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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket

2023-10-13T00:54:18Z

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{{short description|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar|issues}}

The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] has caused disruption to [[cricket]] around the world, [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports|mirroring its impact across all sports]]. Around the world and to varying degrees, leagues and competitions have been cancelled or postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/covid-19-list-of-all-the-cricket-series-affected-by-coronaviruss-full-coverage-1219320|title=List of all the cricket series affected by coronavirus: full coverage|work=ESPN cricinfo|access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref>

==International==
===Tournaments===
In July 2020, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) announced that both the 2020 and 2021 editions of the [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] had each been postponed by one year due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1733391 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2020 postponed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> Therefore, the 2020 tournament was moved to [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|November 2021]], and the 2021 tournament was moved to [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|October 2022]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1733341 |title=Men's T20 World Cup postponement FAQs |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> Due to the disruption of [[2023 Cricket World Cup qualification|qualification]],<ref>{{cite news |date=20 July 2020 |title=ICC postpones T20 World Cup due to Covid-19 pandemic yes |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29502051/icc-postpones-t20-world-cup-due-covid-19-pandemic}}</ref> the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]] was also rescheduled from February–March 2023 to October–November 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC postpones T20 World Cup due to Covid-19 pandemic |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29502051/icc-postpones-t20-world-cup-due-covid-19-pandemic |access-date=20 July 2020 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

Australia and India retained the rights to host the Men's T20 World Cup,<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup in Australia postponed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1733558 |access-date=20 July 2020 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> with the ICC announcing on 8 August that India will host the 2021 tournament, and Australia will host the 2022 tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Venue for postponed 2020 ICC Men's T20 World Cup confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1749944 |access-date=8 August 2020 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> The ICC also confirmed that the [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2021 Women's Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2021 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier|tournament's qualifier]] had each been postponed by one year due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Next year's Women's World Cup postponed to 2022 |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/next-years-womens-world-cup-postponed-to-2022/ |access-date=7 August 2020 |work=Women's CricZone}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Women's Cricket World Cup postponed until 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/53698343 |access-date=7 August 2020 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref>

Due to concerns over the COVID-19 situation in India, in June 2021 the ICC announced that the 2021 Men's T20 World Cup would be re-located to sites in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) and [[Oman]].<ref>{{cite web |date=28 June 2021 |title=ICC T20 World Cup 2021 to take place in UAE from October 17 |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/icc-t20-world-cup-2021-to-take-place-in-uae-from-october-17/ |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=SportsTiger}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Shayan |title=T20 World Cup set to begin on October 17 in UAE; final on November 14 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-set-to-begin-on-october-17-in-uae-final-on-november-14-1267881 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625170432/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-set-to-begin-on-october-17-in-uae-final-on-november-14-1267881 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> India remained the formal host nation of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC announces expansion of global events |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2164062 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

===Rankings===
In May 2021, five teams dropped off the [[ICC T20I Championship]] rankings due to failing to play enough fixtures to qualify in the relevant period.<ref>[https://emergingcricket.com/news/nepal-netherlands-gain-in-annual-rankings-update/ Nepal, Netherlands gain in annual rankings update]</ref>

==Africa==
The [[2020 ACA Africa T20 Cup Finals]] was scheduled to take place in [[Kenya]] in March 2020, before it was postponed in line with the Kenyan government's 30-day ban on international gatherings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://africacricket.com/read_more_news.php?id=145 |title=ACA T20 Africa Cup Kenya 2020 postponed |work=Africa Cricket Association |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.busybuddiesng.com/ncf-closes-lagos-camp-as-coronavirus-forces-postponement-of-africa-cricket-championship/ |title=NCF closes Lagos camp as coronavirus forces postponement of Africa Cricket Championship |work=Busy Buddies |date=10 March 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518041252/https://www.busybuddiesng.com/ncf-closes-lagos-camp-as-coronavirus-forces-postponement-of-africa-cricket-championship/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 13 March 2020, the [[Dutch cricket team in Namibia in 2019–20|Netherlands tour to Namibia]] was cancelled due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1645212 |title=SL-Eng Tests, Ind-SA ODIs postponed amid growing COVID-19 fears |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> Three days later, [[Irish cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2019–20|Ireland's tour to Zimbabwe]] also got cancelled.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000003/000354.shtml |title=Ireland tour of Zimbabwe to be called off |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125326/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000003/000354.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/irelands-zimbabwe-tour-to-be-cancelled-39043769.html |title=Ireland's Zimbabwe tour to be cancelled |work=Belfast Telegraph |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> On 24 March, [[2020 Namibia Tri-Nation Series (April)|Namibia tri-series]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1648353 |title=COVID-19 update – ICC qualifying events |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref>

On 11 June 2020, the ICC confirmed that the [[2020 Uganda Cricket World Cup Challenge League B|Cricket World Cup Challenge League (B)]] has been postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1679832 |title=Two more series on the Road to India 2023 postponed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000006/000641.shtml |title=World Cup Challenge League B postponed |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref> The following month, the ICC also confirmed that the [[2020 Namibia Tri-Nation Series (September)|Namibia Tri-Nation Series]], scheduled to take place in September 2020, had also been postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1737880 |title=Two more ICC qualifying events postponed due to Covid-19 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://emergingcricket.com/events/cwc-leagues/cwc-league-2/two-african-icc-qualifying-events-postponed-due-to-covid-19/ |title=Two African ICC qualifying events postponed due to COVID-19 |work=Emerging Cricket |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref>

