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Medical school

2026-05-30T15:00:32Z

Manoj: starting new entry

{{short description|Tertiary educational institution teaching and granting degrees in medicine}}
{{about||a broad outline|Medical education|a list|List of medical schools|trade association|Medical association}}
{{redirect|Med school|the experimental music label|Hospital Records}}
{{Very long|date=July 2023|words=19,000}}

A '''medical school''', '''medical college''', or '''medical university''' is a [[tertiary education]]al institution, [[professional school]], or forms a part of such an institution, that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians. Such [[medical degree]]s include the [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS, MBChB, MBBCh, BMBS), [[Master of Medicine]] (MM, MMed), [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD), or [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine]] (DO). Many medical schools offer additional degrees, such as a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD), master's degree (MSc) or other post-secondary education.

Medical schools can also carry out medical research and operate [[teaching hospital]]s. Around the world, criteria, structure, teaching methodology, and nature of medical programs offered at medical schools vary considerably. Medical schools are often highly competitive, using [[Standardized test|standardized entrance examinations]], as well as [[Grading in education|grade point averages]] and leadership roles, to narrow the selection criteria for candidates.
In most countries, the study of medicine is completed as an undergraduate degree not requiring prerequisite undergraduate coursework. However, an increasing number of places are emerging for graduate entrants who have completed an undergraduate degree including some required courses. In the United States and Canada, almost all medical degrees are [[second entry degree|second-entry degree]]s, and require several years of previous study at the university level.

Medical degrees are awarded to medical students after the completion of their degree program, which typically lasts five or more years for the undergraduate model and four years for the graduate model. Many modern medical schools integrate clinical education with basic sciences from the beginning of the curriculum (e.g.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s40596-015-0358-1 | pmid=26077010 | volume=40 | issue=2 | title=The Educational Impact of Exposure to Clinical Psychiatry Early in an Undergraduate Medical Curriculum | journal=Academic Psychiatry | pages=274–281| year=2015 | last1=Brown | first1=Menna | last2=Barnes | first2=Jacob | last3=Silver | first3=Katie | last4=Williams | first4=Nicholas | last5=Newton | first5=Philip M. | s2cid=13274934 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Littlewood|first1=S.|title=Early practical experience and the social responsiveness of clinical education: systematic review|journal=BMJ|date=13 August 2005|volume=331|issue=7513|pages=387–391|doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7513.387|pmid=16096306|pmc=1184253}}</ref>). More traditional curricula are usually divided into preclinical and clinical blocks. In preclinical sciences, students study subjects such as biochemistry, genetics, pharmacology, pathology, anatomy, physiology and medical microbiology, among others. Subsequent clinical rotations usually include internal medicine, general surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, and obstetrics and gynecology, among others.

Although medical schools confer upon graduates a medical degree, a physician typically may not legally practice medicine until licensed by the local government authority.<ref>[https://sphcm.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/sphcm/Centres_and_Units/SI_licensing_Report.pdf Centres and Units: SI Licensing Report] (PDF) sphcm.med.unsw.edu.au</ref> Licensing may also require passing a test, undergoing a criminal background check, checking references, paying a fee, and undergoing several years of [[residency (medicine)|postgraduate training]]. Medical schools are regulated by each country and appear in the [[World Directory of Medical Schools]] which was formed by the merger of the [[WHO Directory of Medical Schools|AVICENNA Directory for Medicine]] and the [[FAIMER]] [[International Medical Education Directory]].

== Africa ==
{{Main list|List of medical schools in Africa}}

By 2005 there were more than 100 medical schools across Africa, most of which had been established after 1970.<ref>{{cite book |title = Accreditation of medical education institutions. Report of a technical meeting. Schæffergården, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4–6 October 2004 |publisher = WHO-WFME Task Force on Accreditation |page = 2 |isbn = 92-4-159273-7 }}</ref>

=== Ghana ===
There are seven medical schools in Ghana: The University of Ghana Medical School in Accra, the KNUST School of Medical Sciences in Kumasi, University for Development Studies School of Medicine in Tamale, University of Cape Coast Medical School and the University of Allied Health Sciences in Ho, Volta Region, the private Accra College of Medicine,<ref>Accra College of Medicine, www.acm.edu.gh</ref> and Family Health University College(Accra), another private medical school.<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-08-01 |title=Medical and Dental Training Schools |url=https://www.mdcghana.org/medical-and-dental-training-schools/|access-date=2023-09-26 |website=Medical & Dental Council|location=Ghana|language=en-US }}</ref>

Basic Medical education lasts 6 years in all medical schools. Entry into these medical schools is highly competitive and it is usually based on successful completion of the Senior High School Examinations. The University of Ghana Medical School and the University of Cape Coast have, however, introduced a graduate entry medical program to admit students with mainly science-related degrees into a 4-year medical school program (four and half years for the University of Cape Coast).

Students graduating from any of these medical schools get the MBChB degree and the title "Dr". For the first 3 years, students are awarded BSc in the field of Medical Sciences from the University of Ghana medical school; and Human biology for KNUST and UDS medical schools.
The University of Ghana Medical School and KNUST School of Medical Sciences in Kumasi use a traditional medical education model whiles the University for Development Studies School of Medicine and School of Medical science of the University of Cape Coast use the [[problem-based learning]] model.

Medical graduates are then registered provisionally with the Medical and Dental Council (MDC) of Ghana as House Officers (Interns). Upon completion of the mandatory 2-year housemanship, these medical doctors are permanently registered with the MDC and can practice as medical officers (General Practitioners) anywhere in the country. The housemanship training is done only in hospitals accredited for such purposes by the Medical and Dental Council of Ghana.

Following the permanent registration with the Medical and Dental Council, doctors can specialize in any of the various fields that is organized by either the West African College of Physicians and Surgeons or the Ghana College of Physician and Surgeons.

Medical officers are also sometimes hired by the [[Ghana Health Service]] to work in the District/Rural areas as Primary Care Physicians.

===Kenya===
In Kenya, medical schools are faculties of a university. Medical education lasts for 6 years after which the student graduates with an undergraduate ([[MBChB]]) degree. This is followed by a mandatory 12-month full-time internship at an approved hospital after which one applies for registration with the [[Kenya Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board]] if they intend to practice medicine in the country. The first two years of medical school cover the basic medical (preclinical) sciences while the last four years are focused on the clinical sciences and internship.

Completion of formal specialty training in Kenya is followed by two years of supervised clinical work before one can apply for recognition as a specialist, in their respective field, by the medical board.

There are no medical school entry examinations or interviews and admission is based on the student's performance in the high school exit examination ([[Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education]] - KCSE). Students who took the [[Advanced Subsidiary level|AS Level]] or the [[SAT]] can also apply but there is a very strict quota limiting the number of students that get accepted into public universities. This quota does not apply to private universities.

{{Further | List of medical schools in Africa#Kenya}}

===Nigeria===
There are several medical schools in [[Nigeria]]. Entrance into these schools is highly competitive. Candidates graduating from high school must attain high scores on the West African Examination Council's (WAEC) [[West African Senior School Certificate Examination|Senior School Certificate Exam]] (SSCE/GCE) and high scores in five subjects (Physics, Mathematics, English, Chemistry, and Biology) in the University Matriculation Examination (UME). Students undergo rigorous training for 6 years and culminate with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS/MBChB). The undergraduate program is six years and one year of work experience in government hospitals. After medical school, graduates are mandated to spend one year of housemanship (internship) and one year of community service before they are eligible to be fully licensed by the Medical and Dental Council.
Candidates are required to score at least 280 in the UME. Though this score may vary due to different performances per year and it also depends on the college standards.

===South Africa===
{{See also|List of medical schools in South Africa}}
{{further|Healthcare in South Africa|:Category:Teaching hospitals in South Africa|Dental degree#South Africa}}
There are eleven medical schools in [[South Africa]], each under the auspices of a public university. As the country is a former British colony, most institutions follow the British-based undergraduate method of instruction, admitting students directly from high school into 6 or 5-year programs. Some universities such as the [[University of the Witwatersrand]] in Johannesburg have started offering [[Graduate Medical Program|post-graduate medical degrees]] that run concurrently with their undergraduate programs. In this instance, a student having completed an appropriate undergraduate degree with basic sciences can enter into a four-year postgraduate program.

South African medical schools award the [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery#South Africa|MB ChB]] degree, except the University of the Witwatersrand, which styles its degree [[MB BCh]]. Some universities allow students to earn an intercalated degree, completing a [[Bachelor's degree#Medical and health sciences|BSc (Medical)]] with an additional year of study after the second or third year of the MBChB. The University of Cape Town, in particular, has spearheaded a recent effort to increase the level of medical research training and exposure of medical students through an Intercalated [[Honours degree#South Africa|Honours]] Programme, with the option to extend this to a PhD.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Katz|first1=Arieh A|last2=Futter|first2=Merle|last3=Mayosi|first3=Bongani M|title=The intercalated BSc (Med) Honours/MB ChB and integrated MB ChB/PhD tracks at the University of Cape Town: Models for a national medical student research training programme|journal=South African Medical Journal|date=9 December 2013|volume=104|issue=2|pages=111–3|doi=10.7196/SAMJ.7639|doi-broken-date=25 May 2026 |pmid=24893538}}</ref>

Following successful completion of study, all South African medical graduates must complete a two-year internship as well as a further year of community service in order to register with the Health Professions Council and practice as a doctor in the country.

Specialisation is usually a five- to seven-year training process (depending on the specialty) requiring registering as a medical registrar attached to an academic clinical department in a large teaching hospital with appropriate examinations. The specialist qualification may be conferred as a Fellowship by the independent [[Colleges of Medicine of South Africa]] (CMSA), following British tradition, or as a [[master degree|Magisterial degree]] by the university (usually the M Med, [[Master of Medicine]], degree). The Medical schools and the CMSA also offer [[Higher Diploma]]s in many fields. Research degrees are the MMed and [[PhD]] or [[Doctor of Medicine#United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries|MD]], depending on the university.

Medical students from all over the world come to South Africa to gain practical experience in the country's many teaching hospitals and rural clinics. The language of instruction is English but a few indigenous languages are studied briefly. The [[University of the Free State]] has a parallel medium policy, meaning all English classes are also presented in Afrikaans, therefore students who choose to study in Afrikaans, do so separately from the English class.

===Sudan===
In [[Sudan]], a medical school is a faculty of a university. Medical school is usually 5–6 years, and by the end of the 5–6 years, the students acquire a bachelor's degree in Medicine and Surgery. Post graduating there is a mandatory one-year full-time internship at one of the universities or Government Teaching hospitals in the four major Specialty in 3 months rotation, then a license is issued after a written exam conducted by the Sudan medical council (SMC).

During the first 3–4 years the curriculum is completed, and throughout the next 2 years it is repeated with clinical training. Students with high grades in high school are accepted for free in Government Universities. Private faculty accept low grades than governmental faculty but their grades still high. Students who take foreign examinations other than the Sudanese High School Examination are also accepted in Universities, students taking IGCSE/SATs and other Arabian countries.
All medical students who want to be enrolled in an internship program should undergo registration under the Sudanese Medical Council. Postgraduate training is conducted by Sudan medical specialisation board (SMSB) and the degree obtained is [[Doctor of Medicine|medical doctor]] (MD). The duration of training varies from 4–6 years depend on the scientific Council of the specific speciality.

===Tanzania===
In [[Tanzania]], medical school is a school within a university or can be an independent university dealing with health related courses only affiliated with a large sized hospital. Medical education lasts for 5 years after which the student graduates with an undergraduate (MD) degree. This is followed by a mandatory 12-month full-time internship at an approved hospital after which one applies for registration with the Medical Council of Tanzania (MCT) if they intend to practice medicine in the country. The first two years of medical school cover the Bio medical sciences or simply basic (pre-clinical) sciences while the last three years are focused on the clinical sciences.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

There are no medical school entry examinations or interviews and admission is based on students' performance in the high school exit examination (Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education Examination - ACSEE). Alternatively are student who took diploma in clinical medicine with an average of G.P.A 3.5 distinction who have very few seats.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Uganda===
{{Main|Medical school in Uganda}}
{{As of|2017|4}}, there are nine accredited medical schools in [[Uganda]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://umdpc.com/resources.php |title=Resources |publisher=Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> Training leading to the award of the degree of [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] ([[MBChB]]) lasts five years, if there are no re-takes. After graduating, a year of internship in a hospital designated for that purpose, under the supervision of a specialist in that discipline is required before an unrestricted license to practice medicine and surgery is granted by the Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council (UMDPC).

There is Postgraduate training such as the degree of [[Master of Medicine]] ([[MMed]]) which is a three-year programme, available at [[Makerere University School of Medicine]] in several disciplines. [[Makerere University School of Public Health]], offers the degree of [[Master of Public Health]] (MPH) following a 22-month period of study, which includes field work.<ref>[http://www.healthtraining.org/schools/kampala.php Healthtraining.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501173319/http://www.healthtraining.org/schools/kampala.php |date=2010-05-01 }}, MPH Degree Requirements at Makerere</ref>

===Zimbabwe===
In [[Zimbabwe]], there are three medical schools is offering Medical degrees. For undergrads, these are University of Zimbabwe - College of Health Sciences {MBChB}, National University of Science and Technology (NUST) Medical school {MBBS} and Midlands State University (MSU) {MBChB}. Only UZ is offering postgrad degrees in the Medical faculty.

Training lasts {{frac|5|1|2}} years. The curriculum is as follows:
* Part 1 (1 year) – Biochemistry, Communication Skills for Academic Purposes, Anatomy, Physiology and Behavioral Sciences. Professional exams are written in the first two and failure to attain a pass in Biochemistry warranties a repeat of first year.
* Part 2 (1 year) – Communication Skills for Professional Purposes, Anatomy, Physiology, Behavioral Sciences. Professional exams are written at the end of second year and failure to attain a passmark in any of the last three courses on the list warranties a repeat of the year. Communication Skills can be carried to the next year, but the student should pass the course before graduation.
* Part 3 (1.5 years) – Pathology (Histopathology), Medical Microbiology, Chemical Pathology, Hematology, Forensic Pathology, Immunology and Toxicology. A professional exam is written at the end of the third year and the student has to pass to proceed. There are also surgery and medicine rotations during the year. Also, the students cover most of the basic Pharmacology during the third stage of the degrees.
* Part 4 (1 year) – Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Clinical Pharmacology
* Part 5 (1 year) – Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics

Internships are two years in duration, with the first year spent in medicine and surgery and the second year doing pediatrics, anesthesia/psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology. Thereafter one can apply for MMED at the university which last 4–5 years depending on specialty. Currently no subspecialist education is available.

=== Zambia ===
Zambia has several institutions offering medical education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The country's medical schools operate under the oversight of the Health Professions Council of Zambia (HPCZ), which regulates training, accreditation, and licensing of medical practitioners.

Medical education in Zambia typically follows a six-year MBChB program, which includes pre-clinical and clinical phases, followed by a mandatory one-year internship at a recognized hospital. Graduates must register with the HPCZ to practice as medical doctors.

The University of Zambia School of Medicine in Lusaka, established in 1966, was the country's first medical school. Since then, several other public and private institutions have emerged to meet the growing demand for medical professionals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Medical Education in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.sap2.org.ar/i2/archivos/2079.pdf}}</ref>

Notable medical universities in Zambia include:

* [[University of Zambia School of Medicine|University of Zambia School of Medicine (UNZA–SoM)]] – Lusaka
* [[Copperbelt University School of Medicine|Copperbelt University School of Medicine (CBU–SoM)]] – Ndola
* [[Texila American University Zambia|Texila American University Zambia (TAU–Z)]] – Lusaka
* [[Levy Mwanawasa Medical University|Levy Mwanawasa Medical University (LMMU)]] – Lusaka
* [[Lusaka Apex Medical University|Lusaka Apex Medical University (LAMU)]] – Lusaka

Medical students undergo intensive academic and clinical training in affiliated teaching hospitals. Upon graduation and completion of internship, they may pursue postgraduate specialization within Zambia or abroad, through recognized programs such as Master of Medicine (MMed) and Doctor of Medicine (MD).

==Asia and Oceania==
===Australia===
{{see also|Medical education in Australia}}
Historically, [[List of medical schools in Australia|Australian medical schools]] have followed the British tradition by conferring the degrees of [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS) to its graduates whilst reserving the title of Doctor of Medicine (MD) for their research training degree, analogous to the [[PhD]], or for their [[honorary doctorates]]. Although the majority of Australian MBBS degrees have been graduate programs since the 1990s, under the previous [[Australian Qualifications Framework]] (AQF) they remained categorised as Level 7 Bachelor degrees together with other undergraduate programs.

The latest version of the AQF includes the new category of Level 9 Master's (Extended) degrees which permits the use of the term 'Doctor' in the styling of the degree title of relevant professional programs. As a result, various Australian medical schools have replaced their MBBS degrees with the MD to resolve the previous anomalous nomenclature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amc.org.au/joomla-files/images/Accreditation/MD-Program-Template-for-medical-schools-proposing-a-Level-9-Extended-December-2012.pdf|title=Additional areas for consideration for accredited education providers proposing implementation of a Masters Degree (Extended) level primary medical degree|publisher=[[Australian Medical Council]]|access-date=4 July 2014|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307144411/http://www.amc.org.au/joomla-files/images/Accreditation/MD-Program-Template-for-medical-schools-proposing-a-Level-9-Extended-December-2012.pdf }}</ref> With the introduction of the Master's level MD, universities have also renamed their previous medical research doctorates. The [[University of Melbourne]] was the first to introduce the MD in 2011 as a basic medical degree, and has renamed its research degree to Doctor of Medical Science (DMedSc).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medicine.unimelb.edu.au/study-here/md |title=Doctor of Medicine (MD) |publisher=University of Melbourne |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=4 July 2014}}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
{{See also|List of medical colleges in Bangladesh}}
In [[Bangladesh]], admission to medical colleges is organized by the Governing Body of [[University of Dhaka]]. A single admission test is held for government and private colleges. Due to the highly competitive nature of these exams, the total number of applicants across the country is around 78 times the number of students accepted.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Admission is based on the entrance examination, as well as students' individual academic records.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

The entrance examination has a time limit of one hour. 100 marks are allocated based on objective questions, in which the mark allocation is distributed between a variety of subjects. Biology questions carry 30 marks, Chemistry carries 25, Physics carries 20, English carries 15, and general knowledge carries 10.

Additionally, students' previous SSC (Secondary School Certificate) scores carry up to 75 and HSC (Higher Secondary School Certificate) scores carry up to 125 marks towards the overall examination result.

English students prepare themselves for the admission exam ahead of time. This is because as the [[GCSE]] and [[A-Level]] exams do not cover parts of the Bangladesh syllabus.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

The undergraduate program consists of five years study, followed by a one-year internship. The degrees granted are Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ([[Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery|MBBS]]). Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained in the form of Diplomas or Degrees (MS or MD), [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]] and FCPS (Fellowship of the College of Physicians and Surgeons).

The [[University of Dhaka]] launched {{when|date=July 2016}} a new BSc in "Radiology and Imaging Technology," offering 30 students the opportunity to contribute towards their entrance exam grade. For students who have passed the HSC, this course contributes towards 25% of the mark. The course contributes up to 75% for Diploma-holding students. The duration of the course is four years (plus 12 weeks for project submission). The course covers a variety of topics, including behavioural science, radiological ethics, imaging physics and general procedure.

===Cambodia===
After six years of general medical education (a foundation year + 5 years), all students will graduate with a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSc) (''បរិញ្ញាប័ត្រ វិទ្យាសាស្រ្តវេជ្ជសាស្ត្រ''). This degree does not allow graduates to work independently as Physician, but it is possible for those who wish to continue to master's degrees in other fields relating to medical sciences such as Public Health, Epidemiology, Biomedical Science, Nutrition.

Medical graduates, who wish to be fully qualified as physicians or specialists must meet these conditions:

* General Practitioner's (GP) course is 8 years (BMedSc + 2-year internship). Clinical rotation in the internship is modulated within 4 main disciplines (general medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics). The medical degree awarded is the Doctor of Medicine (MD) (''សញ្ញាប័ត្រ វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិត''), equivalent to a master's degree.
* After graduating with BMedSc; any students, who wishes to enter Residency Training Programs, are required to sit for a rigorous and Entrance Exam. The duration of residency programs lasts from 3 to 4 years after BMedSc (BMedSc + 3–4 years of specialization). Once the graduates, after successful defense of their practicum thesis, are officially awarded the Degree of Specialized Doctor (MD-with specialization) (''សញ្ញាប័ត្រវេជ្ជបណ្ឌិតឯកទេស'') "Professional Doctorate".

All Medical graduates must complete a thesis defense and pass the national exit exam (''ប្រឡងចេញថ្នាក់ជាតិក្នុងវិស័យសុខាភិបាល'') to become a GP or a medical or surgical specialist.

===China===
{{See also|List of medical schools in China}}
[[File:West Gate of Peking University Health Science Center 2.jpg|thumb|[[Peking University Health Science Center]]]]Medical education in [[China]] is offered through several distinct pathways, reflecting ongoing reforms to balance quality with the demand for healthcare workers.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Tie |first1=Hongtao |last2=Luo |first2=Yuxiang |last3=Chen |first3=Dan |date=2024-12-31 |title=Thinkings on the reform of medical education system in China |journal=Medical Education Online |volume=29 |issue=1 |article-number=2302677 |doi=10.1080/10872981.2024.2302677 |issn=1087-2981 |pmc=10783844 |pmid=39611706}}</ref>

The most common program is a 5-year [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine]] (often referred to as a Bachelor of Clinical Medicine), which includes classroom study and clinical rotations. Graduates typically must complete an additional three years of national Standardized [[Residency (medicine)|Residency Training]] (SRT) to practice independently.<ref name=":5" />

To streamline training, China also offers 5+3 programs (five years of undergraduate study plus three years of SRT, awarding a Master of Medicine) and 8-year programs (a continuous track leading to a [[Doctor of Philosophy]]). A more selective 4+4 program exists for graduates of other disciplines seeking a medical degree, modeled on [[North America|North American]] systems.<ref name=":5" /> China's medical education reform in the 21st century has focused on standardization through the three/five/eight principle for medical schools and the five+three+X model for postgraduate training, though challenges remain including talent loss to longer programs and repetitive clinical training.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ling |first1=Tianlong |last2=Shen |first2=Yuguang |last3=Zhang |first3=Yuanruohan |last4=Tang |first4=Jian |last5=Zhao |first5=Enhao |date=2024-12-24 |title=Medical Education Reform in China in the 21st Century: A Literature Review |journal=Advances in Medical Education and Practice |language=English |volume=15 |pages=1313–1324 |doi=10.2147/AMEP.S489903 |doi-access=free |pmc=11681804 |pmid=39734782}}</ref>

Despite these options, China's system faces challenges, including training pathways of varying lengths (from three to over eleven years), inequality in degrees awarded for similar training periods, and a mismatch where promotion often favors [[research]] skills over [[Clinical medicine|clinical]] competence. Reforms currently emphasize shortening total training time, better integrating SRT with postgraduate degrees, and increasing [[remuneration]] for trainees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tie |first1=Hongtao |last2=Luo |first2=Yuxiang |last3=Chen |first3=Dan |date=2024-12-31 |title=Thinkings on the reform of medical education system in China |journal=Medical Education Online |volume=29 |issue=1 |article-number=2302677 |doi=10.1080/10872981.2024.2302677 |issn=1087-2981 |pmc=10783844 |pmid=39611706}}</ref>

China offers a six-year [[English-medium education|English-medium]] [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS) program for international students, established in 2007 and currently authorized at 44 higher education institutions. While students report general satisfaction with the quality of education, challenges include [[Language barrier|language barriers]] in clinical settings, low admission thresholds, and insufficient curriculum integration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Zheng |date=2025-04-10 |title=The bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery program for international students in China: policies, assessments and challenges |journal=Frontiers in Medicine |language=English |volume=12 |article-number=1553628 |doi=10.3389/fmed.2025.1553628 |doi-access=free |issn=2296-858X |pmc=12018422 |pmid=40276741}}</ref> Studies have found that Chinese medical schools offering English-medium MBBS programs face significant challenges with faculty [[EF English Proficiency Index|English proficiency]], as some teachers lack adequate English skills for effective interaction with culturally diverse students, relying heavily on [[Powerpoint presentation|PowerPoint presentations]] without exhaustive explanation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Zheng |date=2025-04-10 |title=The bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery program for international students in China: policies, assessments and challenges |journal=Frontiers in Medicine |volume=12 |article-number=1553628 |doi=10.3389/fmed.2025.1553628 |doi-access=free |issn=2296-858X |pmc=12018422 |pmid=40276741}}</ref> English-medium instruction in Chinese medical schools is valued for providing access to global medical knowledge and research opportunities, while also preparing graduates to return to their home countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tsui |first1=Jonathan Jenkin |last2=Li |first2=Evelyn Yiyin |last3=Xie |first3=Cecilia Sicong |last4=Zhu |first4=Zhouyu |last5=Yin |first5=Xin |last6=Tsui |first6=Ban Chi-Ho |last7=Siu |first7=Alice Kwai-Yee |date=2026-05-04 |title=Bridging language gaps: a study of linguistic transfer perceptions among Chinese medical students in an English-medium instruction program |journal=Frontiers in Medicine |volume=13 |article-number=1798909 |doi=10.3389/fmed.2026.1798909 |doi-access=free |issn=2296-858X |pmc=13180615 |pmid=42158136}}</ref>

===Fiji===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Fiji}}
Medical education is normally a six-year Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degree, including a one-year of trainee internship (or clinical rotation, during which students are actively involved in patient care) before the final degree is awarded. Students who graduate from medical school must complete an year of graduate training in a government hospital, after which they are eligible to practice medicine.

There are two accredited medical schools in Fiji:
*[[Fiji National University]], College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences (Formerly, Fiji School of Medicine).
*[[University of Fiji]], Umanand Prasad School Medicine and Health Sciences.

Clinical specialization usually involves a three-year master's degree. Acceptance into Medical School is based on the Fiji Year 13 Certificate Examination used for all universities. In all over Fiji, the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) Degree courses have been always taught in English medium.

===Hong Kong===
{{Main|Medical education in Hong Kong}}

[[File:The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine 1.jpg|thumb|[[Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine]] at the [[University of Hong Kong]], among the oldest western medicine schools in the [[Far East]]]]
In [[Hong Kong]], medical programmes are [[bachelor's degree]]s with a usual duration of six years, leading to the degrees of [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Students are eligible upon graduating secondary school, and sitting the local [[Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination]] (HKDSE) ([[JUPAS]] candidates) or other international examinations such as the [[International Baccalaureate]] and [[GCE A-Level]] (non-JUPAS candidates).

There are two medical schools in Hong Kong:

* [[Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine]], [[University of Hong Kong]] (HKU)
* [[CUHK Faculty of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine]], [[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]] (CUHK)

Both medical faculties are also the sole two institutes offering [[pharmacy]] programmes. Meanwhile, other healthcare programmes (like [[nursing]]) can also be found in universities which do not host a medical faculty.

The CUHK Faculty of Medicine offers the Dynamic Year 2 (DY2) option, which allows high-achieving students who have acquired a certain minimum level in relevant academic qualifications to be admitted directly to Year 2.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=DY2 |url=https://www.med.cuhk.edu.hk/study/prospective-students/undergraduate-study/programme-and-admission/mbchb-and-gps/admissions/dy2 |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong}}</ref>

Prior to the introduction of the HKDSE in 2012, both medical programmes had a duration of five years for students taking the [[Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination|Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (HKALE)]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Admission to a medical program is highly competitive as the number of intakes each year is limited. As of 2024, the first year intake of each program is 295 (590 in total).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=JS4501 Medicine (MBChB) Programme |url=https://www.jupas.edu.hk/en/programme/cuhk/JS4501/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Joint University Programmes Admissions System (JUPAS)}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=JS6456 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery |url=https://www.jupas.edu.hk/en/programme/hku/JS6456/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Joint University Programmes Admissions System (JUPAS)}}</ref> Hence, candidates need to attain an excellent examination result and good performance in interviews. The schools put a great emphasis on students' languages (both Chinese and English) and communication skills as they need to communicate with other healthcare professionals and patients or their families in the future.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

During their studies at the medical schools, students need to accumulate enough clinical practicing hours in addition before their graduation.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

To obtain full registration as registered medical practitioners, medical graduates must undertake and complete at least one year of supervised practice in approved hospitals, generally known as an [[Internship (medicine)|internship]], with satisfactory performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Registration of Medical Practitioners: Registration Requirements |url=https://www.mchk.org.hk/english/registration/full_registration.html |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=The Medical Council of Hong Kong}}</ref> During this year, interns (house officers) are rotated to four specialties (medicine, surgery, and two of the following: [[obstetrics and gynaecology]], [[paediatrics]], [[orthopaedics]] and [[traumatology]], [[emergency medicine]], [[psychiatry]], and [[ophthalmology]]). Each of them lasts three months. There is no work hour limit in Hong Kong and interns are expected to work 80–100 hours per week.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===India===
{{Main|Medical college in India}}

{{See also|List of medical colleges in India|l1=List of medical Colleges in India}}
[[File:AIIMS -New Delhi's Ward Block.jpg|thumb|[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]], India.]]
In India, admission to medical colleges is organized by the central government by [[National Testing Agency|NTA]] (National Testing Agency) through tests known as [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]] [[entrance examination]]. Students who have successfully completed their 10+2 (Physics, Chemistry and Biology Marks are considered and PCB is mandatory) education (higher secondary school) can appear for the tests the same year.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET-UG]] (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) for filling up of 15% of total [[MBBS]] seats in India, conducted by [[National Testing Agency|NTA]] (National Testing Agency) 1 time in a year in the month of May intakes about only 65,000 students out of a total applicants of over 15,00,000.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/number-of-2019-neet-aspirants-increases-by-2-lakh-to-a-record-15-lakh/articleshow/67069274.cms#aoh=15775986823599&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s |title=Number of 2019 NEET aspirants increases by 2 lakh to a record 15 lakh |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 December 2018 |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court Of India]] has mandated the necessity of [[entrance examination]] based upon multiple choice questions and negative marking for wrong answers with subsequent merit over 50% for selection into MBBS as well as higher medical education. The entrance exams are highly [[competitive]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The graduate program consists of three professionals consisting of 9 semesters, followed by one-year internship (rotating housemanship). The degree granted is Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ([[Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery|MBBS]]) of five years and six months.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The graduate degree of MBBS is divided into three professionals, with each professional ending with a professional exam conducted by the [[university]] (a single university may have up to dozens of medical colleges offering various graduate/post-graduate/[[post-doctoral]] degrees). After clearing this the student moves into the next professional. Each professional exam consists of a theory exam and a practical exam conducted not only by the same college but also external examiners. The exams are tough and many students are unable to clear them, thereby prolonging their degree time. The first professional is for 1 year and includes preclinical subjects, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. The second professional is for {{frac|1|1|2}} years and has subjects pathology, pharmacology, microbiology (including immunology) and forensic medicine. Clinical exposure starts in the second professional. The third professional is divided into two parts. Part 1 consists of ophthalmology, [[otorhinolaryngology|ENT]], and PSM ([[preventive care|preventive and social medicine]]) and part 2 consists of general-medicine (including dermatology, psychiatry as short subjects), general surgery (including radiology, anaesthesiology and orthopaedics as short subjects) and pediatrics and gynaecology and obstetrics. This is followed by one-year of [[internship]] ([[Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship|house-surgeonship]]). After internship, the degree of MBBS is awarded by the respective university. Some states have made rural service compulsory for a certain period of time after MBBS.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Selection for higher medical education is through [[entrance examination]]s as mandated by the [[Supreme Court Of India]]. Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained as [[Post-graduate]] [[Diploma]] of two years residency or [[Doctoral]] [[academic degree|Degree]] ([[Master of Surgery|MS]]: Master of Surgery, or [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]]) of three years of residency under the aegis of the Medical Council of India. The MD/MS seats in India are filled up through NEET PG Examination conducted by the [[National Board of Examinations]] (NBE) under the supervision of the Directorate General Of Health Services. Theses/Dissertations are mandatory to be submitted and cleared by university along with examinations (written and clinicals) to obtain MD/MS degree. Further sub-speciality [[post-doctoral]] qualification (DM - [[Doctorate of Medicine]], or [[MCh]] - Magister of Chirurgery) of three years of residency followed by university examinations may also be obtained.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mciindia.org/ |title=Medical Council of India: Home Page |access-date=2021-03-20 |archive-date=2009-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091103231727/http://www.mciindia.org/ }}</ref>

PG (post-graduate) qualification is equivalent to MD/MS, consisting of two/three-years residency after [[MBBS]]. A PG diploma may also be obtained through the National Board of Examinations (NBE), which also offers three-years residency for sub-specialisation. All degrees by NBE are called DNB ([[Diplomate of National Board]]). DNB's are awarded only after clearance of theses/dissertations and examinations. DNBs equivalent to DM/MCh have to clear examinations mandatorily.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://natboard.nic.in/ |title=Natboard.nic.in |access-date=2005-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330030921/http://www.natboard.nic.in/ |archive-date=2009-03-30 }}</ref>

===Indonesia===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Indonesia|l1=List of medical schools in Indonesia}}
[[File:Medstudentindonesia.jpg|thumb|A group of Indonesian medical students at [[Trisakti University]] trains with an obstetric mannequin]]
In [[Indonesia]], high school graduates who aspires to enroll in public medical schools must apply to medicine undergraduate program available in certain public universities. Most common ways to apply to public universities are SNBP (Achievement-based National Selection, {{langx|id|Seleksi Nasional Berdasarkan Prestasi}}, organized without test, using high school evaluation reports) and [[SNBT]] (Test-Based National Selection, {{langx|id|Seleksi Nasional Berdasarkan Tes}}, organized with test), both administered by Institution of Higher Education Admissions Test under The Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. Another way with fewer places are available through entrance exam conducted autonomously by each university (known as independent admission). These admissions are highly competitive for medicine, especially in prestigious institutions such as [[University of Indonesia]] in Jakarta, [[Airlangga University]] in Surabaya, and [[Gadjah Mada University]] in Yogyakarta. For private medical schools, almost all places offer seats through independently run admission tests.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The standard Indonesian medical school curriculum is six years long. The four years long undergraduate program is composed mainly of classroom education, continued with the last two years in professional program which primarily includes rotations in clinical settings where students learn patient care firsthand. If they pass the undergraduate program, they will be granted the title "S.Ked" (Bachelor of Medicine) and if they finish the professional program and pass the national examination arranged by IDI (Indonesian Medical Association) they will become general physician and be assigned the prefix, "dr. (doctor)".{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Upon graduation, a physician planning to become a specialist in a specific field of medicine must complete a [[Residency (medicine)|residency]], which is a supervised training with periods ranging from three to four years. A physician who sub-specializes or who desires more supervised experience may complete a [[fellowship (medicine)|fellowship]], which is an additional one to three years of supervised training in his/her area of expertise.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Japan===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Japan}}
In Japan, medical schools are faculties of universities and thus they are undergraduate programs that generally last for six years. Admission is based on an exam taken at the end of high school and an entrance exam at the university itself, which is the most competitive.

Medical students study Liberal Arts and Sciences for the first 1–2 years, which include Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, and Foreign Languages, followed by 2 years of Basic Medicine (Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, Immunology), Clinical Medicine, [[Public health]], and [[Forensics]].

Medical students train at the University Hospital for the last two years. Clinical training is a part of the curriculum. Upon completion of the graduation examination, students are awarded an MD Medical graduates are titled as Doctor, as are PhD holders. The university does have an MD/PhD program that enables Doctors of Medicine to become PhD holders, as well.

At the end, Medical students take the National Medical License examination and, if they pass it, become a Physician and register in the record in the [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]]. The scope of this exam encompasses every aspect of medicine.

===Kyrgyzstan===
In [[Kyrgyzstan]], the government university Kyrgyz State Medical Academy offers 6 years duration undergraduate (bachelor's degree) program whereas the other institutions mostly private such as the International School of Medicine at the International University of Kyrgyzstan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iuk-ism-kg.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905213007/http://www.iuk-ism-kg.com/|title=International School of Medicine|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 5, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://iuk-ism.mega.kg IUK-ISM.MEGA.kg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209004430/http://iuk-ism.mega.kg/ |date=2010-02-09 }}</ref> offers a five-year medical program, with a requisite for English knowledge, that is recognized by the [[World Health Organization]], the [[General Medical Council]], and [[UNESCO]]. The medical school is also partnered with the [[University of South Florida|University of South Florida School of Medicine]], the [[University of Heidelberg]] (Germany), the Novosibirsk Medical University (Russia), and the [[University of Sharjah]] (UAE).

Other medical schools located in Kyrgyzstan include the 5 years duration MD/MBBS undergraduate degree program at International University of Science and Business or Mezhdunarodnyy Universitet Nauki i Biznesa, Kyrgyzstan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://munib.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313043233/http://munib.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 13, 2016|title=munib.org|website=munib.org}}</ref> others are the [[Asian Medical Institute, Kyrgyzstan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ami.edu.kg/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204130720/http://ami.edu.kg/|title=Affordable MBBS Study at Asian Medical institute in Kyrgyzstan|archive-date=December 4, 2009|website=Asmikg}}</ref> and the [[Medical Institute, Osh State University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oshmed.com/ |title=Medical Institute, Osh State University |access-date=2009-12-02 |archive-date=2007-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008165853/http://www.oshmed.com/ }}</ref>

===Macau===
[[Macau University of Science and Technology]]
offers the only Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery undergraduate clinical medicine program in Macau.

===Malaysia===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Malaysia|l1=List of medical schools in Malaysia}}
In Malaysia, getting into medical school is regarded as difficult, due to high fees and a rigorous selection process.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} Some new medical schools do offer a foundation in medicine course before admission into a full-time medical programme. Most government, and some private medical schools offer MD, and others mostly offer MBBS degrees.

===Myanmar===
{{See also|List of medical schools#Myanmar|l1=List of medical schools in Myanmar}}
[[File:Panorama view of Lanmadaw campus.jpg|thumb|upright=2|A panoramic view of Lanmadaw Campus]]
As of 2015, there are six medical institutions in [[Myanmar]] - UM 1, UM 2, DSMA, UM Mdy, UM Mgy and the newly established UMTG.
Myanmar medical schools are government-funded and require Myanmar citizenship for eligibility. No private medical school exist at this moment. In [[Myanmar]], admission to medical colleges is organized under the Department of Health Science, which is the branch of Ministry of Health and Sport of Myanmar.

A student can join one of the six medical universities of Myanmar if he gets the highest scores in the science combination of the matriculation examination. This exam is highly competitive. Entrance is solely based on this examination and academic records have very minor consequences on an application. The undergraduate program is five years plus one year for work experience in government hospitals. After medical school, Myanmar medical graduates are under contract to spend one year of internship and three years of tenure in rural areas before they are eligible for most residency positions. The degree granted is Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ([[Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery|MBBS]]). Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained as a degree (MMedSc) and (DrMedSc).

===Nepal===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Asia#Nepal|l1=List of medical schools in Nepal}}
As of 2020, Nepal had 23 medical schools (6 public and 17 private).
<ref name = Sigdel>{{cite journal
|title = Medical Education in Nepal: Impact and Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic
|last1=Sigdel|first1=Shailendra|last2=Ozaki|first2=Akihiko|last3=Dhakal|first3=Rachana|last4=Pradhan|first4=Bishwas|last5=Tanimoto|first5=Tetsuya
|journal = [[Academic Medicine (journal)|Academic Medicine]]
|date = March 2021
|volume =96
|issue =3
|pages = 340–342
|doi = 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003888|pmid= 33332910
|s2cid= 229318030
|doi-access=free}}</ref> Medical studies start at undergraduate level and are taught by mostly Indian and Nepalese faculty.<ref name = Shankar/> Studies typically take four and a half years followed by a one-year internship.<ref name = Shankar/> Graduates are conferred the [[MBBS]] degree.<ref name = Shankar/> Scholarships are provided to between 10 and 20% of students.<ref name = Shankar>{{cite journal
|title= Undergraduate medical education in Nepal: one size fits all
|author = Shankar PR
|journal = Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions
|date = 1 Oct 2011
|volume = 8
|issue = 9
|page = 9
|doi =10.3352/jeehp.2011.8.9
|pmid= 22025935
|pmc = 3195801
}}</ref> Upon graduation, scholarship students have to serve in health facilities in rural Nepal for two years after graduation.<ref name = Shankar/> In turn, self financing students tend to come from upper socioeconomic status due to the high cost of medical education in Nepal<ref name = Shankar/>

There are four main medical bodies in Nepal:{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
* [[Tribhuvan University]] (own college: [[Institute of Medicine, Nepal|Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj]], affiliated colleges: [[National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal|National Medical College]], [[Janaki Medical College]], [[Universal College of Medical Sciences]], Gandaki Medical College, Chitwan Medical College, Kist Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Science)
* [[Kathmandu University]] (own college: [[Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences]] (KUSMS), Affiliated colleges: [[Manipal College of Medical Sciences]], [[Kathmandu Medical College]], [[Nepal Medical College]], [[Nepalgunj Medical College]], [[College of Medical Sciences]], Nobel Medical College, Lumbini Medical College, Birat Medical College, Devdaha Medical College)
* [[B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences]].
* [[Patan Academy of Health Sciences]]

The Medical Education Commission was established in 2017 with the goal of improving the quality of medical education in Nepal.<ref name = Sigdel/> [[Nepal Medical Council]] (NMC) was established in 2020 with the primary role of registering qualified doctors.<ref name =nmc>{{cite web|url=https://nmc.org.np/ |title=|| Nepal Medical Council || |publisher=Nmc.org.np |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref>

===New Zealand===
{{See also|List of medical schools#New Zealand|l1=List of medical schools in New Zealand}}
[[File:Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland.jpg|thumb|Auckland School of Medicine]]
[[File:Uni of Otago medical school.jpg|thumb|Otago School of Medicine]]
[[New Zealand]] medical programs are undergraduate-entry programs of six years duration. Students are considered for acceptance only after a year of undergraduate basic sciences or, as alternative, following the completion of a bachelor's degree. There are two main medical schools in New Zealand: the [[University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences|University of Auckland]] and the [[University of Otago Dunedin School of Medicine|University of Otago]]. Each of these has subsidiary medical schools such as Otago's [[University of Otago Wellington School of Medicine|Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences]] and Auckland's [[University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences#Waikato Clinical School|Waikato Clinical School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Our history - The University of Auckland |url=https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/fmhs/about-the-faculty/our-faculty/our-history.html |website=www.auckland.ac.nz |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>

The first year of the medical degree is the basic sciences year, which comprises study in chemistry, biology, physics, and biochemistry as well as population health and behavioural sciences. The following two years are spent studying human organ systems and pathological processes in more detail as well as professional and communication development. Toward the end of the third year, students begin direct contact with patients in hospital settings.

The clinical years begin fully at the beginning of year 4, where students rotate through various areas of general clinical medicine with rotation times varying from between two and six weeks. Year 5 continues this pattern, focusing more on specialized areas of medicine and surgery. Final medical school exams (exit exams) are actually held at the end of year 5, which is different from most other countries, where final exams are held near the very end of the medical degree. Final exams must be passed before the student is allowed to enter year 6.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/study/study-options/find-a-study-option/bachelor-of-medicine-and-bachelor-of-surgery-mbchb.html|title=Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery - The University of Auckland|website=www.auckland.ac.nz|language=en|access-date=2018-02-28}}</ref>

The final year (Year 6) of medical school is known as the "Trainee Intern" year, wherein a student is known as a "Trainee Intern" (commonly referred to in the hospitals as a "T.I."). Trainee interns repeat most rotations undertaken in years 4 and 5 but at a higher level of involvement and responsibility for patient care.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2010/vol-123-no-1318/special-series-tweed|title=How the trainee intern year can ease the transition from undergraduate education to postgraduate practice - New Zealand Medical Journal|website=www.nzma.org.nz|access-date=2018-02-28|archive-date=2018-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104125/https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2010/vol-123-no-1318/special-series-tweed}}</ref> Trainee interns receive a stipend grant from the New Zealand government (not applicable for international students). At the current time, this is $NZ 26,756/year (about $US 18,500).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tec.govt.nz/funding/funding-and-performance/funding/fund-finder/medical-trainee-intern-grant/|title=Medical Trainee Intern Grant|website=Tertiary Education Commission|date=19 September 2016|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-02-28}}</ref> Trainee interns have responsibility under supervision for the care of about one-third the patient workload of a junior doctor. However, all prescriptions and most other orders (e.g., radiology requests and charting of IV fluids) made by trainee interns must be countersigned by a registered doctor.

New Zealand medical schools currently award the degrees of [[Bachelor of Medicine|Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBChB).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz/en/faculty/for/future-undergraduates/undergraduate-study-options.html|title=Undergraduate study options - The University of Auckland|website=www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz|access-date=2018-02-28}}</ref>

Upon completion of the sixth year, students go on to become "House Officers," also known as "House Surgeons" for 1–2 years where they rotate through specialities in the first year and then begin to narrow down to what they'd like to do for speciality training in the second year. After 2 years of house officer work they apply to get into a training scheme and start to train towards the speciality.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.mytuition.nz/high-school/a-guide-to-studying-medicine-in-new-zealand#step4|title=A guide to studying medicine in NZ|last=MyTuition|access-date=2018-02-28|language=en-NZ}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
{{Main|Medical school in Pakistan}}

[[File:'Pakistan'-KE Med Univ-Sep 2016 (8).jpg|thumb|[[King Edward Medical University]], fourth oldest medical school in South Asia]]
In Pakistan a medical school is more often referred to as a medical college. A medical college is affiliated with a university as a department. There are however several medical universities and medical institutes with their own medical colleges. All medical colleges and universities are regulated by the respective provincial department of health. They however have to be recognized after meeting a set criteria by a central regulatory authority called [[Pakistan Medical and Dental Council]] (PMDC) in [[Islamabad]]. There are almost equal number of government and private medical colleges and universities, with their number exceeding 50. Admission to a government medical college is highly competitive. Entrance into the medical colleges is based on merit under the guidelines of PMDC. Both the academic performance at the college (high school, grades 11–12) level and an entrance test like MCAT are taken into consideration for the eligibility to enter most of the medical colleges. After successfully completing five years of academic and clinical training in the medical college and affiliated teaching hospitals the graduates are awarded a [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] ([[MBBS]]) degree. The graduates are then eligible to apply for a medical license from the PMDC. A house job of one-year duration is mandatory in a teaching hospital after completing five years of academic and clinical training in the medical college.

===Philippines===
{{Main|List of medical schools in the Philippines|Medical education in the Philippines}}

The Dominicans, under the Spanish Government, established the oldest medical school in the Philippines in 1871, known as the [[University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery|Faculty of Medicine and Surgery]] (at that time was one with the [[University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy]], also considered the oldest pharmacy school in the Philippines) of the [[Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas]] in Intramuros, Manila.

Medical education in the Philippines became widespread under the [[United States|American]] administration. The Americans, led by the insular government's Secretary of the Interior, [[Dean Worcester]], built the [[University of the Philippines College of Medicine]] and Surgery in 1905. By 1909, nursing instruction was also begun at the Philippine Normal School.

At present there are a number of medical schools in the Philippines, notable examples include the [[University of the Philippines College of Medicine]], [[Our Lady of Fatima University]], [[Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation]], [[Saint Louis University International School of Medicine]], [[De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute]], [[University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery]], [[Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila]], [[UERMMMC College of Medicine]], [[Cebu Doctors' University]], [[Cebu Institute of Medicine]], [[Southwestern University - Matias H. Aznar Memorial College of Medicine Inc.]], [[West Visayas State University]] in Iloilo City, and [[University of Northern Philippines]] in Vigan.

In 1994, the [[Ateneo de Zamboanga University-School of Medicine]], then known as Zamboanga Medical School Foundation was established. By 2003, it became the first medical school in the country to offer a double degree program leading to the degrees [[Doctor of Medicine]] and [[Master of Public Health]].

Any college graduate may apply for medical school given that they satisfy the requirements set by the institutions. There is also a test known as the [[National Medical Admission Test (Philippines)|National Medical Admission Test]] or NMAT. Scores are given on a percentile basis and a high ranking is a must to enter the top medical schools in the country.

In most institutions, medical education lasts for four years. Basic subjects are taken up in the first and second years, while clinical sciences are studied in the second and third years. In their fourth year, students rotate in the various hospital departments, spending up to two months each in the fields of internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics, and several weeks in the other specialties. After this, students graduate with a Doctorate in Medicine and apply for postgraduate internship (PGI) in an accredited hospital of their choice. After PGI, the student is eligible to take the Medical Licensure Examination. Passing the examinations confers the right to practice medicine as well as to apply in a Residency Training Program.

===Singapore===
There are three medical schools in [[Singapore]]. Two of them offer undergraduate (5 years degree) and the other offers postgraduate (4 years) entry.
* [[Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine]] (undergraduate)
* [[Duke–NUS Medical School]] (postgraduate)
* [[Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine]] (undergraduate)

===South Korea===
{{See also|List of medical schools#South Korea|l1=List of medical schools in South Korea}}
There are 41 medical schools in [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Directory of Medical Schools in Republic of Korea|url=http://www.iime.org/database/pacific/skorea.htm|publisher=Institute for International Medical Education|access-date=9 November 2011|archive-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101053804/http://iime.org/database/pacific/skorea.htm}}</ref> Medical programs in South Korea are undergraduate direct-entry programs akin to those in the United Kingdom, taking a total of six years to complete.

In 1996, the South Korean government started discussions to shift undergraduate medical programs to graduate-level institutions, with the hopes of eventually implementing a system resembling that of the United States and Canada. This change would require applicants to possess an undergraduate degree to be eligible. This proposal was highly controversial, namely due to public distrust regarding fairness and equal opportunity. In 2005, despite substantial opposition, the reforms were enacted, but to alleviate tensions, institutions were allowed to maintain their undergraduate medical programs along with postgraduate programs, and the adoption of postgraduate medical programs was made optional.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071124103138/http://www.kma.org/contents/academy/infor02.html KMA.org], [[Korea Medical Association]](KMA) website</ref>

After about a decade of a two-tiered system, many schools opted to revert to undergraduate medical colleges, abolishing graduate-level medical schools from their institutions. As of 2023, [[CHA university, School of Medicine|Cha University School of Medicine]] is the only institution in South Korea to offer a postgraduate medical program.

===Sri Lanka===
{{See also|List of medical schools#Sri Lanka|l1=List of medical schools in Sri Lanka}}
There are eight medical schools in [[Sri Lanka]] that teach evidence based (sometimes called "western") medicine. The oldest medical school is the [[Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo]], established as Ceylon Medical School in 1870. There are medical faculties in Peradeniya, Kelaniya, Sri Jayawardanepura, Galle, Batticaloa, Jaffna and Rajarata as well.

Kelaniya Medical Faculty initially started as the [[North Colombo Medical College]] (NCMC), a private medical institution. It was one of the earliest private higher educational institutions (1980). Heavy resistance by the medical professionals, university students and other professionals led to its nationalization and to its renaming as the Kelaniya Medical Faculty.

Faculty of Health-Care Sciences is the faculty that offers MBBS together with other para-medical courses. It is an entity of the Eastern University - Sri Lanka.

[[Postgraduate Institute of Medicine]] (PGIM) is the only institution that provides specialist training of medical doctors.

The [[Institute of Indigenous Medicine]] of the [[University of Colombo]], the Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurvedhic Medicine Institute of the [[University of Kelaniya]] and the Faculty of Siddha Medicine, [[University of Jaffna]] teach [[Ayurvedha]]/ [[Unani]] / [[Siddha]] Medicine.

===Taiwan===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Taiwan}}
The medical education in the [[Taiwan]] is usually 7 years (6-year learning plus 1-year internship) in duration, starting right after high schools.
The first 2 years in the 7-year system is composed of basic sciences and liberal art courses. Doctor-patient classes are emphasized, and most schools require compulsory amounts of volunteer hours.
Clinical sciences are compressed into a two-year program in the third and fourth years.
The duration of clerkships and internships varies from school to school, but all of them end at the seventh grade.
Taiwan's medical education began in 1897 and is over 100 years old now. Students graduate with a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine]] (MB) or Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree. Starting from the year 2013, incoming students will have a 6+2 year curriculum, in which the first 6 years are oriented similarly as before and the last two years are Post Graduate Years; this change aims to increase primary care capabilities of medical school graduates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ntumc-studentambassadors.blogspot.com/2012/12/introduction-of-taiwanese-medical-system.html|title=臺灣大學醫學校區青年大使團: Introduction of the Taiwanese Medical System[中文+英文]|date=December 8, 2012}}</ref>

===Thailand===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Thailand}}
The first medical school in Thailand was established back in 1890 at [[Siriraj Hospital]], which is now become [[Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University]]. Currently, there are 26<ref>[[List of medical schools in Thailand]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=November 2017}} medical programs offered nationwide. Most of the Thai medical schools are government-funded and require Thai citizenship for eligibility. Two private medical schools exist at the moment. Some Thais choose to attend private medical schools or attend a medical school in a foreign country due to relatively few openings and extremely competitive entrance examination scores required for enrollment in public medical schools.

The Thai medical education is a six-year system, consisting of one year in basic-science, two years in pre-clinical training, and three years for clinical training. Upon graduation, all medical students must pass national medical licensing examinations and a university-based comprehensive test. After medical school, newly graduated doctors are under contract to spend a year of internship and 2 years of tenure in rural areas before they are eligible for any other residency positions or specialized training, mostly in locations outside [[Bangkok]].

Students will receive [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD) degree at the end of the process. This degree is equivalent to a [[master's degree]] in Thailand.

==Caribbean==
{{See also|List of medical schools in the Caribbean}}
In 2011, the [[International Medical Education Directory]] listed 59 current medical schools in the [[Caribbean]], including 54 grant the MD degree, 3 grant the MBBS degree, and 2 grant either the MD or MBBS degree.

30 of the medical schools in the Caribbean are regional, which train students to practice in the country or region where the school is located. The remaining 29 Caribbean medical schools are known as [[Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean|offshore schools]], which primarily train students from the United States and Canada who intend to return home for residency and clinical practice after graduation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.michigan.gov/documents/healthcareworkforcecenter/FSMB_Intl_Accreditation_Webinar6-09_286726_7.pdf |title=Accreditation of International Medical Schools: An Update from FAIMER and CAAM-HP |date=2009-06-18 |work=michigan.gov |publisher=Federation of State Medical Boards |page=32 |access-date=2011-09-07}}</ref> At most offshore schools, [[Basic medical sciences|basic sciences]] are completed in the Caribbean while [[Clerkship (medicine)|clinical clerkships]] are completed at teaching hospitals in the United States.

Several agencies may also [[Educational accreditation|accredit]] Caribbean medical schools, as listed in the FAIMER Directory of Organizations that Recognize/Accredit Medical Schools (DORA). 25 of the 29 regional medical schools in the Caribbean are accredited, while 14 of the 30 offshore medical schools are accredited.

=== Curaçao ===
As of 2021, [[Curaçao]] has five medical schools registered in the [[World Directory of Medical Schools]]: [[Avalon University School of Medicine]],<ref name= Avalon>{{cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0000591|title = School Detail}}</ref> [[Caribbean Medical University]] School of Medicine,<ref name=CMU>{{Cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0002431|title=School Detail|website=search.wdoms.org}}</ref>
[[John F. Kennedy University School of Medicine]],<ref name=JFK>{{Cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0003392|title=School Detail|website=search.wdoms.org}}</ref> New York Medical University School of Medicine<ref name=NYU>{{Cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0004929|title=School Detail|website=search.wdoms.org}}</ref> and [[St. Martinus University Faculty of Medicine]].<ref name=stmart>{{Cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0000044|title=School Detail|website=search.wdoms.org}}</ref> All are located within the city of [[Willemstad]].<ref name= Avalon/><ref name=JFK/><ref name=CMU/><ref name=NYU/><ref name=stmart/> These schools provide education in Basic Medical Science (BMS) which goes towards the degree of Medical Doctor or Doctor of Medicine. Presently, none of the medical schools offer other degrees, such as MBBS or PhD (2016).<ref name= Avalon/><ref name=JFK/><ref name=CMU/><ref name=NYU/><ref name=stmart/>
All students after completing their medical school's Basic Medical Science program in Curaçao; will then have to apply to either take USMLE Step Exams, the Canadian or British Board Exams.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Dominican Republic ===
[[File:Centro Hospitalario UCE.jpg|thumb|Centro Hospitalario at the [[Universidad Central del Este|Eastern Central University]] in [[San Pedro de Macorís]], Dominican Republic.]]
Medical studies in the Dominican Republic start after graduation from high school. The programs typically take around 6 years to complete and are generally in Spanish with a few U.S.-style 4-year programs in English geared to American students (e.g. [[UNIBE]]).{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
Programs are typically divided into pre-medicine, basic sciences and clinical sciences (also called pre-internship).<ref>[https://www.intec.edu.do/downloads/documents/programas-academicos/locales/grado/plan_de_estudio/Ciencias-de-la-salud/MED_2020_C0N_NOTA_ACLARATORIA.pdf Ciencias de la Salud]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cibertarea.net/pensum-de-medicina-uasd/ |title= Pensum de medicina uasd 2021 - CiberTarea|work= CiberTarea|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504212417/https://cibertarea.net/pensum-de-medicina-uasd/ |archive-date=2021-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://medicina.pucmm.edu.do/admision/programa-de-la-carrera/|title = Escuela de medicina}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unibe.edu.do/programa/medicina/|title = Medicina - UNIBE | work=UNIBE }}</ref> At the end of the pre-internship period the aspiring doctors need to complete a 1-year compulsory internship in a Dominican hospital to obtain their medical license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msp.gob.do/web/?page_id=5759 |title=Exequátur de Ley - Ministerio de Salud Pública |publisher=Msp.gob.do |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref>

=== Haiti ===
Medical schools in [[Haiti]] conduct training in French. The universities offering medical training in Haiti are the Université Notre Dame d'Haïti, [[Université Quisqueya]], Université d'Etat d'Haïti and Université Lumière.

The Université Notre Dame d'Haïti (UNDH) is a private Catholic university established by the Episcopal Conference of Haiti. According to the UNDH website, "the UNDH is not just about academic degrees, it is mainly the formation of a new type of Haiti, which includes in its culture and moral values of the Gospel, essential for serious and honest people that the country needs today."

The other two private schools offering medical degrees are Université Quisqueya and Université Lumière. The Université d'Etat d'Haïti is a [[state school|public school]].

Attending medical school in [[Haiti]] may be less expensive than attending medical universities located in other parts of the world, but the impact of the country's political unrest should be considered, as it affects the safety of both visitors and Haitians.{{Editorializing|date=February 2023}}

==Europe==
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}

===Albania===
{{See also|List of medical schools#Albania|l1=List of medical schools in Albania}}
There are two Medical Schools (Fakultete të Mjekësisë) in Albania:
* [[University of Medicine, Tirana|The University of Medicine, Tirana]], Faculty of Medicine
* [[Our Lady of Good Counsel University|Catholic University "Our Lady of Good Counsel"]], Faculty of Medicine
These medical schools are usually affiliated with regional hospitals. The course of study lasts 6 years. Students are conferred degree Doctor of Medicine (MD) upon graduation.

===Austria===
* [[Medical University of Vienna]]
* [[Sigmund Freud University Vienna]], Medical School
* [[Medical University of Graz]]
* [[Medical University of Innsbruck]]
* [[Paracelsus Medical University]], Salzburg
* The Faculty of Medicine at the [[Johannes Kepler University Linz]]
* Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences (Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität für Gesundheitswissenschaften), [[Krems an der Donau|Krems]]

===Belarus===
{{See also|List of medical schools#Belarus|l1=List of medical schools in Belarus}}
There are four medical schools (Medical Universities) in [[Belarus]]:
* [[Belarusian State Medical University]], Minsk (''belarusian: Беларускі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт; Russian: Белорусский государственный медицинский университет'') - which contains the famous Bosef Institute for AIDS Research.
* [[Gomel State Medical University]] (''belarusian: Гомельскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт; Russian: Гомельский государственный медицинский университет'')
* [[Grodno State Medical University]] (''belarusian: Гродненскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт; Russian: Гродненский государственный медицинский университет'')
* [[Vitebsk State Order of Peoples' Friendship Medical University]] (''belarusian: Віцебскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт; Russian: Витебский государственный ордена Дружбы народов медицинский университет'')

===Belgium and Netherlands===
{{See also|List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe#Netherlands|List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe#Belgium|l1=List of medical schools in Netherlands|l2=List of medical schools in Belgium}}
In [[Belgium]] and [[Netherlands]], medical students receive 6 years of university education prior to their graduation.

In the Netherlands, students used to receive four years of preclinical training, followed by two years of clinical training (''co-assistentschappen'', or ''co-schappen'' for short) in hospitals. However, for a number of medical schools this has recently changed to three years of preclinical training, followed by three years of clinical training. At least one medical faculty, that of the [[Utrecht University]], clinical training already begins in the third year of medical school. After 6 years, students graduate as ''basisartsen'' (comparable to [[Doctor of Medicine|Doctors of Medicine]]). As a result of the [[Bologna process]], medical students in the Netherlands now receive a [[bachelor's degree]] after three years in medical school and a [[master's degree]] upon graduation. Prospective students can apply for medical education directly after finishing the highest level of secondary school, [[voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs|vwo]]; previous undergraduate education is not a precondition for admittance.

The Belgian medical education is much more based on theoretical knowledge than the Dutch system. In the first 3 years, which are very theoretical and lead to a university [[bachelor degree]], general scientific courses are taken such as chemistry, biophysics, physiology, biostatistics, anatomy, virology, etc. To enter the bachelor course in [[Flanders]], prospective students have to pass an exam, as a result of the [[numerus clausus]]. In the [[French Community of Belgium|French-speaking part]] of Belgium, only the best students that pass the first year of the bachelor course in medicine are admitted to the second and third year.

After the bachelor courses, students are allowed to enter the 'master in medicine' courses, which consist of 4 years of theoretical and clinical study. In general, the first 2 master years are very theoretical and teach the students in human pathology, diseases, pharmacology. The third year is a year full of internships in a wide range of specialities in different clinics. The seventh, final year serves as a kind of 'pre-specialization' year in which the students are specifically trained in the specialty they wish to pursue after medical school. This contrasts with the Dutch approach, in which graduates are literally 'basic doctors' (''basisartsen'') who have yet to decide on a specialty.

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
{{See also|List of medical schools#Bosnia and Herzegovina|l1=List of medical schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
There are five Medical Schools in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]:
* [[University of Banja Luka]] School of Medicine
* [[University of Sarajevo]] Medical School
* [[University of Tuzla]] Medical School
* [[University of East Sarajevo]] Medical School (Foca)
* [[University of Mostar]] Medical School

These medical schools are usually affiliated with regional hospitals.

The course of study lasts 6 years or 12 semesters. Students are conferred degree Doctor of Medicine (MD) upon graduation.

;Admissions
Entry to BH Medical Schools are very competitive due to limited places imposed by the government quota.
Students are required to complete [[Secondary School Leaving Diploma]] ([[Gimnazija]]-[[Gymnasium (school)]] or Medicinska skola [[matura]]/[[svedocanstvo]]/[[svjedodzba]]).

Entrance examination is usually held in June/July. Combined score of Secondary School Diploma assessment (on scale 1–5, with 2 minimum passing grade and 5 maximum grade) and entrance examination is taken into consideration. Usually, 5 in Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, and Physics are required for entry to medicine.

; Curriculum
Course structure is more traditional and divided in pre-clinical (year 1–3) /clinical part (year 3–6) and subject-based.

Practical examinations are held throughout the degree (Anatomy, Biochemistry, Pathology, Physiology practicals etc.). Dissection is part of all medical curricula in Bosnian and Herz. Medical Schools.

=== Bulgaria ===
{{Main list|List of medical schools#Bulgaria
}}
In [[Bulgaria]], a medical school is a type of college or a faculty of a university. The medium of instruction is officially in Bulgarian. A six- to one-year course in Bulgarian language is required prior to admittance to the medical program. For European candidates, an exam in Biology and Chemistry in Bulgarian is also required. While a number of Bulgarian medical schools have now started offering medical programmes in English, Bulgarian is still required during the clinical years.<ref>Medical University of Pleven - English Programme [http://www.euromedschool.com/main/pleven-medical-school-bulgaria Euromedschool.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113104857/http://www.euromedschool.com/main/pleven-medical-school-bulgaria |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref>Medical University of Varna - English Programme [http://www.euromedschool.com/main/varna-medical-school-bulgaria Euromedschool.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113104947/http://www.euromedschool.com/main/varna-medical-school-bulgaria |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref>

Students join medical school after completing high-school. Admission offers are made by individual medical schools. Bulgarian applicants have to pass entrance examinations in the subjects of Biology and Chemistry. The competitive result of every candidate is the based on their marks these exams plus their secondary-school certificate marks in the same subjects. Those applicants with the highest results achieved are classified for admission.

The course of study is offered as a six-year program. The first two years are pre-clinical, the next three years are clinical training and the sixth year is the internship year, during which students work under supervision at the hospitals. During the sixth year, students have to appear for 'state exams' in the five major subjects of Internal Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pediatrics and Social Medicine (also, includes Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Hygiene and Medical Ecology, forming part of the grade for this subject). Upon successful completion of the six years of study and the state exams the degree of 'Physician' is conferred and the students obtain an 'MD'. The exams are tough as the overall grade for most subjects is determined by the performance of an Oral/Spoken Exam and many students are unable to clear them, thereby prolonging their degree time.

For specialization, graduates have to appear for written tests and interviews to obtain a place in a specialization program. For specialization in general medicine, general practice lasts three years, cardiology lasts four years, internal medicine lasts five years, and general surgery lasts five years.

There are four dedicated medical universities in Bulgaria - [[Medical University, Sofia]], [[Medical University of Varna]], [[Plovdiv Medical University]] and [[Medical University Pleven]]. Additionally, [[Sofia University|Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"]] and [[Trakia University]] also offer medical programmes.

===Croatia===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Europe#Croatia|l1=List of medical schools in Croatia}}
In [[Croatia]], there are four out of seven universities that offer a medical degree, the [[University of Zagreb]] (offers medical studies in English), [[University of Rijeka]] (offers medical studies in English), [[University of Split]] (also offers medical studies in English), and the [[University of Osijek]]. The Medical schools are a faculties of those four universities. Medical students enroll into medical school after finishing secondary education, typically after a [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]], or after a five-year nursing school, or any other high school lasting four years. During the application process, their high school grades, and the grades of their matriculation exam at the end of high school ([[Matura]]) and the score at the obligatory admission exam are taken into account, and the best students are enrolled.

The course of study lasts 6 years or 12 semesters. During the first 3 years, students are engaged in pre-clinical courses (Anatomy, Histology, Chemistry, Physics, Cell Biology, Genetics, Physiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Pathologic Physiology And Anatomy, Pharmacology, Microbiology, etc.). Contact with patients begins at the third year. The remaining 3 years are composed of rotations at various departments, such as Internal Medicine, Neurology, Radiology, Dermatology, Psychiatry, Surgery, Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Anesthesiology, and others. During each academic year, students also enroll into two or three elective courses. After each rotation, the students take a total of about 60 exams. In the end, the students must pass a final multiple-choice exam comprising questions about clinical courses, after which they finally gain an MD, and the title of Doctor of Medicine, which they put after their name. Now the doctors must complete a one-year, supervised, paid internship in a hospital of their choice, after which they take the state (license) examination, which is an eight-part oral examination containing the eight most important clinical branches. After that, the doctors are eligible to practice medicine as general practitioners. Residencies are offered at various hospitals throughout Croatia, and at numerous medical specialities.

===Czech Republic===
Medical study in [[Czech Republic]] has a long tradition dating from the 14th century, with the first medical school starting at the [[First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague]] in 1348, making it the 11th oldest in the world. Students from all over the world are attracted to study medicine in Czech Republic because of the high standards of education provided. Most Czech Universities offer a 6-year General Medicine program in Czech and in English separately for international students.

The admission to medical studies in Czech Republic is based on the performance in high school diploma (Biology, Chemistry and Physics), English proficiency and performance in the entrance exams. Entrance examination is conducted at the university and by some representative offices abroad. After the entrance exams, successful candidates are further scrutinised by conducting interviews.

Most of the international students studying medicine in the Czech Republic originate from United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Israel, Malaysia and the Middle East.

Most faculties of Medicine in Czech Republic have been approved by the U.S. Department of Education for participation in Federal Student Financial Aid Programs and is listed in the Directory of Postsecondary Institutions published by the U.S. Department of Education. The qualifications are also approved in Canada by the Canadian Ministry of Education and Training, and in the UK by the [[General Medical Council]]. Most medical schools are globally recognised.

There are nine public government owned medical schools in the Czech Republic:
* [[First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague]]
* [[Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague]]
* [[Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague]]
* [[Faculty of Medicine in Plzeň, Charles University in Prague]]
* [[Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague]]
* [[Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University]]
* [[Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc]]
* [[Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava]]
There is one military medical school, [[Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence]].

===Denmark===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Europe#Denmark|l1=List of medical schools in Denmark}}
In [[Denmark]], basic medical education is given in four universities: [[University of Copenhagen]], [[Aarhus University]], [[University of Southern Denmark]] and [[Aalborg University]]. The study consists of three years of bachelor and three years of candidate studies, roughly reflecting the preclinical and clinical fields. After six years, the title of [[Candidate of Medicine]] (MD) is attained, and after swearing the Danish medical pledge upon graduation, a text from 1815 inspired by the [[Hippocratic Oath]], the medical license ({{Langx|da|autorisation}}) is issued by the [[Sundhedsstyrelsen|Department of Health]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Titles in English |url=http://www.laeger.dk/portal/page/portal/LAEGERDK/Laegerdk/Servicemenu/ENGLISH/TITLES_IN_ENGLISH |publisher=[[Danish Medical Association]] |website=www.laeger.dk |language=en |date=5 February 2001 |access-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220528/http://www.laeger.dk/portal/page/portal/LAEGERDK/Laegerdk/Servicemenu/ENGLISH/TITLES_IN_ENGLISH |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

Medical school is usually followed by a year of [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] called clinical basic education ({{Langx|da|klinisk basisuddannelse}} or ''KBU'') which upon completion grants the right to practice medicine without supervision. After this, the doctor can pursue one of 38 [[residency (medicine)|specialisations]] which must start within five years after completing the clinical basic education. If the MD pursues a research or university career, sometimes he or she will skip the clinical basic education and remain a basic MD without the right to practice medicine independently.

The Danish word for a licensed physician is {{Lang|da|læge}}. The word 'doktor' for a physician is used only in [[sociolect|demotic speech]], but is by some people erroneously assumed to be a title prefix of all physicians. The title of doctor ([[Doctor Medicinae (Danish and Norwegian degree)|dr.med.]] or in full ''doctor medicinæ'') is not equivalent to an MD in the English language, but reserved for candidates of medicine who have attained a [[higher doctorate]]. The Danish/Norwegian ''dr.med.'' title is a degree above the PhD and above the German ''Dr.med.''

===Finland===
{{See also|List of medical schools#Finland|l1=List of medical schools in Finland}}
In [[Finland]], basic medical education is given in five universities: [[University of Helsinki|Helsinki]], [[University of Kuopio|Kuopio]], [[University of Oulu|Oulu]], [[University of Tampere|Tampere]] and [[University of Turku|Turku]]. Admission is regulated by an entrance examination. Studies involve an initial two-year preclinical period of mainly theoretical courses in anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology etc. However, students have contact with patients from the beginning of their studies. The preclinical period is followed by a four-year clinical period, when students participate in the work of various hospitals and health care centres, learning necessary medical skills. Some Finnish universities have integrated clinical and preclinical subjects along the six-year course, diverging from the traditional program. A problem-based learning method is widely used, and inclusion of clinical cases in various courses and preclinical subjects is becoming common. All medical schools have research programs for students who wish to undertake scientific work. The duration of basic medical education is six years and the course leads to the degree of Licentiate of Medicine.

===France===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2025}}
{{Main|Medical school in France}}

Medical studies in [[France]] are organized as follows:
Right after graduating from high school with a [[baccalaureat]], any student can register at a university of medicine (there are about 30 of them throughout the country). At the end of first year, an internal ranking examination takes place in each of these universities in order to implement the [[numerus clausus]].
First year consists mainly of theoretical classes such as [[biophysics]] and [[biochemistry]], [[anatomy]], [[ethics]] or [[histology]]. Passing first year is commonly considered as challenging and requires hard and continuous work. Each student can only try twice. For example, the [[Université René Descartes]] welcomes about 2000 students in first year and only 300 after numerus clausus.

The second and third year are usually mainly quite theoretical although the teachings are often accompanied by placements in the field (e.g. internships as nurses or in the emergency room, depending on the university).

During fourth, fifth and sixth years, medical students get a special status called 'Externe' (In some universities, such as Pierre et Marie Curie, the 'Externe' status is given starting in the third year). They work as interns every morning at the hospital plus a few night shifts a month and study in the afternoon. Each internship lasts between 3 and 4 months and takes place in a different department. Med students get five weeks off per year.

At the end of sixth year, they need to pass a national ranking exam, which will determine their specialty. The students are then allowed to choose their specialty in order of their ranking. During the fifth and sixth years, students split their time between actual practice at the hospital and some theoretical courses. The average wage of medical students in their fifth and sixth year amounts to between €100 and €300 a month {{citation needed|date=December 2024}}.

After that ranking exams, students can start as residents in the specialty they have been able to pick. That is the point from which they also start getting paid.

Towards the end of the medical program, French [[medical students]] are provided with more responsibilities and are required to defend a [[thesis]]. At the conclusion of the thesis defense, French medical students receive a State Diploma of [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD) or "''{{lang|fr|Diplôme d'Etat de Docteur en Médecine|italic=no}}''" for general medicine. For those who are in speciality training will also receive a Diploma of Specialized Studies (DES = ''{{lang|fr|Diplôme d'Études Specialisées|italic=no}}'') to mark their specialties. Some students may also receive a Diploma of Specialized Complementary Studies (DESC = ''{{lang|fr|Diplôme d'Études Specialisées Complementaires|italic=no}}'').<ref>{{cite web |title=University and degree systems in France |url=http://af-ksa.com/system/application/uploads/choose_france.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019031848/http://af-ksa.com/system/application/uploads/choose_france.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-19 }}</ref>

===Georgia===
[[File:უნივერსიტეტის-ფასადი-(1).jpg|thumb|The [[European University (Georgia)]]]]
In [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], a medical school is a particular kind of college or faculty inside a university. The official teaching language is [[Georgian language|Georgian]], although programs in English are available.

Enrolment admission requirements in Georgia are not as strict as in other countries, as some medical schools do not require entrance exams in [[chemistry]] or [[biology]]. In addition, less importance is placed on overall secondary school grades and more on the interview process and science subjects.

Many [[international student]]s from Europe, Asia, and Africa choose to study medicine in Georgia due to the low tuition fees in the country. The high level of [[medical education]] and internationally recognized degrees are also important deciding factors for international students.

The study program is available as a six-year [[curriculum]]. Pre-clinical training lasts for the first two years, clinical training for the next three, and [[Internship (medicine)|internship training]] for the sixth year, which involves students working in hospitals under the supervision of doctors. Students must take "state examinations" in the five primary disciplines of [[internal medicine]], [[surgery]], [[gynecology]] and [[obstetrics]], [[social medicine]], and [[pediatrics]] after their sixth year of study. The title of "[[Physician]]" is awarded upon completing six years of education and the state examinations.

Graduates who choose to specialize must take written exams and interviews in order to be accepted into a program. Three years are spent in general practice, four in [[cardiology]], five in internal medicine, and five in general surgery while specializing in general medicine.

===Germany===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Europe#Germany|l1=List of medical schools in Germany}}
[[File:UniKlinik (Freiburg) 4.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine]]]]
In [[Germany]], admission to medical schools is currently administered jointly by the ''{{lang|de|Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung}}'' (SfH), a centralized federal organization, and the universities themselves. The most important criterion for admission is the [[Numerus clausus]], the final [[GPA]] scored by the applicant on the [[Abitur]] (highest secondary school diploma). However, in light of the recent gain in influence of medical schools in regards to applicant selection, additional criteria are being used to select students for admission. These criteria vary among medical faculties and the final Abitur GPA is always a core indicator and strongly influences admission. Admission remains highly competitive. A very small number of slots per semester are reserved for selected applicants which already hold a university degree (Zweitstudium) and for medical officer candidates (Sanitätsoffizieranwärter).

The first two years of medical school consist of the so-called pre-clinical classes. During this time, the students are instructed in the basic sciences (e.g. [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], [[anatomy]], [[physiology]], [[biochemistry]], etc.) and must pass a federal medical exam (''{{lang|de|Erster Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung}}''), administered nationally. Upon completion, the students advance to the clinical stage, where they receive three years of training and education in the clinical subjects (e.g. [[internal medicine]], [[surgery]], [[obstetrics]] and [[gynecology]], [[pediatrics]], [[pharmacology]], [[pathology]], etc.). After these three years, they have to pass the second federal medical exam (''{{lang|de|Zweiter Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung}}'') before continuing with the sixth and final year. The last year of medical school consists of the so-called "practical year" (''{{lang|de|Praktisches Jahr, PJ}})''. Students are required to spend three four-month clerkships, two of them in a hospital (internal medicine and surgery) as well as one elective, which can be one of the other clinical subjects (e.g. family medicine, anesthesiology, neurology, pediatrics, radiology etc.).

After at least six years of medical school, the students graduate with a final federal medical exam (''Dritter Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung''). Graduates receive the license to practice medicine or dentistry and the professional title of [[physician]] (''{{lang|de|Arzt}}'') or [[dentist]] (''{{lang|de|Zahnarzt}}''). The academic degrees [[Doctor of Medicine]] ([[Dr. med.]]) and [[Dental degree|Doctor of Dental Medicine]] (Dr. med. dent.) are awarded if the graduate has, in addition, successfully completed a scientific study and dissertation. It is a doctoral degree and therefore different from the MD or DDS degrees in the U.S., which as professional degrees are awarded after passing the final exams and do not require additional scientific work. Many medical students opt to perform their thesis during their studies at medical school, but only a fraction of them is able to finish the dissertation-process during their studies. The requirements for getting a Dr. med. degree across the board are not as hard as for the doctor in natural science (Dr. rer. nat.). Therefore, many critics advocate to adopt a system similar to that of the Anglo-Saxon countries with an MD as a professional degree and a PhD showing additional scientific qualification.
If physicians wish to open up a doctor's office, they are required to further complete [[residency (medicine)|residency]] in order to fulfill the federal requirements of becoming [[Facharzt]] (specialized in a certain field of medicine like internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics etc.). Oral and maxillofacial surgeons must complete both studies, medicine and dentistry, then afterwards specializing another 5 years.

There are 36 medical faculties in Germany.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

===Greece===
In [[Greece]], medical schools are faculties within public universities offering undergraduate and postgraduate medical education. [[Greek language|Greek]] is the primary language of instruction; however, several medical schools now provide English-taught programs tailored for international students, particularly those aiming to attract students from across Europe and beyond.

===Hungary===
[[Hungary]] has four medical schools. The best known is [[Semmelweis University]] in [[Budapest]] which is a specialized university in the area of medicine and health sciences. The [[University of Debrecen]], the [[University of Pécs]] and the [[University of Szeged]] also has medical faculties. General medicine training takes six years to complete, of which the last year is a practical year. Students receive the degree Dr. med. Univ. or Dr. for short, equivalent to the MD degree upon graduation, after which a graduated physician can start specialist training. All Hungarian medical schools have programs fully taught in English. The diplomas issued by Hungarian Medical Schools are accepted by all European Union countries and several other countries (Norway, United States, Canada, Israel etc.)

===Iceland===
In [[Iceland]], admission to medical school requires passing an organized test, controlled by the [[University of Iceland]], which anyone with a [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] degree can take. Only the top 75 scores on the exam are granted admission each year. Medical school in Iceland takes 6 years to complete. Students receive a [[cand.med.]] degree upon graduation. Following this, Icelandic regulations require 12 months of clinical internship before granting a full medical license.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hi.is/is/heilbrigdisvisindasvid_deildir/laeknadeild/nam/laeknisfraedi_1|title=University of Iceland - Faculty of Medicine|publisher=University of Iceland|access-date=2010-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630061926/http://www.hi.is/is/heilbrigdisvisindasvid_deildir/laeknadeild/nam/laeknisfraedi_1|archive-date=2009-06-30}}</ref> This internship consists of internal medicine (4 months), surgery (2 months), family medicine (3 months) and a three-month elective period. Upon receiving a license to practice, a physician can start specialist training, in Iceland or abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reglugerd.is/interpro/dkm/WebGuard.nsf/b7fd33650490f8cf00256a07003476bb/7e0a237d9055258400256a080031b1ec?OpenDocument|title=Regulation 305/1997, 13. May. Regulation on granting medical and speciality training licenses.|publisher=Icelandic Ministry of Health|access-date=2010-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/519959 |title=Medical Education in Iceland |publisher=Medscape.com |access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref>

===Ireland===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Europe#Ireland|l1=List of medical schools in Ireland}}
There are six medical schools in [[Ireland]]. They are at [[Trinity College Dublin]], the [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]], [[University College Dublin]], [[University College Cork]], [[University of Limerick]] and the [[National University of Ireland, Galway]] (the [[National University of Ireland]] is the degree-awarding institution for all except the University of Limerick and Trinity College). Training lasts four, five or six years, with the last two years in the affiliated teaching hospitals (UCD - St. Vincents University Hospital, [[Mater Misericordiae University Hospital]]) (Trinity - [[St. James's Hospital]], [[Tallaght University Hospital]]) (UCC - [[Cork University Hospital]]) (RCSI - [[Beaumont Hospital, Dublin|Beaumont Hospital]], [[Connolly Hospital]], [[University Hospital Waterford]]).

