the second most expensive in Europe, after [[Zurich]].<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, based in September 2016 data, retrieved July 2017.</ref><br />
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In 2018, Paris was the most expensive city in the world with [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Classement.Singapour, Hong Kong, Paris : le trio des villes les plus chères du monde |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/classement-singapour-hong-kong-paris-le-trio-des-villes-les-plus-cheres-du-monde |website=courrierinternational.com |publisher=[[Courrier International]] |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327081301/https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/classement-singapour-hong-kong-paris-le-trio-des-villes-les-plus-cheres-du-monde |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}.</ref><br />
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[[Station F]] is a [[business incubator]] for startups, located in [[13th arrondissement of Paris]], noted as the world's largest startup facility.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Medeiros |first1=João |title=Station F, the world's largest startup campus opens in Paris |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/station-f |access-date=21 August 2017 |magazine=Wired |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085053/http://www.wired.co.uk/article/station-f |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Employment===<br />
[[File:Paris emploi 2015 jms.png|thumb|Employment by economic sector in the Paris area (petite couronne), with population and unemployment figures (2015)]]<br />
According to 2015 INSEE figures, 68.3 percent of employees in the City of Paris work in commerce, transportation, and services; 24.5 percent in public administration, health and social services; 4.1 percent in industry, and 0.1 percent in agriculture.<ref name="ParisAU_workforce"/><br />
<br />
The majority of Paris's salaried employees fill 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements.<ref name="AlapageINSEE">{{cite press release |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap288/alapage288.pdf |title=Île-de-France – A la Page Nº288 – INSEE 2007 |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229014929/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/themes/alapage/alap288/alapage288.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris's financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Paris's department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ ten percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these registered in the retail trade.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Fourteen percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either administration or education. The majority of Paris's healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements.<ref name="AlapageINSEE"/> Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department [[La Défense]] district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600,<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> and the north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/><br />
<br />
Paris's manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs, and the city itself has only around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> Paris region manufacturing specialises in transportation, mainly automobiles, aircraft and trains, but this is in a sharp decline: Paris proper manufacturing jobs dropped by 64 percent between 1990 and 2010, and the Paris region lost 48 percent during the same period. Most of this is due to companies relocating outside the Paris region. The Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers: many of these are centred in the [[Yvelines]] department around the Renault and PSA-Citroën plants (this department alone employs 33,000),<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> but the industry as a whole suffered a major loss with the 2014 closing of a major [[Aulnay-sous-Bois]] Citroën assembly plant.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/><br />
<br />
The southern [[Essonne]] department specialises in science and technology,<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> and the south-eastern [[Val-de-Marne]], with its wholesale [[Marché international de Rungis|Rungis food market]], specialises in food processing and beverages.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries: these employ about 100,000 workers.<ref name="INSEE 201210"/> In 2011, while only 56,927 construction workers worked in Paris itself,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&typesearch=territoire&codgeo=Paris+%2875%29&territoire=OK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707125622/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&typesearch=territoire&codgeo=Paris%2B%2875%29&territoire=OK |archive-date=7 July 2015 |title=Emplois au lieu de travail – Département de Paris (75) |publisher=INSEE |url-status=dead}}</ref> its metropolitan area employed 246,639,<ref name="ParisAU_workforce">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-75 |title=Département de Paris (75056) – Dossier complet |website=INSEE.fr |publisher=INSEE |language=fr |access-date={{TODAY}} |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529141117/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-75 |url-status=live}}</ref> in an activity centred largely on the [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] (41,378)<ref name="93_workforce">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&typesearch=territoire&codgeo=DEP+-+Seine-Saint-Denis+%2893%29&territoire=OK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707115631/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&typesearch=territoire&codgeo=DEP%2B-%2BSeine-Saint-Denis%2B%2893%29&territoire=OK |archive-date=7 July 2015 |title=EMP2 – Emplois au lieu de travail par sexe, statut et secteur d'activité économique – Département de la Seine-Saint-Denis (93) |publisher=INSEE |access-date=17 November 2014 |language=fr |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Hauts-de-Seine]] (37,303)<ref name="92_workforce">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&typesearch=territoire&codgeo=Hauts-de-Seine+(92)&territoire=OK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223214529/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=EMP2&millesime=2011&typgeo=DEP&typesearch=territoire&codgeo=Hauts-de-Seine%2B%2892%29&territoire=OK |archive-date=23 February 2015 |title=EMP2 – Emplois au lieu de travail par sexe, statut et secteur d'activité économique – Département des Hauts-de-Seine (92) |publisher=INSEE |access-date=17 November 2014 |language=fr |url-status=dead}}</ref> departments and the new business-park centres appearing there.<br />
<br />
===Unemployment===<br />
The unemployment rate in Paris in the 4th trimester of 2021 was six percent, compared with 7.2 percent in the whole Ile-de-France, and 7.4 percent in the whole of France. This was the lowest rate in thirteen years.<ref>Reuters, "France unemployment hits 13-year low", February 18, 2022</ref><ref>INSEE data published April 1, 2022</ref><br />
<br />
===Incomes===<br />
[[File:Median income of Paris and inner ring (2018) named.svg|thumb|Median income in Paris and its nearest departments in 2018 (high income in red, low income in yellow)]]<br />
<br />
The average net household income (after social, pension and health insurance contributions) in Paris was €36,085 for 2011.<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=dep-75 |title=Département de Paris (75) |publisher=INSEE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718110257/http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=dep-75 |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> It ranged from €22,095 in the 19th arrondissement<ref>{{cite web |publisher=INSEE |title=Arrondissement municipal de Paris 19e Arrondissement (75119) |language=fr |access-date=11 August 2013 |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=arm-75119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221627/http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=arm-75119 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> to €82,449 in the 7th arrondissement.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=INSEE |title=Arrondissement municipal de Paris 7e Arrondissement (75107) |language=fr |access-date=11 August 2013 |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=arm-75107 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109035918/http://www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/esl/comparateur.asp?codgeo=arm-75107 |archive-date=9 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The median [[taxable income]] for 2011 was around €25,000 in Paris and €22,200 for ''Île-de-France''.<ref>Taxable income by "consumption unit" as defined by INSEE, see {{cite web |publisher=INSEE |title=Revenu fiscal annuel en 2011 |language=fr |access-date=11 August 2013 |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=revtc04201 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=revtc04201 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Generally speaking, incomes are higher in the Western part of the city and in the western suburbs than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area.<ref name="wealth distribution">{{cite web |title=Structure et distribution des revenus, inégalité des niveaux de vie en 2013 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2388413 |website=insee.fr |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620170141/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2388413 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in the city earned less than €977 per month, the official [[poverty line]]. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line; 24 percent in the 18th, 22 percent in the 20th and 18 percent in the 10th. In the city's wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line; 8 percent in the 6th arrondissement; and 9 percent in the 16th arrondissement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metronews.fr/paris/des-quartiers-de-paris-compteraient-plus-de-40-de-pauvres/mnaB!OVs3O27zkRe6/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140406124836/http://www.metronews.fr/paris/des-quartiers-de-paris-compteraient-plus-de-40-de-pauvres/mnaB!OVs3O27zkRe6/ |archive-date=6 April 2014 |title=Neighborhoods of Paris with more than 40 percent living below poverty line |publisher=Metronews |language=fr |access-date=28 November 2013}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Tourism===<br />
{{main|Tourism in Paris}}<br />
[[File:Visiter le Louvre en été ! (4787187477).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tourists from around the world make the [[Louvre]] the most-visited art museum in the world.]]<br />
<br />
Tourism continued to recover in the Paris region in 2022, increasing to 44 million visitors, an increase of 95 percent over 2021, but still 13 percent lower than in 2019.<ref>[https://pro.visitparisregion.com/chiffres-du-tourisme/conjoncture/bilans/bilan-de-l-annee-touristique-2022-a-paris-ile-de-france-mars-2023]Le Comité Régional du Tourisme Paris Ile-de-France,"Bilan de l'activité touristique a Paris-Ile de France", (published 20 March 2023)</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Grand Paris|Greater Paris]], comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received 38 million visitors in 2019, a record, measured by hotel arrivals.<ref name=KeyFigures>{{cite web |url=https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures |title=Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2020 |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date=10 September 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910112723/https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures |url-status=live}}</ref> These included 12.2 million French visitors. Of foreign visitors, the greatest number came from the United States (2.6 million), United Kingdom (1.2 million), Germany (981 thousand) and China (711 thousand).<ref name=KeyFigures/> However, tourism to Paris and its region fell to 17.5 million in 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with a 78 percent drop in foreign tourists measured by hotel stays, and a drop of 56 percent in French guests, for an overall drop of 68 percent. This caused a drop 15 billion Euros in hotel receipts.<ref>Europe 1-Agence France Presse, "Le Covid 19 a privé Paris et sa region de 15.5 milliards de recettes en 2020"</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, measured by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10 million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78 million) but ahead of London (19.09 million).<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Eric |title=The World's Most-Visited City Is Bangkok |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2019/09/04/the-worlds-most-visited-city-is-bangkok/ |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914054101/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2019/09/04/the-worlds-most-visited-city-is-bangkok/ |archive-date=14 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau, 393,008 workers in Greater Paris, or 12.4% of the total workforce, are engaged in tourism-related sectors such as hotels, catering, transport and leisure.<ref name=TIP2016/><br />
<br />
===Monuments and attractions===<br />
[[File:2007 Paris Seine.jpg|thumb|View over the Seine in Paris, Pont des Invalides in the foreground, Eiffel tower in the background]]<br />
{{Main|Landmarks in Paris|Historical quarters of Paris|List of tourist attractions in Paris}}<br />
{{See also|List of most visited museums}}<br />
[[File:PassageJouffroy1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Passage Jouffroy]], one of Paris's [[Covered passages of Paris|covered passages]]]]<br />
The city's top cultural attractions in 2022 were the [[Louvre Museum]] (7,726.321 visitors); the [[Eiffel Tower]] (5,849,000 visitors); the [[Musée d'Orsay]] (3,270,000 visitors) and the [[Centre Pompidou]] (3,009,570 visitors.<ref>[https://pro.visitparisregion.com/chiffres-du-tourisme/conjoncture/bilans/bilan-de-l-annee-touristique-2022-a-paris-ile-de-france-mars-2023]Le Comité Régional du Tourisme Paris Ile-de-France,"Bilan de l'activité touristique a Paris-Ile de France", (published 20 March 2023)</ref> <br />
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The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral (now closed for restoration) and the Louvre as well as the [[Sainte-Chapelle]]; [[Les Invalides]], where the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre. The [[Panthéon]] and the [[Catacombs of Paris]] are also located on the Left Bank of the Seine. The banks of the Seine from the [[Pont de Sully]] west to the [[Pont d'Iéna]] have been listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1991.<ref name="unescowh">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600/ |title=Paris banks of the Seine |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008223316/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600/ |archive-date=8 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Champs-Elysées, vue de la Concorde à l'Etoile.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[Axe historique]]'', pictured here from [[Place de la Concorde|Concorde]] to [[Grande Arche]] of [[La Défense]]]]<br />
Other landmarks are laid out east to west along the historical axis of Paris, which runs from the Louvre through the [[Tuileries Garden]], the Luxor Column in the [[Place de la Concorde]], and the [[Arc de Triomphe]], to the [[Grande Arche]] of La Défense. Several other much-visited landmarks are located in the suburbs of the city; the [[Basilica of St Denis]], in [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], is the birthplace of the Gothic style of architecture and the royal necropolis of French kings and queens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.tourisme93.com/basilica/saint-denis-abbey.html |title=Saint-Denis Basilica, royal necropolis of France |work=Seine-Saint-Denis Tourisme |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026223222/http://uk.tourisme93.com/basilica/saint-denis-abbey.html |archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Paris region hosts three other UNESCO Heritage sites: the Palace of Versailles in the west,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/83/ |title=Palace and Park of Versailles |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008211931/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/83/ |archive-date=8 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Palace of Fontainebleau]] in the south,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/160/ |title=Palace and Parks of Fontainebleau |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009135828/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/160/ |archive-date=9 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the medieval fairs site of [[Provins]] in the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/873/ |title=Provins, Town of Medieval Fairs |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009052925/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/873/ |archive-date=9 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the Paris region, [[Disneyland Paris]], in [[Marne-la-Vallée]], {{cvt|32|km|mi|abbr=off}} east of the centre of Paris, received 9.66 million visitors in 2017.<ref>TEA-AECOM Theme Index 2017: Amusement Parks Worldwide</ref><br />
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===Hotels===<br />