In August 2020, Afghanistan's [[Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2020|tour to Zimbabwe]] was called off, following an increase of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe|COVID-19 cases in Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29619831/covid-19-impact-zimbabwe-v-afghanistan-t20i-series-called-off |title=Covid-19 impact: Zimbabwe v Afghanistan T20I series called off |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/zimbabwes-t20i-series-against-afghanistan-called-off-due-to-coronavirus/articleshow/77431416.cms |title=Zimbabwe's T20I series against Afghanistan called off due to coronavirus |work=Times of India |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> Later the same month, the Netherlands' [[Dutch cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2020|tour to Zimbabwe]] was also called off,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/zimbabwe-cricket-hopes-to-salvage-pakistan-tour/ |title=Zimbabwe Cricket hopes to salvage Pakistan tour |work=The Chronicle |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/zimbabwe-national-cricket-team-still-hopes-to-tour-pakistan/ |title=Zimbabwe national cricket team still hopes to tour Pakistan |work=The Chronicle |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> along with Pakistan's planned [[Pakistani cricket team in South Africa in 2020–21|tour to South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/6215-pakistans-tour-of-south-africa-postponed-over-covid-19-fear |title=Pakistan's tour of South Africa postponed over Covid-19 fear |work=Geo Super |access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> In December 2020, England's ODI matches [[English cricket team in South Africa in 2020–21|against South Africa]] were postponed following a COVID-19 outbreak.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30468430/south-africa-vs-england-2020-tour-called-covid-19-outbreak |title=England's South Africa tour called off after Covid-19 outbreak |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref>

In December 2020, the first match of South Africa vs England (under South Africa's ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Super League series) was initially postponed (later on cancelled) after two players of England Cricket Team tested positive for COVID-19 and also found breaching codes of bio-secure environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/england-cricket-coronavirus-positive-test-south-africa-b1766911.html|title=Two England cricket members test positive for coronavirus after South Africa ODI cancelled|date=6 December 2020|work=The Independent|access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

In early February 2021, Australian men announced that they would postpone their upcoming tour of South Africa because of the unacceptable risk of contracting COVID-19 whilst on Tour, along with difficulty in repatriating any Tour party members were some to contract the disease.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moonda |first1=Firdose |last2=McGlashan |first2=Andrew |title=Australia postpone South Africa tour because of 'unacceptable' Covid-19 risk |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-call-off-south-africa-tour-because-of-unacceptable-level-of-covid-19-risk-1249841 |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==Asia==
The [[2020 Everest Premier League]] in [[Nepal]] was also postponed on 12 March.<ref>{{cite web|title=Everest Premier League 2020 postponed due to coronavirus threat|url=https://www.emergingcricket.com/events/everest-premier-league/everest-premier-league-2020-postponed-due-to-coronavirus-threat/|date=5 March 2020|website=Emerging Cricket|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> On 13 March, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) announced that the start of [[2020 Indian Premier League]] will be postponed from 29 March to 15 April.<ref>{{cite news |title=It's official: IPL 2020 postponed to April 15 due to coronavirus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/its-official-ipl-2020-postponed-to-mid-april-due-to-coronavirus/articleshow/74609776.cms |access-date=13 March 2020 |work=Times of India}}</ref> On 16 April, BCCI suspended the tournament indefinitely due to the pandemic and on 4 June BCCI announced that IPL will staged outside India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29034887/bcci-set-defer-ipl-indefinitely-india-lockdown |title=With India in lockdown, IPL 2020 suspended indefinitely |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> On 13 March, BCCI cancelled the [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|ODI matches between India and South Africa on 15 and 18 March]], which were originally announced to be played without spectators.<ref>{{cite news |title=India-South Africa series called off due to COVID-19 threat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/coronavirus-india-south-africa-series-called-off-due-to-covid-19-threat/article31061061.ece |access-date=13 March 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> On the same day, the two-match Test series between [[English cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2019–20|Sri Lanka and England]], scheduled to be played in March 2020, was also postponed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28896266/england-tour-sri-lanka-cancelled-amid-covid-19-spread |title=England tour of Sri Lanka cancelled amid COVID-19 spread |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The remaining seven matches of the [[2020 Road Safety World Series]] were rescheduled to a later date.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldseriest20.com/news/in-the-interest-of-public-safety-security-and-support-to-the-government-road-safety-world-series-rescheduled |title=In the interest of public safety & security and support to the Government, Road Safety World Series rescheduled, new dates to be announced later |date=13 March 2020 |website=Road Safety World Series |language=en|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> It was earlier decided that the remaining seven matches of the tournament would be played behind the closed doors in [[DY Patil Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldseriest20.com/news/unacademy-road-safety-world-series-to-be-played-behind-closed-doors-in-dy-patil-stadium |title=Unacademy Road Safety World Series to be played behind closed doors in DY Patil Stadium |date=12 March 2020 |website=Road Safety World Series |language=en|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

A women's [[2020 Thailand Women's Quadrangular Series|quadrangular series]] was scheduled to take place in [[Thailand]] in April 2020,<ref name="CV1">{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/quadrangular-tournament-ahead-for-ireland-women |title=Quadrangular tournament ahead for Ireland Women |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref> but was cancelled a month before it was due to start.<ref name="CV2">{{cite web |url=https://www.kncb.nl/en/news/womens-quadrangular-series-in-thailand-called-off/ |title=Women's Quadrangular Series in Thailand called off |work=Royal Dutch Cricket Association |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref> The [[2020 Malaysia Cricket World Cup Challenge League A]], scheduled to take place in March 2020, was postponed,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1636508 |title=Men's Cricket World Cup Challenge League A postponed due to Coronavirus outbreak |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> along with two T20I matches [[Mujib 100 T20 Cup Bangladesh 2020|between a World XI and Asia XI side]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28882792/world-xi-v-asia-xi-matches-postponed-amid-coronavirus-fears |title=World XI v Asia XI matches postponed amid coronavirus fears |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=11 March 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref>