For Programmes that are six years in length, entry is based on secondary school qualifications.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rcsi.com/dublin/undergraduate/medicine/entry-requirements#anchor_1516626670615|title=Undergraduate Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Entry requirements - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland|website=www.rcsi.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-28}}</ref> Programmes that are four years in length require previous university degrees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rcsi.com/dublin/undergraduate/gem/entry-requirements|title=Graduate Entry Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Entry requirements - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland|website=www.rcsi.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-28}}</ref> The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and the University of Limerick were the first medical institutions to offer [[Graduate Entry Medicine]] of four years duration in Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rcsi.com/dublin/undergraduate/gem/why-rcsi-dublin|title=Graduate Entry Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Why RCSI Dublin? - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland|website=www.rcsi.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-28}}</ref> This is now also offered in University College Dublin and University College Cork. The National University of Ireland, Galway also launched a graduate entry programme in 2010.

Medical education is regulated by the Irish Medical Council, the statutory body that is also responsible for maintaining a register of medical practitioners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medicalcouncil.ie/About-Us/|title=About Us|website=www.medicalcouncil.ie|language=en|access-date=2018-02-28}}</ref> After graduation with the degrees of BM BS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) or MB BCh BAO (Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus in Chirurgia, Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia), a doctor is required to spend one year as an [[Internship (medicine)#Republic of Ireland|intern]] under supervision before full registration is permitted. Graduates of the [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]] also receive the traditional "Licenciate of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons and Physicians in Ireland" (LRCP&SI), which was awarded before the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland became an Affiliate of the [[National University of Ireland]] and thus was allowed grant degrees, under the Medical Practitioners Act (1978).

===Italy===
In [[Italy]], the contents of the medical school admission test is decided each year by the [[Ministry of Education, University and Research|Ministry of University and Research]] (MUR) and consists of sixty questions divided in five categories: [[logics]] and "general culture" ("''cultura generale''"), [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[chemistry]], and [[biology]]. Results are expressed in a national ranking.

As a general rule, all state-run medical schools in the country administer it on the same day, whereas all privately run medical schools administer it on another day, so that a candidate may take the test once for state-run schools and once for a private school of his or her choice, but no more.

Some universities in Italy provide an international degree course in medicine taught entirely in English for both Italian and foreign students. A number of these medical schools are at public universities, and have relatively low tuition fees compared to the English-speaking world, because the cost of the medical education is subsidized by the state for both Italian and foreign students. These public medical schools include the [[University of Milan]]'s [[International Medical School, University of Milan|International Medical School]], the [[University of Milano-Bicocca|University of Milan-Bicocca]] [[Bergamo]] campus, the [[University of Bologna]], the [[University of Cagliari]], the [[University of Catania]], the [[University of Pavia]], the [[University of Padua]], the [[University of Parma]], the [[Sapienza University of Rome]], the [[University of Rome Tor Vergata]], the [[University of Naples Federico II]], the [[University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli|University of Campania]] [[Naples]] campus, the [[University of Messina]], the [[University of Bari]], the [[Marche Polytechnic University]] [[Ancona]] campus and the [[University of Turin]] [[Orbassano]] campus. These universities require applicants to rank highly on the [[International Medical Admissions Test]]. Italy also has private and Catholic English-language medical schools such as the [[Vita-Salute San Raffaele University]] in [[Milan]], the [[Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma|Università Campus Bio-Medico]], the [[Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences|Saint Camillus University]] and the [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore]] [[Rome]] campus, and the [[Humanitas University]] in [[Pieve Emanuele]].

Medicine is one of the university faculties implementing [[numerus clausus]] ("''numero chiuso''"): the overall number of medical students admitted every year is constant, as each medical school is assigned a maximum number of new admission per year by MUR.

Medical school lasts 6 years (12 semesters). Traditionally, the first three years are devoted to "biological" subjects (physics, chemistry, biology, biochemistry, genetics, anatomy, physiology, immunology, pathophysiology, microbiology, and usually English language courses), whereas the later three years are devoted to "clinical" subjects. However, most schools are increasingly devoting the second semester of the third year to clinical subjects and earlier patient contact. In most schools, there are about 36 exams over the 6-year cycle, as well as a number of compulsory rotations and elective activities.

At the end of the cycle, students have to discuss a final thesis before a board of professors; the subject of this thesis may be a review of academic literature or an experimental work, and usually takes more than a year to complete, with most students beginning an ''internato'' (internship) in the subject of their choice in their fifth or sixth year. The title awarded at the end of the discussion ceremony is that of "''Dottore Magistrale''", styled in English as a [[Doctor of Medicine]], which in accordance with the [[Bologna process]] is comparable with a [[master's degree]] qualification or a US MD.

Until 2020, after graduating, new doctors had to complete a three-month, unpaid, supervised ''tirocinio post-laurea'' ("post-degree placement") consisting of two months in their university hospital (one month in a medical service and one in a surgical service) as well as one month shadowing a [[general practitioner]]. After getting a statement of successful completion of each month from their supervisors, new doctors took the ''esame di stato'' ("state exame") to obtain a full license to practise medicine. Starting from 2020 the three-month postgraduate internship and the state exam are no longer necessary.

New doctors have to register with one of the branches of the ''Ordine dei Medici'' ("Order of Doctors"), which are based in each of the [[Provinces of Italy]]. Registration makes new doctors legally able to practice medicine without supervision. They will then have to choose between various career paths, each usually requiring a specific admission exam: most either choose to train as general practitioner (a 3-year course run by each [[Regions of Italy|Region]], including both general practice and rotation at non-university hospitals), or to enter a ''Scuola di Specializzazione'' ("specialty school") 4-year or 5-year course at a university hospital.

===Lithuania===
[[Lithuania]] has two medical schools, in [[Kaunas]] and [[Vilnius]]. Studies are of six years, of which the last year is a practical year. All Lithuanian medical schools have programs in English.

===Norway===
Medical education in [[Norway]] begins with a six- to six-and-a-half-year undergraduate university program. Admission requires a very high GPA from secondary school - medicine consistently ranks as the most difficult university programme to be admitted to in Norway. Furthermore, certain high school subjects are required for admission (chemistry, mathematics and physics). The first two years consists almost wholly of preclinical science subjects, followed by integration of clinical training the remaining four years in a [[spiral approach]]. Upon completion, students are awarded a candidatus/candidata medicinae ([[Candidate of Medicine|cand. med.]]) degree (corresponding to e.g. and MD in the US) and medical license. Those completing a research programme (Forskerlinje) get this added to their degree. Following this, a minimum of 18 months of internship (turnustjeneste) is required before applying on a specialist training in Norway. The internship consist of 6 months of internal medicine, 6 months of surgery and 6 months family medicine. There are currently 43 recognized medical specialties in Norway. Optionally it is possible to pursue the title of [[Doctor Medicinae (Danish and Norwegian degree)|doctor medicinae]] (Dr. med.), by publishing multiple research papers through a university research group followed by completing a [[Thesis|dissertation]].

===Poland===
In [[Poland]], medicine is taught as an undergraduate degree. After a six-year course graduates are awarded the title of ''lekarz'' (doctor), equivalent to a master's degree. Furthermore, medical graduates must complete 13 month long, postgraduate internship to gain full registration to practice medicine.
{{Category see also|Medical schools in Poland}}

===Portugal===
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2020}}
In [[Portugal]], the medical course is a postgraduate degree, so a prior graduation from an undergraduate course (3 to 4 years) in areas involving health such as biology, nursing and pharmaceutical sciences, among others, is necessary for applying for the Master's in Medicine (3 years).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dges.gov.pt/pt/pagina/concurso-especial-para-acesso-medicina-por-licenciados-0|title=Concurso Especial para Acesso a Medicina por Licenciados|website=DGES|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Most students (≈80%) enter Medical School by joining an integrated master's degree in medicine, this course is composed by an undergraduate course in "Basic Health Sciences" ("Licenciatura em Ciencias Basicas da Saude") (3 years) that involves chemistry, general biology and health and, after that, the master's (three years) which is the clinical course. Access to the Integrated Master's Course in Medicine is gained through National Exams in Biology, Chemistry and Mathematics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uc.pt/fmuc/ensino/mim|title=Mestrado Integrado em Medicina|date=2020|website=UC|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> After obtaining their master's degree, students must register with Order of Medics (the national medical association) and take a final examination: the students with the best grades are accepted into the medical specialty of their choice. The rest can either wait another year and retake the exam, do less specialized work or seek a residency program abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uniarea.com/medicina-guia-candidatura/|title=Medicina - Guia de Candidatura 2018/2019|date=2018-07-29|website=Uniarea|language=pt-PT|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref> After the exam, all students must complete a one-year general internship program that enables them to practice medicine autonomously.

This is the list of all Medical Schools in Portugal:
* [[Universidade do Minho]], Braga
* [[Universidade do Algarve]], Faro
* [[Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra]], Coimbra
* [[Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde]], Covilhã
* [[Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa]], Lisboa
* [[Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa]], Lisboa
* [[Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto]], Porto
* [[Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute]], Porto

===Romania===
{{See also|List of medical schools#Romania|l1=List of medical schools in Romania}}
In [[Romania]], medical school is a department of a medical university, which typically includes Dentistry and Pharmacy departments as well. The name ''facultate'' is used for departments in their universities too, but the Medicine departments distinguish themselves by the length of studies (6 years), which grants to graduates a status equivalent to that of a Master in Science. The Medicine departments are also marked by reduced flexibility - in theory, a student in a regular university can take courses from different departments, like Chemistry and Geography (although it usually does not happen, majors being clearly defined), while the medical universities do not have any extra offers for their students, due to their specialization. Admission to medical faculty is usually awarded by passing a Human Biology, Organic Chemistry and/or Physics test. The program lasts 6 years, with first 2 years being preclinical and last 4 years being mostly clinical. After these six years, one has to take the national licence exam (which consists of mostly clinically oriented questions, but some questions also deal with basic sciences) and has to write a thesis in any field he/she studied. Final award is ''Doctor-Medic (titlu onorific)'' (shortened Dr.), which is not an academic degree (similar to Germany). All graduates have to go through residency and specialization exams after that in order to practice, although older graduates had different requirements and training (e.g., clinical rotations similar to sub-internship) and might still be able to practice Family Medicine / General Medicine.

===Russia===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Europe#Russia}}

Medical schools in [[Russia]] offer a 6-year curriculum leading to award '''Doctor of Medicine (MD)''' "Physician".
Russian medical authorities reluctantly agrees with inclusion in list of international medical schools FAIMER-IMED. FAIMER cannot include medical schools without cooperation from Russia. For example, Orel State University Medical Institute is not included in this list.

===Serbia===
In [[Serbia]], medical school is a division of a medical university, which also frequently houses schools of dentistry and pharmacy. In their institutions, departments are also referred to as faculties. However, the medical departments stand out due to the length of their programs - six years - which confer on their graduates a standing similar to a [[Master of Science]].

Passing a test in [[human biology]], [[organic chemistry]], or [[physics]] is typically required for admission to medical school. If the student is to study in a program taught in English instead of [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and their mother tongue is not English, universities may also require a certificate of proficiency. Official certificates include [[International English Language Testing System|IELTS]] or [[Test of English as a Foreign Language|TOEFL]].

The English language medical programs in Serbia have proven popular with students from Europe, Asia, and Africa due to the low tuition fees and internationally recognized degrees.

The six-year [[curriculum]] is divided into two pre-clinical years and four primarily clinical years. After these six years, one must complete a thesis in any study area and the national license test, which is primarily clinically focused but also includes some questions on basic sciences. Doctor-Medic (abbreviated Dr.) is the final designation but is not considered an academic title.

===Sweden===
{{See also|List of medical schools in Europe#Sweden|l1=List of medical schools in Sweden}}
Medical education in [[Sweden]] begins with a five-and-a-half-year undergraduate university program leading to the degree "Master of Science in Medicine" ({{langx|sv|Läkarexamen}}). Following this, the [[National Board of Health and Welfare (Sweden)|National Board of Health and Welfare]] requires a minimum of 18 months of clinical internship ({{langx|sv|Allmäntjänstgöring}}) before granting a medical license to be fully qualified as ''Medical Doctor (MD)''.<ref>{{cite web |title=License to practice medicine in Sweden |url=http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/applicationforswedishlicencetopractiseothercountries/doctorofmedicine |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321033725/http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/applicationforswedishlicencetopractiseothercountries/doctorofmedicine |archive-date=2015-03-21 }}</ref>

This internship consists of surgery (3–6 months), internal medicine (3–6 months), psychiatry (three months) and family medicine (six months). Upon receiving a license to practice, a physician is able to apply for a post to start specialist training. There are currently 52 recognized medical specialties in Sweden. The specialist training has a duration of minimum five years, which upon completion grants formal qualification as a specialist.

===Switzerland===
There are eight universities granting medical degrees in [[Switzerland]] and six [[university hospital]]s:<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2022 |title=Selektionsverfahren zum Medizinstudium - Regelung der Studienplatzvergabe |url=https://www.swissuniversities.ch/fileadmin/swissuniversities/Dokumente/Lehre/Medizin/220101_Studienplatzvergabe.pdf |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=swissuniversities}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Master of Medicine (MMed) |url=https://www.unil.ch/formations/en/home/menuinst/masters/medecine.html |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.unil.ch |language=en}}</ref>
* Faculty of Medicine of the [[University of Basel]] (see also [[University Hospital of Basel]])
* Faculty of Medicine of the [[University of Bern]] (see also [[University Hospital of Bern]])
* Faculty of Sciences and Medicine [[University of Fribourg]] (see also [[University of Fribourg]])
* Faculty of Medicine of the [[University of Geneva]] (see also [[University Hospital of Geneva]])
* Faculty of Biology and Medicine of the [[University of Lausanne]] (see also [[University Hospital of Lausanne]])
* Faculty of Medicine of the [[University of Zürich]] (see also [[University Hospital of Zürich]], includes Tracks for [[Lucerne|Luzern]] and [[St. Gallen]])
* Faculty of Biomedical Sciences of the [[Università della Svizzera italiana]]
* Faculty of Biology and Medicine of the [[University of Lausanne]]
* Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology of the [[ETH Zurich]] (offers the bachelor's degree but not the master in medicine)

===Turkey===
All high school graduates who wish to pursue further education are required to take an MCQ exam. The exam covers most of the high school and secondary school curricula.

A student who scores high enough gets a place in a faculty of his/her desire. Entrance to medical schools is extremely competitive, only very top scoring students are accepted to medical schools.

Medical education in [[Turkey]] follows a specific policy and is regulated by the Ministry of Health and the Council of Higher Education (YÖK).
Medical education takes six years, first three years being Pre-clinical years and the latter three being Clinical years. During the "clinical" phase, students rotate through various clinical departments, such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, and more. Right after graduation, graduates can either work as GPs or take another exam called TUS (Medical Specialization Examination) to do residency in a particular department of a particular hospital.

Most of the medical schools in Turkey are state schools but the number of private schools is on the rise. MCQ exam (TYT and AYT) scores required to be accepted to private medical schools are lower compared to their public counterparts. The language of instruction is, in general, Turkish, but few universities also offer schools with English as the language of instruction. This makes Turkey a popular place to study medicine for students from nearby areas like the Balkans, the Middle East, and to a lesser extent North Africa.

===Ukraine===
Medical degrees in [[Ukraine]] were offered only in institutions called medical universities, which are separate from traditional universities. However, some medical schools are now associated with classical universities. These include:
* [[Ternopil State Medical University]]
* Donetsk National Medical University
* [[Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University]]
* [[Kharkiv National Medical University]]
* [[Dnipro State Medical University]]
* [[Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University]]
* [[Bukovinian State Medical University]]
* [[Zaporizhia State Medical University]]
* [[Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy]]
* [[Donetsk National Medical University]]
* [[Bogomolets National Medical University Of Ukraine]]
* [[Crimea State Medical University]]
* [[Luhansk State Medical University]]
* [[Odesa National Medical University]]
* [[Vinnytsia National Pirogov Memorial Medical University]]
* [[University of Kharkiv|School of Medicine of V N Karazin Kharkiv National University]]
* [[Sumy State University|Medical Faculty of Sumy State University]]
* [[Uzhhorod National University|Medical Faculty of Uzhhorod University]]
* [[Oles Honchar Dnipro National University|Medical Faculty of Dnipro National University]]
* [[Kyiv Medical University of UAFM]]

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Medical school in the United Kingdom}}

{{See also|List of medical schools in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Kings College London Guys Campus.jpg|thumb|Shepherd's House at [[King's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry]] in London]]
In the [[United Kingdom]], the code for higher education, first degrees in medicine comprise an integrated programme of study and professional practice spanning several levels. While the final outcomes of the qualifications themselves typically meet the Expectations of the descriptor for higher education qualification at '''level 7 (the UK master's degree)'''. These degrees may retain, for historical reasons, "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" and are abbreviated to MBChB or MBBS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bris.ac.uk/esu/assessment/annex/annex-level7descriptor.html|title=The UK quality code for higher education|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-date=2013-06-20|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620065316/http://www.bris.ac.uk/esu/assessment/annex/annex-level7descriptor.html}}</ref>

There are currently [[Medical school (United Kingdom)#List of medical schools in the United Kingdom|32 institutions]] that offer medical degrees in the United Kingdom.<ref>UK Medical Schools - www.ukmedicalschools.com</ref> Completion of a medical degree in the UK results in the award of the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. Admission requirements to the schools varies; most insist on solid A-Levels/Highers, a good performance in an aptitude test such as the [[UKCAT]], the [[BMAT]] or the [[GAMSAT]], and usually an interview. As of 2008 the UK has approximately 8000 places for medical students.<ref name="statistics">{{cite web|url=http://www.study-medicine.co.uk/index.php?pageid=stats|title=Study medicine - British Medical School Statistics|publisher=Study-medicine.co.uk|access-date=2008-09-08|archive-date=2018-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708045716/http://www.study-medicine.co.uk/index.php?pageid=stats}}</ref>

Methods of education range from courses that offer a problem-based learning approach (alongside lectures etc.), and others having a more traditional pre-clinical/clinical structure. Others combine several approaches in an integrated approach.
[[File:Medical School, Teviot Place, University of Edinburgh, exterior 2.jpg|thumb|257x257px|[[University of Edinburgh Medical School]]]]
Following qualification, UK doctors enter a generalised two-year, competency-based "[[Modernising Medical Careers|foundation programme]]", gaining full GMC ([[General Medical Council]]) registration at the end of foundation year one, and applying for specialist training (in medicine, surgery, general practice etc.) after foundation year two.

Many medical schools offer intercalated degree programmes to allow students to focus on an area of research outside their medical degree for a year.

Some medical schools offer graduate entry programmes, which are four years long. The name refers to the fact that students on these courses already have a degree in another subject (i.e. they are graduates). Due to the shorter length of the course, the timetable of these degrees are more intense and the holidays are shorter, compared to students on the 5-year course. In terms of entrance requirements, the 4-year degree restricts entry to those who already hold a first degree, and have previously worked in an area of healthcare. The first degree does not necessarily have to be a BSc degree (this is the criteria for some of the medical schools), whereas other medical schools specify that the prior degree has to be in a science subject. Competition for this course is fierce, with students having to also sit an entrance exam prior to being considered for an interview.

Medical schools typically admit more students into undergraduate programmes than into graduate entry programmes.

==Latin America==
=== Argentina ===
[[File:Plaza Houssay Av Córdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The Faculty of Medical Sciences at the [[University of Buenos Aires]]]]
In 1821, the first school of medicine was formed in the capital city [[Buenos Aires]], where the bulk of the medical schools are located.<ref name =Centeno/><ref name =scielo>{{cite journal |url=https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2014-98322017000600003
|title=Medical education in Argentina
|author=Ángel M. Centeno, Soledad Campos |journal=Revista de la Fundación Educación Médica
|year=2017
|volume=20
|issue=6
|pages=265–271
|doi=10.33588/fem.206.924
|access-date = 1 May 2021
|url-access=subscription
}}</ref> As of 2006, there were 29 medical schools in [[Argentina]].<ref name=Centeno>{{cite journal |author = Angel M Centeno |title = The programs and context of medical education in Argentina|journal=Academic Medicine |year=2006 |volume=81 |issue=12 |pages=1081–1084 |doi=10.1097/01.ACM.0000246700.88093.6b |pmid=17122474 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Medical degree programs in Argentina typically are six years long,<ref name=Centeno/> with some universities opting for 7 year programs.<ref name =scielo/> The six years usually consist of 3 years of basic sciences, 2 years of clinical sciences, and one internship year (in Spanish "internado anual rotatorio"). The internship is completed in a Hospital associated with the university.<ref name = Clarin>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/internado-residencia_0_BkCecsvlRte.html|title = El internado y la residencia|date = 16 July 2001}}</ref><ref name=Centeno/> In some provinces (especially round the more developed South) there are government-funded hospitals who pay for the internship{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}. Some universities have cultural exchange programmes that allow a medical student in their final year to serve their community time overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fmed.uba.ar/index.php/internado-anual-rotatorio-iar/iar-en-el-exterior|title = IAR en el exterior | Facultad de Medicina UBA}}</ref>

In Argentina, there are public and private medical schools.<ref name=Centeno/> By law entrance into public institutions is open and tuition-free to all who have a high school diploma, and universities are expressly forbidden<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/universidad-gratuita_0_B1U2xbYDXg.html|title=Prohíben el arancel y el examen de ingreso en las universidades|last=Dillon|first=Alfredo|website=www.clarin.com|date=30 October 2015|language=es|access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> from restricting access with difficult entrance exams. Point in case, in 2016 the [[National University of La Plata]] was forced by governing bodies to stop forcing its students to write an entrance exam. As a result, that university experienced a major increase in the size of its student population. Another consequence is that schools have a high drop-out rate during the first years<ref name=Centeno/> that approach 90%. When it comes to educational quality, the [[University of Buenos Aires]] [[Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Buenos Aires|Faculty of Medical Sciences]], a public university, is widely recognised as the top medical school in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2016|title=QS World University Rankings 2016|date=2016-08-25|work=Top Universities|access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref>

Upon graduation, one of the following degrees is obtained, according to the university: Doctor of Medicine, or both Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Surgery. Public universities usually confer both degrees, and private universities bestow only a Doctor of Medicine. In daily practice, however, there is no substantial difference between what a Doctor of Medicine or a Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Surgery are allowed to do. When the degree is obtained, a record is created for that new doctor in the index of the National Ministry of Education (''Ministerio Nacional de Educación''), and the physician is given their corresponding medical practitioner's ID, which is a number that identifies him and his academic achievements. In addition, there is a provincial ID, i.e. a number to identify doctors in the province they practice medicine in.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} Completion of a residency program is not required for medical licensing.<ref name = Centeno/>

There is no central system for applying for medical residency. Doctors wishing to pursue a [[Specialty (medicine)|specialty]] must take rigorous entrance exams at the public/private institution of their choice that offers them. Programs admit approximately half of each year's graduates after a lengthy selection process.<ref name = Centeno/> Most specialty courses last four years, depending on the branch of medicine the physician has chosen.<ref name = Centeno/><ref name = Clarin/>

=== El Salvador ===
[[File:Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de El Salvador, vista nordeste (1).jpg|thumb|Main building at the [[School of Medicine of the University of El Salvador]]]]
The [[University of El Salvador]]) has a program lasting eight years for students who want to study medicine. The first six years are organized in a two semesters fashion, the seventh year is used for a rotating internship through the major specialty areas in a 10-week periods fashion (psychiatry and public health share a period) and the eighth year is designated for Social service in locations approved by the Ministry of Health (usually as attending physician in Community Health Centers or non-profit organizations). The graduates receive the degree of MD and must register in the Public Health Superior Council to get the medical license and a registered national number that allows them to prescribe barbiturates and other controlled drugs.

In order to attend further studies, including surgery, internal medicine, G/OB, pediatrics, or psychiatry, students in the year of social service or graduates of any Salvadorian university must apply independently for the residency at the hospital of choice; the preliminary selection process is based on the results of clinical knowledge tests, followed by psychiatric evaluations and interviews with the hospital medical and administrative staff. The basic residencies mentioned above commonly last 3 years; at the last trimester of the third year, the residents can apply to the position of Chief of residents (1 year) or follow further studies as residents (3 years) of a specialty (for example orthopedic surgery, urology, neurology, endocrinology...). No further studies are offered to date; therefore, specialists looking for training or practice in a specific area (For example, a neurosurgeon looking for a specialty in endovascular neurosurgery, spine surgery or pediatric neurosurgery) must attend studies in other countries and apply for such positions independently.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Bolivia ===
In [[Bolivia]], all medical schools are Faculties within a university and follow the European model{{which|date=February 2023}} of a six-year curriculum (9 000 ECTS or more) divided into three cycles. The first two years are called the biomedical or pre-clinical cycle. During this time students are instructed in the basic sciences (anatomy, anthropology, biochemistry, biophysics, cell biology, embryology, histology, physiology, pharmacology, biostatistics, etc.). The next three years are the clinical cycle and consist of medical specialties instruction at the faculty and hospital practice. The last year consists of an internship for 3 months each of [[surgery]], [[internal medicine]], [[gynecology]] and [[pediatrics]]. To acquire the license from the government to practice medicine, at the end of the internship an Honorary Mandatory Socialist Service (SSSRO) must be done in a rural area of the country for at least three months.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

After getting the degree and license as "Graduate of Medicine and Surgery" or Médico Cirujano (MC) may take a post-graduate residency from 3 to 6 years in order to acquire a specialty.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Brazil ===
{{Category see also|Medical schools in Brazil}}
[[File:Faculdade de Medicina USP 10.jpg|thumb|The Faculty of Medicine at the [[University of São Paulo]]]]
The Brazilian medical schools follow the European model{{which|date=February 2023}} of a six-year curriculum, divided into three cycles of two years each.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://casemed.case.edu/gradprog/capes/Brazilian_ed_summary.pdf |title=A brief description of medical school curricula in Brazil |last=Suarez-Kurtz |first=Guilherme |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202838/http://casemed.case.edu/gradprog/capes/Brazilian_ed_summary.pdf }}</ref> The first two years are called basic cycle (''ciclo básico''). During this time students are instructed in the basic sciences ([[anatomy]], [[physiology]], [[pharmacology]], [[immunology]], etc.) with activities integrated with the medical specialties, allowing the student an overview of the practical application of such content. After its completion, the students advance to the clinical cycle (''ciclo clinico''). At this stage contact with patients intensify and work with tests and diagnostics, putting into practice what was learned in the first two years. The last two are called internships ''(internato''). In this last step, the students focus on clinical practice, through training in teaching hospitals and clinics. The teaching of this last step reflects an axis of increasing complexity, enabling students to make decisions and participate effectively in form and operative care under the direct supervision of faculty and qualified to act as teaching aids physicians.

After six years of training, students graduate and are awarded the title of [[physician]] (''Médico'') allowing them to register with the Regional Council of Medicine (''Conselho Regional de Medicina''). The recent graduate will be able to exercise the medical profession as a [[general practitioner]] and may apply to undertake postgraduate training. In 2012, the Regional Council of Medicine of São Paulo (''Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo'') established that physicians who graduate this year must pass a test to obtain professional registration. Passing the exam, however, is not linked to obtaining registration. It required only the presence of the candidate and the test performance. Already at the national level, there is a pending Senate bill creating the National Proficiency Examination in Medicine (''Exame Nacional de Proficiência em Medicina''), which would make the race a prerequisite for the exercise of the profession.

Physicians who want to join a specialization program must undergo a new selection examination considered as competitive as that required to join a medical school. The specialization programs are divided into two categories: direct access and prerequisite. The specialties with direct access are those in which the doctor can enroll without having any prior expertise. Any physician can apply to examinations for these specialties, regardless of the time of training or prior experience. To apply to proprietary pre-requisite, the doctor should have already completed a specialty prior. The programs may range from 2 to 6 years. Brazil currently recognizes by the Federal Council of Medicine, the Brazilian Medical Association and the National Commission of Medical Residency 53 residency programs. Fully complied with, gives the title of a resident physician specialist.

=== Chile ===
[[File:Hospital Regional de Concepción.JPG|thumb|The Dr. Guillermo Grant Benavente Regional Clinical Hospital at the [[University of Concepción]] in Chile]]
In [[Chile]], there are 21 medical schools. Principal medical schools are [[Universidad de Chile]], [[Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile]], [[Universidad de Concepción]], [[Universidad de Valparaíso]] and [[Universidad de Santiago de Chile]]. The pre-grade studies are distributed over 7 years, where the last 2 are the internship, which include at least [[surgery]], [[internal medicine]], [[gynecology]] and [[pediatrics]]. After getting the degree of Licenciate in Medicine (General Medicine) the MD must pass a medicine knowledge exam called the Unique National Exam of Medical Knowledge (EUNACOM "Examen Único Nacional de Conocimientos de Medicina" in Spanish) and can take a direct specialty or work before in primary attention in order to gain access to a residency.<ref>[http://www.bcn.cl/histley/lfs/hdl-20261/HL20261.pdf Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile] bcn.cl</ref>

=== Colombia ===
{{Category see also|Medical schools in Colombia}}
[[File:FacultaddemedicinaUNAL.jpg|thumb|The College of Medicine at the [[National University of Colombia College]] in [[Bogotá]]]]
In [[Colombia]], there are 50 medical schools listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools, 27 of which have active programs and are currently registered and accredited as high-quality programs by the Colombian Ministry of Education.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} The main medical programs are offered by the [[National University of Colombia|Universidad Nacional de Colombia]], [[Pontifical Xavierian University|Pontificia Universidad Javeriana]], [[Del Rosario University|Universidad del Rosario]], [[El Bosque University|Universidad El Bosque]], [[University of Los Andes (Colombia)|Universidad de los Andes]], [[Universidad del Valle (Colombia)|Universidad del Valle]], [[Universidad de Antioquia]], [[University of Santander|Universidad de Santander]], [[Universidad del Norte (Colombia)|Universidad del Norte]] and [[University of La Sabana|Universidad de la Sabana]]. Most programs require 6–7 years of study, and all offer a [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD) degree. In some cases, the school also allows for a second degree to be studied for at the same time (this is chosen by the student, though most students end up needing to do alternate semesters between their degrees, and mostly in careers like [[microbiology]] or [[biomedical engineering]]). For example, the [[University of Los Andes (Colombia)|Universidad de los Andes]] has a program whereby the medical student could graduate with both an MD and a [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) degree or an MD and a master's degree in [[public health]]. Admission to medical school varies with the school but is usually dependent on a combination of a general application to the university, an entrance exam, a personal statement or interview, and secondary (high) school performance mostly as reflected on the [[ICFES Examination|ICFES]] score (the grade received on the state exam in the final year of secondary/high school).{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

In most medical programs, the first two years deal with basic scientific courses (cellular and molecular biology, chemistry, organic chemistry, mathematics, and physics), and the core medical sciences (anatomy, embryology, histology, physiology, and biochemistry). The following year may change in how it is organized in different schools but is usually organ system-based pathophysiology and therapeutics (general and systems pathology, pharmacology, microbiology, parasitology, immunology, and medical genetics are also taught in this block). In the first two years, the programs also usually begin the courses in the epidemiology track (which may or may not include biostatistics), a clinical skills track (semiology and the clinical examination), a social medicine/public health track, and a medical ethics and communication skills track. Modes of training vary but are usually based on lectures, simulations, standardized-patient sessions, problem-based learning sessions, seminars, and observational clinical experiences. By year three, most schools have begun the non-elective, clinical-rotation block with accompanying academic courses (these include but are not limited to [[internal medicine]], [[pediatrics]], [[general surgery]], [[Anesthesia|anaesthesiology]], [[orthopaedics]], [[Gynaecology|gynaecology and obstetrics]], [[emergency medicine]], [[neurology]], [[psychiatry]], [[oncology]], [[urology]], [[physical medicine and rehabilitation]], [[ophthalmology]], and [[otorhinolaryngology]]). Elective rotations are usually introduced in the fourth or fifth year, though as in the case of the non-elective rotations, ''the hospitals the medical students may be placed in or apply to for a given rotation depend entirely on the medical schools''. This is important in terms of medical training, given the particular distinction of patients, pathologies, procedures, and skills seen and learned in private vs. public hospitals in Colombia. Most schools, however, have placements in both types of hospitals for many specialties.

The final year of medical school in Colombia is referred to as the internship year ("internado"). The internship year is usually divided into two semesters. The first semester is made up of obligatory rotations that every student does though in different orders, and the [[Internship (medicine)|medical intern]] serves in 5–7 different specialties, typically including internal medicine, paediatrics, general surgery, anaesthesiology, orthopaedics, gynaecology and obstetrics, and emergency medicine. The extent of the responsibilities of the intern varies with the hospital, as does the level of supervision and teaching, but generally, medical interns in Colombia extensively take, write, and review clinical histories, answer and discuss referrals with their seniors, do daily progress notes for the patients under their charge, participate in the service rounds, present and discuss patients at rounds, serve shifts, assist in surgical procedures, and assist in general administrative tasks. Sometimes, they are charged with ordering diagnostic testing, but, under Colombian law, they cannot prescribe medication as they are not graduate physicians. This, of course, are to be completed in addition to their academic responsibilities. The second semester is made up of elective rotations, which can be at home or abroad, in the form of clerkships or observerships. A final graduation requirement is to sit a standardized exam, the State Exam for Quality in Higher Education ("Examen de Estado de Calidad de la Educación Superior" or ECAES, also known as SABER PRO) specific to medicine, which tests, for example, knowledge in public health and primary care.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

After graduation, the physician is required to register with the Colombian Ministry of Health, in order to complete a year of obligatory social service ("servicio social obligatorio"), after which they qualify for a professional license to practice general medicine and apply for a medical residency within Colombia. If, however, the student wishes to practice general medicine abroad or continue onto their postgraduate studies, for example, they can independently begin the appropriate application/equivalency process, ''without'' doing their obligatory social service. In this case, they would not be licensed to practise medicine in Colombia and if they wish to do so, will have to register with the Ministry of Health. N.B. If the graduate physician gets accepted immediately into a residency within Colombia in internal medicine, paediatrics, family medicine, gynecology and obstetrics, general surgery or anaesthesiology, they are allowed to complete a 6-month-long social service ''after'' their residency.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

In contrast with most countries, residencies in Colombia are not paid positions, since one applies for the program through the university offering the post, which requires a tuition. However, on 9 May 2017, legislation was formally introduced in Congress that would seek to regulate payment for medical residents, regulate their tuitions, and advocate for their vacation time and working hours. {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}As in other countries, the length of residency training depends upon the specialty chosen, and, following its completion, the physician may choose to apply for a fellowship (subspecialty) at home or abroad depending on the availability of their desired training programs, or practice in their specialty.

=== Guyana ===
{{Category see also|Medical schools in Guyana}}
In [[Guyana]], the medical school is accredited by the National Accreditation Council of Guyana. The medical program ranges from 4 years to 6 years. Students are taught the basic sciences aspect of the program within the first 2 years of medical school. In the clinical sciences program, students are introduced to the hospital setting where they gain hands-on training from the qualifying physicians and staff at the various teaching hospitals across Guyana.

* [[Texila American University]]
* [[American International School of Medicine]]
* [[University of Guyana]]

Students graduating from the University of Guyana are not required to sit for board exams before practicing medicine in Guyana. Students graduating from the American International School of Medicine sit the USMLE, PLAB or CAMC exams.

=== Panama ===
{{Expand section|date=January 2013}}
{{Main|Medical education in Panama}}

[[File:ULAT PA-2.jpg|thumb|Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, or the Faculty of Health Sciences, the medical school at the [[Latin University of Panama]] in [[Panama City]]]]
The system of Medical education in [[Panama]] usually takes students from high school directly into Medical School for a 6-year course, typically with a two-year internship.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

In order to practice medicine in the Republic, or enter a residency program in Panama it is required to be a Panamanian citizen.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} Other requirements include:
*First year rotatory [[Internship]]: Qualified medical practitioners must successfully undertake and complete one year of supervised practice, generally known as an internship. The internship is undertaken in [[hospital]] positions accredited for this purpose.
*2 year rural Internship: Upon successful conclusion of the first intern year, doctors are required to undertake and complete a second year of internship at an assigned government health institution. Once this requirement is fulfilled the [[medical practitioner]]s qualify for full registration in the Medical Board and are [[medical license|licensed]] to engage in independent medical practice in Panama.

=== Uruguay ===
[[File:Hospital de Clínicas Uruguay.jpg|thumb|The [[Hospital Clinic Manuel Quintela]] at [[University of the Republic (Uruguay)|University of the Republic]] in [[Montevideo]]]]
In Uruguay, three universities offer a medical degree. The [[University of the Republic (Uruguay)|University of the Republic]] (UdelaR) is the oldest and largest institution in the country, with its Faculty of Medicine dating back to 1875. The program at this university has a duration of seven years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. En Medicina {{!}} Facultad de Medicina |url=https://www.fmed.edu.uy/ensenanza/carreras-de-grado/dr-en-medicina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720210101/https://www.fmed.edu.uy/ensenanza/carreras-de-grado/dr-en-medicina |archive-date=2024-07-20 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.fmed.edu.uy}}</ref> The faculty also operates the [[Hospital Clinic Manuel Quintela|Dr. Manuel Quintela University Hospital]] as its [[teaching hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-04 |title=Hubo acuerdo entre ASSE y el Hospital de Clínicas, que recibirá el pago de $99 millones |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/politica/hubo-acuerdo-entre-asse-y-el-hospital-de-clinicas-que-recibira-el-pago-de-99-millones |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=EL PAIS |language=en}}</ref>

The other two institutions offering medical studies are the [[Latin American Center for Human Economy]] (CLAEH) in [[Punta del Este]], and the [[Catholic University of Uruguay]], both of which offer a six-year program plus a mandatory internship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=Universidad Claeh ya ofrece carreras con doble titulación: Medicina y Logística |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/negocios/universidad-claeh-ya-ofrece-carreras-con-doble-titulacion-medicina-y-logistica |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=EL PAIS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salud en la UCU: once carreras, interdisciplina y formación interprofesional |url=https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/salud-en-la-ucu-once-carreras-interdisciplina-y-formacion-interprofesional--2021121515550#:~:text=A%20la%20apertura%20en%202020,la%20transversalidad%20y%20la%20interdisciplinariedad%E2%80%9D. |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=El Observador |language=es-UY}}</ref>

=== Venezuela ===
[[File:Hospital Universitario-UCV.JPG|thumb|The [[Hospital Clínico Universitario|Hospital Universitario de Caracas]], part of the [[Central University of Venezuela]] in [[Caracas]]]]
These are the universities with a medical school in Venezuela:{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

* [[Central University of Venezuela]]
* [[University of the Andes (Venezuela)]]
* [[University of Zulia]]
* [[University of Carabobo]]
* [[Universidad de Oriente]]
* [[Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado]]
* Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda
* Universidad Nacional Experimental de Los Llanos Centrales Rómulo Gallegos
* Bolivarian University of Venezuela

==Middle East==
===Egypt===
Medical schools in [[Egypt]] are five-year programs. Education is conducted in English and leads to a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine]] and Surgery (MBBCh). Graduates must finish a two-year internship program at the end of their studies to obtain their general practitioner license. Clinical training happens in each school teaching hospital with few exceptions. A small number of schools use Ministry of Health hospitals.<ref name = EgyptScienceDirect>{{cite journal
|journal = Health Professions Education
|title= Medical Education in Egypt: Historical Background, Current Status, and Challenges
|author=Adel Abdelaziz |author2=Salah Eldin Kassa |author3=Asma Abdelnasser |author4=Somaya Hosny
|volume= 4
|issue= 4
|date = December 2018
|pages =236–244
|doi = 10.1016/j.hpe.2017.12.007
|s2cid = 80180068
|doi-access= free
|hdl= 10576/44620
|hdl-access= free
}}</ref>

Admission into Egyptian private and public medical schools is centrally managed by the government. After students submit their applications, they are distributed among different institutions according to both their order of preference and their high school performance.<ref name = EgyptScienceDirect/>

In Egypt, there are two main pathways to postgraduate studies in medicine. The academic pathway, leading to a scientific degree: either MSc. or PhD The second is the Fellowship of the Egyptian Board (FEB) program. About 20% of medical graduates pursue post-graduate studies, the rest join the healthcare workforce as general practitioners.<ref name = EgyptScienceDirect/>

===Iran===
General medicine education in [[Iran]] takes 7 to 7.5 years. Students enter the university after high school. Students study basic medical science (such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, histology, biophysics, embryology, etc.) for 2.5 years. At the end of this period they should pass a "basic science" exam. Those who passed the exam will move on to study physiopathology of different organs in the next 1.5 years. The organ-based learning approach emphasizes critical thinking and clinical application. In the next period of education students enter clinics and educational hospitals for two years. During this period, they will also learn practical skills such as history taking and physical examination. Students should then pass the "pre-internship" exam to enter the last 1.5 years of education in which medical students function as interns. During this period, medical students participate in all aspects of medical care of the patients and they take night calls. At the end of these 7.5 years students are awarded an MD degree. MD doctors can continue their educations through residency and fellowship.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Iraq===
In [[Iraq]], medical ''colleges'' (commonly referred to as medical ''schools'' in the [[United States|US]]) typically offer a 6-year curriculum that is presented in the English language, similar to that of European countries. It is completely free for students with exceptionally high grades on 6th preparatory exams (standardized 12th grade exams), which are held by Iraq's Ministry of Education.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-17 |title=Education in Iraq |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2017/10/education-in-iraq |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=WENR |language=en-US}}</ref> There are paid options for students with lower grades. Medical education can commence immediately after the 6th preparatory class (equivalent to 12th grade in a K-12 system) in preparatory school (high school).<ref name=":2" /> As of 2024, there are 33 medical colleges in Iraq, both public ([[Governorates of Iraq|governorate/province]]-funded and/or government-funded) and private, acknowledged by the [[World Directory of Medical Schools]].

Generally, the first year is introductory, with students studying basic human biology as well as non-medical subjects such as Human Rights, Arabic and English. These are foundational subjects. They are taught in every college in Iraq in the first or second year no matter the field, and they are deemed so by the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education. The subsequent two years are pre-clinical and are similar to those of medical schools in other countries. The 4th and 5th years have clinical rotations and are clinical years. The 6th year is the last. During this year, students are primarily engaged in hospital rotations with less emphasis on academic material.

Throughout the 6 years, students may have to attend exams that more than one medical college participates in, although the specific timing and frequency of these exams vary between colleges. However, most colleges have a standardized exam at the end of year 6, which alone typically accounts for 30% of the cumulative grade. Upon completion of the program, graduates are awarded a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.Ch.B.)]] degree.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=M.B.Ch.B. Requirements |url=https://en.med.uobasrah.edu.iq/students/degree-requirements,%20https://en.med.uobasrah.edu.iq/students/degree-requirements |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=en.med.uobasrah.edu.iq |language=en}}</ref> The job title for those who hold the degree is "Rotating Resident Physician".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=دراسة الطب العام {{!}} الاختصاصات الطبية في العراق |url=https://saturnmedic.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-saturn-medic/medical-specialities/general-medicine/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Saturn Medic |language=en-GB}}</ref>

What follows is an exemplary curriculum from one of Iraq's medical colleges. This curriculum follows a "system-wise approach" where subjects are taught within the context of each system before transitioning to the next system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Updates in Medical Colleges' Curriculum in Iraq – International Research and Publishing Academy |url=https://irapa.org/updates-in-medical-colleges-curriculum-in-iraq/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |language=en-US |doi=10.48112/bcs.v2i1.318}}</ref>

* Year 1: (5% of cumulative grade)

The first semester includes Human and Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Medical Physics, Computer Science, English, and Human Rights; while the second semester includes Human and Cell Biology, Arabic, English, Medical Basics (Medical Ethics) and Immunology and Microbiology.

* Year 2: (5% of cumulative grade) includes Musculoskeletal System, Hematology, Cardiology and Pulmonology.
* Year 3: (5% of cumulative grade) includes Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), Genitourinary Tract (GUT), Neurology and Endocrinology.
* Year 4: (20% of cumulative grade) includes Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Community Medicine (Epidemiology) and Urology.
* Year 5: (25% of cumulative grade) includes Internal Medicine, Surgery, Forensic Medicine, Psychiatry, Ophthalmology, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology (ENT).
* Year 6: (40% of cumulative grade; 1% for a research project, 9% for courses exams, 30% for year 6 final exam) includes Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology.<ref name=":3" />

The aforementioned year 6 exam tests the contents of not only the courses in year 6, but most courses in every year before it as well, with a major emphasis on clinical courses. After graduating, graduates have a grace period of 1 year before going into Rotating Residency. Graduates with the 10 (variable per year, according to the ministry) highest cumulative grades can voluntarily (and in some years, involuntarily, according to the ministry's orders) become [[teaching assistant]]s where they teach medical students in the same college they graduated in. The cumulative grade also decides what a student can match into in Senior Residency.<ref name=":4" /> Residents can choose whether to apply for the [[Arab Board of Health Specializations|Arab Board]] or the Iraqi Board, the latter being generally cheaper for Iraqi citizens.

Graduates of medical colleges must undergo additional training before being permitted to practice medicine independently.<ref name=":4" />

* Rotating Residency lasts for one year and takes place in public hospitals within the resident's province/governorate. It typically involves rotations in internal medicine, general surgery, emergency medicine and obstetrics and gynecology. After this, a resident can begin Gradation.<ref name=":4" />
* Gradation lasts for one year and usually requires the resident to serve in an underserved rural area within their province/governorate. Rotations are similar to that of Rotating Residency. After this, residents can specialize in a medical field of their choosing in Senior Residency.<ref name=":4" />
* Senior Residency (equivalent to "[[Internship (medicine)|internship]]" in the US) allows the resident to choose a specialty to be trained in privately for one year before going into Specialization. Specialties may be matched into based on the resident's cumulative grade in medical college. A cumulative grade of 85% is considered high and would permit the graduate to choose from most, if not all, medical specialties. Prior to 2022, the medical cumulative grade was assessed on a national scale. Starting in 2022, it has been evaluated at the provincial level, meaning students from lacking governorates no longer have to compete with students from other, better governorates. During senior residency, physicians are titled "Senior Resident Physician" in their respective medical specialty.<ref name=":4" />
* Specialization (equivalent to "[[Residency (medicine)|residency]]" in the US) is the period where a resident thoroughly studies and practices a specific specialty in medicine, with most specialties completing 4 years of training. All who complete specialization are titled "Specialized Physician" in their respective medical specialty and can practice medicine freely.<ref name=":4" />

===Israel===
There are five university medical schools in [[Israel]]: the [[Rappaport Faculty of Medicine]] at the [[Technion – Israel Institute of Technology|Technion]] in Haifa, the Joyce and Irving Goldman Medical School at [[Ben Gurion University]] in Be'er Sheva, the [[Tel Aviv University Faculty of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine]] (former name "Sackler Faculty of Medicine") at [[Tel Aviv University]], the Hadassah School of Medicine at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|Hebrew University]] in Jerusalem and the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine at [[Bar-Ilan University]] in [[Ramat Gan]]. These all follow the European 6-year model except [[Bar-Ilan University]] which has a four-year program similar to the US system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medicine.biu.ac.il/en/node/3 |title=About | Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee Bar-Ilan University |publisher=Medicine.biu.ac.il |access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref>

The Technion Medical School, Ben Gurion University, and Tel Aviv University Faculty of Medicine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacklermedicine.us/ |title=Home | Sackler Faculty of Medicine |publisher=Sacklermedicine.us |date=2013-07-22 |access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref> offer 4-year MD programs for American Bachelor's graduates who have taken the [[MCAT]], interested in completing rigorous medical education in Israel before returning to the US or Canada.

The entrance requirements of the various schools of medicine are very strict. Israeli students require a [[Bagrut|high school Baccalaureate]] average above 100 and [[Psychometric Entrance Test|psychometric examination]] grade over 700.

The degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD) is legally considered to be equivalent to a [[master's degree]] within the Israeli Educational System.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical degrees in Israeli Educational System |url=http://handouts.aacrao.org/am08/finished/T1100a_T_Schumacher.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807030219/http://handouts.aacrao.org/am08/finished/T1100a_T_Schumacher.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-07 }}</ref>

All medical school graduates must then pass a medical licensing exam and successfully complete a one-year internship.<ref>[https://www.health.gov.il/English/Services/MedicalAndHealthProfessions/GeneralMedicine/Pages/stage.aspx Internship in Medicine in Israel]</ref> There are two kinds of internships:

* Straight internship is done in internal medicine, pediatrics or surgery. Interns spend two months in surgery, two months in pediatrics, one month in emergency medicine, and six consecutive months (the second half of the year) in a chosen specialty.
* Rotating internship offers a schedule that rotates through all major specialties—including three months of internal medicine (1 month may be substituted for [[geriatrics]]), two months of pediatrics (1 month may be substituted for a pediatric subspecialty), two months of surgery (1 month may be substituted for a surgical subspecialty), one month of emergency medicine, one month of anesthesiology and intensive care, and two elective months.

After completing their internship, graduates may practice general medicine or go into a specialty program.

===Jordan===

The [[Doctor in Medicine]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]]) degree is awarded in [[Jordan]] after completion of six years comprising three years of [[medical sciences]] and three [[clinic]]al years.<ref name=Amimi/> Currently, six [[public university|state supported universities]] include a medical school and grant the degree, which are:<ref name=Amimi/>
* [[University of Jordan]] in [[Amman]]
* [[Jordan University of Science and Technology]] in [[Irbid]]
* [[Mutah University]] in [[Al Karak]]
* [[Hashemite University]] in [[Zarqa]]
* [[Yarmouk University]] in [[Irbid]]
* [[Al-Balqaʼ Applied University]] in [[Salt, Jordan|Salt]]

[[Jordan]]'s undergraduate medical education started in the 1970s with the establishment<ref>{{cite web|author=Esmet |url=http://medicine.ju.edu.jo/Home.aspx |title=:: School of Medicine :: The University of Jordan :: Amman :: Jordan |publisher=Medicine.ju.edu.jo |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref> of the first medical school in the [[University of Jordan]].<ref name=Amimi/> Their medical education system is well regarded in the region, thus attracting foreign students especially from around the Middle East (more than a third of all students).<ref name=Amimi/> The sole admission criterion is a satisfactory mark in the high school national exam. Students with the highest mark gain admission through the general competition system (≈6% of applicants and ≈50% of all admissions).<ref name=Amimi/> They are rewarded with partially subsidized inexpensive tuition fees. The rest of the admitted students are either foreigners or students that achieved high school marks of 85% or greater.<ref name=Amimi/> The curricula is divided into an initial 3-year pre-clinical stage followed by 3 clinical years for a total of 6 years of education.<ref name=Amimi/> The pre-clinical curriculum includes basic sciences, medical sciences and university required courses. In turn, the clinical curriculum includes [[clinical clerkship|clerkship rotations]] lasting from 2 to 12 weeks. At the end of the sixth year, students undergo a written theoretical assessment as well as a supervised clinical assessment. Passing students are awarded a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Bachelor's in Medicine and Surgery]]<ref name=Amimi>{{cite web |author=Ahmad Faleh Tamimi |url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291521953 |title =Medical Education in Jordan|access-date = 5 May 2021}}</ref>

===Lebanon===
In [[Lebanon]], there are two programs of medical education followed: the American system (4 years) and the European system (6 years). Programs are offered in English and French.
Admission requirements to the American system requires a candidate to complete a bachelor's degree along with specific pre-medical courses during the undergraduate years, and writing the MCAT examination.
European programs usually requires a candidate to complete 1 year of general science followed by a selection exam by the end of the year.

Schools following the American system (MD degree) are:
* [[American University of Beirut]]: located in [[Beirut]] and is the oldest medical school in Lebanon (established 1867).<ref name=AUB>{{cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0001871 |title=School Detail |publisher=Search.wdoms.org |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref> Training takes place at the American University of Beirut Medical center (AUBMC) in Beirut. It graduates ≈85 physicians per year.<ref name=AUB/>
* [[Lebanese American University]] (LAU Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine): This program started in 2009.<ref name=LAUWDOMS>{{cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0002403 |title=School Detail |publisher=Search.wdoms.org |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref> LAU Medical school is located in [[Byblos]] and has a 10-year affiliation{{when|date=May 2021}} with [[Partners Harvard Medical International]]. Training takes place at the University Medical center - Rizk Hospital (UMC-RH) located in [[Beirut]]. It is also affiliated with Clemenceau Medical Center and [[Rafik Hariri University Hospital]]. It graduates ≈50 physicians per year.<ref name=LAUWDOMS/>
* [[University of Balamand]]: This program started in 2001.<ref name =BalaWDOMS>{{cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0000195 |title=School Detail |publisher=Search.wdoms.org |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref> It is located in [[Koura District|Koura]], north Lebanon. Training takes place at the Saint George University Medical center in Beirut. It graduates ≈70 physicians per year.<ref name=BalaWDOMS/>

The language of instruction in all three is English.

Schools following the European system ([[MBBS]] degree) are:
* [[Lebanese University]]: languages of instruction are French and English. Training takes place at the [[Rafik Hariri University Hospital]] located in [[Beirut]]. It is a 7-year program and graduates ≈120 physicians per year.<ref name = LebUni>{{cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0000760 |title=School Detail |publisher=Search.wdoms.org |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref>
* [[Saint Joseph University]]: language of instruction is French. Training takes place in [[Hôtel-Dieu de France]] hospital located in [[Beirut]]. It is a 7-year program established in 1883.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0001872 |title=School Detail |publisher=Search.wdoms.org |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref>
* [[Beirut Arab University]]: language of instruction is English. Training takes place at Hammoud Hospital UMC located in [[Sidon]] and [[Rafik Hariri University Hospital]] located in [[Beirut]]. It is a 6-year program.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0001271 |title=School Detail |publisher=Search.wdoms.org |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref>
* [[Holy Spirit University of Kaslik]]: Located in [[Jounieh]], languages of instruction are French and English. Training takes place at the [[Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame des Secours]] located in [[Byblos]]. It is a newer school established in 2002 and has a 7-year program<ref>{{cite web|url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0002045 |title=School Detail |publisher=Search.wdoms.org |access-date=2022-03-13}}</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
{{See also|List of medical schools#Saudi Arabia|l1=List of medical schools in Saudi Arabia}}
In [[Saudi Arabia]] medical education is free for all Saudi citizens. A medical student must pass an entrance examination and complete a 1-year pre-medical course containing some basic medical subjects including: Biology, Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Physics, Medical Biostatistics, and English for medical uses. Passing this year is commonly considered as the most challenging. It offers an MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) degree. after one pre-medical course, five medical years and one training year.
By 2010, there are 24 medical schools in KSA- 21 nonprofit and three private medical schools.
The last college opened was Sulaiman AlRajhi Colleges with its partnership with Maastricht in the Netherlands.

===Syria===
Medical education in [[Syria]] consists of 6 years of training after high school. The first three include the [[basic sciences]] subjects, followed by 2 years of [[clinical clerkships]]. The sixth year also include clerkships in main specialties.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1186/s12909-018-1146-x|title = Specialty preference and intentions to study abroad of Syrian medical students during the crisis|year = 2018|last1 = Sawaf|first1 = Bisher|last2 = Abbas|first2 = Fatima|last3 = Idris|first3 = Amr|last4 = Al Saadi|first4 = Tareq|last5 = Ibrahim|first5 = Nazir|journal = BMC Medical Education|volume = 18|issue = 1|page = 39|pmid = 29548290|pmc = 5857144 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Then, medical students are required to pass a standardized medical exam for graduation. Placement into residency programs is based on their scores in the exit exam in addition to their medical school cumulative grades in the context of their desires.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Avicenna Journal of Medicine|issn=2231-0770 |publisher=[[Syrian American Medical Society]]|year = 2016|title = Self-reported study habits for enhancing medical students' performance in the National Medical Unified Examination|author=Amr Idris |author2=Tareq Al Saadi |author3=Basel Edris |author4=Bisher Sawaf |author5=Mhd. Ismael Zakaria |author6=Mahmoud Alkhatib |author7=Tarek Turk |volume = 6|issue = 2|pages = 39–46|doi=10.4103/2231-0770.179553 |doi-access=free |pmid=27144140 |pmc=4849187 }}</ref>

===Tunisia===
{{Further |Education in Tunisia}}
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2009}}
In [[Tunisia]], education is free for all Tunisian citizens and for foreigners who have scholarships. The oldest Medical school is the [[Medicine School of Tunis]]. There are four medicine faculties situated in the major cities of [[Tunis]], [[Sfax]], [[Sousse]] and [[Monastir, Tunisia|Monastir]]. Admission is bound to the success and score in the [[Tunisian Baccalaureate]] examination. Admission score threshold is very high, based on competition among all applicants throughout the nation. Medical school curriculum consists of seven years; five years as an 'extern' and two years of internship or 'intern trainee' :<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.remede.org/documents/etudes-de-medecine-en-tunisie.html|title=Etudes de médecine en Tunisie|last=Khaled|website=Remede.org|language=fr|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref>

* Two years are medical theory, containing all basic sciences related to medicine. The curriculum is more focused on theoretical than on practical learning.
* Three years during which the student receives both theoretical and practical training with total immersion in the hospital environment, it consists of clinical issues related to all medical specialties. During these three years, the student has to attend at the university hospital every day, rotating around all wards. Every period is followed by a clinical exam regarding the student's knowledge in that particular specialty.
* Two years on internship, in which the student is a physician but under the supervision of the chief doctor; the student rotates over the major and most essential specialties during period of four months each. After that, student has the choice of either passing the residency national exam or extending his internship for another year, after which he gains the status of family physician.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latunisiemedicale.com/article-medicale-tunisie_1837_fr|title=Article medicale Tunisie, Article medicale|website=www.latunisiemedicale.com|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-national-tunisie/124956/medecin-de-famille-bientot-une-specialite-a-part-entiere|title=Médecin de Famille: bientôt une spécialité à part entière|work=MosaiqueFM|access-date=2018-06-11|language=fr-FR}}</ref> The residency program consists of four to five years in the specialty he qualifies, depending on his score in the national residency examination under the rule of highest score chooses first. Whether the student chooses to be a family doctor or a specialist, he has to make a doctorate thesis, which he will be defending in front of a jury, after which he gains his degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD).

In contrast, studies in dental medicine (general practitioner) and pharmaceutical studies last only 6 years. Courses throughout the university curriculum in both medicine and pharmacy are taught in French.

There are four universities of general medicine: the [[Medicine School of Tunis|Faculty of Medicine of Tunis]], the Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar of Sousse, the Faculty of Medicine of Monastir and the Faculty of Medicine of Sfax.

On the other hand, there is only one university of dentistry and pharmacy in Monastir: [[Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir|the faculty of dentistry of Monastir]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmdm.rnu.tn/|title=FMDM - Faculté de Médecine Dentaire de Monastir|website=www.fmdm.rnu.tn|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref> and [[Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir|the faculty of pharmacy of Monastir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fphm.rnu.tn/|title=Présentation {{!}} Faculté de pharmacie|website=www.fphm.rnu.tn|language=fr|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref>

==North America==
=== Canada ===
{{Main|Medical school in Canada}}

{{See also|List of medical schools in Canada}}
[[File:McMurrichBuildingUniversityofTorontoCanada.JPG|thumb|The [[Toronto Faculty of Medicine]]]]
As of 2013, the [[Association of American Medical Colleges]] lists 17 accredited MD-granting medical schools in [[Canada]].

In Canada, a medical school is a faculty or school of a university that offers a three- or four-year [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD) degree. Generally, medical students begin their studies after receiving a [[bachelor's degree]] in another field, often one of the biological sciences. However, admittance can still be granted during the third and fourth year. Minimum requirements for admission vary by region from two to four years of post-secondary study. The Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada publishes a detailed guide to admission requirements of Canadian faculties of medicine on a yearly basis.

Admission offers are made by individual medical schools, generally on the basis of a personal statement, undergraduate record (GPA), scores on the [[Medical College Admission Test]] (MCAT), and interviews. [[Volunteering|Volunteer]] work is often an important criterion considered by admission committees. All four medical schools in [[Quebec]] and two [[Ontario]] schools (the University of Ottawa, Northern Ontario School of Medicine) do not require the MCAT. McMaster requires that the MCAT be written, though they only look for particular scores (6 or better) on the verbal reasoning portion of the test.

The first half of the medical curriculum is dedicated mostly to teaching the basic sciences relevant to medicine. Teaching methods can include traditional [[lecture]]s, [[problem-based learning]], laboratory sessions, [[simulated patient]] sessions, and limited clinical experiences. The remainder of medical school is spent in [[Medical clerkship|clerkship]]. Clinical clerks participate in the day-to-day management of patients. They are supervised and taught during this clinical experience by residents and fully licensed [[Attending physician|staff physicians]].

Students enter into the [[Canadian Resident Matching Service]], commonly abbreviated as ''CaRMS'' in the fall of their final year. Students rank their preferences of hospitals and specialties. A computerized matching system determines placement for [[Residency (medicine)|residency positions]]. 'Match Day' usually occurs in March, a few months before graduation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carms.ca/eng/operations_future_match_e.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519093752/http://www.carms.ca/eng/operations_future_match_e.shtml|title=CaRMS – Operations – Future Matches|archive-date=May 19, 2007}}</ref> The length of post-graduate training varies with choice of specialty.

During the final year of medical school, students complete part 1 of the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE). Upon completion of the final year of medical school, students are awarded the degree of MD Students then begin training in the residency program designated to them by CaRMS. Part 2 of the MCCQE, an [[Objective Structured Clinical Examination]], is taken following the completion of twelve months of residency training. After both parts of the MCCQE are successfully completed, the resident becomes a ''Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical Council of Canada - Licentiate - LMCC Introduction |url=http://www.mcc.ca/english/registration/index.html |date=1 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701223129/http://www.mcc.ca/english/registration/index.html |archive-date=2007-07-01 }}</ref> In order to practice independently, however, the resident must complete the residency program and take a board examination pertinent to his or her intended scope of practice. In the final year of residency training, residents take an exam administered by either the [[College of Family Physicians of Canada]] or the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]], depending on whether they are seeking certification in family medicine or another specialty.

===United States===
{{Main|Medical school in the United States}}

{{See also|List of medical schools in the United States}}
[[File:Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg|thumb|[[Jackson Memorial Hospital]] in [[Miami]], the primary teaching hospital of the [[University of Miami]]'s [[Miller School of Medicine]] and the largest hospital in the United States, with 1,547 beds<ref>[https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/100-of-the-largest-hospitals-and-health-systems-in-america-2021.html "100 of the largest hospitals and health systems in America,"] ''Becker's Hospital Review''</ref>]]
[[File:Washington University School of Medicine2.jpg|thumb|[[Washington University School of Medicine|Washington University Medical School]]]]
[[File:pcom2.jpg|thumb|The [[Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine]] in [[Philadelphia]]]]
In 2019, the [[Association of American Medical Colleges]] and [[American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine]] listed 154 accredited MD-granting<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/press-releases/us-medical-school-enrollment-surpasses-expansion-goal|title=Medical Schools|publisher=Association of American Medical Colleges|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812102623/https://www.aamc.org/about/medicalschools/|archive-date=12 August 2013|access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> and 36 accredited DO-granting medical schools<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aacom.org/become-a-doctor/u-s-colleges-of-osteopathic-medicine|title=U.S. Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine - AACOM|website=www.aacom.org|access-date=2020-01-14|archive-date=2014-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026184622/http://www.aacom.org/about/colleges/Pages/default.aspx}}</ref> in the United States.

There are two doctorate-level degrees conferred onto physicians in training in the United States, [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD) and [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine]] (DO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.D. or D.O.: Which doctor is right for you? |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/osteopathic-medicine/faq-20058168 |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Both entitle the awardee to train for and receive medical licensing through an accredited residency training program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYS Medicine:License Requirements |url=http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/med/medlic.htm |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.op.nysed.gov |archive-date=2021-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511055954/http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/med/medlic.htm }}</ref>

Admission to medical school in the United States is based mainly on a GPA, MCAT score, admissions essay, interview, clinical work experience, and volunteering activities, along with research and leadership roles in an applicant's history. While obtaining an undergraduate degree is not an explicit requirement for a few medical schools, virtually all admitted students have earned at least a [[bachelor's degree]]. A few medical schools offer pre-admittance to students directly from high school by linking a joint 3-year accelerated undergraduate degree and a standard 4-year medical degree with certain undergraduate universities, sometimes referred to as a "7-year program", where the student receives a [[bachelor's degree]] after their first year in medical school.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Typically, undergraduates students are expected to complete a series of prerequisites, consisting of [[biology]], [[physics]], and [[chemistry]] (general chemistry and [[organic chemistry]]). Many medical schools have additional requirements including [[calculus]], [[genetics]], [[statistics]], [[biochemistry]], [[English studies|English]], and/or [[humanities]] classes. In addition to meeting the [[pre-medical]] requirements, medical school applicants must take and report their scores on the [[MCAT|Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)]], a [[standardized test]] that measures a student's knowledge of the sciences and the English language.

In the 19th century, there were over 400 medical schools in the United States. By 1910, the number was reduced to 148 medical schools and by 1930 the number totaled only 76. Many early medical schools were criticized for not sufficiently preparing their students for medical professions, leading to the creation of the [[American Medical Association]] in 1847 for the purpose of self-regulation of the profession. Abraham Flexner (who in 1910 released the [[Flexner report]] with the Carnegie Foundation), the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], and the AMA are credited with laying the groundwork for what is now known as the modern medical curriculum.<ref>Ackerknecht, Erwin. A Short History of Medicine. Baltimore: The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 1982.</ref>

The standard U.S. medical school curriculum is four years long. Traditionally, the first two years are composed mainly of classroom basic science education, while the final two years primarily include rotations in clinical settings where students learn patient care firsthand. Today, clinical education is spread across all four years with the final year containing the most clinical rotation time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rutz |first=Jarek |date=2024-01-30 |title=How Hard Is Medical School and What Is the Med School Curriculum? |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/articles/how-hard-is-medical-school-and-what-is-the-med-school-curriculum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215160704/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/articles/how-hard-is-medical-school-and-what-is-the-med-school-curriculum |archive-date=2024-12-15 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> The [[Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services]] (CMS) of the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] (HHS) has published mandatory rules, obliging all inpatient and outpatient teaching settings, laying down the guidelines for what medical students in the United States may do, if they have not completed a clerkship or sub-internship. These rules apply when they are in the clinical setting in school, not when they are, for example, helping staff events or in other non-formal educational settings, even if they are helping provide certain clinical services along with nurses and the supervising physicians- for example, certain basic screening procedures.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Upon successful completion of medical school, students are granted the title of [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD) or [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine]] (DO).{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Each year, thousands of recent graduates and seniors from American medical schools, as well as foreign trained physicians participate in the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) to secure [[Residency (medicine)|clinical training positions]] in U.S. teaching hospitals. In 2025, a total of 47,208 active applicants competed for 40,041 PGY-1 positions and 3,196 second-year (including physician (R)) residency positions. 8,392 U.S. DO seniors have submitted a rank order list. 4,587 U.S. IMGs and 11,465 non-U.S. citizen IMGs submitted rank order lists.<ref name=BytheNumbers>{{cite web |url=https://www.nrmp.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Main_Match_Results_and_Data_20250529_FINAL.pdf|title=2025 Main Residency Match® By the Numbers* |access-date=2023-06-09 }}</ref> U.S. MD schools historically have a very high match rate while DO schools and foreign schools have lower match rates and less competitive specialties.

In 2020, more than half of all medical schools had a four-year attendance cost exceeding $275,000, with 19 schools surpassing $350,000. This substantial financial burden impacts medical students as they pursue their education and training.<ref>Youngclaus, J., & Fresne, J. A. (2020). Physician Education Debt and the Cost to Attend Medical School: 2020 Update. Washington, DC: AAMC. https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/students-residents/report/physician-education-debt-and-cost-attend-medical-school</ref>

==Medical students==
{{Main|Medical student}}
[[File:MMSA Checking Blood Pressure.JPG|thumb|A medical student checking [[blood pressure]] on an awareness drive]]
A person accepted into a medical school and enrolled in an educational program in medicine, with the goal of becoming a medical doctor, is referred to as a ''medical student''.

===Abuse in medical school===
{{Main|Bullying in medicine}}

{{see also|Stress in medical students}}

Medical students face verbal abuse, humiliation, and harassment in clinical settings, impacting their mental health and learning. Depressive symptoms affect 24–29% of medical students and 25–33% of resident physicians. Approximately 14% of students experience moderate to severe depression, with 5% having suicidal thoughts during training. German and South Korean medical students have even higher depression rates. Seeking treatment is challenging due to faculty judgment and lack of social support. The COVID-19 pandemic worsened mental health issues among medical students.<ref>{{cite web|title=NRS Medical College junior doctors assaulted|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/nrs-medical-college-junior-doctors-assaulted/cid/1692258|access-date=2021-06-08|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-04-01|title=Doctor assaulted over death of COVID-19 patient|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/doctor-assaulted-over-death-of-covid-19-patient/article31230546.ece|access-date=2021-06-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 2, 2021|first=Kangkan |last=Kalita |title=Assam: Doctors boycott OPD to protest assault on colleague |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/doctors-boycott-opd-in-protest-against-assam-doctor-assault/articleshow/83182444.cms|access-date=2021-06-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Schwenk2010>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwenk TL, Davis L, Wimsatt LA | year = 2010 | title = Depression, stigma, and suicidal ideation in medical students | url = http://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/20841531 | journal = JAMA | volume = 304 | issue = 11| pages = 1181–1190 | doi=10.1001/jama.2010.1300| pmid = 20841531 | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|author=Kamiar-K. Rueckert|year=2016|title=Depression and Quality of Life in German Medical Students At Foreign Universities|conference=RSU International Conference Health and Social Science|page= 168|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3727.0008|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298419251 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[American Medical College Application Service]] (AMCAS)
* [[Bimaristan]]
* [[Flexner Report]]
* [[GAMSAT|Graduate Australian Medical Schools Admissions Test]] (GAMSAT) [UK, Australia, Ireland]
* [[International medical graduate]]
* [[List of medical schools]]
* [[List of university hospitals]]
* [[Medical College Admission Test]] (MCAT) [United States, Canada]
* [[Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test]] (UMAT) [Australia]
*[[University Clinical Aptitude Test]] (UCAT) [UK, Australia, New Zealand]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
{{Prone to spam|date=August 2012}}{{Prone to spam|date=August 2013}}
* [https://www.amsa.org/ American Medical Student Association]
* [https://www.aamc.org/ Association of American Medical Colleges]
* [http://www.ifmsa.org International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA)]
* [https://www.medschools.ac.uk/ The Medical Schools Council (UK)]

{{Medicine}}
{{Healthcare}}
{{Glossaries of science and engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medical School}}
[[Category:Medical schools| ]]
[[Category:School types]]

Kanhangad Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T19:48:25Z

Manoj: started a entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kanhangad
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 4
| map_image = Kanhangad Combined places 2018.png
| map_caption = '''Left to right:''' [[Hosdurg Fort]], Nityananda Ashram, Old Bus Stand, [[Kanhangad railway station|Railway Station]], New Bus Stand, Gandhi Smriti Mandapam, Government District Hospital, [[Anandashram, Kanhangad|Anandashram]].
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,14,209 (2021)
| mla = [[Govindan Pallikappil]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
}}
'''Kanhangad State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly constituencies]] in [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://kasargod.gov.in/constituencies
|website = kasargod.gov.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kasaragod district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026
assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Govindan Pallikappil]] of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]].

Kanhangad Assembly constituency was established by the 2008 delimitation. Before, it was known as Hosdurg Assembly constituency from 1957 to 2008.

==Local self-governed segments==
Kanhangad Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kasaragod.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kasaragod District
|access-date = 7 March 2021
|archive-date = 23 April 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160033/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kasaragod.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Kanhangad]]
|Municipality
|[[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]
|-
|2
|[[Ajanur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]
|-
|3
|[[Madikai]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]
|-
|4
|[[Balal]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vellarikundu]]
|-
|5
|Kallar
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vellarikundu]]
|-
|6
|[[Kinanoor]]-[[Karindalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vellarikundu]]
|-
|7
|[[Kodom|Kodom-Bellur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vellarikundu]]
|-
|8
|[[Panathady]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vellarikundu]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
===Hosdurg===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Name
!colspan=2 |Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Chandrasekharan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Praja Socialist Party}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| rowspan="2" |N. K. Balakrishnan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| rowspan="3" |[[K. T. Kumaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India}}
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| N. Manoharan Master
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| rowspan="2" |[[M. Narayanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India}}
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| [[M. Kumaran]]
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| [[Pallipram Balan]]
| 2006 – 2011
|}

===Kanhangad===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Name
!colspan=2 |Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="3" |[[E. Chandrasekharan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016-2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| 2021-2026
|-
| [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 16th
|[[Govindan Pallikappil]]
| 2026-
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanhangad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Govindan Pallickappil|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress|candidate= Shaiji Ottappally|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. Balraj|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Communist Party of India
|loser =Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin
|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanhangad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate =[[E. Chandrasekharan]]
|votes = 84,615
|percentage =50.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Indian National Congress
|candidate =[[P. V. Suresh]]
|votes = 57,476
|percentage = 34.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Balraj
|votes = 21,570
|percentage =12.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate =[[Abdul Samad T.]]
|votes =775
|percentage =0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate =[[None of the Above]]
|votes =637
|percentage =0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,139
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,66,835
|percentage =76.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors =2,18,836
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Communist Party of India
|loser =Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 2,04,931 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanhangad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Communist Party of India
|candidate=E. Chandrasekharan
|votes=80,558
|percentage=49.98
|change={{increase}}2.33
|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Dhanya Suresh
|votes=54,547
|percentage=33.84
|change={{decrease}} 5.11
|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
|candidate=M. P. Raghavan
|votes=21,104
|percentage=13.09
|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Chandran Parappa|votes=965|percentage=0.60|change={{increase}}0.31|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Assainar Muttumthala|votes=959|percentage=0.59|change={{decrease}} 0.29|-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=856|percentage=0.53|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sajeevan R.|votes=663|percentage=0.41|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Muhammed Ali V. V.|votes=420|percentage=0.26|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kookal Balakrishnan|votes=294|percentage=0.18|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Ambedkarite Party of India|candidate=Raghavan B. Poodamkallu|votes=272|percentage=0.17|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Balachandran Karimbil|votes=260|percentage=0.16|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. U. Krishnakumar|votes=186|percentage=0.12|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=M. Damodaran|votes=105|percentage=0.07|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=26,011|percentage=16.14|change={{increase}} 7.44}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,61,189|percentage=78.66|change={{increase}} 0.16}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{increase}}2.33}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,78,139 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanhangad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=E. Chandrasekharan|votes=66,640|percentage=47.65|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M. C. Jose|votes=54,462|percentage=38.95|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Madikai Kammaran|votes=15,543|percentage=11.11|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. M. Joseph|votes=1,919|percentage=1.37|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Gopalan K.|votes=1,277|percentage=0.91|change=-|-}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=12,178|percentage=8.70|change=-}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,39,841|percentage=78.50|change=-}}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Communist Party of India}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Hosdurg]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayanan Nambiar |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=32,671 |percentage=46.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunnikannan Nambiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,917 |percentage=25.65% |change=25.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padmanabha Nair |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=10,055 |percentage=14.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hamid Hussain Sehammad |party=Independent politician |votes=9,211 |percentage=13.19% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,754 |percentage=21.12% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,854 |percentage=87.06% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,235 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Athoor Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T13:45:45Z

Manoj: Adding first stub more to come

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 129
| map_image = Constitution-Athoor.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla = [[I. Periyasamy]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Athoor
| electors = 261,843
| reservation = None
}}

'''Athoor''' is a legislative assembly in [[Dindigul district]], that includes the city of [[Athoor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 129. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Athoor assembly constituency is a part of [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| T.S.Soundram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[M. A. B. Arumugasamy]]
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[V. S. S. Mani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[V. S. S. Mani]]
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[A. M. T. Nachiappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2| [[A. Vellaisamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[V.R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[I. Periasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[S. M. Durai]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[I. Periasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[P. K. T. Natarajaan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|rowspan=5|[[I. Periyasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Periyasamy]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=1,06,240 |percentage=44.79 |change={{decrease}} 27.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= N. Kalaiselvi|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=83,872 |percentage=35.36 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Viswanathan|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=32,477 |percentage=13.69 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Simon Justin|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,946 |percentage=4.19 |change={{decrease}} 3.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=812 |percentage=0.34 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,368|percentage=9.43 |change={{decrease}} 49.93}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 259846|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Periyasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,65,809 |percentage=72.60% |change=19.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thilagabama M |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=30,238 |percentage=13.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Simon Justin A |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=17,168 |percentage=7.52% |change=7.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivasakthivel P |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=3,241 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvakumar P |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,017 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Savadamuthu A |party=Independent politician |votes=1,722 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,564 |percentage=0.68% |change=-0.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palraj R |party=Independent politician |votes=1,357 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthulakshmi R |party=APTADMK |votes=1,180 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Silambarasan M |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=880 |percentage=0.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karthigaiselvan K |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=749 |percentage=0.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,35,571 |percentage=59.36% |change=47.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,28,376 |percentage=78.36% |change= -6.90% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=326 |percentage=0.14% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,91,442 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 19.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Periyasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,21,738 |percentage=53.10% |change=-6.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[Natham. R. Viswanathan]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,591 |percentage=41.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Packiya Selvaraj M |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,741 |percentage=1.63% |change=-29.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,105 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ilanchezhiyan S. P |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,365 |percentage=0.60% |change=-0.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mariagunasekaran R |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,013 |percentage=0.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nirmala Gnanasoundari I |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=671 |percentage=0.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam K |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=650 |percentage=0.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Viswanathan M |party=Independent politician |votes=632 |percentage=0.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palraj R |party=Independent politician |votes=521 |percentage=0.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Periyasamy M |party=Independent politician |votes=446 |percentage=0.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,147 |percentage=11.84% |change=-16.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,29,252 |percentage=85.26% |change= 1.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,68,876 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Periyasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,12,751 |percentage=59.58% |change=6.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balasubramani. S |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=58,819 |percentage=31.08% |change=23.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balasubramani. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=6,685 |percentage=3.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raja. T |party=Independent politician |votes=3,207 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bharanidharan. J. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,233 |percentage=1.18% |change=-0.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramamoorthy. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,384 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raja. B. |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,191 |percentage=0.63% |change=-0.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ilanchelian. M. |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=799 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy. K |party=Independent politician |votes=591 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muruganantham. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=581 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Alagupandian. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=501 |percentage=0.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=53,932 |percentage=28.50% |change=9.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,26,859 |percentage=83.42% |change= 12.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,89,245 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Periyasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,308 |percentage=53.20% |change=6.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sreenivasan. C |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,747 |percentage=34.68% |change=-14.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajesh Perumalp |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,485 |percentage=8.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuramalingam. D |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,794 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muruganandam. S |party=Independent politician |votes=1,086 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saravanakumar. P |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,012 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Puthumai. C |party=Independent politician |votes=603 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pothiraj. S |party=Independent politician |votes=484 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balusamyc |party=Independent politician |votes=275 |percentage=0.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam. A |party=Independent politician |votes=227 |percentage=0.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivakumar. S |party=Independent politician |votes=207 |percentage=0.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,561 |percentage=18.52% |change=15.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,43,432 |percentage=70.86% |change= 9.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,02,430 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. T. Natarajaan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,053 |percentage=49.13% |change=24.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Periyasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,447 |percentage=46.36% |change=-17.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jeyaraj. C. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,570 |percentage=1.97% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mathialagan. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,791 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thampidurai. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=711 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=David Jeyaprakash. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=277 |percentage=0.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Singaravelan . P. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=270 |percentage=0.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnasamy. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=265 |percentage=0.20% |change= ''New''}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,606 |percentage=2.77% |change=-36.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,30,384 |percentage=61.29% |change= -7.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,12,758 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Periyasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,294 |percentage=64.09% |change=34.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnamuthu. C. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,002 |percentage=24.92% |change=-43.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nagalakshmi. K. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,743 |percentage=8.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jeyaraman. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=936 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugavel. P. |party=Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=366 |percentage=0.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniswamy. R. |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=354 |percentage=0.28% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandrasekaran. S. |party=Janata Party |votes=268 |percentage=0.21% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Antony. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=237 |percentage=0.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mayilraj. N. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=131 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnuchamy. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=100 |percentage=0.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sundaram. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=81 |percentage=0.06% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,292 |percentage=39.17% |change=0.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,28,403 |percentage=69.19% |change= 4.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,93,792 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S.M. Durai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,394 |percentage=68.74% |change=46.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Periyasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,297 |percentage=29.81% |change=-2.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anbu Selvan M. C. |party=Independent politician |votes=840 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani A. T. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=171 |percentage=0.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palani Andavar S. |party=Independent politician |votes=168 |percentage=0.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balusamy S. |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnasamy A. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.10% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Puratchi Mani P. C. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.10% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natarajan P. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=86 |percentage=0.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandra Bose C. |party=Independent politician |votes=85 |percentage=0.07% |change=''New'' }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,097 |percentage=38.93% |change=35.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,18,415 |percentage=64.30% |change= -6.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,89,272 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 36.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Periyasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,469 |percentage=32.22% |change=-3.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Kadhar. N. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,733 |percentage=29.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Srinivasan. G. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,869 |percentage=22.25% |change=-40.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thirumalaisamy. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=16,604 |percentage=14.28% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sebastian. Y. |party=Independent politician |votes=562 |percentage=0.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raju. O. |party=Independent politician |votes=478 |percentage=0.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Varadharajan. R.V. |party=Tamil Nadu Congress (K) |votes=421 |percentage=0.36% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Alagumalai. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=392 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kasthuri Rangasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.23% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jeganathan. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=215 |percentage=0.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthusamy. M.P. |party=Independent politician |votes=168 |percentage=0.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,736 |percentage=3.21% |change=-24.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,289 |percentage=70.61% |change= -1.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,68,597 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -30.94% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V.R. Nedunchezhiyan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,178 |percentage=63.16% |change=4.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajambal K. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,605 |percentage=35.35% |change=-5.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pandy. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=591 |percentage=0.56% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=320 |percentage=0.30% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy S. |party=Independent politician |votes=290 |percentage=0.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnasamy G. |party=Independent politician |votes=225 |percentage=0.21% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Hassanullah A. |party=Independent politician |votes=157 |percentage=0.15% |change= ''New''}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,573 |percentage=27.80% |change=10.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,06,366 |percentage=72.49% |change= 9.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,731 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.99% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Vellaisamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,359 |percentage=58.17% |change=12.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajambal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,990 |percentage=40.97% |change=20.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Panneer Selvam Odayar. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=507 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanichamy. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=0.33% |change= ''New'' }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,369 |percentage=17.20% |change=-8.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,171 |percentage=62.89% |change= 13.76% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,445 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.77% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Vellaisamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,590 |percentage=45.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. T. Nachiappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,938 |percentage=20.03% |change=-39.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R.S. Mani Bharathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,200 |percentage=17.53% |change=-18.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.N. Rajagopal |party=Janata Party |votes=9,476 |percentage=13.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M.S. Rayappan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,382 |percentage=3.42% |change=''New'' }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,652 |percentage=25.37% |change=1.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,586 |percentage=49.13% |change= -21.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,340 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.31% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. T. Nachiappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,195 |percentage=59.70% |change=9.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmanan T. P. S. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,467 |percentage=36.03% |change=-12.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sadasivam R. |party=Independent politician |votes=3,013 |percentage=4.26% |change= ''New'' }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,728 |percentage=23.67% |change=21.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,675 |percentage=70.99% |change= -6.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,556 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.00% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. S. S. Mani Chettiyar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,879 |percentage=50.70% |change=0.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. R. Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,124 |percentage=48.36% |change=6.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=702 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,755 |percentage=2.35% |change=-5.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,705 |percentage=77.04% |change= 9.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,535 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. S. S. Mani Chettiyar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,632 |percentage=50.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. B. Arumugasamy Chettiar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,136 |percentage=42.32% |change=0.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sadasivam |party=Independent politician |votes=5,080 |percentage=7.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,496 |percentage=7.98% |change=-10.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,848 |percentage=67.59% |change= 18.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,730 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. B. Arumugasamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,929 |percentage=42.23% |change=-12.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. S. S. Mani]] |party=Independent politician |votes=12,669 |percentage=23.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. K. A. Jeyaram |party=Independent politician |votes=10,139 |percentage=18.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. N. Kamatchi |party=Independent politician |votes=6,077 |percentage=11.19% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sadasivam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,480 |percentage=4.57% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,260 |percentage=18.90% |change=-3.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,294 |percentage=49.32% |change= -13.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,089 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Soundaram Ramachandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,849 |percentage=55.08% |change=55.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. S. S. Mani Chettiyar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=15,388 |percentage=32.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sadasivam |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=5,697 |percentage=12.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,461 |percentage=22.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,934 |percentage=62.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,601 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.29|77.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Pappireddipatti Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T03:18:39Z

Manoj:

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 60
| map_image = Constitution-Pappireddippatti.svg
| district = [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = Maragatham Vetrivel
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| name = Pappireddipatti
| electors = 256,640
| reservation =
}}

'''Pappireddippatti''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, that was formed after the constituency [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 60. Located in [[Dharmapuri district]], it comprises portions of [[Dharmapuri taluk|Dharmapuri]] and [[Pappireddipatti taluk]]s. It is included in [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency]] for elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2"|[[P. Palaniappan]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=60}}</ref>
| rowspan="4"{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019^]]
| rowspan="2"|[[A. Govindasamy]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| Maragatham Vetrivel
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.39}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pappireddipatti}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Maragatham Vetrivel|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Palaniappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Archana Tamilaruvi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= S. Thilavathi|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 256640 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pappireddipatti<ref>{{cite web|title=Pappireddipatti Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a060|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Govindasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=114,507 |percentage=51.81% |change=+16.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Prabhu Rajasekar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,564 |percentage=35.10% |change=+8.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Palaniappan]] |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,863 |percentage=7.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ramesh |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=7,573 |percentage=3.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Srinivasan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,729 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,338 |percentage=0.61% |change=-0.1 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,943 |percentage=16.72% |change=10.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=220,994 |percentage=83.24% |change= -2.54% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=282|percentage=0.13% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 265,487 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Pappireddipatti<ref>{{Cite web |title=Form 21E (Return of Election) |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC060.pdf |access-date=12 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216062125/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC060.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2022 }}</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[A. Govindasamy]]
|votes = 1,03,981
|percentage = 48.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[A. Mani]]
|votes = 85,488
|percentage = 39.67
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = D. K. Rajendran
|votes = 15,283
|percentage =7.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = S. Sathish
|votes = 3,783
|percentage =1.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Makkal Needhi Maiam
|candidate = [[M. Nallathambi]]
|votes = 2,374
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 18,493
|percentage = 8.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,15,406
|percentage = 84.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pappireddipatti<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Palaniappan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,234 |percentage=35.56% |change=-9.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sathiyamoorthy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=61,521 |percentage=29.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Prabhu Rajasekar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,109 |percentage=26.88% |change=-12.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Baskar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,441 |percentage=4.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ashokan |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,760 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,467 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,713 |percentage=6.09% |change= -0.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=208,754 |percentage=85.78% |change= 4.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 243,367 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.83% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pappireddipatti<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Palaniappan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,582 |percentage=45.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Mullaivendhan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,093 |percentage=39.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Velu |party=Independent politician |votes=18,710 |percentage=11.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,130 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,270 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vaigundan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,037 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,489 |percentage=6.22% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=168,731 |percentage=80.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,543 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.911933|N|78.366004|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mir Tanha Yousafi

2026-05-01T04:28:45Z

Manoj: new initial entry needs work

{{Short description|Pakistani writer (1955–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Mir Tanha Yousafi
| image = Mir_tanha_yousafi.JPG
| caption =
| birth_name = Muhammad Saleh
| birth_date = 1 January 1955
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], Pakistan
| death_date = {{Death date and age|26 August 2019|1 January 1955}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://urdupoint.com/n/2043042|title=میرتنہا یوسفی کی ادبی خدمات ناقابلِ فراموش ہیں،سعد جنید اخلاق میر تنہا یوسفی اردوا ور پنجابی کے اہم لکھنے والوں میں سے تھے، انکی پنجابی کہانیاں اور ناول پاکستانی ادب کا گراں قدر سرمایہ ہیں،چیئر مین اکادمی ادبیات پاکستان|website=UrduPoint}}</ref>
| death_place =
}}

'''Mir Tanha Yousufi''' (1 January 1955 {{dash}} 26 August 2019) was a Pakistani [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] writer, best known for his [[Punjabi literature]]. He produced two short story collections and five novels in Punjabi. Most of his work was transliterated in Gurumukhi script in Indian Punjab.
Besides his Punjabi works, he was a well known Urdu and Punjabi poet.