In 2019, Greater Paris had 2,056 hotels, including 94 five-star hotels, with a total of 121,646 rooms.<ref name=KeyFigures/> Paris has long been famous for its grand hotels. The [[Hotel Meurice]], opened for British travellers in 1817, was one of the first luxury hotels in Paris.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=938}} The arrival of the railways and the [[Exposition Universelle (1855)|Paris Exposition of 1855]] brought the first flood of tourists and the first modern grand hotels; the Hôtel du Louvre (now an antiques marketplace) in 1855; the Grand Hotel (now the [[InterContinental Paris Le Grand Hotel]]) in 1862; and the Hôtel Continental in 1878. The [[Hotel Ritz Paris|Hôtel Ritz]] on Place Vendôme opened in 1898, followed by the [[Hôtel Crillon]] in an 18th-century building on the Place de la Concorde in 1909; the [[Hôtel Le Bristol Paris|Hotel Bristol]] on the [[Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré]] in 1925; and the [[Hotel George V]] in 1928.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=937–938}}<br />
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In addition to hotels, in 2019 Greater Paris had 60,000 homes registered with [[Airbnb]].<ref name=KeyFigures/> Under French law, renters of these units must pay the Paris tourism tax. The company paid the city government 7.3 million euros in 2016.<ref>Fortune Magazine, 5 July 2017.</ref><br />
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==Culture==<br />
===Painting and sculpture===<br />
{{Main|Art in Paris}}<br />
[[File:Mignard-autoportrait.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Pierre Mignard]], ''Self-portrait'', between 1670 and 1690, oil on canvas, {{cvt|235|x|188|cm|0}}, [[The Louvre]]]]<br />
For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world, who arrive in the city to educate themselves and to seek inspiration from its vast pool of artistic resources and galleries. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art".{{sfn|Montclos|2003}} Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royal family commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the [[French Baroque and Classicism]] era. Sculptors such as [[François Girardon|Girardon]], [[Antoine Coysevox|Coysevox]] and [[Nicolas Coustou|Coustou]] acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. [[Pierre Mignard]] became the first painter to King [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] during this period. In 1648, the ''[[Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture]]'' (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}}<br />
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[[File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|[[Auguste Renoir]], ''[[Bal du moulin de la Galette]]'', 1876, oil on canvas, {{cvt|131|x|175|cm|0}}, [[Musée d'Orsay]]]]<br />
Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], [[Édouard Manet]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Berthe Morisot]], [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] and others. The French Revolution and political and social change in France had a profound influence on art in the capital. Paris was central to the development of [[Romanticism]] in art, with painters such as [[Théodore Géricault|Géricault]].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} [[Impressionism]], [[Art Nouveau]], [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Cubism]] and [[Art Deco]] movements all evolved in Paris.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves.{{sfn|Perry|1995|p=19}} Artists such as [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Henri Matisse]], [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Jean Metzinger]], [[Albert Gleizes]], [[Henri Rousseau]], [[Marc Chagall]], [[Amedeo Modigliani]] and many others became associated with Paris. Picasso, living in {{Lang|fr|[[Le Bateau-Lavoir]]|italic=no}} in [[Montmartre]], painted his famous ''[[Family of Saltimbanques|La Famille de Saltimbanques]]'' and ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'' between 1905 and 1907.<ref>''Dictionnaire historique de Paris'', p. 68.</ref> Montmartre and [[Montparnasse]] became centres for artistic production.<br />
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The most prestigious names of French and foreign sculptors, who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era, are [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi]] ([[Statue of Liberty]] – ''Liberty Enlightening the World''), [[Auguste Rodin]], [[Camille Claudel]], [[Antoine Bourdelle]], [[Paul Landowski]] (statue of [[Christ the Redeemer (statue)|''Christ the Redeemer'']] in [[Rio de Janeiro]]) and [[Aristide Maillol]]. The [[Belle Époque|Golden Age]] of the [[School of Paris]] ended between the two world wars.<br />
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===Photography===<br />
The inventor [[Nicéphore Niépce]] produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825. In 1839, after the death of Niépce, [[Louis Daguerre]] patented the [[Daguerrotype]], which became the most common form of photography until the 1860s.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} The work of [[Étienne-Jules Marey]] in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of [[Man Ray]] and [[Maurice Tabard]].<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phsr/hd_phsr.htm Department of Photographs, ''Photography and Surrealism'', Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213005005/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phsr/hd_phsr.htm }}, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2000.</ref>{{sfn|Hazan|2011|p=362}} Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including [[Eugène Atget]], noted for his depictions of street scenes, [[Robert Doisneau]], noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which ''Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville'' has become iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), [[Marcel Bovis]], noted for his night scenes, as well as others such as [[Jacques-Henri Lartigue]] and [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} [[Poster art]] also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], [[Jules Chéret]], [[Eugène Grasset]], [[Adolphe Willette]], [[Pierre Bonnard]], [[Georges de Feure]], [[Henri-Gabriel Ibels]], [[Paul Gavarni]] and [[Alphonse Mucha]].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}}<br />
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===Museums===<br />
{{Main|List of museums in Paris}}<br />
[[File:The Musée dOrsay at sunset, Paris July 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Musée d'Orsay]]]]<br />
Paris Museums were closed for much of 2020, but gradually re-opened in 2021, with limitations on the number of visitors at a time and a requirement that visitors wear masks and show proof of vaccination.<br />
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The [[Louvre]] received 2,8 million visitors in 2021, up from 2.7 million in 2020.<ref name="ReferenceC">"Visitor Figures 2021", "The Art Newspaper", 5 January 2022.</ref> holding its position as first among the [[List of most-visited museums|most-visited museums]]. Its treasures include the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (''La Joconde''), the ''[[Venus de Milo]]'' statue, and ''[[Liberty Leading the People]]''. The second-most visited museum in the city in 2021, with 1.5 million visitors, was the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]], also known as Beaubourg, which houses the [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]] The third most visited Paris museum in 2021 was the [[National Museum of Natural History, France|National Museum of Natural History]] with 1,4 million visitors. It is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections and its Gallery of Evolution. It was followed by the [[Musée d'Orsay]], featuring 19th century art and the [[French Impressionists]], which had one million visitors. Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the [[Cité des sciences et de l'industrie]], (984,000 visitors in 2020). The other most-visited Paris museums in 2021 were the [[Fondation Louis Vuitton]] (691,000), the [[Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac]], featuring the indigenous art and cultures of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. (616,000); the [[Musée Carnavalet]] (History of Paris) (606,000), and the [[Petit Palais]], the art museum of the City of Paris (518,000).<ref>"Le Tourisme a Paris - Chiffres Cles -Edition 2021,"the Office of Tourism and Congresses of the City of Paris.(published 2022)</ref><br />
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The [[Musée de l'Orangerie]], near both the Louvre and the Orsay, also exhibits Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, including most of [[Claude Monet]]'s large ''[[Water Lilies (Monet series)|Water Lilies]]'' murals. The [[Musée national du Moyen Âge]], or Cluny Museum, presents [[Medieval art]], including the famous tapestry cycle of ''[[The Lady and the Unicorn]]''. The [[Guimet Museum]], or ''Musée national des arts asiatiques'', has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the [[Musée Picasso]], the [[Musée Rodin]] and the [[Musée national Eugène Delacroix]].<br />
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[[File:Musée du quai Branly.jpg|thumb|left|[[Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac|Musée du quai Branly]]]]<br />
The military history of France, from the Middle Ages to World War II, is vividly presented by displays at the [[Musée de l'Armée]] at [[Les Invalides]], near the tomb of Napoleon. In addition to the national museums, run by the [[Ministry of Culture (France)|Ministry of Culture]], the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the [[Carnavalet Museum]] on the history of Paris, [[Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris]], [[Palais de Tokyo]], the [[Maison de Victor Hugo|House of Victor Hugo]], the [[Maison de Balzac|House of Balzac]] and the [[Catacombs of Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/musees |title=Municipal museums |publisher=Maire de Paris |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123165959/http://www.paris.fr/musees |archive-date=23 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are also notable private museums; The Contemporary Art museum of the [[Louis Vuitton Foundation]], designed by architect [[Frank Gehry]], opened in October 2014 in the [[Bois de Boulogne]].<br />
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===Theatre===<br />
The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical [[Opéra National de Paris|Paris Opéra]]) and modern [[Opéra Bastille]]; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=178}} In the middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), [[Théâtre-Italien]] and [[Théâtre Lyrique]] (which in modern times changed its profile and name to [[Théâtre de la Ville]]).{{Sfn|Schumacher|1996|p=60}} [[Philharmonie de Paris]], the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]], where the first performances of Diaghilev's [[Ballets Russes]] took place in 1913.<br />
[[File:CFfacadePlacedelOpera.png|thumb|The [[Comédie Française]] (Salle Richelieu)]]<br />
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Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the [[Comédie-Française]], founded in 1680. Run by the Government of France, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the [[Palais-Royal]] at 2 rue de Richelieu, just north of the Louvre.{{Sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1173}} Other famous theatres include the [[Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe]], just north of the Luxembourg Gardens, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador, and the [[Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Who's Where |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4WAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2 July 2013 |page=304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907162159/http://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4WAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The music hall and [[cabaret]] are famous Paris institutions. The ''[[Moulin Rouge]]'' was opened in 1889. It was highly visible because of its large red imitation windmill on its roof, and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French [[Cancan]]. It helped make famous the singers [[Mistinguett]] and [[Édith Piaf]] and the painter [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec|Toulouse-Lautrec]], who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall [[Olympia Paris]] invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the ''[[Folies Bergère]]''. Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer [[Josephine Baker]]. Later, Olympia Paris presented [[Dalida]], [[Edith Piaf]], [[Marlene Dietrich]], [[Miles Davis]], [[Judy Garland]] and the [[Grateful Dead]].<br />
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The [[Casino de Paris]] presented many famous French singers, including [[Mistinguett]], [[Maurice Chevalier]] and [[Tino Rossi]]. Other famous Paris music halls include ''[[Le Lido]]'', on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the [[Crazy Horse (cabaret)|Crazy Horse Saloon]], featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city.{{Sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=1005–1006}}<br />
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===Literature===<br />
{{Main|Writers in Paris}}<br />
[[File:Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat 1876 - full.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Victor Hugo]]]]<br />
The first book printed in France, ''Epistolae'' ("Letters"), by [[Gasparinus de Bergamo]] (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by [[Johann Heynlin]]. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Almost all the books published in Paris in the Middle Ages were in Latin, rather than French. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as [[Nicolas Boileau|Boileau]], [[Pierre Corneille|Corneille]], [[La Fontaine]], [[Molière]], [[Jean Racine|Racine]], [[Charles Perrault]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108017c.r=Labyrinte+de+Versailles+Perrault.langEN |title=scan of the book at the Bibliothèque nationale de France |publisher=Gallica.bnf.fr |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612140924/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108017c.r=Labyrinte+de+Versailles+Perrault.langEN |url-status=live}}</ref> several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the {{Lang|fr|[[Académie française]]|italic=no}}.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=488}} In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons; it was dominated by [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Pierre de Marivaux]] and [[Pierre Beaumarchais]].<br />
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During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including [[Charles Baudelaire]], [[Stéphane Mallarmé]], [[Mérimée]], [[Alfred de Musset]], [[Marcel Proust]], [[Émile Zola]], [[Alexandre Dumas]], [[Gustave Flaubert]], [[Guy de Maupassant]] and [[Honoré de Balzac]]. Victor Hugo's ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' inspired the renovation of its setting, the [[Notre-Dame de Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html |title=Notre Dame Renovations |access-date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Adoremus Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207134139/http://www.adoremus.org/1099-Rose.html |archive-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another of Victor Hugo's works, ''[[Les Misérables]]'', written while he was in exile outside France during the Second Empire, described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm |title=Les Miserables |work=Preface |access-date= 4 July 2013 |publisher=Gutenberg Organization |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131011091018/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/135/135-h/135-h.htm |archive-date= 11 October 2013 |url-status= live}}</ref> One of the most popular of all French writers, [[Jules Verne]], worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.<ref>{{cite book |title=Le Petit Robert 2: Dictionnaire Universel Des Noms Propres |page=1680 |publisher=Dictionnaires Le Robert |location=Paris }}</ref>{{vn|reason=Added cite for 1988 edition, page may be incorrect.}}<br />
[[File:Jean-Paul Sartre FP.JPG|thumb|left|[[Jean-Paul Sartre]]]]<br />
In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as [[Colette]], [[André Gide]], [[François Mauriac]], [[André Malraux]], [[Albert Camus]], and, after World War II, by [[Simone de Beauvoir]] and [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Samuel Beckett]], [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]], [[Alejo Carpentier]] and, [[Arturo Uslar Pietri]]. The winner of the 2014 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], [[Patrick Modiano]] (who lives in Paris), based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/bio-bibl.html |title=Official site of the Nobel Prize |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216224108/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2014/bio-bibl.html |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris, almost all on the Left Bank in the 5th, 6th and 7th arrondissements. Since that time, because of high prices, some publishers have moved out to the less expensive areas.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=840}} It is also a city of small bookstores. There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.<ref>"The French Still Flock to Bookstores", ''New York Times'', 20 June 2012</ref><br />
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===Music===<br />
{{Main|Music in Paris|History of music in Paris}}<br />
[[File:Olympia facade.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Olympia (Paris)|Olympia]], a famous music hall]]<br />