On 12 March, the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] announced that all remaining matches of the [[Pakistan Super League]]'s ongoing [[2020 Pakistan Super League|fifth season]] being played in [[Karachi]] (where the majority of cases in Pakistan had been concentrated) would be closed to spectators.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 March 2020|title=Covid-19: PSL matches in Karachi to be played in empty stadium|work=The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2174849/1-coronavirus-fears-psl-matches-karachi-played-empty-stadium/|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 March 2020|title=Coronavirus pandemic: Pakistan Super League matches in Karachi to be played in front of empty stands|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/psl-matches-in-karachi-to-be-held-closed-door-without-crowd-coronavirus-outbreak-pandemic-1654922-2020-03-12|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> On 16 March 2020, the remaining play-offs in the [[2020 Pakistan Super League]] were postponed due to a huge spike in the number of coronavirus cases around the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/4433-pcb-decides-to-call-off-psl-2020-amid-coronavirus-outbreak-report |title=PCB 'postpones' PSL 2020 amid coronavirus outbreak |website=www.geosuper.tv}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] tour of Pakistan for a single [[One Day International|ODI]] and a [[Test cricket|Test]] match was also postponed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1645763 |title=Bangladesh's Karachi leg of Pakistan tour postponed |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref>
On 24 March 2020, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) confirmed that all ICC qualifying events scheduled to take place before 30 June 2020 had been postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. This included [[2020–21 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Asia Qualifier]] for Western and Eastern sub-regions.<ref name="ICC-postponement">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1648353 |title=COVID-19 update – ICC qualifying events |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref>

On 9 April 2020, there was an announcement of postponement of [[Australian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2020|Australia-Bangladesh Test series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29014919/bangladesh-australia-test-series-postponed-amid-covid-19-threat |title=Bangladesh-Australia Test series postponed amid Covid-19 threat |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> On 20 April 2020, Sri Lanka and South Africa cricket boards confirmed that [[South African cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2020|SA tour to the island nation]] has been postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29069801/south-africa-june-tour-sri-lanka-postponed |title=South Africa's June tour of Sri Lanka postponed |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref>

On 23 June 2020, [[New Zealand cricket team in Bangladesh in 2020|New Zealand cricket team's tour to Bangladesh]], which was scheduled to take place in August, was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29351230/new-zealand-august-tour-bangladesh-postponed |title=New Zealand's August tour of Bangladesh postponed |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> A day later, on 24 June 2020, the [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2020|Bangladesh's tour to Sri Lanka]] was postponed due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29357362/bangladesh-postpone-sri-lanka-tour-due-covid-19-pandemic |title=Bangladesh postpone Sri Lanka tour due to Covid-19 pandemic |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref>

On 9 July 2020, the [[2020 Asia Cup]] was postponed until the following July,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/news/2020/3491 |title=ACC Media Release: Asia Cup 2020 to be Postponed |work=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> with the [[2020 Asia Cup Qualifier]] tournament cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/no-home-asia-cup-for-uae-after-tournament-is-cancelled-due-to-coronavirus-pandemic-1.1046740 |title=No home Asia Cup for UAE after tournament is cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic |work=The National |access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> On 25 August 2020, the ICC confirmed that the [[2020 Malaysia Cricket World Cup Challenge League A]] tournament had been postponed due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1775687 |title=ICC Men's CWC Challenge League A postponed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> The following month, it was confirmed that the 2020 edition of the [[Women's Asia Cup]], scheduled to take place in September in Bangladesh,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiancricket.org/downloads/2019/CalendarFY2020.jpg |title=Asian Cricket Council Calendar 2020 |work=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204191533/http://www.asiancricket.org/downloads/2019/CalendarFY2020.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> had also been cancelled due to the pandemic.<ref name="WAC">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29935247/women-cricket-covid-19-return-action-some-teams-not-all |title=Cricket for some, not for all - where does the women's game stand? |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref> On 28 September 2020, Bangladesh's [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2020–21|planned tour to Sri Lanka]] was postponed for a second time, after both cricket boards could not agree on the quarantine requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29992258/bangladesh-tour-sri-lanka-postponed-again-bcb,-slc-stalemate-covid-19-quarantine-continues |title=Bangladesh tour of Sri Lanka postponed again as stalemate over quarantine continues |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref>

In October 2020, the [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] (BCB) confirmed that there would be no edition of the [[Bangladesh Premier League]] in 2020, due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/114495/no-bangladesh-premier-league-in-2020-confirms-bcb-chief |title=No Bangladesh Premier League in 2020, confirms BCB chief |work=CricBuzz |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> In January 2021, the [[Ireland cricket team]] were scheduled to play four ODIs [[Irish cricket team in the United Arab Emirates in 2020–21|against the UAE]]. However, a COVID-19 outbreak in the UAE team meant that the tour schedule was changed multiple times, resulting in only two of the four matches being played.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/55703958 |title=UAE v Ireland: Simi Singh stars as visitors earn 112-run win to level ODI series |work=BBC Sport |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>

In India, the [[2020–21 Ranji Trophy]] tournament was cancelled due to the pandemic,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-ranji-trophy-in-2020-21-but-bcci-to-hold-domestic-50-over-competitions-for-men-women-u-19-boys-1249623 |title=No Ranji Trophy in 2020-21, but BCCI to hold domestic 50-over games for men, women, and U-19 boys |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> the first time since the tournament's inception in the [[1934–35 Ranji Trophy|1934–35 season]] that the Ranji Trophy was not held.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bcci-to-hold-hazare-trophy-as-per-state-units-wish-no-ranji-trophy-for-first-time-in-87-years/article33701912.ece |title=No Ranji Trophy for first time in 87 years |work=The Hindu |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> On 5 May 2021, the [[2021 Indian Premier League]] was suspended indefinitely, after a rise in COVID-19 cases within teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-suspended-as-covid-count-increases-1262269 |title=IPL 2021 suspended as Covid count increases |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/117360/saha-tests-positive-for-covid-19-srhvmi-set-to-be-rescheduled |title=IPL 2021 suspended indefinitely; Saha, Mishra test positive |work=CricBuzz |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref> The remainder of the season was relocated to the UAE

It is scheduled to play the remainder of its games from September 19 to October 15, 2021, in the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-bcci-to-conduct-remainder-of-ipl-2021-in-september-october-in-uae-1264442 |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |date=29 May 2021 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |title=BCCI to conduct remainder of IPL 2021 in September-October in UAE |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-chennai-super-kings-vs-mumbai-indians-to-kickstart-ipl-s-uae-leg-from-september-19-1270974 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=25 July 2021 |title=Dhoni vs Rohit to kickstart IPL's UAE leg from September 19 |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref>

In Pakistan, the [[2021 Pakistan Super League]] was postponed from March–April to 1 June. They were hosted in [[United Arab Emirates]] due to growing cases of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The winner surprisingly became Multan Sultans (They were below the table for the entire time. Until the tournament postponed and hosted again on 1 June.)