== Early life ==
He was born on 1 January 1955 in Adam Ke Cheema village, [[Daska Tehsil]], [[Sialkot District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan.<ref name="auto"/>

==Literary life==
Mir Tanha Yousufi started his literary voyage as an Urdu poet. Since 1972, when he was an undergraduate science student, he kept sending his ghazals and poems to various literary magazines and literary pages of national news papers.

===Work in Urdu===
From 1986 onwards he continued contributing poems, ghazals and short stories to Urdu magazines including:
“Fanoon (Lahore)” edited by late Ahmed Nadeem Qasimi,
“Takhleeq (Lahore)” edited by Azhar Javed,
"Moaasir (Lahore)” edited by Ata-ul-Haq Qasimi,
“Adabiyat ([[Pakistan Academy of Letters]]' quarterly magazine) and
“Kitab ([[Literary magazine]] of Pakistan Book Foundation).

====Urdu poetry====
His first [[Urdu poetry]] collection “Luknat (Fumbling)" was published in 1996. It contains modern as well as traditionally styled ghazals with a handful of poems (free versed as well as metered). The book was received with a critical acclaim and appreciation from the contemporary men of letters.

Second collection of Urdu poetry is ready to go to the press. The contents of this book would be styled similar to the "Luknat". A good portion of this next Urdu poetry collection has already been contributed to various magazines.

====Urdu prose====
Although Yousufi had a good number of Urdu short stories; both in post modern and plain traditional style, yet the matter is not sufficient to be presented in the form of a book. He believed in quantity, yet he felt that quality is of prime importance which is a must for any creative piece of work.
A few of his Urdu Afsanas were published in magazines.

==Punjabi work==
Punjabi being his mother tongue; it was but natural to keep moving between Urdu poetry to Punjabi poetry. This drove him to write Punjabi prose as well, which he did with consistency and ended up with the publication of his first book in Punjabi. Some of these magazines are listed as:
“Sver International” edited by Jamil Paul,
“Rvel” and “Meeti” edited by Ilyas Ghumman,
“Lehraan” edited by Akhter Hussain Akhter and
"Pancham" edited by Saqib Maqsood.

===Punjabi prose===
Yousufi's first Punjabi short story collection “Sooraj Uggan Taa’en [Till the Sun Rises]" was published in 1996. This book proved to be his introduction in Punjabi literary world.

And here entered Ilyas Ghumman in his life. Ilyas Ghumman, an electrical engineer by profession, is a Lahore-based renowned Punjabi writer, worker and publisher. He has a world fame for organizing events regarding the development and progress of Punjabi language, literature and culture. He asked Yousufi to try his pen for writing down some novelette/novel. This suggestion of Ghumman drove Mir Tanha Yousufi to produce his first Punjabi novel

====Treh====
“Treh {Thirst}" in 1998. Fluently written, clear in thoughts, rushing story lines and the purity of the language made this book a surprise for the Punjabi readers.

====Ik Samadar Paar====
Seeing the response on "Treh", Mir Tanha Yousufi was asked for more. Thus his second novel "Ik Samandar Paar [Across One Sea]", published in 2000, won the prestigious Punjabi literary award from "Masood Khaddar Posh Trust".

“Masood Khaddar Posh Trust's Award" is regarded as the most respectable of all awards in Punjabi. It is well known in Pakistani Punjabi writers' community what "Masood Khaddar Posh Trust's Award" actually means. Some writers spent their life span to win it just for once!

====Khiddoo====
Taking further courage, he penned down his next novel "Khiddoo [The Cotton Ball]"; which won the award from "Masood Khaddar Posh Trust" for the second time, in the year 2002.

===Kaalaa Chaanan===
During all these years of writing "Treh", "Ik Samandar Paar" and "Khiddoo", along with his continuous activities in other Urdu and Punjabi writings (both poetry and prose), he had been thinking to write down something real big, a saga in Punjabi language. A deep research work, knowledge of the history and geography of the backdrop locale of the novel, the study of the civilization, culture and anthropology of area was needed. And thus, was written his Pakistan's "National Literary Award, 2005" or "Syed Waris Shah Award, 2005" winner Punjabi novel "Kaalaa Chaanan [Black Light]"; which spans over 728 pages and is the thickest novel in Punjabi published in Pakistan till 2005.
When "Masood Khaddar Posh Trust's Award" for 2005 was made public; "Kaalaa Chaanan" was declared a winner and by this achievement Mir Tanha Yousufi became a writer who had won "Masood Khaddar Posh Trust's Award" three times in a row—a hat trick—a unique honour for any Pakistani Punjabi writer.

====Tae Faer====
To cater the demand of Punjabi loving people, the short stories written after "Sooraj Uggan Taen" were collected. These stories had been published in various Punjabi magazines and kept making waves all these years due to style, language and intellect. The book was named "Tae Faer [Then What?]"and was published in 2005.

This book picked up "Pakistan Writers' Guild Punjab's Best Prose Book in Punjabi printed in 2005.
The same book was judged for "Razia Farrukh Kahani Award, 2005" and was announced the Best Short Stories' Book of the year.

=====2005, a milestone=====
2005 remains a milestone and memorable year for Mir Tanha Yousufi's writing career with 4 awards on two books.

====Annha Khooh====
His latest novel "Annha Khooh [Abandoned Well]" was published in 2008 and this novel too, got "Masood Khaddar Posh Trust's Award".
This makes Mir Tanha Yousufi a unique writer with 4 consecutive Masood Khaddar Posh Trust Awards.

===Punjabi poetry===
A lot of Yousufi's Punjabi poetry was published in various Punjabi magazines in Pakistan. Being well known as a poet, his readers were awaiting his overdue collection of poetry.

==Works==
* ''Luknat'' ([Stutter]), Urdu Poetry (1996)
* ''Sooraj Uggan Taa'en'' (Till the Sun Rises), Punjabi short story collection (1996)
* ''Treh'' (Thirst), Punjabi Novel (1998)
* ''Ik Samandar Paar'' (Across one sea), Punjabi Novel (2000)
* ''Lucknat'', Urdu Poetry (2002)
* ''Khiddoo'' (The Cotton Ball), Punjabi Novel (2002)
* ''Tae Faer'' (Then What?), Punjabi Novel (2005)
* ''Kaalaa Chaanan'' (Black Light), Punjabi Novel (2006)
* ''Annha Khooh'' (Abandoned Well), Punjabi Novel (2008)

==The outcome==
1: Transliteration of his Punjabi novels (which are published in [[Shahmukhi]] or [[Urdu]] Script in Pakistan) into [[Gurumukhi]] (the [[East Punjab]] Script of India) has already taken place. This, in a way, shows the popularity of his writings across the borders. 
2: He has been invited to visit various literary gatherings around the world, especially India and UK, but could not manage due to his uncertain work schedule as Geologist in the field. 
3: "Ik Samadar Paar" has been approved as "extra study book" for [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] Punjabi Literature's exams at [[Guru Nanak Dev University]], India. 
4: Many of his short stories have been published in India and other countries where Punjabi in read and spoken.
5: A good number of his short stories have been included in many "Best Short Stories of Punjabi" selections, both in Pakistan and elsewhere. 
6: Some of his [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] short stories have been translated in Pakistan's national language, Urdu.

[[File:Mir-tanha-urdu.jpg|thumb|upright|Academy of letters]]

==Awards==
* "Ik Samadar Paar [Across One Sea]", published in 2000, won the prestigious Punjabi literary award from "Masood Khaddar Posh Trust".
* "Khiddoo [The Cotton Ball]" won the award from "Masood Khaddar Posh Trust" in the year 2002.
* "Kaalaa Chaanan (Black Light)" won the "Masood Khaddar Posh Award" in 2005.
* "Kaalaa Chaanan [Black Light]" won Pakistan's "National Literary Award, 2005" {also called "Syed Waris Shah Award"}.
* "Tae Faer [Then What?]" published in 2005, picked up "Razia Farrukh Kahani Award", being the Best Short Stories' Book of the year.
* "Tae Faer [Then What?]" won the "Pakistan Writers' Guild, Punjab" Award for 2005 as the Best Prose Book in Punjabi.
* "Annha Khooh (Abandoned Well)" won the "Masood Khaddar Posh Award" in 2008.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/mirtanhayousafi MIR Tanha Yusafi Official Facebook Fan Page]
* [http://www.apnaorg.com/columns/stmirza/column-2.html MIR Tanha Yusufi has already published a collection of short stories]
* [http://www.apnaorg.com/poetry/tanha/ Mir Tanha Yousufi Punjabi Poetry]
* [http://www.hungamaforums.com/forumdisplay.php?s=acaa03608e6a5bd15f5b49b79af71e16&f=26 Mir Tanha Yousufi Punjabi Poetry]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.apnaorg.com/punjabimagazines/saver-3/ Read Punjabi Short Story by Mir Tanha Yousufi]
* [http://www.apnaorg.com/ An organization to promote Punjabi language, literature, culture and harmony among all Punjabis]
* [http://www.urdumanzil.com/adab_nama/uae/index.html امارات کے اہل قلم]
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/31673457/Introduction-to-Punjabi-Language Introduction to Punjabi Language]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yousafi, Mir Tanha}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sialkot]]
[[Category:Pakistani writers]]
[[Category:Pakistani geologists]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]

Timeline of the North African campaign

2026-04-29T20:29:23Z

Manoj: starting new details

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
This is a '''timeline of the [[North African campaign]]''' of [[World War II]].

== 1940 ==
* May 1940 — [[Army of Africa (France)]] — 14 regiments of [[zouave]]s, 42 regiments of Algerian, Tunisian and Moroccan [[tirailleurs]], 12 regiments and demi-brigades of the [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] and 13 battalions of African Light Infantry were serving on all fronts.<ref>Ian Sumner & Francois Vauillier, page 11 The French Army 1939-45 (1), {{ISBN|1-85532-666-3}}</ref>
* 10 June: The Kingdom of Italy declares war upon France and the United Kingdom<ref>Playfair v.I, p. 109</ref>
* 14 June: British forces cross from Egypt into Libya and capture [[Fort Capuzzo]]<ref name="Paterson1940">{{cite web|url=http://www.ian.a.paterson.btinternet.co.uk/battles1940.htm|title=History of the British 7th Armoured Division: Engagements – 1940| last=Paterson| first=Ian A.|access-date=2008-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814061819/http://www.ian.a.paterson.btinternet.co.uk/battles1940.htm|archive-date=2007-08-14}}</ref>
* 16 June: The first tank battle of the North African campaign takes place, the "[[Frontier Wire (Libya)#Nezuet Ghirba|Engagement at Nezuet Ghirba]]"<ref name="Paterson1940" />
* 3 July: British navy shells French warships in the port of [[Oran]] (Mers El Kébir) to keep them out of German hands.
[[File:A_Long_Range_Desert_Group_Chevrolet_30cwt_1533_truck_negotiates_the_slope_of_a_sand_dune_during_a_patrol_in_the_desert,_27_March_1941._E2298.jpg|thumb|right|Long Range Desert Group 'R' Patrol Chevrolet WB radio truck|200px]]
* 13 September: Italian forces [[Italian invasion of Egypt|invade Egypt]] from [[Libya]]
* 16 September: Italian forces establish front east of [[Sidi Barrani]]
* November: Long Range Patrol reorganised and re-designated as the [[Long Range Desert Group]]
* 9 December:
** British and Indian forces launch [[Operation Compass]] with the Battle of Marmarica (Battle of the camps)
** Indian forces [[Attack on Nibeiwa|capture Nibeiwa]] with cover from British artillery
** British tanks and Indian troops overrun Tummar West followed by Tummar East
* 10 December: Indian forces capture [[Sidi Barrani]] with support from British artillery
* 11 December: British armoured forces arrive in Sofafi but Libyan and Italian divisions escape
* 16 December: [[Sallum|Sollum]] retaken by Allies

== 1941 ==
* 5 January: [[Battle of Bardia|Bardia captured]] by British and Australian force
* 22 January: [[British capture of Tobruk|Tobruk captured]] by British and Australian force
* 30 January: Australians capture [[Derna, Libya|Derna]], [[Libya]]
* 5 February: [[Beda Fomm]] captured by British
* 6 February:
** Fall of [[Benghazi]] to the [[Western Desert Force]]
** Lieutenant-General [[Erwin Rommel]] is appointed commander of [[Afrika Korps]]
[[File:Pswastika.png|thumb|right|Seal of the Afrika Korps]]
* 7 February: What remains of the [[Italian Tenth Army]] surrenders
* 9 February: [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] orders halt to British and Australian advance at [[El Agheila]] to allow withdrawal of troops to [[Battle of Greece|defend Greece]]
* 14 February: First units of the [[Afrika Korps]] under [[Erwin Rommel]] start to arrive in [[Libya]] during [[Operation Sonnenblume]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-785-0287-08,_Rommel_with_his_aides.jpg|thumb|right|Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, Commander of the German forces in North Africa|200px]]
* 24 March: Allied forces at El Agheila defeated; [[Erwin Rommel]] starts his advance.
* 4 April: Australian & British forces withdraw from [[Benghazi]]; Benghazi and [[Msus]] captured by Axis.
* 6 April: British 3rd Armored Brigade is captured in [[Derna, Libya|Derna]]
* 8 April: British, Indian and Australian forces captured at [[Mechili]]
* 10 April: [[Siege of Tobruk]] begins with Australian, British and Indian forces defending
* 15 April: British forces are pushed back to [[Sallum|Sollum]] on Egyptian border with Libya
* 30 April: Australian forces lose a small part of their positions in Tobruk during the Battle of Salient, roughly a 6th of Tobruk is now held by Germans
* 3 May: Australian counterattack at Tobruk fails
* 15 May: British troops launch [[Operation Brevity]] to gain more territory from which to launch [[Operation Battleaxe]] later in the year<ref>Playfair v. II, pp. 159–160</ref>
* 16 May:
** Italian forces attack Australian forces in Tobruk forcing them to withdraw{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} [who withdrew?]
** Operation Brevity called off. Allied forces fall back onto the [[Halfaya Pass]], captured the previous day<ref>Playfair v.II, p. 162</ref>
* 26 May: German forces launch [[Operation Skorpion]] and move up to Halfaya Pass
* 27 May: German forces recapture Halfaya Pass; British troops are forced to withdraw<ref>Rommel, p. 137</ref>
* 15 June: British and Indian troops launch [[Operation Battleaxe]] which fails
* 5 July: [[Claude Auchinleck|Auchinleck]] replaces [[Archibald Wavell|Wavell]] as C-in-C [[Middle East Command]]
* 15 August: [[German Panzer Group Afrika]] activated with [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]] in Command
* 18 September: German air raid on [[Cairo]] in which 39 Egyptian civilians are killed and nearly 100 injured, bringing condemnation against the Axis from the Arab and Muslim press. [[Radio Berlin]] later apologizes to its Arab listeners.
* 1 October: 5th Light Division renamed 21st Panzer Division
* 18 November: [[Claude Auchinleck|Auchinleck's]] [[Operation Crusader]] begins (Operation Crusader (18 November – 30 December 1941) with British, Indian, South African and New Zealander forces
* 19 November: British forces attack Italian positions at [[Action at Bir el Gubi (November 1941)|Bir El Gubi]], but are defeated.
* 21 November: British armoured division defeated at [[Operation Crusader#Sidi Rezegh|Sidi Rezegh]] and withdraws
* 22 November:
** New Zealand forces attack Bir Ghirba but fail
** Indian forces capture Sidi Omar
* 23 November:
** New Zealand forces capitalize on Indian advances to wreck Afrika Korps HQ at Bir el Chleta
** Rommel launches Panzer attacks on the British XXX Corps but faces resistance from SA, NZ and British forces
** British and NZ forces withdraw towards Bir el Gubi
* 25 November:
** Panzer attack on Indian forces at Sidi Omar is repulsed
** In the second attack in the evening, Indian forces destroy the 5th Panzer Regiment of the 21st Panzer Division
* 26 November: [[Neil Ritchie|Ritchie]] replaces [[Alan Gordon Cunningham|Cunningham]] as commander Eighth Army
* 27 November: New Zealand troops at Sidi Azeiz defeated by overwhelming advance of Panzers and German infantry
* 28 November: 15th Panzer despite being outnumbered 2:1 forces British tanks to retreat, exposing the New Zealand forces at Ed Duda on the Tobruk by-pass
* 1 December: New Zealand troops in Sidi Rezegh suffer heavy casualties from Panzers
* 3 December:
** German infantry suffers big defeat at the hand of New Zealand forces on the Bardia road near Menastir
** German forces suffer losses against Indian forces and withdraw at Capuzzo (Trigh Capuzzo)
* 4 December:
** NZ forces repulse German attack on Ed Duda
** Indian forces face attrition in an uphill attempt to capture Point 174 against entrenched Italian forces without artillery support
* 7 December: Another British assault on Italian positions at [[Action at Bir el Gubi (December 1941)|Bir El Gubi]] results in failure.
* 9 December: Tobruk siege relieved by Eighth Army consisting of British, Indian, New Zealand and South African forces; White Knoll captured by the Polish Carpathian Brigade from the elements of the Italian Brescia Division
* 13 December:
** 8th Army attacks [[Operation Crusader#Gazala line|Gazala line]]
** NZ forces stopped at Alem Hamza
** Indian forces take Point 204
** Indian infantry face Afrika Korps and against heavy odds destroy 15 of 39 Panzers
* 14 December: Indian troops repel repeated Panzer attacks on Point 204
* 15 December: German advance overruns British forces en route to Point 204 but Indian forces at Point 204 hold on
* 16 December: Rommel facing reduced Panzer numbers orders withdrawal from the Gazala line
* 24 December: British forces capture [[Benghazi]]
* 25 December: [[Agedabia]] reached by the Allies
* 27 December: Rommel inflicts many losses on British tanks who have to withdraw allowing Rommel to fall back to El Agheila
* 31 December: Front lines return to El Agheila

== 1942 ==
* 21 January:
** Rommel's second offensive begins
** A lone He 111 of the ''[[Sonderkommando Blaich]]'' successfully bombs the [[Fort Lamy]] air field<ref>[http://www.wefly.ifield-park.co.uk/photogal/me1082.htm MESSERSCHMITT Bf 108 – 'TAIFUN']. Retrieved 29 April 2011</ref>
** {{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} begins [[Operation Theseus]]
* 23 January: [[Ajdabiya|Agedabia]] captured by Axis forces
* 29 January: Benghazi captured by Axis forces
* 4 February: Front line established between [[Gazala]] and [[Bir Hakeim]]
[[File:Map_of_siege_of_Tobruk_1942.jpg|thumb|right|Battle of Gazala in May 1942|200px]]
* 26 May: Axis forces assault the Gazala line, the [[Battle of Gazala]] (26 May to 21 June 1942) and [[Battle of Bir Hakeim]] begins
* 11 June: Axis forces begin offensive from "the Cauldron" position{{where|date=February 2021}}
* 13 June: "Black Saturday". Axis inflicts heavy defeat on British armoured divisions
* 21 June: [[Axis capture of Tobruk]]
* 28 June: [[Battle of Mersa Matruh|Mersa Matruh]], Egypt, falls to the Axis
* 29 June: U.S. reports from Egypt of British military operations [[Bonner Fellers|stop using the compromised "Black Code"]] which the Axis were reading
* 30 June: Axis forces reach [[El Alamein]] and attack the Allied defences, the [[First Battle of El Alamein]] begins
* 4 July: First Battle of El Alamein continues as Axis digs in and Eighth Army launches series of attacks
* 31 July: Auchinleck calls off offensive activities to allow Eighth Army to regroup and resupply
[[File:Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery, commanding the British Eighth Army in North Africa, in the turret of his Grant command tank at El Alamein, 5 November 1942. E18980.jpg|thumb|right|General Bernard Montgomery watches his tanks move up|200px]]
* 13 August: [[Harold Alexander|Alexander]] and [[Bernard Montgomery|Montgomery]] take command respectively of [[Middle East Command]] and [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]]
* 30 August: Rommel launches unsuccessful [[Battle of Alam el Halfa]]
* 13 September: Allies launch unsuccessful [[Operation Agreement]], a large scale amphibious raid directed against [[Tobruk]]
* 23 October: Montgomery launches Operation Lightfoot starting the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] (23 October – 11 November 1942)
* 5 November: Axis lines broken at El Alamein
[[File:Captured_German_Equipment_El_Alamein.jpg|thumb|right|Captured German equipment following the second battle of El Alamein|200px]]
* 8 November: [[Operation Torch]] is launched under the command of General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]], Allied forces land in [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]]
* 9 November: Sidi Barrani captured by Eighth Army
* 10–27 November: [[Case Anton]]
* 13 November: [[Tobruk]] captured by Eighth Army
* 15 November: British forces capture [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] in Libya
* 17 November: First Army (Operation Torch's Eastern Task Force) and Axis meet at [[Djebel Abiod]] in [[Tunisia]]
* 20 November: Benghazi captured by Eighth Army
* 27 November: First Army advance halted between Terbourba and Djedeida, 12 miles from [[Tunis]], by Axis counterattack
* 10 December: First Army front line pushed back to defensive positions east of Medjez el Bab
* 12 December: Eighth Army [[Battle of El Agheila|starts an offensive]] towards Axis forces near [[El Agheila]]
* 22 December: First Army starts three-day offensive towards Tebourba which fails
* 25 December: [[Sirte]] captured by Eighth Army

== 1943 ==
[[File:TigerITankTunis.jpg|thumb|right|Tiger I captured by Allied Forces near Tunis|200px]]
* Creation of the '''[[French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)]]'''
* The '''[[French Liberation Army]]''' (French: {{Lang|fr|Armée française de la Libération}}, AFL) a reunified [[French Army]], is created in 1943 when the [[Armée d'Afrique|Army of Africa]] ({{Lang|fr|Armée d'Afrique}}) led by [[Henri Giraud|General Giraud]] is combined with the [[Free French forces|Free French Forces]] ({{Lang|fr|Forces Françaises Libres}}) of [[General de Gaulle]]{{sfn|Horn|2020|p=16}}
* [[Italian campaign (World War II)]] begins (1943 to 1945)

* 23 January: [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] captured by British Eighth Army
* 30 January: Axis forces capture Faïd pass in central Tunisia
* 4 February: Axis forces in [[Libya]] retreat to [[Tunisia]]n border south of the [[Mareth Line]]
* 14 February: Axis advance from Faïd to launch [[Battle of Sidi Bou Zid]] and enter Sbeitla two days later
* 19 February: [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]] launched by Axis forces
* 6 March: Axis launch [[Operation Capri]] against Eighth Army at Medenine but lose 55 tanks. [[George S. Patton|Patton]] takes command of II Corps.
* 9 March: Rommel returned to Germany. Command of the [[Army Group Africa]] was handed over to General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim.
* 16 March: [[Battle of the Mareth Line]] begins<ref name="PlayfairIV31">Playfair, v.IV Map 31</ref>
* 19 March: Eighth Army launches Operation Pugilist
* 23 March: U.S. II Corps emerge from Kasserine to match the Axis at [[Battle of El Guettar]]. Battle of Mareth ends.<ref name="PlayfairIV31" />
* 26 March: Eighth Army launch ''Operation Supercharge II'' outflanking and making the Axis position at Mareth untenable. Battle of Tebaga Gap takes place.<ref>Playfair, v.IV Map 34</ref>
* 4 April: The 9-man crew of the US Air Force B-24 Liberator [[Lady Be Good (aircraft)|Lady Be Good]] fails to return from a bombing raid; the crew parachute from the aircraft but become lost and perish in the Libyan desert
[[File:Gromalia_prisoner_of_war_camp.jpg|thumb|right|German and Italian prisoners at Gromalia prisoner of war camp after the fall of Tunis|200px]]
* 6 April: Right wing of First Army links with Eighth Army. Battle of [[Wadi Akarit]] takes place.
* 22 April: Allied forces launch [[Operation Vulcan (1943)|Operation Vulcan]]
* 6 May: Allied forces launch [[Operation Strike (1943)|Operation Strike]]<ref>Playfair, v.IV Pg 446</ref>
* 7 May: British enter [[Tunis]], Americans enter [[Bizerte]]
* 13 May: [[Axis powers]] surrender in Tunisia
* 14 May: [[Moncef Bey]] deposed in Tunisia
* 15 May: [[Muhammad VIII al-Amin]] installed as Bey of Tunisia
* 1 August: [[Operation Tidal Wave]] attacks Nazi oil refineries in Romania, from remote base at Benghazi, Libya
* 10 December: the Moroccan [[Istiqlal Party]] holds first congress under Gaulist/US auspices

==1944==
* Food shortages and growth of [[Tunisian national movement|Tunisian]] and [[Algerian nationalism#Polarization and politicization at the time of WWII|Algerian nationalist movements]]
* 15 August – [[Operation Dragoon]], Allied landing in Provence: Capture ports of Toulon and Marseille; AFL make up the majority of troops landing on French soil

==1945==
* 8 May: [[Sétif massacre]] of Algerian demonstrators for independence on the day of German surrender

== See also ==
* [[Western Desert Campaign]]
* [[Operation Torch]]
* [[Tunisia Campaign]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|first=Gerd-Rainer |last=Horn|title=The Moment of Liberation in Western Europe: Power Struggles and Rebellions, 1943–1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkfWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|year=2020|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-258286-7}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ian.a.paterson.btinternet.co.uk/battles1940.htm|title=History of the British 7th Armoured Division: Engagements – 1940| last=Paterson| first=Ian A.|access-date=2008-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814061819/http://www.ian.a.paterson.btinternet.co.uk/battles1940.htm|archive-date=2007-08-14}}
* {{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair|first2=Commander G.M.S.|last2=with Stitt [[Royal Navy|RN]] | first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshal S.E.| last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J.R.M|editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume I The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval & Military Press| year=2004| orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]] 1954| isbn=1-84574-065-3|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair|first2=Captain F.C.|last2=with Flynn R.N.| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshal S.E.| last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J.R.M|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)| publisher=Naval & Military Press| year=2004| orig-year=1st. pub. HMSO 1956| isbn=1-84574-066-1|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| first2=Brigadier C.J.C.| last2=and Molony|first3=Captain F.C.|last3=with Flynn R.N.| first4=Group Captain T.P.| last4=Gleave |editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J.R.M|title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series| orig-year=1st. pub. HMSO 1966| year=2004| location=Uckfield, UK| publisher=Naval & Military Press|isbn=1-84574-068-8| name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book| first=Erwin |last=Rommel |author-link=Erwin Rommel|editor=Liddell-Hart, Basil |editor-link=Basil Liddell Hart | title=The Rommel Papers| publisher=Da Capo Press| year=1982| orig-year=1953 | isbn=0-306-80157-4}}

[[Category:North African campaign|*]]
[[Category:Libya in World War II|+]]
[[Category:United States military history timelines|North African campaign]]

Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da

2026-04-29T06:56:02Z

Manoj: added basic data added tags

{{Short description|2012 song by K}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}{{Infobox song
| name = Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da
| type = song
| cover = Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da cover.jpg
| caption = Song cover featuring [[Jiiva]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]
| artist = [[Aalap Raju]]
| album = [[Mugamoodi (soundtrack)|Mugamoodi]]
| language = Tamil
| released = 1 August 2012
| recorded = 2011–2012
| studio = * Kalasa Studio, [[Chennai]]
* [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|AM Studios]], Chennai
* [[K (composer)|Groove Planet]], Chennai
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=33}}
| label = {{hlist|[[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV Music]]|[[Saregama]]}}
| singer =
| writer =
| composer = [[K (composer)|K]]
| lyricist = [[Madhan Karky]]
| producer = [[K (composer)|K]]
| tracks = # "'''Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da (Strings)'''"
# "Lullaby For Loss"
# "Bar Anthem"
# "Blue Panther on the Prowl"
# "Maayavi"
# "Dont Drive Your Car With This Music On"
# "'''Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da (Guitar)'''"
# "Cape Of Good Hope"
# "Hell, Heaven And The Ladder"
# "Come Lets Fall In Love"
# "Maayavi (Flute Theme)"
| misc =
}}

"'''Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da'''" ({{translation|Shut your mouth and be quiet}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language song, composed by [[K (composer)|K]], with lyrics written by [[Madhan Karky]] and sung by [[Aalap Raju]] for the [[Mugamoodi (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2011 Indian film ''[[Mugamoodi]]''. The song was shot in [[Switzerland]], featuring the lead actors, were choreographed by [[Radhika (choreographer)|Radhika]].

It was released on 1 August 2012 as the lead single from the album, through [[Saregama]]. The song has both strings and guitar versions. Upon release, the song received positive reviews by audience and critics. The track also topped the charts and [[FM station]]s.

== Production ==

=== Composition ===
The first song recorded for the film was the romantic song "Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da". In late July 2011, K recorded the track, written by [[Madhan Karky]]. Karky revealed that the song is one of the best song he worked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/k-bags-utv-s-mugamoodi-news-tamil-lh4lg8heaee.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022025117/http://www.sify.com/movies/k-bags-utv-s-mugamoodi-news-tamil-lh4lg8heaee.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=K bags UTV's Mugamoodi |website=Sify.com |access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref> K revealed that he met Aalap for recording the track, as per Karky's suggestion. Karky introduced small beautiful words in the song. The track "Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da" had two versions{{ndash}} string and guitar. As both K and director [[Mysskin]] liked the string version, it was used in the film. K stated that [[Keba Jeremiah]] performed guitar version and he gave a new colour to the song. For giving Spanish unplugged feel, they recorded guitar version and used in the film. Chennai String section were conducted by B Yensone. The song was recorded at Kalasa Studio, [[Chennai]], with 25–30 string players.<ref>{{Citation|title=Music Director 'K' on Mugamoodi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRqr6-LcWmQ|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=21 June 2024|archive-date=21 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621122221/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRqr6-LcWmQ}}</ref>

=== Lyrics ===
Karky wrote the song while he was in flight. "Thankfully, it was a good flight and the moments were romantic", he added. He also said that it was his 41st song and he inspired the lyrics from his father [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Oct/13/madhan-unplugged-300016.html |title=Madhan unplugged! |access-date=2024-04-15 |archive-date=2024-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415095607/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Oct/13/madhan-unplugged-300016.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music video ==
[[File:Tschierv, Switzerland - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|"Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da" was shot in [[Switzerland]].]]

The music video features [[Jiiva]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]. The music video was filmed at exotic locations in [[Switzerland]] in late July 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mugamoodi-off-for-song-shoot/articleshow/15162191.cms|title=Mugamoodi off for song shoot|date=26 July 2012|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The music video was choreographed by [[Radhika (choreographer)|Radhika]], which featured lush green and ice mountains tops, beach, and fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Dance-dance-baby/article14580428.ece|title=Dance, dance, baby|date=20 August 2016|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Release ==
The track was released on 1 August 2012 as the lead single from the album, through [[Saregama]]. K performed the song at the film's audio launch. The Telugu version of the song titled "Gadiyaram" was released on 15 August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2012 |title=Gadiyaram Lyrics |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/lyrics/gadiyaram-lyrics/QwldADl5RUM |website=JioSaavn}}</ref>

== Reception ==
"Vaayamoodi Summa Iruda" received acclaim post the audio release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/team-mugamoodi-moves-europe-for-shooting-songs-490642.html |title=Team 'Mugamoodi' moves Europe for shooting songs |website=News18 |access-date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415100149/https://www.news18.com/news/india/team-mugamoodi-moves-europe-for-shooting-songs-490642.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Commenting "''Mugamoodi''{{'}}s first number starts out with a conversation, mellow and soft, between friends", of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote the song "has the talented Aalaap Raju's voice flitting like a gentle whisper through the romantic tune which alternates between mild anguish and contentment. Karky's verses add some piquancy to the situation. It does make for a pleasant listen."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=13 August 2012 |title=Review: Mugamoodi's music is interesting |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mugamoodis-music-is-interesting/20120730.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220401/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mugamoodis-music-is-interesting/20120730.htm |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=Rediff}}</ref>

[[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''Milliblog'' wrote "With help from those hypnotic violins and the backing chorus crooning the song’s title repetitively, Vaayamoodi is a uniquely endearing song. Alaap Raju’s dreamy vocals and Karky’s charming imagination in the lyrics lend considerable charm here."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=1 August 2012 |title=Mugamoodi (Music review), Tamil – K |url=https://milliblog.com/2012/07/20/mugamoodi-music-review-tamil-k/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809025244/http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2012/07/20/mugamoodi-music-review-tamil-k/ |archive-date=9 August 2012 |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref>

== Impact ==
In less than 24 hours after the release of the audio of ''Mugamoodi'', "Vaayamoodi Summa Iruda" become a hit. The song became trending on [[FM station]]s and internet.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/Apr/19/pooja-hegde-i-want-to-do-films-that-make-women-feel-represented-30988.html |title=Pooja Hegde: I want to do films that make women feel represented |website=Cinema Express |access-date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225061641/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/apr/19/pooja-hegde-i-want-to-do-films-that-make-women-feel-represented-30988.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, ''[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]'' commented "Vaaya Moodi Summa Iru da became a chartbuster and is still the favourite for many listeners."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/did-you-know-pooja-hegde-made-her-debut-in-a-tamil-superhero-film/695371 |title=Did you know Pooja Hegde made her debut in a Tamil superhero film? |access-date=2024-04-15 |archive-date=2020-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216132559/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/did-you-know-pooja-hegde-made-her-debut-in-a-tamil-superhero-film/695371 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' commented "Among songs, 'Vaaya Moodi Summa Iru Da' is already a rage among youngsters and the song has been picturized aesthetically."<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Mugamoodi is a hit with fans |work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mugamoodi-is-a-hit-with-fans/articleshow/14819063.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415100056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mugamoodi-is-a-hit-with-fans/articleshow/14819063.cms |archive-date=2024-04-15 |access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
|-
! scope="row"|[[Vijay Awards]]<ref name="Winners">{{cite web |date=9 June 2012 |title=Winners |url=http://www.vijayawards.in/#!winners/ce4o |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419112731/http://www.vijayawards.in/ |archive-date=19 April 2013 |access-date=10 June 2012 |publisher=Vijay Awards}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dhanush, Samantha win top honours at Vijay Awards |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards/2013/05/13/article1588000.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513210318/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards/2013/05/13/article1588000.ece |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=18 May 2013 |newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| [[7th Vijay Awards|11 May 2013]]
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
| "Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da"
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]<ref>{{cite episode |title=6th Edison Awards |series=Edison Awards |network=[[Astro (television)|Astro]] |date=10 February 2013 |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
| 10 February 2013
|Best Playback Singer - Male
| [[Aalap Raju]] (for "Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da")
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" | [[Big FM Tamil Entertainment Awards|Big Tamil Melody Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2013 |title=Melody awards |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Melody-awards/2013/08/19/article1740670.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822095635/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Melody-awards/2013/08/19/article1740670.ece |archive-date=22 August 2013 |access-date=22 August 2013 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 August 2013 |title=The winners of the BIG Melody Awards! |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/the-winners-of-the-big-melody-awards-harris-jayaraj-haricharan-19-08-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822102147/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/the-winners-of-the-big-melody-awards-harris-jayaraj-haricharan-19-08-13.html |archive-date=22 August 2013 |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>
| 19 August 2013
|Best Singer (Male)
| [[Aalap Raju]] (for "Vaayamoodi Summa Iru Da")
| {{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2012 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Madhan Karky]]

Kripalu Dham Mangarh, Uttar Pradesh

2026-04-19T23:52:21Z

Manoj: started details

{{Short description|Village in Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}} '''Kripalu Dham Mangarh''' (formerly '''Mangarh''') is a village in [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] (located between Ayodhya and Prayag) in the north Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In 2023, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] changed the name of the village to '''Kripalu Dham Mangarh''' from '''Mangarh'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/pratapgarh/changed-the-name-of-the-village-now-the-identity-of-kripalu-dham-mangarh-pratapgarh-news-c-3-1-138669-2023-05-24|title=Pratapgarh News: बदला गांव का नाम अब कृपालु धाम मनगढ़ बनी पहचान|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref> It is the birthplace of [[Kripalu Maharaj]].

==Temples==
[[File:Bhakti Mandir Kripalu Dham Mangarh.png|thumb]]
Mangarh is home to two temples - Bhakti Mandir and Guru Dham Bhakti Mandir.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jkp.org.in/ashrams/ |title=JKP Ashrams MJI}}</ref>

==Transportation==
===Rail===
Kunda Harnamganj, station code KHNM, is the nearest railway station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/khnm/|title=KHNM / Kunda Harnamganj Railway Station | Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Kunda Harnamganj|website=www.totaltraininfo.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]

Jodhpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:13Z

Manoj: started new post - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jodhpur City
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-128-Jodhpur.svg
| mla = [[Atul Bhansali]]
| party = Bhartiya Janta Party
| established = 1951
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jodhpur district]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 128
}}
'''Jodhpur City Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Jodhpur Elections Results 2018, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Jodhpur, Rajasthan |url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/jodhpur.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Hanwant Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|1952^
|[[H. K. Vyas]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Barkatullah Khan]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Guman Mal Lodha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Birad Mal Singhvi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ahmed Baksh Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Birad Mal Singhvi
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Suryakanta Vyas]]
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Jugal Kabra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Suryakanta Vyas]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kailash Bhansali]]
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Manisha Panwar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Atul Bhansali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Jodhpur<ref name="Jodhpur Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Jodhpur Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/jodhpur |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305094419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/jodhpur |archive-date=5 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Atul Bhansali]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:71192}}
|percentage = 53.93
|change = +8.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manisha Panwar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:57667}}
|percentage = 43.68
|change = -6.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:844}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change = -0.23
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13525}}
|percentage = 10.25
|change = +5.66
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:132010}}
|percentage = 66.1
|change = +1.67
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Jodhpur<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Manisha Panwar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:64172}}
|percentage = 50.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Atul Bhansali
|votes = {{formatnum:58323}}
|percentage = 45.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ravindra Singh Ranawat
|votes = {{formatnum:1282}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1107}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5849}}
|percentage = 4.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:127586}}
|percentage = 64.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|26.28|73.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Chakkappazham

2026-04-08T13:40:09Z

Manoj: Put up

{{short description|Indian-Malayalam language sitcom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chakkapazham.jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Sitcom]] [[Comedy]]
| creator =
| director = R. Unnikrishnan 
Vinod A. S
| country = India
| writer = Shameer Khan [[Greenson Pious]] Abhilash Chandran Jintil Antony
| starring =
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 884
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Flowers TV|Flowers TV Production]]
| editor = Sateesh Kumar B
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 18 – 22 minutes
| channel = [[Flowers TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|08|10|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|05|10|df=y}}
| image_size =
}}

'''''Chakkappazham''''' is a Malayalam language [[sitcom]] directed by Vinod A. S. that aired on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] from 10 August 2020 to 10 May 2024. The show stars [[S. P. Sreekumar]], [[Aswathy Sreekanth]], Mohammad Rafi, Amal Rajdev, [[Tessa Joseph]], [[Shruthi Rajanikanth]] and Arjun Somashekaran in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=നിങ്ങൾക്ക് ഇതൊരു പരീക്ഷണമായില്ലെങ്കിൽ ഞാൻ രക്ഷപെട്ട്'; പുതിയ വേഷത്തിൽ അശ്വതി|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/ashwathy-srikanths-new-series-chakkappazham-qep59n|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chakkappazham Malayalam Serial On Flowers TV Cast And Crew|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2020/08/chakkapazham-serial-on-flowers-tv-cast.html|website=vinodadarshan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-18|title=Take a look at the new shows on Malayalam TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/take-a-look-at-the-new-shows-on-malayalam-tv/photostory/76444495.cms|access-date=2020-08-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The first season of the show aired from 10 August 2020 and ended on 21 June 2022 consisting of 440 episodes. The second season of the show aired from 29 August 2022 to 10 May 2024 consisting of 444 episodes .

==Series overview==
{{Series overview
| caption =
| color1 = #FF8C00
| episodes1 = 440
| start1 = {{start date|df=yes|2020|08|10}}
| end1 = {{end date|df=yes|2022|06|21}}
| color2 = #16584C
| episodes2 = 444
| start2 = {{start date|df=yes|2022|08|29}}
| end2 = {{end date|df=yes|2024|05|10}}
| color3 = #purple
| episodes3 =
| start3 =
| end3 =
}}

== Plot summary ==
Season 1 can be divided into 3 parts - Searching on youtube as ( Chakkapazham Season 1 Part 1 Will not be available. )

=== Season 1 (Part 1) ===
The family life of Uthaman and his wife Asha faces a series of misunderstandings and chaos. There is confusion, humor, healthy discussions and a lot of love. The main draw of the story is the interesting fights and situational comedy between family members.

=== Season 1 (Part 2) ===
The story revolves around Sumesh (Muhammad Rafi) and Supriya (Haritha Haridas), who are newlyweds.

=== Season 1 (Part 3) ===
The story revolves around Sumesh's uncle Shankunni and his family and their neighbour Prabhu and his family.

===Season 2===
The interesting happenings that happen every day in the family of a free going young man Sumesh and his elder brother Uthaman, who is a veterinary hospital compounder.

== Cast ==
=== Main Cast (Season 1;Part 1 & Season 2) ===
* [[S. P. Sreekumar]] as Uthaman P. K
* [[Aswathy Sreekanth]] as Asha Uthaman
* Mohammad Rafi as Sumesh P. K
* Amal Rajdev as Plavilaveetil Kunjunni
* [[Tessa Joseph]] as Lalitha Kunjunni
* [[Shruthi Rajanikanth]] as Painkilli P. K / Pinky
* Arjun Somashekaran as P. C Shivan
* Lakshmi Unnikrishnan as Pallavi Uthaman
* Aryan Kashi as Shambu Uthaman
* Sadhika Suresh Menon as Aamy Uthaman
* Raihu Shameer as Kannan Shivan
* Indira Devi as Achamma / Meenakshiyamma

=== Recurring (Season 2) ===
* [[Sona Nair]] as Kupinivillasam Pashmaja; Sivan's mother, Painkilis mother-in-law
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Mrigapalan Doctor, Uthaman's senior doctor
* Unknown as Kanthi, Sumesh's wellwisher
* Ananthan as Hrishikesh; Asha's father
* Shonima as Shonima, Subhadra Kunjamma’s daughter, Kunjunni’s cousin
* Ajeesh as Ajeesh, Shonima’s husband
* Sheethal Elzha as Shobana aka Shilpa, the prankster hired by Painkili
* Dr.Neethu Krishna as Kalyani, Painkili’s home nurse
* Mithun M. Das as Raghu Kumar, Asha’s stalker

=== Main (Season 1; Part 2) ===
* [[Rafi DQ|Muhammad Rafi]] as Sumesh Kunjunni
* Manu Joseph as Shibu
* Haritha Haridas as Supriya Sumesh
* Shruthi Rajinikanth as Painkilli
* Vishnu IP as Shivan
* Amal Rajdev as Plavilla Veetil Kunjunni
* Sabitta George as Lalitha Kunjunni
* Lakshmi Unnikrishnan as Pallavi
* Aaryan Kashi as Shambu
* Sadhika Suresh Menon as Aami
* Indira Devi as Achamma

=== Recurring (Season 1; Part 1 & 2) ===
* Kalabhavan Rahman as Marthandan Kunju
* Ananthan as Hrishikesh
* Shanmughan Das as Vijayan Shankunni
* Reshmi Anil as Kasthuri
* Shaju Mavelikara as Chori Babu
* Kavitha as Kanyaka
* Soundarya Suresh as Lilly

=== Main (Season 1; Part 3) ===

* [[Rafi DQ|Muhammad Rafi]] as Sumesh Kunjunni
* Haritha Haridas as Supriya Sumesh
* Pradeep Menon as Dasan Shankunni
* [[Asha Aravind]] as Prathiba Dasan
* Abhilash Kottarakkara as Prabhu Pankajakshan
* Rohini Rahul as Manjusha Prabhu
* Sanoop Kumar as Killadi Raju
* Jerry Francis as Manikandan
* Aaryan Kaashi as Shambu Uthaman
* Ardhra Sajan as Madhu Prabhu
* Muhammad Faizal as Chikku Dasan
* Dhaya Bipin as Lakshmana Dasan
* Gopika Babu as Kallu Prabhu
* Tanmay Madhav as Bose Prabhu
* Lechu Lakshmi as Kunji Dasan
*Sruthy Suresh as Thara

===Former (Season 1)===
* [[S. P. Sreekumar]] as Uthaman Kunjunni (Ep 1- Ep 263)
* [[Aswathy Sreekanth]] as Asha Kunjunni (Ep 1-Ep 218)
* Arjun Somashekaran as PC Shivan (Ep 1- Ep 93)
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Kamala Kunjamma(Ep 101-Ep 110)

===Former (Season 2)===
* Sabitta George as Lalitha Kunjunni (Ep 1- Ep 58)

== Reboot & Season 2 ==
The show's first season, which portrayed the life of Sumesh and his family ended on 16 May 2022. On the very next day, The show started portraying the life of Sumesh's uncle Shankunni and his family, which started with the same title. But due to low trp and negative reviews this part of the season was concluded on 22 June 2022.

However, The story of Sumesh and his family returned to limelight on 29 August 2022 as the second season of Chakkappazham.

== Reception ==
The Show is one of the most popular television Sitcoms in Malayalam Television. It is widely praised for the chemistry among actors and for timely comedies.

Muhammad Rafi, who plays a major role in this sitcom became popular due to his witty comic timing and [[method acting]] after the show started airing. He is also regarded as the most fan-based actor in Chakkappazham.

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award !! Year !! Category !! Recipient !! Note
|-
| rowspan=2 | Kerala State Television Award ||rowspan=2| 2020||[[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || [[Aswathy Sreekanth]] || rowspan=2 | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/state-television-award-2020-winners-list-552535 |title=ഇളയമകൾ വന്നതിനു പിന്നാലെ മികച്ച നടിക്കുള്ള അവാർഡും നേടി അശ്വതി; രണ്ടാമത്തെ നടനായി സുമ; വിശേഷങ്ങൾ!|language=ml|author=Samayam Desk | date = 1 September 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-jury-finds-no-television-serial-worthy-state-award-year-154688 |title=Kerala jury finds no television serial worthy of state award this year|language=en|author=The News Minute | date = 1 September 2021|access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/state-television-award-2020-winners-list-552535 | title=State Television Award: Best Actress Ashwathy, Actor Shivaji Guruvayoor}}</ref>
|-
|Second Best Actor || [[Rafi DQ|Muhammad Rafi]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13853504}}

[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Flowers (TV channel) original programming]]

Chowkidar (2026 film)

2026-04-04T09:31:15Z

Manoj: Put up...

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Chandrashekar Bandiyappa}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chowkidar
| image = Chowkidar (2026 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chandrashekar Bandiyappa]]
| producer = Kallahalli Chandrashekhara
| writer = Chandrashekar Bandiyappa
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Pruthvi Ambaar]]
* [[P. Sai Kumar]]
* [[Dhanya Ramkumar]]
}}
| music = Sachin Basrur
| cinematography = Siddu Kanchanahalli
| editing = Jnaanesh B Matad
| studio = V S Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|01|30}}
| runtime =
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chowkidar''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by [[Chandrashekar Bandiyappa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |date=2026-01-30 |title=Chowkidar movie to hit screens; focuses on father-son relationship {{!}} Udayavani - Latest English News, Udayavani Newspaper |url=https://udayavani.com/entertainment/chowkidar-movie-to-hit-screens-focuses-on-father-son-relationship-880688?lang=en |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Udayavani |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Pruthvi Ambaar]], [[P. Sai Kumar]] and [[Dhanya Ramkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-29 |title=Dhanya Ramkumar to star opposite Pruthvi Ambaar in 'Chowkidar' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jun/29/dhanya-ramkumar-to-star-opposite-pruthvi-ambaar-in-chowkidar |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 30 January 2026.<ref name="theaters">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2026-01-06 |title=Chowkidar to arrive in theatres on this date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2026/Jan/06/kannadanews2026jan05chowkidar-to-arrive-in-theatres-on-this-date |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=April 2026}}

== Cast ==
* [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] as Siddharth "Siddhu"
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as Prakash Gowda
* [[Dhanya Ramkumar]] as Chaitra
* [[Vinodhini|Swetha]] as Sudha
* [[Sudha Rani]] as Umashankar
* Dharma
* Muniraju as Shankarappa
* Arjun Kautilya
* Benjimin Sandeep
* Prashant Gouli
* [[Gilli Nata]]

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by Sachin Basrur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-09-11 |title=Sai Kumar celebrates 50 years in cinema; team Chowkidar marks the milestone with 'O My Bro' song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Sep/11/sai-kumar-celebrates-50-years-in-cinema-team-chowkidar-marks-the-milestone-with-o-my-bro-song |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline =
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Geleya
| extra1 = Jaskaran Singh, Sangeetha Ravindranath
| length1 = 4:08
| lyrics1 = Santhosh Naik
| title2 = Ishta Aade
| extra2 = Sachin Basrur, Prithwi Bhat
| length2 = 3:49
| lyrics2 = Pramod Maravante
| title3 = Oh My Bro
| extra3 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| title4 = Appa Anthem
| length4 = 4:50
| lyrics4 = V Nagendra Prasad
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length3 = 4:04
| lyrics3 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Chowkidar'' was released on 30 January 2026.<ref name="theaters"/>

Y. Maheshwara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 and noted the performances of Pruthvi Ambaar and Sai Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Y |first=Maheswara Reddy |title=Kannada Movie Review–Amruta Anjan: For entertainment purposes only |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewamruta-anjan-for-entertainment-purposes-only/articleshow/127809911.cms |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> A Sharadhaa rated it if 2.5/5 and wrote in her review to ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' that the film is "at its strongest when it confronts the uncomfortable truth that unchecked love can mirror neglect".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Y |first=Maheswara Reddy |date=1 February 2026 |title=Kannada Movie Review–Chowkidar: Watchable story of father-son ties |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewchowkidar-watchable-story-of-father-son-ties/articleshow/127831030.cms |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that it is "at its strongest when it confronts the uncomfortable truth that unchecked love can mirror neglect".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2026-02-08 |title=Chowkidar Movie Review: When love stands guard, but forgets to let go |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2026/Feb/03/kannadareview2026feb01chowkidar-movie-review-when-love-stands-guard-but-forgets-to-let-go |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]''<nowiki/>'s Susmita Sameera gave a rating of 2 out of 5 and opined that "with tighter writing and more balanced character development, the emotional connection could have been far stronger".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chowkidar Movie Review: Parenting at the Cost of Excessive Protection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chowkidar-parenting-at-the-cost-of-excessive-protection/movie-review/127833265.cms |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|34941482|Chowkidar}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2026 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chandrashekar Bandiyappa]]

@Followers

2026-04-04T03:02:25Z

Manoj: Adding some entry and citations

{{short description|Indian Bengali language crime and thriller web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| director = Rajdeep Ghosh
| producer =
| writer = Amlan Majumder
| story =
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]], [[Crime]]
| screenplay = Amlan Majumder
| starring = Sohini Guha Roy, [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], Amlan Majumder, [[Indrasish Roy]], Samiul Alam, Sandy Rong, [[Moumita Dutta]]
| music = Pranjal Das
| cinematography = Shubhajit Roy
| company =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|21}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network =
| budget =
}}
'''@Followers''' is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Crime fiction|crime]] and [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[web series]] directed by Rajdeep Ghosh.<ref>{{cite web |title=@Followers: সোশ্যাল মিডিয়ায় ফলোয়ার্স বাড়াতে চাইছেন? কোথায় থামতে হবে, সামনে নিয়ে এল গা শিউরে ওঠা ট্রেলার |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/followers-official-trailer-launch-klikk-original-series-starring-shantilal-indrasish-and-sohini-guha-roy-ss-2029270.html |website=bengali.news18.com |publisher=[[News18 India]] |language=bn |date=23 January 2025}}</ref> Amlan Majumder is the producer and writer.<ref>{{cite web |title=ফলোয়ার বাড়াতে মৃত্যুর ছক! সোহিনী-ইন্দ্রাশিস জুটি চমক দেবেন নতুন ওয়েব সিরিজ |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/actress-sohini-guha-roy-debuts-in-web-series-starring-indrasish-roy-1157012.html |website=TV9 Bangla |publisher=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]] |language=bn |date=21 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=সোশ্যাল মিডিয়ায় 'ফলোয়ার্স' বাড়াতে গিয়ে বিপদের মুখে নায়িকা! তারপর? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/new-web-series-named-followers-coming-on-klikk-ott-platform-entertainment-news-tollywood-1115280 |website=bengali.abplive.com |publisher=[[ABP News]] |language=bn |date=14 January 2025}}</ref>

The series starring Sohini Guha Roy, [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], Amlan Majumder, [[Indrasish Roy]], Samiul Alam, Sandy Rong, and [[Moumita Dutta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=বাংলা ওয়েব সিরিজ়ে পুনম পাণ্ডের ছায়া! সোহিনী-ইন্দ্রাশিস অভিনীত আখ্যানে আর কে কে রয়েছেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-actress-sohini-guha-roy-debuts-in-web-series-starring-indrasish-roy-and-others-dgtl/cid/1574405 |website=anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=@Followers: সোশ্যাল মিডিয়ায় ফলোয়ার বাড়ানোর নেশায় চরম পরিণতি সিরিয়ালের জনপ্রিয় নায়িকার, তারপর…? ক্লিক-এ আসছে ‘@ফলোয়ার্স’, প্রকাশ্যে প্রথম ঝলক |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/indrasish-roy-sohini-guha-roy-and-shantilal-mukherjee-starrer-klikk-upcoming-web-series-followers-first-look-ss-2017269-page-9.html |website=bengali.news18.com |publisher=[[News18 India]] |language=bn |date=14 January 2025}}</ref>

Cinematography is done by Shubhajit Roy and music is composed by Pranjal Das.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive: ইন্দ্রাশিসের ফাঁদে পা দিয়ে বিপাকে সোহিনী, 'ফলোয়ার্স'-এর টানেই হবে মোহভঙ্গ! |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/first-look-revealed-of-followers-the-upcoming-web-series-of-klikk-ent-101990 |website=Aajkaal.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Sohini Guha Roy
*[[Shantilal Mukherjee]]
*Amlan Majumder
*[[Indrasish Roy]]
*Samiul Alam
*Sandy Rong
*[[Moumita Dutta]]
*Koyel Dhar
*Sayantani Majumder
*Santanu Ghosh
*Nandadulal Tripathi

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#E1A371 |overall= @Flowers |title=Protibimbo |director= Subrata Guha Roy|airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Khela Shuru
|DirectedBy = Rajdeep Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|21|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Hiya immerses herself in a new game that utilizes social media as a tool. However, what is the nature of the game?
|LineColor = E1A371
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Mrityu Na Hotya?
|DirectedBy = Rajdeep Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|21|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Only one question arises following Hiya's tragic demise in this perilous realm of social media. Is it a natural death or homicide?
|LineColor = E1A371
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Antardwanda
|DirectedBy = Rajdeep Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|21|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = What weapon would Inspector Anukul Barman select to advance the case? Is it social media or his cognition?
|LineColor = E1A371
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Sutro
|DirectedBy = Rajdeep Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|21|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = A deeply disturbed individual receives a clue that links to his cognition and social media.
|LineColor = E1A371
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Khela Sesh
|DirectedBy = Rajdeep Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|21|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Investigation concluded. Who will prevail in the game now? Inspector Anukul Barman or the perpetrator?
|LineColor = E1A371
}}
}}

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35870975}}

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Crime drama web series]]

{{2020s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Speedcubing

2026-03-25T06:38:29Z

Manoj: enhance intro after review and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Solving physical puzzles with speed}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Original research|date=September 2022}}}}
[[File:Championnat de France de Speedcubing 2024 • Saverne - 21.jpg|alt=|thumb|A speedcubing competition]]
'''Speedcubing''' or '''Speedsolving''' is a competitive [[mind sport]] centered around the rapid solving of various [[combination puzzle]]s. The most prominent puzzle in this category is the [[N-dimensional sequential move puzzle|3x3x3 puzzle]], commonly known as the [[Rubik's Cube]]. Participants in this sport are called "speedcubers" (or simply "cubers"), who focus specifically on solving these puzzles at [[Optimal solutions for the Rubik's Cube|high speeds]] to get low clock times and/or fewest moves. The essential aspect of [[permutation|solving]] these puzzles typically involves executing a series of predefined [[algorithm]]s in a particular sequence with [[pattern recognition]] and finger tricks.

Competitive speedcubing is predominantly overseen by the [[World Cube Association]] (WCA), which officially recognizes 17 distinct speedcubing events. These events encompass a range of puzzles, including [[Cube (algebra)|NxNxN]] puzzles of sizes varying from [[Pocket Cube|2x2x2]] to [[V-Cube 7|7x7x7]], and other puzzle forms such as the [[Pyraminx]], [[Megaminx]], [[Skewb]], [[Square-1 (puzzle)|Square-1]], and [[Rubik's Clock]]. Additionally, specialized formats such as 3x3, 4x4, and 5x5 blindfolded, 3x3 one-handed (OH), 3x3 Fewest Moves, and 3x3 multi-blind are also regulated and hosted in competitions.<ref name="regulations">{{Cite web |title=WCA Regulations {{!}} World Cube Association |url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/regulations |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.worldcubeassociation.org}}</ref>

As of February 2026, the [[list of world records in speedcubing|world record]] for the fastest single solve of a Rubik's Cube in a competitive setting stands at 2.76 seconds. This record was achieved by Teodor Zajder at the GLS Big Cubes Gdańsk WCA competition event on February 8, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teodor Zajder | World Cube Association |url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/persons/2021ZAJD03 |website=www.worldcubeassociation.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GLS Big Cubes Gdańsk 2026 |url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/competitions/GLSBigCubesGdansk2026 |access-date=February 17, 2024}}</ref> Xuanyi Geng set the record for the average time of five solves in the 3x3x3 category at 3.84 seconds at Beijing Winter 2026 on January 10-11, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Records –|url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/records?event_id=333 |publisher=World Cube Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beijing Winter 2026 - Live - Cubing China |url=https://cubing.com/live/Beijing-Winter-2026#!/event/333/2/all |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=cubing.com}}</ref> Speedcubing is organized by numerous countries that hold international competitions throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=association |first=WorldCube |title=Competitions |url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/competitions |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=World cube association}}</ref> The widespread popularity of the Rubik's Cube has led to an abundance of online resources, including guides and techniques, aimed at assisting individuals in solving the puzzle.

==History==
[[File:Original Rubik's cube from 1980.jpg|thumb|An original Rubik's Cube from 1980 in Hungary]]
The [[Rubik's Cube]] was invented on May 19, 1974, by [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] [[professor]] of [[architecture]] [[Ernő Rubik]]. In 1979, Rubik partnered with [[Ideal Toy Company]] to garner widespread international interest in the cube. On June 5, 1982, the first world championship of speedcubing was held in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]. Nineteen people competed in the event, and the American [[Minh Thai]] won with a single solve time of 22.95 seconds, which was, at the time, the fastest Rubik's Cube solve ever recorded. Other attendees include [[Jessica Fridrich]] and [[Lars Petrus]], both of whom later contributed to the development of new solving methods and the speedcubing community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Rubik's Cube Championship 1982 {{!}} World Cube Association |url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/competitions/WC1982/results/all?event=333 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.worldcubeassociation.org}}</ref> The Rubik's Cube waned in popularity after 1983, as there were no official competitions held,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/30/business/rubik-s-cube-a-craze-ends.html|title=Rubik's Cube: A Craze Ends|date=30 October 1982|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> but with the advent of the [[Internet]], online [[website]]s began to surface to discuss the cube. With these websites facilitating the renewed popularity of the cube, a new generation of speedcubers arose.

Those prominent in the online speedsolving community, such as [[Ron van Bruchem]], [[Tyson Mao]], [[Chris Hardwick (speedcuber)|Chris Hardwick]], and Ton Dennenbroek, eventually wanted to create an organization where cubers from around the world could meet and compete against each other. In 2003, they organized a [[2003 World Rubik's Cube Championship|championship]] in [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], followed by another competition in the [[Netherlands]] later that same year. This revival of competition sparked a new wave of organized speedcubing events, which included regular national and international competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/competitions|title=Competitions|publisher=World Cube Association|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> There were twelve competitions in 2004, 58 more from 2005 to 2006, over 100 in 2008, and over 1150 in 2018. Since [[Budapest]]'s 1982 competition, there have been nine further World Championships traditionally held every other year. This new wave of speedcubing competitions has been and still is organized by the [[World Cube Association]] (WCA).

Since the rise of speedcubing's popularity, numerous entrepreneurial ventures have been founded specializing in making or selling speedcubes, creating competition between these brands and Rubik's. Dozens of cube [[Manufacturing|manufacturers]], such as [[Gancube|GANCUBE]], MoYu (魔域文化), YJ (永骏), QiYi (奇艺魔方格), DaYan (大雁), DianSheng (点盛), ShengShou (圣手), YuXin (裕鑫), and Vin Cube have begun improving the cube's technology by creating many different speedcubes to allow for smoother turning and faster solving.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ruwix.com/the-rubiks-cube/the-best-speedcube-competition-cubes-moyu-dayan-shengshou-yuxin/ |title = The Best SpeedCube SpeedCube Brands – For speedcubers}}</ref> This has helped to facilitate the eventual rise of the Rubik's Cube as not just a toy, but also a lucrative business.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kemp |first=Emma |date=2021-12-10 |title='The popularity has just completely exploded': Rubik's Cube's second coming |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/dec/10/the-popularity-has-just-completely-exploded-rubiks-cubes-second-coming |access-date=2023-10-20 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== World Cube Association ==
{{Main|World Cube Association}}
{{See also|List of world records in speedcubing}}The [[World Cube Association]] (WCA) is a non-profit organization which organizes speedcubing competitions and ratifies results. The WCA consists of the WCA Board, WCA Committee, and the WCA Council. The WCA Board is the head or leader of the entire WCA, and is responsible for fulfilling tasks not completed or done by the WCA Committee and WCA Council. The WCA Appeals Committee (WAC) is responsible for ensuring right and fair decisions in accordance with the WCA Regulations. The WCA Committee is also responsible for reviewing and resolving appeals regarding the decisions of other WCA Staff members. The WCA Council is a special type of team that serves as an advisory role to the WCA, and consists of community members, and not WCA Staff Members. These WCA Staff Members are part of a cubing community, which consist of organizers, who organize and manage cubing competitions, and delegates, who help in managing competitions and help competitors who are unfamiliar with the competition environment, and to decide whether a competitor's solve should be penalized or not. WCA Regulations are required to be followed by competitors and can be found on the official WCA website.

== Methods ==

=== 3x3x3 ===
The standard [[Rubik's Cube|3x3x3]] can be solved using several methods. The most commonly used methods for speedcubing are [[CFOP method|CFOP]], Roux, and ZZ, which are generally considered to achieve the fastest times. The CFOP method is used by the majority of cubers and employs a layer-by-layer system with numerous [[algorithm]]s for solving the final layer. The method starts by creating a cross on any side of the cube, followed by F2L where 4 corner edge pairs are inserted into the cross, followed by OLL (Orientation of the Last Layer) where the top side is solved in 1 of 57 algorithms, and finally PLL (Permutation of the Last Layer) where you do 1 of 21 algorithms to solve the rest of the cube. Roux, the second most popular method, which starts by forming a 1x2x3 block on one side of the cube, repeating it on the other side, and solves the middle and top layer last, uses fewer algorithms. ZZ uses a unique step called Edge Orientation to improve the ergonomics of turning by removing the amount of rotations during a solve. Another notable method is Petrus, which has been popular at times in the past; however, it is now considered sub-optimal to CFOP and Roux and was abandoned due to its unfavorable finger tricks.

Solving larger cubes, such as [[Rubik's Revenge|4x4x4]] and [[Professor's Cube|5x5x5]], is most often done by reducing them to 3x3x3 and solving them like so, while [[Pocket Cube|2x2x2]] can be solved with the same or similar methods as 3x3x3. However, specialized 2x2x2 methods are quicker, and are regarded as superior to 3x3x3 methods. These methods include Ortega, CLL, and the EG method (which can allow users to plan the entire solution during inspection).

==== CFOP ====
{{main|CFOP method}}
[[File:Erik Akkersdijk is solving a 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube in 10.50s.ogv|thumb|CFOP speedsolver in a speedcubing competition]]
The [[CFOP method|CFOP]] (abbreviation for Cross - F2L - OLL - PLL) method, also known as the [[Fridrich method]] after one of its inventors, [[Jessica Fridrich]], who finished second in the 2003 Rubik's Cube World Championships, is the most commonly used method in speedcubing today. Its origins are credited to [[David Singmaster]], who was one of the first to publish a layer-by-layer method of solving in 1980,<ref>{{Cite web|title = David Singmaster Solution|url = http://van-ness.com/Kurt/Hobbies/RubiksCube/3x3x3/DavidSingmasterSolution.htm|website = Van Ness Web|access-date = 2 August 2016}}</ref> and Guus Razoux Schultz, who built upon this and developed a more efficient system for the first two layers (F2L).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Guus Razoux Schultz|url = https://www.speedsolving.com/wiki/index.php/Guus_Razoux_Schultz|website = Speedsolving.com Wiki|access-date = 2 August 2016}}</ref> Jessica Fridrich then finished developing the method and published it online in 1997,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Speed Cubing|url = http://www.rubiks.com/speed-cubing|website = Rubik's Official Website|access-date = 2 August 2016}}</ref> an event that was very influential in the revival of competitive speedcubing. The first step of the method is to solve a cross of edge pieces on the first layer. The remainder of the first layer and all of the second layer are then solved together in what is referred to as "corner-edge pairs," or slots. Finally, the last layer is solved in two steps – first, all of the pieces in the layer are oriented to form a solid color (but without the individual pieces always being in their correct places on the cube). This step is referred to as orientation and is usually performed with a single set of algorithms known as OLL (Orientation of the Last Layer). Then, all of those pieces are permuted to their correct spots. This is also usually performed as a single set of PLL (Permutation of the Last Layer) algorithms. OLL and PLL use 57 and 21 algorithms, respectively. Cross, First 2 Layers, Orientation, Permutation (CFOP) is the most popular method for speedsolving the Rubik's Cube. It is the method used by all 3x3 world record holders in the last decade.

The CFOP method can be used as a less advanced method by dividing the steps into more steps, reducing the number of algorithms that need to be learned but sacrificing time. It is usually known as the [[Layer by Layer|beginner method or layer by layer (LBL)]]. Most people start learning CFOP with 4LLL (Four-Look Last Layer), which is the less advanced, slower, and algorithm-reducing (from 78 algorithms to 16) way to learn CFOP. The 4 steps are divided into edge orientation, corner orientation, corner permutation, and edge permutation (which can be called EO, CO, CP, and EP). Later on, full OLL, which has 57 algorithms, and full PLL, which has 21 algorithms, can be learned. An average CFOP user that solves with full OLL and PLL, along with an efficient cross (which takes 8 moves at maximum) and efficient F2L (which takes almost 30 moves), consists of 55–60 moves, which means that it has a higher move count than Roux and ZZ. However, finger tricks and algorithms are more researched with CFOP than any other method, which explains why the majority of the fastest speedcubers use CFOP as their main speedcubing method.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cubers Megasurvey – Learning from ourselves |url=https://basilio.dev/cubing/megasurvey6|access-date=2023-04-11 |website=basilio.dev}}</ref>

The CFOP method is the most widely used speed-solving method. It is a more efficient version of the Layer-By-Layer method (also known as the beginner's method). It is very popular due to the vast amount of resources that teach and improve upon the CFOP method. Many top speedcubers, including two-time World Champions [[Feliks Zemdegs]] and [[Max Park]], learn additional sets of algorithms for the last slot and layer, such as Corners of Last Layer (COLL), which orients and permutes the corners when the edges are oriented, or Winter Variation (or the larger Valk Last Slot algorithm set, or VLS), which finishes OLL while inserting the last pair, and ZBLL, which combines the solving processes of OLL corner orientation and PLL in only one algorithm, provided the last-layer edges are oriented.

Pseudoslotting is a technique that allows advanced CFOP solvers to be more creative with efficient solutions. It is an alternative method to F2L, where instead of creating and inserting pairs with matching colors, the bottom layer is intentionally misaligned to allow different pieces to be paired together.<ref>{{Citation |title=Rubik's Cube: The Art of Pseudoslotting (F2L) | date=13 September 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49Izh9ZnBog |access-date=2024-03-17 |language=en}}</ref> This provides more freedom while pairing pieces during F2L. Pseudoslotting is similar to another technique called keyhole in which the bottom layer is misaligned to allow a piece to be inserted independently of its solved counterpart.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keyhole F2L – Speedsolving.com Wiki |url=https://www.speedsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=Keyhole_F2L |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.speedsolving.com}}</ref> It is widely believed that Tymon Kolasiński (who holds the European record for a 3x3x3 single with 3.66 seconds)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rankings {{!}} World Cube Association |url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/rankings/333/single |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.worldcubeassociation.org}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Rubik's Cube 3.66 European Record Single! | date=24 February 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbwNwj6Djfc |access-date=2024-03-17 |language=en}}</ref> is the best speedcuber who uses pseudoslotting. With practice, recognition becomes easier and the execution is done by [[muscle memory]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-03 |title=Interview with Tymon Kolasiński |url=https://www.thecubicle.com/blogs/thecubicle-blogs/interview-with-tymon-kolasinski |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=TheCubicle}}</ref>

The ZB method, a variation of CFOP, has become more popular among top solvers. The ZB method combines the ZBLS and ZBLL algorithm sets, which together allow the solver to complete the last F2L pair and all of the last layer in just 2 algorithms. Solvers like [[Xuanyi Geng]], Qixian Cao, and [[Tymon Kolasiński]] are among the first to adopt this method.<ref>{{Citation |title=CFOP VS ZB: Which Is The Future Of Speed Cubing? | date=11 April 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UX7KpiFLcXw |access-date=2025-09-02 |language=en}}</ref> The ZB method requires the solver to memorize 795 unique algorithms, which makes this a major barrier to entry, especially for older solvers. However, there is debate as to whether the ZB method is actually faster overall, since by cutting down on the steps required to solve the cube, solvers decrease the possibility for luck in their solves.

==== Roux ====
The Roux method was invented by [[French people|French]] speedcuber [[Gilles Roux]]. The first step of the Roux method is to form a 3x2x1 block, usually placed in the lower portion of the left layer. The second step is creating another 3x2x1 on the opposite side, so each block shares a bottom color. The creation of these blocks is commonly known as "block-building".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://book.rouxers.com/blockbuilding.html | title=Blockbuilding – the Roux Reader }}</ref> The remaining four corners are then solved using a set of algorithms known as CMLL (Corners of the Last Layer, without regard to the M-slice), which leaves six edges and four centers that are solved in the last step, L6E or LSE (Last Six Edges).

This method is not as dependent on algorithm memorization as the [[Fridrich method|CFOP method]] since all but the third step is done with intuition as opposed to predefined sets of algorithms. Because of the frequent use of M moves, the Roux method can be performed without any rotations (unlike the CFOP method), which means it is easier to '''look ahead''' (solving pieces while at the same time looking for the solution to the next step) while solving. It is also considered one of the most efficient speedsolving methods, with its average move count being between 45 and 50 moves for experienced solvers. However, the Roux method of speedcubing has been criticized over the years because, unlike CFOP, ZZ, or Petrus, Roux requires M (middle layer) slices to solve LSE. Using M slice moves makes it harder to achieve higher TPS (turns per second) because the finger tricks are almost always flicks, but high TPS is achievable through training.