In the late 12th century, a school of [[polyphony]] was established at Notre-Dame. Among the [[Trouvères]] of northern France, a group of Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs. [[Troubadours]], from the south of France, were also popular. During the reign of [[Francis I of France|François I]], in the [[Renaissance music|Renaissance era]], the [[lute]] became popular in the French court. The French royal family and courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and a national musical printing house was established.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} In the [[Baroque music|Baroque-era]], noted composers included [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]], and [[François Couperin]].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} The [[Conservatoire de Paris|''Conservatoire de Musique de Paris'']] was founded in 1795.{{sfn|Damschroeder|Williams|1990|p=157}} By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music.<br />
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[[Romantic music|Romantic-era]] composers (in Paris) include [[Hector Berlioz]] (''[[La Symphonie fantastique]]''), [[Charles Gounod]] ([[Faust (opera)|''Faust'']]), [[Camille Saint-Saëns]] (''[[Samson et Delilah]]''), [[Léo Delibes]] (''[[Lakmé]]'') and [[Jules Massenet]] (''[[Thaïs]]''), among others.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} [[Georges Bizet's]] ''[[Carmen]]'' premiered 3 March 1875. ''Carmen'' has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical [[Western canon|canon]].<ref name="McClary">[https://books.google.com/books?id=UNGaPmlHFzgC&pg=PA120 ''Georges Bizet: Carmen''], Susan McClary, p. 120</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p27gT7VcuNUC&pg=PA146 |title=The Essential Canon of Classical Music |first=David |last=Dubal |page=346 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4668-0726-6 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012201751/https://books.google.com/books?id=p27gT7VcuNUC&pg=PA146 |archive-date=12 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Among the [[Impressionism in music|Impressionist]] composers who created new works for piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular, [[Claude Debussy]] (''[[Suite bergamasque]]'', and its well-known third movement, ''Clair de lune'', [[La mer (Debussy)|''La Mer'']], [[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|''Pelléas et Mélisande'']]), [[Erik Satie]] (''[[Gymnopédies]]'', "[[Je te veux]]", ''[[Gnossiennes]]'', ''[[Parade (ballet)|Parade]]'') and [[Maurice Ravel]] (''[[Miroirs]]'', ''[[Boléro]]'', ''[[La valse]]'', ''[[L'heure espagnole]]''). Several foreign-born composers, such as [[Frédéric Chopin]] ([[Poland]]), [[Franz Liszt]] ([[Hungary]]), [[Jacques Offenbach]] ([[Germany]]), [[Niccolò Paganini]] ([[Italy]]), and [[Igor Stravinsky]] ([[Russia]]), established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris.<br />
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[[File:Charles Aznavour May 1963.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Charles Aznavour]]]]<br />
[[Bal-musette]] is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city.{{sfn|Dregni|2004|p=19}} Patrons danced the [[bourrée]] to the accompaniment of the [[cabrette]] (a [[bellows]]-blown [[bagpipe]] locally called a "musette") and often the [[vielle à roue]] ([[hurdy-gurdy]]) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the [[accordion]] adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars especially in the 19th arrondissement,{{sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} and the romantic sounds of the accordion has since become one of the musical icons of the city. Paris became a major centre for [[jazz]] and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}<br />
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Paris is the spiritual home of [[gypsy jazz]] in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.{{Sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} [[Django Reinhardt]] rose to fame in Paris, having moved to the 18th arrondissement in a caravan as a young boy, and performed with violinist [[Stéphane Grappelli]] and their [[Quintette du Hot Club de France]] in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name="Gjazz">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt |title=Best Gypsy jazz bars in Paris |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320040950/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Immediately after the War the [[Saint-Germain-des-Pres]] quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, mostly found in cellars because of a lack of space; these included the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, [[Le Tabou]]. They introduced Parisians to the music of [[Claude Luter]], [[Boris Vian]], [[Sydney Bechet]], [[Mezz Mezzrow]], and [[Henri Salvador]]. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.{{Sfn|Bezbakh|2004|page=872}}<br />
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Some of the finest [[manouche]] musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night.<ref name="Gjazz"/> Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}<ref name="Gjazz"/> Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the [[Paris Jazz Festival]] and the rock festival [[Rock en Seine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rock en Seine '13 |url=http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013/ |publisher=Efestivals.co.uk |access-date=23 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513220755/http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Orchestre de Paris]] was established in 1967.<ref name=andante>{{cite web |author=Andante |title=Orchestre de Paris |publisher=Andante.com |url=http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312035555/http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 19 December 2015, Paris and other worldwide fans commemorated the 100th anniversary of the birth of [[Edith Piaf]]—a cabaret singer-songwriter and actress who became widely regarded as France's national [[Chanson|chanteuse]], as well as being one of France's greatest international stars.<ref name="yahoomusicbio">{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000150629|tab=biography|label=Édith Piaf biography|first=Steve|last=Huey |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Other singers—of similar style—include [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Charles Aznavour]], [[Yves Montand]], as well as [[Charles Trenet]].<br />
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Paris has a big [[French hip hop|hip hop]] scene. This music became popular during the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/14/is-france-becoming-too-american/hip-hop-a-la-francaise-29 |title=Hip-Hop à la Française |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209163816/http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/14/is-france-becoming-too-american/hip-hop-a-la-francaise-29 |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The presence of a large African and Caribbean community helped to its development, it gave a voice, a political and social status for many minorities.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Between New York and Paris: Hip Hop and the Transnational Politics of Race, Culture, and Citizenship |last=Meghelli |first=Samir |publisher=Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University |year=2012 |pages=54–108}}</ref><br />
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===Cinema===<br />
{{See also|List of films set in Paris}}<br />
[[File:Salah Zulfikar&Sabah.jpg|thumb|210px|[[Salah Zulfikar]] and [[Sabah (singer)|Sabah]] in ''[[Paris and Love]]'' (1972)]]<br />
The movie industry was born in Paris when [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/presentation-du-cinematographe-lumiere/ |title=PRÉSENTATION DU CINÉMATOGRAPHE LUMIÈRE |first=Encyclopædia |last=Universalis |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011041100/https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/presentation-du-cinematographe-lumiere/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms. Paris's largest cinema room today is in the [[Grand Rex]] theatre with 2,700 seats.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Grand Rex ... and its Etoiles |url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/visiting-france/20101024-grand-rex-and-its-etoiles |website=RFI |access-date = 5 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151007024417/http://www.english.rfi.fr/visiting-france/20101024-grand-rex-and-its-etoiles |archive-date = 7 October 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref><br />Big multiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s. UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Cinéma à Paris |url=http://www.paris.fr/services-et-infos-pratiques/culture-et-patrimoine/cinema/le-cinema-a-paris-2347 |publisher=Paris.fr |access-date = 5 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022258/http://www.paris.fr/services-et-infos-pratiques/culture-et-patrimoine/cinema/le-cinema-a-paris-2347 |archive-date = 16 October 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref><br />
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Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. [[Cinema of France|French cinema]] comes a close second, with major directors (''réalisateurs'') such as [[Claude Lelouch]], [[Jean-Luc Godard]], and [[Luc Besson]], and the more slapstick/popular genre with director [[Claude Zidi]] as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-27/news-interviews/36021870_1_tamil-films-screen-films-south-asian-films |title=2 Tamil Films in 1st SAFF in Paris |access-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702190758/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-27/news-interviews/36021870_1_tamil-films-screen-films-south-asian-films |archive-date=2 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 2 February 2000, Philippe Binant realised the first [[digital cinema]] projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by [[Texas Instruments]], in Paris.<ref>[[Jean-Michel Frodon]] and [[Dina Iordanova]] (editors), ''Cinemas of Paris'', University of St Andrews, Scotland, 2016, p. 149.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=N/A |magazine=[[Cahiers du cinéma]] n°hors-série |location=Paris |page=32}} (''cf.'' also {{cite book |language=fr |url=https://academiecine.tv/files/8113/7674/5261/Histoire_communications.pdf |title=Histoire des communications |page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029054701/http://academiecine.tv/acces_public/Histoire.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2012}})</ref><br />
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==={{anchor|Cuisine}}Restaurants and cuisine===<br />
{{See also|French cuisine}}<br />
[[File:Brasserie Vagenende 1.jpg|thumb|Dining room of the Vagenende]]<br />
[[File:Le Zimmer, restaurant in Paris.jpg|thumb|left|Le Zimmer, on the [[Place du Châtelet]], where [[Géo Lefèvre]] first suggested the idea of a [[Tour de France]] to [[Henri Desgrange]] in 1902]]<br />
Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and ''[[haute cuisine]]'', food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the [[Palais-Royal]] by [[Antoine Beauvilliers]]; it featured an elegant dining room, an extensive menu, linen tablecloths, a large wine list and well-trained waiters; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant [[Le Grand Véfour]] in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pp=1136–1138}} The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the [[Au Rocher de Cancale|Rocher de Cancale]], the [[Café Anglais]], [[Maison dorée (Paris)|Maison Dorée]] and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the [[Boulevard des Italiens]]; they were immortalised in the novels of Balzac and [[Émile Zola]]. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', including [[Maxim's Paris|Maxim's]] on Rue Royale, [[Ledoyen]] in the gardens of the [[Champs-Élysées]], and the [[Tour d'Argent]] on the Quai de la Tournelle.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=1137}}<br />
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Today, due to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants.{{sfn|Dominé|2014}} The [[Michelin Guide]] has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2018, of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as [[L'Ambroisie]] in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as [[L'Astrance]], which combines French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including [[Pierre Gagnaire]], [[Alain Ducasse]], [[Yannick Alléno]] and [[Alain Passard]], have three-star restaurants in Paris.<ref>''Le Monde'', 2 February 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://restaurant.michelin.fr |title=Michelin Guide |publisher=[[Michelin Guide]] |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125110232/http://restaurant.michelin.fr/ |archive-date=25 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Lesdeuxmagots.jpg|thumb|[[Les Deux Magots]] café on Boulevard Saint-Germain]]<br />
In addition to the classical restaurants, Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The [[Coffeehouse|café]] arrived in Paris in the 17th century, when the beverage was first brought from Turkey, and by the 18th century Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The [[Café Procope]] on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially [[Café de la Rotonde]] and [[Le Dôme Café]] in Montparnasse and [[Café de Flore]] and [[Les Deux Magots]] on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=1137}} A [[bistro]] is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Its name is said to have come in 1814 from the Russian soldiers who occupied the city; "bistro" means "quickly" in [[Russian language|Russian]], and they wanted their meals served rapidly so they could get back to their encampment. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition from cheaper ethnic restaurants, and different eating habits of Parisian diners.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=715}} A [[brasserie]] originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the [[Paris Exposition of 1867]]; it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage, particularly German costumes for beer. Now brasseries, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|p=773}}<br />
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===Fashion===<br />
{{Main|Fashion in Paris}}<br />
[[File:Magdalena Frackowiak.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Magdalena Frackowiak]] at [[Paris Fashion Week]] (Fall 2011)]]<br />
Since the 19th century, Paris has been an international [[fashion capital]], particularly in the domain of [[haute couture]] (clothing hand-made to order for private clients).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carr-Allinson |first1=Rowena |title=11 Ways to Look like a Local in Paris |url=http://www.iexplore.com/destinations/paris/how-to-look-like-a-local-in-paris |website=iExplore.com |publisher=Inside-Out Media |access-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924211810/http://www.iexplore.com/destinations/paris/how-to-look-like-a-local-in-paris |archive-date=24 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is home to some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including [[Christian Dior S.A.|Dior]] and [[Chanel]], as well as many other well-known and more contemporary fashion designers, such as [[Karl Lagerfeld]], [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]], [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]], [[Givenchy]], and [[Christian Lacroix]]. [[Paris Fashion Week]], held in January and July in the [[Carrousel du Louvre]] among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fashion calendar. The other fashion capitals of the world, [[Milan]], [[London]], and [[New York City|New York]], also host fashion weeks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradford |first1=Julie |title=Fashion Journalism |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |isbn=978-1-136-47536-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Susan |last=Dillon |title=The Fundamentals of Fashion Management |publisher=A&C Black |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |isbn=978-2-940411-58-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, Paris is also the home of the world's largest [[cosmetics]] company: [[L'Oréal]] as well as three of the top five global makers of luxury fashion accessories: [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Hermés]], and [[Cartier (jeweler)|Cartier]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/top-8-luxury-brands-in-the-world-317665/7/ |publisher=Insidermonkey.com |title=Global ranking of manufacturers of luxury goods |access-date=16 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119134339/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/top-8-luxury-brands-in-the-world-317665/7/ |archive-date=19 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the major fashion designers have their showrooms along the [[Avenue Montaigne]], between the [[Champs-Élysées]] and the Seine.<br />
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===Holidays and festivals===<br />
[[File:French Republican Guard Bastille Day 2007 n1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Republican Guard (France)|Republican Guards]] parading on [[Bastille Day]]]]<br />
[[Bastille Day]], a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the biggest festival in the city, is a military parade taking place every year on 14 July on the [[Champs-Élysées]], from the [[Arc de Triomphe]] to [[Place de la Concorde]]. It includes a [[flypast]] over the Champs Élysées by the [[Patrouille de France]], a parade of military units and equipment, and a display of fireworks in the evening, the most spectacular being the one at the Eiffel Tower.{{sfn|BlackmoreMcConnachie|2004|p=204}}<br />