==Europe==
On 11 March 2020, English teams [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] and [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] both cancelled their pre-season warm-up tours to the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/51835256 |title=Worcestershire & Surrey cancel pre-season trips to United Arab Emirates over coronavirus fear |newspaper=BBC Sport |date=11 March 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> The following day, [[Australia women's cricket team in South Africa in 2019–20|Australia Women's tour to South Africa]] in March 2020 became the first major international series to be curtailed due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1219220.html |title=Australia Women won't tour South Africa as scheduled because of coronavirus |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=12 March 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> On 21 March 2020, announcement was made for postponement of [[Bangladeshi cricket team against Ireland in 2020|Bangladesh's summer tour to Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000003/000372.shtml |title=Ireland postpone series against Bangladesh |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=21 March 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201145049/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000003/000372.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/cricket-ireland-and-bangladesh-cricket-board-agree-to-postpone-series |title=Cricket Ireland and Bangladesh Cricket Board agree to postpone series |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref> Teams from [[Austria national cricket team|Austria]], [[Luxembourg national cricket team|Luxembourg]] and [[Romania national cricket team|Romania]] were to tour Belgium for their T20 international series in April and May. All the three series got cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/202179940129854/posts/1114923062188866/|title=Belgium vs Austria T20I series planned for 18-19th April 2020 in Belgium has been postponed due to Coronacrisis|website=Cricket Belgium Official (via Facebook)|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/202179940129854/posts/1118064285208077/|title=Belgium vs Luxembourg T20Is postponed until further notice|website=Cricket Belgium Official (via Facebook)|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/202179940129854/posts/1122824444732061|title=A very busy and exciting summer programme got entirely affected by the COVID-19|work=Cricket Belgium Official on Facebook|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>

On 21 April 2020, the Dutch government banned all public events in the country through August, requiring the postponement of tours of the Netherlands by [[New Zealand cricket team in the Netherlands in 2020|New Zealand]], [[Pakistan cricket team in the Netherlands in 2020|Pakistan]] and [[West Indies cricket team in the Netherlands in 2020|the West Indies]]. A [[2020 Netherlands Quadrangular Series|quadrangular series]] to by played in Netherlands in June was also postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kncb.nl/en/news/all-international-matches-in-the-netherlands-postponed/ |title=All international matches in the Netherlands postponed |work=Royal Dutch Cricket Association |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/121213055/coronavirus-huge-cloud-over-black-caps-tours-to-uk-and-west-indies-because-of-covid19 |title=Coronavirus: Huge cloud over Black Caps tours to UK and West Indies because of Covid-19 |work=Stuff |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

On 5 May 2020, [[Tom Harrison (cricketer)|Tom Harrison]], chief of the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB), told the [[Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee]] that the ECB could lose as much as £380 million if the entirety of the season were to be cancelled, and hoped that investments in the upcoming limited overs competition [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]] could be a "profit centre" for the ECB.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tom Harrison denies gambling on Hundred as ECB face £380 million loss|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29136075/tom-harrison-denies-gambling-hundred-ecb-face-380-million-loss|date=5 May 2020|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] were originally scheduled to tour England in July 2020 to play three [[One Day International]] (ODI) and three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches. Due to pandemic, in May 2020, it was suggested that the dates for the series were moved back to September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/irish-work-to-bring-forward-england-duels-39180821.html |title=Irish work to bring forward England duels |work=Belfast Telegraph |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref> The [[New Zealand cricket team in Ireland in 2020|New Zealand tour of Ireland]] was postponed on 15 May 2020 due to the pandemic. At the same time [[Pakistani cricket team in Ireland in 2020|Pakistan's tour]] was also called-off.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/52664231/ |title=Ireland: Home games against New Zealand and Pakistan called off because of Covid-19 restrictions |work=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ireland-s-home-summer-scrapped-as-pakistan-new-zealand-postpone-tours-1222794|title=Ireland's home summer scrapped as Pakistan, New Zealand postpone tours|work=ESPN cricinfo|access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref>

On 1 June 2020, the Professional Cricketers' Association confirmed that county cricketers will continue to take pay cuts of up to 20 per cent for the months of June and July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/52875104|title=County cricket: Player wage cuts extended into June and July, PCA confirms|access-date=1 June 2020|website=BBC Sport}}</ref> On 10 June 2020, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) confirmed that the [[2020 Scotland Tri-Nation Series|Scotland tri-series]], also involving [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] and [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] has been postponed due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketscotland.com/ninth-round-of-cricket-world-cup-league-2-postponed/ |title=Ninth round of Cricket World Cup League 2 postponed |work=Cricket Scotland |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref>[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] were supposed to [[Australian cricket team in Scotland in 2020|tour Scotland]] for a solitary T20I. However, on 17 June 2020, [[Cricket Scotland]] confirmed that the match had been cancelled.<ref name="BBCJune17">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/53079453 |title=Scotland v Australia T20 game cancelled amid coronavirus pandemic |work=BBC Sport |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref>