One of the users of this method, Kian Mansour, broke the one-handed (OH) world record average with a time of 9.54 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCfLsh5vDt0&t=56s |title= The video of Kian Mansour breaking the 3x3 OH world Record |date= 21 May 2018 |publisher= Kian Monsour |access-date= 27 May 2018}}</ref> [[Sean Patrick Villanueva]] is the first Roux user to achieve a sub-6 average of five in competition and is currently ranked twenty-sixth in the world by 3x3 average. He also podiumed in 3x3 at the WCA World Championship 2019 (2nd Place). On May 25, 2024, he broke the OH WR average with the largest margin in nearly 10 years, bringing it down from 8.62 to 8.09 seconds. He also broke the WR single with a 6.05 a few weeks later, though he lost this to Dhruva Sai Meruva, a CFOP one-hand solver on October 6, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/records?event_id=333oh&show=history |title= Records 3x3x3 One-Handed |access-date= 5 August 2024}}</ref>

==== ZZ ====
The ZZ method (short for "Zbigniew Zborowski") is a modern speedcubing method originally proposed by Zbigniew Zborowski in 2006, and built upon since. The method was designed specifically to achieve high turning speeds by focusing on movement ergonomics and is a combination of a block-building method and a layer-by-layer method. The initial pre-planned step is called EOCross and is the most distinctive hallmark of the ZZ method. It involves orienting all edges while placing the cross pieces. It is also common to build an EOLine, mainly used for one-handed solving, where all edges are oriented and only the front and back cross edges are placed. The next step solves the remaining first two layers using only left, right, top, and bottom face turns, one of the advantages of ZZ. On completion of the first two layers, the last layer's edges are all correctly oriented because of edge pre-orientation during EO. The last layer may be completed using a number of techniques, including those used in the [[Fridrich method|CFOP method]]. An expert variant of this method, ZBLL (Zborowski-Bruchem Last Layer), allows the last layer to be completed in a single step with an average of just over 12 moves but requires a total of 493 algorithms to be learned.<ref name="Bernard Helmstetter's Move Count Statistics">{{cite web|url=http://www.ai.univ-paris8.fr/~bh/cube/|title=Rubik's Cube: Algorithms for the last layer|publisher=Université Paris 8|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> Due to the ergonomics of ZZ, rotating when solving will never be needed, unlike in the [[CFOP method]]. The ZZ method has fewer moves than CFOP, with ZZ averaging 53.5 compared to CFOP's 55–60 moves. Because ZZ uses EO, it is very move-efficient, and these techniques are sometimes used in FMC (Fewest Moves Challenge).<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZZ method – Speedsolving.com Wiki|url=https://www.speedsolving.com/wiki/index.php/ZZ_method|access-date=2020-05-22|website=www.speedsolving.com}}</ref>

==== Corners-first methods ====
Corners-first methods involve solving the corners and then finishing the edges with slice turns. Corner-first solutions were common in the 1980s. It was used by the 1982 world champion [[Minh Thai]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Singmaster |first=David |date=1983 |title=Championship Techniques |magazine=Cubic Circular |page=6 |issue=3 & 4}}</ref> Currently,{{when|date=September 2024}} corner-first solutions are rarely used among speedsolvers. [[Dutch people|Dutch]] cuber Marc Waterman created a corners-first method in the cube craze and averaged 18 seconds in the mid-late 1980s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===Fewest Moves Challenge===
At the highest level, there is typically not a standard method used for Fewest Moves solving. Rather, competitors attempt to solve the cube intuitively using solving techniques such as blockbuilding, Normal-Inverse-Scramble-Switch (NISS), commutator insertions, and Domino Reduction after its rise to popularity in 2019. Most solves use multiple of these techniques in order to generate a solution.

===Blindfolded===
[[File:Championnat de France de Speedcubing 2024 • Saverne - 35.jpg|thumb|Blindfolded competitor in the solving stage of a competition attempt]]
In 2003, when the first blindfolded competitions were organized, world record solvers would use the 3OP (3-Cycle Orientation Permutation) Method, which orients and then permutes pieces using 3 cycles. As of today, methods such as 3-Style and M2 are among the fastest and most popular blind-solving methods. The Old Pochmann Method, which is a method that solves one piece at a time, is a method typically used by beginner blindsolvers. Blindfolded solvers use letter patterns to help memorize sequences of moves in order to solve the cube.

The lettering scheme that blindfolded solvers use is called the Speffz lettering scheme, and each sticker or individual color is given a letter. The letters are assigned starting with the top edge of the top face, going clockwise, and beginning with A. The top edge of the top face is A, the right edge is B, the bottom edge is C, and the left edge is D. The same process is done on the other sides in the order top, left, front, right, back, and bottom to get every edge lettered from A to X. The same process is applied to all of the corners, starting with the top left corner and going clockwise in the same face order. A cycle of piece swaps is then used with the letter E being used as a buffer location for corners and D commonly being used for edges in the Old Pochmann method. The current 3x3 average and single blindfolded world record holder is [[Tommy Cherry]], from the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rankings {{!}} World Cube Association |url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/rankings/333bf/single |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.worldcubeassociation.org}}</ref>

==Competitions==
Speedcubing competitions have been held every year since 2003. The WCA was formed in 2004 to govern all official competitions. For a competition to be official, it must be approved by the WCA and follow the WCA regulations. Included in the regulations is the necessity of having one or more [[World Cube Association#WCA Delegates|WCA delegate]] in attendance. A delegate's main role is to ensure all regulations are followed during the competition. Once the competition is finished, results are uploaded to the WCA website. Judges oversee the round, delegates help the judge, runners give the scrambled or solved cube to the competitor/scrambler, and a scrambler scrambles the cube using moves generated by a computer.

===Format===
The majority of puzzle competitions are held using a [[Truncated mean|trimmed mean]] of five. This involves the competitor executing five solves in the round in question, after which the fastest and slowest solves are disregarded and the [[mean]] of the remaining three is used. The 6x6x6 and 7x7x7 events are ranked by a straight mean of three—only three solves, none of which are disregarded. In 3x3x3 blindfolded and 3x3x3 fewest moves challenges, either a straight mean of 3 or the best of 3 is used, while 4x4x4 blindfolded, 5x5x5 blindfolded, and multiple blindfolded challenges are ranked using the best of 1, 2 or 3, depending on the competition.

When a round begins, competitors turn in the puzzle they will use. Puzzles are scrambled using a computer-generated scramble. In each round, five, three, or one (depending on the format mentioned above) scrambles are used. Every competitor in the round will receive each scramble once. Before starting a solution, a competitor has up to 15 seconds to inspect the puzzle (inspection is removed for blindfolded events). This is monitored by a judge with a stopwatch. Once the solution is complete, the judge records the time on the competitor's scorecard, which is signed by both. If the puzzle is unsolved and the timer is stopped, the time is recorded as "DNF" (Did Not Finish). There are also numerous reasons why the solver can receive a two-second addition to the solve time, such as a face being more than 45 degrees off or the competitor going over the allowed inspection time. A competitor can also receive an extra solution to replace the one just completed, for example in the case of a timer malfunction or a duplicate scramble.

The official timer used in competitions is the StackMat Gen 4 or Gen 5 timer, which was originally designed for [[sport stacking]]. This device has touch-sensitive pads that are triggered by the user lifting one or both of their hands to start the time and placing both their hands back on the pads after releasing the puzzle to stop the timer.

Only two WCA recognised events are not "speedsolving" events (i.e. are scored by means other than time taken for solves), these being: Fewest Moves Competition, or FMC, which is scored using the number of moves for a competitor's solution, with a lower number of moves being better, and multiple blindfold solving, or "multi-blind", where a competitor's score is calculated by subtracting the number of unsolved cubes from the number of solved cubes.

Official competitions are currently being held in several categories.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Category || Cube type
|-
| Speedsolving || [[Pocket Cube|2x2x2]], [[Rubik's Cube|3x3x3]], [[Rubik's Revenge|4x4x4]], [[Professor's Cube|5x5x5]], [[V-Cube 6|6x6x6]], [[V-Cube 7|7x7x7]], [[Rubik's Clock|Clock]], [[Megaminx]], [[Pyraminx]], [[Skewb]], [[Square-1 (puzzle)|Square-1]]
|-
| Blindfolded solving || 3x3x3, 4x4x4, 5x5x5
|-
| Multiple cubes blindfolded solving || rowspan="3" | 3x3x3
|-
| One-handed solving
|-
| Solving in fewest moves
|}
[[File:Megaminx, Estonian Open 2011.jpg|thumb|Speedsolvers solving [[Megaminx]]es at the 2011 Estonian Open]]

Competitions will often include events for speedsolving other puzzles as well, such as:
* [[Pyraminx]], a pyramid-shaped puzzle.
* [[Megaminx]], a twelve-sided dodecahedral puzzle solved similarly to a [[Rubik's Cube|3x3x3]].
* [[Skewb]], a cube-shaped puzzle added in 2014 as an official WCA event due to its growing popularity and the ease of its regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cube Association |url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/archive/forum_topics/1163 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.worldcubeassociation.org}}</ref>
* [[Square-1 (puzzle)|Square-1]], a cubed puzzle that changes shape as it is solved
* [[Rubik's Clock]] is a double-sided, round puzzle with nine clock faces. It is considered solved when all the clock hands point to 12 o’clock.

The following are no longer official events:
* 3x3x3 with Feet was removed from the list of official WCA events in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Removing official status for 3×3×3 With Feet {{!}} World Cube Association |url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/posts/removing-official-status-for-3x3x3-with-feet |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.worldcubeassociation.org}}</ref>
* The Rubik's Magic, a folding puzzle with 8 connected tiles, was removed from the list of official WCA events in 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=World Cube Association |url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/archive/forum_topics/1013 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.worldcubeassociation.org}}</ref>[[File:Master Magic 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Rubik's Master Magic]], removed from the list of official WCA events in 2012]]
* The Rubik's Master Magic, a folding puzzle with 12 connected tiles, was removed from the list of official WCA events in 2012.<ref name=":0" />
* The Rainbow Cube, a [[cuboctahedron]]-shaped puzzle, was removed from the list of official WCA events in 2007.<ref name="worldcubeassociation">{{Cite web |title=World Cube Association Competition regulations, history of changes {{!}} World Cube Association |url=https://regulations.worldcubeassociation.org/history/files/regulations_history.html |access-date=12 September 2024 | website=www.worldcubeassociation.org}}</ref>
* The Siamese Cube, two connected 3x3s, was removed from the list of official WCA events in 2007.<ref name="worldcubeassociation" />
* 3x3 with No Inspection was removed from the list of official WCA events in 2006.<ref name="worldcubeassociation" />
* 3x3 Multiple Blindfolded Old Style was removed from the list of official WCA events in 2009.<ref name="worldcubeassociation" />

===World Rubik's Cube Championships===
The [[World Cube Association|WCA]] sanctions the Rubik's Cube World Championship as the main international competition once every two years. The latest championship was held in [[Seattle]], [[United States]] from 3 to 6 July 2025.<ref name="auto">https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/competitions/WC2025</ref>
<div align="center">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Championship
!Year
!Host
!Date(s)
!Nations
!Competitors
!Events
!Winner (3x3)
!Winning time(s)
!Ref
|-
| [[1982 World Rubik's Cube Championship|I]]
| 1982
| {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]]
| 5 June
| 19
|19
| 1
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Minh Thai]]
| 22.95 (Single)
|<ref name=budapest1982>{{cite web|title=World Rubik's Cube Championship 1982|publisher=World Cube Association|url=http://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/c.php?i=WC1982|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[2003 Rubik's Cube World Championship|II]]
| 2003
| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto]]
| 23–24 August
| 15
|88
| 13
| {{flagicon|USA}} Dan Knights
| 20.00 (Average)
|<ref name=toronto2003>{{cite web|title=World Rubik's Games Championship 2003|publisher=World Cube Association|url=http://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/c.php?i=WC2003|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[2005 Rubik's Cube World Championship|III]]
| 2005
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Lake Buena Vista, Florida|Lake Buena Vista]]
| 5–6 November
| 16
|149
| 15
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Jean Pons
| 15.10 (Average)
|<ref name=lakebuenavista2005>{{cite web|title=Rubik's World Championship 2005|publisher=World Cube Association|url=http://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/c.php?i=WC2005|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| IV
| 2007
| {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]]
| 5–7 October
| 28
|214
| 17
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yu Nakajima]]
| 12.46 (Average)
|<ref name=budapest2007>{{cite web|title=World Rubik's Cube Championship 2007|publisher=World Cube Association|url=http://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/c.php?i=WC2007|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| V
| 2009
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Düsseldorf]]
| 9–11 October
| 32
|327
| 19
| {{flagicon|UK}} Breandan Vallance
| 10.74 (Average)
|<ref name=dusseldorf2009>{{cite web|title=World Rubik's Cube Championship 2009|publisher=World Cube Association|url=http://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/c.php?i=WC2009|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| VI
| 2011
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]]
| 14–16 October
| 35
|292
| 19
| {{flagicon|POL}} Michał Pleskowicz
| 8.65 (Average)
|<ref name=bangkok2011>{{cite web|title=World Rubik's Cube Championship 2011|publisher=World Cube Association|url=http://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/c.php?i=WC2011|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| VII
| 2013
| {{flagicon|United States}} [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]
| 26–28 July
| 35
|580
| 17
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Feliks Zemdegs]]
| 8.18 (Average)
|<ref name=lasvegas2013>{{cite web|title=World Rubik's Cube Championship 2013|publisher=World Cube Association|url=http://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/c.php?i=WC2013|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| VIII
| 2015
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]]
| 17–19 July
| 37
|428
| 18
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Feliks Zemdegs]]
| 7.56 (Average)
|<ref name=saopaulo2015>{{cite web|title=World Rubik's Cube Championship 2015|publisher=World Cube Association|url=http://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/c.php?i=WC2015|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| IX
| 2017
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]]
| 13–16 July
| 64
|938
| 18
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Max Park]]
| 6.85 (Average)
| <ref name=paris2017>{{cite web|title=World Rubik's Cube Championship 2017|publisher=World Cube Association|url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/competitions/WC2017|access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| X
| 2019
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]]
| 11–14 July
| 52
|833
| 18
| {{flagicon|Germany}} Philipp Weyer
| 6.74 (Average)
| <ref name=melbourne2019>{{cite web|title=WCA World Championship 2019|publisher=World Cube Association|url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/competitions/WC2019|access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| XI
| 2021
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Almere]]
| ''Cancelled''{{efn|Postponed to 28–31 December 2020 and later canceled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=almere2021>{{cite web|title=Postponement of WCA World Championship 2021 (December 2020)|publisher=World Cube Association|url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/posts/postponement-of-wca-world-championship-2021-december-2020|access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref>}}
| —
|—
| 17
| —
| —
| <ref name=almerecancellation>{{cite web|title=WCA World Championship 2021 Cancellation|publisher=World Cube Association|url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/posts/wca-world-championship-2021-cancellation|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| XII
| 2023
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Incheon]]
| 12–15 August
| 63
|1187
| 17
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Max Park]]
| 5.31 (Average)
| <ref name=seoul2023>{{cite web|title = WCA Championship 2022 and 2023 Hosts Announcement (June 2021)|publisher=World Cube Association|url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/posts/wca-championship-2022-and-2023-hosts-announcement-june-2021|access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|XIII
|2025
|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Seattle]]
|3–6 July
|74
|1864
|17
| {{flagicon|China}} [[Yiheng Wang]]
| 4.23 (Average)
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|XIV
|2027
|{{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Uppsala]]
|22–25 July
|TBA
|2500
|17
|
|
|<ref>https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/posts/wca-world-championship-2027-host-city-announcement-july-2027</ref>
|}</div>

==World Records==
The following are the official speedcubing world records approved by the WCA as of 21 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Records {{!}} World Cube Association |url=https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/results/records |access-date=2026-03-21|website=www.worldcubeassociation.org}}</ref>

Note: For averages of 5 solves, the best time and the worst time are dropped, and the mean of the remaining 3 solves is taken. For events where only 3 solves are done, the mean of all 3 is taken.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Event !! Type !! Result !! Person !! Competition (Date(s)) !! Round Results
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Rubik's Cube|3x3x3 Cube]]
| Single || 2.76 || {{flagicon|POL}} Teodor Zajder || GLS Big Cubes Gdańsk 2026 (7-8 February) || 4.99 / 5.36 / (5.76) / (2.76) / 5.34
|-
| Average || 3.84 || {{flagicon|CHN}} Xuanyi Geng (耿暄一) || Beijing Winter 2026 (10-11 January) || (5.09) / 3.96 / 3.71 / 3.84 / (3.37)
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Pocket Cube|2x2x2 Cube]]
| Single || 0.39 || {{flagicon|CHN}} Ziyu Ye (叶梓渝) || Hefei Open 2025 (25 October) || (1.94) / 1.31 / 1.38 / 1.46 / (0.39)
|-
| Average || 0.86 || {{flagicon|USA}} Sujan Feist || Kids America Christmas Clash OH 2025 (13 December) || 0.86 / 1.02 / (0.56) / (1.42) / 0.70
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Rubik's Revenge|4x4x4 Cube]]
| Single || 15.18 || rowspan="4"|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Tymon Kolasiński]] || Spanish Championship 2025 (6-8 December) || 20.27 / (22.54) / 19.57 / (15.18) / 20.34
|-
| Average || 18.56 || Seoul Winter 2026 (17-18 January) || 19.16 / 18.01 / 18.51 / (21.64) / (16.09)
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Professor's Cube|5x5x5 Cube]]
| Single || 30.45 || Rubik's WCA Asian Championship 2024 (1-4 November) || 35.94 / (42.62) / 36.67 / 40.82 / (30.45)
|-
| Average || 34.31 || Rubik's WCA World Championship 2025 (3-6 July) || 36.46 / (36.67) / (31.67) / 33.11 / 33.36
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[V-Cube 6|6x6x6 Cube]]
| Single || 57.69 || rowspan="4" | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Max Park]] || Burbank Big Cubes 2025 (26 April) || 57.69 / 1:11.14 / 1:09.39
|-
| Mean || 1:05.04 || Nub Open Trabuco Hills Fall 2025 (4 October) || 1:04.60 / 1:04.80 / 1:05.73
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[V-Cube 7|7x7x7 Cube]]
| Single || 1:33.48 || Nub Open Trabuco Hills Fall 2025 (4 October) || 1:33.48 / 1:41.36 / 1:35.75
|-
| Mean || 1:36.86 || Nub Open Trabuco Hills Fall 2025 (4 October) || 1:33.48 / 1:41.36 / 1:35.75
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[Rubik's Cube#Competitions and records|3x3x3 Blindfolded]]
| Single || 11.67 || {{flagicon|AUS}} Charlie Eggins || Cubing at The Cube 2026 (9-11 January) || 14.34 / (DNF) / 13.95 / 13.85 / (11.67)
|-
| rowspan="2"|Mean || rowspan="2"|14.05 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tommy Cherry]] || Rubik's WCA European Championship 2024 (25-28 July) || 13.48 / 14.42 / 14.24
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Charlie Eggins || Cubing at The Cube 2026 (9-11 January) || 14.34 / (DNF) / 13.95 / 13.85 / (11.67)
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Rubik's Cube#Competitions and records|3x3x3 Fewest Moves]]
| rowspan="4" | Single || rowspan="4" | 16 || {{flagicon|ITA}} Sebastiano Tronto || FMC 2019 (15–16 June) || 16 / 26 / 24
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} Aedan Bryant || rowspan="2" |Ashfield Summer Challenge 2024 (23 June) || 26 / 16 / 26
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} Levi Gibson || 26 / 16 / 24
|-
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Jacob Sherwen Brown || Rubik's UK Championship FMC 2024 (26 October) || 33 / 31 / 16
|-
| Mean || 19.33 || {{flagicon|SGP}} Wong Chong Wen (黄崇文) || FMCanton Nansha 2026 (21 March) || 18 / 19 / 21
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Rubik's Cube#Competitions and records|3x3x3 One-Handed]]
| Single || 5.66 || {{flagicon|CHE}} Dhruva Sai Meruva || Swiss Nationals 2024 (4-6 October) || (12.25) / 9.77 / 10.02 / (5.66) / 8.93
|-
| Average || 7.72 || {{flagicon|USA}} Luke Garrett || Chicagoland Newcomers 2025 (9 March) || 8.57 / 7.13 / (6.82) / 7.45 / (12.80)
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Rubik's Clock|Clock]]
| Single || 1.53 || {{flagicon|NZL}} Lachlan Gibson || Hasty Hastings 2025 (27 September) || 3.52 / 2.33 / (7.02) / (1.53) / 3.08
|-
|Average || 2.24 || {{flagicon|USA}} Brendyn Dunagan || Temecula Valley Winter 2025 (13 December) || 2.02 / 3.27 / 1.93 / 2.27 / 2.43
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Megaminx]]
| Single || 21.99 || rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|RUS}} Timofei Tarasenko || rowspan="2"|Tashkent Open 2025 (6-7 December) || rowspan="2"|(21.99) / (27.44) / 23.81 / 23.67 / 25.65
|-
| Average || 24.38
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Pyraminx]]
| Single || 0.73 || {{flagicon|USA}} Simon Kellum || Middleton Meetup Thursday 2023 (21 December) || 4.94 / 2.36 / 1.76 / (0.73) / (DNF)
|-
| Average || 1.14 || {{flagicon|CHN}} Lingkun Jiang (姜凌坤) || Zhengzhou Zest 2025 (27 December) || 1.04 / (3.22) / (0.97) / 1.21 / 1.16
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Skewb]]
| Single || 0.73 || {{flagicon|CZE}} Vojtěch Grohmann || Głuszyca Open 2026 (7-8 March) || (3.25) / 1.57 / 1.70 / (0.73) / 1.56
|-
| Average || 1.37 || {{flagicon|POL}} Ignacy Samselski || Cube Factory League Justynów 2025 (14-15 June) || 1.22 / 1.43 / (1.16) / 1.46 / (2.93)
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Square-1 (puzzle)|Square-1]]
| Single || 3.40 || {{flagicon|USA}} Hassan Khanani || Steel City Sprint PA 2026 (24 January) || 7.11 / 5.98 / (3.40) / (8.61) / 7.70
|-
| Average || 4.63 || {{flagicon|USA}} Sameer Aggarwal || Cubing in Southern Oregon 2025 (1 February) || (8.08) / 6.20 / (3.42) / 3.81 / 3.88
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Rubik's Revenge#World records|4x4x4 Blindfolded]]
| Single || 51.96 || rowspan="4" | {{flagicon|USA}} Stanley Chapel || 4BLD in a Madison Hall 2023 (28-29 January) || 1:17.62 / DNF / 51.96
|-
| Mean || 59.39 || New York Multimate PBQ II 2025 (13-15 June) || 57.83 / 1:04.79 / 55.54
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Professor's Cube#World records|5x5x5 Blindfolded]]
| Single || 1:58.59 || Multi Mayhem VA 2026 (2-4 January) || DNF / DNF / 2:02.28
|-
| Mean || 2:27.63 || Michigan Cubing Club Epsilon 2019 (14 December) || 2:32.48 / 2:28.80 / 2:21.62
|-
| [[Rubik's Cube#Competitions and records|3x3x3 Multi-Blind]]
| Single || 63/65 58:23 || {{flagicon|USA}} Graham Siggins || Please Be Quiet Reno 2025 (18 October) || 63/65 58:23 / 58/68 1:00:00
|}
[[File:Progression of Rubik's Cube world records.png|thumb|center|
1000px|A scatter plot of Rubik's Cube world records (single and average) against time. This depicts the improvement made over the years, as well as highlights records that stayed unbroken for an unusual amount of time. This graph stops after Max Parks 3.13 second 3x3 single set on 11 June 2023 which stayed unbroken for 616 days.]]

==See also==
* [[Rubik's Revenge]]
* [[Professor's Cube]]
* [[Magic Cube]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.speedsolving.com/ Speedsolving.com]
* [http://www.speedsolving.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Speedsolving.com Wiki]
* [http://ws2.binghamton.edu/fridrich/system.html Fridrich Method]
* [http://grrroux.free.fr/method/Intro.html Roux Method]
* [http://cube.crider.co.uk/ ZZ Method]

{{Rubik's Cube}}

[[Category:Mechanical puzzles]]
[[Category:Rubik's Cube]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

K. V. Anudeep

2026-03-23T21:54:06Z

Manoj: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Anudeep Director.jpg
| caption = Anudeep at cinivaram in 2017
| name = K. V. Anudeep
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1985|12|27}}
| birth_place = [[Narayankhed]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Film director
| spouse =
| children =
| years active = 2016–present
}}
'''K. V. Anudeep''' (born 27 December 1985) is an Indian film director who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He rose to fame with his comedy entertainer, ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]'', that featured [[Naveen Polishetty]], [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]], and [[Rahul Ramakrishna]].

==Career==
Anudeep first garnered attention through his short film, ''Missed Call'', which led to Telugu film screenwriters approaching him to write few scenes for their films. He subsequently joined as an assistant director under [[Virinchi Varma]] for ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]'' (2013), before moving on to direct a film, ''[[Pittagoda]]'' (2016). The film had a low-key release and did not perform well at the box-office.<ref name="fp">{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anudeep-kv-on-jathi-ratnalu-working-with-naveen-polishetty-and-how-the-films-story-is-inspired-from-his-own-life-9443951.html | title=Anudeep KV on Jathi Ratnalu, working with Naveen Polishetty and how the film's story is inspired from his own life | date=21 March 2021 }}</ref>

Anudeep was approached by filmmaker [[Nag Ashwin]] to make a film inspired from his earlier short film, ''Missed Call'', and commissioned ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]'' (2021) to be made. Upon release, the film became one of the most profitable Telugu films of 2021 and gave Anudeep a career breakthrough.<ref name="fp"/> A critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film three stars out of five and termed it as "A madcap comedy featuring 'silly fools'." She opined that in spite of weak story, the one-liners that roll one after another keep you engrossed. She concluded the review calling "''Jathi Rathnalu'' is a mixed bag" but worth for its comedy and the performances."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/jathi-ratnalu/movie-review/81446134.cms|title=Jathi Ratnalu Movie Review: A madcap comedy featuring 'silly fools'|first=Neeshita |last=Nyayapati {{check quotation}}|date=11 March 2021|publisher=Times of India}}</ref> A reviewer for ''[[Firstpost]]'' also gave three stars out of five and opined that the script of the film is packed with funny one-liners, and every scene is interesting. The reviewer added "It is an unapologetic madcap entertainer, and does not hold itself back until the final moment."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jathi-ratnalu-movie-review-naveen-polishetty-priyadarshi-rahul-ramakrishna-dazzle-in-an-unapologetic-madcap-entertainer-9403791.html|title=Jathi Ratnalu movie review: Naveen Polishetty, Priyadarshi, Rahul Ramakrishna dazzle in an unapologetic madcap entertainer|first=Hemanth |last=Kumar|date=11 March 2021|publisher=Firstpost}}</ref>

Following the success of the film, Anudeep went on to make a [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film titled ''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]'' (2022), featuring [[Sivakarthikeyan]] in the lead role of an Indian man falling in love with a [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]-based [[English people|English]] woman. The film opened to negative reviews from critics and did not perform well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=HERE's what happened when Karthi watched Sardar and Sivakarthikeyan watched Prince FDFS |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/heres-what-happened-when-karthi-watched-sardar-and-sivakarthikeyan-watched-prince-fdfs/3510653e3e435 |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> In 2022, Anudeep worked on ''[[First Day First Show]]'' as a writer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/kvanudeep-fdfs.html | title=Interview with KV Anudeep about First Day First Show - Telugu cinema director }}</ref> In 2023, he made his acting debut with ''[[Mad (film)|Mad]]''.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|- align="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Writer
! Notes
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Pittagoda]]'' || {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2021 ||''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|Nominated–[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022 ||''[[First Day First Show]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Story}}
|
|-
|''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]'' || {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film
|-
|2026 ||''[[Funky (film)|Funky]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
| Also, lyrics for 1 song
|}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Notes
|-
| 2021 ||''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''
|Cameo appearance
|-
|2022
|''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]''
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]; Cameo appearance
|-
|2023
|[[Mad (film)|''Mad'']]
| rowspan="2" |Cameo appearance
|-
|2024
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|[[Mad Square|''Mad Square'']]
|Cameo appearance; Also lyricist for "Vaccharroi"
|-
|[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu|''Hari Hara Veeramallu'']]
| rowspan="2" |Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Mithra Mandali]]''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8745994}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rambhala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:People from Sangareddy district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Shakta Pithas in Maharashtra

2026-03-23T17:14:04Z

Manoj: added basic details more to come

{{Short description|Hindu temples in India}}
{{Saktism}}
{{Hinduism}}

Three and a half [[Shakta pithas]] (prominent worship centres of Hindu goddesses) are in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>[http://www.nivalink.com/destination-exp/three-and-a-half-shakti-peeth-goddess-shakti-maharashtra Three and a half Shakta pithas of Goddess Shakti in Maharashtra ]</ref>

These four temples are:

# [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur]]
# [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]] at [[Tuljapur]] in Dharashiv district
# [[Renuka]] Temple at [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] (Matripur) in Nanded district
# [[Saptashrungi]] Temple of Vani in Nashik district.<ref name="Bansal2008">{{cite book|author=Sunita Pant Bansal|title=Hindu Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzPCOVQGP3wC&pg=PT191|accessdate=2 March 2013|date=23 January 2008|publisher=Hindoology Books|isbn=978-81-223-0997-3|pages=191–}}</ref> This is known as a half Shakta pitha of Goddess Shakti.<ref>[http://blessingsonthenet.com/indian-temple/article/1206/three-and-a-half-shakti-peeth-maharashtra Three And A Half Shakta pithas Maharashtra]</ref>

==Mahalaxmi==
{{Main article|Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur}}
The [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Mahalaxmi]] (also known as Ambabai) Temple situated in [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], is one of the 18 Maha [[Shakta pithas]] listed in [[Skanda Purana|skanda]] [[puranas|puran]], and one of 52 Shakta pithas according to various [[Puranas]] of Hinduism. According to these writings, a Shakta pitha is a place associated with [[Shakti]], the [[Goddess]] of power. This is the place where maa [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati's]] 3 eyes fell. The Kolhapur Shakta pitha is of special religious significance being one of the six places where it is believed that one can either obtain salvation from desires or have them fulfilled. Kolhapur Peeth is also known as Karvir Peeth or Shree Peetham. Lakhs of devotees visit the temple every year, from all over Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana.

==Tulja Bhavani==
{{Main article|Tulja Bhavani Temple}}
Tulja Bhavani Temple is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the goddess [[Durga]]. Goddess Durga live here in her tulja bhavani form.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tuljabhavani.in/ |title=Home |website=tuljabhavani.in}}</ref> She is also known as the adishakti. She is Maharashtra's guardian goddess [Maharastrachi kulaswamini] of Bharat. It is located in [[Tuljapur]] in [[Dharashiv district]] of [[Maharashtra]] and is considered as one of the 51 [[Shakta pithas]]. It is situated 45  km from [[Solapur]]. The temple was built in c. 12th century CE.

==Renuka==
{{Main article|Renuka}}
Reṇukā/Renu is a [[Hindu]] goddess worshipped predominantly in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is one of the [[Shakta pithas|18 Maha Shakta pithas]]."Renu" means "Atom/Mother of Universe"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20100904/5485665681142013664.htm|title=माहूरकरांना आता विकासाची स्वप्नं|trans-title=Mahurkarâna Aata Vikasachi Swapna|language=Marathi|work=[[Sakal]]|date=September 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103348/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20100904/5485665681142013664.htm|archivedate=2015-05-18}}</ref> She is also worshipped in the [[South India]]n states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Karanataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.renukaparameswari.org/|title=Sri Renuka Amman Parameswari|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065743/http://www.renukaparameswari.org/|archivedate=2015-05-18}}</ref> Renuka's temple at [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] in Maharashtra is considered one of the Shakta pithas. Another temple of Renuka mata is in [[Konkan]], also worshipped as Padmakshi Renuka. It is also Shakta pitha among 108 peethas but not considered in main 1/3 Shakta pithas of Maharashtra. Renuka is also called "Renu", which means "Atom/Mother of the Universe".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vhp.org/temples-of-bharat/shakti-pithas-of-maharashtra|title=Shakti Pithas of Maharashtra|work=[[Vishva Hindu Parishad|VHP]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150429120819/http://vhp.org/temples-of-bharat/shakti-pithas-of-maharashtra|archivedate=2015-04-29}}</ref>

==Saptashrungi==
{{Main article|Saptashrungi}}
Saptashrungi {{IAST|Saptaśrr̥ṇgī}}) is a site of Hindu pilgrimage situated {{Convert|60|km}} from [[Nashik]] in west Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] in India. According to [[Hindu]] traditions, the goddess Saptashrungi Nivasini dwells within the seven mountain peaks. (''Sapta'' means seven and ''shrung'' means peaks.) It is located in [[Nanduri]], [[Kalwan]] taluka, a small village near [[Nashik]] in India. Devotees visit this place in large numbers every day.<ref name=Gad>{{Cite web|url=http://nashik.nic.in/htmldocs/touristplaces.htm|title=Places of Tourist Nashik District|accessdate=2 March 2013|publisher=Official web site of Nashik District|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001202528/http://nashik.nic.in/htmldocs/touristplaces.htm|archivedate=1 October 2013}}</ref> The temple is also known popularly as one of the "three and half [[Shakta pithas]]" of [[Maharashtra]]. The temple is also one among the 51 Shakta pithas located on the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is a location where one of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]'s (first wife of Lord [[Shiva]]) limbs, her right arm is reported to have fallen. Its half Shakta pitha among three and half Shakta pithas of Maharashtra.

==See also==

*[[Kalighat]]
*[[Renuka]]
*[[Saptashrungi]]
*[[Tulja Bhavani]]
*[[Yatra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]

Kal Ho Naa Ho

2026-03-22T17:33:10Z

Manoj:

{{short description|2003 film by Nikhil Advani}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kal Ho Naa Ho poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = L to R: Shah Rukh Khan, Preity Zinta and Saif Ali Khan
| director = [[Nikkhil Advani|Nikhil Advani]]
| writer = [[Karan Johar]] {{Infobox | decat=yes | child=yes | label1=Dialogues by | data1=[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}}
| producer = [[Yash Johar]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]|[[Preity Zinta]]|[[Saif Ali Khan]]|[[Jaya Bachchan]]}}
| cinematography = [[Anil Mehta]]
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| music = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| studio = [[Dharma Productions]]
| distributor = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|11|28}}
| runtime = 187 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kal-ho-naa-ho-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndc4ody |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201102406/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kal-ho-naa-ho-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndc4ody |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}28–32 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=508|title=KAL HO NAA HO|access-date=29 November 2024|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921174449/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=508|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nikkhil-advani-reveals-kal-ho-naa-ho-cost-rs-32-crore-made-the-equivalent-of-thousands-of-crores-in-revenue-it-gave-equity-to-dharma-9665389/|title=Nikkhil Advani reveals Kal Ho Naa Ho cost Rs 32 crore, made the equivalent of thousands of crores in revenue: 'It gave equity to Dharma'|date=12 November 2024|access-date=29 November 2024|archive-date=14 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114152509/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nikkhil-advani-reveals-kal-ho-naa-ho-cost-rs-32-crore-made-the-equivalent-of-thousands-of-crores-in-revenue-it-gave-equity-to-dharma-9665389/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}86.09 crore (initial run)<ref name="worldwide" /> {{INR}}5.60 crore (re-release)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/kal-ho-naa-ho-re-release-box-office-collections-3rd-weekend-shah-rukh-khan-preity-zinta-saif-ali-khans-film-continues-winning-hearts-earns-rs-5-60-crore-in-17-days-1360808|title=Kal Ho Naa Ho Re-Release Box Office Collections 3rd Weekend: Shah Rukh Khan, Preity Zinta, Saif Ali Khan's film continues winning hearts; earns Rs 5.60 crore in 17 days|date=2 December 2024|access-date=9 December 2024|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203021528/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/kal-ho-naa-ho-re-release-box-office-collections-3rd-weekend-shah-rukh-khan-preity-zinta-saif-ali-khans-film-continues-winning-hearts-earns-rs-5-60-crore-in-17-days-1360808|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kal Ho Naa Ho''''' ({{Translation|Tomorrow may never come}}, {{IPA|hi|kəl ɦoː naː ɦoː|pron}}), also abbreviated as '''''KHNH''''', is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy drama]] film directed by debutant [[Nikkhil Advani|Nikhil Advani]], written by [[Karan Johar]] and [[Niranjan Iyengar]], and produced by [[Yash Johar]] under [[Dharma Productions]]. The film stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], and [[Preity Zinta]], with [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Sushma Seth]], [[Reema Lagoo]], [[Lillete Dubey]], and [[Delnaaz Irani]] in supporting roles. Set in [[New York City]], the story follows Naina Catherine Kapur (Zinta) who gradually falls for her visiting neighbour Aman Mathur (Shah Rukh Khan), but a secret prevents Aman from reciprocating his feelings, causing him to set Naina up with her best friend, Rohit Patel (Saif Ali Khan).

[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] composed the original soundtrack and background score in their first collaboration with Johar, with lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]]. [[Anil Mehta]], [[Manish Malhotra]], and [[Sharmishta Roy]] were the cinematographer, costume designer and art director, respectively. [[Principal photography]] took place in [[Toronto]], [[New York City]], and [[Mumbai]] from January to October 2003. Filming was stalled for around six months due to Shah Rukh Khan's illness. The soundtrack was released on 27 September 2003 to positive reviews; the [[Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)|title song]], "It's The Time To Disco", "Kuch To Hua Hai", and "Pretty Woman" were particularly well-received.

''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' was released on 28 November 2003 with the promotional tagline, "''A Story of a Lifetime ... In a Heartbeat''". The film received acclaim from critics who praised its story, screenplay, direction, soundtrack, cinematography, and its cast performances. The film was a huge commercial success grossing {{INR}}860.9 million (US$18.8 million), and was the [[List of Hindi films of 2003|highest grossing Hindi film]] and [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film of the year]]. The film explores [[Indian diaspora|non-resident Indians]], [[Inter-caste marriages in India|inter-caste marriage]], and homosexuality through [[innuendo]] and [[Homosociality|homosocial]] bonding. It won two [[National Film Awards]], eight [[Filmfare Awards]], thirteen [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]], six [[Producers Guild Film Awards]], three [[Screen Awards]], and two [[Zee Cine Awards]] in 2004.

== Plot ==

Naina Catherine Kapur is a pessimistic, uptight [[Punjabi Americans|Punjabi American]] business student who lives in [[New York City]] with her widowed mother Jennifer, a [[Punjabi Christians|Punjabi Christian]], disabled brother Shiv, adopted sister Jiya and paternal grandmother Lajjo, a [[Punjabi Sikhs|Punjabi Sikh]]. Jennifer runs an unsuccessful café with her neighbour, Jaswinder "Jazz" Kapoor. Lajjo is hostile to Jennifer and Jia as she believes that Jia's adoption led her son (Jennifer's husband and Naina's father) to suicide.

Naina has two best friends: her classmate, Rohit Patel, an Indian [[Gujarati Americans|Gujarati American]], and Jaspreet "Sweetu" Kapoor, Jazz's sister. Her life is dull and overshadowed by the loss of her father until Aman Mathur and his mother move in next door with his uncle, Pritam Chaddha. Aman's cheerfulness gradually wins over Naina's family and he slowly starts to solve their problems. He suggests that they change the café to an Indian restaurant and its success alleviates their financial burdens. Aman encourages Naina to be happy and to live life to the fullest; she ends up falling in love with him.

Rohit also falls in love with Naina and asks Aman's help in expressing his feelings. Naina tells Rohit there is something she must say to him, leading him to think that she reciprocates his feelings. Naina reveals she is in love with Aman instead. Shaken, Rohit calls Aman to tell him what has happened. Naina goes to Aman's house and is shocked to see a wedding photograph of Aman and his wife, Priya. Heartbroken, she leaves.

Aman's mother confronts him about what has happened. He says he loves Naina but has decided to hide it because he is suffering from a fatal heart condition. He is not actually married. Priya is his childhood friend and doctor. Aman vows to bring Naina and Rohit together before he dies. He believes that Rohit will be able to provide for her better than he can. He hatches a plan to transform Naina and Rohit's bond, and gradually their friendship blossoms into love. Naina discovers his plan and chides Aman for trying to ruin her friendship with Rohit. Aman takes out Rohit's diary and confesses his feelings for Naina, saying they are Rohit's. Naina forgives Aman and Rohit.

Rohit proposes to Naina, and she accepts. Lajjo and Jennifer have a serious fight regarding Jiya, who calls on Aman for help. Aman had previously discovered the truth about Jiya's parents and despite Jennifer's objections, he reveals to Lajjo that her son had an extramarital affair and fathered Jiya. When Jiya's biological mother refused to accept her, Jennifer adopted her. Unable to deal with the guilt, Jennifer's husband suicided. An emotional Lajjo realises her mistakes and reconciles with Jennifer and Jiya. Naina gains closure after learning the truth about her father's death.

During Naina and Rohit's engagement, Aman has a heart attack. Only his mother knows he has been admitted to the hospital. Naina encounters Priya at a jewellery store, whom she recognises as Aman's wife. She introduces herself and her husband, Abhay, who reveals the truth about Aman. Shocked, Naina realises that Aman has sacrificed his love for her and leaves the mall in an emotional frenzy. Priya calls up Aman and informs him about what happened. Aman leaves the hospital and meets a frustrated Rohit, who asks why he and not Aman should marry Naina. Aman urges Rohit to marry Naina as a sign of respect for his dying wish to see Naina happy. Aman meets Naina, and they embrace while he tries to persuade her that he does not love her. Rohit and Naina's wedding, which Aman attends, takes place soon afterwards.

Sometime after the wedding, Aman is on his deathbed and says goodbye to everyone. He is left alone with Rohit after Naina leaves the room in tears. Aman makes him promise that, although Naina is with Rohit in this lifetime, he will get her in the next.

Twenty years later, a middle-aged Naina tells a grown-up Jiya how Aman affected every aspect of their lives. They are joined by her daughter Rhea and Rohit, who tells Naina that he loves her as they embrace.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Aman Mathur<ref name="BHKHNH" />
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Rohit Patel<ref name="BHKHNH" />
* [[Preity Zinta]] as Naina Catherine Kapur Patel<ref name="BHKHNH" />
* [[Jaya Bachchan]] as Jennifer "Jenny" Kapur<ref name="BHKHNH" />
* [[Sushma Seth]] as Lajwanti "Lajjo" Kapur<ref name="BHKHNH" />
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as Namrata Mathur<ref name="BHKHNH" />
* [[Lillete Dubey]] as Jaswinder "Jazz" Kapoor<ref name="TVGuide KHNH" />
* [[Delnaaz Irani|Delnaaz Paul]] as Jaspreet "Sweetu" Kapoor<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheikh |first=Imaan |date=29 November 2016 |title=9 Reasons Sweetu Is Actually The Most Relatable Character In "Kal Ho Naa Ho" |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/imaansheikh/sweetu-me-too |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104094104/https://www.buzzfeed.com/imaansheikh/sweetu-me-too?utm_term=.niZEZ8PX1D#.mezoG0m6KJ |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=[[BuzzFeed]]}}</ref>
* [[Shoma Anand]] as Kammo<ref name="BOI KHNH Cast" />
* Kaamini Khanna as Vimmo<ref name="BOI KHNH Cast" />
* [[Ketki Dave]] as Sarlaben Patel<ref name="BOI KHNH Cast" />
* [[Sulbha Arya]] as Kantaben<ref name="BHKHNH" />
* Athit Naik as Shiv Kapur<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Samrath |date=28 November 2017 |title=14 years of Kal Ho Naa Ho: Athit Naik, Preity 'Naina' Zinta's brother shares shoot memories |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/14-years-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-athit-naik-preity-naina-zinta-s-brother-shares-shoot-memories/story-ddEU5TZ0bPrvt9ov8sGKXL.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104093820/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/14-years-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-athit-naik-preity-naina-zinta-s-brother-shares-shoot-memories/story-ddEU5TZ0bPrvt9ov8sGKXL.html |archive-date=4 January 2018}}</ref>
* [[Jhanak Shukla]] as Jiya Kapur<ref name="BOI KHNH Cast" />
* [[Satish Shah]] as Karsanbhai Patel<ref name="BOI KHNH Cast" />
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Guru<ref name="BHKHNH" />
* [[Dara Singh]] as Pritam Chaddha<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tz672LBW2JE&list=PL7DB68C829F6CDAA5 |title=Pritam Aan Milo – Comedy Scene – Kal Ho Naa Ho – Shahrukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan & Preity Zinta |date=30 May 2011 |type=Motion picture |language=hi |publisher=[[Dharma Productions]] |place=India |time=05:00 to 06:25 |time-caption=Character's name mentioned from |access-date=4 January 2018 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422000403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tz672LBW2JE&list=PL7DB68C829F6CDAA5 |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Special appearances'''
* [[Simone Singh]] as Camilla<ref name="TVGuide KHNH" />
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Abhay Malhotra<ref name="BHKHNH" />
* [[Kajol]] as a dancer in the song "Maahi Ve"<ref name="BHKHNH" />
* [[Rani Mukerji]] as a dancer in the song "Maahi Ve"<ref name="BHKHNH" />
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Dr. Priya Malhotra<ref name="BOI KHNH Cast" />
* Dheepesh Bhatt as Frankie Ramdayal<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Shalin |date=26 October 2015 |title=You Won't Believe What Frankie Ramdayal, The Cute DJ From Kal Ho Naa Ho, Looks Like Now! |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/frankie-ramdayal-from-kal-ho-naa-ho/#.c2k1i52ec |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101093247/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/frankie-ramdayal-from-kal-ho-naa-ho/#.0al9g2qtc |archive-date=1 January 2018 |access-date=1 January 2018 |website=[[ScoopWhoop]]}}</ref>
* [[Anaita Shroff Adajania]] as Geeta Parekh<ref name="BOI KHNH Cast" />

'''Uncredited appearances'''
* [[Anil Mehta]] as Rajnath Kapur,<ref name="BuzzFeed28" /> Naina's, Shiv's and Jiya's late father and Jennifer's late husband
* [[Farah Khan]] and [[Karan Johar]] as customers in Jenny's restaurant<ref name="BuzzFeed28" /><ref name="12 facts" />
* [[Uday Chopra]] as a narrator who says "Day 6"<ref name="BHKHNH" />
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
{{Quote box
|title =
|quote = It's about smiling and being happy today because no one has seen tomorrow. That's what I believe. Live for today because you never know what's in store tomorrow.
|source = – Johar, on the film's title<ref name="KJoSify" />
|width = 35%
|align = right
}}
Unhappy with the polarising response to his production, ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001), [[Karan Johar]] decided to make what he called "a cool film" with "a different energy" from his previous projects. He began working on the script for a film that would later be titled ''Kal Ho Naa Ho''.<ref name="KJoSify" />{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|pp=79–82}} Before the filming started, it was initially entitled ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'', but Johar later changed it to ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'', naming it after the song "Aisa Milan Kal Ho Naa Ho" from the 1997 film ''[[Hameshaa]]''.<ref name="BuzzFeed28" /> He later used the former title ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' for his [[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna|2006 film]] which was originally titled ''Kalank''.<ref name="8 facts" />

Around the same time, [[Nikkhil Advani|Nikhil Advani]], who had served as an assistant director for ''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]'' (1996),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khubchandani |first=Lata |date=25 November 2003 |title=Nikhil Advani (Director, 'Kal Ho Naa Ho') |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13317457 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227161515/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13317457&cid=2398 |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998),<ref name="KJoSify" /> ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000),<ref name="KJoSify" /> and ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001),<ref name="KJoSify" /> had planned to direct a [[spy film|spy]] [[thriller film|thriller]] set in [[Kashmir]] featuring [[Shah Rukh Khan]].<ref name="AdvaniRediff" /> Advani sent an initial draft to Johar and his father, [[Yash Johar]]. They felt it was controversial and did not want Advani to choose such a risky subject for his debut film. Johar described ''Kal Ho Naa Ho''{{'}}s script to Advani who agreed to direct the film if he could make it his way.<ref name="AdvaniRediff" /> Johar agreed since he preferred not to direct the film to avoid repeating previous mistakes.{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|p=82}}<ref name="AdvaniSify" /> He later regretted the decision and thought about taking over from Advani but refrained from doing so out of courtesy.{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|pp=83–84}} Advani said that Johar "underestimated himself" thinking he could not "do justice to it."<ref name="Advani Tidbits" /> In an interview with Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'', Advani described ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' as "the story of a family which is bogged down with a lot of problems"; one man enters their lives "and solves all their problems and makes them realise how their problems are not as big as they are perceived to be."<ref name="AdvaniRediff" />

=== Cast and crew ===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 280
| footer = Clockwise from upper left: [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]] played Jennifer, Aman, Naina and Rohit, respectively.
| image1 = Jaya Bachchan still16.jpg
| alt1 = Jaya Bachchan at the V. Shantaram Awards ceremony in 2011
| image2 = Shah Rukh Khan 2001.jpg
| alt2 = Shah Rukh Khan posing for the camera at the launch of srkworld.com in 2000
| image3 = Saif at 2014 Stardust.jpg
| alt3 = Saif Ali Khan at the 2014 Stardust Awards
| image4 = Preity Zinta cropped.jpg
| alt4 = Preity Zinta posing for the camera in 2006
}}
[[Jaya Bachchan]], Shah Rukh Khan, [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Preity Zinta]] were cast in the lead roles in December 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karan's new role |url=http://b4utv.com/movies/gossip/1226karan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030222105605/http://b4utv.com/movies/gossip/1226karan.html |archive-date=22 February 2003 |access-date=27 December 2017 |website=[[B4U (network)|B4U]]}}</ref><ref name="JB" /> The first name of Shah Rukh Khan's character, Aman, was a departure from his previous collaborations with Johar where his first name in ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998) and ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001) was Rahul.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=11 November 2003 |title=SRK, Preity, Saif's love song – Slide 2 |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/11sld2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227182227/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/11sld2.htm |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2003 |title=Opening tomorrow... Kal Ho Naa Ho |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/27/stories/2003112700500200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229061206/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/27/stories/2003112700500200.htm |archive-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> [[Salman Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]] were initially offered the roles of Rohit and Naina, respectively. Salman declined the offer because he did not wish to "play second fiddle",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khuranaa |first=Amann |date=26 December 2014 |title=Salman Khan: Blockbusters he has rejected |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/salman-khan-blockbusters-he-has-rejected/Salman-Khan-The-blockbusters-which-he-rejected/photostory/45649107.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171228111939/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/salman-khan-blockbusters-he-has-rejected/Salman-Khan-The-blockbusters-which-he-rejected/photostory/45649107.cms |archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> and Kareena refused the role because of a salary dispute with Johar.{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|p=83}} Salman and Kareena had previously collaborated with Johar on ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998) and ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001), respectively. [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Vivek Oberoi]] were also considered for the role of Rohit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-26 |title=Did you know Abhishek Bachchan and Vivek Oberoi were first considered for Saif Ali Khan's role in 'Kal Ho Na Ho'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-abhishek-bachchan-and-vivek-oberoi-were-first-considered-for-saif-ali-khans-role-in-kal-ho-na-ho/articleshow/66380341.cms |access-date=2025-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Saif and Zinta subsequently agreed to be part of the project.<ref name="AdvaniRediff" />

[[Neetu Singh]] was approached for the role of Naina's mother, Jennifer, but she declined. It was then offered to Bachchan, who had previously collaborated with Johar on ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001) alongside her husband, [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and was initially reluctant to take on the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2014 |title=7 Things We Bet You Didn't Know About Kal Ho Na Ho |url=http://www.mtvindia.com/blogs/general/news/7-things-we-bet-you-didnt-know-about-kal-ho-na-ho-52192980.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228065623/http://www.mtvindia.com/blogs/general/news/7-things-we-bet-you-didnt-know-about-kal-ho-na-ho-52192980.html |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=[[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]]}}</ref> After Advani told her he would make the film in the style of [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] and [[Gulzar]], both of whom were Bachchan's favourite directors, she changed her mind immediately, accepting the part.<ref name="JB" /> [[Kajol]] and [[Rani Mukerji]] who had previously collaborated with Johar together on both ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998) and ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001), made special appearances in the song "Maahi Ve".<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2006 |title=Will Kajol be lucky for Karan? |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/will-kajol-be-lucky-for-karan/story-wHdIfC9uyO6ITJPn2whRII.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227184147/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/will-kajol-be-lucky-for-karan/story-wHdIfC9uyO6ITJPn2whRII.html |archive-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> ''[[Vogue India]]'' fashion director [[Anaita Shroff Adajania]] made a cameo appearance as Geeta Parekh, Naina and Rohit's fellow MBA candidate.<ref name="12 facts" /><ref name="8 facts" /> [[Farida Jalal]] was originally offered the role of Jennifer's mother-in-law, Lajwanti, despite being younger in real life than Bachchan. Jalal declined this role as she did not want to appear as Bachchan's onscreen mother-in-law, having starred alongside her in ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001), wherein she played a character similar to Bachchan's age. Thereafter, [[Sushma Seth]], who had played Bachchan's mother in ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001), was cast in the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai were Aditya Chopra and Karan Johar's best, they could never make better films: Farida Jalal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aditya-chopra-karan-johar-best-films-were-ddlj-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-farida-jalal-8895659/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230911085007/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aditya-chopra-karan-johar-best-films-were-ddlj-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-farida-jalal-8895659/ |archive-date=11 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Simone Singh]], who had played Jalal’s daughter in ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001), was cast as Camilla in a guest appearance.

''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' was the last film produced by Yash Johar before his death on 26 June 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2017 |title=14 Years of Kal Ho Naa Ho: Karan Johar Calls It A Memory 'Both Heartbreaking And Yet Full Of Heart' |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/14-years-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-karan-johar-calls-it-a-memory-both-heartbreaking-and-yet-full-of-heart/articleshow/61831601.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228070245/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/14-years-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-karan-johar-calls-it-a-memory-both-heartbreaking-and-yet-full-of-heart/articleshow/61831601.cms |archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="BHKHNH" /> While Karan wrote the story and screenplay, the dialogue was written by [[Niranjan Iyengar]]. [[Anil Mehta]] and Sanjay Sankla were signed as cinematographer and editor, respectively;<ref name="BHKHNH" /> Mehta also appeared briefly as Naina's father (Jennifer's husband) at the beginning of the film.<ref name="12 facts" /> [[Sharmishta Roy]] was the film's production designer. [[Farah Khan]] choreographed the song scenes and appeared as a customer in Jennifer's café.<ref name="BHKHNH" /><ref name="12 facts" /> [[Arjun Kapoor]] worked in the film as an assistant director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Upadhyay |first=Karishma |date=9 May 2012 |title=A son rises |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120509/jsp/entertainment/story_15466515.jsp |url-status=dead |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228065820/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120509/jsp/entertainment/story_15466515.jsp |archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>

=== Costume design ===
The film's costumes were designed by [[Manish Malhotra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=24 November 2003 |title=SRK, Saif & Preity say cheers to life! – Slide 6 |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/24sld6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227182426/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/24sld6.htm |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Zinta said in an interview with Subhash K. Jha that she preferred "a very 'preppy' look", similar to [[Ali MacGraw]]'s in ''[[Love Story (1970 film)|Love Story]]'' (1970), and wore glasses to indicate Naina's initially serious nature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=26 November 2003 |title=Exclusive: Preity goes from peppy to 'preppie' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13321147 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228042951/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13321147&cid=2398 |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=24 November 2003 |title=SRK, Saif & Preity say cheers to life! – Slide 6 |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/24sld5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228045317/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/24sld5.htm |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Johar wanted Bachchan to wear jeans, believing that "it would be nice" for the audience "to see her in something unusual" and "break new ground" giving her a "fresh" look. Bachchan accepted without hesitation telling Johar, "If you are making it, I'll do it".<ref name="KJoRediff" /> Zinta designed and sewed the clothes for Gia's dolls in the film.<ref name="8 facts" />

=== Pre-production ===
Johar and Advani were both fascinated with New York City and wanted to set ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' there.<ref name="AdvaniRediff" />{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|pp=82–83}} Johar went to New York City while he worked on the film's script and stayed at least one-and-a-half months{{efn|While Johar told Lata Khubchandani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' in 2003 that he stayed in New York City for one-and-a-half months,<ref name="KJoRediff" /> he contradicted himself in his 2017 autobiography ''An Unsuitable Boy'', where he wrote that he stayed there for three months.{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|pp=82–83}}}} studying the people, their culture, how they commute and the lifestyle of Americans and the [[non-resident Indian]]s (NRI) there.<ref name="KJoRediff" />{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|pp=82–83}} He "sat in [[Central Park]], stared at people, wrote the film, came back to [[Mumbai]], narrated it to everybody, selected the cast."{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|pp=82–83}}

The city appealed to Advani, since he believed it mirrored Naina's personality. He summarised the similarity between the two: "You can be surrounded by millions of people right in the middle of [[Grand Central Station]]. And you can be extremely lonely." He had never been to New York City before, and used the films of [[Woody Allen]], [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Rob Reiner]] and [[Nora Ephron]] to learn about life there.<ref name="AdvaniRediff" /> Like Johar, Advani analysed everything about the city:
{{Blockquote|text=When I went to scout for locations, I lived there for a month. I tried to imbibe everything there was in NY. I would just go and stand on the streets for an hour, observe people talking, make mental notes about how they walk, talk, how they don't look people in the eye. They are constantly on the move. I find that incredible.<ref name="AdvaniRediff" />}}

=== Principal photography ===
''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' was made on a budget of [[Indian rupee sign|{{INR}}]]220 million (about US$4,818,211 in 2003)–{{INR}}300 million (about US$6,570,302 in 2003).<ref name="budget01">{{Cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveere |date=22 December 2003 |title='Kal Ho Naa Ho' breaks conventional Bollywood formulas, box-office records overseas |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20031222-kal-ho-naa-ho-breaks-conventional-bollywood-formulas-box-office-records-overseas-791213-2003-12-22 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117220404/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20031222-kal-ho-naa-ho-breaks-conventional-bollywood-formulas-box-office-records-overseas-791213-2003-12-22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="budget02">{{cite news |url=http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow/388643.cms?&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |title=Box Office |date=January 2004 |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828122542/http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow/388643.cms?&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-date=28 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|name=exchange2003}} [[Principal photography]] began on 20 January 2003 in Mumbai.<ref name="AdvaniRediff" /><ref name="Advani Tidbits" /> Shah Rukh Khan became ill after four days of shooting and told Johar he would be unable to continue with the project, but Advani asked Johar to wait until the actor recovered.<ref name="Advani Tidbits" /> Khan's illness lasted for six months.<ref name="Advani Tidbits" /><ref name="SRKIT" /> Scenes with Saif Ali Khan and Zinta, including the song, "Kuch To Hua Hai", were shot in [[Toronto]] over an eight-day period in March–April 2003.<ref name="12 facts" /><ref name="SRKIT" />{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|p=86}} Johar said in an interview with Subhash K. Jha that he tried to complete the film in Toronto thinking it would be a good substitute for New York City and avoid budget problems. He came to believe the idea was unoriginal and would not work out.<ref name="KJoSify" />

The 80-person production unit then moved to New York City for additional filming in July 2003, when Shah Rukh Khan joined them.<ref name="Advani Tidbits" />{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|pp=86, 91}} Advani and Mehta wanted to capture the city's change of seasons from winter to summer to highlight the transformation of Naina's personality,<ref name="AdvaniRediff" /><ref name="AdvaniSify" /> but were unable to do so due to Shah Rukh Khan's illness. As a result, they filmed the sequences set in New York City during the summer.<ref name="AdvaniSify" /><ref name="SRKIT" />

Shooting in New York City began on 15 July,{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|p=86}} covering areas in and around the [[Boroughs of New York City|five boroughs]] and on [[Long Island]]. The street where Aman and Naina live was filmed in [[Brooklyn]], where the unit camped for two weeks in local houses.<ref name="AdvaniRediff" /> A [[body double]] was used for Zinta's jogging scene during the film's opening credits since she had injured herself while shooting it.<ref name="12 facts" /> The [[Northeast blackout of 2003]] forced the unit to cancel some filming.<ref name="BuzzFeed28" /><ref name="AdvaniRediff" /><ref name="KJoRediff" /> The shooting schedule in New York City lasted for fifty-two days.<ref name="KJoRediff" /> The final scenes, which included some songs, were filmed at the [[Filmistan]] Studios in Mumbai over about fifty days beginning in August 2003.<ref name="KJoRediff" />{{Sfn|Johar|Saxena|2017|p=91}}<ref name="KHNH Last" /> Shooting ended in October 2003, with "Maahi Ve" being the last scene and song sequence filmed.<ref name="KHNH Last" /> According to Shah Rukh Khan, ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' was made in [[sync sound]] as there were many indoor sequences in the film. He noted that sync sound "improved" his performance "considerably" describing it as "one of the biggest blessings for an actor."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=13 January 2004 |title=I've to depend on my acting skills now: Shah Rukh |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13359077 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217072040/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13359077&cid=2398 |archive-date=17 February 2018 |access-date=17 February 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Johar had planned the film's climax differently, but Yash Johar persuaded him that Aman should die. Given Shah Rukh Khan's screen persona, he believed Aman's death would have a bigger impact on the audience.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2013 |title=Wish I'd changed end of 'Kal Ho Naa Ho': Karan Johar |work=[[Sify]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/wish-i-d-changed-end-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-karan-johar-news-bollywood-njqvEgadebcsi.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102100537/http://www.sify.com/movies/wish-i-d-changed-end-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-karan-johar-news-bollywood-njqvEgadebcsi.html |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> In September 2015, Shah Rukh Khan revealed that Johar "made a special edit" of the film for his children as a favour to him; in this version, the film ends before his character dies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2015 |title=Never shown the ending of 'Kal Ho Naa Ho' to my kids: Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/never-shown-the-ending-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-to-my-kids-shah-rukh-khan/ |url-status=live |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102095344/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/never-shown-the-ending-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-to-my-kids-shah-rukh-khan/ |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

== Thematic analysis ==
''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' continued the trend set by ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' (1995) in which Indian family values are always upheld, regardless of the country of residence.{{Sfnm|1a1=Gopinath|1y=2005|1pp=188–189|2a1=Varia|2y=2012|2p=27}} Social and cultural analysis professor [[Gayatri Gopinath]] (author of ''Impossible Desires: Queer Diasporas and South Asian Public Cultures'') noted how the film asserts "the essential Indianness" of its characters, and the entry of Aman Mathur gives them a sense of pride in their identity as Indians. This is seen when Aman helps overcome Jennifer Kapur's financial constraints by turning her café into an Indian restaurant and replacing the American flag with the Indian tricolour.{{Sfn|Gopinath|2005|pp=188–189}} In ''Postliberalization Indian Novels in English: Politics of Global Reception and Awards'', Maria Ridda compares the film with ''Kuch Kuch Hota Hai'' because both films depict the internalisation of Western ideologies into Indian culture. Ridda agrees with Gopinath on the impact of Aman's transformation of Jennifer's café. She notes that all of Jennifer's friends and family work together on the renovation and it reinforces "a 'pan-Indian' sense of belonging."{{Sfn|Ridda|2014|pp=92–93}}

In an extensive comparative analysis of ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' with [[Siddharth Anand]]'s 2005 film, ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'', [[Cleveland State University]] School of Communication assistant professor Anup Kumar believes the films are similar representing "as an archetype" the "{{'}}unity in diversity{{'"}} of the characters. In ''Salaam Namaste'', the characters are from across India—one is from [[Bangladesh]]. Kumar notes that the characters' last names "signify ethnicity and caste." In ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'', Jennifer and Lajjo are a Christian and [[Sikhs|Punjabi Sikh]], respectively; Rohit is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]. According to Kumar, Rohit and Naina's marriage symbolises the unity of the people of Punjab and Gujarat.{{Sfn|Kumar|2013|pp=133–136}} Both films emphasise different aspects of marriage. In ''Salaam Namaste'', central characters Nick and Ambar's (Saif Ali Khan and Zinta) professional careers come first and they are fearful of commitment. Conversely, in ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' the tradition of [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent#Self-arranged marriages|love-cum-arranged marriage]] is encouraged.{{Sfn|Kumar|2013|p=139}}

Many critics noted Aman's resemblance to [[Rajesh Khanna]]'s character, Anand Saigal, in Hrishikesh Mukherjee's ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'' (1971). In both films, the protagonist is diagnosed with a terminal illness but believes in living life to the fullest.<ref name="Mid Day" /><ref name="The Tribune" /><ref name="Rediff Review" /> Despite accepting Aman and Anand's similar personalities, [[Mayank Shekhar]] of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' felt that the film had more in common with [[Farhan Akhtar]]'s directorial debut, ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001), "in its look and lingos".<ref name="Mid Day" /> Film journalists and critic, [[Komal Nahta]], in his review of ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'',<ref name="Nahta" /> [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]] of ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'',<ref name="RKM Stardust" /> Jitesh Pillai of ''[[The Times of India]]'', and Paresh C. Palicha of ''[[The Hindu]]'' all agreed that the film is thematically similar to ''Anand''.<ref name="JP TOI" /><ref name="PCP Hindu" /> Each felt it shared common aspects with other films starring Khanna: 1970s ''[[Safar (1970 film)|Safar]]'', where terminal illness is also a central motif,<ref name="Nahta" /><ref name="JP TOI" /><ref name="PCP Hindu" /> and ''[[Bawarchi]]'' (1972), in which the protagonist mends relationships between families and friends.<ref name="RKM Stardust" /><ref name="PCP Hindu" /> Pillai also compared Shah Rukh Khan's death to [[Tom Hanks]]' in the 1993 [[legal drama]], ''[[Philadelphia (film)|Philadelphia]]''.<ref name="JP TOI" />

Some reviewers and scholars believe that ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' has indirect homosexual themes. Manjula Sen of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' and Mimansa Shekhar of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' feel there is homosexual innuendo, particularly in scenes where Rohit's servant Kantaben finds Rohit and Aman in what she thinks are compromising situations, leading her to believe they are a [[Same-sex relationship|couple]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mimansa |date=28 November 2017 |title=14 years of Kal Ho Naa Ho: 14 unforgettable things about the Shah Rukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan, Preity Zinta film |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kal-ho-naa-ho-14-years-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-saif-ali-khan-preity-zinta-best-scenes-songs-facts-4958340/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115074812/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kal-ho-naa-ho-14-years-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-saif-ali-khan-preity-zinta-best-scenes-songs-facts-4958340/ |archive-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Manjula |date=28 February 2016 |title=What's so queer? |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160228/jsp/7days/story_71706.jsp |url-status=dead |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180123093855/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160228/jsp/7days/story_71706.jsp |archive-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> Dina Holtzman writes in her book, ''Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora'', that Aman's death was similar to the death of Jai ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s character in the 1975 film, ''[[Sholay]]''). According to Holtzman, their deaths broke the bond between the two male leads and were necessary to establish a normative heterosexual relationship between Rohit and Naina in ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'', and Veeru and Basanti in ''Sholay''.{{Sfn|Holtzman|2011|pp=112–114}}

== Music ==
{{Further|Kal Ho Naa Ho (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack featured seven original songs composed by the musical trio [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]{{efn|Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy is a trio consisting of [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Ehsaan Noorani]] and [[Loy Mendonsa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2017 |title=Ehsaan Noorani Calls Working with Shankar Mahadevan, Loy Spiritual |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/ehsaan-noorani-calls-working-with-shankar-mahadevan-loy-spiritual-1501885.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107154350/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/ehsaan-noorani-calls-working-with-shankar-mahadevan-loy-spiritual-1501885.html |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>}} and lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vicky |date=23 August 2013 |title=Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy out of Karan Johar's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy-lose-yet-another-Karan-Johar-project/articleshow/21993964.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171228145530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy-lose-yet-another-Karan-Johar-project/articleshow/21993964.cms |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The album was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 27 September 2003, with a physical launch event followed two days later at the [[Taj Hotels|Taj Lands End]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2003 |title=The Kal Ho Naa Ho concert |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/30intro.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228142940/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/30intro.htm |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref name="audio launch" /> The album had positive reviews and the title song, "It's the Time To Disco", "Kuch To Hua Hai" and "Pretty Woman" became popular.{{Sfn|Ausaja|2009|p=244}}

== Release ==
[[File:Audio Launch of Kal Ho Naa Ho.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Saif Ali Khan, Zinta and Shah Rukh Khan (l-r) at an event for the film in 2003]]
''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' was released on 28 November 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-01 |title=SRK, Preity Zinta's Kal Ho Naa Ho turns 9 |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/a442249/shah-rukh-khan-preity-zintas-kal-ho-naa-ho-turns-9/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404200544/https://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/a442249/shah-rukh-khan-preity-zintas-kal-ho-naa-ho-turns-9/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and promoted with the [[tagline]], "''A Story of a Lifetime ... In a Heartbeat''".<ref name="audio launch" /><ref name="YRF" /> International distribution rights as well as rights to the film for the territories of Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat and Maharashtra were acquired by [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref name="YRF" /> The film won the Prix Du Public award when it was screened at the 2004 Valenciennes Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=26 March 2004 |title='Kal Ho Naa Ho' conquers Paris |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kal-ho-naa-ho-conquers-paris-news-bollywood-kkfvMyffbhhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102094834/http://www.sify.com/movies/kal-ho-naa-ho-conquers-paris-news-bollywood-kkfvMyffbhhsi.html |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was also shown at the [[Marrakech International Film Festival]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=14 November 2005 |title=Saif at the Marrakesh film festival |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/saif-at-the-marrakesh-film-festival-news-bollywood-kkfvynidgfbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102094848/http://www.sify.com/movies/saif-at-the-marrakesh-film-festival-news-bollywood-kkfvynidgfbsi.html |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Costumes worn by Shah Rukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan, and Zinta were auctioned in December 2003 by [[Reliance MediaWorks|Fame Adlabs]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2003 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho Auction |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/29lead.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113163813/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/29lead.htm |archive-date=13 January 2018 |access-date=13 January 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film's script was added to the [[Margaret Herrick Library]], the main repository of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]], later that month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2003 |title=Kal Ho Na Ho for Oscar's library |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kal-Ho-Na-Ho-for-Oscars-library/articleshow/376959.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180124154955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kal-Ho-Na-Ho-for-Oscars-library/articleshow/376959.cms |archive-date=24 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=30 August 2007 |title=Chak De's script goes to Oscar library |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/chak/20070830.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124155703/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/chak/20070830.htm |archive-date=24 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
==== India ====
''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' received acclaim from critics, with the direction, story, screenplay, music, cinematography and performances gaining the most attention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=14 years of 'Kal Ho Naa Ho': Dialogues that will always be etched in our hearts |url=http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/14-years-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-dialogues-that-will-always-be-etched-in-our-hearts-2060963.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115082715/http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/14-years-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-dialogues-that-will-always-be-etched-in-our-hearts-2060963.html |archive-date=15 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> Film critic and author [[Anupama Chopra]] praised Advani's direction, noting in her ''[[India Today]]'' review that he "emerges as a distinctive voice". Although she appreciated its technical aspects, she criticised the film's first half and its sub-plots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=8 December 2003 |title=Beyond formula |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20031208-film-review-kal-ho-naa-ho-starring-shah-rukh-khan-saif-ali-khan-preity-zinta-791465-2003-12-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180102115816/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-kal-ho-naa-ho-starring-shah-rukh-khan-saif-ali-khan-preity-zinta/1/205047.html |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Mayank Shekhar called ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' "a carefully constructed compendium of moments" which helped the audience "to feel lighter and to lighten up", concluding that "it works and is worth your entertainment bucks."<ref name="Mid Day" /> Komal Nahta praised the film's direction, screenplay and lead performances—particularly Shah Rukh Khan, calling his character Aman "one of the best roles of his career."<ref name="Nahta" /> Ram Kamal Mukherjee described Zinta's performance as "astounding", saying that she "skillfully handled the hues of the complex character" and "walked through the character with elan." Mukherjee called Advani's and Johar's treatment of the story "unique", admiring the film's technical aspects and its treatment of homosexuality "with a dash of [humour], and thankfully by not degrading its social connection."<ref name="RKM Stardust" />

Jitesh Pillai described Johar's screenplay as "endearing", writing that it "pinwheels with abandon from the bachelor with a heart of gold to the obdurate female lead." Pillai also praised the performances of Shah Rukh Khan and Saif Ali Khan, particularly their on-screen relationship and comic timing. He called Shah Rukh Khan "wonderful", describing him as "the soul" of the film and writing that Saif Ali Khan's "''[[joie de vivre]]'' makes it one of the most delectable performances seen in recent times."<ref name="JP TOI" /> Rama Sharma of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' thought that Shah Rukh Khan "infuses enough spark and affection", but was "overcharged" at times. He praised Mehta's cinematography for capturing nuances and "heightening the emotion."<ref name="The Tribune" />

In ''The Hindu'', Paresh C. Palicha praised Iyengar's "witty and crispy" dialogue but criticised the characters' Indian accents.<ref name="PCP Hindu" /> Another ''Hindu'' critic, [[Ziya Us Salam]], agreed with Nahta that the film belonged to Shah Rukh Khan. Although Shah Rukh Khan "does the same thing over and over again", he performs his role "with such panache that all you can do is sit back and wait for that master artiste to unfold his magic again."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=1 December 2003 |title=Fall in love now... Kal Ho Naa Ho |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120100420300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180102132449/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120100420300.htm |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> A third review in ''The Hindu'' by Chitra Mahesh called ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' "a smartly-made film" and praised Saif Ali Khan's performance, saying that "he has proved yet again what a wonderfully natural actor he is." However, she wrote that Shah Rukh Khan "tries too hard to impress".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahesh |first=Chitra |date=5 December 2003 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/12/05/stories/2003120501660301.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180102132450/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/12/05/stories/2003120501660301.htm |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

Rohini Iyer of ''Rediff.com'' praised ''Kal Ho Naa Ho''{{'s}} "fresh" storytelling and "spicy humour", saying that Zinta "captures the spirit" of her character. She concluded her review by saying that the film "will carry you with its exuberance."<ref name="Rediff Review" /> According to Archana Vohra of ''[[NDTV]]'', Advani "seems to have come up with an innovative way to present a done-to-death plot" and added: "Irrespective of the frills, fancy clothes and well-dressed stars, the film does strike a chord". Vohra, finding Bachchan "extremely well cast" as Jennifer and Saif Ali Khan's screen presence "electrifying", criticised Shah Rukh Khan for "playing the same kind of roles" as he did in ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'', ''Kuch Kuch Hota Hai'' and ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'', but he "isn't too bad. Just needs to go easy on the histrionics."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vohra |first=Archana |date=5 December 2003 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&id=85&moviename=KHNH |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205143058/http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&id=85&moviename=KHNH |archive-date=5 December 2003 |access-date=1 September 2011 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

==== Overseas ====
''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' received a rating of 70% on the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 7.25 out of 10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1135237_kal_ho_naa_ho? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409035532/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1135237_kal_ho_naa_ho |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=9 April 2019 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], which uses a weighted average, has given the film a score of 54 based on four reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho 2003 |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/kal-ho-naa-ho |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107074543/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/kal-ho-naa-ho |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref>

In a positive review, [[Dave Kehr]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' described ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' as "a vigorous Bollywood blend of romantic comedy and family melodrama" and "a rich meal that may best be reserved for stomachs accustomed to such bountiful fare."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kehr |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Kehr |date=27 November 2003 |title=Film Review; Romance, Comedy, Bathos: All Blended by Bollywood |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/27/movies/film-review-romance-comedy-bathos-all-blended-by-bollywood.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180102181612/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E07E0D7163AF934A15752C1A9659C8B63 |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', [[Derek Elley]] called the film a "slam-dunk" effort from Johar, with "a lightness of touch that sets it apart from the previous hits." Elley praised Saif Ali Khan and Zinta, noting that they "more than hold" their own "against a huge cast".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Elley |date=10 December 2003 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/kal-ho-naa-ho-1200537498/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104085402/http://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/kal-ho-naa-ho-1200537498/ |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Manish Gajjar of the [[BBC]] found the script "fresh and appealing", and that Advani proves "he has the natural ability to handle both the lighter and serious moments in the film." Gajjar termed ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' a "well-crafted product".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gajjar |first=Manish |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2003/11/kal_ho_na_ho.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104090626/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2003/11/kal_ho_na_ho.shtml |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

David Parkinson of ''[[Radio Times]]'' wrote that the film "retains a distinctive Bollywood flavour", despite being inspired by "Hollywood romantic comedies". Parkinson criticised its length. He noted: "The pace slackens as plot demands take precedence over set pieces".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkinson |first=David |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/film/fsz5vm/kal-ho-naa-ho/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104092204/http://www.radiotimes.com/film/fsz5vm/kal-ho-naa-ho/ |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=[[Radio Times]]}}</ref> [[Jami Bernard]] of the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' wrote, "Bollywood musicals, those big, loud, colorful extravaganzas from India, are an acquired taste and much of ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' doesn't translate easily"; despite this mixed review, Bernard noted that the lead cast's characters "grow on you."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernard |first=Jami |author-link=Jami Bernard |date=28 November 2003 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |work=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/story/140633p-124748c.html |access-date=26 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227184817/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/story/140633p-124748c.html |archive-date=27 December 2005}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' was successful at the box office,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=15 December 2003 |title=The formula that works |work=[[Business Line]] |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/12/15/stories/2003121500160400.htm |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106122411/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/12/15/stories/2003121500160400.htm |archive-date=6 January 2018}}</ref> particularly overseas due to its New York City setting.<ref name="PicPerfect" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pais |first=Arthur J. |date=1 December 2003 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho grosses $1 mn in US |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/01khnh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106122903/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/01khnh.htm |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=6 January 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' was released on 400 screens across India and grossed {{INR}}21.7 million (US$475,000 in 2003){{efn|name=exchange2003}} on its opening day, the year's fourth-highest first-day earnings.<ref name="Kal Ho Naa Ho BOI" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India First Day (2003) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-day.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104115651/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-day.php?year=2003 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> It earned {{INR}}67.1 million (US$1.47 million in 2003){{efn|name=exchange2003}} by the end of its opening weekend, breaking ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''{{'s}} record for the year's best opening weekend for Hindi films in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India First Weekend (2003) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-weekend.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105133206/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-weekend.php?year=2003 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> At the end of its first week, the film collected {{INR}}124.5 million (US$2.7 million in 2003).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India First Week (2003) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-week.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105145807/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-week.php?year=2003 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>{{efn|name=exchange2003}} ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' earned {{INR}}581.8 million (US$12.7 million in 2003){{efn|The average exchange rate in 2003 was 45.66 [[Indian rupee]]s ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2012 |title=Rupee vs dollar: From 1990 to 2012 |url=http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321115240/http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true |archive-date=21 March 2015 |access-date=31 March 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>|name=exchange2003}} in India and became the second-highest-grossing Indian film of 2003 in India, behind ''Koi... Mil Gaya''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India Grossers (2003) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-total-gross.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106121221/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-total-gross.php?year=2003 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=6 January 2018 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

Abroad, ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' was released in 37 theatres in the United Kingdom.<ref name="KHNH UK" /> The film debuted in sixth place and grossed {{INR}}29.41 million (about US$644,000 in 2003){{efn|name=exchange2003}} over its first weekend, exceeded only by ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham''.<ref name="KHNH UK" /> In the United States, where it premiered on 52 screens,<ref name="KHNH UK" /> it earned {{INR}}34.62 million (US$758,000 in 2003){{efn|name=exchange2003}} by the end of its four-day first weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weekend Box Office – November 28–30, 2003 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2003&wknd=48&p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106112315/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2003&wknd=48&p=.htm |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=6 January 2018 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> By the end of its first week, the film had grossed {{INR}}84.64 million ($1.8 million in 2003),{{efn|name=exchange2003}} the year's highest overseas first-week gross for an Indian film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Overseas First Weekend (2003) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-first-weekend.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106115252/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-first-weekend.php?year=2003 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=6 January 2018 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> In the first month after its release, ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' collected about {{INR}}180 million (US$3.9 million in 2003) in the UK and US,<ref name="PicPerfect" /> grossing in the UK top ten.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho – United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta – Weekend Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&country=UK&id=kalhonaaho.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106115858/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&country=UK&id=kalhonaaho.htm |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=6 January 2018 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> It earned {{INR}}279.1 million (US$6.1 million in 2003){{efn|name=exchange2003}} overseas, becoming the year's highest-grossing Indian film world wide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Overseas Grossers (2003) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106121130/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2003 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=6 January 2018 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>{{efn|name=exchange2003}} [[Box Office India]] estimated the film's total collections to be {{INR}}860.9 million (US$18.8 million in 2003), making it 2003's most profitable Indian film.<ref name="worldwide">{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers (2003) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106121652/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2003 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=6 January 2018 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>{{efn|name=exchange2003}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Kal Ho Naa Ho}}

At the [[51st National Film Awards]], Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy received the award for [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] and Sonu Nigam received the [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=51st National Film Awards 2004 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120817/http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' received eleven nominations at the [[49th Filmfare Awards]], and won eight—the most for any film that year, including: [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Zinta), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Saif Ali Khan) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Bachchan).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=[[Filmfare]] |format=PDF |pages=116–119}}</ref> The film won 13 of its 16 nominations at the [[5th IIFA Awards]], including: [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Zinta), [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Saif Ali Khan) and [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Bachchan).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kay |first=Jeremy |date=2 April 2004 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho leads IIFA nominees |url=https://www.screendaily.com/kal-ho-naa-ho-leads-iifa-nominees/4018041.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107094231/https://www.screendaily.com/kal-ho-naa-ho-leads-iifa-nominees/4018041.article |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2004 : Singapore |url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2004/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107103025/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2004/ |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|International Indian Film Academy]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of films set in New York City]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Kal Ho Naa Ho BOI">{{Cite web |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104113910/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=508 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=22 July 2015 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="BHKHNH">{{Cite web |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kal-ho-naa-ho/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227180535/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kal-ho-naa-ho/cast/ |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 November 2003 }}</ref>
<ref name="TVGuide KHNH">{{Cite web |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/kal-ho-naa-ho/cast/137332/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104092557/http://www.tvguide.com/movies/kal-ho-naa-ho/cast/137332/ |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref>
<ref name="BOI KHNH Cast">{{Cite web |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho Cast |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104093356/https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=508 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>
<ref name="12 facts">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2015 |title=12 years of 'Kal Ho Naa Ho': Lesser known facts about Shah Rukh Khan's tragic love story |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/12-years-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-lesser-known-facts-about-shah-rukh-khans-tragic-love-story-1169761.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227184143/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/12-years-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-lesser-known-facts-about-shah-rukh-khans-tragic-love-story-1169761.html |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
<ref name="KJoSify">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=26 November 2003 |title=KHNH conveys universal emotions: Karan Johar |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13317496 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227150208/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13317496&cid=2398 |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
<ref name="BuzzFeed28">{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Sonia Mariam |date=28 November 2017 |title=28 Things You Probably Didn't Know About "Kal Ho Naa Ho" |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/soniathomas/its-the-time-to-trivia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228102832/https://www.buzzfeed.com/soniathomas/its-the-time-to-trivia?utm_term=.cu9Q6OZg6#.tvePxMjWx |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=[[BuzzFeed]]}}</ref>
<ref name="8 facts">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2014 |title=8 Facts We Bet You Didn't Know About Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=http://www.mtvindia.com/blogs/music/indies/8-facts-we-bet-you-didnt-know-about-kal-ho-naa-ho-52192878.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228071320/http://www.mtvindia.com/blogs/music/indies/8-facts-we-bet-you-didnt-know-about-kal-ho-naa-ho-52192878.html |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=[[MTV (India)|MTV India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="AdvaniRediff">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=26 November 2003 |title=KHNH bigger than KMG? I hope! |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/26advani.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227132445/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/26advani.htm |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="AdvaniSify">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=4 December 2003 |title=Nikhil Advani (Director, 'Kal Ho Naa Ho') |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13325403 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227151904/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13325403&cid=2398 |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Advani Tidbits">{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Samarth |date=28 November 2017 |title=14 years of Kal Ho Naa Ho: Nikhil Advani understands Karan Johar's regret of not directing the film himself |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/14-years-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-karan-johar-regrets-of-not-directing-the-film-himself-says-nikhil-advani/story-hJ5kpjDaqcl20GqgYrZVIM.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228075500/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/14-years-of-kal-ho-naa-ho-karan-johar-regrets-of-not-directing-the-film-himself-says-nikhil-advani/story-hJ5kpjDaqcl20GqgYrZVIM.html |archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="JB">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=20 December 2002 |title=I can never say no to Karan Johar |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/20jaya.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227173618/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/20jaya.htm |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="KJoRediff">{{Cite web |last=Khubchandani |first=Lata |date=28 November 2003 |title=What you didn't know about KHNH |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/28karan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228045836/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/28karan.htm |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="SRKIT">{{Cite web |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |last2=Bhasi |first2=Ishara |date=24 March 2003 |title=Star stuck |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/20030324-i-am-looking-forward-to-my-third-innings-shah-rukh-khan-793334-2003-03-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171228081533/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/i-am-looking-forward-to-my-third-innings-shah-rukh-khan/1/206943.html |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
<ref name="KHNH Last">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2003 |title=Kajol, Rani in 'Kal Ho Naa Ho' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kajol-rani-in-kal-ho-naa-ho/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228105304/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kajol-rani-in-kal-ho-naa-ho/ |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Mid Day">{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mayank |author-link=Mayank Shekhar |date=28 November 2003 |title=You must watch this : Kal Ho Naa Ho |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2003/november/69908.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040411152044/http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2003/november/69908.htm |archive-date=11 April 2004}}</ref>
<ref name="The Tribune">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Rama |date=30 November 2003 |title=Present is the only moment |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031130/cth2.htm#10 |url-status=live |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102130733/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031130/cth2.htm |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Rediff Review">{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Rohini |date=25 November 2003 |title=Yes, Kal Ho Naa Ho is worth watching! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/25kal.htm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102130013/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/25kal.htm/ |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Nahta">{{Cite web |last=Nahata |first=Komal |author-link=Komal Nahta |date=8 December 2003 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/kal-ho-naa-ho/222273 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102121449/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/kal-ho-naa-ho/222273 |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>
<ref name="RKM Stardust">{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Ram Kamal |author-link=Ram Kamal Mukherjee |date=28 November 2003 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=http://www.stardust.co.in/display_Standard.asp?section=reviews&subsection=&xml=December2003_reviews_standard50 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031226072038/http://www.stardust.co.in/display_Standard.asp?section=reviews&subsection=&xml=December2003_reviews_standard50 |archive-date=26 December 2003 |access-date=11 September 2011 |website=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]}}</ref>
<ref name="JP TOI">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Jitesh |date=19 April 2004 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Kal-Ho-Naa-Ho/articleshow/625194.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102125101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Kal-Ho-Naa-Ho/articleshow/625194.cms |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="PCP Hindu">{{Cite news |last=C. Palicha |first=Paresh |date=4 December 2003 |title=Slick execution of a familiar theme |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/04/stories/2003120401300300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102132447/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/04/stories/2003120401300300.htm |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="audio launch">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=30 September 2003 |title=The Karan Johar show! |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/30kal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228143820/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/30kal.htm |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=18 June 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="YRF">{{Cite web |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/movies/kal-ho-naa-ho |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102091944/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/movies/kal-ho-naa-ho |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018 |website=[[Yash Raj Films]]}}</ref>
<ref name="PicPerfect">{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Chandrima S. |date=26 December 2003 |title=Picture perfect, for locale & lucre |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/nation/story_2723750.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106115851/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/nation/story_2723750.asp |archive-date=6 January 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="KHNH UK">{{Cite web |last=Pais |first=Arthur J. |date=3 December 2003 |title=KHNH makes waves in UK too! |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/03kal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106112418/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/03kal.htm |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=6 January 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ausaja |first=S. M. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXLFDAAAQBAJ |title=Bollywood in Posters |publisher=Om Books International |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-87108-55-9 |location=[[Noida]] |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407054940/https://books.google.com/books?id=vXLFDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Gopinath |first=Gayatri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEssm6myQ18C |title=Impossible Desires: Queer Diasporas and South Asian Public Cultures |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8223-8653-7 |location=[[Durham, North Carolina]] |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407054915/https://books.google.com/books?id=TEssm6myQ18C |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Holtzman |first=Dina |title=Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-85728-782-3 |editor-last=Mehta |editor-first=Rini Bhattacharya |location=London |chapter=Between ''Yaars'': The Queering of ''Dosti'' in Contemporary Bollywood Films |editor-last2=Pandharipande |editor-first2=Rajeshwari |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7BD142N_gIC |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407054916/https://books.google.com/books?id=B7BD142N_gIC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Johar |first1=Karan |title=An Unsuitable Boy |last2=Saxena |first2=Poonam |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-670-08753-2 |location=[[Gurgaon]] |author-link=Karan Johar |title-link=An Unsuitable Boy }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Anup |title=Constructing Identities: The Interaction of National, Gender and Racial Borders |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4438-5092-6 |editor-last=Medina-Rivera |editor-first=Antonio |location=[[Cambridge]] |chapter=Bollywood and the Diaspora: The Flip Side Of Globalization and Cultural Hybridity In ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' and ''Salaam Namaste'' |editor-last2=Wilberschied |editor-first2=Lee |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ws8wBwAAQBAJ |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407054916/https://books.google.com/books?id=ws8wBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Ridda |first=Maria |title=Postliberalization Indian Novels in English: Politics of Global Reception and Awards |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-78308-334-3 |editor-last=Viswamohan |editor-first=Aysha Iqbal |location=London |chapter=Inside 'The Temple of Modern Desire': Recollecting and Relocating Bombay |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O94ZBQAAQBAJ |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407054916/https://books.google.com/books?id=O94ZBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Varia |first=Kush |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmisAgAAQBAJ |title=Bollywood: Gods, Glamour, and Gossip |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-906660-15-4 |location=New York City |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407054916/https://books.google.com/books?id=cmisAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.khnhthefilm.com/ Official Website]
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Mojo title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Karan Johar}}
{{Dharma Productions}}
{{Nikkhil Advani}}
{{IIFA Award for Best Movie}}
{{Authority control}}
{{featured article}}
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2003 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nikkhil Advani]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Yash Raj Films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Toronto]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Mehfil

2026-03-22T17:31:24Z

Manoj: slightly update citations for consistency also and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Formal venue for indoor recreational activities in South Asia}}
{{Italic title}}
{{For|the preaching event or uses of Mehfil|Waz Mahfil|Bazm (disambiguation){{!}}Bazm}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Mushaira by courtesans in Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|400x400px|A ''Mehil-e-Mushaira'' at Hyderabad, in the presence of the courtiers]]
'''Mehfil''' or '''''mahfil''''' ([[Urdu]]: محفل), alternatively known as '''Bazm''' (Urdu: بزم) is a formal venue where indoor recreational activities such as poetic symposiums ([[mushaira]]), [[Qawwali|singing]], [[Hindustani classical music|music]], and [[Kathak|dance]] are entertained in parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is part of [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]] culture.