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Some other yearly festivals are [[Paris-Plages]], a festive event that lasts from mid-July to mid-August when the Right Bank of the Seine is converted into a temporary beach with sand, deck chairs and palm trees;{{sfn|BlackmoreMcConnachie|2004|p=204}} [[European Heritage Days|Journées du Patrimoine]], [[Fête de la Musique]], Techno Parade, [[Nuit Blanche]], Cinéma au clair de lune, Printemps des rues, Festival d'automne, and Fête des jardins. The [[Paris Carnival|Carnaval de Paris]], one of the oldest festivals in Paris, dates back to the Middle Ages.<br />
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==Education==<br />
{{Main|Education in Paris}}<br />
[[File:Sorbonne-saint-jacques.jpg|thumb|The main building of the former [[University of Paris]] is now used by classes from [[Sorbonne University]], [[New Sorbonne University]] and other autonomous campuses.]]<br />
Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 percent of Parisians held a ''[[Licence (France)|licence]]''-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form |title=Indicateurs départementaux et régionaux sur les diplômes et la formation en 2009 |publisher=INSEE |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910144530/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form |archive-date=10 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> while 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest percentage in France. Education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<ref name="idf_education">{{cite web |url=http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |author=La Préfecture de la Région d'Île-de-France |title=L'enseignement |access-date=9 October 2007 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |archive-date = 24 August 2007 |language=fr}}</ref><br />
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The [[University of Paris]], founded in the 12th century, is often called the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] after one of its original medieval colleges. It was broken up into [[List of universities and institutions in the Paris region|thirteen autonomous universities]] in 1970, following the [[May 68|student demonstrations in 1968]]. Most of the campuses today are in the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]] where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2013|pages=213–214}}[[File:Maison des sciences de l'homme, 54 boulevard Raspail, Paris 6e 1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]] (EHESS), France's most prestigious university in the social sciences, is headquartered in the 6th arrondissement.]]<br />
The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the ''[[grandes écoles]]'' – 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside or inside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered ''[[grands établissements]]''. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris, though the [[École Normale Supérieure]], [[Paris Sciences et Lettres University|PSL University]] has remained on rue d'Ulm in the [[5th arrondissement of Paris|5th arrondissement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en |title=Contact and Maps |access-date=18 June 2013 |language=fr |publisher=[[École Normale Supérieure]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607052638/http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en |archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref> There are a high number of engineering schools, led by the [[Paris Sciences et Lettres University|PSL University]] (which comprises several colleges such as [[École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris|École des Mines]], [[Chimie ParisTech|École nationale supérieure de chimie]], [[École pratique des hautes études|École Pratique des Hautes Études]] and [[Paris Dauphine University|Paris-Dauphine]]), the [[Paris-Saclay University]] (which comprises several colleges such as [[AgroParisTech]], [[CentraleSupélec]] and [[École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay|ENS Paris-Saclay]]) the [[Polytechnic Institute of Paris]] (which comprises several colleges such as [[École Polytechnique]], [[École nationale supérieure des télécommunications|Télécom Paris]] and [[École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Economique|École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique]]) and also independent colleges such as [[École nationale des ponts et chaussées|École des Ponts et Chaussées]] or [[École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers|Arts et Métiers]]. There are also many business schools, including [[HEC School of Management|HEC]], [[INSEAD]], [[École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales|ESSEC]], and [[ESCP Europe]]. While [[École nationale d'administration|ENA]], the school training higher-level civil servants, has been relocated from Paris to [[Strasbourg]], three of the most prestigious social sciences universities, [[Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris|Sciences Po]] (7th arrondissement), [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]] (6th arrondissement), and [[Paris Dauphine University|Paris-Dauphine]] (16th arrondissement) are still located in Paris. The Parisian school of journalism [[CELSA Paris|CELSA]] department of [[Sorbonne University]] is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.celsa.fr/acces.php |language=fr |title=Accès |publisher=Celsa.fr |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629185623/http://www.celsa.fr/acces.php |archive-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris is also home to several of France's most famous high-schools such as [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]], [[Lycée Henri-IV]], [[Lycée Janson de Sailly]] and [[Lycée Condorcet]]. The [[INSEP|National Institute of Sport and Physical Education]], located in the 12th arrondissement, is both a physical education institute and high-level training centre for elite athletes.<br />
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===Libraries===<br />
{{Main|Libraries in Paris}}<br />
[[File:Salle de lecture Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve n01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sainte-Geneviève Library]]]]<br />
The ''[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]'' (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and [[Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal|Arsenal Library]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm |title=How to find us |work=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016135133/http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm |archive-date=16 October 2005}}</ref> There are three public libraries in the 4th arrondissement. The [[Hôtel de Sens|Forney Library]], in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the [[Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris]], also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. The [[Sainte-Geneviève Library]] is in 5th arrondissement; designed by [[Henri Labrouste]] and built in the mid-1800s, it contains a rare book and manuscript division.<ref name=Woodward2006>{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Richard B. |title=At These Parisian Landmarks, Shhh Is the Word |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/travel/05journeys.html |access-date=4 July 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214124549/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/travel/05journeys.html |archive-date=14 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bibliothèque Mazarine]], in the 6th arrondissement, is the oldest public library in France. The [[Médiathèque Musicale Mahler]] in the 8th arrondissement opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The François Mitterrand Library (nicknamed ''Très Grande Bibliothèque'') in the 13th arrondissement was completed in 1994 to a design of [[Dominique Perrault]] and contains four glass towers.<ref name=Woodward2006/><br />
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There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The [[Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne|Sorbonne Library]] in the 5th arrondissement is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the [[Sorbonne (building)|Sorbonne]] location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-[[Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie]], Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paris-Sorbonne libraries |url=http://www.english.paris-sorbonne.fr/libraries/ |publisher=Paris-Sorbonne University |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703101116/http://www.english.paris-sorbonne.fr/libraries/ |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the René Descartes University Library.<ref name=nd.edu>{{cite web |title=French Libraries and Archives |url=http://www.library.nd.edu/help/study-abroad/France.shtml |publisher=University of Notre Dame, Hesburgh Libraries |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017053726/http://library.nd.edu/help/study-abroad/France.shtml |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==Sports==<br />
[[File:Le Paris Saint-Germain reçoit l'AS Monaco au Parc en Coupe de France le 26 avril 2017.jpg|thumb|right|[[Parc des Princes]]]]<br />
Paris's most popular sport clubs are the [[association football]] club [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.]] and the [[rugby union]] clubs [[Stade Français]] and [[Racing 92]], the last of which is based just outside the city proper. The 80,000-seat [[Stade de France]], built for the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]], is located just north of Paris in the commune of [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=300–301}} It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts the [[France national football team]] for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the [[France national rugby union team|French national rugby team]]'s home matches of the [[Six Nations Championship]], and hosts several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=300–301}} In addition to Paris Saint-Germain F.C., the city has a number of other professional and amateur football clubs: [[Paris FC]], [[Red Star Saint-Ouen|Red Star]], [[RCF Paris]] and [[Stade Français Paris (football)|Stade Français Paris]].<br />
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[[File:Tour de france 2010 - Champs Elysées n10.jpg|thumb|left|2010 Tour de France, [[Champs Élysées]]]]<br />
Paris hosted the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]] and [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]] Summer Olympics and will host the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] and [[Paralympic Games]].<br />
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The city also hosted the finals of the [[1938 FIFA World Cup]] (at the [[Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir|Stade Olympique de Colombes]]), as well as the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]] and the [[2007 Rugby World Cup Final]] (both at the Stade de France). Three [[UEFA Champions League Finals]] in the current century have also been played in the Stade de France: the [[2000 UEFA Champions League Final|2000]], [[2006 UEFA Champions League Final|2006]] and [[2022 UEFA Champions League Final|2022]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4750383.stm |access-date=21 April 2013 |title=Arsenal aim to upset the odds |work=BBC Sport |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912155904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4750383.stm |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paris has most recently been the host for [[UEFA Euro 2016]], both at the [[Parc des Princes]] in the city proper and also at Stade de France, with the latter hosting the opening match and final.{{citation needed}}<br />
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The final stage of the most famous [[Road bicycle racing|bicycle racing]] in the world, [[Tour de France]], always finishes in Paris. Since 1975, the race has [[Champs-Élysées stage in the Tour de France|finished on the Champs-Elysées]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.letour.fr/le-tour/2013/us/overall-route.html |title=2013 route |work=Le Tour |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517063542/http://www.letour.fr/le-tour/2013/us/overall-route.html |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Court Philippe Chatrier Ana Ivanovic 2009 (3577046132).jpg|thumb|right|The [[French Open]], played on red [[clay court|clay]], is one of four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slams]] in professional tennis.]]<br />
[[Tennis]] is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the [[French Open]], held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre,<ref>{{cite web |title=Roland-Garros |url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/ |publisher=Roland Garros |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415075857/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/ |archive-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> is one of the four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] events of the world professional tennis tour. The 17,000-seat [[AccorHotels Arena|Bercy Arena]] (officially named ''AccorHotels Arena'' and formerly known as the ''Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy'') is the venue for the annual [[Paris Masters]] [[ATP Tour]] tennis tournament and has been a frequent site of national and international tournaments in basketball, boxing, cycling, handball, ice hockey, show jumping and other sports. The Bercy Arena also hosted the [[2017 IIHF World Championship|2017 IIHF World Ice Hockey Championship]], together with [[Cologne]], Germany. The final stages of the FIBA [[EuroBasket 1951]] and [[EuroBasket 1999]] were also played in Paris, the latter at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy.<br />
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The [[basketball]] team [[Levallois Metropolitans]] plays some of its games at the 4,000 capacity [[Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)|Stade Pierre de Coubertin]].<ref>[http://equipement.paris.fr/stade-pierre-de-coubertin-3024 "Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713191550/http://equipement.paris.fr/stade-pierre-de-coubertin-3024 }}. Équipement-Paris. Retrieved 4 April 2017</ref> Another top-level professional team, [[Nanterre 92]], plays in [[Nanterre]].<br />
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In 2023, a professional [[American football]] team, the [[Paris Saints]], were formed in the city<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris Football Team {{!}} The Paris Football Team is an American football franchise of the European League of Football, based in Paris, France. |url=https://www.parisfootballteam.com/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923203752/https://www.parisfootballteam.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> joining the [[European League of Football|European league of football]].<br />
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==Infrastructure==<br />
===Transport===<br />
{{Main|Transport in Paris}}<br />
[[File:Gare du Nord night Paris FRA 002.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Gare du Nord]] railway station is the busiest in Europe.]]<br />
Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. [[Île-de-France Mobilités]] (IDFM), formerly the Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF) and before that the Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP), oversees the transit network in the region.<ref name="stif">{{cite web |url=http://www.stif-idf.fr |title=Le web des voyageurs franciliens |author=Syndicat des Transports d'Île-de-France (STIF) |access-date=10 April 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411124843/http://www.stif-idf.fr/ |archive-date=11 April 2006}}</ref> The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the [[RATP Group|RATP]] (operating 347 [[Bus (RATP)|bus]] lines, the [[Paris Métro|Métro]], eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER), the [[SNCF]] (operating suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the [[Optile]] consortium of private operators managing 1,176 bus lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.optile.com/notre-mission/ |title=Optile en bref |publisher=Optile |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208081030/http://www.optile.com/notre-mission/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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According to a 2018 INSEE survey, a large majority of Parisians (64.3 percent) use public transport to get to work. Only 10.6 percent commuted to work by automobile. 10.5 percent walked or used roller skates; 5.5 percent commuted by bicycle; and 4.4 percent commuted by motorbike.<ref>INSEE Dossier complet<br />
Département de Paris (75), published September 2021</ref><br />
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Bike lanes are being doubled, while electric car incentives are being created. The French capital is banning the most polluting automobiles from key districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 reasons the world looks to Europe's cities |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/future-european-cities |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154103/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/future-european-cities |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McMahon |first=Jeff |title=How Bike Lanes Are Transforming Paris |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/28/how-bike-lanes-are-transforming-paris/ |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154047/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/28/how-bike-lanes-are-transforming-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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====Railways====<br />