In August 2020, South Africa women's planned [[South Africa women's cricket team in England in 2020|tour to England]] was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.co.za/news/35853/Momentum-Proteas-unable-to-travel-for-England-Women-Tour |title=Momentum Proteas unable to travel for England Women Tour |work=Cricket South Africa |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> In November 2020, Ireland and Scotland women's [[Ireland women's cricket team against Scotland in Spain in 2020–21|planned tour to Spain]] was postponed, after Scotland withdrew.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/la-manga-womens-series-off-after-cricket-scotland-withdrawal |title=La Manga women's series off after Cricket Scotland withdrawal |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketscotland.com/womens-series-versus-ireland-postponed/ |title=Womens Series versus Ireland Postponed |work=Cricket Scotland |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref> In September 2020, the seventh edition of the [[Central Europe Cup]] in Prague was one of several annual associate member tournaments to be cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://emergingcricket.com/news/central-european-cup-cancelled-due-to-prague-covid-19-flare-up/|title=Central European Cup Cancelled due to Prague Covid-19 flare-up|work=Emerging Cricket|date=15 September 2020|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000011/001161.shtml?860|title=Central Europe Cup cancelled|work=CricketEurope|date=5 September 2020|access-date=18 September 2020|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421190317/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000011/001161.shtml?860|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In November 2020, the planned [[2020–22 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League|Cricket World Cup Super League]] fixtures between the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] and [[England cricket team|England]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30398717/england-netherlands-2021-england-going-dutch-historic-odi-series-postponed-2022 |title=England won't be going Dutch as Netherlands ODI tour is postponed |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> The series was originally scheduled to be played in May 2021, but it was moved to May 2022 due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kncb.nl/en/news/netherlands-vs-england-in-icc-cwc-super-league-postponed/ |title=Netherlands vs England in ICC CWC Super League postponed |work=Royal Dutch Cricket Association |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref>

==North America==
On 13 March 2020, the [[2020 United States Tri-Nation Series]] was postponed due to the pandemic and travel restrictions to the United States. The tri-series also involved [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] and the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Series six of Men's CWC League 2 in USA postponed due to Coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1645150|work=International Cricket Council|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Cricket World Cup League 2 in USA Postponed due to Coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.usacricket.org/media-release/mens-cricket-world-cup-league-2-in-usa-postponed-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak/|date=13 March 2020|work=USA Cricket|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The [[2019–20 West Indies Championship]] was suspended due to the pandemic and [[Barbados national cricket team|Barbados]] was declared the champion on 24 March.<ref>[https://apnews.com/435405d82ed4d043a7998c2a32fc8e87 Barbados declared winners of West Indies championship] AP, 24 March 2020</ref>

The men's and women's [[2020 Central American Cricket Championship|Central American Cricket Championship]] were scheduled for April and May 2020 respectively. On 1 April, both tournaments were cancelled as a result of the pandemic.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=yourmaninmexico |number=1245331662767964160 |date=1 April 2020 |title=CAC is off}}</ref> The pandemic delayed the launch timelines for [[USA Cricket]]'s planned domestic T20 leagues, with [[Minor League Cricket]] delayed to 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title=USA Cricket plan to make country leading nation in the sport |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1099662/usa-cricket-plan-leading-nation-in-sport |access-date=2020-10-17 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title=USA Cricket targets ICC full member status by 2030 |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/usa-cricket-icc-full-member-status-t20-league-la-2028-olympics |access-date=2020-10-17 |website=SportsPro Media}}</ref> and [[Major League Cricket]] delayed to 2023 due to both the pandemic and the need to construct cricket-specific facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USA's MLC T20 tournament pushed back to 2023 at AGM |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/usa-s-mlc-t20-tournament-pushed-back-to-2023-at-agm-1263761 |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

New Zealand's [[New Zealand cricket team in the West Indies in 2020|tour of the West Indies]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/50404085 |title=New Zealand in West Indies 2020 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/newzealand/bangladesh_test_series_new_zealand_postponed.html |title=Bangladesh Test series against New Zealand postponed |work=The Cricketer |access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> and South Africa's [[South African cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2020|tour of the West Indies]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2020/05/13/south-africa-tours-to-west-indies-put-back/ |title=South Africa tours to West Indies put back |work=Barbados Today |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/50404956 |title=South Africa in West Indies 2020 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> were both postponed, after the West Indies [[West Indian cricket team in England in 2020|tour to England]] was rescheduled.

The ODI portion of an [[Irish cricket team in the United States in 2021–22|Ireland series in December 2021]] against the United States was cancelled due to COVID-19 issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=USA-Ireland ODI series cancelled due to Covid-19 outbreak |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/usa-ireland-odi-series-cancelled-due-to-covid-19-outbreak-1294687 |access-date=28 December 2021 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==South America==
On 23 March, the T20I series between [[Brazil women's national cricket team|Brazil women's team]] and [[Argentina women's national cricket team|Argentina women's team]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exmouthjournal.co.uk/sport/cricket/former-exmouth-cricketer-coaching-the-brazilian-national-women-s-team-1-6573977|title=Former Exmouth cricketer coaching the Brazilian national women's team|website=Exmouth Journal|access-date=9 July 2020|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929002054/https://www.exmouthjournal.co.uk/sport/cricket/former-exmouth-cricketer-coaching-the-brazilian-national-women-s-team-1-6573977|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[South American Cricket Championship|2020 South American Cricket Championship]] were also cancelled after being postponed from October 2020.<ref name="SACC">{{cite tweet |user=brasil_cricket |number=1293518999523909632 |date=12 August 2020 |title=Due to the current situation in South America we're cancelling the South American Championships that had been postponed to Nov/Dec 2019}}</ref>

==Oceania==
On 14 March 2020, the [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2019–20|remaining two One Day International (ODI) matches]] of the [[Chappell-Hadlee Trophy]] along with the three-match [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) series [[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 2019–20|between Australia and New Zealand]] were cancelled due to new border restrictions imposed by the New Zealand government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://es.pn/2U7Ngt5 |title=Australia v NZ cancelled amid travel restrictions |work=ESPNcricinfo |first=Andrew |last=McGlashan |date=14 March 2020 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> The first ODI match of the series had been played on 13 March behind closed doors in [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1645137 |title=COVID-19 outbreak: Chappell-Hadlee series to be held behind closed doors |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The following day, [[Cricket Australia]] confirmed that the final round of matches in the [[2019–20 Sheffield Shield season]] had been cancelled, with [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]] being named as the winners of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28913589/new-south-wales-named-sheffield-shield-winners-final-cancelled |title=New South Wales named Sheffield Shield winners as final cancelled |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> [[New Zealand Cricket]] cancelled the final two rounds of matches in the [[2019–20 Plunket Shield season]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28909068/plunket-shield-cancelled-due-coronavirus-measures,-wellington-named-champions |title=Plunket Shield cancelled due to coronavirus measures, Wellington named champions |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=16 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> with [[Wellington cricket team|Wellington]] being named the winners of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120318144/coronavirus-plunket-shield-cancelled-wellington-firebirds-declared-champions |title=Coronavirus: Plunket Shield cancelled, Wellington Firebirds declared champions |work=Stuff |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
On 24 March 2020, the ICC confirmed that all ICC qualifying events, across all regions, scheduled to take place before 30 June 2020 had been postponed due to the pandemic. This included [[2020 Papua New Guinea Tri-Nation Series|tri-series in PNG]], including [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|PNG]], [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] and UAE.<ref name="ICC-postponement" />