Historically, ''mehfil''s were presented in the homes or palaces of Muslim royalty or noblemen, who acted as these artists' patrons.<ref>[http://twocircles.net/2016sep11/1473586652.html, 'One last bright spark of Lucknow's glorious tradition'], TwoCircles.net website, Published 11 Sep 2016, Retrieved 10 Jan 2017</ref> Mehfils are also an integral part of the [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Hyderabadi Muslim]] community, and used as a way of unity among them, all around the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-17 |title=Ghulam Ali to launch 'Ghar Wapsi' music in Delhi, police cover sought |url=https://twocircles.net/2016mar17/1458227872.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250522225718/https://twocircles.net/2016mar17/1458227872.html |archive-date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref>

Today they are generally held in the homes of especially avid music lovers or the lovers of poetry-recitation gatherings. ''[[Ghazal]]s'' are a common genre performed at ''mehfil''s. Ghazal recitation gatherings are called 'Mehfil-e-Mushaira' in the [[Urdu language|Urdu]] language.

==Etymology==
The word ''mehfil'' derives from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''mehfil'' ({{langx|ar|محفل}}), which means a (festive) "gathering to entertain (or praise someone)."

''[[Tafsir-ul-Quran Mahfil]]'' is an event where people gather to discuss teaching of [[Quran]] and learn more about [[Islam]].

''[[Na`at|Mehfil-e-Naat]]'' is an Islamic ''mehfil'' (forum) in which people sit and recite poetry in the praise of [[Muhammad]].

''[[Sama (Sufism)|Mehfil-e-Sama]]'' is a gathering held for [[Sufi]] [[devotional music]] such as [[Qawwali]] or prayer and chanting, [[Hadhra]], part of [[Dhikr]] (remembrance of God).

==In popular culture==
Several ''mehfil'' performances may be seen in the [[Satyajit Ray]] film ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (1958). In recent times, live onstage concert performances are also called 'Mehfil'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xVF4Eyl2-A |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> "The word 'Mehfil' generally means a place where a music or dance-performance is in progress."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranade |first=Ashok Damodar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFwbGi3oBHgC&q=mehfil+music,&pg=PA29 |title=Music Contexts: A Concise Dictionary of Hindustani Music |date=2006 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-85002-63-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Islamic poetry]]
*[[Urdu poetry]]
*[[Mawsim]]
*[[Tweeza]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy58O2-tBSkYvSp3bGyXauQ/featured Pahenji Mehfil]
*[https://mehfil.io/ Mehfil official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040803214041/http://www.boloji.com/culture/001.htm article on Classical Music, Page describing ''mehfil''], author: Deepika Singh, Published 8 May 2000, Retrieved 10 Jan 2017

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehfil}}
[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:Classical music in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Culture of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]
[[Category:Islam in Bangladesh]]

{{India-music-stub}}
{{Pakistan-music-stub}}

Mohammed Jasim

2026-03-21T21:49:22Z

Manoj: new some stub v1

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mohammed Jasim
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Mohammed Jasim
Paravakkal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|11|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| height = 
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|Left back]]
| currentclub = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| clubnumber = 55
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Malabar Special Police Academy
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = [[Vasco SC|Vasco]]
| years1 = 2020–2023
| clubs1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps1 = 29
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2023-
| clubs2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 19:14, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Mohammed Jasim''' (born 26 November 1996) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]. A versatile player who mainly plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|center back]], Jasim can also be deployed as a [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|left back]]

==Club career==
Born in [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], Jasim began his career with the Malabar Special Police Academy after impressing for the Kerala youth teams.<ref name="il">{{cite news |title=Gokulam Kerala taking the beautiful game forward together on the Malabar coast |url=https://i-league.org/gokulam-kerala-taking-the-beautiful-game-forward-together-on-the-malabar-coast/ |access-date=13 March 2021 |publisher=[[I-League]] |date=6 February 2021}}</ref> He would soon move to [[Goa]] and join [[Goa Football League|Goa Professional League]] club [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]].<ref name="il"/>

===Gokulam Kerala===
Prior to the [[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]] season, Jasim joined [[I-League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]].<ref name="il"/> He made his professional debut for the club on 25 January 2021 against [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]], coming on as a last-minute substitute in a 4–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEROCA 1–4 Gokulam Kerala |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2021/01/25/india/i-league/neroca/gokulam/3429947/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|18 April 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|mohammed-jassim/685160}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Domestic Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Others
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
| rowspan="3" |[[I-League]]
|2||0||0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0||2||0
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|13||0||0||0||4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}{{efn|name=IFAS|Appearance(s) in [[IFA Shield]]}}||0||1||0 |0||0||||18||0
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|14||0||4{{efn|name=Super Cup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)| Super Cup]]}}||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||1{{efn|name=play–offs for AFC Cup|Appearance(s) in [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions|play–offs for AFC Cup]]}}||0||19||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!29!!0!!4!!0!!4!!0!!1!!0!!1!!0!!39!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==

'''Gokulam Kerala'''
* [[I-League]]: [[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gokulam Kerala FC Stage Sensational Comeback To Win Maiden I-League Title vs TRAU|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-gokulam-kerala-fc-stage-sensational-comeback-to-win-maiden-i-league-title-vs-trau/378463|website=Outlook India|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/86552?type=club Mohammed Jasim] at the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]

{{Gokulam Kerala FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jassim, Mohammed}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Vasco SC players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]

Shakti: The Power

2026-03-17T01:18:56Z

Manoj: small fixed content to improve readability

{{short description|2002 film directed by Krishna Vamsi}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shakti: The Power
| image = ShaktiKK.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Krishna Vasmi
{{Infobox
| decat=yes
| child=yes
| label1=Dialogues by
| data1=Kamal Pandey
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Anthapuram (1998 film)|Anthapuram]]'' (1998)|Krishna Vamsi}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Karisma Kapoor]]
*[[Nana Patekar]]
*[[Sanjay Kapoor]]
*[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
}}
| director = [[Krishna Vamsi]]
| producer = [[Boney Kapoor]] [[Sridevi Kapoor]]
| cinematography = [[Sethu Sriram]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| editing = [[Shrish Kunder]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|09|20|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 177 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Ismail Darbar]] '''Guest Composition:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Score:''' [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = [[Sridevi Kapoor|Sridevi Productions]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|20 crore}}<ref name="Shakti: The Power Box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/shakthi__the_power#.VcCx79yqqkp|title=Shakti: The Power Box office|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=8 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108121849/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/shakthi__the_power#.VcCx79yqqkp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''''Shakti: The Power''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/shakthi-the-power-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmjyynte|title=Shakthi - The Power|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> co-written and directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]]. The films [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Sanjay Kapoor]] in the lead roles, with [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Ritu Shivpuri]], [[Anupam Shyam]] and [[Prakash Raj]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shakti – The Power Cast & Crew|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510587|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426034409/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510587|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film is a remake of the 1998 film ''[[Anthahpuram]]'', which was based on the real-life story of [[Betty Mahmoody]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020920/cth2.htm#6|title=Karisma back with 'Shakti – The Power'|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=20 September 2002|access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=shakti>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/bollywood-remakes-of-south-indian-films-8551/slide/8|publisher=[[NDTV]]| access-date=22 December 2008|title=Bollywood remakes of South Indian films}}</ref> depicted in the film ''[[Not Without My Daughter (film)|Not Without My Daughter]]'' (1991) which itself was based on Betty Mahmoody's [[Not Without My Daughter (book)|book of the same name]]. In the film, Shekhar and Nandini's decision to visit his ancestral house in a rural Indian town goes awry when they find themselves embroiled in a feudal gang war and try to return home to [[Canada]].

''Shakti: The Power'' is considered to be one of Karisma Kapoor's career-best performances, with her and Patekar's performances being lauded by fans and critics.<ref name=shakti/> Despite this, it did not fare well commercially as expected.

At the [[48th Filmfare Awards]], ''Shakti: The Power'' received 2 nominations – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Kapoor) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] (Patekar).

==Plot==
{{plot|date=December 2025}} 
Nandini is a young woman living in [[Canada]]. Her two uncles have taken care of her ever since her parents died. Nandini’s uncles are in a business partnership with Shekhar. Shekhar and Nandini have been friends for a while now, and Nandini’s uncles consider him to be the best suitor for Nandini. Shekhar is hesitant at first, but decides to propose to Nandini. They get married, move in together, and have a son named Rajeshwar "Raja". Their life is blissful until Shekhar receives news about his mother and father, Narsimha, residing in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Shekhar desperately tries to call, but gets no answer. He becomes desperate and tries to leave for India for three days, but breaks down. Nandini and Shekhar travel to India to see Shekhar’s parents. At a bus station, someone recognizes Shekhar. Shekhar also sees his [[half-uncle]] Maharaj, who makes Nandini feel uncomfortable. Shekhar and Nandini begin their journey by bus until a bomb explodes right up front. The bus is then attacked by Shekhar’s other half-uncle, Beeja. Beeja’s men pull Shekhar out of the bus and prepare to kill him. Fortunately, Narsimha's men arrive in time and kill half of Beeja’s men. Beeja still manages to escape.

Shekhar and Nandini meet a childhood friend of Shekhar named Prataap, a police officer. Prataap tells Shekhar not to see his father, but Shekhar decides to go ahead. Shekhar and Nandini arrive at the compound where Shekhar’s family lives. There, Nandini learns that Shekhar belongs to a clan with his dad being the leader. A clan of 400 families living in 40 villages. Nandini learns that Shekhar’s clan has been involved in a family feud for a long time with Shekhar’s half uncles Beeja and Maharaj. The feud began when Beeja attacked Shekhar’s sister’s wedding with a bomb. Shekhar’s brother-in-law was killed. From that point on, a war between the clan and Beeja’s faction erupted. Shekhar wished to escape from all the violence, educated himself, and fled to Canada. Nandini, disturbed by the violence and rural customs, wants to go back to Canada. She also begins to have nightmares about Beeja killing her and her family. All the while, Narsimha insults Shekhar for running away, not trying to avenge his brother-in-law. Nandini finds some solace in Shekhar’s mother, but cannot become accustomed to the environment.

Beeja is eventually ambushed by Narsimha’s men and brought to the compound. Shekhar’s sister begs her father to kill him. Shekhar tries to free Beeja from their grasp. Narsimha berates him into forgetting about Beeja murdering his sister’s husband. Shekhar begs his father to forgive and forget about the past, but Narsimha wants justice. Beeja is then decapitated. The clan celebrates. Maharaj swears revenge. Prataap tries to investigate, but is scared away by Narsimha. Nandini begs Shekhar to go back to Canada. Raja also gets a little sick. Shekhar agrees. Shekhar’s mother reminds him of his birthday and he decides to stay a little longer. Meanwhile, a local politician tries to get Narsimha’s support, but is humiliated by him. He then turns to Maharaj to get him to kill Narsimha. Shekhar tries to convince his father to run for the election and tries to get him to register with the local election collector. Narsimha does not want to do it so Shekhar tries to do it himself. Before Shekhar departs, he gives Prataap his passports and money to help schedule an earlier flight back to Canada. Joining the politician at the collector's office, the convoy is ambushed by Maharaj. His hitman then kills Shekhar. The politician escapes as part of the plan. After Shekhar’s funeral, Narsimha kills the politician and swears vengeance on Maharaj. At Shekhar’s memorial, Nandini tells Narsimha that she and Raja are leaving for Canada, but Narsimha wants to raise Raja to avenge his father’s killer and become the future leader of the clan’s ongoing war. He also insults Nandini for being selfish, for not allowing the family to continue its perceived struggle for justice.

Nandini begs Shekhar’s mother to help her get Raja back, but to no avail. She tries once to escape, but is brought back. She then takes a second chance to escape and makes it to Prataap’s police station. Over there, Prataap has arrested a drifter and small-time thief named Jai Singh. Jai Singh has big dreams of making money in [[Dubai]]. Prataap tells Nandini that everyone fears her father-in-law, no one will help her, and gives the passports and money back to her. Unfortunately, Narsimha arrives, beats Nandini, takes Raja for himself, and locks Nandini in a shack. His men also lock Prataap and the other cops in their own jail while Jai Singh uses the commotion to escape. Shekhar’s mom and two sisters, sickened by Narsimha’s cruelty, blow up a weapons dump as a distraction and free Nandini. One of Shekhar’s sisters tries to help Nandini and Raja sneak out of the compound, but is killed by Shekhar’s uncle. Shekhar’s mother tries to commit suicide as a form of protest, but is saved by Narsimha. She then goes on a rant, revealing how she has gone crazy, feeling like a slave, seeing armed men hunt down Nandini, and feeling guilty about getting Shekhar killed for asking him to stay longer.

Nandini is eventually found by Narsimha’s men, but Jai Singh saves her. Nandini then tries to convince Jai Singh to drive her to the airport, but he refuses. She then gives Jai Singh [[United States dollar|American dollars]], through which he changes his mind. Maharaj and his hitman eventually find the trio and ambush them. Jai Singh, Raja, and Nandini make it to a railway track where Jai Singh cuts the signal wire to stop the train. Jai Singh successfully manages to get them both on the train and then fights off Maharaj’s gang with a handlebar. He stabs the hitman with his own man machete and slits Maharaj's throat, killing them both. The train leaves and a mortally wounded Jai Singh dies looking at the dollars Nandini gave him.

Nandini eventually makes it to the airport, but Narsimha arrives there too. Instead of taking them back, he kisses Raja’s head and gives them his blessing. He says that he doesn’t care if she hates him. Nandini asks Raja to take his grandfather's blessing, and the two go back to Canada.

==Cast==

* [[Karisma Kapoor]] as Nandini, Shekhar's wife
* [[Nana Patekar]] as Narasimha, Shekhar's father
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Shekhar, Nandini's late husband
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Jai Singh
* Jai Gidwani as Raja, Nandini and Shekhar's son
* [[Deepti Naval]] as Shekhar's mother
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Shekhar's sister
* [[Ritu Shivpuri]] as Shekhar's sister
* Rajashree Solanki as Shekhar's sister
* [[Prakash Raj]] as a sharpshooter
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Beeja
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Nandini's uncle
* [[Jaspal Bhatti]] as Nandini's uncle
* [[Anupam Shyam]] as Maharaj, Narasimha's half-brother
* [[Chandrakant Gokhale]] as Narasimha's father
* [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] as a dancer in the song "Ishq Kameena" (special appearance)
* [[Mumaith Khan]] as a dancer in the song "Ishq Kameena"
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as a dancer in the song "Dumroo Baje Re" (special appearance)
* [[Ganesh Acharya]] as a dancer in the song "Dumroo Baja Re" (special appearance)

==Production==
===Casting===
The film was produced by then-retired actress [[Sridevi]] ([[Sanjay Kapoor]]'s sister-in-law) under the banner Sridevi Productions and was supposed to be her comeback film, but she had to find a replacement when she found out she was pregnant. She initially offered her role to [[Kajol]], but she rejected it so [[Karisma Kapoor]] was signed instead.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karishma flexs her muscles in Shakti – the power|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/18sld1.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=September 2002|access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> [[Fardeen Khan]] was the original choice for Sanjay Kapoor's role and the film was originally titled ''Vaapsi''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0331639/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv|title = Shakthi: The Power (2002) – IMDb| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

===Filming===

The film was shot in Rajasthan, with rural sequences filmed in and around [[Jaipur]], [[Pushkar]], and [[Jaisalmer]]. The climax airport scene was filmed at [[Jodhpur Airport]]. Early scenes depicting the couple’s life abroad were shot in [[Vancouver]] and [[Calgary]], with [[Lake Louise, Alberta|Lake Louise]] in [[Banff National Park]], [[Alberta]], featured in one of the songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shakthi: The Power (2002) – Filming locations |website=IMDb }} </ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shakti: The Power – Box office & technical specs |website=Cinestaan |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/shakti-the-power-9276/technical-specifications |access-date=24 July 2025}}{{cite web |title=Shakti: The Power – Movie Details |website=Bollywood Hungama }} </ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shakti: The Power
| type = Soundtrack album
| artist = [[Ismail Darbar]] and [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 August 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Tips Industries]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ismail Darbar]], with lyrics were written by [[Mehboob (lyricist)|Mehboob]]. One song "Ishq Kameena" was composed by [[Anu Malik]] with lyrics written by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dil Ne Pukara Hai
| length1 = 06:27
| lyrics1 = [[Mehboob Kotwal|Mehboob]]
| music1 = [[Ismail Darbar]]
| extra1 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Adnan Sami]]
| title2 = Dumroo Baje
| length2 = 06:15
| lyrics2 = Mehboob
| music2 = Ismail Darbar
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| title3 = Hum Tum Mile
| note3 = Male
| length3 = 05:37
| lyrics3 = Mehboob
| music3 = Ismail Darbar
| extra3 = Adnan Sami
| title4 = Hum Tum Mile
| note4 = Female
| length4 = 06:10
| lyrics4 = Mehboob
| music4 = Ismail Darbar
| extra4 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| title5 = Ishq Kamina
| length5 = 05:26
| lyrics5 = [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
| music5 = [[Anu Malik]]
| extra5 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Alka Yagnik
| title6 = Jhoomti Gataon Mein
| length6 = 07:35
| lyrics6 = Mehboob
| music6 = Ismail Darbar
| extra6 = Mohammad Salamat
| title7 = Mere Munna Raja
| length7 = 05:05
| lyrics7 = Mehboob
| music7 = Ismail Darbar
| extra7 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| title8 = Aye Chand Dil Ke
| length8 = 06:57
| lyrics8 = Mehboob
| music8 = Ismail Darbar
| extra8 = Kavita Krishnamurthy
| title9 = Jhoomati Ghata Mein
| length9 = 06:29
| lyrics9 = Mehboob
| music9 = Ismail Darbar
| extra9 = Instrumental
}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
[[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote that "Strikingly lensed in the wild semi-deserts of [[Rajasthan]], and anchored by a finely shaded performance from Nana Patekar as the patriarchal father-in-law, film swings between believable realism and Bollywood formulae to rocky results".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/shakti-the-power-1200545695/|title=Shakti: The Power|date=2 October 2002|first=Derek|last=Elley|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Majorie Baumgarten of ''[[Austin Chronicle]]'' wrote that "the film is a gripping drama that is full of memorable faces, emotions, and conflicts between the old ways and the new".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/film/2002-10-04/shakti-the-power/|title=Shakti: The Power|date=4 October 2002|work=[[Austin Chronicle]]|first=Majorie|last=Baumgarten }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Shakti: The Power'' grossed {{INRConvert|13.82|c}} in India and $1.35 million ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}6.54 [[crore]]) in other countries, for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|20.36|c}}, against its {{INRConvert|10|c}} budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of {{INRConvert|7.33|c}}, and grossed {{INRConvert|11.26|c}} in its first week.<ref name="Shakti: The Power Box office"/> It is the [[List of Bollywood films of 2002|13th-highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2002]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/2002#.VcCsONyqqko|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2002|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

==== India ====
It opened on 20 September 2002, across 285 screens, and earned {{INRConvert|98|l}} nett on its opening day. It grossed {{INRConvert|2.82|c}} nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of {{INRConvert|4.62|c}} nett. The film earned a total of {{INRConvert|8.47|c}} nett, and was declared "[[box-office bomb|Flop]]" by ''[[Box Office India]]''.<ref name="Shakti: The Power Box office" /> It is the [[List of Bollywood films of 2002|20th-highest-grossing film of 2002]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_gross_boxoffice/2002#.VcCsPtyqqko|title=Top India Total Nett Gross 2002|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

==== Overseas ====
It had an opening weekend of $565,000 ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}2.74 [[crore]]) and went on to gross $770,000 ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}3.73 [[crore]]) in its first week. The film earned a total of $1.35 million ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}6.54 [[crore]]) at the end of its theatrical run.<ref name="Shakti: The Power Box office"/> Overseas, It is the [[List of Bollywood films of 2002|5th-highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2002]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_over_total/2002#.VcCsO9yqqko|title=Top Overseas Gross 2002|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

==Awards==
{|class="wikitable"
! Category || Nominees || Result
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Star Screen Award for Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karisma Kapoor]]
|rowspan="3" {{nominated}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Filmfare Award for Best Villain]]
| [[Nana Patekar]]<ref name="awards">{{cite web|title=Awards 2002 – Filmfare Awards|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/33453439.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716185857/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/33453439.cms|archive-date=16 July 2012|access-date=18 April 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0331639}}

{{Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2002 action drama films]]
[[Category:2002 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Canadians]]
[[Category:Films about death]]
[[Category:Films about domestic violence]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about feuds]]
[[Category:Films about mother–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishna Vamsi]]
[[Category:Films produced by Boney Kapoor]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ismail Darbar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films set in Canada]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films set in airports]]
[[Category:Films set in deserts]]
[[Category:Films set on trains]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Calgary]]

Qazipur Gosain

2026-03-14T20:01:52Z

Manoj:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Qazipur Gosain
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Qāzīpur Gosāīn
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Salon block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Qazipur Gosain (#560) in Salon CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.969881|N|81.576089|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.288
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 563
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Qazipur Gosain''' is a village in [[Salon, India|Salon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=427–51 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, it has a population of 563 people, in 98 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facility. It hosts both a permanent market and a periodic [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Qazipur Gosain as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 128 people (42 male and 86 female), in 39 households and 37 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cvi-cvii of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 82 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Qazipur Gosain (as "Qazipur Gosayin") as having a population of 283 people, in 67 households, and having an area of 34.03 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=220–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Essar Group

2026-03-05T10:51:36Z

Manoj: improve intro further and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Indian Multinational Conglomerate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Essar Group
| logo = [[File:Essar logo.svg|220px]]
| logo_caption = Official logo
| image = [[File:EssarHouse.jpg|250px]]
| image_caption = Essar House (Headquarters), [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1969}}
| founder = {{plainlist|
* [[Shashi Ruia]]
* [[Ravi Ruia]]}}
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* [[Ravi Ruia]] ([[Vice-Chairman]])
* Prashant Ruia ([[Group CEO]])}}
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products = {{plainlist|
* [[Fuel]]
* [[Coalbed methane]]
* [[Electric power|Power]]
* [[Bulk cargo|Bulk Cargo handling]]
* [[Coal mining]]
* [[Shipping]]
* [[IT Services]]}}
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|120000|c}} (2022)<ref name="es">{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/essar-2-0-ruias-script-zero-debt-asset-light-business-model/3111113/ |date=2 June 2023 |title=How Essar Group is reorganizing itself }}</ref>
| assets = {{up}}
{{INRConvert|64000|c}} (2022) <ref name="es"/>
| num_employees = 7,000+<ref name="es"/>
| subsid = {{plainlist|
* Essar Energy
* Essar Shipping (est. 1945)
* Essar Oil UK
* Essar Oil & Gas Exploration & Production
* Essar Ports
* Essar Power
* Essar Projects
* [[Black Box Corporation]]}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.essar.com}}
}}

'''Essar Group'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Essar - Businesses Across Energy, Construction, Mining & IT Industry |url=https://www.essar.com/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Essar |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian [[Multinational company|multinational]] [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] company, founded by [[Shashi and Ravi Ruia|Shashi Ruia and Ravi Ruia]] in 1969. The company, known as Essar Global Fund Limited (EGFL), owns assets in energy (oil refining, oil and gas exploration and production, power), infrastructure & logistics (ports, projects), metals & mining, technology, and retail (oilfield services, information technology, and food retail).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Essar Group - Company Profile and News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1562329D:IN|access-date=2020-09-26|website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>

Significant Essar Group companies include Essar Oil UK, Essar Ports, Essar Oil & Gas Exploration & Production, [[Essar Shipping]], Essar Power, and Essar Projects.

==History==
In 1969, Shashi Ruia won a contract worth Rs. 2.3 crore for the construction of an outer breakwater for Chennai Port, thus laying the foundation of Essar Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/quest-to-save-essar-76328-2017-06-15 |title=Quest to Save Essar: As debt hits Rs 1.38 lakh crore, Ruias look to recast group |website=www.businesstoday.in|date=15 June 2017 |access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref>

In 1991, Essar started a 515 MW cycle power plant at Hazira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Electricity Market: Country Study and Investment Context |url=https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/India_Country_Study__UPDATE.pdf}}</ref> It later built and operated national power plants in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha, and internationally in Ontario, Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar Power commissions first flue gas scrubber to cut sulphur emissions by 25% |date=7 September 2021 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/essar-power-commissions-first-flue-gas-scrubber-to-cut-sulphur-emissions-by-25-11631007045702.html |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

In 1992, Essar acquired the South India Shipping Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |title=South India Shipping Corporation Ltd |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/southindiashippingcorporation/history/SIS |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>

In 1995, Essar Group entered the telecom sector with a Swiss PTT joint venture partnership branded as the Essar Cellphone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quest to Save Essar: As debt hits Rs 1.38 lakh crore, Ruias look to recast group - BusinessToday |date=15 June 2017 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/quest-to-save-essar-76328-2017-06-15 |access-date=5 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, Essar Group started GSM operations from Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title= Why the Essar Group made it in telecom but the Tatas couldn't - Mint |date=September 2014 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/HeCcG81rxymdHA9Ge8nNFN/Why-the-Essar-Group-made-it-in-telecom-but-the-Tatas-couldn.html |access-date=5 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Essar, independently and in partnership with Hutchison (Hutchison Essar), subsequently acquired more telecom circles in India. By 2006, all the circles were under Hutchison Essar Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hutch to ditch pink for Vodafone's red - The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=6 July 2007 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/hutch-to-ditch-pink-for-vodafones-red/articleshow/2179761.cms |last1=Pratap |first1=Rashmi }}</ref> Vodafone bought the Hutchison stake, and Hutchison exited India in 2006. Essar Group continued to have a 33% stake in the Vodafone Essar partnership. In 2011, Essar sold its stake and exited the telecom business.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hutch to ditch pink for Vodafone's red |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=6 July 2007 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/hutch-to-ditch-pink-for-vodafones-red/articleshow/2179761.cms |access-date=22 May 2023 |last1=Pratap |first1=Rashmi }}</ref>

In 2006, Essar Oil imported its first consignment of 2.2 billion crude oil at Vadinar in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar Oil begins trial runs at Vadinar Refinery |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Essar-Oil-begins-trial-runs-at-Vadinar-Refinery |access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2007, Essar owned The MobileStore, an Indian chain of telecom and mobile phone retail stores.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/essar-plans-to-set-up-2500-mobilestore-outlets-in-3-years/articleshow/2605421.cms |title=Essar plans to set up 2,500 MobileStore outlets in 3 years - Economic Times |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2007-12-07 |access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The MobileStore has won the Retailer of the Year award |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/11/mobilestore-bags-retailer-of-the-year-award-1189505549.html |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref>

In 2017, Essar Steel India Ltd. (ESIL) was on the defaulter's list disclosed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RBI tells banks to file cases against 12 big loan defaulters in a month |date=16 June 2017 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/bTsvgLK63zmErEicmIbf3I/Bhushan-Essar-Steel-among-12-firms-being-moved-to-insolvenc.html |access-date=5 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Essar Oil was acquired by a consortium led by [[Rosneft]], [[Trafigura]], and [[United Capital Partners|UCP Investment Group]] for $12.9 billion, and Essar Oil was rebranded as [[Nayara Energy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Essar Oil completes $13 billion sale to Rosneft-led consortium in largest FDI deal |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=22 August 2017 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/essar-oil-completes-sale-of-india-assets-to-rosneft-for-12-9-bn/articleshow/60154679.cms |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

In 2018, Essar signed an offtake agreement with GAIL for Raniganj East CBM block production.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar signs GSPA with GAIL for offtake of production from Raniganj East CBM block |date=10 August 2018 |url=https://www.netindian.in/news/business-economy/essar-signs-gspa-gail-offtake-production-raniganj-east-cbm-block |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Essar Oil & Gas Exploration & Production Ltd. (EOGEPL) owns coal bed methane producing block in Raniganj, West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar Oil despatches first ever C-CBM for city gas distribution |date=30 January 2021 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/essar-oil-despatches-first-ever-c-cbm-for-city-gas-distribution/2182306/ |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2019, EOGEPL received environment clearance for exploring shale gas reserves in Raniganj block, West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar Oil & Gas gets environment clearance to begin shale gas exploration |date=3 March 2019 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/essar-oil-gas-gets-environment-clearance-to-begin-shale-gas-exploration-119030300171_1.html |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref>

In November 2019, [[ArcelorMittal]] won approval from the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to take over Essar Steel and pay the creditors with equal rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court paves way for ArcelorMittal's takeover of Essar Steel in ₹42,000 crore deal |date=15 November 2019 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/supreme-court-paves-way-for-arcelormittal-s-takeover-of-essar-steel-11573809139224.html |access-date=5 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ArcelorMittal’s bid of Rs 42,000 crore was considered over Essar’s bid of Rs 54,000 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ruias make stunning Rs 54,000 crore bid to retain Essar Steel |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 October 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ruias-make-stunning-rs-54000-crore-bid-to-retain-essar-steel/articleshow/66371430.cms |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>

In March 2020, Moneycontrol reported that Essar Group had cut down debt by 70% to about {{INR}}12,000 crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar to further cut down debt by 70% in last leg of deleveraging exercise | date=11 March 2020 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/essar-to-further-cut-down-debt-by-70-in-last-leg-of-deleveraging-exercise-5021721.html |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>

Essar has established Vertex Hydrogen in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/essar-sets-up-vertex-hydrogen-to-help-drive-energy-transition-in-uk/91339243 |title=Essar sets up Vertex Hydrogen to help drive energy transition in UK |website=energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

In September 2022, Essar Oil UK completed an offtake agreement with Vertex Hydrogen to facilitate hydrogen supply of 280 MW to decarbonize its plants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar Oil UK inks offtake agreement with Vertex Hydrogen |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/essar-oil-uk-inks-offtake-agreement-with-vertex-hydrogen/94520266 |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

In November 2022, the Essar Group reportedly became debt-free after clearing $25 billion in liabilities, following the sale of its power plant and captive ports to ArcelorMittal [[Nippon Steel]] at a deal value of $2.05 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Essar Group is debt-free after repaying $25 bln |newspaper=Reuters |date=21 November 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/indias-essar-group-is-debt-free-after-repaying-25-bln-2022-11-21/ |access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref>

==Business verticals==
The Essar Group comprises a range of companies in core economy sectors.

=== Energy ===
* Essar Energy Transition
* Essar Oil UK
* Essar Oil & Gas Exploration & Production Ltd
* Essar Power Ltd
* Essar Future Energy

=== Infrastructure & logistics ===
* Essar Ports
* Stanlow Terminals
* Essar Projects
* Ultra Gas & Energy

=== Metals & mining ===
* Essar Minmet
* Mesabi Metallics
* Manoor Bulatn Lestari
* KSA Saudi

=== Technology & retail ===
* Black Box (Previously known as AGC Networks Ltd)
* Essar Shipping
* Pluckk

==Acquisitions==
In 2003, Essar Group acquired Aegis Communication and spread across 13 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Rajalakshmi |date=27 November 2017 |title=Essar Group sells Aegis to Capital Square Partners for $300 million |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/essar-group-sells-aegis-to-capital-square-partners-for-300-million/article9973523.ece |access-date=1 August 2022 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, Essar did a part sale of Aegis USA Inc. with annual revenues of $400 million to Teleperformance,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/aegis-completes-sale-of-us-arm-to-teleperformance/articleshow/39896124.cms | title=Aegis completes sale of US arm to Teleperformance | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=2014-08-08 | access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref> and in 2017, Essar left the outsourcing business by selling Aegis’ operations to Capital Square Partners (CSP).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/pLJRSMfYrVFBAABciChSeI/Ruiasled-Essar-sells-Aegis-BPO-for-275300-million.html |title=Essar sells Aegis BPO to Capital Square Partners |last=Dhanjal|first=Swaraj Singh|date=2017-04-03|work=Livemint|access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>

Essar Steel acquired HGPL and SCGL from Stemcor in 2005 and became an integrated steel producer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar Steel acquires two Stemcor companies |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Essar-Steel-acquires-two-Stemcor-companies |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>

In 2007, Essar Global acquired a US-based steel company named Minnesota Steel LLC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Essar to acquire US steel firm |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/essar-to-acquire-us-steel-firm/articleshow/1922354.cms |access-date=21 November 2022 |newspaper=The Economic Times|date=18 April 2007 }}</ref>

In 2010, Essar Global acquired Aries coal mines in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar buys Aries coal mines in Indonesia |date=25 March 2010 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/essar-buys-aries-coal-mines-in-indonesia-110032500112_1.html |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2011, Essar Energy purchased [[Stanlow Oil Refinery|Stanlow Refinery]] in North West England for $1.3 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-essar-shell-stanlow-idUKTRE72S2S120110329 |title=India's Essar buys Shell's Stanlow refinery - Reuters |website=Reuters.com|date=29 March 2011|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> Under Essar's leadership, the first phase of the turnaround of Stanlow refinery has been started during the financial year 2015–16 with $187 million net profit.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Debabrata |title=Essar Oil UK turns around Stanlow Refinery - The Hindu BusinessLine |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/essar-oil-uk-turns-around-stanlow-refinery/article8429612.ece |access-date=4 August 2022|work=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Essar plans a £250 million expansion of Stanlow refinery, with over 16% production of transport fuels in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar Oil UK to invest $250 million Stanlow refinery |date=7 September 2017 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/iQIbUoiGCJXH0lDMN8zdHK/Essar-Oil-UK-to-invest-250-million-Stanlow-refinery.html |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

AGC Networks, a wholly owned subsidiary of Essar Group, acquired Black Box Corporation in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=AGC Networks completes Black Box Corporation acquisition |url=https://www.enterpriseitworld.com/agc-networks-completes-black-box-corporation-acquisition/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=www.enterpriseitworld.com}}</ref>

==Initiatives==
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Essar Foundation opened Covid Care Centre at Devbhumi Dwarka, Gujarat,<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar Group sets up 100-bed covid care centre at Dwarka, Gujarat |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/essar-group-sets-up-100-bed-covid-care-centre-at-dwarka-gujarat-11619872221860.html |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=www.livemint.com|date=May 2021 }}</ref> organized vaccination drives,<ref>{{cite web |title=CSR: Essar vaccinates over 2,000 employees across locations so far |url=https://indiacsr.in/csr-essar-vaccinates-over-2000-employees-across-locations-so-far/ |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=www.indiacsr.in}}</ref> and provided meals to needy people.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Essar Foundation to provide 12.5 lakh meals, 1 lakh medical supplies to people in need |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/coronavirus-essar-foundation-to-provide-12-5-lakh-meals-1-lakh-medical-supplies-to-people-in-need/articleshow/75048609.cms |access-date=21 November 2022 |newspaper=The Economic Times|date=8 April 2020 }}</ref>

In 1997, the company started Essar Foundation for philanthropic initiatives in the areas of education, health, environment, women's empowerment, infrastructure, livelihoods & entrepreneurship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essar Foundation and AGC Networks jointly supports multiple noble initiatives in the country |url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news/Essar-Foundation-and-AGC-Networks-jointly-supports-multiple-noble-initiatives-in-the-country/27614/ |access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CSR: Essar provides shelter for Jay Janardan Aashram in Nashik |url=https://indiacsr.in/csr-essar-provides-shelter-for-jay-janardan-aashram-in-nashik/ |access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Conglomerate companies of India|Conglomerate companies of India]]
* [[Shipping Corporation of India]]
* [[Shashi and Ravi Ruia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Essar Group}}

[[Category:Essar Group]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Ringan (film)

2026-03-04T09:45:05Z

Manoj: Started Details

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ringan
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Makarand Mane]]
| producer = Vitthal Patil, Ganesh Phuke, Mahesh Yewale, Yogesh Nikam, Makarand Mane, Vidhi Kasliwal
| writer = Makarand Mane
| starring = [[Shashank Shende]], Sahil Joshi
| music = Rohit Nagbhide
| cinematography = Abhijit Abde
| editing = Suchitra Sathe
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|05||Stuttgart|2017|06|30}}
| runtime = 106 minutes<ref name="LIFF">{{cite web|url=http://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/birmingham_2016.htm|title=London Indian Film Festival: Birmingham Programme|date=2016|accessdate=2 January 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012043804/http://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/birmingham_2016.htm|archivedate=12 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ringan''''' is a 2015 [[Marathi cinema|Marathi Drama]], directed by [[Makarand Mane]]. Has won Best Marathi Film at the 63rd [[National Film Awards]], it also received six awards at the 53rd [[Maharashtra]] state level in the categories of Best Film, Best Director, Best Debut (Director), Best Actor, Best Cinematography, and Best Child Actor, and was shown at international film festivals in Cannes, Stuttgart, London, and Toronto.

A Landmarc Films Presentation and a My Role Motion Pictures Production, ''Ringan'' was released in theatres on 30 June 2017.

== Cast and crew ==
[[Shashank Shende]] and Sahil Joshi play the lead roles of father Arjun and son Abhimanyu. The director Mane mentions that Shende was his very first choice for the role of the father as soon as the initial draft of the film was ready. Joshi and other cast members Suhas Sirsat, Umesh Jagtap, Abhay Mahajan, Kalyanee Mulay and Ketan Pawar were selected from auditions. As Joshi had no acting experience, he had to go through a three-month long training before the filming. Mane and executive producer Sanjay Dawra had worked together in Marathi serial ''Agnihotra'' when Mane was assistant director. Along with Dawra several other technician friends believed in Mane's vision and ability and backed him on his directorial debut.<ref name="sakal">{{cite news|url=http://beta1.esakal.com/pune/best-movie-award-ringan-movie-26450|title=सामूहिक जिद्दीने साकारले यशाचे 'रिंगण'|trans-title=Team work gets success for 'Ringan'|accessdate=12 March 2017|newspaper=Sakal|date=17 January 2017|language=Marathi}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Shashank Shende]] as Arjun Magar
* Master Sahil Joshi as Abhimanyu Arjun Magar
* Suhas Sirsat as Babu
* Kayanee Mulay as Manjhi
* [[Abhay Mahajan]] as Nilesh
* [[Vitthal Patil]] as Conman
* Ketan Pawar as Farooq
* Umesh Jagtap as Raosaheb
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
The film was shot at various real locations in the crowded city of Pandharpur. Being a notable pilgrimage site for [[Hindu]]s, the city is crowded with pilgrims and tourists. Mane assembled a fake filming crew to attract attention of audiences and then proceeded with the [[principal photography]] on other locations. Mane mentioned that as he grew up in Pandharpur, he had often seen farmers visit the pilgrimage for "seeking help from the almighty" and noticed that "when they left, they looked relieved, like Vithal had personally volunteered to help them through their rough patch". He also mentioned that the simplicity of a farmer's faith inspired him to write the film.<ref name="HT1">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/all-you-need-to-know-about-ringan-the-national-award-winning-marathi-film/story-cPClkFqhRINPDt6n4nfEeJ.html|title=All you need to know about Ringan, the National Award-winning Marathi film|author=Joshi, Purva|date=11 August 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> Along with Pandharpur, the film was also shot in [[Akluj]], [[Saswad]] and [[Pune]]. As the film's producers had budget constraints, the team of forty members either rented film-making instruments with reasonable charges or sometimes for free. Ajay Gogavale of [[Ajay–Atul]] music director duo rendered a soulful song without any remuneration.<ref name="sakal"/>

The songs were composed by Rohit Nagbhide with lyrics by Vaibhav Deshmukh and Dasu Vaidya.
{| class="wikitable"

! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| 1 || Dev Pahila || [[Ajay Gogavale]] || Vaibhav Deshmukh || 3:18
|-
| 2 || Vitthala || [[Adarsh Shinde]] || Dasu Vaidya || 3:30
|-
|}

== Reception ==
The film was screened at the Cannes Short Film Corner,<ref name="HT1"/> [[London Indian Film Festival]].<ref name="LIFF"/> It was adjudged as the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]] for the year 2015 at the [[63rd National Film Awards]] citing; "A heart rending survival story of a father-son duo, who decide to fight and live rather than end their lives".<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref> Makarand Mane was awarded with "The Director’s Vision Award" at the 14th [[Stuttgart Indian Film Festival]] (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indisches-filmfestival.de/en/competition/gewinner/|title=And the German Star of India 2015 goes to|publisher=Stuttgart Indian Film Festival|accessdate=12 March 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401152311/http://www.indisches-filmfestival.de/en/competition/gewinner/|archivedate=1 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was an entry in the [[The Golden Elephant|19th International Children's Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=View Schedule for 19th International Children's Film Festival of India|url=http://cfsindia.org/19icffi/SCHEDULE.pdf|publisher=International Children's Film Festival of India|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref>
== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Ceremony
!Category
!Result
!{{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2015
|53rd [[Maharashtra State Film Award]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film]]
|{{Won}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Marathi}}


[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about farmers' suicides in India]]
[[Category:Best Marathi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]

Khatta Meetha (1978 film)

2026-03-03T23:26:12Z

Manoj: further enhanced intro further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|1978 India Hindi-language film}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khatta Meetha
| image = Khatta Meetha (1978).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Basu Chatterjee]]
| producer = Gul Anand Romu Sippy
| writer = Basu Chatterjee
| screenplay = Basu Chatterjee
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Pearl Padamsee]] [[Rakesh Roshan]] [[Bindiya Goswami]] Devendra Khandelwal [[Deven Verma]] [[David Abraham Cheulkar]]
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cinematography = [[A. K. Bir]]
| editing = Subhash Gupta
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978|01|06|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Khatta Meetha''''' (English: ''Sweet and Sour'') is a 1978 [[Hindi film]] directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]]. The film stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Bindiya Goswami]], [[Pearl Padamsee]], [[Deven Verma]], [[David Abraham Cheulkar]], [[Ranjit Chowdhry]], [[Preeti Ganguly]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] and [[Iftekhar]]. The film's lyrics were written by [[Gulzar]] and music was scored by [[Rajesh Roshan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Unfair fun |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060827/spectrum/main5.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=27 August 2006 }}</ref> At the [[26th Filmfare Awards]], Deven Verma was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]] for the film, but won it for ''[[Chor Ke Ghar Chor]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=List of Filmfare Award Winners and Nominations, 1953-2005 |access-date=30 March 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was also the debut film of actor [[Ranjit Chowdhry]], who later appeared in films like [[Basu Chatterjee]]'s ''[[Baton Baton Mein]]'' (1979) and [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]'s ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' (1980).

Contrary to popular belief, the movie isn't loosely based on the 1968 American movie ''[[Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)|Yours, Mine and Ours]]'' but is based on a Turkish film titled [[Bizim Aile]] (1975).<ref>Bhattacharjee, Anirudha. "Basu Chatterji and the Middle of the Road Cinema". Penguin Random House Ltd. (2023)</ref> The movie was an inspiration for the 2010 comedy ''[[Golmaal 3]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/No-golmaal-here-Rohit/articleshow/6636794.cms?referral=PM|title=No golmaal here: Rohit - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 September 2010 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Homi Mistry ([[Ashok Kumar]]) is a [[Parsi]] widower who is about to retire. He lives in a small home with his four sons. Realizing that he may need emotional support and someone to take care of the house and his sons, he decides to remarry. His friend Soli ([[David Abraham Cheulkar]]) introduces him to a Parsi widow Nargis Sethna ([[Pearl Padamsee]]), who has one daughter and two sons. Hell breaks loose as both the families are informed of the alliance.<ref>{{cite news |title='Little Zizou' puts Parsis in comic spotlight after 30 years |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200903160951.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 March 2009 |archive-date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701035039/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200903160951.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

How the two families learn to adjust with each other and come up with solutions for their problems forms the plot of the story.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Homi Mistry
* [[Pearl Padamsee]] as Nargis Sethna
* [[Rakesh Roshan]] as Firoze Sethna
* [[Bindiya Goswami]] as Zarine
* [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Zarine's rich father
* [[Raviraaj]] as Fali Mistry
* Devendra Khandelwal as Jaal
* [[Deven Verma]] as Dara
* Piloo J Wadia as Dara's mother
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David Abraham]] as Soli
* [[Raju Shrestha]] as Peelu Mistry (as [[Master Raju]])
* [[Preeti Ganguli]] as Freni Sethna
* Vikram (Vicky) Sahu as Fardeen Sethna
* [[Ranjit Chowdhry]] as Russie Mistry
* [[Iftekhar]] as Mr. Cooper (lawyer)
* [[Keshto Mukherjee]] as Milkman
* [[Ruby Mayer]] as Mrs. Perin Soli
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as himself (Guest Appearance)
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The film has music by [[Rajesh Roshan]] and lyrics by [[Gulzar]].

===Track list===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
|"Thoda Hai Thode Ki Zaroorat Hai"
|[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|2
|"Tumse Mila Tha Pyar Kuch Achhe Naseeb The"
|Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar
|-
|3
|"Ye Jeena Hai Angur Ka Dana, Katha Meetha"
|Kishore Kumar, [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
|-
|4
|"Mummy O Mummy, Tu Kabb Saas Banegi"
|Kishore Kumar
|-
|5
|"Roll Roll"
|Kishore Kumar, [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
|6
|"Frenny O Frenny"
|Amit Kumar, [[Shailender Singh]]
|}

==Cultural references==
A TV series produced by [[Cinevistaas Limited]] on [[DD Metro]] had the same title. The title of the song, ''Thoda Hai Thode Ki Zaroorat Hai'' by [[Gulzar]] was later used in the title of TV series, ''[[Thoda Hai Thode Ki Zaroorat Hai]]'' (1997) and ''[[Thoda Hai Bas Thode Ki Zaroorat Hai]]'' (2010). The 2010 Hindi film, ''[[Golmaal 3]]'', used the idea of couple with children from marrying.<ref>{{cite news |title=Golmaal 3 - Movie review |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/nov/061110-Golmaal-3-movie-review.htm |publisher=[[MiD DAY]] |date=6 November 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No golmaal here: Rohit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/No-golmaal-here-Rohit/articleshow/6636794.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214095438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-28/news-interviews/28214804_1_golmaal-3-basu-chatterjee-film |url-status=live |archive-date=14 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Bollywood goes retro to boost box office sales |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/bollywood-goes-retro-to-boost-box-office-sales-2153247.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210100135/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/bollywood-goes-retro-to-boost-box-office-sales-2153247.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2010 |work=[[The Independent]] |date= 7 December 2011 }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0077797|Khatta Meetha}}

{{Basu Chatterjee}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Basu Chatterjee]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about Zoroastrianism]]
[[Category:1978 comedy films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Water (2005 film)

2026-03-03T11:51:00Z

Manoj: adjusted details further and cleaned formatting

{{short description|2005 film by Deepa Mehta}}
{{Distinguish|Water (2006 film)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Water
| image = Water (2005 film) cover art.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Deepa Mehta]]
| producer = [[David Hamilton (Canadian producer)|David Hamilton]]
| screenplay = [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| story = Deepa Mehta
| starring = [[Seema Biswas]] [[Lisa Ray]] [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] [[Sarala Kariyawasam]] [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]]
| music = '''Score:''' [[Mychael Danna]] '''Songs:''' [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Giles Nuttgens]]
| editing = Colin Monie
| studio = David Hamilton Productions
| distributor = [[Mongrel Media]] (Canada) [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]] (United States) [[B.R. Chopra|B.R. Films]] (India)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|9|9|[[Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto]]|2007|3|9|India}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = Canada United States India
| language = Hindi<ref>The film was shot twice with the same (bilingual) actors, once in Hindi, once in English.</ref> English
| budget =
| gross = $10.4 million<ref name="mojo">{{mojo title|id=water06|title=Water}}. {{Retrieved|access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref>
}}
'''''Water''''' ({{Langx|hi|जल|translit=Jal}}) is a 2005 drama film written and directed by [[Deepa Mehta]], with screenplay by [[Anurag Kashyap]]. It is set in 1938 and explores the lives of [[widow]]s at an [[ashram]] in India. The film is also the third and final installment of Mehta's ''[[Elements trilogy]]''. It was preceded by ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]'' (1996) and ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'' (1998). Author [[Bapsi Sidhwa]] wrote the 2006 novel based upon the film, ''[[Water (novel)|Water: A Novel]]'', published by Milkweed Press. Sidhwa's earlier novel, ''[[Cracking India]]'' was the basis for ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'', the second film in the trilogy.

''Water'' is a dark introspect into the tales of rural Indian widows in the 1940s and covers controversial subjects such as child marriage, misogyny and ostracism.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Water' at Majestic Cinema |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/060604/tv/WateratMC.html |access-date=30 November 2019 |publisher=Sarasaviya |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501110229/https://www.sundaytimes.lk/060604/tv/WateratMC.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film premiered at the 2005 [[Toronto International Film Festival]], where it was honoured with the Opening Night Gala, and was released across Canada in November of that year.<ref>{{cite news |date=2005-09-09 |title=Water opens Toronto Film Festival |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4228552.stm |access-date=2018-09-30}}</ref> It was first released in India on 9 March 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/09/arts/AS-A-E-MOV-India-Widow-Film.php|title=Oscar-nominated film "Water" released in India 7 years after protests shut down filming|website=Iht.com|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=17 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317215142/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/09/arts/AS-A-E-MOV-India-Widow-Film.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film stars [[Seema Biswas]], [[Lisa Ray]], [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] and [[Sarala Kariyawasam]] in pivotal roles and [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Raghuvir Yadav]] and [[Vinay Pathak]] in supporting roles. Featured songs for the film were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], with lyrics by [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and Raqeeb Alam. After Rahman quit the film following nationwide controversy,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/30rahman.htm|title=Rahman ready for Lord of the Rings|website=Rediff.com|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> the background score was composed by [[Mychael Danna]], although the songs which Rahman had composed before opting out were retained.

In 2008, inspired by the film, [[Dilip Mehta]] directed a documentary, ''[[The Forgotten Woman]]'' about widows in India. The film was also written by Deepa Mehta.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nathan Lee |date=7 August 2008 |title=Stigmatized by Society |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/08/movies/08forg.html?_r=0 |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050538/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/08/movies/08forg.html?_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Water'' was announced as Canada's submission for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]] at the [[79th Academy Awards]], it was nominated, but it did not win.

== Plot ==
In 1938 [[British Raj|India]], Chuyia is an eight-year-old girl, whose husband suddenly dies. In keeping with traditions of widowhood, she is dressed in a white [[sari]], her head is shaven and she is left in an [[ashram]], to spend the rest of her life in renunciation. There are fourteen women who live in the dilapidated house, sent there to expiate bad [[karma]], as well as to relieve their families of the financial and emotional burdens of caring for widows. The ashram is ruled by Madhumati, a pompous lady in her 70s. Her only friend is the pimp, Gulabi, a [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]] who keeps Madhumati supplied with [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]]. The two also have a side business: Gulabi helps Madhumati prostitute Kalyani, a beautiful young widow, by ferrying her across [[the Ganges]] to customers. Kalyani was forced into prostitution as a teenager to support the ashram.

Shakuntala is perhaps the most enigmatic of the women. Witty and sharp, she is also one of the few widows who can read. She exudes enough anger that even Madhumati leaves her alone. Shakuntala is caught between being a God-fearing, devout Hindu, and her hatred of being a widow. She seeks the counsel of Sadananda, a priest, who makes her aware of her unjust and unholy situation. She becomes attached to Chuyia upon her arrival at the ashram.

Chuyia is convinced that her stay is a temporary one and that her mother will come to take her away but quickly adapts to her new life. She befriends Kalyani, and witnesses Kalyani's budding romance with Narayan, a charming upper-class follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Despite her initial reluctance, Kalyani eventually buys into his dream of marriage and a new life in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. She agrees to go away with him.

Her plan is disrupted when Chuyia accidentally reveals their affair to Madhumati. Enraged at losing a source of income and afraid of the social disgrace, Madhumati locks Kalyani up. Much to everyone's surprise, the God-fearing Shakuntala lets Kalyani out to go meet Narayan, who ferries her across the river to take her to his home. However, when Kalyani recognizes Narayan's bungalow, she realizes that Narayan is the son of one of the men whom she has been pimped out to. In shock, she demands that he take her back. Narayan confronts his father, learning the reason for Kalyani's actions. Disgusted, he decides to walk out on his father and join Mahatma Gandhi. He arrives at the ashram to take Kalyani with him, only to find that Kalyani has drowned herself.

Madhumati sends Chuyia away to be prostituted as a replacement for Kalyani. Shakuntala finds out and tries to prevent the worst, but she is too late. When Shakuntala finds Chuyia, Chuyia is deeply traumatized and catatonic. Cradling Chuyia, Shakuntala spends the night on the shores of the river. Walking through town with Chuyia in her arms, she hears talk of Gandhi speaking at the train station, ready to leave town. She follows the crowd to receive his blessing. As the train departs, in an act of desperation Shakuntala runs alongside the train, asking people to take Chuyia with them. She spots Narayan on the train and hands Chuyia over to him. The train departs, carrying Chuyia away while leaving the teary-eyed Shakuntala behind.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Shakuntala/Gyanvati Twins (double role)
* [[Lisa Ray]] as Kalyani
* [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] as Narayan
* [[Waheeda Rehman]] as Bhagavati, Narayan's Mother
* [[Sarala Kariyawasam]] as Chuyia<ref>{{Cite web |title='Water' takes Sarala to international heights |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/060604/tv/WatertakesSarala.html |access-date=30 November 2019 |publisher=Sarasaviya}}</ref>
* [[Buddhi Wickrama]] as Baba
* Ronica Sajnani as Kunti
* [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] as Madhumati
* Rishma Malik as Snehalata
* [[Rajat Kapoor]] as Narayan's father
* Vidula Javalgekar as Patiraji (auntie)
* [[Daya Alwis]] as Saduram
* [[Raghuvir Yadav]] as Gulabi
* [[Vinay Pathak]] as Rabindra
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Sadananda
* [[Gerson Da Cunha]] as Seth Dwarkanath
* [[Iranganie Serasinghe]] as Mother-in-Law
* Mohan Jhangiani as [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Sanoja Bibile]] as Woman Bather
* Kalu The Puppy as Dog
}}

== Production ==
''Water'' is a co-production between Canada, India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/water/details |access-date=13 June 2019 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water (2005) |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b84002117 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713033621/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b84002117 |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=10 January 2016 |website=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Water (soundtrack)}}

== Release ==
The film debuted on 8 September 2005 at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]]. After several controversies surrounding the film in India, the Indian censor boards cleared the film with a "U" certificate. It was released in [[India]] on 9 March 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2007 |title=Deepa Mehta impresses with Water |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/09water.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=10 March 2007 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407115646/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/09water.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Box office===
During Sri Lanka screening, the film collected Rs. 42 million for its 38 days screening.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Water' in a record flow |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/060716/tv/tvp9.html |access-date=7 December 2017 |publisher=Sunday times}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Water'' received mostly positive reviews. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]] the film has an approval rating of 91% based on reviews from 96 critics, with an average rating of 7.6 out of 10. The site's consensus is that "this compassionate work of social criticism is also luminous, due to both its lyrical imagery and cast".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2006 |title=Water |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/water |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806073819/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/water |url-status=live }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]] the film has a [[weighted mean|weighted average]] score of 77 out of 100, based on 25 critics reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/water|title=Water|access-date=28 November 2021|website=[[Metacritic]]|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070336/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/water|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film received high praise from Kevin Thomas, writing in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'':
<blockquote>
For all her impassioned commitment as a filmmaker, Mehta never preaches but instead tells a story of intertwining strands in a wholly compelling manner. ''Water'', set in the British colonial India of 1938, is as beautiful as it is harrowing, its idyllic setting beside the sacred Ganges River contrasting with the widows' oppressive existence as outcasts. The film seethes with anger over their plight yet never judges, and possesses a lyrical, poetical quality. Just like the Ganges, life goes on flowing, no matter what. Mehta sees her people in the round, entrapped and blinded by a cruel and outmoded custom dictated by ancient religious texts but sustained more often by a family's desire to relieve itself of the economic burden of supporting widows. As a result, she is able to inject considerable humor in her stunningly perceptive and beautifully structured narrative. ''Water'' emerges as a film of extraordinary richness and complexity.<ref>Thomas, Kevin (2006). [http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-et-water28apr28,0,2880216.story "Movie Review: 'Water'"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 28 April 2006. Retrieved 27 February 2010. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512193455/http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-et-water28apr28,0,2880216.story |date=12 May 2010}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Jeannette Catsoulis of ''[[The New York Times]]'' selected ''Water'' as NYT Critics' Pick, calling it "exquisite": "Serene on the surface yet roiling underneath, the film neatly parallels the plight of widows under Hindu fundamentalism to that of India under British colonialism".<ref>{{cite news |last=Catsoulis |first=Jeannette |date=28 April 2006 |title=Movie Review: Water (2005): NYT Critics' Pick |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/movies/28wate.html |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622035228/http://movies.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/movies/28wate.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' said: "The film is lovely in the way [[Satyajit Ray]]'s films are lovely and the best elements of Water involve the young girl and the experiences seen through her eyes. I would have been content if the entire film had been her story" and gave it three stars out of four.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2006 |title=Water-2006 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/water-2006 |access-date=31 May 2006 |website=Roger Ebert |publisher=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211194227/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/water-2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Carrie Rickey]] of ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' also praises Mehta's work on the trilogy saying that "profound, passionate and overflowing with incomparable beauty, ''Water'', like the prior two films in director Deepa Mehta's "Elements" trilogy, celebrates the lives of women who resist marginalisation by Indian society".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rickey |first=Carrie |author-link=Carrie Rickey |date=29 February 2008 |title=Questions of an Indian widow, 8 years old |url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/entertainment/movies/MovieReviewID_20060505_inq_weekend_CRKWAT.html |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |access-date=20 October 2024 }}</ref>

In December 2005, it was named to the [[Toronto International Film Festival]]'s annual Canada's Top Ten list of the year's best Canadian films.<ref>"Topping the list: Canada's cinematic achievements". ''[[National Post]]'', 14 December 2005.</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{{Clear}}
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipients
! scope="col" | Result
|-
| [[79th Academy Awards|25 February 2007]] || [[79th Academy Awards]] || [[List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film (Canada)]] || [[Deepa Mehta]] || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="8"|[[26th Genie Awards|13 March 2006]]
| rowspan="8"|[[Genie Awards]] or [[Canadian Screen Awards]]
| [[Canadian Screen Award for Best Motion Picture|Best Motion Picture]] || [[David Hamilton (Canadian producer)|David Hamilton]] || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Achievement in Direction|Best Director]] || [[Deepa Mehta]] || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || [[Seema Biswas]]<ref name="note4">{{Cite web |last=Utpal Borpujari |year=2005 |title=Seema Biswas wins top Canadian film award for Water |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar172006/update134002006317.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317185740/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar172006/update134002006317.asp |archive-date=17 March 2006 |access-date=23 March 2006 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |df=dmy}}</ref> || {{won}}
|-
| [[Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Achievement in Art Direction/Production Design|Best Art and Production Design]] || [[Dilip Mehta]] || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Achievement in Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] || [[Giles Nuttgens]] ||{{won}}
|-
| [[Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] || Deepa Mehta || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Achievement in Editing|Best Film Editing]] || Colin Monie || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Achievement in Music – Original Score|Best Original Score]] || [[Mychael Danna]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[2006 Bangkok International Film Festival|17 February 2006]] || [[Bangkok International Film Festival]] || [[Bangkok International Film Festival#Golden Kinnaree Awards|Best Golden Kinnaree Film]]<ref name="note5">{{cite news |last=Patrick Frater |date=26 February 2006 |title=Water' sweeps over Bangkok fest |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2006/film/asia/water-sweeps-over-bangkok-fest-1117938881/ |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref> || Deepa Mehta || {{won}}
|-
| [[12th Critics' Choice Awards|20 January 2007]] || [[Broadcast Film Critics Association|Broadcast Film Critics]] || Best Foreign Language Film || Deepa Mehta ||{{nom}}
|-
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2006|17 December 2007]] || [[Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association]] || Best Foreign Language Film || Deepa Mehta || {{nom}}
|-
| [[:fr:Nastri d'argento 2007|23 June 2007]] || [[Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists]] || [[Nastro d'Argento|Best Non-European Director]] || Deepa Mehta || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[National Board of Review Awards 2006|9 January 2007]]
| rowspan="2"| [[National Board of Review]]
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Top 5 Foreign Language Films]]
| Deepa Mehta || {{won}}
|-
| [[National Board of Review#Award categories|NBR Freedom of Expression Awards]]
| Deepa Mehta (shared with [[Oliver Stone]] for [[World Trade Center (film)|World Trade Center]])||{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[New York Film Critics Online Awards 2006|11 December 2006]]
| rowspan="2"| [[New York Film Critics Online]]
| Top 10 Films
| Deepa Mehta || {{won}}
|-
| NYFCO Humanitarian Award
| Deepa Mehta || {{won}}
|-
| [[Oslo Films from the South Festival|14 October 2006]]|| [[Oslo Films from the South Festival]] || [[Oslo Films from the South Festival|Best Silver Mirror Feature Film]] || Deepa Mehta || {{won}}
|-
| 20 March 2006|| [[San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival]] || Best Narrative Audience Award || Deepa Mehta || {{won}}
|-
| [[11th Satellite Awards|17 December 2006]] || [[Satellite Awards]] || [[Satellite Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]||Deepa Mehta || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Valladolid International Film Festival|21 October 2005]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Valladolid International Film Festival]]
| Best Youth Jury Film – In Competition
| Deepa Mehta || {{won}}
|-
| Best Golden Spike Film – In Competition
| Deepa Mehta || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2005|7 February 2006]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Vancouver Film Critics Circle]]
| [[Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director|Best Canadian director]] || Deepa Mehta || {{won}}
|-
| [[Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress in a Canadian Film|Best Canadian Actress]] || [[Lisa Ray]] || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[28th Young Artist Awards|10 March 2007]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Young Artist Awards]]
| [[Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film|Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film]] || [[Sarala Kariyawasam]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Young Artist Award|Best International Family Feature Film]] || Deepa Mehta || {{won}}
|}

== Controversies ==
Mehta had originally intended to direct ''Water'' in February 2000, with the actors [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Nandita Das]] and [[Akshay Kumar]]. Her earlier film, ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]'', however, had previously attracted hostility from conservative right-wing organizations, which objected to her subject matter and portrayal of conservative households in a negative light. Protestors organised protests and attacks on cinemas that screened that film. The day before filming of ''Water'' was due to begin, the crew was informed that there were complications with their location permits for filming. The following day, they learned that 2,000 protesters had stormed the [[ghats]], destroying and burning the main film set and throwing the remnants into the [[Ganges]] in protest of what ultimately were revealed to be false accusations regarding the subject matter of the film.<ref name=note3 /> A right-wing politician [[Arun Pathak]] also organised a suicide protest to stop the film production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2000 |title='Water' shooting stopped again, Mehta 'asked to leave Varanasi' |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/07/stories/01070005.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906051548/http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/07/stories/01070005.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2012 |access-date=20 October 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]}}</ref>

The resulting tensions and economic setbacks led to several years of struggle as Mehta was eventually forced to film ''Water'' in [[Sri Lanka]], rather than in India.<ref name="note3" /> Finally Mehta was able to make the film, but with a new cast and under a false title (''River Moon'') in 2003. The struggle to make the film was detailed by Mehta's daughter, [[Devyani Saltzman]], in a non-fiction book, ''Shooting Water: A Mother-Daughter Journey and the Making of the Film''.<ref name="note3">{{Cite web |last=Jasmine Yuen-Carrucan |title=The Politics of Deepa Mehta's Water |url=https://brightlightsfilm.com/politics-deepa-mehtas-water/ |access-date=8 May 2006}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of submissions to the 79th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Canadian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Saltzman |first=Devyani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c75Uq0FbN-cC&pg=PA125 |title=Shooting Water: A Mother-daughter Journey and the Making of a Film |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-14-400102-6}}
* [http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/mcs/article/view/2293/0 Displacing Androcracy: Cosmopolitan Partnerships in Bapsi Sidhwa's Water]

== External links ==
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|water}}
* {{mojo title|water06}}
* {{IMDb title|0240200}}
* {{Metacritic film|title=Water}}

{{Deepa Mehta}}
{{Anurag Kashyap}}
{{National Board of Review Freedom of Expression Award}}
{{Canadian submission for Academy Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 drama films]]
[[Category:Canadian drama films]]
[[Category:English-language Canadian films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films set in 1938]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films directed by Deepa Mehta]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mychael Danna]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:2005 Canadian films]]
[[Category:Art works that caused riots]]
[[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Koottu Puzhukkal

2026-03-03T05:09:05Z

Manoj: started new details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Koottu Puzhukkal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. C. Sakthi]]
| screenplay = R. C. Sakthi
| based_on = {{based on|''Koottu Puzhukkal''|[[Anuradha Ramanan]]}}
| producer = M. Sundar Rajan G. M. Ranga Raj
| starring = [[Raghuvaran]] [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Palayee Amman Art Creations
| released = {{Film date|1987|9|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Koottu Puzhukkal''''' ({{IPA|ta|kuːʈʈuppuɻukkaɭ|pron}} {{translation|Cocooned worms}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[R. C. Sakthi]]. The film stars [[Raghuvaran]] and [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], supported by [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] and [[Y. Vijaya]]. It is based on the novel of the same name by [[Anuradha Ramanan]]. The film was released on 12 September 1987.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=December 2022}}
Balu is a politically conscious and helpful [[Auto rickshaw|autorickshaw]] driver who has feelings for his neighbour Manga, whose mother Devaki who is involved in illicit affairs with men coerces Manga to join her. Surya is an unemployed [[Bachelor of Commerce|BCom]] graduate from a family of modest means and is dependent on his older brother for money. The older brother often derides them for asking him for money. Meanwhile, Rajam, another resident of the same housing complex is desirous of Surya. Gundurao is the head of another family with three daughters who need to be married. Vedavalli is a young working woman who faces troubles in finding a suitor for marriage, with the father of prospective grooms demanding exorbitant amounts in dowry. The climax reveals whether Raghuvaran succeeds in his love.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Surya
* [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as Manga
* [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Balu
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Rajam
* [[C. I. D. Sakunthala]] as Devaki
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Baburam Settu
* [[Unni Mary|Deepa]]
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as House owner
* [[S. S. Chandran]] as Gundurao
* [[Saritha]] as Vedavalli
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]
* [[Kamala Kamesh]]
* [[Thideer Kannaiah]]
* [[K. Rajan (producer)|K. Rajan]] as Autorickshaw driver
* [[Ilavarasi]]
* [[Kutty Padmini]]
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
* [[Charuhasan]]
* [[T. S. Raghavendra]]
* [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] as Surya's sister
}}

== Production ==
''Koottu Puzhukkal'' is based on the novel of the same name by [[Anuradha Ramanan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2017 |title=இதே நாளில் அன்று |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/1771244 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222115516/https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=1771244 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Since the film's plot was primarily set in a housing complex, the film was shot at Kamakoti House at [[T. Nagar]], [[Chennai|Madras]]. A set was built on the top of the house to show eight houses as per the film's concept.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=மௌஷ்மி |date=16 December 1990 |title=நடிக்கும் வீடுகள்... |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-12-16/page/n35/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230221060026/https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-12-16/page/n35/mode/2up |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=28 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=34–35 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kootup Puzhukkal Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/kootup-puzhukkal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019203756/https://macsendisk.com/product/kootup-puzhukkal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2019 |title=Koottu Puzhukkal |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/koottu-puzhukkal/8HVXxkUOgCo_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416021345/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/koottu-puzhukkal/8HVXxkUOgCo_ |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Nitham Nitham En" is set in Pahadi raga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஏழிசை எம்எஸ்வி {{!}} பயோகிராபி |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626130400/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nitham Nitham
| lyrics1 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| length1 = 5:19
| title2 = Innaikku Nadandha
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Kamarasan]]
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 3:50
| title3 = Indha Malligai Poovukku
| lyrics3 = Uma Kannadasan
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length3 = 4:56
| title4 = Desathai Parkaiyile Nenjam
| lyrics4 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:38
| total_length = 18:43
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Koottu Puzhukkal'' was released on 12 September 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 1987 |title=கூட்டுப்புழுக்கள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_11_143/4.jp2/0,0,6267,8550/6267,8550/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251222002258/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_11_143/4.jp2/0,0,6267,8550/6267,8550/0/default.jpg |archive-date=22 December 2025 |access-date=22 December 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "It's a poignant film [...] the screenplay flits breathlessly from family to family .. from character to character.. There is a whole gallery....".<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 1987 |title=Travails |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870925&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=22 December 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that with each character saying only two lines, the audience should be given free memory to remember them.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |date=11 October 1987 |title=கூட்டுப்புழுக்கள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1987-10-11/page/n21/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240430111535/https://archive.org/details/kalki1987-10-11/page/n21/mode/2up |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=30 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=21 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{R. C. Sakthi}}

[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. C. Sakthi]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=February 2024}}

Punjab Police SWAT Team

2026-02-26T07:14:33Z

Manoj: Started New Article

{{Short description|Tactical unit of the Punjab Police}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox law enforcement unit
| unit_name =
| native_name = 
| native_namea = 
| native_namer = 
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| dates = {{start date|2011}}–present
| country = [[India]]
| agency = [[Punjab Police (India)]]
| type =
| role =
| ops_juris = The state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab ]]
| command_structure =
| headquarters_label =
| headquarters =
| coordinates =
| motto =
| motto_translated =
| common_name =
| abbreviation =

| sworn_type_label = Sworn officers
| sworn =
| unsworn_type_label =
| unsworn =
| subunit_type_label =
| subunits =
}}
The '''Punjab Police SWAT Team''' is the [[Police Tactical Unit]] of the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]].