{{See also|List of Paris railway stations}}<br />
A central hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations ([[Gare du Nord]], [[Gare de l'Est]], [[Gare de Lyon]], [[Gare d'Austerlitz]], [[Gare Montparnasse]], [[Gare Saint-Lazare]]) and a minor one ([[Gare de Bercy]]) are connected to three networks: the [[TGV]] serving four [[high-speed rail]] lines, the normal speed [[Corail (train)|Corail]] trains, and the suburban rails ([[Transilien]]).<br />
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====Métro, RER and tramway====<br />
{{main|Paris Métro|Réseau Express Régional|Tramways in Île-de-France}}<br />
[[File:Paris - Station de métro Abbesses - PA00086748 - 001.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Paris Métro]] is the busiest subway network in the European Union.]]<br />
Since the inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Métro network has grown to become the city's most widely used local transport system; today it carries about 5.23 million passengers daily<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/ |title=Métro2030, notre nouveau métro de Paris |publisher=RATP |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095822/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> through 16 lines, 308 stations (391 stops) and {{cvt|226.9|km|mi|1}} of rails. Superimposed on this is a '[[Réseau Express Régional|regional express network]]', the RER, whose five lines (A, B, C, D, and E), 257 stops and {{cvt|587|km|mi|0}} of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=278–283}}<br />
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Over €26.5 billion will be invested over the next 15 years to extend the Métro network into the suburbs,{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=278–283}} with notably the [[Grand Paris Express]] project.<br />
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In addition, the [[Île-de-France|Paris region]] is served by a light rail network of nine lines, the tramway: [[Île-de-France tramway Line 1|Line T1]] runs from Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec, [[Île-de-France tramway Line 2|Line T2]] runs from Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles, [[Île-de-France tramway Lines 3a and 3b|Line T3a]] runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte de Vincennes, [[Île-de-France tramway Lines 3a and 3b|Line T3b]] runs from Porte de Vincennes to Porte d'Asnières, [[Île-de-France tramway Line 5|Line T5]] runs from Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles, [[Île-de-France tramway Line 6|Line T6]] runs from Châtillon to Viroflay, [[Île-de-France tramway Line 7|Line T7]] runs from Villejuif to Athis-Mons, [[Île-de-France tramway Line 8|Line T8]] runs from Saint-Denis to Épinay-sur-Seine and Villetaneuse, all of which are operated by the [[RATP Group]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/r_80565/ratps-tram-network-in-ile-de-france/ |title=RATP's tram network in Île-de-France |publisher=RATP |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071832/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/r_80565/ratps-tram-network-in-ile-de-france/ |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> and [[Île-de-France tramway Line 4|line T4]] runs from Bondy RER to Aulnay-sous-Bois, which is operated by the state rail carrier SNCF.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=278–283}} Five new light rail lines are currently in various stages of development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stif.org/developpements-et-avenir/nouveau-grand-paris/tramway.html |title=tramway |publisher=STIF |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208180639/http://www.stif.org/developpements-et-avenir/nouveau-grand-paris/tramway.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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====Air====<br />
[[File:CDG P1020431.JPG|thumb|In 2020, [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]] was the busiest airport in Europe and the eighth-busiest airport in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/air-defense/roissy-charles-de-gaulle-depasse-heathrow-pour-le-titre-de-premier-aeroport-europeen-1259845 |title=Roissy-Charles de Gaulle relègue Heathrow à la deuxième place des aéroports européens |website=Les Echos |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109110546/https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/air-defense/roissy-charles-de-gaulle-depasse-heathrow-pour-le-titre-de-premier-aeroport-europeen-1259845 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]<br />
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Paris is a major international air transport hub with the [[World's busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic|5th busiest airport system in the world]]. The city is served by three commercial international airports: [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]], [[Orly Airport]] and [[Beauvais–Tillé Airport]]. Together these three airports recorded traffic of 112 million passengers in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/Bulletin_Statistique_2014.pdf |title=Bulletin statistique, trafic aérien commercial – année 2014 |page=15 |publisher=Direction générale de l'Aviation civile |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329083555/http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/Bulletin_Statistique_2014.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also one [[general aviation]] airport, [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport]], historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows.<br />
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Orly Airport, located in the southern suburbs of Paris, replaced Le Bourget as the principal airport of Paris from the 1950s to the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aeroportsdeparis.fr/groupe/groupe-et-strategie/histoire/1961_a_1981 |title=Histoire d'Aéroports de Paris de 1945 à 1981 |publisher=[[Aéroports de Paris]] |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208075947/http://www.aeroportsdeparis.fr/groupe/groupe-et-strategie/histoire/1961_a_1981 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/DEFAULT/doc/IFD/IFD_REFDOC_TEMIS_0077449/trafic-aeroportuaire-1986-2012-flux-de-trafic-commercial-1986-2012 |title=Trafic aéroportuaire 1986–2013 |pages=15–17 |publisher=Direction générale de l'Aviation civile |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170444/http://www.side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/DEFAULT/doc/IFD/IFD_REFDOC_TEMIS_0077449/trafic-aeroportuaire-1986-2012-flux-de-trafic-commercial-1986-2012 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> For the year 2017 it was the [[World's busiest airports by international passenger traffic|5th busiest airport in the world by international traffic]] and it is the hub for the nation's [[flag carrier]] [[Air France]].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=278–283}} Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located {{cvt|69|km|abbr=off}} north of Paris's city centre, is used by charter airlines and [[low-cost carriers]] such as [[Ryanair]].<br />
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Domestically, air travel between Paris and some of France's largest cities such as [[Lyon]], [[Marseille]], or [[Strasbourg]] has been in a large measure replaced by [[high-speed rail]] due to the opening of several high-speed [[TGV]] rail lines from the 1980s. For example, after the [[LGV Méditerranée]] opened in 2001, air traffic between Paris and Marseille declined from 2,976,793 passengers in 2000 to 1,502,196 passengers in 2014.<ref name=domestic>{{cite web |title=Air passenger transport between the main airports of France and their main partner airports (routes data) |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=avia_par_fr&lang=en |author=Eurostat |access-date=29 November 2015 |author-link=Eurostat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094738/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=avia_par_fr&lang=en |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[LGV Est]] opened in 2007, air traffic between Paris and Strasbourg declined from 1,006,327 passengers in 2006 to 157,207 passengers in 2014.<ref name=domestic/><br />
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Internationally, air traffic has increased markedly in recent years between Paris and the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] airports, the emerging nations of Africa, Russia, Turkey, Portugal, Italy, and [[mainland China]], whereas noticeable decline has been recorded between Paris and the [[British Isles]], Egypt, Tunisia, and Japan.<ref name=international1>{{cite web |title=International intra-EU air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country and EU partner country |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=avia_painac&lang=en |author=Eurostat |access-date=29 November 2015 |author-link=Eurostat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208133541/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=avia_painac&lang=en |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=international2>{{cite web |title=International extra-EU air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country and partner world regions and countries |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=avia_paexac&lang=en |author=Eurostat |access-date=29 November 2015 |author-link=Eurostat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208115358/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=avia_paexac&lang=en |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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====Motorways====<br />
[[File:ParisRingRoads A104.svg|thumb|left|Ring roads of Paris]]<br />
The city is also the most important hub of France's [[motorway]] network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the [[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]],{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the [[A86 autoroute|A86]] motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the [[Francilienne]] motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over {{cvt|2000|km|mi|0}} of highways and motorways.<br />
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====Waterways====<br />
The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France, with most of the cargo handled by [[Autonomous Port of Paris|Ports of Paris]] in facilities located around Paris. The rivers [[Loire]], [[Rhine]], [[Rhône]], [[Meuse]], and [[Scheldt]] can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the [[Canal Saint-Martin]], [[Canal Saint-Denis]], and the Canal de l'Ourcq.{{sfn|Jefferson|2009|p=114}}<br />
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====Cycling====<br />
[[File:Station Velib DSC 3497.JPG|thumb|right|[[Vélib']] at the [[Place de la Bastille]]]]<br />
There are {{cvt|440|km}} of [[Cycling in Paris|cycle paths and routes]] in Paris. These include ''piste cyclable'' (bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers such as a kerb) and ''bande cyclable'' (a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some {{cvt|29|km}} of specially marked bus lanes are free to be used by cyclists, with a protective barrier protecting against encroachments from vehicles.{{sfn|Hart|2004|p=355}} Cyclists have also been given the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris offers a [[community bicycle program|bike sharing]] system called [[Vélib']] with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations,{{sfn|Rand|2010|p=165}} which can be rented for short and medium distances including [[One-way traffic|one way]] trips.<br />
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===Electricity===<br />
Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid fed by multiple sources. In 2012, around 50% of electricity generated in the [[Île-de-France]] came from cogeneration energy plants located near the outer limits of the [[Regions of France|region]]; other energy sources included thermal power (35%), waste incineration (9% – with cogeneration plants, these provide the city in heat as well), methane gas (5%), hydraulics (1%), solar power (0.1%) and a negligible amount of wind power (0.034 GWh).<ref name="prod_electrique_IDF">{{cite web |url=http://www.driee.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Seminaire_du_6_mars_2012_-_Presentations_Approvisionnement_electrique_du_Grand_Paris__cle2dcb2f-1.pdf |title=La production électrique en IdF |publisher=La DRIEE – Prefet de la région d'Île-de-France |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007034916/http://www.driee.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Seminaire_du_6_mars_2012_-_Presentations_Approvisionnement_electrique_du_Grand_Paris__cle2dcb2f-1.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> A quarter of the city's [[district heating]] is to come from a plant in [[Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine]], burning a 50/50-mix of coal and 140,000 tonnes of [[wood pellets]] from the United States per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/paris-to-import-wood-pellets-from-the-us/ |title=Paris to be heated with US wood pellets |work=Global Wood Markets Info |access-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072201/http://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/paris-to-import-wood-pellets-from-the-us/ |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Water and sanitation===<br />
[[File:Ile de la Cite from Pont de la Tournelle.jpg|thumb|right|A view of the Seine, the [[Île de la Cité]] and a [[Bateau Mouche]]]]<br />
Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and [[Bièvre (river)|Bièvre]] for water. From 1809, the [[Canal de l'Ourcq]] provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931 |title=Historique des égouts |access-date=18 June 2013 |language=fr |publisher=Paris.fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410232647/http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1857, the civil engineer [[Eugène Belgrand]], under [[Napoleon III]], oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation.{{sfn|Burchell|1971|p=93}} From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's modern water-supply network. Today Paris has more than {{cvt|2400|km|0}} of underground passageways<ref name="sewers">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139 |title=Les égouts parisiens |website=Mairie de Paris |access-date=15 May 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225317/http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139 |archive-date=3 October 2006}}</ref> dedicated to the evacuation of Paris's liquid wastes.<br />
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In 1982, Mayor Chirac introduced the motorcycle-mounted [[Motocrotte]] to remove [[dog feces|dog faeces]] from Paris streets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/21/stuartjeffries.theobserver |title=Merde! Foul Paris goes to the dogs |work=The Guardian |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825200615/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/21/stuartjeffries.theobserver |archive-date=25 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The project was abandoned in 2002 for a new and better enforced local law, under the terms of which dog owners can be fined up to €500 for not removing their dog faeces.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/12/worlddispatch.jonhenley |title=Merde most foul |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=29 July 2010 |first=Jon |last=Henley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826021821/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/12/worlddispatch.jonhenley |archive-date=26 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[air pollution]] in Paris, from the point of view of [[Particulates|particulate matter]] (PM10), is the highest in France with 38&nbsp;μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>[http://www.linternaute.com/actualite/monde/classement-des-villes-selon-pollution-de-l-air/ Air pollution in Paris] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924012702/http://www.linternaute.com/actualite/monde/classement-des-villes-selon-pollution-de-l-air/ }} according to L'internaute</ref> From the point of view of nitrogen dioxide pollution, Paris has one of the highest levels in the EU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air pollution in Europe: These are the worst-hit cities to live in |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/24/air-pollution-new-report-shows-which-european-cities-have-the-worst-air-quality |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401104131/https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/24/air-pollution-new-report-shows-which-european-cities-have-the-worst-air-quality |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Parks and gardens===<br />
{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Paris|History of Parks and Gardens of Paris}}<br />
[[File:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, 22 April 2007.jpg|thumb|The lawns of the [[Parc des Buttes-Chaumont]] on a sunny day]]<br />
[[File:Saint-Cloud - Passerelle de l'Avre 008.JPG|thumb|left|The Passerelle de l'Avre, crossing the Seine and establishing a link between the [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Saint-Cloud]] in [[Hauts-de-Seine]]]]<br />