On 30 June 2020, [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Australia in 2020|Zimbabwe's ODI tour to Australia]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/zimbabwe-tour-of-australia-in-august-postponed-due-to-covid-19-2693519.html |title=Zimbabwe Tour of Australia in August Postponed Due to COVID-19 |work=News18 |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29385335/zimbabwe-three-match-odi-tour-australia-postponed |title=Zimbabwe's three-match ODI tour to Australia postponed |work=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> On 4 August 2020, the [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|West Indies T20I tour to Australia]] was also postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29592281/australia-west-indies-t20is-cancellation-leaves-cricket-calendar-clearer-ipl |title=Australia v West Indies T20Is postponed, IPL to not clash with any international cricket |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-west-indies-t20-series-postponed-twenty20-world-cup-schedule-series-ipl/2020-08-04 |title=Australia v Windies on hold as part of schedule rejig |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> On 25 September 2020, Cricket Australia confirmed that the one-off Test match [[Afghan cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|against Afghanistan]], and the limited-overs series [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|against New Zealand]] had both been postponed due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/cricket-australia-postpone-afghanistan-test-new-zealand-one-day-internationals-schedule/2020-09-25 |title=CA confirms Afghanistan Test, NZ ODIs on hold |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Impact of the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic on cricket}}
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports by type|Cricket]]
[[Category:2020 in cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic|*]]

Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi

2023-10-12T07:47:32Z

Manish1234: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.

{{short description|Indian cricketer (1941–2011)}}
{{other people|Mansoor Ali Khan|Mansur Ali Khan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi
| title = {{ubl | [[Nawab of Pataudi]]}}
| titletext =
| image_size =
| image = Nawab of Pataudi jnr in his playing days.png
| succession = [[Nawab of Pataudi]]
| caption =
| moretext =
| reign = 1952–1971
| reign-type = [[Titular ruler|Titular]]
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi]]
| pre-type =
| successor =
| suc-type =
| regent =
| reg-type =
| birth_name = Mohammad Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi
| birth_date = {{birth-date|5 January 1941}}
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Bhopal State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death-date and age|22 September 2011|5 January 1941}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| burial_place = [[Pataudi]], [[Haryana]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sharmila Tagore]]|1968}}
| issue = {{Ubl
| [[Saif Ali Khan]] (son)
| [[Saba Ali Khan]] (daughter)
| [[Soha Ali Khan]] (daughter)
}}
| full name =
| house = [[Pataudi family|Pataudi]]
| father = [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi]]
| mother = [[Sajida Sultan]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| module = {{Infobox cricketer
| embed = yes
| role = [[All-Rounder]]
| country = India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 46
| runs1 = 2,793
| bat avg1 = 34.91
| 100s/50s1 = 6/16
| top score1 = 203[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 132
| wickets1 = 1
| bowl avg1 = 88.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/10
| catches/stumpings1 = 27/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 310
| runs2 = 15,425
| bat avg2 = 33.67
| 100s/50s2 = 33/75
| top score2 = 203[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 1,192
| wickets2 = 10
| bowl avg2 = 77.59
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/0
| catches/stumpings2 = 208/–
| international = true
| testcap = 104
| testdebutagainst = England
| testdebutdate = 13 December
| testdebutyear = 1961
| lasttestdate = 23 January
| lasttestagainst = West Indies
| lasttestyear = 1975
| date = 27 September
| year = 2011
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32222.html ESPNCricinfo
}}
| occupation = [[Cricketer]]
| signature_type =
| signature =
}}

[[Nawab]] '''Mohammad Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi''' (also known as '''Mansur Ali Khan''', or '''M. A. K. Pataudi'''; 5 January 1941 – 22 September 2011; nicknamed '''Tiger Pataudi''') was an Indian [[cricketer]] and a former captain of the [[Indian cricket team]].

Pataudi was appointed India's cricket captain at the age of 21, and described as "one of (its) greatest".<ref>{{cite news |title=A passage to Mayfair |url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21582254-indias-super-rich-elite-are-colonising-heart-former-british-empire-passage |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=27 July 2013}}</ref> Pataudi was also called the "best fielder in the world" of his time by commentator [[John Arlott]] and former England captain and contemporary, [[Ted Dexter]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dexter dubs Pataudi world's best fieldsman |work=The Indian Express |page=10 |date=29 August 1963}}</ref>