==Overview==
Punjab Police ''Special Weapons and Tactics'' (SWAT) was formed in 2011.<ref name="TOI"/> They are usually tasked with protection duties.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=Punjab had formed this SWAT team in 2011 after regular threats on Punjab politicians|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjab-Police-send-Israel-trained-SWAT-team-at-Wagah-border/articleshow/45038835.cms}}</ref> They are highly trained on the lines of [[National Security Guard]] by [[Israel]]'s [[Mossad]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The 28 Punjab commandos involved in Monday's operation were also trained by Mossad.|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Mossad-gives-Delhi-cops-the-edge/articleshow/48258845.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Israeli trainers for SWAT teams of Punjab Police|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/israeli-trainers-for-swat-teams-of-punjab-police/577964/}}</ref> through private company Athena Security, deployed by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The state government had deployed a private company, Athena Security, to get the team trained through Israeli experts spending Rs 1.5 crore on the training.|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/gurdaspur-attack-courage-luck-saw-punjab-police-through/article1-1374091.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729104221/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/gurdaspur-attack-courage-luck-saw-punjab-police-through/article1-1374091.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> All the commandos are under 28 years of age, thus making them fit and capable of tasks meant for commandos. Their main work is to fight against any terrorist attack if it occurs in [[Punjab, India|Punjab State]]. They have been trained exclusively in [[Krav Maga]], room intervention, close and open techniques and other secret tactics.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gurdaspur attack: Punjab Police SWAT team bang on target|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/gurdaspur-attack-punjab-police-swat-team-bang-on-target/article1-1374194.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731093102/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/gurdaspur-attack-punjab-police-swat-team-bang-on-target/article1-1374194.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2015}}</ref>

==Equipment==
The SWAT is provided with:
* Bullet-resistant transport
* Light weight [[Ballistic vest|bullet-resistant jackets]] and helmets
* Hands-free radio sets
* Complete anti-trauma body suit with level-2 protection
* Riot control helmet
* [[Gas mask]]s
* Shock shields
* [[Laser weapon]]s
* Gas guns
* Pepper gun launcher
* [[Night vision device]]
* [[CornerShot]]

===Weapons===
[[File:IMI-Negev006a.jpg|thumb|300px|IMI Negev LMG fed from ammo box in a shooting range]]
{| class="wikitable" border="0" width="100%"
! width="25%" |Name
! width="25%" |Country of origin
! width="25%" |Type
|-
|[[Glock|Glock 17]]
|{{Flag|Austria}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Semi-automatic pistol]]
|-
|[[Beretta 92]]S<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-09-14 |title=Mizoram Police to Get Latest Weapons |url=http://www.sinlung.com/2010/09/mizoram-police-to-get-latest-weapons.html |access-date=2012-08-12 |publisher=Sinlung}}</ref>
|{{Flag|Italy}}
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MP5]]
|{{Flag|Germany}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Submachine gun]]
|-
|[[Brugger & Thomet MP9]]
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|-
|[[AK 47]]
|{{Flag|USSR}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Assault rifle]]
|-
|[[MTAR 21]]
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|-
|[[SIG 552]]
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|-
|[[Steyr SSG 69]]
|{{Flag|Austria}}
|[[Sniper rifle]]
|-
|[[FN Minimi]]
|{{Flag|Belgium}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Light machine gun]]
|-
|[[IMI Negev]]
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|}

==Major operation==
*[[2015 Gurdaspur attack]] - Punjab SWAT very efficiently handled counter-terrorism operation at [[Dina Nagar]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The SWAT team deployed in Dinanagar was involved in an exercise at Amritsar and therefore could be deployed in Gurdaspur immediately|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/india/185/details/448989/swat-does-punjab-police-proud}}</ref> Police Station in [[2015 Gurdaspur attack]]<ref>{{cite news|title=How Punjab's new heroes stared death in the face and came back laughing|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/gurdaspur-terror-attack-punjab-police-ss-saini-pakistan-terrorism/story/1/5274.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gurdaspur attack: Punjab's SWAT team's creation bears fruit|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gurdaspur-attack-punjabs-swat-teams-creation-bears-fruit/articleshow/48241748.cms}}</ref> by killing all 3 suspected [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] terrorists.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lashkar-e-Taiba behind Gurdaspur terror attack, confirms MHA|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/2015/fullnews-94618.html}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Counter Insurgency Force]] (West Bengal)
* [[Special Operation Group (Odisha)]]
* [[Greyhounds (police)]]
* [[Force One (Mumbai Police)]]
* [[Special Operations Group (Jammu and Kashmir)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

[[Category:Punjab Police (India)]]
[[Category:Non-military counterterrorist organizations]]
[[Category:Specialist law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2011]]

Disha Patani

2026-02-22T16:22:08Z

Manoj: improve content also and added references after review

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1992)}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Disha Patani
| image = File:Disha Patani and others grace the premiere of Gustaakh Ishq 02 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Patani in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|6|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| years_active = 2015–present
| occupation = Actress
| alma_mater = Amity University, Lucknow
}}

'''Disha Patani''' ({{IPA|hi|ˈd̪ɪʃa paːʈəˈni|pron}}; born 13 June 1992) is an Indian actress primarily working in [[Hindi films]]. Patani made her acting debut with the [[Telugu film]] ''[[Loafer (2015 film)|Loafer]]'' (2015), and had her first Hindi film release with the biopic ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'' (2016). After appearing in the Chinese action comedy ''[[Kung Fu Yoga]]'' (2017), Patani featured in the action films ''[[Baaghi 2]]'' (2018), ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' and ''[[Kanguva]]'' both (2024) and thriller ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]'' (2020). She has appeared in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]] list of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-iifa-2017-disha-patani-and-diljit-dosanjh-win-best-debut-actor-awards-2503918/amp |title=IIFA 2017: Disha Patani and Diljit Dosanjh win best debut actor awards |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723073614/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-iifa-2017-disha-patani-and-diljit-dosanjh-win-best-debut-actor-awards-2503918/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2019/disha-patani/1819/85 |title=Disha Patani - Forbes Magazine |work=Forbes India |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=29 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229063445/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/all |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education==
Disha Patani was born on 13 June 1992 in [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mukherjee |first=Anindita |date=13 June 2023 |title=Disha Patani's birthday photo dump includes her parents, Tiger Shroff's sister Krishna and BFF Mouni. See here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/disha-patani-birthday-photo-dump-includes-parents-tiger-shroff-sister-krishna-shroff-and-mouni-roy-2392453-2023-06-13 |magazine=India Today |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref> She is from a [[Hindu]] [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] [[Rajput]] background.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Madhureeta |date=28 January 2017 |title=Disha Patani: The only time I'm not shy is when I'm facing the camera |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Disha-Patani-The-only-time-Im-not-shy-is-when-Im-facing-the-camera/articleshow/53569765.cms |access-date=6 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706095854/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Disha-Patani-The-only-time-Im-not-shy-is-when-Im-facing-the-camera/articleshow/53569765.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Baaghi 3': Disha Patani stuns with her bold moves in the 'Do You Love Me?' song |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/baaghi-3-disha-patani-stuns-with-her-bold-moves-in-the-do-you-love-me-song-808347.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=26 February 2020 |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> Her father, Jagadish Singh Patani is a police officer and her mother is a health inspector. Her elder sister, Khushboo Patani served as a Major in the Indian Army and is a fitness coach-cum-entrepreneur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Khushboo Patani? Meet Disha Patani's beautiful sister who is serving as Indian Army officer |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-who-is-khushboo-patani-meet-disha-patani-beautiful-sister-who-works-for-indian-army-2874905 |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=DNA |date=13 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909202214/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-who-is-khushboo-patani-meet-disha-patani-beautiful-sister-who-works-for-indian-army-2874905 |url-status=live }}</ref> She also has a younger brother, Suryansh Patani.<ref>{{cite news |title=Disha Patani Introduces Her Army Officer Sister Khushboo in Instagram Post |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/disha-patani-introduces-her-army-officer-sister-khushboo-in-instagram-post-2109265.html |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=News18 |date=19 April 2019 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325132858/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/disha-patani-introduces-her-army-officer-sister-khushboo-in-instagram-post-2109265.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She left in 2nd year of engineering at Amity University, Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2018 |title=Disha Patani opens up about her journey from a Bareilly girl to a successful actress |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/disha-patani-opens-up-about-her-journey-from-a-bareilly-girl-to-a-successful-actress/19555194 |access-date=31 July 2020 |website=Mid-Day |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626134754/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/disha-patani-opens-up-about-her-journey-from-a-bareilly-girl-to-a-successful-actress/19555194 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was the first runner up of [[Pond's Femina Miss India-Earth|Pond's Femina Miss India]] [[Indore]] 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pond's Femina Miss India Indore 2013 Indore announces the winners – Beauty Pageants – Indiatimes |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/Ponds-Femina-Miss-India-Indore-2013-Indore-announces-the-winners/articleshow/17386901.cms |access-date=28 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 November 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728162614/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/Ponds-Femina-Miss-India-Indore-2013-Indore-announces-the-winners/articleshow/17386901.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Debut and early success (2015–2020) ===
Patani debuted with a Telugu film, ''[[Loafer (2015 film)|Loafer]]'' alongside [[Varun Tej]] in 2015. She plays the role of Mouni, a girl who runs from home to escape a forced marriage. Directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]] and produced by C. Kalyan under ''C.K. Entertainment'', the film was made on a budget of {{INR}}200 million and performed poorly at the box office with a lifetime collection of {{INR}}106 million. In the following year, Disha appeared in a music video, ''[[Befikra]]'' along with [[Tiger Shroff]] which was produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]] and [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] under [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] and composed by [[Meet Bros]]. Written and directed by [[Meet Bros]], the singer, Aditi Singh Sharma lent her voice.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dedhia |first1=Sonil |title=Tiger Shroff and Disha Patani's single 'Befikra' launched in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/tiger-shroff-and-disha-patanis-single-befikra-launched-in-mumbai/articleshow/52972702.cms |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=25 July 2016 |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504104921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/tiger-shroff-and-disha-patanis-single-befikra-launched-in-mumbai/articleshow/52972702.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Disha Patani promotes M.S. Dhoni – The Untold Story (05).jpg|thumb|Patani during promotion of ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'' in 2017]]

Patani found her commercial break with [[Neeraj Pandey]]'s ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'', a [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[sports film]] based on the life story of [[MS Dhoni]], the former captain of the [[India national cricket team|Indian Cricket Team]] along with [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] and [[Kiara Advani]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Disha-Patani-to-play-MS-Dhonis-ex-girlfriend/articleshow/50438302.cms |author=Sonil Dedhia |title=Disha Patani to play MS Dhoni's ex-girlfriend |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=9 May 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630112442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Disha-Patani-to-play-MS-Dhonis-ex-girlfriend/articleshow/50438302.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She plays the role of Priyanka Jha, the girlfriend of Rajput's character who dies in a car accident. Directed by [[Neeraj Pandey]], the film emerged as a major commercial success, earning over {{INRConvert|2.16|b}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-m-s-dhoni-untold-story/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of M.S. Dhoni – The Untold Story |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 October 2016 |access-date=9 May 2018 |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223230027/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-m-s-dhoni-untold-story/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' and [[Shubhra Gupta]] from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' both commended Patani on a strong debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/m-s-dhoni-the-untold-story/critic-review/m-s-dhoni-the-untold-story-movie-review/|title=The Untold Story Movie Review: MS Dhoni - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=30 September 2016 |access-date= 30 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ms-dhoni-the-untold-story-movie-review-sushant-singh-rajput-mahender-singh-dhoni-star-rating-3057240/lite/|title=MS Dhoni The Untold Story movie review: Sushant Singh Rajput's MSD is reduced to singing, romancing|website=TheIndianexpress|date=30 September 2016 |access-date= 30 September 2016}}</ref> At the [[IIFA Awards]], she won the [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female]]). She also featuredin [[Jackie Chan]]'s ''[[Kung Fu Yoga]]'', along with [[Sonu Sood]].<ref>[https://movie.douban.com/subject/26182910/ 功夫瑜伽] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720012456/https://movie.douban.com/subject/26182910/ |date=20 July 2019 }} Douban | Kungfu Yoga</ref>

Patani starred opposite [[Tiger Shroff]] in ''[[Baaghi 2]],'' the second instalment of the [[Baaghi (film series)|''Baaghi'' franchise]]. [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote, "Patani is a pretty sight all right but is only required to sleepwalk through her role".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baaghi-2-movie-review-tiger-shroff-roars-disha-patani-is-pretty-but-this-is-just-a-2-5-hour-stunt-sh-1830625|title=Baaghi 2 Movie Review: Tiger Shroff Roars, Disha Patani Is Pretty But This Is Just A 2.5-Hour Stunt Show|website=NDTV|access-date= 19 March 2019}}</ref> Grossing over {{INRConvert|258|c}} worldwide, the film ranks among the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Hindi films of 2018]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&year=2018|title = Top Hits 2018 - - Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/baaghi-2-worldwide-box-office-collection-tiger-shroff-and-disha-patanis-film-on-an-impressive-run/articleshow/63926676.cms |title='Baaghi 2' worldwide box-office collection: Tiger Shroff and Disha Patani's film on an impressive run |date=26 April 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626215354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/baaghi-2-worldwide-box-office-collection-tiger-shroff-and-disha-patanis-film-on-an-impressive-run/articleshow/63926676.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2018 |title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Baaghi 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-baaghi-2/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009211130/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-baaghi-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Patani appeared in a brief role in the action drama film ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]'' starring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/movies-to-look-forward-to/Salman-Khan-books-EID-2019-for-the-release-of-his-upcoming-film-Bharat/photostory/61196930.cms|title=Salman Khan books EID 2019 for the release of his upcoming film 'Bharat'|website=Times of India|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626183521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/movies-to-look-forward-to/Salman-Khan-books-EID-2019-for-the-release-of-his-upcoming-film-Bharat/photostory/61196930.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a commercial success and one of the year's highest grosser.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide Bollywood Hungama|access-date=7 July 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118064625/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/|url-status=live}}</ref> She began the new decade with [[Mohit Suri]]'s [[action thriller]] film ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]'' co-starring [[Aditya Roy Kapur]], [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Kunal Khemu]]. Writing for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote that she, "gets the most screen time ever she looks gorgeous and delivers a heart-warming performance".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/malang/critic-review/malang-movie-review/|title=Malang Movie Review: The Disha Patani – Aditya Roy Kapur starrer MALANG is high on style with good performances and thrilling moments but has an average storyline.|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=6 February 2020 |access-date= 6 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anil Kapoor to explore his negative side in Mohit Suri's next |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/anil-kapoor-to-explore-his-negative-side-in-mohit-suri-s-next-1459058-2019-02-18 |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=India Today |date=18 February 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307192927/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/anil-kapoor-to-explore-his-negative-side-in-mohit-suri-s-next-1459058-2019-02-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was a moderate commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/malang/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |title=Malang Box Office |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=7 February 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> The following month, she appeared in a song for the film ''[[Baaghi 3]],'' the third instalment of the ''Baaghi'' franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/baaghi-3-star-tiger-shroff-shares-sizzling-photo-disha-patani-upcoming-song/ |title=Baaghi 3 star Tiger Shroff shares sizzling photo of Disha Patani from upcoming song 'Do You' |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=26 February 2020 |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

===Commercial fluctuations and setbacks (2021–present)===
In 2021, Patani reunited with Salman Khan as the leading lady in [[Prabhu Deva]]'s ''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]'', which was delayed by a year due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Khan, family members test negative for COVID-19 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/salman-khan-family-members-test-negative-for-covid-19/article33140277.ece |access-date=24 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=20 November 2020 |language=en-IN |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123224856/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/salman-khan-family-members-test-negative-for-covid-19/article33140277.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released coinciding with [[Eid al-Fitr]], as [[Video on demand#Premium|premium video on demand]] on [[Zee Plex]] through [[ZEE5]]. Although the film had strong viewership on OTT, it was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=27 April 2021|title=SCOOP: Not just theatres, watch Salman Khan's Radhe on Zee Plex and TV for Rs. 249 in over 50 countries : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-not-just-theatres-watch-salman-khans-radhe-zee-plex-tv-rs-299-50-countries/|access-date=11 May 2021|language=en}}</ref> In 2022, Patani played a proxy killer in Mohit Suri's psychological thriller ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]'' opposite [[John Abraham]].<ref name="toi:evr">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ek-villain-returns-disha-patani-shares-a-picture-from-her-vanity-van-as-she-kick-starts-shooting-of-mohit-suris-next/articleshow/81267105.cms |title='Ek Villain Returns': Disha Patani shares a picture from her vanity van as she kick-starts shooting of Mohit Suri's next |date=1 March 2021 |access-date=1 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301045938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ek-villain-returns-disha-patani-shares-a-picture-from-her-vanity-van-as-she-kick-starts-shooting-of-mohit-suris-next/articleshow/81267105.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It underperformed commercially.<ref name="release date" >{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-starrer-ek-villain-returns-gets-new-release-date-hit-theatres-july-29/|title=John Abraham, Arjun Kapoor, Disha Patani, Tara Sutaria starrer Ek Villain Returns gets a new release date; to hit theatres on July 29|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=10 May 2022|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=10 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510150222/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-starrer-ek-villain-returns-gets-new-release-date-hit-theatres-july-29/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sukanya Vema of ''[[Rediff]]'' dismissed Patani's character as derivative.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ek-villain-returns-review/20220729.htm |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730151817/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ek-villain-returns-review/20220729.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In her first release of 2024, Patani played a terrorist disguised as an air hostess in the [[Sidharth Malhotra]]-starrer ''[[Yodha (2024 film)|Yodha]]'', which was too a delayed release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 December 2021|title=Disha Patani, Raashii Khanna to star opposite Sidharth Malhotra in action film Yodha|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/disha-patani-raashii-khanna-to-star-opposite-sidharth-malhotra-in-action-film-yodha-1889232-2021-12-18|access-date=18 December 2021|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/disha-patani-raashii-khanna-join-sidharth-malhotra-for-action-film-yodha-ready-to-take-off-7678786/|title=Disha Patani, Raashii Khanna 'ready to take off' with Sidharth Malhotra in action film Yodha|date=18 December 2021|work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' termed Patani a "potential action star", while praising her fight sequence, but added that her dialogues fail to make an impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/yodha-review-sidharth-malhotra-disha-patani-are-both-fighting-for-best-action#read-more|title=Yodha Review: Sidharth Malhotra-Disha Patani are both fighting for 'Best Action'|date=15 March 2024|work=The Quint|access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> The film emerged as a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yodha Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yodha-2/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|access-date=16 March 2024|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 March 2024|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316070700/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yodha-2/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year she had a brief role of Roxie which critics describing it as an "unnecessary" and "out of place" 10-minute cameo of Bhairava's love interest (played by [[Prabhas]]) in the Telugu film ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kalki-2898-ad-audience-questions-disha-patanis-casting-scenes-with-prabhas-stir-debate/amp_articleshow/111305613.cms|title='Kalki 2898 AD': Audience questions Disha Patani's casting; say her scenes with Prabhas were 'only issue' with the Nag Ashwin film|website=Timesofindia|access-date= 27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2024 |title=Prabhas and Disha Patani shoot for a song from Kalki 2898 AD in Italy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/prabhas-and-disha-patani-shoot-for-a-song-from-kalki-2898-ad-in-italy-101709797065429.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308132145/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/prabhas-and-disha-patani-shoot-for-a-song-from-kalki-2898-ad-in-italy-101709797065429.html |archive-date=8 March 2024 |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The film was a major success commercially earning over {{INR convert|12|b}}, emerging as the year's [[List of Indian films of 2024|highest-grossing Indian film]] and Patani's first success since ''Malang''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kalki 2898 AD' crosses Rs 800 crore mark at global box-office |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalki-2898-ad-crosses-rs-800-crore-mark-at-global-box-office/article68374479.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI |date=6 July 2024 |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707011705/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalki-2898-ad-crosses-rs-800-crore-mark-at-global-box-office/article68374479.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawal |first=Sugandha |date=17 July 2024 |title=Box office report card: Indian films score ₹5000 crore; Kalki 2898 AD emerges as the winner |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-report-card-indian-films-score-5000-crore-kalki-2898-ad-emerges-as-the-winner-101721206930258.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref> Following this, she expanded to [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films with ''[[Kanguva]]'', playing a bounty hunter opposite [[Suriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/disha-patani-reveals-suriya-42-has-larger-than-life-elements-says-she-is-excited-to-be-part-of-the-pan-india-movie-1998501-2022-09-09 |title="Disha Patani reveals Suriya 42 has 'larger-than-life elements', says she is excited to be part of the pan-India movie" |date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909193331/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/disha-patani-reveals-suriya-42-has-larger-than-life-elements-says-she-is-excited-to-be-part-of-the-pan-india-movie-1998501-2022-09-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews with criticism for her "insignificant part" from ''[[India Today]]''<nowiki/>'s Janani K.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Kanguva review: Suriya-starrer has great ideas, but sub-par execution spoils it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kanguva-movie-review-suriya-bobby-deol-rating-sub-par-execution-2633154-2024-11-14 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HT Rewind: From Kanguva to Bade Miyan Chote Miyan, big-budget Indian films that failed at the box office in 2024
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/ht-rewind-from-kanguva-to-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-big-budget-indian-films-that-failed-at-the-box-office-in-2024-101735214910124.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 December 2024|archive-date=30 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230123607/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/ht-rewind-from-kanguva-to-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-big-budget-indian-films-that-failed-at-the-box-office-in-2024-101735214910124.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

After no release in 2025, she briefly appeared in [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] ensemble romantic action ''[[O'Romeo]]'' starrer [[Shahid Kapoor]] where she played Julie a dancer which felt unnecessarily and fail to leave a mark.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |title=Disha Patani, Shahid Kapoor add firepower to O'Romeo with Aashiqon Ki Colony song|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/disha-patani-shahid-kapoor-bring-firepower-to-o-romeo-with-aashiqon-ki-colony-song-2858379-2026-01-27 |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=O'Romeo Review: Shahid Kapoor Film Is Vivid, Visceral And Visually Varied |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/oromeo-review-shahid-kapoor-film-is-vivid-visceral-and-visually-varied-3-5-stars-10998741 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> She will next star in [[Emraan Hashmi]]'s romantic drama ''Awarapan 2'' a sequel which is scheduled to release in April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Shachi |date=9 September 2025 |url=https://www.news18.com//movies/bollywood/disha-patani-joins-emraan-hashmi-as-female-lead-in-awarapan-sequel-report-ws-l-9560278.html |title=Disha Patani Joins Emraan Hashmi As Female Lead In Awarapan Sequel |work=News 18 |access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref>

== Other work and media image ==
Critics have frequently noted that Patani's roles in many of her films are often "insignificant," characterized by limited screen time, a focus on her physical appearance, and little to no emotional depth. While she is recognized for her impressive fitness, dance skills, and screen presence, she has been described as a "starlet" or "eye candy" in several high-profile projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-never-aim-to-be-superstar-disha-patani-4450357/lite/|title=I never aim to be a superstar: Disha Patani|website=Theindianexpress|access-date= 29 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/disha-patani-5164537/lite/|title=Disha Patani: I am not someone who likes to compete with actors in the industry|website=Indianexpress|access-date= 5 May 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Disha Patani grace the launch of Arth restaurant (01) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Patani in 2018]]

Patani was placed fifth in the list of most searched celebrities on [[Google]] of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sushant Singh Rajput, Disha Patani were the most searched celebrities and Sultan was the most searched film on Google in 2016|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=12 January 2017|access-date=15 January 2017|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sushant-singh-rajput-disha-patani-searched-celebrities-sultan-searched-film-google-2016/|archive-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115084635/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/sushant-singh-rajput-disha-patani-searched-celebrities-sultan-searched-film-google-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> She is one of the most followed celebrities on social media with over 57.5 million [[Instagram]] followers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disha Patani shares breathtaking pics as she reaches 50 million followers on Instagram|work=Firstpost|date=13 April 2022|access-date=15 April 2022|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/disha-patani-shares-breathtaking-pics-as-she-reaches-50-million-followers-on-instagram-10550441.html/amp|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414165924/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/disha-patani-shares-breathtaking-pics-as-she-reaches-50-million-followers-on-instagram-10550441.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Patani appeared in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]] list, ranking 43rd with an estimated annual income of {{INRConvert|58.0|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/all |title=2019 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/all |url-status=live }}</ref>

Patani has frequently featured in [[The Times of India|''Times''{{'}} 50 Most Desirable Woman]] list. She ranked 19th in 2017 and 9th in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-divas/articleshow/69468095.cms |title=Meet India's most desirable divas |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814190648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-divas/articleshow/69468095.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Patani was named the [[The Times of India|Times' Most Desirable Woman]] in 2019 and ranked 3rd in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/disha-patani-tops-times-50-050342584.html |title=Disha Patani tops 50 Most Desirable Women 2019 list |date=29 August 2020 |publisher=ANI |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055123/https://news.yahoo.com/disha-patani-tops-times-50-050342584.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.instantbollywood.com/2021/06/08/top-50-most-desirable-women-in-india-2020/ |title=Rhea Chakraborty Ranks 1st On 50 Most Desirable Women 2020; Check Out TOP 10! |date=8 June 2021 |publisher=instantbollywood |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923034805/https://www.instantbollywood.com/2021/06/08/top-50-most-desirable-women-in-india-2020/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Patani is a prominent celebrity endorser for brands and products including [[Joy Global|Joy]] personal care, [[Bata Corporation|Bata]] footwears and [[Fossil Group|Fossil]] watches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joy personal care appoints Disha Patani as its brand ambassador |work=Live Mint |date=16 March 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/joy-personal-care-appoints-disha-patani-as-brand-ambassador-11678961435642.html |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062639/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/joy-personal-care-appoints-disha-patani-as-brand-ambassador/amp-11678961435642.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bata names Disha Patani as its new brand ambassador! |work=Financial Express |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=29 December 2022 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-bata-names-disha-patani-as-its-brand-ambassador-2426476/lite/ |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064142/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-bata-names-disha-patani-as-its-brand-ambassador-2426476/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fossil India ropes in Disha Patani as brand ambassador |work=Economics Times |access-date=28 November 2021 |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/fossil-india-ropes-in-disha-patani-as-brand-ambassador/76888720 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923090208/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/fossil-india-ropes-in-disha-patani-as-brand-ambassador/76888720 |url-status=live }}</ref> Patani has performed at the opening ceremony of the [[2017 Indian Premier League]], in [[Indore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2017 set for a short but sizzling opening ceremony|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/ipl-2017/ipl-2017-set-for-a-short-but-sizzling-opening-ceremony/story-QF4Lnqp87WwEg1Cdh1tnfI.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=4 April 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407050246/http://www.hindustantimes.com/ipl-2017/ipl-2017-set-for-a-short-but-sizzling-opening-ceremony/story-QF4Lnqp87WwEg1Cdh1tnfI.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Showstopping performances adorn opening ceremony|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/showstopping-performances-adorn-opening-ceremony/articleshow/58087387.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> In March 2023, Patani performed in various cities in the [[United States]] for "The Entertainers" tour, alongside [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Mouni Roy]], [[Nora Fatehi]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]], [[Stebin Ben]], and Zahrah S Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disha Patani sets the stage on FIRE with her electrifying performance at The Entertainers Tour in Dallas |work=Times Now |date=10 March 2023 |access-date=12 March 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/disha-patani-sets-the-stage-on-fire-with-her-electrifying-performance-at-the-entertainers-tour-in-dallas-watch-bollywood-news-article-98536259/amp |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311005806/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/disha-patani-sets-the-stage-on-fire-with-her-electrifying-performance-at-the-entertainers-tour-in-dallas-watch-bollywood-news-article-98536259/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Akshay Kumar-led The Entertainers tour with Mouni Roy, Disha Patani and Sonam Bajwa |work=Indian Express |date=5 March 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/inside-akshay-kumar-led-the-entertainers-tour-with-mouni-roy-disha-patani-and-sonam-bajwa-8480502/ |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309201223/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/inside-akshay-kumar-led-the-entertainers-tour-with-mouni-roy-disha-patani-and-sonam-bajwa-8480502/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Patani also performed at the opening ceremony of the [[2025 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=22 March 2025 |title=IPL 2025: Disha Patani's sizzling dance to 'Arey Pagol Hoye Jabo Ami' lights up opening ceremony |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ipl-2025-disha-patanis-sizzling-dance-to-arey-pagol-hoye-jabo-ami-lights-up-opening-ceremony-watch-9271289.html |work=News18 |access-date=23 March 2025}}</ref> In 2024, Patani was placed 21st on [[IMDb]]'s List of 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars.<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=29 August 2024 |title=Deepika Padukone, Shah Rukh Khan Top IMDb's List of Most Viewed Indian Stars |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122092159/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |archive-date=22 November 2024 |website=Variety |date=29 May 2024 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
=== Films ===
* ''All films are in [[Hindi film|Hindi]] unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Loafer (2015 film)|Loafer]]''
| Mouni / Parijatam
| [[Telugu film]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2016
| ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''
| Priyanka Jha
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Kung Fu Yoga]]''
| Ashmita
| [[Chinese film]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome to New York]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Baaghi 2]]''
| Neha Rawat
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/baaghi-2-tiger-shroff-and-disha-patani-look-uber-hot-wrapping-up-schedule-4862514/lite/ |title=Baaghi 2: Tiger Shroff and Disha Patani look uber-hot while wrapping up the film's first schedule |work=The Indian Express |date=26 September 2017 |access-date=26 September 2017 |archive-date=26 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926171829/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/baaghi-2-tiger-shroff-and-disha-patani-look-uber-hot-wrapping-up-schedule-4862514/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''
| Radha Mathur
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-disha-patani-on-accepting-a-small-role-in-bharat-ill-never-get-to-work-with-salman-khan-3672700/ |title=Disha Patani on Accepting a Small Role in Bharat: I'll Never Get to Work With Salman Khan |work=India.com |date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906230152/https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-disha-patani-on-accepting-a-small-role-in-bharat-ill-never-get-to-work-with-salman-khan-3672700/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''
| Sara Nambiar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapur-disha-patani-malang-shoot-begins-5629560/lite/ |title=Aditya Roy Kapur and Disha Patani starrer Malang goes on floor |work=The Indian Express |date=16 March 2019 |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407130802/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapur-disha-patani-malang-shoot-begins-5629560/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Baaghi 3]]''
| Bar dancer
| Special appearance in the song "Do You Love Me"
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/baaghi-3-star-tiger-shroff-shares-sizzling-photo-disha-patani-upcoming-song/ |title=Baaghi 3 star Tiger Shroff shares sizzling photo of Disha Patani from upcoming song 'Do You' |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 February 2020 |access-date=26 February 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226050006/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/baaghi-3-star-tiger-shroff-shares-sizzling-photo-disha-patani-upcoming-song/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]''
| Diya Abhyankar
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/disha-patani-wraps-shoot-radhe-shares-picture-girl-gang/ |title=Disha Patani wraps up the shoot of Radhe; shares picture with her girl gang |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=12 October 2020 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118010404/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/disha-patani-wraps-shoot-radhe-shares-picture-girl-gang/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]''
| Rasika Mapuskar
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/disha-patani-starts-shooting-for-ek-villain-returns-krishna-shroff-says-all-the-best-1774156-2021-03-01 |title=Disha Patani starts shooting for Ek Villain Returns, Krishna Shroff says all the best |work=India Today |date=1 March 2021 |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302031150/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/disha-patani-starts-shooting-for-ek-villain-returns-krishna-shroff-says-all-the-best-1774156-2021-03-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Disha Patani wraps up Ek Villain Returns, see photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/disha-patani-wraps-up-ek-villain-returns-see-photos-7782598/lite/ |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 February 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305083218/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/disha-patani-wraps-up-ek-villain-returns-see-photos-7782598/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024
|''[[Yodha (2024 film)|Yodha]]''
|Laila Khalid
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/disha-patani-finishes-filming-for-yodha/article38047245.ece/ |title=Disha Patani finishes filming for 'Yodha |work=The Hindu |date=27 December 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229213441/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/disha-patani-finishes-filming-for-yodha/article38047245.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| Roxie
| Telugu film
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Disha Patani joins Prabhas and Deepika Padukone on Project K! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/disha-patani-joins-prabhas-deepika-padukone-project-k/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508075703/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/disha-patani-joins-prabhas-deepika-padukone-project-k/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kanguva]]''
| Angelina
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=16 April 2023 |title=Suriya, Disha Patani's Suriya 42 is titled Kanguva, film to release in 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-disha-patanis-suriya-42-is-titled-kanguva-film-to-release-in-2024-watch-intense-teaser-2360661-2023-04-16 |magazine=India Today |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416043323/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-disha-patanis-suriya-42-is-titled-kanguva-film-to-release-in-2024-watch-intense-teaser-2360661-2023-04-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2026
| ''[[O'Romeo]]''
| Julie
| Cameo appearance
| <ref>{{cite web |date=2 July 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shahid-kapoor-and-disha-patani-to-set-the-stage-on-fire-with-two-energetic-dance-numbers-in-vishal-bhardwajs-upcoming-film-reports/articleshow/122205192.cms |title=Shahid Kapoor and Disha Patani to set the stage on fire with two energetic dance numbers in Vishal Bhardwaj's upcoming film |work=The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Holiguards Saga — The Portal of Force]]''
| {{TableTBA}}
| [[English language|English]] film
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=27 May 2025 |title=Kevin Spacey Directed a Supernatural Action-Thriller in Which He Stars Alongside Dolph Lundgren, Tyrese Gibson and Eric Roberts (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/kevin-spacey-directed-action-thriller-holiguards-1236407908/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Awarapan 2}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Post-production
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Shachi |date=9 September 2025 |url=https://www.news18.com//movies/bollywood/disha-patani-joins-emraan-hashmi-as-female-lead-in-awarapan-sequel-report-ws-l-9560278.html |title=Disha Patani Joins Emraan Hashmi As Female Lead In Awarapan Sequel |work=News 18 |access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Welcome to the Jungle}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Post-production
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Juneja |first=Apeksha |date=13 December 2023 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/welcome-to-the-jungle-exclusive-disha-patani-commences-shoot-for-akshay-kumar-starrer-adventure-comedy-1264623 |title=Welcome To The Jungle EXCLUSIVE: Disha Patani commences shoot for Akshay Kumar starrer adventure comedy |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>
|}

=== Television shows ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
|2025
|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood|The B***ds of Bollywood]]''
| Herself
| Cameo Appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bads Of Bollywood Trailer: How Many Celeb Cameos Did You Spot? |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/web-series/the-bads-of-bollywood-trailer-lauched-celeb-cameos-include-srk-aamir-khan-disha-patani-ss-rajamouli-ws-l-9558870.html |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |2017
| rowspan="2"|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Drama Film – Female
| rowspan="7" |''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Disha-Patani/awards |title=Disha Patani awards and nominations |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 November 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107070328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Disha-Patani/awards |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Most Entertaining Actor Debut – Female
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Stardust Awards]]
|[[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stardust-awards-2017-complete-list-of-winners-1646577 |title=Stardust Awards 2017: Complete List of Winners |work=Ndtv.com |access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Best Debut (Female)
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[18th IIFA Awards|International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Star Debut of the Year – Female]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-iifa-awards-2017-shahid-kapoor-to-disha-patani-here-s-the-complete-list-of-winners-2503941 |title=IIFA Awards 2017 {{!}} Shahid Kapoor to Disha Patani: Here's the complete list of winners! |date=16 July 2017 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |access-date=9 May 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509175343/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-iifa-awards-2017-shahid-kapoor-to-disha-patani-here-s-the-complete-list-of-winners-2503941 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/18th-iifa-awards-2017-list-of-nominations-1723760 |title=18th IIFA Awards 2017: List Of Nominations |website=NDTV |date=12 July 2017 |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716052112/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/18th-iifa-awards-2017-list-of-nominations-1723760 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/star-screen-awards-2016-winners-amitabh-bachchan-starrer-pink-bags-four-awards-alia-bhatt-receives-best-actress-see-pics4410957/lite/|title=Star Screen Awards 2016 winners: Amitabh Bachchan-starrer Pink bags four awards, Alia Bhatt receives best actress|website=Indianexpress|date=5 December 2016|access-date=5 December 2016|archive-date=5 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205185947/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/star-screen-awards-2016-winners-amitabh-bachchan-starrer-pink-bags-four-awards-alia-bhatt-receives-best-actress-see-pics4410957/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|rowspan="3"|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
|Stylish Mould Breaking Star Female
|{{N/A}}
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php | title=Complete List of Winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | access-date=8 June 2023 | archive-date=14 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Most Stylish Trendsetter
|{{N/A}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Stylish Glam Star
|{{N/A}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]]
|Glamorous Trendsetter of the Year
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865%3famp|title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170556/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865?amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| rowspan="2"| [[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]
| Most Stylish Game Changer
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Juneja |first1=Apeksha |date=19 March 2024 |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Complete list of winners ft. Kiara Advani, Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517 |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| Most Stylish Glam Star
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards 2025: Complete list of winners ft. Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar, Kajol, Shahid Kapoor and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-2025-complete-list-of-winners-ft-ananya-panday-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-kajol-shahid-kapoor-and-more-1379543?amp |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |date=28 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Disha Patani
|d = yes
|d-search = Q22007335
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Films
|portal4 = Music
}}

{{IIFAAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{ScreenAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patani, Disha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kumaoni people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Age controversies]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Bentinck School, Vepery

2026-02-21T08:40:38Z

Manoj: Adding new info w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| image =
| picture_caption =
| website = {{URL|bentinckschool.edu.in}}
| name = Bentinck Higher Secondary School
| former_name = London Mission School, Mrs. W Porter’s School
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| established = {{start date and age|1837}}
| type = Government Aided, Private School
| faculty =
| founder = Anna Drew of the [[London Missionary Society]]
| principal =
| enrollment =
| affiliation = [[Government of Tamilnadu]]
| campus_size =
| address = 2, Jermiah Rd, Vepery, Periyamet
| postal_code = 600007
| city = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0862|N|80.2605|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| colors =
| publication =
| houses = Diamonds, Emeralds, Rubies, Sapphires
| mascot =
| information =
| district = Association of St Christopher's College of Education
}}

[[File:Mrs. W. Porter's Girls' Shools at Madras (Bentinck Higher Secondary School, Vepery), (87, 1847) - Copy.jpg|thumb|260px|Mrs. W. Porter's Girls' Schools at Madras (1847, p.87)<ref name="MissionaryRepository1847">{{cite journal |date=1847 |title=Mrs. W. Porter's Girls' Schools at Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FkEAAAAQAAJ |journal=The Missionary Repository for Youth, and Sunday School Missionary Magazine |location=Paternoster Row, London |publisher=John Snow |volume=IX |page=87 |access-date=6 November 2015}}</ref>]]
[[File:Mrs. Porter's School at Vizagapatam (1849, p.82) - Copy.jpg|thumb|260px|Mrs. Porter's School at Vizagapatam (1849, p.82)<ref name=MissionaryRepository1849>{{cite journal|title=Mrs. Porter's School at Vizagapatam|journal=The Missionary Repository for Youth, and Sunday School Missionary Magazine|date=1847|volume=XI|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FkEAAAAQAAJ|access-date=6 November 2015|publisher=John Snow|location=Paternoster Row, London}}</ref>]]
[[File:Mrs. Corbold's Girls' School, Madras (LMS, 1869, p.58).jpg|thumb|260px|Mrs. Corbold's Girls' School, Madras ([[London Missionary Society|LMS]], 1869, p.58)<ref name="Fruits-LMS">{{cite book|editor1-last=London Missionary Society|title=Fruits of Toil in the London Missionary Society|date=1869|publisher=John Snow & Co.|location=London|page=58|url=https://archive.org/details/fruitsoftoilinth17115gut|access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref>]]
[[File:School-House, Cuddapah (LMS, 1869, p.16).jpg|thumb|260px|London Mission School-House, Cuddapah ([[London Missionary Society|LMS]], 1869, p.16)<ref name="Fruits-LMS" />]]

The '''Bentinck Higher Secondary School''' is located on Jermiah Road, [[Vepery, Chennai]], near the Vepery Police Station. The school is considered to be one of Chennai's best girls' schools and is aided by Government of Tamilnadu. The school offers education to girls in English, Tamil and Telugu mediums till class 10. English and Tamil medium in class 11 and 12. The school is also known as simply the Bentinck School or Bentinck Vepery.<ref name=EduRaft>{{cite web|title=Bentinck Higher Secondary Girls School|url=http://eduraft.com/school/Chennai/Vepery/Bentinck+Higher+Secondary+Girls+School/10077/about_the_school|website=EduRaft|access-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> The school is 185 years old. Started in 1837 with just 21 students, the school now has more than 2000 students.<ref name=Hindu /><ref name="South India Teacherss Union 1934 p. 160">{{cite book | author=South India Teachers's Union | title=Jubilee Yearbook and Educational Directory of Madras | year=1934 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEuBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA160 | access-date=27 Jul 2023 | page=160}}</ref><ref name="Weber 2011 p. 197">{{cite book | last=Weber | first=T. | title=Going Native | publisher=Roli Books | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-7436-992-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KC5hBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT197 | access-date=27 Jul 2023 | page=197}}</ref>

==History==
The school was established in 1837, by Mrs. Anna Drew, a missionary of the [[London Missionary Society]], posted in the [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]. Anna Drew (née Sheridan), was the widow of Rev. William Hoyles Drew, who died from [[cholera]] in [[Pulicat]], and cousin of English playwright [[Richard Brinsley Sheridan]].<ref name=Swamidhas>{{cite web|last1=Swamidhas|first1=K|title=Church History|url=http://98.130.118.56/projects/christian/csi-missionary-chapel-founded.htm|website=CSI Missionary Chapel|access-date=7 November 2015|date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208140118/http://98.130.118.56/projects/christian/csi-missionary-chapel-founded.htm|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Brockway>{{cite book|last1=Brockway|first1=K Nora|title=A Tribute to Mrs W.H. Drew (nee Anna Sheridan), Founder of Bentinck School, Madras, and to Her Husband, the Rev. W.H. Drew|date=1965|publisher=Bentinck Girls' High School|location=Madras|pages=26|url=https://library.soas.ac.uk/Record/287071|access-date=7 November 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065432/https://library.soas.ac.uk/Record/287071|url-status=dead}}</ref> The institution started with just 21 orphans, who were housed in a bungalow. Then known as the London Mission School, the main units taught were needle work and scriptures. At one stage, Mrs. W Porter became the head mistress, and made many improvements, such that the school came to be known as Mrs. W Porter's School. In 1852, the school moved to its campus on Jermiah Road. In 1915, the school was renamed as the Bentinck School, in honour of [[Lord William Bentinck]], [[Governor General of India]]. Another prominent head mistresses was [[Marjorie Sykes]], a [[Gandhian]] who served the school between 1930 and 1939, before leaving the school to join the [[Shantiniketan]].<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|last1=Sridhar|first1=Asha|title=From 21 students to 2,000|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-21-students-to-2000/article4326537.ece|access-date=6 November 2015|agency=The Hindu|issue=Chennai|date=21 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=Sathiyam>{{cite web|last1=Sathiyam Tamil News|title=178 annual day of Bentinck girl's higher secondary school: Chennai|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fx6BVrSzB0s|website=YouTube|access-date=6 November 2015|date=10 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=Dart>{{cite book|last1=Dart|first1=Martha|title=Marjorie Sykes: Quaker - Gandhian|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Sessions Book Trust|page=19|isbn=9781850721253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_M0mAQAAIAAJ&q=bentinck+school+madras|access-date=6 November 2015}}</ref>

==Recognition and education==
Since its inception, the school had a policy of admitting girls from low caste and poor families.<ref name=GandhiMarg>{{cite journal|title=Marjorie Sykes|journal=Gandhi Marg|date=2003|volume=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM8-AQAAIAAJ&q=bentinck+school+madras|access-date=6 November 2015|publisher=[[Gandhi Peace Foundation]]|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> In 1898, the school was granted recognition as a high school, and in 1899, the first student was admitted to college. In 1978, the school became a higher secondary school (offering Year 11 and Year 12). The Bentinck School once offered Education in English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]], the main languages of the [[Madras Presidency]]. There were special hostels for students coming from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Meghalaya]]. However, it now offers only English Medium Education. Once it was a challenge to get girls to continue their education, due to the high level of dropouts. The situation has now changed, with the school being favored for its quality of education.<ref name="ChennaiPlus">{{cite news |date=26 January 2013 |title=Achievements Of Bentinck School Students |agency=Chennai Plus |url=http://chennaiplus.net/?p=7403 |access-date=6 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Hindu />

==Mrs. William Porter==
Mrs. William Porter took over as the Head Mistress of the London Mission School in the 1840s. This was the time when the women did not have equal status in Indian society. Mrs. Porter reporting on the condition of women in [[British India]] in 'The Missionary Repository for Youth, and Sunday School Missionary Magazine', explains, how women could not come in front of men, and female infanticide being common. Mrs. Porter also had trouble getting higher caste people in getting to send their girls to school, as they did want their children to study with lower caste pupils. Later Mrs. Porter also helped in running another school at [[Vizagapatam]]. A sketch of the London Mission school appeared in the magazine in 1847.<ref name=MissionaryRepository1847 /><ref name=MissionaryRepository1849 /><ref name=MissionaryRepository1848>{{cite journal|title=Girls' School in India|journal=The Missionary Repository for Youth, and Sunday School Missionary Magazine|date=1848|volume=X|page=152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FkEAAAAQAAJ|access-date=6 November 2015|publisher=John Snow|location=Paternoster Row, London}}</ref>

As reported in 'The Missionary Magazine and Chronicle' in 1843, the Native Female Boarding School was superintended by Mrs. William Porter. The enrollments of the number of native children had increased considerably since its inception. In 1843, there were 50 girls who were provided boarding, clothing, food and education. The education was mainly in the vernacular languages, however English was also being taught.<ref name=November1843>{{cite journal|title=Native Female Boarding School at Madras|journal=The Missionary Magazine and Chronicle|date=November 1843|volume=VII|issue=XC|page=177|url=https://archive.org/details/missionarymagazi9018lond|access-date=6 November 2015|publisher=London Missionary Society}}</ref>

==Marjorie Sykes==
{{main|Marjorie Sykes}}
Marjorie Sykes (1905-1995) was born in [[Mexborough, Yorkshire]], England on 11 May 1905, as the daughter of a village schoolmaster.<ref name=wanmec>{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=J. S. |date=9 December 2014 |title=Marjorie Sykes |url=http://www.toxipedia.org/display/wanmec/Marjorie+Sykes |website=WANMEC (Washington Nuclear Museum and Educational Center) |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030338/http://www.toxipedia.org/display/wanmec/Marjorie+Sykes |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Sykes was nine years old when the [[World War I|First World War]] broke out, forcing a beloved teacher, who happened to be German, to leave her position.<ref name=macdonald10>"Marjorie Sykes (1905-1995)" (Chapter 4, pp. 121-147) in {{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Sharon M. H. |title=Neither Memsahibs nor Missionaries: Western Women who Supported the Indian Independence Movement |date=2010 |publisher=University of New Brunswick (Department of History) |location=New Brunswick, Canada |isbn=9780494827642|oclc=896786575}}</ref>{{rp|123}} Benefiting from a scholarship, Sykes began college studies in 1923 at [[Newnham College, Cambridge]]. There she heard of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] from the many Indian students.<ref name=renga05>{{cite news |last1=Rengarajan |first1=La. Su. |title=A Gandhian Life |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2005/07/24/stories/2005072400130400.htm |access-date=9 July 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 July 2006}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Sykes came to [[Chennai|Madras]] (now called Chennai) in 1928 to serve as a teacher at the Bentinck School, remaining a resident of India for more than 60 years. She contributed enormous effort to advancing new forms of education advocated by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=renga05/> In late 1928, a talk by [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] inspired Sykes' interest in participating in the independence movement.<ref name=renga05/> Late in 1938, she met both [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (traveling to his school at [[Shantiniketan]]) and [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (traveling to his ashram at [[Sevagram]]).<ref name=renga05/> Beginning in 1939 she joined Santiniketan, working closely with Tagore and becoming acquainted with [[Charles Freer Andrews|C.F. Andrews]], later in 1944-46 holding the C.F. Andrews Memorial Chair at Santiniketan while working on Andrews' biography.<ref name=renga05/>

In 1945, Gandhi invited Sykes to join his team working on [[Nai Talim]] (New Education), and she later became Principal of Gandhi's Basic Education Programme at Sevagram. In the 1960s Sykes served in efforts to bring peace in [[Nagaland]], as well as living and conducting [[nonviolence]] training in [[Kotagiri]] in the [[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiris Hills]], and becoming increasingly active among Quakers, at [[Rasulia]] ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) as well as outside India.<ref name=renga05/>

After an illness, at age 85 years, Sykes moved in 1991 from India to Swarthmore, a Quaker residential home in [[Buckinghamshire]], England, where she remained until her death on 17 August 1995.<ref name=renga05/><ref name=historyorbsykes>{{cite web |last1=Anonymous |title=Famous Deaths for August 1995 |url=http://www.historyorb.com/deaths/date/1995/august |website=HistoryOrb |access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref>

===Marjorie Sykes at the Bentinck School===
In May 1928, Marjorie Sykes was requested to take up work as a teacher at the Bentinck School, which was run by the [[London Missionary Society]], and left England in October 1928. At that time the Bentinck School had only 350 girl students, and was being run like a family institution. Even though, it was a Christian school, education was being imparted to all sections of society irrespective of caste or religion. Further, the school taught children in their own mother tongue (Tamil and Telugu), rather than English. After joining, Marjorie broke norms by interacting closely with the natives, wearing [[khadi]], traveling in native buses, riding bicycles and choosing to be a vegetarian. Marjorie soon learnt and mastered the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (later on she also learnt Bengali and Hindi). In 1930, Marjorie was appointed as the Principal of the Bentinck School after the resignation of Alice Varley after her marriage to Quaker Ted Barnes. Alice and Marjorie remained friends for life.<ref name=Weber>{{cite book|last1=Weber|first1=Thomas|title=Going Native: Gandhi's Relationship with Western Women|date=1 February 2011|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788174369925|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KC5hBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT270|access-date=6 November 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Church of South India schools]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Schools in Chennai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1837]]
[[Category:1837 establishments in India]]

Great Himalaya Trail

2026-02-19T04:10:37Z

Manoj: New

{{short description|Long-distance hiking trail}}
{{Infobox hiking trail
|name=Great Himalaya Trail
|photo=Nepal's_Mountain_area_with_sign.jpg
|caption=The Great Himalaya Trail passing through Nepal
|location=[[Himalayas]]: [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]]
|designation=
|length= {{convert|4500|km|mi}}
|trailheads=
|use=Hiking
|elev_change=
|highest_name=Sherpani Col, Nepal
|highest_m=6160
|lowest=
|difficulty=Strenuous
|season=
|sights=
|hazards=[[Severe weather]], [[altitude sickness]]
|map=
|map_name=Map overview
|map_size=265px
}}
The '''Great Himalaya Trail''' is a route across the [[Himalayas]] from east to west. The original concept was to establish a single long distance trekking trail from the east end to the west end of Nepal that includes a total of roughly {{convert|1,700|km}} of path. There is a proposed trail of more than {{convert|4500|km}} stretching the length of the [[Great Himalaya|Greater Himalaya range]] from [[Nanga Parbat]] in [[Pakistan]] to [[Namche Barwa]] in [[Tibet]] thus passing through, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet. Although an actual continuous route is currently only a concept, if completed it would be the longest and highest alpine hiking track in the world.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

In November 2014, cross-country hikes of Nepal and Bhutan sections have been undertaken by a well-funded international [[non-governmental organization]]. It visits some of the most remote communities on earth, passing through the diverse landscapes including valleys and plateaus. Nepal's GHT has 10 sections comprising a network of upper and lower routes. The GHT (so-called upper and lower) can be roughly mapped out through existing routes, but these routes may not provide a continuous and uninterrupted trail.

==Introduction==
The proposed trail links together a range of the less explored tourism destinations of Nepal's mountain region.<ref name="junu11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greathimalayatrails.com/|title=Great Himalaya Trails :: Trekking, hiking and walking in Nepal|website=Great Himalaya Trails}}</ref>

The trekking route crosses both well-known areas as well as other lesser-known sites that are very poor but have enormous tourism potential. The purpose of developing the trail was to promote socioeconomic benefits to mountain communities. The Great Himalaya Trail covers 16 districts, ranging from Dolpa that connects with the Tibetan plateau, to Darchula, which borders India. Trekking in Nepal is a major attraction for tourists, but popular destinations have been limited to the regions of Solukhumbu, Everest, Annapurna and Langtang.

The route offers diversity in terms of landscapes, flora and fauna, people and culture: from [[snow leopards]] to [[red pandas]]; from sub-tropical jungle to fragile high-altitude eco-systems; from the famous Sherpas, to Shamanism, to the ancient Bön Buddhist culture in Dolpa.

==History==
The formation of a trail along the [[Himalayas#Greater Himalaya|Greater Himalaya Range]] was precluded by access restrictions to certain areas in Nepal, Tibet and Bhutan requiring detours into the mid-hills away from the Greater Himalaya Range. These access restrictions were eased or lifted, and in 2002, with further restrictions being lifted in border areas of Nepal, it became feasible for the first time.
Many expeditions have walked great distances across the Himalaya including:

===1980s===
* 1981: [[Peter Hillary]] (son of Sir Edmund), Chhewang Tashi and Graeme Dingle walked from [[Sikkim]] to the [[Karakoram]].
* 1981–82: Hugh Swift and [[Arlene Blum]] completed a nine-month traverse from [[Bhutan]] to [[Ladakh]] in [[India]].
* 1983: British brothers Richard and [[Adrian Crane]] ran the Himalayas, from [[Kanchenjunga]] to [[Nanga Parbat]] in less than 100 days. The route required a large deviation from the Great Himalaya Range to cross the Nepal-India border.

===1990s===
* 1990: Sorrell Wilby and Chris Ciantar made a traverse from [[Kashmir]] to [[Arunachal Pradesh]].
* 1992: [[Brandon Wilson (writer)|Brandon Wilson]] and Cheryl Wilson trekked 1,000 km on horseback from Lhasa, [[Tibet]] to [[Kathmandu, Nepal]] over 40 days. The Tibet border re-opened to travelers a day before their journey began. Their adventure/peace trek is documented in the book Yak Butter Blues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pilgrimstales.com/yakbutterblues.html|title=Pilgrims tales Resources and Information.|website=www.pilgrimstales.com}}</ref>
* 1994: From October 21 to December 1, 1994, French runners Paul-Eric Bonneau and Bruno Poirier clocked up 2,100 km and 55,000 meters of altitude, crossing from East to West, from Pashupatinagar to Mahakali, traversing in sometimes difficult weather conditions.
* 1997: Alexandre Poussin and [[Sylvain Tesson]] walked a 5,000 km route from Bhutan to [[Tajikistan]]. They completed it in roughly six months.

===2000s===
* 2003: [[Rosie Swale-Pope]] ran the length of Nepal in the mid-hills and Great Himalaya range with a support team, covering an estimated 1,700 km in 68 days to raise money for the Nepal Trust charity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/pages/The-Nepal-Trust/176804585706889|title=The Nepal Trust|website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>
* 2007: Dr Gillian Holdsworth walked across Nepal with guide, Sonam Sherpa, to raise money for the Britain Nepal Medical Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britainnepalmedicaltrust.org.uk/trek.html|title = Trek}}</ref>
* 2008–09: Nepal's Great Himalaya Trail route was first walked over two seasons by a team led by Robin Boustead, who did five years of research treks before walking the route. The walk took a total of 162 days and is documented in a book of the same title.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/11/great-himalayan-trail-nepal|title = Great Himalayan Trail: Trekking's holy grail|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 11 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nepalitimes.com/issue/2009/10/16/Nation/16399|title = The Great Himalayan Trail - Nepali Times}}</ref> In acknowledgements to this book, the author mentions a team of three Sherpas named Pema Tshiri Sherpa, Lakpa Dendi Sherpa and Karma Sherpa who trekked with him "every step of the way."

===2010s===
* 2010: [[Sean Burch]], multiple Guinness World record holder, set an official world record by crossing an outlined idea of the Great Himalaya Trail in 49 days, 6 hours and 8 minutes.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* 2010: Three young travelers Dipesh Joshi, Surose Dangol, Raju Maharjan from a group named The Pathfinders completed Nepal's great Himalayan Trail section in one go.
* 2010: Katja Staartjes (first Dutch woman on Everest), together with Henk Wesselius and Chhiree Sherpa, started the Nepal Traverse. Their goal was to link the two ultimate ‘triple border passes’ (Tinkar La in the West and Jhingsang La in the North East) by a trail through Nepal. The trio failed, but restarted in spring 2011 and completed the trail – including the full GHT High Route - in four stages in 2013. Because of the extra loop in the undiscovered FarWest (to Hilsa), the total distance was 2000 kilometres. Katja wrote the (Dutch) book ‘Lopen over de grens’ (Walking along the border) about their Traverse.
* 2011: Justin Lichter and Shawn Forry were attempting to walk '8000 m East to 8000 m West' from [[Kanchenjunga]] to [[Nanga Parbat]], they wrote a book after the walk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Trip |url=http://www.shawnforry.com/Margin_Walker...A_Hikers_Chronicles/Current_Trip.html |website=www.shawnforry.com |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>
* 2011: Sunil Tamang solo-hiked an outlined area of the Great Himalaya Trail from Kanchenjunga in the east to Rara Lake in western Nepal in 128 days on his own route starting on his 20th birthday making him the youngest person to hike the so-called trail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nepalitimes.com/issue/2011/08/26/LifeTimes/18493|title = The solo trekker - Nepali Times}}</ref>
* 2011: British ultra trail runner [[Lizzy Hawker]] attempted a solo cross of GHT but failed.
* 2012: Apa Sherpa, in April 2012, successfully led the very first expedition to complete the Great Himalaya Trail along with 3 companions, a 1,700-kilometre (1,050-mile) trek spanning the entire length of the Nepalese Himalayas. The Great Himalaya Trail is considered to be one of the world's most difficult treks. Apa Sherpa and his three companions set off in January on the Climate Smart Celebrity Trek, an expedition promoting tourism and highlighting the effects of climate change. They finished the trail in 99 days, 20 days ahead of schedule.
* 2012 : Saurav Dhakal, Storyteller from Story Cycle complete the Great Himalaya Trail along with Apa Sherpa in January–April 2012, 99 days a 1555 kilometre.
* 2012: Gerda Maria Pauler (partly accompanied by Temba Bhoti and a small group of porters) followed the Great Himalaya Trail High Route concept 1700 km across Nepal (Kanchenjunga BC to Hilsa) to raise funds for Autism Care Nepal.
* 2012: Paribesh Pradhan trekked a conceptual version of the Great Himalaya Trail from Kanchenjunga to Darchula in 98 days as a part of his project "The Great Himalaya Trail - My Climate Initiative".
* 2014: John Fiddler, Kathleen Egan, and Seth Wolpin traversed the proposed high route of the GHT and became the first team to cross all five technical passes without porter support. They trekked from Taplejung to Hilsa and finished in 87 days. Kathleen became the first woman to hike the high route self-supported.
*2017: The Great Himal Race, a trail race, largely following the Great Himalaya Trail from near [[Kanchenjunga]] North Base Camp to the foot of [[Mount Kailash]], was organized by French organisation Les Chevaliers du Vent. It was won by [[Jagan Timilsina]] in 45 days (315 h 37 m).<ref>{{cite web|title=Great Himal Race 2017|url=http://www.leschevaliersduvent.fr/ghr-2017/?fbclid=IwAR094gQhV1F8oMoUgbvLFvGtqES_0-5j5Ya5JXC84_cWwhUmAR1OHXpNAws|publisher=Les Chevaliers du Vent Courir le Ciel|date= |access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref>

===2020s===
* 2022: [[Mangal Krishna Lama]], a Nepali mountain biker and adventurer, traversed the upper route of the Great Himalaya Trail from [[Kangchenjunga]] Base Camp to Hilsa in [[Humla District]] on a solo mountain biking expedition, named GHT on Wheels,<ref name="GHTonWheelsWebsite">{{cite web |url=https://ghtonwheels.com |title = GHT on Wheels Official Website}}</ref> in 88 days from April–July 2022, becoming the first person to solo-ride across the GHT.<ref name="PeddlingGHT">{{cite web |url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/peddling-the-great-himalayan-trail/ |title = Peddling the Great Himalaya Trail (Nepali Times)| date=13 August 2022 }}</ref><ref name="GHTImpossiblebyTEX" />
* 2023: [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1aX928-sdas5tpFbFjhp7oHnULZk0wcD0SP2YxijxFxY/edit Abdolreza Kouhpayeh] from Iran (as the first Asian-except Nepalis) accompanied by Marc Niehaus from Switzerland trekked the whole Great Himalaya Trail, high route(1,600 km) that includes all high passes in 100 days.(partly accompanied by Temba Bhoti and Nima Bhoti from Snow dragons Nepal Trek)
* 2024: The 2nd edition of the “Great Himal Race”, following largely the “Great Himalaya Trail” from [[Hilsa, Nepal|Hilsa]] village at Nepali Chinese border in the west to the site of Lhonak, near [[Kangchenjunga]] North Base Camp in the east. Its route stretched for 1.602 km and 90.310m of elevation gain and was organized by the French club “Chevaliers du Vent”. The race took place in 52 consecutive daily stages. Winner in men category was Jules-Henri Gabioud (SUI) in 49 days (racing time 264h & 31m) and Asimina Inglezou (GRE) in women category in 52 days (racing time 367h & 35m).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Himal Race II – 2024 – from Hilsa to Kanchenjunga – Les Chevaliers du Vent |url=https://www.leschevaliersduvent.fr/great-himal-race/great-himal-race-ii-2024-from-hilsa-to-kanchenjunga/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.leschevaliersduvent.fr}}</ref> For Ms Inglezou, her performance of 52d,06h,23m was recognized by [[Guinness World Records]] Organization as “the fastest female completion of the Great Himalaya Trail”, eastward direction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fastest completion of the Great Himalaya Trail on foot (female) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/772374-fastest-completion-of-the-great-himalaya-trail-on-foot-female }}</ref>

==Sections==

=== Bhutan ===
[[Bhutan]] is organised into different routes that traverse the country. Robin Boustead summarises the route as: "After arriving in Paro, head to Shana and Drugyal Dzong and the beginning of the Jhomolhari Trek. Continue around over the Nyele Pass to join and then follow the Ghasa Hot Springs trail to Thanza and the [[Snowman Trek]]. From the high lakes descend to Ungar on the Gankar Punsum route before following the Rhodang La Trek to Trashi Yangtse in the east. This route takes about 40 days depending on fitness."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://greathimalayatrail.com/country.php?cId=1 |title=Great Himalaya Trail | the Trails | Bhutan |access-date=2011-05-25 |archive-date=2011-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711024232/http://www.greathimalayatrail.com/country.php?cId=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Nepal===
Robin Boustead, Pema Tsiring Sherpa, Lakpa Sherpa and Karma Sherpa have claimed to have hiked a trail that links each himal from Kanchenjunga to Api. The upper route passes from East to West through established trekking areas of [[Kanchenjunga]] to [[Makalu Barun]], [[Solukhumbu]], [[Rolwaling Himal]], [[Helambu]], [[Langtang]], [[Ganesh Himal]], [[Manaslu]], [[Annapurna]], [[Dolpa]], [[Rara Lake]] and [[Humla]] finishing on the Tibetan border at Hilsa.

====Kanchenjunga====
[[File:Kanchenjunga 2012.jpg|thumb|200px|Kanchenjunga]]
Kanchenjunga, at {{convert|8586|m}} is the world's third highest mountain and lies on the border with Sikkim.
Eastern Nepal is generally more developed than western Nepal and more prosperous. This is due in part to the more favourable climate with its higher rainfall, the employment of Rai and Limbu people in the Gorkha regiments and their income. Rugged terrain however means that mountain areas are especially remote.

====Makalu Barun====
The region is named after Mt Makalu, which at {{convert|8463|m}} is the world's fifth highest mountain.
It is home to more than 3000 species of flowering plants, including 25 species of [[rhododendron]] and hundreds of varieties of [[orchids]].

====Everest and Rolwaling====
Everest is also known as Sagarmatha in Nepal and Chomolungma in Tibet; the Everest region is known locally as the Khumbu.
Its home to three of the highest peaks in the world: Everest {{convert|8848|m}}; Lhotse, fourth highest at {{convert|8516|m}}; and [[Cho Oyu]], sixth highest at {{convert|8201|m}}.

Rolwaling Himal is home to Tamang, Sherpa, eastern Gurung and the indigenous Thami people. It has no formally protected areas as it is rich in wildlife including red panda, black bear and leopard cat.

[[File:Sunrise, Manaslu.jpg|thumb|200px|Sunrise, Manaslu]]

====Rara and Jumla====
This trail starts from Jumla Bazar and heads to the Mugu district. It takes 2 days to complete the trail. Jumla Bazar is 2300 m to Nauri-ghat. Daphe Lekh is about 4500 m high. The climb is very treacherous as you can only climb 200 meters because of the very rough terrain. Due to the conditions, it is not suitable for people who have altitude sickness while climbing this. From then it is all downhill up to Nauri Ghat. From Nauri Ghat, it is a 2-hour descend to the Mugu district. Along the way, there is a village called Bhulbhele which is around 7 hours from Nauri Ghat where one can choose to go left to reach Rara lake or walk to Gamgadi which is part of Mugu district. Both take 4 hours to reach.

==Routes==
Trekkers can choose between two routes: the high route (extreme route) and the low route (cultural route).

===High route===
Nepal's high route starts north of the Kanchenjunga Base Camp and ends in Hilsa at Nepal's Tibetan border in the Western district of Humla. The trail stretches over a distance of about 1,700 km and passes through high altitude mountain landscapes, visiting some of the most remote villages on earth where life remains as it was centuries back.

Trekking along the GHT high route crosses over high altitudes up to 6,146 m and the whole trek takes about 150 days. Proper trekking gear and mountaineering equipment is needed and it should be for the physically fit. For safety, a local mountain guide follows travellers especially in high altitudes.

Running a total of 1,504 km in a bit more than 24 days, the South African [[Trail running|trail runners]] [[Ryan Sandes]] and Ryno Griesel set a new fastest known time during March 2018 for the GHT.

===Low route===
This route is shorter than the high route, the GHT low route stretches over a distance of 1,500 km and the whole trek will roughly take around 100 days. The GHT low route goes through the country's mid hills with an average altitude of {{convert|2000|m}}. However, there are many passes to cross with the highest being the Jang La at {{convert|4519|m}} between Dhorpatan and Dolpa in West-Nepal.

Trekking along GHT low route means walking through forests, pastures, green rice terraces and fertile agricultural land, providing the basis for Nepal's rich culture and civilization. There are a lot of local settlements of many different cultural groups.

==Bicycle==
The Great Himalaya Trail on Wheels (GHT on Wheels) is the first successful solo-mountain biking expedition on the upper (high) route of the Great Himalaya Trail (GHT) in Nepal, accomplished by Nepali mountain biker and adventurer, [[Mangal Krishna Lama]], who is also a guide and former National athlete.<ref name="PeddlingGHT"/><ref name="GHTImpossiblebyTEX">{{cite web |url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/ght-on-two-wheels-impossible-31662 |title = GHT on two wheels? Impossible!|website=[[The Annapurna Express]]}}</ref> The upper route of the GHT presents a unique set of physical and mental challenges, with over 90,000 m of elevation gain and loss, over 22 passes above 5000 m, and the highest point reached at 6158 m.

At the end of March 2022, Mangal embarked on this daring journey from the Eastern point of the GHT upper route, [[Kangchenjunga]] Base Camp, reaching the Western point of Hilsa in [[Humla District]] in a total of 88 riding days to complete the GHT on Wheels challenge, setting several high altitude mountain biking records apart from the major accomplishment of traversing the GHT on a mountain bike solo for the first time.<ref name="PeddlingGHT" /><ref name="GHTImpossiblebyTEX" /> Mangal's journey recorded by [[Garmin]] GPS device is available on the official GHT on Wheels website,<ref name="GHTonWheelsWebsite"/> where a summary of the GPS tracks is also available, as well as on the Garmin website.<ref name="GHTonWheelsGarminData">{{cite web |url=https://share.garmin.com/ghtonwheels |title = GHT on Wheels Garmin GPS Tracks}}</ref>

The accomplishment was covered in several national media outlets in Nepal including [[Nepali Times]],<ref name="PeddlingGHT" />[[The Annapurna Express]],<ref name="GHTImpossiblebyTEX" /> [[Online Khabar]], and [[Kantipur Publications]],<ref name="eKantipurVideo">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pl2BUKuGO2k&ab_channel=eKantipur |title = साइकल चलाएर ८८ दिनमै 'ग्रेट हिमालय ट्रेल' यात्रा पूरा गरेका मंगल लामाको कथा| website=[[YouTube]] | date=28 July 2022 }}</ref> but is yet to gain any international coverage in major outlets.

In addition to being a personal challenge and dream project, the GHT on Wheels project aimed to promote education, raise awareness about lesser-known areas of Nepal for tourism, and raise local incomes.<ref name="PeddlingGHT" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last1=Hillary |first1=Peter |url=http://www.peterhillary.com/books/ |title=First Across the Roof of the World: the story of the first crossing of the Himalayas from one end to the other. |last2=Dingle |first2=Graham |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=1984 |author-link=Peter Hillary |access-date=2010-09-09}}
* {{Cite book |last=Blum |first=Arlene |url=http://www.arleneblum.com/breaking_trail.html |title=Breaking Trail |publisher=Harcourt Books |year=2005 |author-link=Arlene Blum |access-date=2010-09-09}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Poussin |first1=Alexandre |title=La marche dans le ciel |last2=Tesson |first2=Sylvain |publisher=Broché |year=1999 |id={{ASIN|2221085833|country=fr}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pauler |first=Gerda Maria 2013 |url=http://www.gerdapauler.info/book |title=Great Himalaya Trail 1700 across the roof of the world |publisher=Baton Wicks |access-date=2014-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113253/http://www.gerdapauler.info/book |archive-date=2014-08-26 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite book |last=Staartjes |first=Katja 2014 |url=https://lecturis.nl/en/product/lopen-over-de-grens/ | title=Lopen over de grens – Great Himalaya Trail door Nepal|year=2014 |publisher=Lecturis |isbn=978-94-6226-028-3 }}

[[Category:Himalayas]]
[[Category:Hiking trails in Nepal]]

St. Joseph's University, Bangalore

2026-02-16T11:10:09Z

Manoj: new first post more to come

{{Short description|Higher education institution in Bangalore, India}}
{{For|other schools of the same name|Saint Joseph University (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox university
| name = St Joseph's University, Bangalore
| image_name = [[File:St. Joseph's University Crest.webp|255px]]
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto = ''Fide et Labore''
| mottoeng = ''Faith and Labor''
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1882}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| academic_affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU (pending)]]
| chancellor = Fr. Dionysus Vaz SJ
| vice_chancellor = Victor Lobo SJ
| academic_staff = 300+
| students = 9800+<ref>{{cite web |title=St Joseph's University, Bangalore |url=sju.edu.in |website=St Joseph'sUniversity, Bangalore |access-date=24 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| city = Langford Road [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| logo = [[File:ST Joseph's Logo.webp|155px|]]
| logo_size = 250
| coor = {{Coord|12.9629|77.5964|region:IN_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{url|www.sju.edu.in}}
}}

'''St. Joseph's University''' is a private aided, [[Jesuit]], higher educational institution run by the Karnataka Province of the [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits) in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India. It is one of the oldest educational institution in the state of Karnataka, founded in 1882. It offers graduate, post-graduate and research education.

St. Joseph's University has around 300+ teaching and non-teaching staff and more than 15000 students.

==History==
[[File:St Joseph's College Bangalore 2009 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|St Joseph's College on a 2009 stamp of India]]
In 1854, St. Joseph's was set up by [[Missions étrangères de Paris]] (MEP) to provide education for the small Catholic community comprising about 1000 Europeans and 5000 Indians. The missionaries started St. Joseph's institution as [[St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore|St. Joseph's European High School]].

In 1882, St Joseph's College was started and was affiliated to the [[University of Madras]] as a Second Grade College. In 1926 the [[University of Madras]] granted the Institution the status of a First Grade College. From 1882 to 1937 the college was under the [[Missions étrangères de Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjc.ac.in/milestones.html|title=St. Joseph's College Autonomous|website=www.sjc.ac.in|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> At the time the college consisted of one building, constructed in 1925, accommodating 350 students.

Following the First World War, it became increasingly difficult for the French Fathers of the [[Missions Étrangères de Paris]] (MEP), depleted by the conflict, to continue sending priests to the school. The Bishop of Mysore, Maurice-Bernard-Benoit-Joseph Despatures, MEP, subsequently invited the Italian Jesuits from Venice to assume charge of the institution in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jesuits in India – Stamps & Institutions |url=https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_India.htm |website=Manresa-SJ.org |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> In due course, the Indian Jesuits of Karnataka took over its administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jesuits in India – Stamps & Institutions |url=https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_India.htm |website=Manresa-SJ.org |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> On 1 June 1937, the management of the college was transferred to the [[Society of Jesus]].

In 1949, following reorganisation of the state of [[Karnataka]], the college was affiliated to [[Mysore University]]. In 1967, the college was granted permanent affiliation to [[Bangalore University]]. 1972 saw the commerce sections and evening college separated from the main college. In 1982, [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] recognised the college under 2(f) status of UGC ACT 1956 giving it authority to grant degrees. Further in 1985, University Grants Commission recognised the college under 12(B) of the UGC ACT 1956. In 1986, it became the first affiliated college in Karnataka to offer postgraduate courses. In 1988, it became the first college in Karnataka to get a research center. The college is also one of the early ones to go for NAAC accreditation in 1998 and got a four-star (70–75%).

In 2001 the college moved from the Residency Road campus to new premises in the erstwhile Hostel Campus at the intersection of [[Langford Road]] and [[Lal Bagh|Lalbagh]] Road. The pre-university section was separated from the college in 2002 as part of the Karnataka state policy of bifurcation. The college was Accredited by UGC as a college with Potential for Excellence (CPE) on 3 November 2004 and was one of five colleges in Karnataka that was awarded academic autonomy in 2005. The second cycle of NAAC Accreditation conferred 'A' level (Score 85.3%) on 2 February 2006. A commemorative stamp by India Post was released on 1 August 2009. The UGC extended the college's Autonomous Status for the period 2010–2011 to 2015–2016. Yet again the college saw an improvement in its NAAC Accreditation score in the third Cycle with 'A' level and a score of 3.73/4 on 10 March 2012. The college was granted College for Excellence (CE) status by the UGC in 2014. It was granted the status of DST-FIST college in 2015. The UGC once again extended the Autonomous Status for the period 2016–2022. In 2014 the college was cited for its model library facility.<ref>{{cite book | last =Bhat | first =K. Shivananda | title =National Conference on Management of Modern Libraries (NACML) Mahabaleshwara | publisher =Allied Pub. Pvt. Ltd. | date =2014 | location =Delhi | pages =182 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42a8CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|isbn=978-81-8424-869-2|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

In February 2021, St. Joseph's University bill was presented in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] and was subsequently passed by the Legislative Assembly and [[Karnataka Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Joseph's University Bill |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/karnataka/2021/Bill%208%20of%202021%20Karnataka.pdf |website=prsindia.org |publisher=Legislative Assembly |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=139-year-old St Joseph's College to become varsity |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/139-year-old-st-joseph-s-college-to-become-varsity-946124.html |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |date=1 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=St Joseph's College will soon turn into university, Council passes bill |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/feb/06/st-josephs-college-will-soon-turn-into-university-council-passes-bill-2260309.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The college received its [[University charter]] on 2 July 2022. On 27 September 2022, the institution was inaugurated as India's first public-private University by the [[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/president-murmu-to-inaugurate-st-josephs-university/article65926540.ece | title=President Murmu to inaugurate St. Joseph's University | newspaper=The Hindu | date=24 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2022 |title=Bengaluru's St Joseph's College upgraded to university |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bengalurus-st-joseph-s-college-upgraded-to-university-1123415.html |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The institution has five main campuses, located in the centre of the Cantonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/sep/22/music-and-dance-fete-at-st-josephs-college-1661238.html|title=Music and dance fete at St Joseph's College|website=newindianexpress.com|access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref>
* St. Joseph's College, Bangalore (previously St. Joseph's College of Arts and Sciences)
* [[St. Joseph's Evening College]]
* [[St. Joseph's College of Commerce]]
* [[St. Joseph's Institute of Management, Bangalore|St. Joseph's Institute of Management]]
* [[St Joseph's College of Law, Bangalore|St Joseph's College of Law]]

St. Joseph's also has three high schools and a stand alone pre-university college.
* [[St. Joseph's Pre-University College]]
* [[St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore|St Joseph's Boys' High School (ICSE)]]
* [[St. Joseph's Indian High School|St. Joseph's Indian High School (SSLC)]]
* St. Joseph's School (CBSE)

==St. Joseph's Evening College (Autonomous)==
{{main|St. Joseph's Evening College}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = {{big| }}St. Joseph's Evening College (Autonomous), Bangalore
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| former_name =
| abbreviation =
| motto =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation =
| extinction =
| merger =
| merged =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1972 }}
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Fr. Brian Pereira SJ
| leader_title2 = Principal
| leader_name2 = Dr. Paul Newman
| key_people =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| affiliations = [[Bengaluru City University]]
| website = http://www.sjec.edu.in/
}}

'''St Joseph's Evening College, Bangalore''' was established in 1972 as a Jesuit college to empower the underprivileged sectors of Indian society <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sjec.edu.in/college.html|title=SJEC|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> In 2005, it was given autonomous status by the UGC, to devise its own curriculum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christiantoday.co.in/article/ugc.grants.autonomous.status.to.5.christian.colleges.in.bangalore/931.htm|title=UGC grants autonomous status to 5 Christian colleges in Bangalore|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref>

The Evening College is a minority institution and accepts students of all religious denominations without discrimination. It is affiliated to [[Bengaluru City University]] and offers three-year BCom, BA, BCA, and BBM degrees and two-year postgraduate degrees in Commerce (MCom), and English.

Currently the college is merged with St. Joseph's University under III shift. <ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKgM7P5iGwgC&pg=PA96|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0607-9|pages=96–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bengaluru-students-take-to-the-streets-to-raise-awareness-about-traffic-rules-and-pollution/articleshow/63259463.cms | title=Bengaluru: Students take to the streets to raise awareness about traffic rules and pollution | publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]] | work=Kumaran P | date=12 March 2018 | access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref>

==St. Joseph's College of Commerce (Autonomous)==
{{main|St. Joseph's College of Commerce}}
{{infobox university
| name= St. Joseph's College of Commerce (Autonomous)
| established =
| religious_affiliation =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto=
|mottoeng=
| principal = Fr. Charles Lasrado SJ
| address = 163, Brigade Rd, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560025
| city= [[Bangalore]]
| state= [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.sjcc.edu.in/}}
| affiliations = [[Bengaluru City University]]
| coor =
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
}}

St. Joseph's College was divided in 1972, and commerce section of the college was spun off to Brigade Road while the Arts and Science section remained at Residency Road. The commerce college later split into St Joseph's College of Business Administration (SJCBA).

==St. Joseph's Institute of Management==
{{main|St. Joseph's Institute of Management, Bangalore}}
{{Infobox university
| name = St Joseph's Institute of Management, Bangalore
| image =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established =
| type =
| affiliation = AICTE, [[University of Mysore]]
| academic_staff =
| postgrad =
| address = 28, Primrose Rd, Craig Park Layout, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560025

| former_names = St Joseph's College of Business Administration
| language =
| website = http://www.sjim.edu.in
}}
St. Joseph's Institute of Management (SJIM) is a graduate school of business located in Bangalore. It offers a two-year full-time PGDM program and PhD program from the [[University of Mysore]]. It is approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]], [[New Delhi]].