Paris today has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees.{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|p=6}} Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the [[Tuileries Garden]] (created in 1564 for the [[Tuileries Palace]] and redone by [[André Le Nôtre]] between 1664 and 1672){{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=125}} and the [[Luxembourg Garden]], for the [[Luxembourg Palace]], built for [[Marie de' Medici]] in 1612, which today houses the [[Senate (France)|Senate]].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=208}} The ''[[Jardin des plantes]]'' was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626 by Louis XIII's doctor [[Guy de La Brosse]] for the cultivation of medicinal plants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Jardin de Plantes |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?AE_ID=214&INFO_ID=21&LIEU_ID=158&MAN_ID=273&SITE_ID=10&i=1&idx=6&nav=liste |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615203149/http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?i=1&nav=liste&INFO_ID=21&SITE_ID=10&AE_ID=214&LIEU_ID=158&idx=6&MAN_ID=273 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Between 1853 and 1870, Emperor [[Napoleon III]] and the city's first director of parks and gardens, [[Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand]], created the [[Bois de Boulogne]], [[Bois de Vincennes]], [[Parc Montsouris]] and [[Parc des Buttes-Chaumont]], located at the four points of the compass around the city, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters.{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|pp=122–161}} Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the [[Parc de la Villette]] (1987), [[Parc André Citroën]] (1992), [[Parc de Bercy]] (1997) and [[Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin-Luther-King|Parc Clichy-Batignolles]] (2007).{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|pp=242–256}} One of the newest parks, the [[Promenade des Berges de la Seine]] (2013), built on a former highway on the [[Rive Gauche|left bank]] of the Seine between the [[Pont de l'Alma]] and the [[Musée d'Orsay]], has floating gardens and gives a view of the city's landmarks.<br />
<br />
Weekly [[Parkrun]]s take place in the Bois de Boulogne and the Parc Montsouris<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parkrun.fr/boisdeboulogne/ |title=Parkrun du Bois de Boulogne |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804104836/https://www.parkrun.fr/boisdeboulogne/ |archive-date=4 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parkrun.fr/montsouris/ |title=Parkrun de Montsouris |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804110402/https://www.parkrun.fr/montsouris/ |archive-date=4 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Cemeteries===<br />
[[File:Catacombes De Paris.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Catacombs of Paris|Paris Catacombs]] hold the remains of approximately 6 million people.]]<br />
During the Roman era, the city's main cemetery was located to the outskirts of the [[Rive Gauche|left bank]] settlement, but this changed with the rise of Catholic Christianity, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the [[Holy Innocents' Cemetery]], were filled to overflowing, creating quite unsanitary conditions for the capital. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris's parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of [[Mines of Paris|Paris's stone mines]] outside the "Porte d'Enfer" city gate, today [[place Denfert-Rochereau]] in the 14th arrondissement.{{sfn|Whaley|2012|p=101}}{{sfn|Broadwell|2007|p=92}} The process of moving bones from the ''[[Holy Innocents' Cemetery|Cimetière des Innocents]]'' to the [[Catacombs of Paris|catacombs]] took place between 1786 and 1814;{{sfn|Andia|Brialy|2001|p=221}} part of the network of tunnels and remains can be visited today on the official tour of the catacombs.<br />
<br />
After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=271}} Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery|Père Lachaise]], [[Montmartre Cemetery|Montmartre]], [[Montparnasse Cemetery|Montparnasse]], and later [[Passy Cemetery|Passy]]; these cemeteries became inner-city once again when Paris annexed all neighbouring communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the [[Saint-Ouen Cemetery|Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen]], the [[Cimetière parisien de Pantin]] (also known as Cimetière parisien de [[Pantin]]-[[Bobigny]]), the Cimetière parisien d'[[Ivry-sur-Seine|Ivry]], and the Cimetière parisien de [[Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine|Bagneux]].<ref name="Parisian Cemeteries">{{cite web |title=Les 20 cimetières Parisiens |url=http://www.paris.fr/cimetieres |publisher=Paris.fr |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170430/http://www.paris.fr/cimetieres |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the most famous people in the world are buried in Parisian cemeteries, such as [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Jim Morrison]], [[Édith Piaf]] and [[Serge Gainsbourg]] among others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Les célébrités du cimetière du Père Lachaise à Paris |url=https://www.oui.sncf/article/les-tombes-de-celebrites-au-cimetiere-du-pere-lachaise-106832 |website=www.oui.sncf |language=fr |access-date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414034945/https://www.oui.sncf/article/les-tombes-de-celebrites-au-cimetiere-du-pere-lachaise-106832 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Healthcare===<br />
[[File:Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, February 7, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|The Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, the oldest hospital in the city]]<br />
Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the [[Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris]] (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators) in 44 hospitals.<ref name="hospital"/> It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web |url=http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327062949/http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php |archive-date=27 March 2014 |title=Rapport Annuel 2008 |publisher=Rapport Activite |access-date=21 April 2013 |language=fr |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
One of the most notable hospitals is the [[Hôtel-Dieu de Paris|Hôtel-Dieu]], founded in 651, the oldest hospital in the city and the oldest worldwide still operating,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx |title=Hotel Dieu |publisher=London Science Museum |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508100917/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> although the current building is the product of a reconstruction of 1877. Other hospitals include [[Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital]] (one of the largest in Europe), [[Hôpital Cochin]], [[Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital]], [[Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou]], [[Bicêtre Hospital]], [[Beaujon Hospital]], the [[Curie Institute (Paris)|Curie Institute]], [[Lariboisière Hospital]], [[Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital]], [[Hôpital Saint-Louis]], [[Hôpital de la Charité]] and the [[American Hospital of Paris]].<br />
<br />
==Media==<br />
Paris and its close suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including ''[[Le Monde]]'', ''[[Le Figaro]]'', ''[[Libération]]'', ''[[Le Nouvel Observateur]]'', ''[[Le Canard enchaîné]]'', ''[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]'', ''[[Le Parisien]]'' (in ''[[Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Ouen]]''), ''[[Les Échos (France)|Les Échos]]'', ''Paris Match ([[Neuilly-sur-Seine]])'', ''Réseaux & Télécoms'', [[Reuters]] France, [[l'Équipe]] ([[Boulogne-Billancourt]]) and ''L'Officiel des Spectacles''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://french.about.com/od/newspapers/French_and_Francophone_Newspapers_and_Magazines.htm |title=French and Francophone Publications |publisher=French.about.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513093151/http://french.about.com/od/newspapers/French_and_Francophone_Newspapers_and_Magazines.htm |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> France's two most prestigious newspapers, ''Le Monde'' and ''Le Figaro'', are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://about-france.com/french-newspapers.htm |title=Paris's Top Newspapers |publisher=About-France.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628080310/http://about-france.com/french-newspapers.htm |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Agence France-Presse]] is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.com/en/ |title=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Agence France-Presse website |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708144823/http://www.afp.com/en |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[France 24]] is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/ |title=France 24 |publisher=France24.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141015174237/http://www.france24.com/en/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the [[Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)|Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs]], and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ |title=France Diplomatie |publisher=Diplomatie.gouv.fr |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629133112/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ |archive-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The most-viewed network in France, [[TF1]], is in nearby [[Boulogne-Billancourt]]. [[France 2]], [[France 3]], [[Canal+]], [[France 5]], [[M6 (TV channel)|M6]] ([[Neuilly-sur-Seine]]), [[Arte]], [[D8 (TV channel)|D8]], [[W9 (TV channel)|W9]], [[NT1 (TV channel)|NT1]], [[NRJ 12]], [[La Chaîne parlementaire]], [[France 4]], [[BFM TV]], and [[Gulli]] are other stations located in and around the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://french.about.com/od/tv/French_and_Francophone_Television_Stations_Watch_French_TV.htm |title=French and Francophone TV Stations |publisher=French.about.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520074251/http://french.about.com/od/tv/French_and_Francophone_Television_Stations_Watch_French_TV.htm |archive-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Radio France]], France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris's [[16th arrondissement of Paris|16th arrondissement]]. [[Radio France Internationale]], another public broadcaster is also based in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.listenlive.eu/france.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010073101/http://www.listenlive.eu/france.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=France's Radio Stations |publisher=Listenlive.eu |access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> Paris also holds the headquarters of the [[La Poste (France)|La Poste]], France's national postal carrier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laposte.com |title=La Poste |publisher=Laposte.com |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712042008/http://www.laposte.com/ |archive-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
{{Main|:Category:People from Paris}}<br />
*In lieu of such an article, the following may be helpful:<br />
**[[:Category:People from Paris|Category:People from Paris]]<br />
**[[:Category:Lists of French people|Category:Lists of French people]]<br />
**[[List of honorary citizens of Paris]]<br />
**[[List of French people]]<br />
<br />
==International relations==<br />
===Twin towns – sister cities===<br />
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}<br />
[[File:Castro Pretorio - Colonna di Parigi alle Terme di Diocleziano 1010023.JPG|thumb|upright|Column dedicated to Paris near the [[Baths of Diocletian]] in [[Rome]]]]<br />
[[File:Park de la Sorbonne.JPG|thumb|upright|Sculpture dedicated to Rome in the square Paul Painlevé in Paris]]<br />
Since 9 April 1956, Paris is exclusively and reciprocally [[Sister city|twinned]] only with:<ref name=IR>{{cite web |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |url=https://api-site.paris.fr/images/74497 |publisher=Paris |language=fr |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308095626/https://api-site.paris.fr/images/74497 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Twinning Rome – Paris |language=fr |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Gemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113084709/https://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Gemellaggio_Roma_Parigi.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=live}}<br />{{cite web |title=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |language=it |publisher=Commune Roma |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archive-date=9 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], 1956<br />
: ''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.'' {{in lang|fr}}<br />
: ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.'' {{in lang|it}}<br />
: "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2012/09/26/hey-is-san-francisco-really-the-sister-city-of-france-was-it-before-no-not-at-all-heres-why/ |title=Hey, is San Francisco Really a "Sister City" of Paris, France? No – Was It Before? No, Not At All – Here's Why |website=San Francisco Citizen |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228161537/http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2012/09/26/hey-is-san-francisco-really-the-sister-city-of-france-was-it-before-no-not-at-all-heres-why/ |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other relationships===<br />
Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with:<ref name=IR/><br />
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br />
*{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Algiers]], 2003<br />
*{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Amman]], 1987<br />
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Amsterdam]], 2013<br />
*{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]], 2000<br />
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], 1997<br />
*{{flagicon|LIB}} [[Beirut]], 1992<br />
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], 1987<br />
*{{flagicon|COG}} [[Brazzaville]], 2015<br />
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], 1999<br />
*{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Cairo]], 1985<br />
*{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Casablanca]], 2004<br />
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], 1996<br />
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Copenhagen]], 2005<br />
*{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Dakar]], 2011<br />
*{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]], 2010<br />
*{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Geneva]], 2002<br />
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], 2009<br />
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], 1995<br />
*{{flagicon|PSE}} [[Jericho]], 2009<br />
*{{flagicon|COD}} [[Kinshasa]], 2014<br />
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyoto]], 1958<br />
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Lisbon]], 1998<br />
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], 2001<br />
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], 2000<br />
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], 1999<br />
*{{flagicon|URY}} [[Montevideo]], 2013<br />
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], 2006<br />
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], 1992<br />
*{{flagicon|KHM}} [[Phnom Penh]], 2007<br />
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Porto Alegre]], 2001<br />
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], 1997<br />
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Quebec City]], 1996<br />
*{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Rabat]], 2004<br />
*{{flagicon|PSE}} [[Ramallah]], 2011<br />
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], 2009<br />
*{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Riyadh]], 1997<br />
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], 1997<br />
*{{flagicon|YEM}} [[Sanaa]], 1987<br />
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], 1996<br />
*{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Santiago]], 1997<br />
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], 2004<br />
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], 1991<br />
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Sofia]], 1998<br />
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], 1998<br />
*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], 1997<br />
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]], 2010<br />
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], 1982<br />
*{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Tunis]], 2004<br />
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], 1999<br />
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], 2000<br />
*{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], 1998<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{portal|France|Cities}}<br />
*[[Art Nouveau in Paris]]<br />
*[[Art Deco in Paris]]<br />
*[[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group]]<br />
*[[International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts]] held in Paris in 1925<br />
*[[Megacity]]<br />
*[[Outline of France]]<br />
*[[Outline of Paris]]<br />
*[[Paris syndrome]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{NoteFoot}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist<br />
|refs =<br />
<ref name="TIP2016">{{cite web |title=Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2016 |url=https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures/key-figures/Tourism-in-Paris-Key-Figures-2016 |date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date = 18 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151215/https://press.parisinfo.com/key-figures/key-figures/Tourism-in-Paris-Key-Figures-2016 |archive-date = 19 February 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref><br />