Mansur Ali Khan was the son of [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi]], the last ruler of the [[princely state]] of [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]] during the [[British Raj]]. After the death of his father in 1952, Pataudi succeeded him in receiving a [[Privy purse in India|privy purse]], certain privileges, and the use of the title "Nawab of Pataudi" under terms accepted earlier when princely states were [[political integration of India|absorbed]] into independent India.<ref name=ramusack-pol-integration>{{cite book |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |authorlink=Barbara Ramusack |title=The Indian princes and their states |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA273 |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26727-4 |page=273 |quote=The crucial document was the Instrument of Accession by which rulers ceded to the legislatures of India or Pakistan control over defence, external affairs, and communications. In return for these concessions, the princes were to be guaranteed a privy purse in perpetuity and certain financial and symbolic privileges such as exemption from customs duties, the use of their titles, the right to fly their state flags on their cars, and to have police protection. ... By December 1947 Patel began to pressure the princes into signing Merger Agreements that integrated their states into adjacent British Indian provinces, soon to be called states or new units of erstwhile princely states, most notably Rajasthan, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, and Matsya Union (Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karaulli).}}</ref> However, all were ended in 1971 by the [[Privy Purse in India#Abolition|26th Amendment to the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-twenty-sixth-amendment-act-1971 |title=The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971 |publisher=Government of India |work=indiacode.nic.in |year=1971|access-date=9 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N.|author-link=Barbara Ramusack |title=The Indian princes and their states |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA278 |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26727-4 |page=278 |quote=Through a constitutional amendment passed in 1971, Indira Gandhi stripped the princes of the '''titles''', privy purses and regal privileges which her father's government had granted.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Karl J. |title=An atlas and survey of South Asian history |url=https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm|url-access=registration |year=1995 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-1-56324-334-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm/page/78 78] |quote=Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan, the real death of princely India came when the Twenty-sixth Amendment Act (1971) abolished the princes' '''titles''', privileges, and privy purses.}}</ref> He received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2001, the highest honour bestowed by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] on a former player.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-18 |title=C.K. Nayudu award for Kapil Dev |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ck-nayudu-award-for-kapil-dev/article5474173.ece |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Bhopal]],<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news |title=Bhopal gave Mansoor Ali Khan actual royal status |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bhopal-gave-mansoor-ali-khan-actual-royal-status/story-aig4v69glXTXkgwPxj0KxI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 September 2011| access-date=22 September 2011| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113003547/http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/cricketnews/Bhopal-gave-Mansoor-Ali-Khan-actual-royal-status/Article1-749002.aspx| archive-date=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pataudi-had-a-long-association-with-bhopal/article2479391.ece |title=Pataudi had a long association with Bhopal |date=23 September 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> Mansoor Ali Khan was the son of [[Iftikhar Ali Khan]], himself a renowned cricketer, and the [[Nawab of Bhopal|Nawab Begum of Bhopal]], [[Sajida Sultan]]. His grandfather, [[Hamidullah Khan]], was the last ruling Nawab of Bhopal, and his aunt, [[Abida Sultan]], was the princess of Bhopal. [[Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Kaikhusrau Jahan]], the Begum of Bhopal, was his great-grandmother, and [[Shahryar Khan]], the chairman of [[Pakistan Cricket Board]], was his first cousin. He was the former Nawab of [[Bhopal State]] and [[Pataudi State]]. The Pataudi family traces their origin to Faiz Talab Khan, an ethnic [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] from the [[Barech]] tribe of [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]], who became the first Nawab of the Pataudi State in 1804.<ref name=hindu>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316043409/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/08/03/stories/2003080300740800.htm The Hindu, Sunday, 3 Aug 2003 - ''Royal vignettes: Pataudi: The Afghan connection'']</ref>

He was educated at [[Minto Circle]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaonline.in/about/Personalities/Cricketers/Mansoor-Ali-Khan-Pataudi.html |title=Nawab Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi: Biography, Facts, Life Story}}</ref> in [[Aligarh]] and [[Welham Boys' School]] in [[Dehradun]] ([[Uttarakhand]]), [[Lockers Park Prep School]] in Hertfordshire (where he was coached by [[Frank Woolley]]), and [[Winchester College]]. He read Arabic and French at [[Balliol College, Oxford]].<ref name="dtobit"/>

His father died while playing polo in Delhi on Mansoor's eleventh birthday in 1952, whereupon Mansoor succeeded him as the ninth [[Nawab]]. Although the [[princely state]] of Pataudi had been merged with India after the end of the [[British Raj]] in 1947, he held the title until the entitlements were abolished by the Government of India through the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|26th amendment to the constitution]] in 1971.

==Cricketing career==
[[File:Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi graph.png|left|thumb|350px|Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi's career performance graph.]]
Pataudi Jr., as Mansoor came to be known during his cricket career, was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium pace bowler.<ref name="cricprof">[http://content.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/32222.html Cricinfo – Nawab of Patudi]</ref> He was a schoolboy batting prodigy at Winchester, relying on his keen eyes to punish the bowling. He captained the school team in 1959, scoring 1,068 runs that season, beating the school record set in 1919 by [[Douglas Jardine]]. He also won the public schools rackets championship, with partner Christopher Snell.<ref name="dtobit"/>

He made his first-class debut for Sussex in August 1957, aged 16, and also played for Oxford while he was at university and was the first Indian captain there.<ref>{{cite news |title=King of Indian cricket |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21530944 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=1 October 2011 |access-date=30 August 2012}}</ref> On 1 July 1961, he was a passenger in a car which was involved in an accident in [[Hove]]. A shard of glass from the broken windscreen penetrated and permanently damaged his right eye.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/691775 |title=Royalty on the cricket field |website=International Cricket Council |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> A surgeon named Dr. David St Clair Roberts was called to operate on his eye, and was praised by Pataudi for saving one of his eyes. The damage caused Pataudi to see a doubled image, and it was feared this would end his cricketing career, but Pataudi was soon in the nets, learning to play with one eye.<ref name="dtobit">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/sport-obituaries/8785423/The-Nawab-of-Pataudi.html Obituary], The Daily Telegraph, 23 September 2011</ref><ref name="ss">[http://www.rediff.com/sports/oct/13a.htm 'Captaincy has not changed... only the pressures have...']</ref><ref name="sst">[http://www.hindu.com/tss/tss2518/25180300.htm Barbadose by dose] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214131/http://www.hindu.com/tss/tss2518/25180300.htm |date=26 September 2011 }} SPORTSTAR Vol. 25 :: No. 18 :: 4–10 May. 2002</ref>