==St. Joseph's College of Law==
{{main|St Joseph's College of Law, Bangalore}}
{{Infobox university
| name = St Joseph's College of Law, Bangalore
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| established =
| closed = 
| president = Jerome S. D'Souza
| director = Fr. Jerald D'Souza SJ
| head_label = Principal
| head = Dr. Pauline Priya
| address = 18 Cariappa (Residency) Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560025
| state =
| province =
| country =
| coordinates =
| website = {{url|sjcl.edu.in}}
| affiliations = [[Karnataka State Law University]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
}}

St. Joseph's College of Law is a [[law school]] in [[Bangalore]] which was founded in 2017. It is affiliated to [[Karnataka State Law University]], [[Hubli|Hubballi]], and approved by the [[Bar Council of India]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=454055|title=Bengaluru: SJCL - South Asia's first law college by Jesuits opens for admission|accessdate=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://konkancatholic.com/St-Josephs-College-of-Law-In-Bengaluru-To-Be-Inaugurated-Tomorrow|title=St Joseph's College of Law In Bengaluru To Be Inaugurated Tomorrow|work=Konkancatholic.com|access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/bangalore/st-josephs-law-college-inaugurated|title=St Joseph's Law College inaugurated|last=NewsKarnataka|website=NewsKarnataka|language=en|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

==Cultural and Literary Festivals==
=== META- The Josephite Festival of Literature===

The annual Literature festival organised by the Department of English of St. Joseph's College, Bangalore is open to all college students and the general public. Consisting of a plethora of contests, events, talks, panels and performances, META has been a platform to showcase new talents in the college and the city. It began before a decade and has already seen ten editions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.twenty19.com/opportunities/organiser/st-joseph-s-college-autonomous-bangalore/meta-the-josephite-festival-of-literature|title=META - The Josephite Festival of Literature|website=Twenty19|language=en|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/literature-festival-at-stjosephs-college-in-bengaluru/article8252867.ece|title=On a META scale|last=Rodricks|first=Allan Moses|date=2016-02-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://metajosephs.in/category/meta/meta-2017/|title=2017 ← META|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2025}}
Arts and Science College
*[[Sujatha Ramdorai]], Mathematician, Padma Shri
*[[M. S. Raghunathan|M.S. Raghunathan]], Mathematician.
*[[Vijoo Krishnan]], Author, Secretariat committee member of Comminist Party of India (Marxist)
*[[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]]
*Sri. [[T.S. Krishnamurthy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/TS-Krishnamurthy|title=TS Krishnamurthy: Latest News & Videos, Photos about TS Krishnamurthy {{!}} The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://valuefoundation.in/?page_id=3112|title=Sri T. S. Krishnamurthy {{!}} FRNV|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref> {{citation needed|reason=lacks a reliable source confirming attendance|date=February 2019}}
*[[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]]
*[[Dino Morea]]
*[[Irfan Razack]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Irfan-Razack-0B5FW5-E/biography/|title = Irfan Razack - Biography}}</ref>
Commerce College:
* [[Rahul Dravid]], cricket player and coach
* [[Shivil Kaushik]], cricketer, [[Gujarat Lions]]
* [[Noyonita Lodh]], [[Miss Diva]] Universe 2014
* [[Prakash Raj]], actor
* [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]], actress and politician
* [[Vinay Rajkumar]], actor
* [[Amritha Aiyer]], actress
* [[Salil Shetty]], Secretary-General of Amnesty International
* [[Devdutt Padikkal]], Cricket Player

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
*[[St. Joseph's Institute of Management, Bangalore|St Joseph's Institute of Management]]
*[[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)#See also|St. Aloysius University (Mangalore)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.sju.edu.in/}}
{{Jesuit Colleges in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's College, Bangalore}}
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1882]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bangalore University]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in India]]

NIST University

2026-02-14T17:54:09Z

Manoj: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Brahmapur, Odisha#Institutions]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
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Nyaya

2026-02-09T04:27:48Z

Manoj: Page updated with additional details

{{short description|One of six schools of Hindu philosophy}}
{{italic title}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Nyāya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: न्यायः, [[IAST]]: nyāyaḥ), literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment",<ref name="mmw" /><ref name="nyabri">{{Cite web |title=Nyaya {{!}} Logic, Epistemology, Ethics {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nyaya |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> is one of the six orthodox ([[Āstika]]) schools of [[Hindu philosophy]].<ref name="nyabri" /> Nyāya's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were the systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, and its treatises on [[epistemology]].<ref>B Gupta (2012), ''An Introduction to Indian Philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge and Freedom'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-80003-7}}, pages 171–189</ref><ref>PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought: Toward a Constructive Postmodern Ethics, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-88706-139-4}}, page 223</ref>

Nyāya [[epistemology]] accepts four out of six ''[[pramana]]s'' as reliable means of gaining knowledge – ''pratyakṣa'' (perception), ''anumāṇa'' (inference), ''upamāna'' (comparison and analogy) and ''śabda'' (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).<ref name=jag>John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3067-5}}, page 238</ref><ref name=dpsb>DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: [[Anthony J. Marsella]]), Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4419-8109-7}}, page 172</ref><ref name=gflood>[[Gavin Flood]], An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-43878-0}}, page 225</ref> In its [[metaphysics]], Nyāya school is closer to the [[Vaisheshika]] school of Hinduism than others.<ref name=nyabri/> It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance).<ref>Vassilis Vitsaxis (2009), Thought and Faith, Somerset Hall Press, {{ISBN|978-1-935244-04-2}}, page 131</ref> Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led ''Nyāya'' to concern itself with epistemology, that is the reliable means to gain correct knowledge and to remove wrong notions. False knowledge is not merely ignorance to [[Naiyayika|Naiyyayikas]], it includes delusion. Correct knowledge is discovering and overcoming one's delusions, and understanding true nature of soul, self and reality.<ref>BK Matilal (1997), Logic, Language and Reality: Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0717-4}}, pages 353–357</ref>

[[Naiyayika|Naiyyayika]] scholars approached philosophy as a form of direct [[Philosophical realism|realism]], stating that anything that really exists is in principle humanly knowable. To them, correct knowledge and understanding is different from simple, reflexive cognition; it requires ''[[Anuvyavasaya]]'' (अनुव्यवसाय, cross-examination of cognition, reflective cognition of what one thinks one knows).<ref name=olil/> An influential collection of texts on logic and reason is the ''[[Nyāya Sūtras]]'', attributed to [[Aksapada Gautama]], variously estimated to have been composed between 6th-century BCE and 2nd-century CE.<ref name=jfowlerpor129>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1-898723-94-3}}, page 129</ref><ref name=bkmxiv>B. K. Matilal "Perception. An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge" (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. xiv.</ref>

''Nyāya'' school shares some of its methodology and human suffering foundations with [[Buddhism]]; however, a key difference between the two is that Buddhism believes that there is neither a soul nor self;<ref>KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0619-1}}, pages 246–249, from note 385 onwards; Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2217-5}}, page 64; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]] is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; Edward Roer (Translator), {{Google books|3uwDAAAAMAAJ|Shankara's Introduction|page=2}}, pages 2–4 Katie Javanaud (2013), [https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?], Philosophy Now; John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0158-5}}, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".</ref> ''Nyāya'' school like some other schools of Hinduism such as ''Dvaita'' and ''Viśiṣṭādvaita'' believes that there is a soul and self, with liberation (''mokṣa'') as a state of removal of ignorance, wrong knowledge, the gain of correct knowledge, and unimpeded continuation of self.<ref name=bkm>[[Bimal Krishna Matilal|BK Matilal]] (1997), Logic, Language and Reality: Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0717-4}}, pages 354–355</ref><ref>David Ambeul (1998), Ontology in Indian Philosophy, in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Editor: Edward Craig), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-07310-3}}, pages 118–127</ref>

==Etymology==
''Nyaya'' (न्याय) is a Sanskrit word which means justice, equality for all being, specially a collection of general or universal rules.<ref name=mmw/> In some contexts, it means model, axiom, plan, legal proceeding, judicial sentence, or judgment. Nyaya could also mean, "that which shows the way" tracing its Sanskrit etymology. In the theory of logic, and Indian texts discussing it, the term also refers to an argument consisting of an [[enthymeme]] or sometimes for any [[syllogism]].<ref name=mmw>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html nyAya] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</ref> In philosophical context, ''Nyaya'' encompasses propriety, logic and method.<ref>{{Google books|XtUhAQAAMAAJ|The Spectator}}, ''Hindu Philosophy'', Volume 32, page 1260</ref>

[[Pāṇini|Panini]], revered Sanskrit grammarian, derives the "''Nyaya''" from the root "i" which conveys the same meaning as "gam" – to go. "''Nyaya''" signifying logic is there etymologically identical with "nigama" the conclusion of a syllogism.<ref name="978-81-7110-629-5">The Nyaya Sutras of Gautama (Original Text, English Translation & Commentary) Translated & English Commentary by M.M. Satisa Candra Vidyabhusana Edited with a Sanskrit Preface by Dr. Sukhram {{ISBN|978-81-7110-629-5}}</ref>

''Nyaya'' is related to several other concepts and words used in Indian philosophies: ''Hetu-vidya'' (science of causes), ''[[Anviksiki]]'' (science of inquiry, systematic philosophy), ''Pramana-sastra'' (epistemology, science of correct knowledge), ''Tattva-sastra'' (science of categories), ''Tarka-vidya'' (science of reasoning, innovation, synthesis), ''Vadartha'' (science of discussion) and ''Phakkika-sastra'' (science of uncovering sophism, fraud, error, finding fakes).<ref>N Sinha (1990), The Nyaya Sutras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0748-8}}, see Introduction, pages i–ii</ref> Some of these subsume or deploy the tools of ''Nyaya''.

==Development==
{{quote box|title =Nasadiya Sukta|quote=Then was not non-existent nor existent: 
there was no realm of air, no sky beyond it. 
What covered in, and where? and what gave shelter? 
Was water there, unfathomed depth of water? 
... 
Who really knows? Who will here proclaim it? 
Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation? 
The gods came after this world's production, Who knows then whence it first came into being?"|qalign=left|source =[[Rigveda|Rig Veda]], ''Creation....10:129–1, 10:129–6'' <ref name="Christian2011">{{cite book|author=David Christian|title=Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RdVmDjwTtQC&pg=PA18|date=1 September 2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95067-2|pages=18–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Kramer|title=World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzUAu-43W5oC&pg=PA34|date=January 1986|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-2781-8|pages=34 ff}}</ref>}}
The historical development of Nyāya school is unclear, although ''[[Nasadiya sukta|Nasadiya]]'' hymns of Book 10 Chapter 129 of [[Rigveda]] recite its spiritual questions in logical propositions.<ref name="Christian2011" /> In early centuries BCE, states [[Francis Xavier Clooney|Clooney]], the early Nyāya scholars began compiling the science of rational, coherent inquiry and pursuit of knowledge.<ref name="fxc">Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-973872-4}}, pages 18–19, 35–39</ref>

=== Foundational Text ===
Aksapada Gautama composed the ''Nyāya Sūtras'' (by 2nd century CE), a foundational text for Nyāya, that primarily discusses logic, methodology and epistemology.<ref name="bkmxiv" /> Gautama is also known as Aksapada and Dirghatapas.<ref>Padmapurana Uttarakhanda, Chapter 263</ref> The names Gotama and Gautama points to the family to which he belonged while the names Aksapada and Dirghatapas refer respectively to his meditative habit and practice of long penance.<ref name="978-81-7110-629-5" /> The people of Mithila (modern Darbhanga in North Bihar) ascribe the foundation of Nyāya philosophy to [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]], husband of [[Ahalya]], and point out as the place of his birth a village named [[Gautam Ashram|Gautamasthana]] where a fair is held every year on the 9th day of the lunar month of [[Chaitra]] (March–April). It is situated 28 miles north-east of [[Darbhanga]].<ref name="978-81-7110-629-5" />

=== Commentarial Tradition ===
Concepts in the foundational text, the Nyaya Sutras, were clarified through a tradition of commentaries. Commentaries were also a means to defend the philosophy from misinterpretations by scholars of other traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Picascia |first=Rosanna |date=2023-04-18 |title=Our epistemic dependence on others: Nyāya and Buddhist accounts of testimony as a source of knowledge |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhs/article-abstract/17/1/62/7128281?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=63 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hiad003 |issn=1756-4263|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Nyāya scholars that followed refined, expanded, and applied the ''Nyaya Sutras'' to spiritual questions. While the early Nyaya scholars published little to no analysis on whether supernatural power or God exists, they did apply their insights into reason and reliable means to knowledge to the questions of nature of existence, spirituality, happiness and [[moksha]]. Later Nyāya scholars, such as [[Udayana]], examined various arguments on theism and attempted to prove existence of God.<ref name="csharma" /> Other Nyāya scholars offered arguments to disprove the existence of God.<ref name="fxc" /><ref>G. Jha (1919), ''Original atheism of the Nyaya, in Indian Thought – Proceedings and Transactions of the First Oriental Congress'', Vol ii, pages 281–285</ref><ref>Dale Riepe (1979), ''Indian Philosophy Since Independence'', Volume 1, BR Grüner Netherlands, {{ISBN|978-90-6032-113-3}}, page 38</ref>

The most important contribution made by the Nyāya school to Hindu thought has been its treatises on [[epistemology]] and [[system of logic]] that, subsequently, has been adopted by the majority of the other Indian schools.<ref name=olil>Oliver Leaman (2006), Nyaya, in ''Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-86253-0}}, pages 405–407</ref>

=== Textual sources ===
In the ''[[Yājñavalkya Smṛti]]'', Nyāya is mentioned as one of the fourteen principal branches of learning. The ''[[Matsya Purana|Matsya-Purāṇa]]'' states that knowledge of Nyāya came from the mouth of [[Brahma|Brahmā]]. The ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'' also mentions principles of Nyāya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=Goswami |first=Diptimani |title=A Study of Nyayavaisesika Categories with Special Reference to Tarkasamgraha |date=May 2014 |degree=PhD |publisher=Gauhati University |hdl=10603/64250 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/64250}}</ref>

The earliest text of the Nyāya School is the ''{{IAST |Nyāya Sūtra}}'' of [[Akṣapāda Gautama|{{IAST |Akṣapāda Gautama}}]]. The text is divided into five books, each having two sections. [[Vātsyāyana|Vatsyayana's]] ''{{IAST |Nyāya Bhāṣya}}'' is a classic commentary on the ''{{IAST |Nyāya Sūtra}}''. [[Udyotakara]]'s ''{{IAST |Nyāya Vārttika}}'' (6th century CE) is written to defend {{IAST |Vātsāyana}} against the attacks made by [[Dignāga]]. [[Vacaspati Misra|{{IAST |Vācaspati Miśra}}]]'s ''{{IAST |Nyāyavārttikatātparyaṭīkā}}'' (9th century CE) is the next major exposition of this school. Two other texts, ''{{IAST |Nyāyaṣūcinibandha}}'' and ''{{IAST |Nyāyasūtraddhāra}}'' are also attributed to him. [[Udayana]]'s (984 CE) ''{{IAST |Nyāyatātparyapariśuddhi}}'' is an important commentary on {{IAST |Vācaspati}}'s treatise. His ''{{IAST |Nyāyakusumāñjali}}'' is the first systematic account of theistic ''{{IAST |Nyāya}}''. His other works include ''{{IAST |Ātmatattvaviveka}}'', ''{{IAST |Kiraṇāvali}}'' and ''{{IAST |Nyāyapariśiṣṭa}}''. [[Jayanta Bhatta]]'s ''{{IAST |Nyāyamañjari}}'' (10th century CE) is basically an independent work. [[Bhasarvajna]]'s ''[[Nyayasara]]'' (10th century CE) is a survey of ''{{IAST |Nyāya}}'' philosophy.<ref>Radhakrishnan, S. ''Indian Philosophy'', Vol. II, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006, {{ISBN|0-19-563820-4}}, pp.36–40</ref>

The later works on ''{{IAST |Nyāya}}'' accepted the ''[[Vaisheshika|{{IAST |Vaiśeṣika}}]]'' categories and {{IAST |Varadarāja}}'s ''{{IAST |Tārkikarakṣā}}'' (12th century CE) is a notable treatise of this syncretist school. {{IAST |Keśava Miśra}}'s ''{{IAST |Tārkabhaṣā}}'' (13th century CE) is another important work of this school.<ref>Radhakrishnan, S. ''Indian Philosophy'', Vol. II, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006, {{ISBN|0-19-563820-4}}, p.40</ref>

{{IAST |[[Gangesha Upadhyaya|Gangeśa Upādhyāya]]}}'s ''{{IAST |Tattvacintāmaṇi}}'' (14th century CE) is the first major treatise of the new school of ''{{IAST |[[Navya-Nyāya]]}}''. His son, {{IAST |Vardhamāna Upādhyāya}}'s ''{{IAST |Nyāyanibandhaprakāśa}}'', though a commentary on [[Udayana]]'s ''{{IAST |Nyāyatātparyapariśuddhi}}'', incorporated his father's views. Jayadeva wrote a commentary on ''[[Tattvacintāmaṇi|{{IAST |Tattvacintāmaṇi}}]]'' known as ''{{IAST |Āloka}}'' (14th century CE). {{IAST |Vāsudeva Sārvabhauma}}'s ''{{IAST |Tattvacintāmaṇivyākhyā}}'' (16th century CE) is first great work of [[Nabadwip|Navadvipa]] school of {{IAST |[[Navya-Nyāya]]}}. [[Raghunatha Siromani|{{IAST |Raghunātha Śiromaṇi}}]]'s ''{{IAST |Tattvacintāmaṇidīdhiti}}'' and ''{{IAST |Padārthakhaṇḍana}}'' are the next important works of this school. [[Visvanatha Panchanana Bhattacharya|{{IAST |Viśvanatha}}]]'s ''{{IAST |Nyāyasūtravṛtti}}'' (17th century CE) is also a notable work.<ref name="Radhakrishnan, S. 2006, p.41">Radhakrishnan, S. ''Indian Philosophy'', Vol. II, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006, {{ISBN|0-19-563820-4}}, p.41</ref> The Commentaries on ''{{IAST |Tattvacintāmaṇidīdhiti}}'' by Jagadish Tarkalankar (17th century CE) and Gadadhar Bhattacharya (17th century CE) are the last two notable works of this school.

[[Annambhatta|{{IAST |Annaṁbhatta}}]] (17th century CE) tried to develop a consistent system by combining the ancient and the new schools, ''{{IAST |Prācina nyāya}}'' and ''{{IAST |[[Navya-Nyāya]]}}'' and ''{{IAST |Vaiśeṣika}}'' to develop the ''{{IAST |nyāya-vaiśeṣika}}'' school. His ''{{IAST |Tarkasaṁgraha}}'' and ''{{IAST |Dīpikā}}'' are the popular manuals of this school.<ref name="Radhakrishnan, S. 2006, p.41"/>

==Metaphysics==

=== Sixteen categories (''padārthas'') ===
The Nyāya metaphysics recognizes sixteen ''[[padartha]]s'' or categories and includes all six (or seven) categories of the [[Vaisheshika]] in the second one of them, called ''prameya''.<ref>Sharma, C. (1997). ''A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0365-5}}, p.192</ref>

These sixteen categories are:

*Methods and objects of inquiry
*#''pramāṇa'' (valid means of knowledge or knowledge sources),
*#''prameya'' (objects of valid knowledge),
*Conditions and the components of inquiry
*#''saṁśaya'' (doubt),
*#''prayojana'' (aim),
*#''dṛṣṭānta'' (example),
*#''siddhānta'' (conclusion or accepted position),
*#''avayava'' (members of syllogism or inferential components),
*#''tarka'' (hypothetical/suppositional reasoning),
*#''nirṇaya'' (settlement or certainty),
* Forms of and strategies for debate
*#''vāda'' (truth-directed debate),
*#''jalpa'' (victory-directed debate),
*#''vitaṇḍā'' (destructive debate),
*#''hetvābhāsa'' (defective reasons),
*#''chala'' (tricks),
*#''jāti'' (sophisticated refutation or misleading/futile objections) and
*#''nigrahasthāna'' (point of defeat or clinchers).<ref>Hiriyanna, M. (1993, reprint 2000). ''Outlines of Indian Philosophy'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1099-6}}, pp.245,245n</ref><ref name="ch">Chattopadhyaya, D. (1986), ''Indian Philosophy: A Popular Introduction'', People's Publishing House, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-7007-023-6}}, p.163</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Nilanjan |date=2023-03-01 |title=The Search for Definitions in Early Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-022-09530-4 |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=133–196 |doi=10.1007/s10781-022-09530-4 |issn=1573-0395|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

According to Matthew Dasti and Stephen Phillips, it may be useful to interpret the word ''jnana'' as cognition rather than knowledge when studying the Nyāya system.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roe.|first=Dasti, Matthew|title=Rational belief in classical India : Nyāya's epistemology and defense of theism|date=2010|publisher=[University of Texas]|oclc=664141068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laine|first=Joy|date=2019|title=The Nyaya-sutra: Selections with Early Commentaries, by Matthew Dasti and Stephen Phillips|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil20194216|journal=Teaching Philosophy|volume=42|issue=1|pages=73–77|doi=10.5840/teachphil20194216|s2cid=150789983 |issn=0145-5788|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== The self ===
Nyaya posits that there exists a self distinct from the mind, which is distinct from the body.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adamson |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcjXDwAAQBAJ |title=Classical Indian Philosophy: A history of philosophy without any gaps, Volume 5 |last2=Ganeri |first2=Jonardon |date=2020-03-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-259267-5 |pages=189 |language=en}}</ref> The self is a nonphysical substance and is not inherently conscious.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Evan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_vpBAAAQBAJ |title=Waking, Dreaming, Being: Self and Consciousness in Neuroscience, Meditation, and Philosophy |date=2014-11-18 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-53831-2 |pages=244 |language=en}}</ref>

The mind (''manas'') is postulated as a distinct entity because one can have two perceptions at the same time of the same object, through two different senses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Daya |url=http://archive.org/details/indianphilosophyacounterprespectivedayakrishna_202003_492_p |title=Indian Philosophy A Counter Perspective |pages=191}}</ref>

=== Theory of causation ===
{{Quote box
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| quote = '''Metaphysics''' 
Nyaya-Vaisheshika offers one of the most vigorous efforts at the construction of a substantialist, realist ontology that the world has ever seen. It provides an extended critique of event-ontologies and idealist metaphysics. (...) This ontology is Platonistic, realistic, but neither exclusively physicalistic nor phenomenalistic.
| source = — [[Karl Harrington Potter|Karl Potter]], The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies<ref>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0309-1}}, page 1</ref>
}}
A ''cause'' is defined as an unconditional and invariable antecedent of an ''effect'' and an effect as an unconditional and invariable consequent of a cause. The same cause produces the same effect; and the same effect is produced by the same cause. The cause is ''not'' present in any hidden form whatsoever in its effect.

Nyaya recognizes three kinds of cause:
# ''Samavayi'', material cause, e.g. thread of a cloth.
# ''Asamavayi'', colour of the thread which gives the colour of the cloth.
# ''Nimitta'', efficient cause, e.g. the weaver of the cloth.
The following conditions should be met for something to be a cause:
# The cause must be antecedent [Purvavrtti]
# Invariability [Niyatapurvavrtti]
# Unconditionality [Ananyathasiddha]

Nyaya recognizes five kinds of accidental antecedents [Anyathasiddha]

# Mere accidental antecedent. E.g., The colour of the potter's cloth.
# Remote cause is not a cause because it is not unconditional. E.g., The father of the potter.
# The co-effects of a cause are not causally related.
# Eternal substances, or eternal conditions are not unconditional antecedents, e.g. space.
# Unnecessary things, e.g. the donkey of the potter
==Epistemology==
{{Philosophy sidebar|expanded=Traditions}}
[[File:4 Pramanas, epistemology according to ancient Nyayasutras.svg|thumb|The Nyaya school considers perception, inference, comparison/analogy, and testimony from reliable sources as four means to correct knowledge, holding that perception is the ultimate source of such knowledge.<ref name=jag/><ref name=gflood/>]]
Nyāya treatises on [[epistemology]] widely influenced other schools of Hinduism.<ref name="jalo" /> In Nyaya philosophy, knowledge is a type of "awareness event that is in accordance with its object by virtue of having been produced by a well-functioning epistemic instrument."<ref name=":1" /> ''Pramāṇa'', a Sanskrit word, literally is "means of knowledge". It encompasses one or more reliable and valid means by which human beings gain accurate, true knowledge.<ref name=jalo>James Lochtefeld, "Pramana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pages 520–521</ref> The focus of Pramana is how correct knowledge can be acquired, how one knows, how one doesn't, and to what extent knowledge pertinent about someone or something can be acquired.<ref name="dpsb"/><ref name=kp>Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0779-0}}, pages 25–26</ref> By definition, ''pramāṇas'' are factive i.e. they cannot produce false belief. So, while statements can be false, testimony cannot be false.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Picascia |first=Rosanna |date=2023-04-18 |title=Our epistemic dependence on others: Nyāya and Buddhist accounts of testimony as a source of knowledge |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhs/article-abstract/17/1/62/7128281?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=64 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hiad003 |issn=1756-4263|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Nyāya scholars accepted four valid means (''pramāṇa'') of obtaining valid knowledge (''prameya'') –

# perception (''pratyakṣa''),
# inference (''anumāna''),
# comparison (''[[upamāna]]''), and
# word/testimony of reliable sources (''śabda'').

The Nyāya scholars, along with those from other schools of Hinduism, also developed a theory of error, to methodically establish means to identify errors and the process by which errors are made in human pursuit of knowledge. These include ''saṁśaya'' (problems, inconsistencies, doubts) and ''viparyaya'' (contrariness, errors)<ref>Karl Potter and Sibajiban Bhattacharya (1994), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 6, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-07384-2}}, page 422</ref> which can be corrected or resolved by a systematic process of ''tarka'' (reasoning, technique).<ref>Karl Potter and Sibajiban Bhattacharya (1994), Logical Theory & Gangesa & Other chapters, in The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 6, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-07384-2}}, page 69-81, 178–201, 462–466</ref><ref>Gerald Larson and Ram Bhattacharya, The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies (Editor:Karl Potter), Volume 4, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-07301-9}}, pages 361–362</ref>

===''Pratyaksha'' (perception)===
''Pratyakṣa'' (perception) occupies the foremost position in the ''Nyāya'' epistemology. Perception can be of two types, ''laukika'' (ordinary) and ''alaukika'' (extraordinary).<ref name=tror>Troy Organ, Philosophy and the Self: East and West, Associated University Presse, {{ISBN|978-0-941664-80-6}}, pages 91–94</ref> Ordinary perception is defined by Akṣapāda Gautama in his ''Nyāya Sutra'' (I, i.4) as a 'non-erroneous cognition which is produced by the intercourse of sense-organs with the objects'.

Indian texts identify four requirements for correct perception:<ref name=kpmat/> ''Indriyarthasannikarsa'' (direct experience by one's sensory organ(s) with the object, whatever is being studied), ''Avyapadesya'' (non-verbal; correct perception is not through [[hearsay]], according to ancient Indian scholars, where one's sensory organ relies on accepting or rejecting someone else's perception), ''Avyabhicara'' (does not wander; correct perception does not change, nor is it the result of deception because one's sensory organ or means of observation is drifting, defective, suspect) and ''Vyavasayatmaka'' (definite; correct perception excludes judgments of doubt, either because of one's failure to observe all the details, or because one is mixing inference with observation and observing what one wants to observe, or not observing what one does not want to observe).<ref name=kpmat>Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0309-4}}, pages 160–168</ref>

Ordinary perception to Nyāya scholars was based on direct experience of reality by eyes, ears, nose, touch and taste.<ref name=tror/> Extraordinary perception included ''yogaja'' or ''pratibha'' (intuition), ''samanyalaksanapratyaksa'' (a form of induction from perceived specifics to a universal), and ''jnanalaksanapratyaksa'' (a form of perception of prior processes and previous states of a 'topic of study' by observing its current state).<ref name=tror/><ref>Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0309-4}}, pages 168–169</ref>

====Determinate and indeterminate perception====
The Naiyyayika maintains two modes or stages in perception. The first is called ''[[nirvikalpa]]'' (indeterminate), when one just perceives an object without being able to know its features, and the second ''[[savikalpa]]'' (determinate), when one is able to clearly know an object.<ref>Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0309-4}}, pages 170–172</ref> All ''laukika'' and ''alaukika'' ''pratyakshas'' are ''savikalpa'', but it is necessarily preceded by an earlier stage when it is indeterminate. Vātsāyana says that if an object is perceived with its name we have determinate perception but if it is perceived without a name, we have indeterminate perception. [[Jayanta Bhatta]] says that indeterminate perception apprehends substance, qualities and actions and universals as separate and indistinct, without any association with any names, whereas determinate perception apprehends them all together with a name. There is yet another stage called ''Pratyabhijñā'', when one is able to re-recognise something on the basis of memory.<ref name=c>C Sharma, A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0365-5}}, pages192-196</ref>

===''Anumāna'' (inference)===
''Anumāna'' (inference) is one of the most important contributions of the Nyāya. It can be of two types: inference for oneself (''Svarthanumana'', where one does not need any formal procedure, and at the most the last three of their 5 steps), and inference for others (''Pararthanumana'', which requires a systematic methodology of 5 steps). Inference can also be classified into 3 types: ''Purvavat'' (inferring an unperceived effect from a perceived cause), ''Sheshavat'' (inferring an unperceived cause from a perceived effect) and ''Samanyatodrishta'' (when inference is not based on causation but on uniformity of co-existence). A detailed analysis of error is also given, explaining when anumana could be false.<ref name=c/>

====Theory of inference====
The methodology of inference involves a combination of induction and deduction by moving from particular to particular via generality. It has five steps, as in the example shown:<ref>{{Citation |last=Dasti |first=Matthew R. |title=Nyāya |publisher=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |url= https://iep.utm.edu/nyaya/ |access-date=2021-12-07 }}</ref><ref name="TS-AB">{{cite book |last1=Vidyasagara |first1=Pandit Jibananda |title=Tarkasangraha by Annabhatta |date=1872 |publisher=Sarasudhanidhi Press |location=Calcutta |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bkIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref>
* There is fire on the hill (called ''Pratijñā'', required to be proved)
* Because there is smoke there (called ''Hetu'', reason)
* Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, e.g. in a kitchen (called ''Udāhārana'', example of vyāpti)
* The hill has smoke that is pervaded by fire (called ''Upanaya'', reaffirmation or application)
* Therefore, there is fire on the hill (called ''Nigamana'', conclusion)

In Nyāya terminology for this example, the hill would be the ''paksha'' (minor term),<ref name="TS-AB"/>{{rp|31}} the fire is the ''sādhya'' (major term),<ref name="TS-AB"/>{{rp|21}} the smoke is ''hetu'',<ref name="TS-AB"/>{{rp|31}} and the relationship between the smoke and the fire is ''[[vyapti]]''(middle term).<ref name="TS-AB"/>{{rp|19}}

Hetu further has five characteristics<ref name="Matilal">{{cite book |last1=Matilal |first1=Bimal Krishna |title=Logic, Language and Reality: Indian Philosophies and Contemporary Issues |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0008-3 |page=43 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkwvEAAAQBAJ |access-date=31 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

* It must be present in the ''Paksha'' (the case under consideration),
* It must be present in all positive instances (''sapaksha'', or homologues),
* It must be absent in all negative instances
* It must not be incompatible with an established truth, (''abādhitatva'')
* Absence of another evidence for the opposite thesis (''asatpratipakshitva'')

==== Inference Fallacies (''hetvābhasa'') ====
The fallacies in Anumana (''hetvābhasa'') may occur due to the following<ref name="Jadunath">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Jadunath |title=Introduction to Indian Philosophy |date=1949 |publisher=Lakshmi Narain Agarwal |location=Agra |pages=53–58 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.17403/page/n63/mode/2up}}</ref>

#''Asiddha'': It is the unproved ''hetu'' that results in this fallacy.
#*''Ashrayasiddha'': If Paksha [minor term] itself is unreal, then there cannot be locus of the hetu. e.g. The sky-lotus is fragrant, because it is a lotus like any other lotus.
#*''Svarupasiddha'': Hetu cannot exist in paksa at all. E.g. Sound is a quality, because it is visible.
#*''Vyapyatvasiddha'': Conditional hetu. `Wherever there is fire, there is smoke'. The presence of smoke is due to wet fuel.
#''Savyabhichara'': This is the fallacy of irregular hetu.
#*''Sadharana'': The hetu is too wide. It is present in both sapaksa and vipaksa. `The hill has fire because it is knowable'.
#*''Asadharana'': The hetu is too narrow. It is only present in the Paksha, it is not present in the Sapaksa and in the Vipaksha. `Sound is eternal because it is audible'.
#*''Anupasamhari'': Here the hetu is non-exclusive. The hetu is all-inclusive and leaves nothing by way of sapaksha or vipaksha. e.g. 'All things are non-ternal, because they are knowable'.
#''Satpratipaksa'': Here the hetu is contradicted by another hetu. If both have equal force, then nothing follows. 'Sound is eternal, because it is audible', and 'Sound is non-eternal, because it is produced'. Here 'audible' is counterbalanced by 'produced' and both are of equal force.
#''Badhita'': When another proof (as by perception) definitely contradicts and disproves the middle term (hetu). 'Fire is cold because it is a substance'.
#''Viruddha'': Instead of proving something it is proving the opposite. 'Sound is eternal because it is produced'.

===''Upamāna'' (comparison, analogy)===
''Upamāna'' (उपमान) means comparison and analogy.<ref name=dpsb/><ref name="gflood"/> ''Upamāna'', states Lochtefeld,<ref name=jl721/> may be explained with the example of a traveller who has never visited lands or islands with endemic population of wildlife. They are told, by someone who has been there, that in those lands you see an animal that sort of looks like a cow, grazes like cow but is different from a cow in such and such way. Such use of analogy and comparison is, state the Indian epistemologists, a valid means of conditional knowledge, as it helps the traveller identify the new animal later.<ref name=jl721>James Lochtefeld, "Upamana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 721</ref> The subject of comparison is formally called ''upameyam'', the object of comparison is called ''upamānam'', while the attribute(s) are identified as ''sāmānya''.<ref name=mw457>Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom – Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, pages 457–458</ref> Thus, explains [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier Williams]], if a boy says "her face is like the moon in charmingness", "her face" is ''upameyam'', the moon is ''upamānam'', and charmingness is ''sāmānya''. The 7th century text [[Bhaṭṭikāvya]] in verses 10.28 through 10.63 discusses many types of comparisons and analogies, identifying when this epistemic method is more useful and reliable, and when it is not.<ref name=mw457/> In various ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism, 32 types of ''Upamāna'' and their value in epistemology are debated.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===''Śabda'' (word, testimony)===
''Śabda'' (शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts.<ref name=dpsb/><ref name=eliottjag>
*Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-8153-3611-2}}, pages 245–248;
*John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3067-5}}, page 238</ref> Hiriyanna explains ''Sabda-pramana'' as a concept which means testimony of a reliable and trustworthy person (''āptavākya''). The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly.<ref name=mhir>M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1330-4}}, page 43</ref> He must rely on others, his parent, family, friends, teachers, ancestors and kindred members of society to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining proper knowledge is either spoken or written, but through ''Sabda'' (words).<ref name=mhir/> The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the ''Sabda'' of reliable sources.<ref name=eliottjag/><ref name=mhir/> The disagreement between the schools of Hinduism has been on how to establish reliability. Some schools, such as [[Carvaka]], state that this is never possible, and therefore ''Sabda'' is not a proper ''pramana''. Other schools debate means to establish reliability.<ref>P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-010-7810-8}}, pages 1–30</ref>

Testimony can be of two types, ''Vaidika'' ([[Vedas|Vedic]]), which are the words of the four sacred Vedas, and ''Laukika'', or words and writings of trustworthy human beings. ''Vaidika'' testimony is preferred over ''Laukika'' testimony. Laukika-sourced knowledge must be questioned and revised as more trustworthy knowledge becomes available.<ref name="SC-Nyaya">{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Satischandra |title=The Nyaya Theory of Knowledge: A Critical Study of Some Problems of Logic and Metaphysics |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-4082-9 |page=319 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6b3DwAAQBAJ |access-date=31 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KLD-LnO">{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Kanti Lal |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Anirban |title=Language and Ontology |date=2008 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7211-228-8 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkG_SxiE4-AC |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Aphor-Gau">{{cite book |title=The Aphorisms of the Nyaya Philosophy by Gautama |date=1850 |publisher=Presbyterian Mission Press |location=Allahabad |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4C5Tsfe4bF4C |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref>

=== Direct Realism ===
In Nyaya philosophy, direct realism asserts that our cognitions are informational states revealing external objects. According to Nyaya, the world consists of stable, three-dimensional objects, and their system of categories accurately mirrors reality's structure. Nyaya philosophy emphasizes the importance of universals, qualities, and relations in understanding the organization of the world. These foundational elements are believed to play essential roles in determining the [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenological]], causal, and logical organization of the world, playing a crucial role in the classification of objects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bartley |first=C. J. |title=An introduction to Indian philosophy |date=2011 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-84706-448-6 |location=London; New York |pages=91}}</ref>

===Comparison with other schools of Hinduism===
Each school of Hinduism has its own treatises on epistemology, with different number of ''[[Pramana]]s''. For example, compared to Nyāya school's four ''pramanas'', [[Carvaka]] school has just one (perception), while [[Advaita Vedanta]] school recognizes six means to reliable knowledge.<ref name="jag"/><ref name="eliottjag"/>

=== ''Anyathākhyātivāda'' or ''Viparītakhyātivāda'' (Theory of Error) ===
According to the Naiyāyikas, ordinary perception (where direct perception takes place) involves direct contact between sense organs and objects. In the case of illusory perception, the perceived object is not present in the locus of perception. To account for this, they propose the theory of "presentation through revived memory" (''jñānalakṣaṇapratyāsatti''), where qualities known from past experience are projected onto what is presently seen. Thus, in the nacre-silver illusion, the shell is qualified by "silverness", not as a mental construction or a non-existent entity, but as silver existing elsewhere, and the means by which it is perceived without coming into contact with the sense organs is through ''jñānalakṣaṇapratyāsatti.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Duquette |first1=Jonathan |last2=Ramasubramanian |first2=K. |date=August 2009 |title=Anyathākhyāti: A Critique by Appaya Dīkṣita in the Parimala |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10781-008-9064-6 |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=335–337 |doi=10.1007/s10781-008-9064-6 |issn=0022-1791 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Naiyāyikas invoke ''Jñānalakṣaṇapratyāsatti'' to explain cases in which objects are perceived without direct contact between the senses and the object. Three examples of its application are commonly given:<ref name=":2" />

# When sandalwood is seen from a distance, it may be judged as "fragrant sandalwood", even without smelling it.
# In reflective awareness (''anuvyavasaya''), which immediately follows the perception of an object, the mind's connection with the object takes the form of primary cognition.
# In illusions such as mistaking nacre for silver, there is a direct perception of silverness, though it exists in silver existing elsewhere.

In these examples, although there is no direct connection between the object and the sense organ, perception arises through the mediation of revived memory. For instance, the memory of sandalwood's fragrance is revived and projected onto the cognition of the sandalwood present at a distance. In the case of perceiving silver upon seeing nacre, the memory of silver influences the perception of nacre. The central idea is that past knowledge or experience can directly influence or shape present perception: the mind draws on revived memories and associates remembered qualities with the object being perceived to such an extent that it takes on the character of direct perception.<ref name=":2" />

==On God and liberation==
Early Naiyyayikas wrote very little about [[Ishvara]] (literally, the Supreme Soul). Evidence available suggests that early Nyāya scholars were non-theistic or atheists.<ref>John Clayton (2010), Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-12627-4}}, page 150</ref><ref>G Oberhammer (1965), Zum problem des Gottesbeweises in der Indischen Philosophie, Numen, 12: 1–34</ref> Later, and over time, Nyāya scholars tried to apply some of their epistemological insights and methodology to the question: does God exist? Some offered arguments against and some in favor.<ref name=fxc/>

===Arguments that God does not exist===
In Nyāya Sūtra's Book 4, Chapter 1, verses 19–21, postulates God exists, states a consequence, then presents contrary evidence, and from contradiction concludes that the postulate must be invalid.<ref name=fxc2/>

{{Blockquote|
The Lord is the cause, since we see that human action lacks results. 
This is not so since, as a matter of fact, no result is accomplished without human action. 
Since this is efficacious, the reason lacks force.
|Nyaya Sutra|IV.1.19 – IV.1.21 <ref name=fxc2>Original Sanskrit: [https://archive.org/details/Anandashram_Samskrita_Granthavali_Anandashram_Sanskrit_Series Nyayasutra], Anandashram Sanskrit Granthvali, pages 290–292; English translation: Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-973872-4}}, page 37</ref>}}

A literal interpretation of the three verses suggests that Nyāya school rejected the need for a God for the efficacy of human activity. Since human action and results do not require assumption or need of the existence of God, sutra IV.1.21 is seen as a criticism of the "existence of God and theism postulate".<ref name=fxc2/> The context of the above verses includes various efficient causes. Nyāya Sūtra verses IV.1.22 to IV.1.24, for example, examine the hypothesis that "random chance" explains the world, after these Indian scholars had rejected God as the efficient cause.<ref name=fxc/>

===Arguments that God exists===
In ''[[Nyayakusumanjali]],'' [[Udayana]] gives the following nine arguments to prove the existence of creative God and also refutes the existing objections and questions by atheistic systems of Carvaka, Mimamsa, Buddhists, Jains and Samkhya:<ref name=csharma>Sharma, C. (1997). ''A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0365-5}}, pp.209–10</ref>

*''Kāryāt'' (lit. "from effect"): The world is an effect. All effects have efficient cause. Hence the world must have an efficient cause. That efficient cause is God.<ref name=csharma/>
*''Āyojanāt'' (lit., from combination): Atoms are inactive. To form a substance, they must combine. To combine, they must move. Nothing moves without intelligence and source of motion. Since we perceive substance, some intelligent source must have moved the inactive atoms. That intelligent source is God.<ref name=csharma/>
*''Dhŗtyādéḥ'' (lit., from support): Something sustains this world. Something destroys this world. Unintelligent ''Adrsta'' (unseen principles of nature) cannot do this. We must infer that something intelligent is behind. That is God.<ref name=csharma/>
*''Padāt'' (lit., from word): Each word has meaning and represents an object. This representational power of words has a cause. That cause is God.
*''Pratyayataḥ'' (lit, from faith): Vedas are infallible. Human beings are fallible. Infallible Vedas cannot have been authored by fallible human beings. Someone authored the infallible Vedas. That author is God.<ref name=csharma/>
*''Shrutéḥ'' (lit., from scriptures): The infallible Vedas testify to the existence of God. Thus God exists.<ref name=csharma/>
*''Vākyāt'' (lit., from precepts): Vedas deal with moral laws. These are divine. Divine injunctions and prohibitions can only come from a divine creator of laws. That divine creator is God.<ref name=csharma/>
*''Samkhyāviśeşāt'' (lit., from the specialty of numbers): By rules of perception, only number "one" can ever be directly perceived. All other numbers other than one, are inferences and concepts created by consciousness. When man is born, his mind is incapable of inferences and concepts. He develops consciousness as he develops. The consciousness development is self-evident and proven because of man's ability with perfect numerical conception. This ability to conceive numerically perfect concepts must depend on something. That something is divine consciousness. So God must exist.<ref name=csharma/>
*''Adŗşţāt'' (lit., from the unforeseen): Everybody reaps the fruits of his own actions. Merits and demerits accrue from his own actions. An Unseen Power keeps a balance sheet of the merit and demerit. But since this Unseen Power is Unintelligent, it needs intelligent guidance to work. That intelligent guide is God.<ref name=csharma/>
Naiyyayikas characterize Ishvara as absent of ''[[adharma]]'', false knowledge, and error; and possessing ''[[dharma]]'', right knowledge, and equanimity. Additionally, Ishvara is omnipotent and acts in a way that is good for his creatures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC |title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition |date=2010-03-10 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3 |pages=340 |language=en}}</ref>

===Liberation===
The Naiyyayikas believe that the bondage of the world is due to false knowledge, which can be removed by constantly thinking of its opposite (''pratipakshabhavana''), namely, the true knowledge.<ref>Dasgupta, Surendranath (1975). ''A History of Indian Philosophy'', Vol. I, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0412-8}}, p.365</ref> The opening aphorism of the ''{{IAST |Nyāya Sūtra}}'' states that only the true knowledge leads to ''niḥśreyasa'' (liberation).<ref name=ch/> However, the Nyāya school also maintains that God's grace is essential for obtaining true knowledge.<ref>Sharma, C. (1997). ''A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0365-5}}, p.208</ref> [[Jayanta Bhatta|Jayanta]], in his ''Nyayamanjari'' describes salvation as a passive stage of the self in its natural purity, unassociated with pleasure, pain, knowledge and willingness.<ref>Dasgupta, Surendranath (1975). ''A History of Indian Philosophy'', Vol. I, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0412-8}}, p.366</ref>

== Nyāya Influence on Buddhism ==
{{citations needed|section|date=October 2025}}

While initially distinct from Buddhism, Nyāya's rigorous approach to reasoning and epistemology profoundly influenced the development of Buddhist philosophy, particularly in the areas of logical analysis, epistemology, and the structure of doctrinal debates.

=== Nyāya and Buddhist Epistemology ===
The influence of [[Nyāya]] on Buddhist epistemology is profound, especially in the development of the four major [[pramāṇa]] (valid means of knowledge). Below is a breakdown of how Buddhist thinkers integrated and adapted Nyāya concepts in their philosophical systems:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Nyāya Influence on Buddhist Epistemology'''
|-
! '''Nyāya Concept''' !! '''Buddhist Adaptation''' !! '''Key Buddhist Thinkers & Texts'''
|-
| [[Perception]] (pratyakṣa) || Buddhism expanded the concept of perception to include not just sensory data but also insight into phenomena's impermanence and interdependence. || [[Dharmakīrti]]'s [[Pramāṇavārttika]] emphasizes direct perception to analyze impermanence and the non-self.
|-
| [[Inference]] (anumāna) || Buddhist philosophers, particularly [[Dharmakīrti]], used inference to establish causality and to demonstrate the non-essential nature of self and phenomena. || [[Nāgārjuna]]'s arguments against inherent existence use inference to show that all things depend on causes and conditions (dependent origination).
|-
| [[Comparison]] (upamāna) || Analogies are used extensively in Buddhist texts to illustrate complex, abstract ideas such as emptiness (śūnyatā). || Used by early [[Madhyamaka]] thinkers to clarify ideas of non-self and impermanence, and by [[Vasubandhu]] to elucidate the nature of consciousness.
|-
| [[Testimony]] (śabda) || The Buddha’s teachings are treated as authoritative testimony, much like sacred texts in Nyāya. In Buddhism, this is used to validate the path to liberation (nirvāṇa). || [[Yogācāra]] texts often stress the importance of authoritative testimony (śabda) to understand the nature of consciousness and the path to enlightenment.
|}

=== Nyāya and Buddhist Logic ===
Another significant area of influence was in the domain of logic. Nyāya's formal system of [[inference]] (anumāna) directly impacted Buddhist logic, especially in the works of scholars like [[Dharmakīrti]]. Nyāya's focus on hetu (reasoning or cause) and the structure of valid arguments was adopted and modified by Buddhists in their development of [[Buddhist logico-epistemology|logical proofs]] ([[pramāṇa]]) to support doctrines like [[impermanence]] and [[Anātman (Hinduism)|non-self]].

In the '''Pramāṇavārttika''', [[Dharmakīrti]] reinterpreted Nyāya’s logical tools to fit within Buddhist metaphysical views. For example, Nyāya’s approach to [[inference]] was used to argue against essentialist doctrines by showing that all phenomena are dependent on causes and conditions (dependent origination), rather than existing inherently ([[svabhāva]]). In [[Mādhyamika]] philosophy, [[Nāgārjuna]] and [[Śāntideva]] also employed logic and dialectical reasoning, heavily influenced by Nyāya, to argue against Nyāya’s own concept of an unchanging self.

=== Nyāya and Buddhist Debate Practices ===
The formal practice of debate (''yukti'') in Buddhist scholasticism, especially within monastic institutions, reflects the influence of Nyāya. The rigorous techniques of formal reasoning and logical debate in Nyāya were adopted by Buddhists to engage in systematic argumentation, not only with other philosophical schools but also within their own traditions.

Buddhist monastic institutions, particularly in India, followed a debate structure built on [[Nyāya]]’s epistemological principles, emphasizing the importance of valid reasoning and evidence in defending doctrinal views. These debates often centered around the ''validity of pramāṇas'' and the [[Naturalism (philosophy)|nature of reality]] ([[impermanence]] and [[Anātman (Hinduism)|non-self]] versus permanence and self). In Tibet and East Asia, these debates became central to the scholastic tradition and helped refine Buddhist thought over centuries.

=== Nyāya's Criticism of Buddhist Principles ===
Whilst Nyāya certainly influenced Buddhist philosophical arguments, it also openly criticised many of them. In his description of the nature of the Self, the Nyāya philosopher, [[Udayana|Udāyana]], criticises the Buddhist no-self doctrine by arguing that it cannot be the case that the notion of a single entity is falsely superimposed upon successive cognitive events.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matilal |first=Bimal Krishna |date=1989 |title=Nyāya Critique of the Buddhist Doctrine of Non-Soul |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23445513 |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=17 |issue=1 |page= |pages=61-79 |issn=0022-1791 |quote=But this is to be understood, not in the Buddhist way, but as a certitude regard ing the unity of the agency of the successive mental acts or awareness events. We cannot say the successive mental events are only causally related and hence appear (falsely) to belong to one substratum. For then the teacher's knowledge (a case of a mental event) being causally related to the student's knowledge would also have caused the (false) notion of the identity of the two continuous series.}}</ref> Udāyana's treatise on the nature of the Self, the Atmatattvaviveka, is also referred to as the Bauddha-dhikkāra.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |author=Udayanāchārya | author-link = Udayana | url= https://archive.org/details/atmatattvavivekaudayanadidhitiraghunathavivruttisankaramishratikahariramasastris_202003_585_w/page/n1/mode/2up |title=Atmatattva Viveka by Udayanāchārya with the commentaries of Ragunatha and Sankara Misra and sub-commentary of Sri Rama |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series |year=December 1937 |editor-first=Pandit Sri Rajesvara | editor-last = Sastri Dravida |location=Benares}}</ref>

The related Buddhist doctrine of momentariness is also heavily criticised as being inconsistent with the real world actions of Buddhists, with Nyāya philosophers, for example, arguing why Buddhists teach the value of donation if they believe that everything is momentary.<ref name=":3">Sadhukhan, S. K. (1990). ''The Conflict between the Buddhist and the Naiyayika Philosophers: A Brief Survey''. Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, Gangtok, Sikkim.</ref> Such criticisms were not reserved only for metaphysics. Nyāya philosophers, such as [[Udyotakara]], also criticised the Buddhist epistemological doctrine of [[apoha]].<ref name=":3" />

=== Nyāya Influence in Later Buddhist Traditions ===
The impact of Nyāya was not confined to early Indian Buddhist thinkers but continued to shape later Buddhist traditions. For example, [[Tibetan Buddhism]] developed sophisticated methods of debate and logic that were heavily influenced by Indian Nyāya. In the [[Gelug]] school, the ''Pramāṇa'' texts of [[Dharmakīrti]] became a central part of the curriculum, alongside Nyāya texts.

In addition, [[Zen Buddhism]] and [[Chan Buddhism]] also exhibited traces of logical techniques influenced by the early scholastics of India, where rational discourse was used to sharpen the practitioner's understanding of [[emptiness]] (''śūnyatā'') and [[impermanence]].

=== B.K. Matilal's Contributions to the Study of Nyāya and Buddhism ===
[[Bimal Krishna Matilal|B.K. Matilal]], a renowned scholar of Indian philosophy, was instrumental in highlighting the intellectual connections between Nyāya and Buddhist epistemology. In his work, [[Bimal Krishna Matilal|Matilal]] emphasizes how Buddhist philosophers like [[Dharmakīrti]] incorporated and adapted Nyāya’s logical frameworks to argue for [[impermanence]] and [[Anātman (Hinduism)|non-self]]. [[Bimal Krishna Matilal|Matilal]] further discusses how Buddhists criticized Nyāya’s essentialism, using formal logic and reasoning to refute Nyāya's claims about the permanence of the self and the inherent nature of things.

[[Bimal Krishna Matilal|Matilal’s]] analysis of these philosophical interactions shows that, despite their doctrinal differences, Nyāya and Buddhism shared a common interest in developing systematic methods of reasoning and argumentation. His work underscores how both traditions engaged in a shared intellectual project of refining methods of knowledge acquisition and logical analysis, even as they differed on metaphysical views.

=== Table of Nyāya Influence on Buddhist Thought ===
To illustrate the extent of Nyāya’s influence on Buddhist philosophy, the following table highlights key concepts adopted and adapted by Buddhist scholars:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Nyāya Influence on Buddhist Thought'''
|-
! '''Nyāya Concept''' !! '''Buddhist Adaptation''' !! '''Example in Buddhist Philosophy'''
|-
| [[Pramāṇa]] (valid means of knowledge) || Developed into a Buddhist framework of epistemology, focusing on perception, inference, testimony, and comparison. || [[Dharmakīrti]]'s epistemology in the *Pramāṇavārttika*.
|-
| [[Perception]] (pratyakṣa) || Emphasized impermanence and the changing nature of phenomena, incorporating insight into [[dependent origination]]. || Used to argue that all things are transient (impermanent).
|-
| [[Inference]] (anumāna) || Used for analyzing causality and arguing for [[emptiness]] and the absence of an inherent self. || [[Nāgārjuna]]'s logical refutations of [[svabhāva]] (inherent existence).
|-
| [[Comparison]] (upamāna) || Employed as a method to explain abstract philosophical concepts through analogy. || Used in early Buddhist texts to explain complex doctrines.
|-
| [[Testimony]] (śabda) || The Buddha's teachings (Dharma) were treated as authoritative testimony. || Central to many Buddhist schools of thought, especially in the [[Yogācāra]] tradition.
|-
| [[Dialectics|Logic of Debate]] (yukti) || Adopted in monastic debate traditions, leading to the development of Buddhist scholasticism. || Central to Indian, Tibetan, and East Asian Buddhist institutions.
|}

=== Further Developments and Synthesis ===
In addition to [[Dharmakīrti]] and [[Nāgārjuna]], Buddhist thinkers like [[Vasubandhu]] and [[Śāntideva]] also utilized Nyāya-derived logic in their writings. [[Vasubandhu]]'s work in the [[Abhidharma]] tradition integrated Nyāya’s [[inference]] and [[perception]] frameworks to argue for [[emptiness]] and the [[Sat-Chit-Ananda|illusion of permanence]] in all things.

Moreover, [[Tibetan Buddhist]] scholars like [[Chandrakirti]] and [[Jamyang Zhépa]] further developed these ideas, showing that the dialogue between Nyāya and Buddhism was not a one-way flow but rather an ongoing intellectual exchange that continued across centuries and geographical regions.

=== Commentaries on the Nyaya-Sutra ===
Numerous commentaries have been written on Nyāya-Sutra since its composition. A few of the commentaries are mentioned below:<ref>{{Cite book |translator-first=Satis Chandra | translator-last = Vidyabhusana |first = Aksapada | last = Gautama |title=The Nyāya-Sutras of Gautama: original text, English translation & notes |date=2018 |isbn=978-81-7110-629-5 |edition=First |publisher = Parimal Publications | location=Delhi |oclc=1175607882}}</ref>

# Nyaya-Sutra by Gotama or Aksapada
# Nyaya-Bhasya by Vatsyayana
# Nyaya-Varttika by Udyotakar
# Nyaya-Varttika tatparya-tika by Vacaspati Misra
# Nyaya-Varttika-tatparayatika-parisuddhi by Udayans
# Parisuddhiprakasa by Vardhamana
# Vardhamanedu by Padmanabha Misra
# Nyayalankara by Srikantha
# Nyayalankara Vrtti by Jayanta
# Nyaya-manjari by Jayanta
# Nyaya-Vrtti by Abhayatilakopadhyaya
# Nyaya-Vrtti by Visvanatha
# Mitabhasini Vrtti by Mahadeva Vedanti
# Nyayaprakasa by Kesava Misra
# Nyayabodhini by Govardhana
# Nyaya Sutra Vyakhya by Mathuranatha

== Differences from Western Philosophy ==
{{lead rewrite|section|date=August 2021}}
{{original research|section|date=August 2021}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2021}}

=== ''A priori'' knowledge ===
Nyaya philosophy does not establish a category of ''a priori'' knowledge. This choice may be due to only considering ''[[De dicto and de re|de re]]'' knowledge, not ''[[De dicto and de re|de dicto]]'' knowledge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=Stephen H. |title=Epistemology in classical India: the knowledge sources of the Nyāya school |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-89554-5 |location=New York |pages=102}}</ref>

=== Logic ===
{{blockquote|It is significant that the name ''logic'' is etymologically connected with the Greek word ''logos'', which denotes both 'thought' and 'word' or 'discourse'. The significance of this etymological connection can be adequately appreciated if it is remembered that ''logic'', in its rise and development in the western world, particularly in Greece, was closely connected with ''rhetoric''. Thus the name ''logic'' is of a tell-tale character in its application to logic in the West; and it may be taken to indicate how, almost from its very rise, western logic found itself in the firm grip of formalism and how it took more than twenty centuries for the scientific method underlying [[Aristotle|Aristotle's]] ''[[Organon]]'' to be redeemed, brought into prominence and implemented in the ''[[Novum Organum]]'' of [[Francis Bacon]] (1561–1626). The term ''logic'' should not be taken to carry with it all these implications of European history when it is used in the phrase ''[[Indian logic]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/primerofindianlo032215mbp|title=A Primer Of Indian Logic|last=Kuppuswami Sastri|first=S.|date=1951|publisher=The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute.|others=Osmania University, Digital Library Of India}}</ref>}}

The basic features of Western logic are: It deals with a study of ‘propositions’, specially their ‘logical form’ as abstracted from their ‘content’ or ‘matter’. It deals with ‘general conditions of valid inference’, wherein the truth or otherwise of the premises have no bearing on the ‘logical soundness or validity’ of an inference. It achieves this by taking recourse to a symbolic language that has little to do with natural languages. The main concern of Western logic, in its entire course of development, has been one of systematising patterns of mathematical reasoning, with the mathematical objects being thought of as existing either in an independent ideal world or in a formal domain. [[Indian logic]] however, does not deal with ideal entities, such as propositions, logical truth as distinguished from material truth, or with purely symbolic languages that apparently have nothing to do with natural languages.

The central concern of Indian logic as founded in ''nyāya'' is epistemology, or the theory of knowledge. Thus Indian logic is not concerned merely with making arguments in formal mathematics rigorous and precise, but attends to the much larger issue of providing rigour to the arguments encountered in natural sciences (including mathematics, which in Indian tradition has the attributes of a natural science and not that of a collection of context free formal statements), and in philosophical discourse. Inference in Indian logic is ‘deductive and inductive’, ‘formal as well as material’. In essence, it is the method of scientific enquiry. Indian ‘formal logic’ is thus not ‘formal’, in the sense generally understood: in Indian logic ‘form’ cannot be entirely separated from ‘content’. In fact, great care is exercised to exclude from logical discourse terms, which have no referential content. No statement, which is known to be false, is admitted as a premise in a valid argument. Thus, the ‘method of indirect proof’ ([[reductio ad absurdum]]) is not accepted as a valid method−neither in Indian philosophy nor in Indian mathematics−for proving the existence of an entity whose existence is not demonstrable (even in principle) by other (direct) means of proof.

Indian logic does not make any attempt to develop a purely symbolic and content independent or ‘formal language’ as the vehicle of logical analysis. Instead, what Indian logic, especially in its later phase of ''Navya-Nyāya'' starting with the work of [[Gangesha Upadhyaya|Gāngeśa Upādhyāya]] of the 14th century, has developed is a technical language, which is based on the natural language [[Sanskrit]], yet avoids ‘inexactness’ and ‘misleading irregularities’ by various technical devices. This technical language, being based on the natural language Sanskrit, inherits a certain natural structure and interpretation, and sensitivity to the context of enquiry. On the other hand, the symbolic formal systems of Western logic, though considerably influenced in their structure (say, in quantification, etc.) by the basic patterns discernible in European languages, are professedly purely symbolic, carrying no interpretation whatsoever−such interpretations are supposed to be supplied separately in the specific context of the particular field of enquiry ‘employing’ the symbolic formal system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matilal |first=Bimal Krishna |author-link=Bimal Krishna Matilal |title=Indian Approach to Logic |url=https://cpsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/logic-c2.pdf |access-date=2019-01-14 |website=cpsindia.org}}</ref>

=== Knowledge First Epistemology ===
Departing from a traditional conceptualisation of knowledge, [[Timothy Williamson]] argues for a 'knowledge first' approach in which knowledge is not an occurrence of [[Definitions of knowledge|justified true belief]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Williamson |first=Timothy |title=Vaidya on Nyāya and Knowledge-First Epistemology |date=2022-12-15 |work=Oxford Studies in Epistemology Volume 7 |pages=365–374 |editor-last=Gendler |editor-first=Tamar Szabó |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/44919/chapter/384784012 |access-date=2026-01-25 |edition=1 |publisher=Oxford University PressOxford |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780192868978.003.0013 |isbn=978-0-19-286897-8 |editor2-last=Hawthorne |editor2-first=John |editor3-last=Chung |editor3-first=Julianne|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This approach parallels Nyaya epistemological arguments which suggest that knowledge is a 'non-composite' mental state.<ref>{{Citation |last=Vaidya |first=Anand |title=Elements of Knowledge-First Epistemology in Gaṅgeśa and Nyāya |date=2022-12-15 |work=Oxford Studies in Epistemology Volume 7 |pages=336–364 |editor-last=Gendler |editor-first=Tamar Szabó |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/44919/chapter/384783789 |access-date=2026-01-25 |edition=1 |publisher=Oxford University PressOxford |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780192868978.003.0012 |isbn=978-0-19-286897-8 |editor2-last=Hawthorne |editor2-first=John |editor3-last=Chung |editor3-first=Julianne|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Philosophy}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Nyāya Sūtras]]
*[[Navya-Nyāya]], in the 13th – 18th centuries
*[[Ancient Mithila University]]
*[[Buddhist logico-epistemology]]
*[[Gautama Buddha]]
*[[Gautama Maharishi]]
*[[Hindu philosophy]]
*[[List of teachers of Nyaya]]
*[[Neti neti]] "not this", "neither this" (''neti'' is [[sandhi]] from ''na-iti'' "not so").
*[[Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism]]
*[[Tarka-Sangraha]]
*[[Padārtha]]
*[[Vaisheshika#The Categories or Padārtha]]
*[[Categories (Aristotle)]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti (1995), ''Definition and induction: a historical and comparative study'', University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0-585-30953-8}}, {{oclc|45728618}}
* Gangesa (2010), ''Classical Indian philosophy of induction: the Nyāya viewpoint'', (Translator: Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti), {{ISBN|978-0-7391-4705-4}}, {{oclc|665834163}}
* Gangesa (2020), ''Tattva-cintā-maṇi'', (“Jewel”), translated by Stephen Phillips, ''Jewel of Reflection on the Truth about Epistemology''. 3 volumes, London: Bloomsbury.
* Gopi Kaviraj (1961), ''Gleanings from the history and bibliography of the Nyaya-Vaisesika literature'', Indian Studies: Past & Present, {{oclc|24469380}}
* Arthur Keith (1921), ''Indian logic and atomism: an exposition of the Nyāya and Vaiçeṣika systems'', Greenwood Press, {{oclc|451428}}
* [[Bimal Krishna Matilal|Bimal Matilal]] (1977), [https://books.google.com/books?id=JyJ--9uUtx0C ''A History of Indian Literature – Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika''], Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-447-01807-4}}, {{oclc|489575550}}
* Stephen Phillips (2012), ''Epistemology in classical India: the knowledge sources of the Nyāya school'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-89554-5}}, {{oclc|701015636}}
* Karl Potter (1977), ''Indian metaphysics and epistemology: the tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika up to Gaṅgeśa'', Princeton University Press, {{oclc|3933891}}

===Navya-Nyaya school===
* Bimal Matilal, ''The Navya-nyāya doctrine of negation: the semantics and ontology of negative statements'', Harvard University Press, {{oclc|606911358}}
* [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.|Daniel H.H. Ingalls]], ''Materials for the study of Navya-nyāya logic'', Harvard University Press, {{oclc|1907221}}

==External links==
*{{cite SEP |url-id=early-modern-india |title=Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India}}
*{{cite SEP |url-id=epistemology-india |title=Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy}}
*{{cite IEP |url-id=nyaya |title=Nyaya}}
* Lectures on Nyaya {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121215816/https://ochs.org.uk/lectures/by-topic/201 |date=21 January 2021 }} The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies, Oxford University
*[[Jonardon Ganeri|Ganeri, Jonardon]], [[Edward N. Zalta]] (ed.), [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/early-modern-india/. "Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India"], ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]].''

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Philosophy topics}}
{{Logic|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Nyaya| ]]
[[Category:Schools and traditions in ancient Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:Atomism]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophy]]
[[Category:History of logic]]
[[Category:Āstika]]

Kolara, Uttarakhand

2026-01-31T19:26:13Z

Manoj: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}
[[bpy:কিরাতপুর]]
[[it:Kiratpur]]
[[new:किरतपुर]]
[[pl:Kiratpur]]
[[pt:Kiratpur]]
[[pt:Kolada]]
[[vi:Kiratpur]]
[[zh:基拉特普尔]]

1935 in India

2026-01-28T09:30:06Z

Manoj: enhance formatting per standard format additionally and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2013}}
{{Year in India|1935}}
Events in the year '''1935 in India'''.

==Incumbents==
* [[Emperor of India]] – [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]
* Viceroy of India – [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|The Earl of Willingdon]]

==Events==
* National income - {{INR}}25,298 million
* 31 May – The 7.7 {{M|w}} [[1935 Quetta earthquake|Quetta earthquake]] shook [[British India]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''Extreme''), killing 30,000–60,000.
* Dr. BR. Ambedkar ended all 3 temple entry movement in 1935.
* Government of India act

==Law==
* 2 August – [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Bill]], became law; it provided for development of a popular constitution.<ref>''Everyman's Dictionary of Dates''; 6th ed. J. M. Dent, 1971; p. 263</ref>

==Births==
*2 January – [[Syed Jahangir]], Bangladeshi painter (died [[2018 in Bangladesh|2018]])<ref>{{cite web |date=29 December 2018 |title=Veteran painter Syed Jahangir dies at 83 |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2018/12/29/veteran-painter-syed-jahangir-dies-at-83 |access-date=29 December 2018 |website=bdnews24}}</ref>
*19 January – [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], actor. (died [[2020 in India|2020]])
*24 January – [[Shivabalayogi]], Indian yogi (died [[1994 in India|1994]])
*1 March – [[Ajoy Roy]], Bangladeshi academic (died [[2019 in Bangladesh|2019]])
*5 March – [[Shamsuddin Qasemi]], Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and politician (died [[1996 in Bangladesh|1996]])<ref name="nizam">{{cite book |last=Nizampuri |first=Ashraf Ali |url=https://www.kitabghor.com/books/the-handrede-bangla-mayer-kriti-sontan.html |title=দ্যা হান্ড্রেড (বাংলা মায়ের একশ কৃতিসন্তান) |publisher=Salman Prakashani |year=2013 |isbn= |edition=1 |location=[[Hathazari]], [[Chittagong District]] |pages=326–328 |language=bn}}</ref>
*17 March – [[Muhammad Ashiq]], Pakistani cyclist (died [[2018 in Pakistan|2018]])
*7 April {{ndash}} [[S. P. Muthuraman]], film director.
*3 May – [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]], author, short story writer and playwright (died [[2008 in India|2008]]).
*25 May – [[Neela Ramgopal]], Carnatic musician (died [[2023 in India|2023]])<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/noted-carnatic-vocalist-and-guru-neela-ramgopal-passes-away/article66569007.ece Noted Carnatic vocalist and guru Neela Ramgopal passes away]</ref>
*7 June
**[[Thomas Kailath]], Indian-American engineer, author, and educator
**[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], actress (died [[2017 in India|2017]])
*21 June – [[Pratap Chauhan]], cricketer
*22 June – [[Vaman Kumar]], cricketer
*25 June – [[Udey Chand]], wrestler and wrestling coach
*30 June – [[Animesh Chakravorty]], chemist
*2 July
** [[Guruvayur Dorai]], percussionist
** [[Amar Singh Sokhi]], cyclist
*10 July – [[P. K. Gurudasan]], politician
*18 July – [[Jayendra Saraswathi]], [[Shankaracharya]] of [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]].
*1 August – [[Mohinder Pratap Chand]], writer and poet. (died [[2020 in India|2020]])
*14 August – [[Radha Charan Gupta]], historian of mathematics (died [[2024 in India|2024]])
*23 September – [[Prem Chopra]], actor.
*30 September – [[Shamsur Rahman Faruqi]], poet and literary critic (died [[2020 in India|2020]])
*24 October – [[Mark Tully]], journalist (died [[2026 in India|2026]])
*13 November – [[P. Susheela]], playback singer
*24 November – [[Salim Khan]], actor and scriptwriter.
*28 November – [[S. P. Hinduja]], businessman (died [[2023 in the United Kingdom|2023]])
*8 December – [[Dharmendra]], actor (died [[2025 in India|2025]]).
*11 December – [[Pranab Mukherjee]], politician and minister. (died [[2020 in India|2020]])

===Full date unknown===
*[[Khalish Dehlavi]], poet.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1935}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1935 In India}}
[[Category:1935 in India| ]]
[[Category:1935 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 20th century in India]]
[[Category:1935 in Asia]]
[[Category:1930s in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Collar Bomb (film)

2026-01-21T05:58:51Z

Manoj: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Collar Bomb]]

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{{R from move}}
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Lobsang Nyandak

2026-01-20T17:17:11Z

Manoj: updated details

{{short description|President at The Tibet Fund}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Lobsang Nyandak
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| honorific-suffix =
| image = File:Lobsang Nyandak official photo.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| smallimage = 
| alt =
| caption = Lobsang Nyandak, 7 November 2019

| order =
| office = Finance Minister of the [[Central Tibetan Administration]]
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2006
| primeminister = [[Lobsang Tenzin]]
| predecessor = Söpa Gyatso
| successor = [[Tsering Dhondup]]

| order2 =
| office2 = Health Minister of the [[Central Tibetan Administration]]
| term_start2 = 2001
| term_end2 = 2005
| primeminister2 = [[Lobsang Tenzin]]
| predecessor2 = Samkhar Yangkee Dhashi
| successor2 = Thupten Lungrik

| order3 =
| office3 = Foreign Minister of the [[Central Tibetan Administration]]
| term_start3 = 2005
| term_end3 = 2006
| primeminister3 = [[Lobsang Tenzin]]
| predecessor3 = [[Lobsang Tenzin]]
| successor3 = Kesang Yangkyi Takla

| birth_name = Lobsang Nyandak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|12|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kalimpong]], [[India]]
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| party = [[National Democratic Party of Tibet]]
| otherparty = 
| relatives =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]]
| occupation = Politician, executive
| known_for = [[Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy]], [[Tibet Fund|The Tibet Fund]]
| committees =
| awards = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = https://lobsangnyandak.com/
}}
'''Lobsang Nyandak''', sometimes written Lobsang Nyendak ({{Bo|t=བློ་བཟང་སྙན་གྲགས|w=blo bzang snyan grags}}) also called '''Lobsang Nyandak Zayul''' ({{Bo|t=བློ་བཟང་སྙན་གྲགས་རྫ་ཡུལ|w=blo bzang snyan grags rdza yul}}) is a Tibetan diplomat and politician.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Semple|first=Kirk|date=2010-09-22|title=Tibetan Ex-Prisoner Evokes His Homeland's Struggle in a Movie|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/23/nyregion/23tibetan.html|access-date=2020-08-12|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Helft|first=Miguel|date=2009-03-24|title=YouTube Blocked in China, Google Says|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/25/technology/internet/25youtube.html|access-date=2020-08-12|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> born in 1965 in [[Kalimpong]], [[India]] where he performed his studies in [[Herbertpur]] and at [[Panjab University]] in [[Chandigarh]]. There, he held functions at [[Tibetan Youth Congress]] before becoming the founding executive director of the [[Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy]]. Member of the [[National Democratic Party of Tibet]], he was elected deputy and was selected as a minister by [[Samdhong Rinpoche]] ([[Lobsang Tenzin]]), the first elected [[Kalon Tripa]] of [[Central Tibetan Administration]] (CTA). He then was the Representative of the [[14th Dalai Lama]] to the Americas and became president of [[Tibet Fund|The Tibet Fund]].<ref>[https://www.dalailamafilm.com/dalai-lama-official-representative-to-hold-qa-at-dalai-lama-renaissance-screening-in-new-york-on-february-28-at-4-pm-at-the-rubin-museum-of-art-2395 Dalai Lama official representative to hold Q&A at "Dalai Lama Renaissance" screening in New York on February 28 at 4 p.m. at the Rubin Museum of Art], Wakan Films (dalailamafilm.com), February 26, 2009</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nyandak was born in [[Kalimpong]], India in 1965 to a [[Tibetan diaspora|Tibetan refugee family]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tibet.com/Govt/kalon-b-d.html|title=Profile of Tibetan Ministers|date=2007-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714161947/http://www.tibet.com/Govt/kalon-b-d.html|access-date=2020-04-07|archive-date=2007-07-14}}</ref> He completed his elementary and high school education at SFF [[Central Tibetan School Administration|Tibetan School]] in [[Herbertpur]], India,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tibetanyouthcongress.org/former-centrex/|title=Tibetan Youth Congress {{!}} Former Centrex|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>
a school for children of Tibetan families recruited into the [[Special Frontier Force]] (SFF).<ref>Kaydor Aukatsang, [http://www.phayul.com/2020/02/12/42582/ Memories and Association of a Lifetime – Remembering SFF CST Herbertpur], ''[[Phayul.com]]'', 12 February 2020</ref> Nyandak graduated from [[Panjab University]] in Chandigarh, India, with a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] and a [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed.]] in 1986.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/kalon-tripa-samdhong-rinpoche-forms-his-kashag/|title=Kalon Tripa Samdhong Rinpoche forms his Kashag|date=2001-09-20|website=Central Tibetan Administration|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>

== Career ==
===Tibetan Youth Congress (1988–1995)===

Nyandak served as General Secretary of the [[Tibetan Youth Congress|Regional Tibetan Youth Congress]] (RTYC) in Chandigarh, India (1987<ref name="Tibetan Review">[https://www.tibetanreview.net/tibet-fund-director-announces-candidature-for-top-exile-tibetan-elective-post/ Tibet Fund director announces candidature for top exile Tibetan elective post], ''[[Tibetan Review]]'', 5 mars 2020</ref>-89).<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jain|first=Neelam|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/02/24/Tibetans-put-off-peace-march-to-Lhasa/1921793602000/|title=Tibetans put off peace march to Lhasa|date=1995-02-24|work=[[United Press International]]|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> Nyandak became Executive Secretary and Joint Secretary of the Central Executive Committee (Centrex) of the [[Tibetan Youth Congress]] (TYC) (1990–92) and later took over as General Secretary of TYC (1992–1995).<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Citation|title=Tibetan Youth Congress: Past and Present|url=https://www.voatibetanenglish.com/a/2492340.html|language=en|work=[[Voice of America]]|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>

[[File:Lobsang Nyandak and Richard Gere.jpg|thumb|Lobsang Nyandak and [[Richard Gere]] during The Tibet Fund annual gala at [[Le Bernardin]] Privé in New York on October 19, 2016]]

===Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy (1996–2001)===

Nyandak was the founding executive director of the [[Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy]] (TCHRD), a non-governmental human rights organisation established in January 1996 in [[Dharamsala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://college.emory.edu/program/marianne/portfolio/tibet/news/index.html|title=Emory-Tibet Partnership {{!}} News & Events|website=college.emory.edu ([[Emory University]])|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> He represented Tibetans at international conferences, such as in 1997 at [[UN Human Rights Commission|the UN Human Rights Commission]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1997/19970410.hrcn796.html|title=NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS CLAIM NUMEROUS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS AROUND WORLD {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=www.un.org ([[United Nations Information Service at Geneva]])|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> in 1998 at a conference-debate on Human Rights and [[Asian values]] organized by [[International Federation for Human Rights]] and [[Wei Jingsheng]] on the sidelines of the UN Human Rights Commission session in Geneva;<ref>[[Jean-Claude Buhrer]], [https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1998/04/16/les-asiatiques-denoncent-l-opposition-entre-droits-de-l-homme-et-valeurs-asiatiques_3649586_1819218.html Les Asiatiques dénoncent l'opposition entre droits de l'homme et « valeurs asiatiques »], [[Le Monde]], 16 avril 1998</ref> in 2001 at the [[World Conference against Racism]] in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/china-defeated-at-un-vote/|title=China defeated at UN vote|date=2001-05-23|website=[[Central Tibetan Administration]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> Following his appointment as minister in 2001, Nyandak served as Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of the TCHRD from 2001 until 2004.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rochester.edu/tibetchallenge/champions-2015/|title=2015 Champions – Tibetan Innovation Challenge|language=en-US|website=[[University of Rochester]]|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>

===Deputy (1996–2001)===

In 1996, Nyandak was elected to the [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan Parliament]], to represent the province of [[Kham]] in Eastern Tibet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibetanparliament.org/about-tpie/the-successive-tpie/twelfth-atpd/|title=Twelfth ATPD {{!}} Tibetan Parliament in Exile|website=[[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration]]|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> During this period, Nyandak also served as vice president and Secretary of the executive committee of the [[National Democratic Party of Tibet]].<ref name="auto2"/>

===Minister (2001–2006)===
[[File:Samdhong Rinpoche (68) (15046815726).jpg|left|thumb|Lobsang Nyandak, Thupten Lungrik, [[Lobsang Tenzin|Samdhong Rinpoche]] and Lobsang Nyima, wearing khata and red ribbons.]]