<!--unused<ref name="TIP2017">{{cite web |title=Tourism in Paris, Key Figures (2017) |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau}}</ref>--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
{{refbegin|40em}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Andia |first1=Béatrice de |last2=Brialy |first2=Jean-Claude |title=Larousse Paris |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5w0jAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Larousse |isbn=978-2-03-585012-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=5w0jAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Arbois de Jubainville |first1=Henry |last2=Dottin |first2=George |title=Les premiers habitants de l'Europe |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132 |publisher=E. Thorin |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Ayers |first=Andrew |title=The Architecture of Paris |publisher=Axel Mendes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eJxj9Xos_UC |isbn=978-3-930698-96-7 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123205256/https://books.google.com/books?id=0eJxj9Xos_UC |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Bayrou |first=François |author-link=François Bayrou |title=Henri IV: le roi libre |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZVLPwAACAAJ |publisher=le Grand livre du mois |isbn=978-2-7028-3282-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=bZVLPwAACAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Beevor |first1=Antony |last2=Cooper |first2=Artemis |title=Paris After the Liberation: 1944–1949: 1944–1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoWtMt2hJIYC&pg=PT242 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-191288-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=zoWtMt2hJIYC&pg=PT242 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=Daniel A. |last2=de-Shalit |first2=Avner |title=The Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRrglOH4kKkC&pg=PA247 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3972-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRrglOH4kKkC&pg=PA247 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Berg |first1=Leo van den |last2=Braun |first2=Erik |title=National Policy Responses to Urban Challenges in Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jU3Td7GI4oC&pg=PA85 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-8725-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jU3Td7GI4oC&pg=PA85 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Bernard |first=Léon |title=The emerging city: Paris in the age of Louis XIV. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vFnAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-0214-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=7vFnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Bezbakh |first=Pierre |title=Petit Larousse de l'histoire de France |language=fr |publisher=Larousse |isbn=978-2-03-505369-5}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Blackmore |first1=Ruth |last2=McConnachie |first2=James |title=Rough Guide to Paris |edition=9th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nEcC1zeg-MC&pg=PA394 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-078-7 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nEcC1zeg-MC&pg=PA394 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Blackmore |first1=Ruth |last2=McConnachie |first2=James |title=Rough Guide Paris Directions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ixR236aqQoC&pg=PA153 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-317-7 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ixR236aqQoC&pg=PA153 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Blanchard |first1=Pascal |last2=Deroo |first2=Eric |last3=El Yazami |first3=Driss |last4=Fournié |first4=Pierre |last5=Manceron |first5=Gilles |title=Le Paris Arabe |language=fr |publisher=La Découverte |isbn=978-2-7071-3904-7}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Blum |first=Carol |title=Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkaWS7yDl8C&pg=PA233 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6810-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkaWS7yDl8C&pg=PA233 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Boogert |first=Kate van der |title=Frommer's Paris 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5d0pRRn6IC&pg=PT43 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-33143-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5d0pRRn6IC&pg=PT43 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Borrus |first=Kathy |title=Five Hundred Buildings of Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8KuR2TxJY4C&pg=PA288 |publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers |isbn=978-1-60376-267-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=i8KuR2TxJY4C&pg=PA288 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Braimoh |editor-first1=Ademola K. |editor-last2=Vlek |editor-first2=Paul L. G. |title=Land Use and Soil Resources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV7Jp9Iz1hsC&pg=PA212 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-6778-5 |pages=212– |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uV7Jp9Iz1hsC&pg=PA212 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Broadwell |first=Valerie |title=City of Light, City of Dark: Exploring Paris Below |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9cPFcaOKBwC&pg=PA92 |publisher=Valerie Broadwell |isbn=978-1-4257-9022-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=N9cPFcaOKBwC&pg=PA92 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Burchell |first=S.C. |title=Imperial Masquerade: The Paris of Napoleon III |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialmasquera00burc |url-access=registration |publisher=Atheneum}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Busse |first=Peter E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |pages=195–200 |language=en |chapter=Belgae |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819063413/https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |first=Klaus |last=Bussmann |title=Paris and the Ile de France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nYnAQAAMAAJ |publisher=Webb & Bower |isbn=978-0-86350-038-1 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201443/https://books.google.com/books?id=1nYnAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Byrne |first=Jim |title=Conflict and Change: Europe 1870–1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmemAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Educational Company |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=HmemAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Byrne |first=Joseph P. |title=Encyclopedia of the Black Death |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA259 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-254-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA259 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Castells |first=Manuel |title=The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbZLcYsA_QC&pg=PA75 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05617-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbZLcYsA_QC&pg=PA75 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Linda L. |title=Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtitRt1uUXMC&pg=PA101 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65098-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=NtitRt1uUXMC&pg=PA101 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Combeau |first=Yvan |title=Histoire de Paris |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |isbn=978-2-13-060852-3 |language=fr |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredeparis0000comb}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Combeau |first=Yvan |title=Histoire de Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmfGAAACAAJ |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |language=fr |isbn=978-2-13-053865-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmfGAAACAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Compayré |first=Gabriel |title=Abelard And the Origin And Early History of Universities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bwH0j_EOtIC&pg=PA205 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4179-4646-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=_bwH0j_EOtIC&pg=PA205 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Cunliffe |first=Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lkEgdtOvGEC&q=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain&pg=PA201 |edition=4th |title=Iron Age communities in Britain : an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-34779-2 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203913/https://books.google.com/books?id=3lkEgdtOvGEC&q=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain&pg=PA201 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Daniel Jay Grimminger Ph.D. |title=Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbNpLIZzFKoC&pg=PT95 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-1-4396-4101-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PbNpLIZzFKoC&pg=PT95 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Damschroeder |first1=David |last2=Williams |first2=David Russell |title=Music Theory from Zarlino to Schenker: A Bibliography and Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAw3PBpdEw4C&pg=PA157 |publisher=Pendragon Press |isbn=978-0-918728-99-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAw3PBpdEw4C&pg=PA157 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Delamarre |first=Xavier |title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental |publisher=Errance |isbn=978-2-87772-369-5 |language=fr |author-link=Xavier Delamarre}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=De Moncan |first=Patrice |title=Les jardins du Baron Haussmann |publisher=Les Éditions du Mécène |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-907970-91-4}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=De Moncan |first=Patrice |title=Le Paris d'Haussmann |language=fr |publisher=Les Editions du Mecene |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-907970-98-3}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Dominé |first=André |title=Culinaria France |publisher=Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbh |location=Cologne |isbn=978-3-8331-1129-7}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Dosch |first=Dee Davidson |title=A Summer in '69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcD41kgBYTMC&pg=PA16 |publisher=Strategic Book Publishing |isbn=978-1-60976-878-2 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229020537/https://books.google.com/books?id=bcD41kgBYTMC&pg=PA16 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Dottin |first=George |title=La Langue Gauloise : Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire |url=https://archive.org/details/lalanguegauloise00dottuoft |location=Paris |publisher=C. Klincksieck |isbn=978-2-05-100208-0 |language=fr}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Dregni |first=Michael |title=Django : The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3t8SLVloJjsC&pg=PA19 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803743-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3t8SLVloJjsC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Dregni |first=Michael |title=Gypsy Jazz : In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smcDVbulh1gC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-804262-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=smcDVbulh1gC&pg=PA32 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Du Camp |first=Maxim |title=Paris: ses organes, ses fonctions et sa vie jusqu'en 1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gJoAAAAMAAJ |publisher=G. Rondeau |isbn=978-2-910305-02-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=5gJoAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Dutton |first=Paul Edward |title=The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHQEP3oJDsoC&pg=PA142 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1653-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=UHQEP3oJDsoC&pg=PA142 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Esther |title=Paris as Seen and Described by Famous Writers ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BL1CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA210 |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company |access-date = 25 October 2015 |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=BL1CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA210 |url-status = live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Graeme |title=Cultural Planning: An Urban Renaissance? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpIIHrUOZEC&pg=PA68 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-45974-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpIIHrUOZEC&pg=PA68 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Falileyev |first=Alexander |title=Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World |publisher=CMCS |isbn=978-0-9557182-3-6}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Fallon |first1=Steve |first2=Nicola |last2=Williams |edition=7 |title=Paris |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74059-850-7}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Fierro |first=Alfred |title=Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris |language=fr |publisher=Lafont |isbn=978-0-7859-9300-1}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Forsyth |first=David |title=Marie Antoinette in the Conciergerie, a lecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0KTnvvPwJ0C |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=I0KTnvvPwJ0C |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Franck |first=Dan |title=Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |publisher=Grove/Atlantic |isbn=978-0-8021-3997-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=3hYBzRzZ0kcC |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Benjamin |last2=Spalding |first2=Steven D. |title=Trains, Culture, and Mobility: Riding the Rails |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUOY8941RjMC&pg=PA117 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-6749-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUOY8941RjMC&pg=PA117 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Frommer's |title=AARP Paris 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTmRa1s1Z48C&pg=PA103 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-26621-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTmRa1s1Z48C&pg=PA103 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Garrioch |first=David |title=The making of revolutionary Paris |type=electronic resource |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofrevoluti00davi |url-access=registration |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24327-9}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Goebel |first=Michael |title=Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNMmCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-07305-0 |access-date=7 September 2017 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522201207/https://books.google.com/books?id=LNMmCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Natalie |title=Droughts And Heat Waves: A Practical Survival Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPZuf6gxIBAC&pg=PP8 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4042-0536-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=CPZuf6gxIBAC&pg=PP8 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Goodman |first=David C. |title=The European Cities and Technology Reader: Industrial to Post-industrial City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2xKjURYgHgC |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-20082-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=G2xKjURYgHgC |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=David |title=Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-28061-7}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Haine |first=W. Scott |title=The World of the Paris Café: Sociability Among the French Working Class, 1789–1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65r1hSAq-dQC&pg=PA144 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6070-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=65r1hSAq-dQC&pg=PA144 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Peter |last2=Pain |first2=Kathy |title=The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhelHHnagCsC&pg=PA83 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-54768-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=vhelHHnagCsC&pg=PA83 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Harding |first=Vanessa |title=The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&pg=PA25 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-81126-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&pg=PA25 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Hart |first=Alan |title=Going to Live in Paris: How to Live and Work in France's Great Capital |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pNBaIocHNUC&pg=PA355 |publisher=How To Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-85703-985-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=4pNBaIocHNUC&pg=PA355 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Hargreaves |first1=Alec Gordon |last2=Kelsay |first2=John |last3=Twiss |first3=Sumner B. |title=Politics and Religion in France and the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re2wIpEB310C |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Pub Incorporated |isbn=978-0-7391-1930-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=re2wIpEB310C |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Hazan |first=Eric |title=The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=og_RDdEdHz4C&pg=PA362 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-84467-800-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=og_RDdEdHz4C&pg=PA362 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Hervé |first=Peter |title=A Chronological Account of the History of France |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_L40DAAAAQAAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_L40DAAAAQAAJ/page/n77 72] }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Higonnet |first=Patrice L. R. |title=Paris: Capital of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-E7P9dVSbgC&pg=PA432 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03864-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=X-E7P9dVSbgC&pg=PA432 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Horne |first=Alistair |title=Seven Ages of Paris |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-679-45481-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/sevenagesofparis00alis}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=d'Istria |first=Robert Colonna |title=Paris and Versailles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAn8tHE3zB4C&pg=PA6 |publisher=Editions Marcus |isbn=978-2-7131-0202-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=VAn8tHE3zB4C&pg=PA6 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Jefferson |first=David |title=Through the French Canals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0khM9JqazzUC |isbn=978-1-4081-0381-4 |edition=12th |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210028/https://books.google.com/books?id=0khM9JqazzUC |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Colin |title=Paris: Biography of a City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwlQyQ_WAtYC |publisher=Penguin Adult |isbn=978-0-14-028292-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=zwlQyQ_WAtYC |url-status=live}}<br />