In 2001, Nyandak was appointed as a Minister (Kalon) during the first tenure of [[Samdhong Rinpoche]] ([[Lobsang Tenzin]]),<ref name=":0" /> the first elected Prime Minister ([[Kalon Tripa]]) of the Central Tibetan Administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/about-cta/executive/|title=Executive|website=Central Tibetan Administration|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> As a Kalon, Nyandak was in charge of three departments: the Department of Information and International Relations (2005–2006),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/department/information/|title=Department of Information & International Relations – Former Kalons And Secretaries|last=|first=|date=|website=Central Tibetan Administration|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> the Department of Finance (2001–2006)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/department/finance/|title=Department of Finance – Former Kalons & Secretaries|last=|first=|date=|website=Central Tibetan Administration|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> and the Department of Health (2001–2005).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/department/health/|title=Department of Health – Who's Who|last=|first=|date=|website=Central Tibetan Administration|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>

As Minister of International Relations, Nyandak served as a member of the {{ill|Sino-Tibetan Dialogue (2002–2010)|fr|Dialogue entre le gouvernement tibétain en exil et la république populaire de Chine (2002–2010)|lt=Task Force of the Sino-Tibetan Dialogue from 2005 to 2006}} and again from 2012 to present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/eu-sidesteps-human-rights-to-promote-trade-says-kalon-lobsang-nyandak/|title=EU Sidesteps Human Rights to Promote Trade, Says Kalon Lobsang Nyandak|date=2005-07-28|website=Central Tibetan Administration|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/dont-wait-and-watch-change-make-it-happen-kalon-lobsang-nyandak/|title=Don't Wait and Watch Change, Make It Happen: Kalon Lobsang Nyandak|date=2005-10-27|website=Central Tibetan Administration|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/kalon-lobsang-nyandak-meets-president-of-european-parliament/|title=Kalon Lobsang Nyandak Meets President of European Parliament|date=2005-07-13|website=Central Tibetan Administration|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/exile/3615-26th-meeting-of-tibetan-task-force-begins-with-six-new-members|title=26th meeting of Tibetan Task Force begins with six new members|last=|first=|date=2013-09-05|website=[[Tibet Post|The Tibet Post]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tibetexpress.net/954/task-force-meeting-on-sino-tibet-negotiation-begins-in-dharamsala/|title=Task Force meeting on Sino-Tibet negotiation begins in Dharamsala|last=Gaphel|first=Tenzin|date=2015-01-06|website=Tibet Express|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>

As Minister of Finance, Nyandak oversaw the overall financial health of the CTA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/new-book-for-annual-contribution-launched/|title=New Book For Annual Contribution Launched|date=2005-03-04|website=Central Tibetan Administration|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2129176.stm|title=Dalai Lama to privatise Tibetan business|date=2002-07-15|access-date=2020-02-14|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> and established Tibetan business bodies, including the Tibetan Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tibetanchamberofcommerce.com/history-and-vision|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407070837/https://www.tibetanchamberofcommerce.com/history-and-vision|title=History and Vision|website=Tibetan Chamber of Commerce|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07|archive-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/tibetan-sweater-sellers-association-formed/|title=Tibetan Sweater Sellers' Association Formed|date=2006-08-29|website=Central Tibetan Administration|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> During this time period, Nyandak also served as vice-chairman of the Board of Directors of the CTA's Social and Resource Development Fund (SARD)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rochester.edu/tibetchallenge/judges/|title=Judges – Tibetan Innovation Challenge|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> and Managing Trustee of the Dalai Lama's Charitable Trust.<ref name="auto1"/>

===Representative of the 14th Dalai Lama (2008–2013)===
[[File:Samdhong Rinpoche (81) (14883214707).jpg|left|thumb|Lobsang Nyandak (on the right end) with other representatives of the Dalai Lama from around the world at a two-day meeting in Dharamsala October 2009 (the Dalai Lama is in the center with Samdhong Rinpoche).]]
Nyandak moved to the [[United States]] with his family in 2007 and joined the [[Tibet Fund]] as its development director in 2008 until he was appointed as the Representative of the [[14th Dalai Lama]] at the [[Offices of Tibet (Dharamsala)|Office of Tibet in United States]] from September 2008 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dalailamaportland2013.net/representative-lobsang-nyandak-visits-maitripa/|title=Representative Lobsang Nyandak Visits Maitripa|date=2013-03-22|website=HH the Dalai Lama, Portland, Oregon, 2013|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tibet.ca/en/library/wtn/11215|title=Kashag Re-appoints Envoys and Representatives of His Holiness the Dalai Lama and Secretaries|last=|first=|date=2011-05-14|website=[[World Tibet News]]|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tibet.ca/en/library/wtn/12662|title=New North American Representative of the Dalai Lama|last=|first=|date=2013-06-03|website=[[World Tibet News]]|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> He was responsible for organizing visits of the Dalai Lama to North America, including arranging meetings with leaders and educators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/lawmaker-news/38049-pelosi-to-appear-with-richard-gere-her-latest-celeb-meeting|title=Pelosi to appear with Richard Gere, her latest celeb meeting|date=2009-03-09|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/the-dalai-lama-comes-to-connecticut/1905821/|title=The Dalai Lama Comes to Connecticut|last=Beaulieu|first=Scott|date=January 18, 2012|website=NBC Connecticut|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://savetibet.org/u-s-state-department-report-on-tibetan-chinese-dialogue-faults-beijing-for-impasse/|title=U.S. State Department report on Tibetan-Chinese dialogue faults Beijing for impasse|date=2012-09-14|website=[[International Campaign for Tibet]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>
[[File:Lobsang Nyandak, Tibetan Lunar New Year - Losar 2147, New York.jpg|alt=File:Lobsang Nyandak, Tibetan Lunar New Year – Losar 2147, New York, Tibet Fund|left|thumb|Lobsang Nyandak at Tibetan Lunar New Year – [[Losar]] 2147, New York, Tibet Fund (20 February 2020)]]

===Tibet Fund (2013–present)===

In 2013, Nyandak was appointed as the executive director of the [[Tibet Fund]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibetfund.org/docs//October%202013.pdf|title=The Tibet Fund News|date=2010-09-22|website=The Tibet Fund}}</ref> and in 2017, he became President of the organization.<ref>{{cite web | first=Sam | last=Littlefair | url=https://www.lionsroar.com/rinchen-dharlo-retires-as-president-of-the-tibet-fund/ | title=Rinchen Dharlo retires as president of Tibet Fund | magazine=[[Lion's Roar (magazine)|Lion's Roar]] | date=29 June 2017}}</ref>

=== Prime Minister campaigns ===
==== 2011 ====
Lobsang Nyandak was candidate initially for the [[2011 Central Tibetan Administration general election|2011 election of Tibetan Prime Minister]] and a poll directed by Shambala Post estimated he was second in popularity, after [[Lobsang Sangay]].<ref>Holly Brooke-Smith, [http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/outlook/views-and-analysis/852-lobsang-sangay-tops-tibetan-opinion-poll-for-next-pm Lobsang Sangay Tops Tibetan Opinion Poll for Next PM], The Tibet Post International, 7 May 2010</ref> He finally decided not to run for the 2011 election.<ref>[http://bangchen.net/2773/58/05/ བཀའ་བློན་ཁྲི་པའི་འོས་གཞི་རུ་ལང་རྒྱུའི་འདོད་པ་དང་འཆར་གཞི་རྩ་བ་ཉིད་ནས་མེད།], The Tibet Express, 26 February 2010</ref>

==== 2021 ====
On March 2, 2020,<ref name="Tibetan Review"/> Lobsang Nyandak publicly announced his candidacy for the [[2021 Central Tibetan Administration general election|2021 election of Tibetan Prime Minister]] ([[Sikyong]]).<ref>Choekyi Lhamo, [http://www.phayul.com/2020/07/27/44068/ Preparations for 2021 general elections underway, says Election Commissioner], ''[[Phayul.com]]'', 27 July 2020</ref>

In his program, he declares he is confident to re-establish contact with the Chinese Government to resolve the Tibetan issue, and aims to transform Tibet in a peace zone, as envisaged by the 14th Dalai Lama<ref>[https://www.tibetsun.com/opinions/2020/08/16/lobsang-nyandak-why-am-i-running-for-sikyong Lobsang Nyandak: Why am I running for Sikyong?], ''[[Tibet Sun]]'', 16 August 2020</ref>

== Personal life ==
Nyandak is married to Tenzin Palmo.{{when|date=December 2020}} They have three children.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

== Publications ==
* [https://www.tibetsun.com/opinions/2020/07/07/the-dalai-lama-institution-is-a-year-older The Dalai Lama Institution is a Year Older!], [[Tibet Sun]], 7 July 2020
* [https://www.tibetanreview.net/why-am-i-running-for-sikyong/ Opinion: Why am I running for Sikyong?], [[Tibetan Review]], 16 August 2020
* ''The Dalai Lama and American Presidents: A Story of Faith, Diplomacy and Friendship'', 2026

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Asia}}
* [[2021 Central Tibetan Administration general election]]
*[[1996 Tibetan Parliament in Exile election]]
* [[Samdhong Rinpoche]]
*[[Sikyong]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4p4z03gd1c Representative Lobsang Nyandak Speech in New York], 11 March 2013, YouTube, Office of Tibet Washington, DC
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKisBoMPzf8 Lobsang Nyandak at Emory University on Tibet's Self Immolation], 28 March 2013, YouTube, Emory University
* [https://www.voatibetan.com/a/4785061.html Kunleng Interview], 13 February 2019, video of [[Voice of America|Voice of America's Kunleng]] Tibetan program interview
* [https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lobsang+Nyandak%22+-wikipedia Google books sourcers]
* [https://cse.google.com/cse?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403:galkqgoksq0&cof=FORID:13%3BAH:left%3BCX:Wikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Lobsang+Nyandak%22 Additional verifiable mentions]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nyandak, Lobsang}}
[[Category:2021 Central Tibetan Administration general election]]
[[Category:Central Tibetan Administration elections]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Tibet]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Tibet]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Tibet]]
[[Category:Representatives of Offices of Tibet]]
[[Category:Tibetan human rights activists]]
[[Category:Tibetan activists]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Central Tibetan Administration]]
[[Category:Politics of Tibet]]
[[Category:Tibetan political people]]
[[Category:Indian people of Tibetan descent]]
[[Category:American people of Tibetan descent]]
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhists]]
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora]]
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in North America]]
[[Category:National Democratic Party of Tibet politicians]]
[[Category:Tibet–United States relations]]
[[Category:Non-profit executives]]
[[Category:People from Kalimpong district]]

Gondal Assembly constituency

2026-01-18T09:14:18Z

Manoj: Stub...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gondal
| mla = [[Geetaba Jadeja]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:228608}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 73
}}

'''Gondal''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]] district and is a segment of [[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Gondal Taluka – Entire taluka except villages – Dadva Hamirpara, Karmal Kotda.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
|Sorathia Popatlal Lakhabhai
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Keshubhai Patel]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gondal-gujarat-assembly-constituency | title=Gondal Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency }}</ref> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=1 }}
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ahir Popatbhai Lakhabhai Sorathiya||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Mahipatsinh Bhavubha Jadeja||
|{{Full party name with color|Independent | rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Mahipatsinh Bhavubha Jadeja||
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Jayrajsinh Jadeja]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=1 }}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Chandubhai Vaghasiya ||
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Jayrajsinh Jadeja]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Rowspan="2" | [[Geetaba Jadeja|Geetaba Jayrajsinh Jadeja]]|| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]

|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Gondal Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Geetaba Jadeja]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=86062|percentage=64.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Desai Yatish Govindlal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=42749|percentage=29.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nimishaben Khunt <ref>{{cite news |title=AAP releases second list of 9 candidates for Gujarat Assembly polls |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2022/08/18/bom12-gj-aap-candidates.html |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=The Week |date=18 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=07|percentage=0.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2164|percentage=1.5|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=43,313|percentage=29.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}-->
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:226687}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Gondal<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Geetaba Jadeja]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 70,900
|percentage = 50.41
|change = -3.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arjunbhai Khatariya|party=Indian National Congress|votes=55,109|percentage=39.40|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Omdevsinh Prabhatsinh Jadeja|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=6,004|percentage=4.29|change=+1.92}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,397|percentage=11.01|change=-2.31}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,39,875|percentage=65.64|change=-11.23}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:213098}}
|ref= <ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jayrajsinh Jadeja]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 79,709
|percentage = 53.74
|change = +7.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Gordhan Zadafia]]
|party = Gujarat Parivartan Party
|votes = 59,943
|percentage = 40.42
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandubhai Vaghasiya
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 3,519
|percentage = 2.37
|change = -44.53
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,766
|percentage = 13.32
|change = +12.84
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandubhai Vaghasiya
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 48,516
|percentage = 46.9
|change = +19.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jayrajsinh Jadeja]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 48,028
|percentage = 46.42
|change = +3.44
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Bachubhai Vadodariya
|party = Independent
|votes = 3,055
|percentage = 2.95
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 488
|percentage = 0.48
|change = -15.31
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,03,455
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jayrajsinh Jadeja]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 39,727
|percentage = 42.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahipatsinh Jadeja
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 25,133
|percentage = 27.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kurjibhai Bhalala
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 15,574
|percentage = 16.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,594
|percentage = 15.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 92,462
|percentage = 60.81
|change =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===1980===
* Patel, Keshubhai Savdas (BJP) : 24,572 votes
* Bhalodi Nanjibhai Savjibhai (INC-I) : 16,995

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Rajkot district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}

{{coord|21.96|70.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]

Uma Rama Rao

2026-01-12T13:55:31Z

Manoj: quick update

{{Short description|Indian dancer and choreographer (1938–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}

{{Infobox person
| name = K. Uma Rama Rao
| image = A portrait of Shri K.Uma Rama Rao who will be presented with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Kuchipudi Dance by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on October 26, 2004.jpg
| caption = Uma Rama Rao in 2004
| birth_name = Uma Maheswari
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1938|07|04}}
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|08|27|1938|07|04}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Kuchipudi dancer, choreographer, academician, research scholar, author, teacher
| known_for = Contributions to [[Kuchipudi]] and [[Bharatanatyam]]
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2003)
Kala Neerajanam
Sri Kala Poorna
Pratibha Puraskar
}}

'''K. Uma Rama Rao''' (born '''Uma Maheswari'''; 4 July 1938 – 27 August 2016) was an Indian [[Kuchipudi]] dancer, choreographer, academician, research scholar, author, and teacher.<ref name="AsianAge">{{cite news |title=Uma Rama Rao's demise leaves a void |url=https://www.asianage.com/dance/uma-rama-rao-s-demise-leaves-void-209 |work=[[Asian Age]] |date=13 September 2016 |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref> She was a prominent figure in the field of Indian classical dance, known for her lifelong dedication to Kuchipudi and [[Bharatanatyam]]. She founded the Lasya Priya Dance Academy in [[Hyderabad]] in 1985, which became a significant institution for training dancers in classical dance forms.<ref name="HinduMemorable">{{cite news |title=Uma Rama Rao's memorable life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Uma-Rama-Rao%E2%80%99s-memorable-life/article15604636.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 August 2016 |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref> In 2003, she was honored with the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for her contributions to Kuchipudi by India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=K Uma Rama Rao |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/K_Uma_Rama_Rao.pdf |website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
[[File:Umaramarao Dancing 1.jpg|thumb|Uma Rama Rao in her early career|left]]
K. Uma Rama Rao was born on 4 July 1938 in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], to Dr. V. V. Krishna Rao and Sowbhagyam.<ref name="Narthaki">{{cite web |title=Profiles - K Uma Rama Rao - dancer, choreographer, research scholar, author & teacher |url=https://narthaki.com/info/profiles/profil27.html |website=Narthaki |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref> She was raised in a conservative family that initially did not support her pursuit of dance as a career.<ref name="AsianAge"/> However, her marriage to [[K. Rama Rao]], a lawyer, provided her with the encouragement and support to follow her passion for dance. She credited him for standing by her throughout her career.<ref name="AsianAge"/>
She began her dance training at the age of five, initially learning [[Bharatanatyam]] under Guru Prahlada Sarma, and later mastering Kuchipudi under the guidance of renowned gurus like Vedantam Prahlada Sarma and C.R. Acharyulu.<ref name="HinduMemorable"/> She also pursued formal education, earning a postgraduate degree in economics from [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad.<ref name="Narthaki"/>

== Career ==
K. Uma Rama Rao began her career as a performer in her early years, gaining recognition for her expressive and technically proficient performances in Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam.<ref name="HinduMentor">{{cite news |title=A performer and a mentor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/a-performer-and-a-mentor/article5478625.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 January 2014 |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref> She performed extensively across India and internationally, earning acclaim for her ability to convey deep emotions through her dance.<ref name="AsianAge"/> Her performances were noted for their authenticity and adherence to the traditional aspects of Kuchipudi, while also incorporating innovative choreography.<ref name="HinduMentor"/>
In addition to her work as a performer, Uma Rama Rao was a dedicated educator. She served as a senior lecturer in dance at Sri Tyagaraja Government College of Music and Dance in Hyderabad from 1969 to 1988, where she taught Bharatanatyam.<ref name="Narthaki"/> She later became an associate professor at [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]], Hyderabad, where she continued to impart her knowledge of classical dance.<ref name="Narthaki"/> In 1994, she earned a PhD from Telugu University, receiving a gold medal for her thesis on the '[[Yakshagana]] Prabandhas of King Shahaji II,' a Maharashtrian ruler of Thanjavur (1684–1712) who composed 20 Yakshagana dance dramas in the Telugu language.<ref name="HinduYakshagana">{{cite news |title=Yakshagana research |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/01/07/stories/2005010702490900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404201741/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/01/07/stories/2005010702490900.htm |archive-date=4 April 2005 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 January 2005 |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>

=== Lasya Priya Dance Academy ===
In 1985, Uma Rama Rao established the Lasya Priya Dance Academy in Hyderabad, an institution dedicated to teaching Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam in both theory and practice.<ref name="HinduMemorable"/> The academy became a significant center for classical dance training, affiliated with the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU) as a study center.<ref name="IGNOU">{{cite web |title=IGNOU Study Centers |url=http://www.ignou.ac.in/divisions/rsd/tdd01.html |website=Indira Gandhi National Open University |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-date=8 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808011509/http://www.ignou.ac.in/divisions/rsd/tdd01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Through Lasya Priya, she trained numerous students, many of whom went on to become accomplished dancers, preserving the traditional essence of Kuchipudi while adapting it for contemporary audiences.<ref name="HinduMentor"/>
== Awards and recognition ==
K. Uma Rama Rao received several prestigious awards for her contributions to Indian classical dance. In 2003, she was honored with the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for her excellence in Kuchipudi, recognizing her as a leading exponent of the dance form.<ref name="SNA"/> She also received the National Senior Fellowship from the Department of Culture, [[Government of India]], through the Sangeet Natak Akademi, to support her research in dance.<ref name="SNA"/> Other notable honors include the Kala Neerajanam, Sri Kala Poorna, and Pratibha Puraskar awards, which acknowledged her contributions as a performer, teacher, and scholar.<ref name="Narthaki"/>
== Works ==
[[File:Dr. Uma Rao.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Uma Rama Rao in 2010]]
Uma Rama Rao authored a significant book on Kuchipudi, documenting its history and techniques. Her work has been a valuable resource for scholars and practitioners of Indian classical dance.
*{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=K. Uma Rama |title=Kuchipudi Bharatam Or Kuchipudi Dance: South Indian Classical Dance Tradition |year=1992 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications |location=Delhi |isbn=81-7030-291-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWvmAAAAMAAJ |access-date=8 April 2025}}

== Personal life ==
Uma Rama Rao was married to K. Rama Rao, a lawyer who supported her career in dance despite initial resistance from her family.<ref name="AsianAge"/> She died on 27 August 2016 in Hyderabad, leaving behind a legacy in the world of Indian classical dance.<ref name="AsianAge"/> Her death was widely mourned, with many noting the void left by her departure in the dance community.<ref name="AsianAge"/>
== Legacy ==
K. Uma Rama Rao’s contributions to Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam have had a lasting impact on Indian classical dance. Through her performances, teaching, and research, she played a key role in preserving and promoting these traditional art forms.<ref name="HinduMentor"/> Her establishment of the Lasya Priya Dance Academy ensured that future generations of dancers could learn and appreciate Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam.<ref name="HinduMemorable"/> Her scholarly work, including her book on Kuchipudi and her research on Yakshagana, remains a valuable resource for those studying Indian dance traditions.<ref name="HinduYakshagana"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Uma Rama Rao}}
*[http://www.lasyapriyadanceacademy.org/home.html Lasya Priya Dance Academy, website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018065344/http://www.lasyapriyadanceacademy.org/home.html |date=18 October 2009 }}

*[http://www.fullhyderabad.com/profile/locations/506/dance-schools-in-hyderabad-india/banjara-hills/lasya-priya-dance-academy-uma-rama-rao Ishana Samhita]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Uma Rama}}
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Educators from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women artists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]

Chintan Vikas

2026-01-08T00:00:49Z

Manoj: Done...

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Chintan Vikas
| image =Chintan Vikas.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Vikas, performing on stage in 2021
| native_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|07|28}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|composer|theatre activist}}
| spouse =
| years_active =
| awards =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed = yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Folk music|Folk]]
* [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
}}
| instrument = Vocals
| label = Independent Artist
}}
| =
}}
'''Chintan Vikas''' (born 1989) is an Indian playback singer, keyboard programmer, percussionist, vocal arranger, dubbing artiste and theatre activist, known for his works in [[Kannada language|Kannada]].<ref name="CHINTAN VIKAS">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/on-my-pinboard-chintan-vikas-778487.html|title=On my pin board: Chintan Vikas|work=Deccan Herald|author=Tini Sara Anien|date=21 November 2019|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/gossip/new-singers-get-opportunites-in-sandalwood/articleshow/50997968.cms|title=ಕೇಳುತಿದೆ ಇದೀಗ 'ಹೊಸಬರ ಇಂಚರ'|language=Kannada|trans-title=Newcomers' voices heard nowadays|work=Vijaya Karnataka|date=16 February 2016|author=Sharanu Hullur|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/playing-on-your-senses/article19911616.ece|title=Playing on your senses|work=The Hindu|author=Khajane, Muralidhara|date=24 October 2017|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.kannadaprabha.com/districts/mysore/2014/aug/02/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%86-236673.amp|title=ಮೈಸೂರುಜನಪದ ಮಾಯ್ಕಾರರಿಗೆ ಸಹೃದಯರಿಂದ ಮರ್ವಾದೆ|trans-title=Homage to folk heroes|work=Kannada Prabha|language=Kannada|date=2 August 2014|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> For his song ''’Saahore Saahore’'' in the film [[Gajakesari]], Chintan Vikas won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] in 2014.<ref name="th1">{{cite web|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|title=Film awards: a balance between main and independent film-making streams|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/film-awards-a-balance-between-main-and-independent-filmmaking-streams/article8230707.ece|work=The Hindu|date=13 February 2016|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/528628/after-national-honour-harivu-bags.html|title=After national honour, 'Harivu' bags top State film award|work=Deccan Herald|date=13 February 2016|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Chintan Vikas was born in Mysore to theatre personalities H. Janardhan and Sumathi.<ref name="CHINTAN VIKAS" /> His father, known as Janny, served as the director of the [[Rangayana]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/bheemasena-nalamaharajas-first-song-has-the-flavour-of-karnataka/articleshow/78847474.cms|title=Bheemasena Nalamaharaja's first song has the flavour of Karnataka|work=Times of India|date=24 October 2020|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chintan entered the theatre as a street play artist at the age of four.<ref name="CHINT">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/220117/such-a-long-and-illustrious-journey.html|title=Such a long and illustrious journey|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=22 January 2017|access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> He learnt [[Hindustani Classical Music]] from musician Veerabhadraiah Hiremath and became an assistant to the composer [[V. Manohar]].<ref name="CHINT"/>

He has worked with many composers in the industry including [[Hamsalekha]], V. Manohar, [[V. Harikrishna]], [[Arjun Janya]], [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] and others.
[[File:Hamsalekha and Chintan Vikas.jpg|thumb|upright|Chintan Vikas with [[Hamsalekha]]]]

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Film
! Song
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2014 Karnataka State Film Awards|2014]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]]
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Gajakesari]]''
| ''"Saahore Saahore"''
|}

== Discography ==
Selected film songs, recorded by Chintan Vikas, are listed here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/chinthan-vikas|title=Chintan Vikas Filmography|website=Chiloka.com|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>

* ''All songs are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Music !! Co-singers
|-
| 2011 || ''Kanchaana'' || "Duddu Duddu" || Rishikesh Hari || Solo
|-
| rowspan=2| 2012 || ''Cyber Yugadol Navayuva Madhura Prema Kavyam'' || "Maaye Maaye Maaye" || Vasu Dixit, Abhishek Lakra || Gurupriya
|-
| ''Bhageerathi'' || "Bandano Bandano" || [[V. Manohar]] || rowspan=2|solo
|-
| rowspan=4| 2013 || [[Dyavre]] || "Angani" || rowspan=2|Veer Samarth
|-
| ''Advaitha'' || "Karadipurada Garadiyolaga" || [[Shamita Malnad]]
|-
| ''Jungle Jackie'' || "Yakinge Maimele" || V. Manohar || solo
|-
| ''Chellapilli'' || "Kutti Shakeela" || Mikku Kavil || Malathi, Shamita
|-
| rowspan=3| 2014 || [[Gajakesari]] || "Saahore Saahore" || [[V. Harikrishna]] || rowspan=4|solo
|-
| rowspan=2|''Saval'' || "Jen Kithmele" || rowspan=4| V. Manohar
|-
| "Eddeddu Sidiva"
|-
| rowspan=5|2015 ||rowspan=2| ''Vamshoddharaka'' || "Natha Natha"
|-
| "Alemaneyange" || [[Supriya Lohith]]
|-
| [[Mr. Airavata]] || "Mr. Airavata" || V. Harikrishna || Ranjith, [[Santhosh Venky]], Shashank Sheshagiri
|-
| ''[[Geetha Bangle Store]]'' || "Ale Ale Aleyo" || V. Manohar ||solo
|-
| [[Bullet Basya]] || "Common Common" || [[Arjun Janya]] || Malathi
|-
| rowspan=12| 2016 || [[Kirik Party]] || "Lastu Benchina" || [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] || Varun Ramachandra, B. Ajaneesh Loknath, [[Chandan Achar]]
|-
| [[Mukunda Murari]] || "Gopala Baa" || Arjun Janya || [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
|-
| [[Doddmane Hudga]] || "Naguva Nanjunda" || V. Harikrishna || rowspan=4|solo
|-
| ''Avadhi'' || "Yamapasha" || Sabhu Verghese
|-
| ''Sa'' || "Olagondu Horagondu" || Veer Samarth
|-
| ''Gajapade'' || "Sariyada Sanje" || Abhilash-Joyel
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Devara Nadalli]] || "Devara Nadalli"||rowspan=2|Hamsalekha || Hamsalekha, Moh
|-
| "Allalle Arare" || Hamsalekha
|-
| [[Parapancha]] || "Dari Thappi" || Veer Samarth || solo
|-
| rowspan=2|''Last Bus'' || "Doori Doori" || rowspan=2| S. D. Aravind || solo
|-
| "Doori" (theatrical) || Sujatha Iyer
|-
| [[Ishtakamya]] || "Naa Ninage" || Ajaneesh Loknath ||solo
|-
| rowspan=5|2017 || [[Beautiful Manasugalu]] || "Preethi Maruva Santheyalli" ||[[Bharath B. J.]] ||Eesha Suchi
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Srikanta (film)|Srikanta]] || "Kaalittare Yuddhake" ||rowspan=2| Ajaneesh Loknath ||rowspan=2|Hemanth, [[Shashank Sheshagiri]]
|-
| "Shiva Shiva Maharaja"
|-
| [[Bangara s/o Bangarada Manushya]] || "Thenege Thene" || V. Harikrishna || solo
|-
| [[Mass Leader]] || "Ea Mannalli" || Veer Samarth || Prem, Govind Kurnool
|-
| 2018 || [[Amma I Love You]] || "Yetthuttaro" ||[[Gurukiran]]|| Siddharth Belmannu
|-
| 2020 || [[Bheemasena Nalamaharaja]] || "Thanneer Meedre" || Charan Raj || H. Janardhan, chorus
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''Bypass Road'' || "Muddada Gombe" || Vijayakrishna D. || Solo
|-
|''1980''
|"Hey Kaalave"
|''Himself''
|Apoorva Shridhar
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|9291782}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vikas, Chintan}}
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada theatre]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

List of cross LOC military operations

2025-11-25T06:35:06Z

Manoj: page fix

{{short description|None}}

The [[line of control]] which lies between the Indian and Pakistani controlled parts of the former princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is the de facto boundary which is generally respected by both sides. Indian and Pakistani troops have on occasion tried to alter the areas under their control in large scale operations. There have also been punitive expeditions across the border.

Acts of brutality and mutilation are a regular occurrence along the Line of Control. Armed teams of soldiers and militants are known to cross the border, outnumber a post and inflict heavy casualties and utilize beheading as an act of humiliation. Both sides have blamed each other for carrying out such cross-border attacks and denied their participation in such raids.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/world/asia/kashmir-jammu-india-pakistan-beheadings.html|title=Beheadings and Vengeance: A Cycle of Killing on a Border in Kashmir|date=15 May 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516030438/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/world/asia/kashmir-jammu-india-pakistan-beheadings.html|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/overcoming-india-and-pakistans-perpetual-standoff-in-kashmir/|title=Overcoming India and Pakistan's Perpetual Standoff in Kashmir|last=Diplomat|first=Amina Afzal, The|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2018-10-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Lieutenant general|Lt. Gen.]] [[H. S. Panag]], a former Indian army general, states that the Indian military usually used to conceal the incidents of beheading of Indian soldiers. However, nowadays it is becoming increasing difficult to conceal these incidents as soldiers and even porters working at military post have mobile phones.<ref name="nytimes"/> Indian media reports that from 1998 to 2003, Pakistan military conducted around 21 [[Raid (military)|raids]] in Indian territories. Around 41 Indian soldiers were killed and 76 were injured in those raids.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/01jk.htm|title=Pakistani soldiers raid Indian territories|date=1 October 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022024127/https://m.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/01jk.htm|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Since 2021, India and Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1700682 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> and such incidents have not been reported since.

==List of military operations across the LOC==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Incident
! Date
! Description
! Remarks
|-
| [[Operation Meghdoot]]
| 13 April 1984
| India successfully occupied all of the Siachen Glacier.
| India received intelligence that Pakistan was planning to occupy the Siachen glacier <ref name="time-war">{{cite news |date=4 July 2005 |title=War at the Top of the World |work=Time Magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528,00.html |accessdate=2011-12-30}}</ref> and executed an operation to deny the territory. This sparked a confrontation which has continued ever since.
|-
| The [[Kargil War]]
| May–July 1999
| Pakistan tried to occupy Indian territory, to gain tactical advantage.
| Pakistani army soldiers and militants infiltrated positions on the Indian side of the LOC<ref name = "Globalsecurity">{{cite web| url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm|title=1999 Kargil Conflict|work=GlobalSecurity.org|publisher=| accessdate=20 May 2009}}</ref> in an attempt to occupy strategic peaks, but failed and withdrew after an Indian counter-offensive.
|-
| Chamb raid
| 22 January 2000
| Indian army personnel raided a Pakistani post in Chamb sector.
| Indian soldiers attacked a Pakistan Army post after midnight from three directions in the Iftikharabad sub-sector in the Chamb area. Seven Pakistani soldiers were captured and killed in the attack which was seen as a retaliation for the loss of Lt.[[Saurabh Kalia]] and 4 soldiers of 4 jat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/limited-war.htm|title=Preparing for Limited War|website=www.defencejournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/surgical-strikes-india-pakistan-un-indian-army-terrorists-lashkar-e-taiba-345139-2016-10-05|title=India's surgical record has 10 more cross-LoC hits to its credit}}</ref>
|-
| [[Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar|Ashok Listening Post attack]]
| 27 February 2000
| Pakistani Soldiers attacked an Indian Post.
| The Pakistani Special Services Group (SSG) conducted an operation in which 7 soldiers of the [[Maratha Light Infantry|17 Maratha Light Infantry]] manning the post were killed, and a soldier by the name of [[Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar|Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar]] was beheaded. His head was taken back to Pakistan as a trophy.<ref name="TOI01">{{cite news|last1=Joseph|first1=Josy|title=Pak cross-LoC raid: Brutality similar to 2000 strike by Ilyas Kashmiri|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pak-cross-LoC-raid-Brutality-similar-to-2000-strike-by-Ilyas-Kashmiri/articleshow/17961775.cms|accessdate=30 September 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Attack on Indian military listening post in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch sector]]
| August 2000
| Pakistan's special forces attack an Indian military post.
| Pakistan's special forces conducted an attack on an Indian military post in Poonch sector, killing three Indian soldiers and injuring seven others. Indian officials believe that the attack was in retaliation against an Indian army attack on a Pakistani post in Chamb.<ref name="rediffnews"/>
|-
| Akbar post raid
| August 2000
| Indian soldiers raided a Pakistani post
| An officer and thirteen soldiers of the Pakistani army were killed in a raid carried out by Indian troops following the end of the Kargil War. The slain officer was the son of a high ranking officer in Pakistani army.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/2016-surgical-strike-was-not-indias-first-here-are-the-previous-ones/313158 | title = 2016 Surgical Strike Was Not India's First, Here Are The Previous Ones | date = 6 July 2018 | work = outlookindia.com }}</ref>
|-
| Attack on Indian military listening post in Uri sector of [[Baramulla]] district
| February 2003
| Pakistan's Border Action Team (BAT) attacked an Indian post.
| Pakistan's Border Action Team conducted a raid on an Indian army listening post in the [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri sector]] of the [[Baramulla]] district. Around four Indian soldiers were killed.<ref name="rediffnews">{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/01jk.htm|title=Pakistani soldiers raid Indian territories|date=1 October 2003|work=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
| Pakistani post near Bhimber Gali in [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch]] attacked.
| 18 September 2003
| Indian soldiers attacked Pakistani post.
| A [[Junior commissioned officer|JCO]] and three soldiers were killed in the attack. One soldier was allegedly decapitated, and his head was carried off as a trophy. Pakistan Lodged a complaint with the [[UNMOGIP]].<ref name="TH04">{{cite news|last1=Swami|first1=Praveen|title=Locked in U.N. files, 15 years of bloodletting at LoC|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/locked-in-un-files-15-years-of-bloodletting-at-loc/article4358199.ece|accessdate=4 October 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Kranti post near Salhotri village in Poonch was attacked.
| 5 June 2008
| Pakistani soldiers attacked Indian post.
| A soldier in the 2-8 Gurkha Regiment, Jawashwar Chhame, was killed.<ref name="TH04"/>
|-
| Pakistani post near Bhattal sector in Poonch attacked.
| 19 June 2008
| Indian soldiers attacked Pakistani post.
| Pakistan lodged a complaint with the UNMOGIP that Indian troops entered into [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]], beheaded a soldier, and carried his head across. Four Pakistani soldiers allegedly died in the raid.<ref name="TH04"/>
|-
| Indian army post in Gugaldhar ridge in [[Kupwara]] attacked
| 30 July 2011
| Pakistan's Border Action Team (BAT) conducted the attack across the LoC
| Pakistan's Border Action Team (BAT) attacked an Indian military post in Kupwara, killing 6 Indian soldiers belonging to 19 Rajput battalion and 20 Kumaon battalion.<ref name="nytimes"/> Two Indian soldiers of 20 Kumaon Regiment were beheaded by Pakistani Border Action Team (BAT) troops. Their heads were taken as a trophy. The attacking team took back the heads of Havildar Jaipal Singh Adhikari and Lance Naik Devender Singh of 20 [[Kumaon Regiment|Kumaon]].<ref name="TH05">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Vijaita|title=Operation Ginger: Tit-for-tat across the Line of Control|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-ginger-titfortat-across-the-line-of-control/article9202758.ece|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Operation Ginger]] Sharda sector, across the Neelam river valley in Kel.
| 29 August 2011
| Indian para commandos conducted a covert strike across the border
| Pakistani soldiers Subedar Parvez, Havildar Aftab and Naik Imran were beheaded, and their heads and rank insignias brought to India.<ref name="TH05"/><ref name="FP02">{{cite news|title=Operation Ginger: Indian Army's surgical strikes in 2011 killed eight Pakistani soldiers|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/operation-ginger-indian-armys-surgical-strikes-in-2011-killed-eight-pakistani-soldiers-3042386.html|accessdate=11 October 2016|agency=IANS|publisher=First Post|date=9 October 2016}}</ref> Pakistan complained to the UNMOGIP that three soldiers, including a JCO were killed.<ref name="TH04"/>
|-
| Beheading of Lance Naik Hemraj
| 8 January 2013
| Pakistani soldiers crossed the LoC and ambushed Indian soldiers.
| Lance Naik Hemraj and Lance Naik Sudhakar Singh were killed. Indian officials claimed that both bodies were mutilated, and that Hemraj was decapitated.<ref name="HT02">{{cite news|title=India 'gave befitting reply' to soldier beheading|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-gave-befitting-reply-to-soldier-beheading/story-CA33yqSfRuKEC4V0et7zkM.html|accessdate=3 October 2016|agency=IANS|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=31 July 2014}}</ref> Indian troops failed to recover the head even after a search of the area. India believes the Pakistanis took the head of Hemraj when they retreated.<ref name="ToI03">{{cite news|last1=Pandit|first1=Rajat|last2=Joseph|first2=Josy|title=Pak troops kill two jawans, behead, mutilate one of them|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pak-troops-kill-two-jawans-behead-mutilate-one-of-them/articleshow/17945868.cms|accessdate=1 October 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="ZN01">{{cite news|last1=Arora|first1=Kamna|title=Ilyas Kashmiri still alive inside Pakistani troops|url=http://zeenews.india.com/blog/ilyas-kashmiri-still-alive-inside-pakistani-troops_5974.html|accessdate=1 October 2016|publisher=Zee News|date=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC01">{{cite news|title=India says Pakistan 'beheaded' Kashmir soldier|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20954975|accessdate=3 October 2016|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="NT01">{{cite news|last1=Ahmad|first1=Faiz|title=UN probing killing of Pakistani soldier in Kashmir; no complaint by India|url=http://www.nationalturk.com/en/un-probing-killing-of-pakistani-soldier-in-kashmir-no-complaint-by-india-31852/|accessdate=4 October 2016|publisher=National Turk|date=10 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Sarla post of Indian Army in Chakandabad Bagh area of Poonch sector
|6 August 2013
|Pakistani Border Action Team ambushed an Indian Army demolition patrol
|Indian officials claimed that 20 armed militants, along with Pakistani Army soldiers, carried out an ambush and killed 5 soldiers of the [[Bihar Regiment|21 Bihar]]. Pakistani officials denied any involvement in the incident.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/pakistan-denies-involvement-in-attack-on-indian-post-497025|title=Pakistan Denies Involvement in Attack on Indian Post|last=Chandwani|first=Karuna|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2018-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/indian-security-forces-attacked-in-disputed-territory/1724131.html|title=India Accuses Pakistan of Killing 5 Soldiers in Kashmir|last=Pasricha|first=Anjana|work=VOA|access-date=2018-10-08|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/five-indian-soldiers-killed-along-border-with-pakistan/2013/08/06/6e571078-fe83-11e2-8294-0ee5075b840d_story.html|title=Five Indian soldiers killed along border with Pakistan|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/pak-troops-attack-indian-post-at-loc-5-soldiers-killed/20130806.htm|title=5 Indian soldiers killed in Pak ambush at LoC|work=Rediff|access-date=2018-10-08}}</ref>
|-
| [[2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation]]
| 28 September 2016
| Indian Para commandos stuck multiple terrorist launch pads along the LoC
| India conducted "[[surgical strike]]s" against alleged militant launch pads across the [[Line of Control]] in Pakistani-Administered Kashmir, and inflicted "significant casualties".<ref name="DGMO">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|title=India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 September 2016|accessdate=2 October 2016}}</ref> Indian media reported the casualty figures variously, from 35 to 50.<ref name="FE">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uri-avenged-35-40-terrorists-9-pakistani-soldiers-killed-in-indian-surgical-strikes-say-tv-reports/397625/|date=29 September 2016|title=Uri avenged: 35-40 terrorists, 9 Pakistani soldiers killed in Indian surgical strikes}}</ref><ref name="para_commandos">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uri-avenged-inside-story-indian-army-surgical-strikes-pok-343995-2016-09-29 | title=Surgical strikes in PoK: How Indian para commandos killed 50 terrorists, hit 7 camps | publisher=India Today | date=29 September 2016 | access-date=1 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="buries">{{cite news|title=Uri Pay Back: Pakistan buries dead terrorists, leaving no evidence for India's Surgical Strike|url=http://www.indialivetoday.com/uri-pay-back-pakistan-buries-dead-terrorists-leaving-no-evidence-for-indias-surgical-strike/39701.html|work=India Live Today|date=30 September 2016|accessdate=30 September 2016|first=Renu|last=Ratheesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001201558/http://www.indialivetoday.com/uri-pay-back-pakistan-buries-dead-terrorists-leaving-no-evidence-for-indias-surgical-strike/39701.html|archive-date=1 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pakistan denied Indian claims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/pakistan-denies-india-carried-surgical-strikes-160929165646369.html|title=Surgical strikes: Pakistan rejects India's claims|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref>
|-
|Indian patrol attacked in Krishna Gati sector of Poonch district
|2 May 2017
|Pakistan Border Action Team (BAT) ambushed an Indian patrol along the LoC
|India claimed that a Border Action Team (BAT) of the Pakistan Army ambushed a patrol of about 9-10 soldiers from the 22 [[Sikh Regiment]] of the Indian Army and 200 battalion of the Border Security Force. The ambush took place about 200–250 metres deep inside Indian territory, and bodies of two soldiers were mutilated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/blow-by-blow-account-heres-how-the-barbaric-attack-unfolded-1388571.html|title=Pakistan Army Set Up Death Trap to Carry Out Barbaric Border Attack|accessdate=2 May 2017|publisher=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-kills-mutilates-two-indian-soldiers-along-loc-army-calls-incident-despicable/story-Qa97ITLxaYxNeWkrDmF2XM.html|title=Pakistan kills, mutilates two Indian soldiers, army calls incident 'despicable'|accessdate=2 May 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/an-ambush-250-metres-inside-indian-territory-how-the-pakistan-army-carried-out-the-attack/story-4652mIvVQ4Z2aXIoAcv4wI.html|title='A planned operation': How Pakistan army carried out an attack 250 metres inside Indian territory|accessdate=28 May 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/naib-subedar-paramjit-singh-prem-sagar-mutilation-indian-army-prepared-to-avenge-barbaric-pakistan-act-2092558/|title=Naib Subedar Paramjit Singh, BSF head constable Prem Sagar mutilation: Indian Army prepared to avenge barbaric Pakistan act|accessdate=3 May 2017|publisher=India.com}}</ref>
|-
|Indian army patrol party attacked in Keri sector
|23 December 2017
|Pakistan border Action Team (BAT) attacked Indian patrol party
|India claimed that a Border Action Team (BAT) of the Pakistan Army crossed 400m across the LoC to target a patrol party of the Indian Army. The attack resulted in the death of 4 Indian soldiers, including a major.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/major-prafulla-moharkar-last-rites-performed-in-maharashtra-village-he-was-killed-in-cross-border-at-1792776|title=Last Rites Performed For Major Prafulla Moharkar Who Was Killed In Cross-Border Attack By Pak Troops|accessdate=27 December 2017|publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/nagpur+today+english-epaper-nagpure/slain+major+prafulla+moharkar+given+last+salute+in+his+village-newsid-78825556|title=Slain major Prafulla Moharkar given last salute in his village|accessdate=27 December 2017|publisher=Daily Hunt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/report/indian-army-crosses-over-loc-kills-pakistani-soldiers/20171226.htm|title=Indian Army commandos cross over LoC, kill 3 Pakistani soldiers|accessdate=26 December 2017|publisher=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
|Pakistani patrol attacked at a temporary post in Rukh Chakri sector in Rawlakot
|25 December 2017
|Ghatak commandos ambushed a Pakistani patrol at a temporary post
|India claimed that a team of 4–5 Ghatak commandos of Poonch Brigade under 25 Division crossed over about 200–300m across the LoC and attacked a Pakistani patrol consisting of 8–10 men in a retaliatory strike. The Indian commandos placed an IED at a temporary post and killed 3 soldiers, 1 major and 2 soldiers, and injured 1 soldier of the 59 Baloch regiment. Pakistan Foreign office denied that Indians had crossed the LoC, and claimed that 3 soldiers had died and 1 injured in response to an IED blast caused by "non-state actors".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-crosses-over-loc-kills-three-pak-soldiers/articleshow/62248583.cms|title=Indian Army kills 3 Pakistani soldiers in cross border operations in J&K|website=Economic Times|language=en|date=27 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/cross-loc-raid-kills-3-pak-jawans/cid/1330468|title='Cross-LoC' raid kills 3 Pak jawans|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/174664-in-the-line-of-duty-the-uniformed-martyrs-of-2017|title=In the line of duty: The uniformed martyrs of 2017|date=31 December 2017|work=Geo News}}</ref>
|-
|Indian army team attacked along International border (IB)
|28 September 2018
|Border action team (BAT) attack Indian soldiers
| A Pakistani military post attacked an Indian military team near the international border. As a result, the team retreated and later realized that 1 of its soldiers was missing. The missing soldier was later found dead. Indian military officials claim that the missing soldier was killed by the Border Action Team (BAT), which had crossed the border to attack the Indian soldiers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/jawan-killed-in-bat-action-and-not-mutilated-reserve-right-to-retaliate-bsf-chief/articleshow/65997860.cms|title=Jawan killed in BAT action and not mutilated, reserve right to retaliate: BSF Chief|access-date=28 September 2018|publisher=Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/pakistan-more-aggressive-on-border-since-imran-khan-took-charge-says-bsf-dg-1892719.html|title=Pakistan More Aggressive on Border Since Imran Khan Took Charge, Says BSF DG|accessdate=28 September 2018|publisher=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/report/will-soon-take-retaliatory-action-against-pak-bsf/20180928.htm|title=Will soon take retaliatory action against Pak: BSF|accessdate=28 September 2018|publisher=Rediff}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Military history of India]]

Puri–Jaynagar Express

2025-11-11T10:03:02Z

Manoj: Started New Article

{{Short description|Indian Express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Puri Jaynagar Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| states =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Puri}}
| stops = 23
| end = {{stnlnk|Jaynagar}}
| distance = {{convert|1002|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 23 hours
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class & General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering =
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18419 / 18420
| speed = {{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:(Puri - Jaynagar) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}
18419 / 20 '''Puri–Jaynagar Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Puri}} and {{stnlnk|Jaynagar}} in India.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151011215740/http://odishasuntimes.com/2014/03/21/ecor-augments-ac-coaches-important-trains/]}}, ''odishasuntimes.com'', 21 March 2014</ref>

== Service ==
It operates as train number 18419 from Puri to Jaynagar and as train number 18420 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]]. The train covers the distance of {{cvt|1002|km}} in 23 hours 00 mins approximately at a speed of ({{cvt|44|km/h}}).<ref>[http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/102074-story.html], ''prabhatkhabar.com'', 29 March 2014</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 18419 || PURI || Puri || 2:25 PM || THU || Jaynagar || 1:35 PM || FRI
|-
| 18420 || JYG || Jaynagar || 05:10 AM || SAT || Puri || 3:20 AM || SUN
|}

==Coaches==
The 18419 / 20 Puri–Jaynagar Express has one AC 2-tier, three AC 3-tier, nine sleeper class, seven general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches. It doesn't carries a [[pantry car]].

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==RSA – Rake sharing==
22827/22828 – [[Puri–Surat Express]]

==Reversals==
ASN – {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}

==Routing==
The 18419 / 20 Puri–Jaynagar Express runs from Puri via {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}, {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Balasore}}, {{stnlnk|Adra Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Madhupur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}, and {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}} to Jaynagar.

==Traction==
As this route is going to be electrified, an [[Electric Loco Shed, Asansol|Asansol]]-based electric [[WAG-5P]] locomotive pulls the train to {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}, and later a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]] pulls the train to its destination.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/puri-jaynagar-weekly-express-18419/2405/217/1813 18419 Puri Jaynagar Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/jaynagar-puri-weekly-express-18420/2401/1813/217 18420 Jaynagar Puri Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri-Jaynagar Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]
[[Category:Transport in Jainagar]]

Prince, Patron and Patriarch

2025-11-10T00:02:39Z

Manoj: Started A Details

{{Short description|2019 book about an Indian Maharajah}}

{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Prince, Patron and Patriarch
| image = File:Prince,_Patron_and_Patriarch.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Sukhjit Singh (soldier)|Brigadier Sukhjit Singh]], Cynthia Meera Frederick
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = History
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Roli Books]]
| pub_date = 2019
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type =
| pages = 255
| awards =
| isbn = 978-81-938608-5-4
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''Prince, Patron and Patriarch: Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala''''' is a book about [[Jagatjit Singh]] (1872-1949), the last ruling Maharajah of the [[princely state]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] during [[British India|British rule in India]]. It is authored by his grandson [[Sukhjit Singh (soldier)|Brigadier Sukhjit Singh]], in collaboration with conservation architect Cynthia Meera Frederick,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cynthia Meera Frederick, Author at Roli Books |url=https://rolibooks.com/digital-magazine/author/cynthia-m-frederick/}}</ref> who conceived and seeded the idea for the book. Brig Sukhjit says Cynthia persuaded him to co-author the book to do justice to this exceptional royal.<ref name="Sharma2018" /> It was published by [[Roli Books]] in 2019. Pramod Kumar K G is the consulting editor. The book gives detailed account of the building of the [[Sainik School, Kapurthala|Palace at Kapurthala]] by [[Alexandre Marcel]] and Paul Boyer.<ref name=Sharma2018>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Manraj Grewal |title=A grandson’s tribute to the last maharaja of Kapurthala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/a-grandson-s-tribute-to-the-last-maharaja-of-kapurthala-maharaja-jagatjit-singh/story-mRWJVrTeRKJZhriSXtHv9H.html |access-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111052415/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/a-grandson-s-tribute-to-the-last-maharaja-of-kapurthala-maharaja-jagatjit-singh/story-mRWJVrTeRKJZhriSXtHv9H.html|archive-date=11 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Tribune>{{cite news |title=Book released on Maharaja of Kapurthala |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/book-released-on-maharaja-of-kapurthala-721373 |work=Tribune|access-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111051947/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/book-released-on-maharaja-of-kapurthala-721373|archive-date=11 November 2023}}</ref>

==Publication==
''Prince, Patron and Patriarch: Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala'' was published by [[Roli Books]] in 2019.<ref name=Khanna>{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Anshu |title=Prince, Patron and Patriarch - Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/prince-patron-and-patriarch/ |access-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111053602/https://thedailyguardian.com/prince-patron-and-patriarch/|archive-date=11 November 2023 |work=The Daily Guardian |date=30 October 2020}}</ref>

==Content==
The book has 255 pages, beginning with an introduction and preface, followed by 22 chapters, and ends with an epilogue, notes and a bibliography. There is no index. It is interspersed throughout with photographs which include rare archival images alongside contemporary photography by Karam K. Puri.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=H. H. Sukhjit |last2=Frederick |first2=Cynthia Meera |title=Prince, Patron and Patriarch; Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala |date=2019 |publisher=Roli Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-938608-5-4}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2019 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about British India]]
[[Category:Books about the princely states of India]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Biographies about royalty]]

{{India-book-stub}}

Byg Byrd

2025-10-31T17:20:52Z

Manoj: content fix

{{Short description|Record producer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image =
| birth_name = Maninder Singh Kalyan
| alias = byG Byrd
| origin = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| occupation = {{hlist|Record producer}}
| years_active = 2008-present
| label = Brown Boy Records
| current_member_of = Brown Boys
| current_members = Big Boi Deep Tarna Blamo
| past_members = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]] [[Sunny Malton]]
}}

'''Maninder Singh Kalyan''', professionally known as '''Byg Byrd''' is an Indo-Canadian [[record producer]] and record executive. He is also associated with [[Punjabi music]]. He produced for variety of artists notably [[French Montana]], [[Chinx Drugz]], [[Lil Kim]], [[Lil Durk]] and [[Jim Jones (rapper)|Jim Jones]], along with Punjabi artists including [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], [[Tarsem Jassar]], [[Sunny Malton]], [[Jazzy B]] and [[Prem Dhillon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Putt Sardara De {{!}} Jazzy B {{!}} Byg Byrd |url=https://toronto.redfm.ca/putt-sardara-de-jazzy-b-byg-byrd/ |website=Toronto Red FM}}</ref>

He rose to mainstream with his track 'So High'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baddhan |first=Lakh |date=October 8, 2018 |title=BritAsia TV Music Awards 2018: Winners List |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/britasia-tv-music-awards-2018-winners-list/ |website=BizAsiaLive.Com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Molenar |first=Coleman |date=May 29, 2022 |title=Brampton-Based Punjabi Rapper Sidhu Moose Wala Killed in Gunfire |url=https://www.complex.com/music/sidhu-moose-wala-dead |website=Complex}}</ref> and 'Issa Jatt' with [[Sidhu Moose Wala]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sidhu Moose Wala's five songs that launched him to superstardom: So High, Just Listen and more |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/sidhu-moose-wala-s-five-songs-that-launched-him-to-superstardom-so-high-just-listen-and-more-101653841286867.html}}</ref> He is also the co-founder of Brown Boys,<ref>{{cite web |date=March 29, 2021 |title=Sunny Malton and Rajvir Gakhal Announce Their New Record Label TPM Recordz |url=https://kiddaan.com/sunny-malton-and-rajvir-gakhal-announce-their-new-record-label-tpm-recordz/}}</ref> which he founded with rapper [[Sunny Malton]] (left in 2021).

== Early life ==
Byrd is from [[Toronto|Toronto, Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Byg Byrd with DJ Limelight |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001h5vv |publisher=BBC}}</ref> and was born into a [[Punjabi Canadians|Canadian Punjabi]] [[Sikhs|Sikh]] family and he attended [[Mississauga Secondary School]]<ref>{{Cite web |title="Sikhs united we stand. Stay strong. #sikhshooting #wisconsin" |url=https://twitter.com/bygbyrdpro/status/232216049037213697?s=20 |website=Twitter}}</ref> Byrd's family is originally from [[Hoshiarpur district]] in [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Me and @TheHoneySingh1 from the same district back in #Punjab #Hoshiarpur" |url=https://twitter.com/bygbyrdpro/status/289516175849832448?s=20 |website=Twitter}}</ref>

In May 2022, Byrd launched his own [[Vodka]] line called Brown Boys Vodka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Byg Byrd Launches His Own Liquor Brand – 'Brown Boys Vodka'! |work=Ghaint Punjab |url=https://www.ghaintpunjab.com/ghaintpunjab/Article/52694/byg-byrd-liquor-brand}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early career ===
Byg Byrd started making music within the [[hiphop]] scene which eventually led him to work on the song "100"<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 by French Montana ft Chinx Drugz, Cheeze |url=https://www.whosampled.com/French-Montana/100/ |website=Genius}}</ref> in 2012, which featured [[French Montana]], Cheeze, and [[Chinx Drugz]] in the [[Coke Boys 3]] album. He also worked on the song "Soulful" which featured French Montana and [[Lil Durk]] in [[Coke Boys 4]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Mixtape: French Montana 'Coke Boys 4' |url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/new-mixtape-french-montana-coke-boys-4-200393/ |website=Vibe.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=French Montana - Soulful |url=https://genius.com/French-montana-soulful-lyrics |website=Genius}}</ref>

=== Rise to fame ===
In August 2017, Byrd and Moosewala released "So High" which became their most successful track. He can also been seen throughout the music video along with [[Sunny Malton]], which was shot in Toronto.

In 2017, Byrd produced "Just Listen" by Sidhu Moosewala. The song managed to reach 12th in the UK Asian Charts.[11] Other significant Byrd collaborations and features include "East Side Flow" (2019), "Sidhu's Anthem" (2019), Forget About it (2019) "Chosen" (2019), "B-Town (2019)", "Hauli Hauli" (2019) and Homicide (2019) and "Never Fold" (2022).

Byrd also produced 3 songs on Moosewala's album, [[PBX 1]] which debuted 66 on the ''Billboard'' [[Canadian Albums Chart]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/sidhu-moosewala/chart-history/cna/|title=Sidhu Moosewala|magazine=Billboard|access-date=March 9, 2020}}</ref> The album also reached the top spot on [[iTunes]] and became the top Indian Pop album.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/181031-confidential-and-pbx1-reaches-top-spot-on|title='CON.FI.DEN.TIAL' and 'PBX1' reaches top spot on iTunes|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en|access-date=March 9, 2020}}</ref>

In 2020, Byrd has also collaborated with Punjabi legend, [[Jazzy B]] on the song ‘Putt Sardara De’<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jazzy B’s latest song ‘Putt Sardara De’ is an ode to the martyrs of 1984 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/jazzy-bs-latest-song-putt-sardara-de-is-an-ode-to-the-martyrs-of-1984/articleshow/76258383.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

In 2022, Byrd collaborated with Happy Singh on the song "Ko Ni Tera Yaar".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Singh & Byg Byrd Drop In! |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0018w6k |website=BBC Asian Network}}</ref>

==== Feud with Sidhu Moosewala & Sunny Malton ====
The initial Brown Boys feud started between Moosewala<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sidhu Moose Wala face to face with Sunny Malton: Sidhu Moose Wala fight with Sunny Malton, Byg Byrd |work=Punjab 2000 |url=https://punjab2000.com/sidhu-moose-wala-face-to-face-with-sunny-malton-sidhu-moose-wala-fight-with-sunny-malton-byg-byrd/}}</ref> and Sunny Malton, Byg Byrd and BigBoiDeep after their release of the album ''Brown Boys Forever''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000w5mp|title=BBC Asian Network - AJD, Sunny Malton|website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Harleen |title=Nasty! Sidhu Moosewala's Fallout With Byg Byrd & Sunny Malton Goes Public! |work=Ghaint Punjab |url=https://www.ghaintpunjab.com/ghaintpunjab/Article/32568/sidhu-moosewala-byg-byrd-sunny-malton-split-fight}}</ref> On Instagram, Byrd and Malton said [[Sidhu Moosewala]] was not paying them and was "leaking" their songs. Moosewala responded with "I am ready to swear on anything religious. Putting my hand on my heart I am ready to say that if I have ever leaked any song of mine, I want my tongue to be held and I will stop singing."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/sidhu-moosewala-fight-with-byg-byrd-sunny-malton |title=Sidhu Moosewala fight with Byg Byrd & Sunny Malton |first=Jas |last=Sembhi |date=May 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/may/31/sidhu-moose-wala-a-rapper-of-fascinating-contradictions-who-aimed-to-uplift-punjab | title=Sidhu Moose Wala: A rapper of fascinating contradictions who aimed to uplift Punjab | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=May 31, 2022 }}</ref>

In December 2020 and January 2021, Byg Byrd and Malton got into a serious internet feud over ownership of Brown Boys Records. Despite being equal partners, Malton claimed his personal relationship was suffering for the last 4–5 months and that BygByrd signed artist, Tarna without his permission under alias of Brown Boys.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thepollywood.com/sunny-malton-compares-his-former-partners-sidhu-moosewala-byg-byrd/ |title=Sunny Malton Compares His Former Partners Sidhu Moosewala & Byg Byrd! |first1=The |last1=Pollywood|date=March 21, 2021}}</ref>

==== Reaction to Moosewala's death ====
Byrd lauded the influence of Sidhu and the initial trio on the broader Punjabi music scene, while also expressing his condolences to Sidhu and his family. He revealed that he refrained from speaking earlier because he believed it was neither appropriate timing nor his position to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Byg Byrd Speaks On Sidhu Moosewala |work=Brit Asia TV |url=https://britasia.tv/byg-byrd-speaks-on-sidhu-moosewala/}}</ref>

==Musical style ==
Byg Byrd is known for his unique style of music, which blends Punjabi folk music with Hip-Hop.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Simer |orig-date=June 11, 2022 |title=As a turban-wearing Sikh, I faced racism growing up. Sidhu Moose Wala made me — and so many like me — proud to be Punjabi |work=Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/opinion/2022/06/11/as-a-turban-wearing-sikh-i-faced-racism-growing-up-sidhu-moose-wala-made-me-and-so-many-like-me-proud-to-be-punjabi.html}}</ref> He often incorporates traditional Punjabi instruments such as the tumbi, flutes and dhol into his tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Tanveer |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Sidhu Moose Wala: a rapper of fascinating contradictions who aimed to uplift Punjab |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/may/31/sidhu-moose-wala-a-rapper-of-fascinating-contradictions-who-aimed-to-uplift-punjab |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

== Album discography ==
=== Studio album ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width:14em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:19em;" | Details
|-
!scope="row"|Brown Boys Forever
|
* Released: August 23, 2019
* Label:Brown Boys Record
* Format: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]
|-
|}

== Singles discography ==
=== As lead artist ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Track
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" |Peak chart position
! rowspan="2" |Label
! rowspan="2" |Album
|-
![[UK Asian Music Chart|UK Asian]]<ref>Byg Byrd/Big Boi Deep:https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/58659/byg-byrd-big-boi-deep/

Dollar:https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/sidhu-moose-wala-dollar/</ref>
!UK Punjabi
|-
! scope="row" | Dollar (with [[Sidhu Moose Wala]])
|2018
|9
|—
|White Hill Music
|[[Dakuan Da Munda]] soundtrack
|-
! scope="row" | "Thang on Me" {{Small|(with AR Paisley)}}
| rowspan="8" |2019
|—
|—
| rowspan="16" |Brown Boys Records
| rowspan="8" |Brown Boys Forever
|-
! scope="row" | "Hauli Hauli" {{Small|(with Sidhu Moose Wala)}}
|—
|—
|-
! scope="row" | "The Bad Guy"
|—
|—
|-
! scope="row" |Patt Sutteya {{Small|(with Big Boi Deep)}}
|—
|—
|-
! scope="row" | Hanji Hanji (with Big Boi Deep & Deepak Dhillon)
|—
|—
|-
! scope="row" | "Think About Me" {{Small|(with Big Boi Deep & [[AR Paisley]])}}
|—
|—
|-
! scope="row" | "Imma Imma Brown Boy" {{Small|(with Big Boi Deep)}}
|—
|—
|-
! scope="row" | "Sanu Koi Ni Fikar"
|—
|—
|-
! scope="row" | Schema (with Big Boi Deep)
| rowspan="5" |2021
|40
|—
| rowspan="7" |
|-
!scope="row" |Ill Minds (with Big Boi Deep featuring Tarna)
|—
|
|-
!scope="row" |Limits (with Big Boi Deep)
|—
|
|-
!scope="row" |Unbreakable (with Tarna and Big Boi Deep)
|
|—
|-
!scope="row" |All Winners (with Ali Kulture, Big Boi Deep and [[Juicy J]])
|—
|
|-
!scope="row" |Bentley (with Tarna)
| rowspan="2" |2022
|
|—
|-
!scope="row" |94 Flow (with Big Boi Deep)
|
|—
|-
!scope="row" |Hail (with Tarna)
|2023
|—
|
|Nothing To Prove
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Byg Byrd}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Toronto]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]

Emil Madhavi

2025-10-02T05:06:45Z

Manoj: New...

{{short description|Indian playwright and theatre director}}
{{Indian patronymic|Emil|Madhavi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Emil Madhavi
|image = Emil madhavi.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Emil Madhavi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = Playwright, theatre director, acting trainer
| spouse = Roshni Swapna
| parents =
| children =
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] (2022)
}}
'''Emil Madhavi''' is a writer, theatre actor, playwright, director, and acting trainer from Kerala India. His play collection ''Kumaru'' won the 2022 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]], 2022 [[Edasseri Award]] and the 2022 [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] for drama.

==Biography==
Emil Madhavi was born in [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="green">{{cite web |title=Emil Madhavi |url=https://greenbooksindia.com/emil-madhavi |website=greenbooksindia.com}}</ref> He graduated in Chemistry from [[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri]], Kozhikode, and graduated with first rank in drama studies from [[School of Drama and Fine Arts]], [[Thrissur]].<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-malappuramkerala-02-07-2023/1101476 |title=ആർക്കൈവ് പകർപ്പ് |access-date=2023-07-07 |archive-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162910/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-malappuramkerala-02-07-2023/1101476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later he took post-graduate studies in drama from [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref name="green"/> He also studied [[yoga]] from Rishikesh Yoga Vedanta Academy.<ref name="green"/> He is the founder and creative director of 'Theatre Company' in Kozhikode.<ref name="green"/>

He is doing his PhD research on 'Sound Scenography and Contemporary Theatre Performance'.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

===Personal life===
Emil's life partner is Roshni Swapna, a poet, novelist, painter, and teacher at [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]], Tirur.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=ഓർമകൾ മഹാകാവ്യങ്ങളെപ്പോലെയാണ്, കൃത്യമായി വന്ന് തൊട്ടാൽ പൊള്ളിപ്പോവും- എമിൽ മാധവി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/onam-2024/onam-articles/in-conversation-with-performance-artist-theatre-director-emil-madhavi-1.9823117 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=21 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> They live in [[Tirur]] in [[Malappuram district]] now.<ref name="Deshabhimani" />

==Career==
Emil acted in 40 theatre productions and directed 25 plays.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Beyond the stage and script |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/Jan/06/beyond-the-stage-and-script-2403505.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The main plays he directed are ''Imitation of Death'', ''Divine Comedy'', ''Varinia'', ''Image Book'', and ''A Secret Tile of an Invisible Mirror''.<ref name="Deshabhimani" />

He is currently a Graded Artist in the Drama Department of [[All India Radio]].<ref name="green"/>

Emil is active in research activities in intimate theater and applied theater, which allows to experience the body's movement potential at its highest level.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> He has authored about twenty research papers related to drama.<ref name="Deshabhimani" />

Emil who experimented with different modes of theatre production, introduced a novel method of involving a limited audience and making them part of the play. Emil has named this 'The Performance Museum Project'.<ref name="Indian Express" /> A Performance Museum is a concept similar to how one experiences an art museum, where the audience can see the characters and also immerse themselves in the play.<ref name="Manorama"/> He also developed an acting training program called Inner Circle Acting Methods and conducts acting training classes in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emil madhavi |url=https://www.newwavefilmschool.com/about-5 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=New Wave Film School |language=en}}</ref>

==Noted works==
===Marananukaranam===
''Imitation of Death'' (''Marananukaranam'' in Malayalam) is a play that only accommodates 15 audience.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=A play where audience become performers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/a-play-where-audience-become-performers/article38014671.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 December 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The audience becomes part of the play.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blurring borders between performers and audience in Kozhikode |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/blurring-borders-between-performers-and-audience/article38095444.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 January 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=മരണത്തിന്റെ വഴികളിലൂടെ ഒരു സ്വപ്നാടനം; മരണാനുകരണം എന്ന നാടകത്തിലൂടെ... |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/emil-madhavi-directs-the-play-an-imitation-of-death-1.6317723 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=31 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Another unique feature is that a single performance of this play takes place in eighteen different locations.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=On Stage: Fish fry, Ambassador car, audience; the new sense and sensibility of theatre |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/art-and-culture/2024/03/27/on-stage-world-theatre-day-performance-museum-concept-emil-madhavi.html |work=On Stage: Fish fry, Ambassador car, audience; the new sense and sensibility of theatre |language=en}}</ref> Along with the concept of death, the play focuses on the sounds, smells, the smell of his grandfather, witchcraft, rituals, and other things that he loved since his childhood.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Most of the play is performed with the audience blindfolded.<ref name="Indian Express"/> It was first staged in [[Hyderabad]], in 2017<ref name="Indian Express"/> Yasir Amin writes in [[Thejas]] News that the theater performance "An Imitation of Death" gave him a rare experience in which death itself instilled courage in someone who was afraid to think about death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasir |first=Amin |date=2022-01-02 |title='മരണാനുകരണം മരണത്തെ കണ്ടെത്തുമ്പോള്‍' |url=https://www.thejasnews.com/culture/theater/an-imitation-in-death-theatre-story-194863 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=www.thejasnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Kumaru===
The theme of the play Kumaru is the search for truth carried out by a thief. However, Emil says that it is not just a thief's search but the search of every human being, and that the play does not seek the truth but what is the language of truth.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

===Raghavan Dai===
''Raghavan Dai'', written and directed by Emil, is a crime thriller play set in the 1990s.<ref name="Deshabhimani2">{{Cite web |title=13-ാമത് ഭരത് മുരളി നാടകോത്സവം; ശക്തമായ പ്രമേയവുമായ് എമിൽ മാധവിയുടെ 'രാഘവൻ ദൈ' |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/pravasi/pravasi-news-05312/nadakotsavam-31841 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref> This play was presented by Al Quso Theatre Dubai at the 13th Bharat Murali Drama Festival held in [[Abu Dhabi]] in 2025 January.<ref name="Deshabhimani2" />

===Mayyazhipuzhayute Theerangalil===
Another notable work of Emil is the drama adaptation of [[M. Mukundan]]'s famous novel ''[[Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil]]''. The play with the same name as the novel was first staged at the [[Kannur]] Collectorate Grounds in May 2024 as part of the Deshabhimani M Mukundan Literary Festival.<ref name="Deshabhimani3">{{Cite web |title='മയ്യഴിപ്പുഴയുടെ തീരങ്ങളിൽ' നാളെ അരങ്ങിൽ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/Art%20&%20Stage/news_77/31393 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref> That was the first time the novel is being staged.<ref name="Deshabhimani3"/> More than 32 artists perform in this two-hour play, which is performed on a stage that extends into the audience.<ref name="Deshabhimani3"/>

===Varinia===
Scripted by [[Civic Chandran]], and directed by Emil and his wife Roshni Swapna, ''Varinia'' is a play adaptation of the story of [[Spartacus]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-31 |title=Making it her story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/making-it-her-story/article4769247.ece |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Books published==
*{{Cite book |title=Kumaru |publisher=Ivory Books |isbn=8194821517 |publication-date=1 January 2020}} Collection of plays.
*{{Cite book |title=Appakkunjungalude Aakasayathra|publisher=Green Books| ISBN= 9789387331082 |publication-date=1 January 2017}} Collection of short plays in children's literature.

==Awards and honors==
Emil Madhavi won the 2022 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for best play collection, for ''Kumaru''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards announced, V Shinilal's 'Sambarkkakranthi' best novel |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced-v-shinilal-s-sambarkkakranthi-wins-best-novel-f1c5ad0d |work=@mathrubhumi |date=30 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> This book also received the 2022 [[Edasseri Award]] and the 2022 [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] for drama.<ref name="Deshabhimani2" /><ref name="Deshabhimani" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhavi, Emil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Saroj Kumar Padhi

2025-09-29T20:07:44Z

Manoj: added the biography more to come!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Manjula Swain]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| image =
}}
'''Saroj Kumar Padhi''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Aska Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Aska Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/aska-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916623.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Aska, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's SAROJ KUMAR PADHI defeats BJD's MANJULA SWAIN with 8059 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/aska-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548512-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padhi, Saroj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Art Deco in Kolkata

2025-07-21T07:15:23Z

Manoj: Adding the article initial version

{{Short description|Art Deco architecture in Kolkata}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}

The '''[[Art Deco]] in [[Kolkata]]''', [[India]] is a prominent architectural style which can be found across the city, most notably in the southern parts of the metropolis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Art Deco in South Kolkata |url=https://www.joinpaperplanes.com/art-deco-in-south-kolkata/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Paper Planes |language=en-US}}</ref> The style can be traced back to the 1930s "with the use of Portland cement and with geometrical articulation in plan and cosmetic decorative treatment including perforated concrete grill-work on a simple elevation (façade)."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=Shivashish |date=2015-09-02 |title=State and management of architectural heritage in Kolkata |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13556207.2016.1142754 |journal=Journal of Architectural Conservation |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=178–194 |doi=10.1080/13556207.2016.1142754 |issn=1355-6207|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although Kolkata is notable for its [[British colonial architecture|colonial-style]] ([[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], [[Neoclassical architecture|neo-classical]], [[Gothic Revival architecture|gothic revival]]) and vernacular-style (mansions constructed by the Bengali elites) buildings, the emphasis on Art Deco buildings while discussing the architectural history of the city is often overlooked. This is in exception to the few prominent art deco buildings constructed during the colonial period in the first half of the twentieth century—about which enough has been written.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Siddhartha |title=Colonizing, Decolonizing, and Globalizing Kolkata: From a Colonial to a Post-Marxist City |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9789048530687 |language=en}}</ref> Despite art deco being so prominent in the latter half of the twentieth century insofar as entire neighbourhoods—architecturally speaking—appeared to be adaptations of one style,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Deepanjan |date=2017-12-12 |title=City secrets: Art Deco architecture spread across Kolkata, thanks to a state law – and jugaad |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/860603/city-secrets-art-deco-architecture-spread-across-kolkata-thanks-to-a-state-law-and-jugaad |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> it was not paid enough attention up until the twenty-first century when many such buildings (mostly residential homes) started to be either severely neglected or demolished because of lack of architectural and historical awareness and preservation efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Reshmi |date=2013-05-07 |title=It is time India celebrates its Art Deco heritage |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/it-is-time-india-celebrates-its-art-deco-heritage/articleshow/19923936.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-27 |title=The old Calcutta chromosomes |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/saving-kolkatas-heritage-buildings/article7360740.ece |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banka |first=Neha |title=The battle to save Kolkata's crumbling heritage buildings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/2/10/the-battle-to-save-kolkatas-crumbling-heritage-buildings |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Chaudhuri |first=Amit |date=2015-07-02 |title=Calcutta's architecture is unique. Its destruction is a disaster for the city |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/02/calcutta-architecture-heritage-destruction-city-campaign-amit-chaudhuri |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Some characteristic features of Art Deco buildings in Kolkata are a blend of traditional style with European provenances: "semi-circular balconies, a long vertical strip comprising glass panes for the stairwell, porthole-shaped windows, sunrise motifs on grilles and gates," cast iron railings, etc.<ref name=":3" /> Prominent Kolkata neighbourhoods where one can witness Art Deco buildings are [[Gariahat Road]], [[Tollygunge]], [[Southern Avenue, Kolkata|Southern Avenue]], [[Beliaghata]], etc.

It is important to note that Art Deco architecture is not a direct successor of the Art Nouveau style in Kolkata.

== Background ==
Historically, Art Deco emerged in [[Europe]], and [[Chicago]] is credited to be the first city in the world wherein the architectural style flourished with its [[skyscraper]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=artincontext |date=2021-12-17 |title=Art Deco - A Summary of the Art Deco Era |url=https://artincontext.org/art-deco/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=artincontext.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago to Calcutta: The romance of art deco |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-art-deco-landmarks-in-chicago-and-where-to-find-art-deco-gems-in-kolkata/cid/1869145 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The [[Home Insurance Building]] constructed in 1884 with structural metal in its frame is a notable example. [[New York City]] made the art deco style prominent by constructing various skyscrapers ([[Chrysler Building]], [[American Radiator Building]]), [[Miami]] became the largest city in the world housing Art Deco architecture, and [[Mumbai]] in [[India]] has been ranked as the second largest city with art deco buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-05 |title=The Architecture and Development of New York City with Andrew S. Dolkart |url=http://ci.columbia.edu/0240s/0242_2/index_text.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |archive-date=5 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105150739/http://ci.columbia.edu/0240s/0242_2/index_text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Miami Beach: an icon of Art Deco and bling |url=https://www.en-vols.com/en/getaways/travel/miami-beach-icon-art-deco-bling/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Maria |date=2017-06-27 |title=Mumbai has the world's second-largest collection of Art Deco buildings but no one notices them |url=https://qz.com/india/1014414/mumbai-has-the-worlds-second-largest-collection-of-art-deco-buildings-but-no-one-notices-them |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-21 |title=The battle to save Mumbai's art deco buildings |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40089753 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-30 |title=Art Dekho – a history of Mumbai's iconic Art Deco architecture |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/art-dekho-a-history-of-mumbais-iconic-art-deco-architecture-8238542/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The architectural style credited to be a blend of many elements does not share the same history in Kolkata as the above-mentioned cities.

The nomenclature 'Art Deco' itself does not have any definitive origin and is often alluded to the Swiss-French architect [[Le Corbusier]] who used the phrase while writing for his journal [[L'Esprit Nouveau]] regarding the [[International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts]] held in [[Paris]] 1925.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Billauer |first=Barbara Pfeffer |date=2012 |title=Le Corbusier, the Occult and How Art Deco Began |url=https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=778127031007072082000088117019083026052002093065027039103117108064006071092111065068110106060011059022008024089065102080099080122019094003010003025119118082113120059075028105109110001023080126123122084116005111103075126125108108065113103102013022009&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE |journal=Art Deco Society of Washington |volume=28 |issue=3 |via=SSRN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=valenting |date=2020-06-24 |title=Pure architecture legacy: Le Corbusier and his influence on Art Deco |url=https://mouvexwatch.com/architecture-le-corbusier-art-deco/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=MOUVEX 1911 |language=en-US}}</ref> Art Deco may have been named after this global exhibition. In the context of Kolkata, there are many reasons why the architectural style was never paid as much attention as it did in other cities in the world. Firstly, in the absence of the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]] in Kolkata (as the British did not see its relevance in the city), the British promoted neo-classical architecture.<ref name=":1" /> Whereas the wealthy Bengali landowners constructed buildings with huge courtyards and structures which may be seen as resistance to the imperial architectural styles. Secondly, there was "retaliation against the proliferation of art deco architecture in India during this time and the rise of modernism in Europe",<ref name=":1" /> which can be seen through the lenses of the Modern Indian Architecture Movement and the work of Bengali architect Sris Chandra Chatterjee, one of the pioneers of the movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Samita |date=1991 |title=Sris Chandra Chatterjee: 'The quest for a national architecture |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946469102800204 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=187–201 |doi=10.1177/001946469102800204 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This movement aimed to find a more appropriate architecture catering to the Indian sentiment for buildings constructed by Indians.

The first few art deco buildings in Kolkata were mostly either office buildings, private houses, or movie theatres. The [[Metro Cinema (Kolkata)|Metro Cinema]], a private structure developed by "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to promote its movies opened to the public in 1934, designed by New York-based, Scottish-born architect [[Thomas W. Lamb]]."<ref name=":1" /> This Art Deco building would later become one of the most significant examples of the style in the city. Other prominent buildings include the Reid House on Red Cross Place and the Laha Paint House in [[Bow Barracks]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-01 |title=Art Deco makes a comeback to Kolkata after five decades |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/art-deco-makes-a-comeback-to-kolkata-after-five-decades/articleshow/63562829.cms |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

However, it was not until the 1960s that art deco buildings gained a stronghold in the city. This is because after the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal in 1947]] and with various refugee families settling in the southern parts of the city,<ref name=":0" /> many individuals preferred to build houses styled after the Metro Cinema Hall.<ref name=":2" /> These were middle-class individuals with access and aspirations such as doctors, lawyers, civil servants, etc. who lost their ancestral houses due to the [[Partition of India]]. With limited spaces as opposed to the huge mansions of wealthy individuals in northern Kolkata, these individuals would ask civil engineers (and not architects because they would charge 2-3% of construction cost, unlike in other cities) to file building plans and construct houses in a similar fashion as the Metro Cinema.<ref name=":2" /> Therefore, many such residential houses came to be known as "metro-style houses."<ref name=":2" /> These ordinary residential homes were compact and of a more contemporary architectural style as opposed to the older style of houses in north Kolkata. Many of its residents did not even know about the art deco style in Europe and their homes boasted a blend of many styles: from traditional features to European characteristics of the Art Deco. One may even claim that this was Kolkata's interpretation of art deco which may be referred to as 'indie-deco'. The second-generation residents of these houses, statistically in many instances, often moved out or migrated to other regions for better livelihood prospects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-05 |title=There goes the neighbourhood: Author Amit Chaudhuri talks about Kolkata and its decaying heritage |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/there-goes-the-neighbourhood-author-amit-chaudhuri-talks-about-kolkata-its-decaying-heritage-whats-being-done-to-stop-the-rot-2658460.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> Thus many such houses by the turn of the century started to disappear with failure of maintenance or the old inhabitants finding it easier to give their property to developers who would construct apartment buildings to house many more families, a demand which can be seen against the backdrop of increasing urbanisation and modernisation of cities in the [[global South]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The crumbling mansions of India's 'City of Joy' |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180123-the-disappearing-mansions-of-kolkata |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-23 |title=The role of small promoters in Kolkata's housing transformation |url=https://indiahousingreport.in/outputs/opinion/role-of-small-promoters-in-kolkatas-housing-transformation/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=India Housing Report |language=en}}</ref>

While the social and historical conditions under which art deco residential houses in Kolkata emerged can be traced back to the mid-twentieth century, its decay and negligence as compared to other cities in the world can be attributed towards a lack of awareness regarding this more colloquial form of Art Deco housing structures prevalent in the region.

== Preservation efforts ==
Of late, there have been various campaigns to preserve the art deco houses in Kolkata, most notably the author [[Amit Chaudhuri|Amit Chaudhuri's]] 2015 movement called the "Calcutta Architectural Legacies."<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-28 |title=Realty check to preserve traditional neighbourhoods |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/realty-check-to-preserve-traditional-neighbourhoods/articleshow/57863127.cms |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-01 |title=Saving charm of old Kolkata |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/saving-charm-of-old-kolkata/article17759700.ece |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> There are other private citizen's projects as well launched on social media platforms to document and preserve Kolkata's dying heritage houses (including art deco buildings) such as the 'Calcutta Houses' and 'Art Deco Calcutta'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sikhwal |first=Abhishek |date=2017-08-10 |title=An Instagram project is preserving Kolkata's gorgeous buildings, before they vanish for good |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/845049/an-instagram-project-is-preserving-kolkatas-gorgeous-buildings-before-they-vanish-for-good |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The 'Calcutta Heritage Collective' is also a notable restoration initiative comprising prominent civil society individuals of Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Press {{!}} Calcutta Heritage Collective |url=https://www.calcuttaheritagecollective.com/press.php |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.calcuttaheritagecollective.com}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Architecture of Bengal]]
* [[Art Deco in Mumbai]]
* [[Art Nouveau]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

== Further reading ==

# Chaudhuri, Sukanta. (1990). ''Calcutta: The Living City''. Calcutta: Oxford University Press.

== External links ==

* [http://cal-legacies.com/ Calcutta Architectural Legacies]
* [https://www.instagram.com/calcuttahouses/?hl=en Calcutta Houses]
* [https://www.instagram.com/calcuttaartdeco/?hl=en Art Deco Calcutta]
* [https://www.calcuttaheritagecollective.com/index.php Calcutta Heritage Collective]

[[Category:Art Deco architecture in India| Kolkata]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata]]

Kotlapur

2025-06-30T12:14:32Z

Manoj: started article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotlapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.538316|N|77.801738|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Vikarabad
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Marpalle]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 605
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08411
| registration_plate = TS-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Sangareddy
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:.823 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Normal]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Kotlapur''' is a village ([[Kotlapur]], [[Gram panchayat]]) in [[Marpalle]] [[Mandal (disambiguation)|mandal]], [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] [[district]], [[Telangana]] [[States and union territories of India|state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Vikarabad district|url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|website=Special Chief Secretary of Revenue Department|publisher=mines.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=12 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626072308/https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|archivedate=26 June 2022|format=PDF|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==Geography==
Kotlapur is located at {{Coord|17.538316|N|77.801738|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Kotlapuram2.html Kotlapuram2 at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 605 metres (1988 ft).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikarabad district}}
[[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vikarabad district]]

{{Vikarabad-geo-stub}}

Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Shekhawati University

2025-06-17T08:42:49Z

Manoj: Started A Page

{{Short description|State university in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| motto =
| name = Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Shekhawati University
| former_names = Shekhawati University
| image_name = Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Shekhawati University logo.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| established = {{Start date and age|2012|8|23}}
| chancellor = [[Governor of Rajasthan]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Anil Kumar Rai
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| city = [[Katrathal]], [[Sikar district]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| campus = Rural
| country = India
| students =
| postgrad =
| postgrad_label =
| faculty =
| administrative_staff =
| free_label =
| free =
| mascot =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=iPeGxuvbrQSd3xnq6sfJuA==&Unitype=iA7z/ds2To+MdcuCvitOpQ==|title = State Universities in Rajasthan|access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>
| website = {{url|http://www.shekhauni.ac.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Shekhawati University''', is a [[state university (India)|state university]] situated in the village [[Katrathal]], in [[Sikar district]], {{convert|15|km}} from [[Sikar]], in [[Rajasthan]], India. The university caters the study needs of the students from the [[Shekhawati|Shekhawati region]].

==History==
The university was established in the year 2012 by [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] by passing ''Shekhawati University, Sikar Act, 2012''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Shekhawati University, Sikar Act, 2012 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/rajasthan/2012/2012Rajasthan29.pdf |access-date=18 September 2022 |date=14 October 2012}}</ref> The jurisdiction of university is [[Shekhawati|Shekhawati region]] which comprises the [[Sikar district|Sikar]], [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]] and [[Churu district|Churu]] districts of Rajasthan. The university was renamed in 2014 through the ''Shekhawati University, Sikar (Change of Name) Act, 2014''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Shekhawati University, Sikar (Change of Name) Act, 2014 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/rajasthan/2014/2014Rajasthan10.pdf |access-date=18 September 2022 |date=3 July 2014}}</ref>

==Campus==
The university was allotted {{convert|61|acre}} of land near to the village [[Katrathal]] on state highway 8 to construct its campus. The university operated from a temporary campus in [[Sikar]], behind the Government Girls College, while the campus was under construction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/sikar-news/shekhawati-university-katrathal-sikar-2494341/|title=राष्ट्रपति भवन की तर्ज पर बनेगा राजस्थान का शेखावाटी विश्वविद्यालय, जानिए इसकी खासियत|last=Saini|first=Vishwanath|website=Patrika|date=15 March 2018 |language=hi|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref> In 2021 the university shifted to the permanent campus.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

==See also==
* [[List of universities in Rajasthan]]
* [[List of state universities in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://shekhauni.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Rajasthan}}
{{Education in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasthan}}
[[Category:Universities in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Education in Sikar district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Materewadi, Dindori

2025-05-20T05:21:59Z

Manoj: new the details with sources

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
'''Materewadi''' is a village in India in [[Maharashtra]] state, [[Nashik district]] and in [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Nashik district}}
[[Category:Villages in Nashik district]]

{{Nashik-geo-stub}}

National Highway 151 (India)

2025-02-28T19:36:29Z

Manoj: updated page

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 151
| length_km = 127.75
| image = Road and highway network Somnath Junagadh Gujarat India 2015 b.jpg
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=330|frame-align=center|type=line
| id=Q1755915| stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 151}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = Gadu
| terminus_b = [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 51
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 51 
| next_route = 27 
| states = [[Gujarat]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 151''' ('''NH 151''') is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 51 (India)|National Highway 51]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> NH-151 runs in the state of [[Gujarat]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.11.2018|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604032801/https://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|archive-date=4 June 2019|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]
NH151 connects Gadu, [[Vanthali]], [[Junagadh]] and [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]] in the state of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03.pdf|title=The List of National Highways in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|51|country=IND}} Terminal near Gad
:
: {{jct|NH|351|country=IND}} near Jetpur
: {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} Terminal near Jetpur.

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3242849 NH 151 on OpenStreetMap]
{{maplink|text=Route map|type=line|display=title}}

{{commons category}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}

{{IND NH51 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Gujarat]]