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*{{cite book |last1=Kaberry |first1=Rachel |last2=Brown |first2=Amy K. |title=Paris |url=https://archive.org/details/miniroughguideto00rach |url-access=registration |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-679-2}}<br />
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*{{cite book |last1=Krinsky |first1=Carol Herselle |title=Synagogues of Europe: Architecture, History, Meaning |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |isbn=978-0-486-29078-2}}<br />
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*{{cite book |last1=Lawrence |first1=Rachel |last2=Gondrand |first2=Fabienne |title=Paris (City Guide) |publisher=Insight Guides |location=London |edition=12th |isbn=978-981-282-079-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/paris0000unse_b2o4}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Leclanche |first=Maria Spyropoulou |title=Le refrain dans la chanson française: de Bruant à Renaud |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yy2-adLaGQkC&pg=PA55 |publisher=Presses Univ. Limoges |isbn=978-2-84287-096-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yy2-adLaGQkC&pg=PA55 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Madge |first1=Charles |last2=Willmott |first2=Peter |title=Inner City Poverty in Paris and London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFDIS847zl8C&pg=PA11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-41762-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=gFDIS847zl8C&pg=PA11 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Masson |first=Jean-Louis |title=Provinces, départements, régions: l'organisation administrative de la France |publisher=Fernand Lanore }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Mehra |first1=Ajay K. |last2=Levy |first2=Rene |title=The Police, State and Society: Perspectives from India and France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JJdEhSWS90C&pg=PA138 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3145-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=0JJdEhSWS90C&pg=PA138 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Metzelthin |first=Pearl Violette Newfield |title=Gourmet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5XyAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Condé Nast Publications |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206020104/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5XyAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Meunier |first=Florian |title=Le Paris du Moyen Âge |publisher=Éditions Ouest-France |isbn=978-2-7373-6217-0 |language=fr}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Michelin |title=Paris Green Guide Michelin 2012–2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P945gwAL-oAC&pg=PT105 |publisher=Michelin |isbn=978-2-06-718220-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=P945gwAL-oAC&pg=PT105 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Montclos |first=Jean-Marie Perouse De |title=Paris, City of Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJ2QgAACAAJ |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=978-0-86565-226-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJ2QgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Modood |first1=Tariq |last2=Triandafyllidou |first2=Anna |last3=Zapata-Barrero |first3=Ricard |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v45lM76wjsC&pg=PA64 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-25561-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=1v45lM76wjsC&pg=PA64 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Mroue |first=Haas |title=Frommer's Memorable Walks in Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nUVnF1rPXoC&pg=PA8 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-03712-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nUVnF1rPXoC&pg=PA8 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Nègre |first=Ernest |title=Toponymie générale de la France |publisher=Librairie Droz |isbn=978-2-600-02883-7 |author-link=Ernest Nègre}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Nevez |first=Catherine Le |title=Paris Encounter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=db4TSjy-9X4C |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74220-503-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=db4TSjy-9X4C |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Newman |first1=Peter |last2=Thornley |first2=Andy |title=Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpYlyaqfoQC&pg=PA185 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-42794-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpYlyaqfoQC&pg=PA185 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Oscherwitz |first=Dayna |title=Past Forward: French Cinema and the Post-Colonial Heritage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8n5iKE9gdcC&pg=PA135 |publisher=SIU Press |isbn=978-0-8093-8588-1 |page=135 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=j8n5iKE9gdcC&pg=PA135 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Overy |first=Richard |title=Why the Allies Won |publisher=Pimlico |isbn=978-1-84595-065-1}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Paine |first=Thomas |title=Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YU_o6E572uIC&pg=PA453 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-283557-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=YU_o6E572uIC&pg=PA453 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Papayanis |first=Nicholas |title=Planning Paris Before Haussmann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umLmjHFZoT4C |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-7930-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=umLmjHFZoT4C |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Perry |first=Gillian |title=Women Artists and the Parisian Avant-garde: Modernism and 'feminine Art' Art, 1900 to the Late 1920s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wg4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-4165-5 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=wg4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Marvin |last2=Chase |first2=Myrna |last3=Jacob |first3=James R. |last4=Jacob |first4=Margaret C. |last5=Von Laue |first5=Theodore H. |title=Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society: from 1600: Ideas, Politics, and Society: From the 1600s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDKUW0z4bsC&pg=PA476 |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=10th |isbn=978-1-111-83171-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDKUW0z4bsC&pg=PA476 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Betty Lou |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchconnection0000phil |url-access=registration |title=The French Connection |isbn=978-1-58685-529-1 |publisher=Gibbs Smith}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Rand |first=Tom |title=Kick the Fossil Fuel Habit: 10 Clean Technologies to Save Our World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCYf7F5erwYC&pg=PA165 |publisher=Greenleaf Book Group |isbn=978-0-9812952-0-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=DCYf7F5erwYC&pg=PA165 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Robb |first=Graham |title=Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTaRv7lr7uoC&pg=PT646 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-0-330-52254-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=QTaRv7lr7uoC&pg=PT646 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Robertson |first=Jamie Cox |title=A Literary Paris: Hemingway, Colette, Sedaris, and Others on the Uncommon Lure of the City of Light |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDki71jxYQC&pg=PA37 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=978-1-4405-0740-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDki71jxYQC&pg=PA37 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Eamonn J. |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymIXLhegGnwC&pg=PA60 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-415-13187-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ymIXLhegGnwC&pg=PA60 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Rougerie |first=Jacques |title=La Commune de 1871 |language=fr |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-13-062078-5}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Rousseau |first=George Sebastian |title=Yourcenar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxlAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Haus Bublishing |isbn=978-1-904341-28-4 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxlAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Ryersson |first1=Scot D. |last2=Yaccarino |first2=Michael Orlando |title=Infinite variety: the life and legend of the Marchesa Casati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAMEqfFtngC&pg=PA25 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4520-6 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305041927/https://books.google.com/books?id=9AAMEqfFtngC&pg=PA25 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Sarmant |first=Thierry |title=Histoire de Paris: politique, urbanisme, civilisation |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM4XNQEACAAJ |publisher=Editions Gisserot |isbn=978-2-7558-0330-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM4XNQEACAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Joël |title=Lutèce: Paris, des origines à Clovis |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Li5xQgAACAAJ |publisher=Perrin |isbn=978-2-262-03015-5 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Li5xQgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Schumacher |first=Claude |title=Naturalism and Symbolism in European Theatre 1850–1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tanPYs6ArLIC&pg=PA60 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23014-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=tanPYs6ArLIC&pg=PA60 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Shack |first=William A. |title=Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22537-4}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Shales |first=Melissa |title=Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPU8V_oWz8C&pg=PA17 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |isbn=978-1-84537-661-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=FYPU8V_oWz8C&pg=PA17 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Simmer |first=James |title=Innovation Networks and Learning Regions? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOmZc-Vd_gC&pg=PA4 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-11-702360-4 |access-date = 25 October 2015 |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOmZc-Vd_gC&pg=PA4 |url-status = live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Steele |first=Valerie |title=Paris Fashion: A Cultural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vwhieeo_nfMC&pg=PR |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-85973-973-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vwhieeo_nfMC&pg=PR |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Cara |title=The Statue of Liberty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCnYe0cPTq4C&pg=PA37 |publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing |isbn=978-0-7607-3890-0 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCnYe0cPTq4C&pg=PA37 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Tallett |first1=Frank |last2=Atkin |first2=Nicholas |title=Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-85285-057-9 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Tellier |first=Luc-Normand |title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA281 |publisher=PUQ |isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA281 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Tomas |first1=François |last2=Blanc |first2=Jean-Noël |last3=Bonilla |first3=Mario |author4=IERP |title=Les grands ensembles: une histoire qui continue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTX7h9H8DJEC&pg=PA237 |publisher=Université de Saint-Étienne |isbn=978-2-86272-260-3 |page=237 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTX7h9H8DJEC&pg=PA237 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle= Paris |volume=20 |pages=805&ndash;822 |last1=Truslove |first1=Roland |last2=de Blowitz |first2=Henri Georges Stephane Adolphe Opper }}<br />
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*{{cite book |last=Weingardt |first=Richard |title=Circles in the Sky: The Life and Times of George Ferris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFwg5LOnnoC&pg=PR15 |publisher=ASCE Publications |isbn=978-0-7844-1010-3 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFwg5LOnnoC&pg=PR15 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Whaley |first=Joachim |title=Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PT101 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81060-2 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095821/https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PT101 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Woolley |first=Reginald Maxwell |title=Coronation Rites |url=https://archive.org/details/coronationrites00wooluoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/coronationrites00wooluoft/page/106 106] |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Yarri |first=Monique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce9VUj5pRMUC&q=delouvrier+%22villes+nouvelles%22 |title=Rethinking the French City: Architecture, Dwelling, and Display After 1968 |publisher=Editions Rodopi B.V. |location=Amsterdam, New York |isbn=978-90-420-2500-4 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203904/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce9VUj5pRMUC&q=delouvrier+%22villes+nouvelles%22 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Zarka |first1=Yves Charles |last2=Taussig |first2=Sylvie |last3=Fleury |first3=Cynthia |title=L'Islam en France |language=fr |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8UiAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |isbn=978-2-13-053723-6 |chapter=Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la filiation |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928174957/https://books.google.com/books?id=H8UiAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{Main list|Bibliography of Paris}}<br />
{{refbegin|40em}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Vincent Cronin |title=Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-04876-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/parisoneve19001900cron |author-link=Vincent Cronin}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Vincent Cronin |title=Paris: City of Light, 1919–1939 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0-00-215191-7}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Jean Favier |title=Paris |publisher=[[Fayard]] |isbn=978-2-213-59874-1 |language=fr}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Jacques Hillairet |title=Connaissance du Vieux Paris |publisher=Rivages |isbn=978-2-86930-648-6 |language=fr}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Colin Jones |title=Paris: The Biography of a City |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Viking]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-670-03393-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/parisbiographyof00jone}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Bernard Marchand |title=Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe siècle |publisher=Le Seuil |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-02-012864-3 |language=fr}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Rosemary Wakeman |title=The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-87023-6}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{EB1911 Poster|Paris}}<br />
*{{Official website}} {{in lang|fr}}<br />
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[[Category:Gallia Lugdunensis]]</div>Maqbool lari sensei