Despite his eye injury less than 6 months before, he made his Test debut playing against [[England national cricket team|England]] in [[Delhi]] in December 1961.<ref name="dtobit"/> He found it easiest to play with his cap pulled down over his damaged right eye. He scored 103 in the Third Test in [[Chennai|Madras]], helping India to its first series win against England.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/sep/25/mansur-ali-khan-pataudi Obituary], The Guardian, 25 September 2011</ref> He was appointed vice-captain for the tour to the West Indies in 1962. In March 1962, Mansoor became captain of the Indian cricket team after the sitting captain, [[Nari Contractor]], was ruled out of the Fourth Test in [[Barbados]] due to an injury sustained by Contractor batting against [[Charlie Griffith]] in a tour match against [[Barbados national cricket team|Barbados]].<ref name=sst/> At 21 years and 77 days, he held the world record for the youngest Test captain until he was surpassed by [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe's]] [[Tatenda Taibu]] in May 2004 and later by [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan's]] [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] in September 2019. As of November 2022, he remains the youngest Indian Test captain and third youngest International Test captain worldwide.<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283416.html Records: Youngest Test Captains] cricinfo. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</ref>

He played in 46 [[Test cricket|Test matches]] for India between 1961 and 1975, scoring 2,793 runs at a Test batting average of 34.91, including 6 Test centuries.<ref name="cricprof" /> Mansoor was captain of the Indian cricket team in 40 of his 46 matches, only 9 of which resulted in victory for his team, with 19 defeats and 19 draws.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://iplguide.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-schedule/ |title=Gwaskar praises the man for his performance |date=12 June 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref> His victories included India's first ever Test match win overseas against New Zealand in 1968. India went on to win that series, making it India's first ever Test series win overseas.<ref name=maktoi/> He lost the captaincy of the Indian cricket team for the tour to the West Indies in 1970–1, and did not play Tests from 1970 to 1972. He returned to the India side captained by [[Ajit Wadekar]] in 1973, for the Third Test against England, and captained India against West Indies in 1974–5, but was finally dropped as a player in 1975.

Between 1957 and 1970 Mansoor, following his countrymen [[Ranjitsinhji]] and [[Duleepsinhji]], played 137 first class matches for [[Sussex County Cricket Club]] scoring 3,054 runs at an average of 22.29.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Wisden Book of County Cricket |author=Christopher Martin-Jenkins |year=1981 |location=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]] |page=373 |isbn=0-362-00545-1| author-link=Christopher Martin-Jenkins}}</ref> He captained Sussex in 1966. In India, he played first-class cricket for Delhi in the [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]] until 1966, and then for Hyderabad in the [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]].

He was an ''[[Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]'' Cricketer of the Year in 1962, and a [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year]] in 1968. He published an autobiography, ''Tiger's Tale'', in 1969. He was the manager of the India team in 1974–5, and referee for two Ashes Tests in 1993.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mansur-ali-khan-pataudi-batsman-known-for-his-elegance-and-courage-who-became-the-youngest-test-captain-and-led-india-40-times-2360135.html Obituary], The Independent, 24 September 2011</ref> He was later a member of the council of the [[Indian Premier League]]. In 2007, in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of India's Test debut, the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] has commissioned a trophy for Test match series between India and England which was named the Pataudi Trophy in honour of his father, the 8th Nawab.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://icccricketworldcup2019.net/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-schedule-free-download-pdf/ |title=Patuadi Crowned as Nawab of Cricket |date=29 July 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=22 March 2015}}</ref>

Pataudi holds the record for facing the most balls in a single test match when batting at number six position in Test history (554).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax2=6;batting_positionmin2=6;batting_positionval2=batting_position;class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=balls_faced;template=results;type=batting;view=match |title=Batting records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mansoor was in a steady relationship with [[Simi Garewal]]. Simi admitted in an email interview that she was dating Pataudi and that he came to visit her on the sets of ''[[Teen Devian]]'', in Avijit Ghosh's book, ''40 Retakes: Bollywood Classics You May Have Missed''.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} He broke up with her after he met [[Sharmila Tagore]], whom he married on 27 December 1968.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/soha-ali-khan-shares-an-endearing-picture-of-parents-sharmila-tagore-and-mansoor-ali-khan-pataudi-on-their-wedding-anniversary/articleshow/79989524.cms |title=Soha Ali Khan shares an endearing picture of parents, Sharmila Tagore and Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi on their wedding anniversary - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/from-toi-archives-tiger-pataudis-untold-tale/articleshow/10089930.cms |title=Tiger Pataudis untold tale |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rendezvous-simi-garewal-mansoor-ali-khan-pataudi-sharmila-tagore-142497-2011-10-03 |title=Tiger Pataudi's romance with Sharmila to air on Rendezvous with Simi Garewal in his memory.}}</ref> They had three children: [[Saif Ali Khan]] (b. 1970), a Bollywood actor, [[Saba Ali Khan]] (b. 1976),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/28saif.htm |title=To Saif with love: Soha & Saba |work=rediff.com}}</ref> a jewellery designer, and [[Soha Ali Khan]] (b. 1978), a Bollywood actress and TV personality. The actress [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] is his daughter-in-law, and the actress [[Sara Ali Khan]] is his granddaughter. Actor [[Kunal Khemu]] is his son-in-law.

== Political Career ==
Pataudi also contested the [[Lok Sabha]] elections from the [[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Gurgaon constituency]] in 1971 under the [[Vishal Haryana Party|Vishal Haryana]] party, he came third and lost to [[Tayyab Husain]] earning a total of 22,979 votes. He later congratulated [[Chaudhary Rahim Khan]] with an elephant ride for defeating [[Tayyab Husain|Hussain]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] elections from the [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad constituency]] in 1984. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Gurgaon 1971 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/1971/haryana/gurgaon/1956/31/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/1971/haryana/gurgaon/1956/31/5 |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Pataudi was arrested in October 2003 over the poaching of a [[blackbuck]] and two hares, but was released on bail.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jun/06pat.htm |title=Pataudi booked under Wildlife Act: Police |website=rediff.com|access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> The case went on for nine years, and in January 2015, four years after his death, six people were convicted.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/6-convicted-in-Pataudi-blackbuck-poaching-case/articleshow/46073719.cms |title=6 convicted in Pataudi blackbuck poaching case |work=The Times of India|access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> This case is unrelated to the other [[Salman Khan#Blackbuck hunting and Arms Act violations cases|blackbuck poaching case of Salman Khan]] that his son Saif Ali Khan Pataudi was involved in.

==Death==
Pataudi was admitted to [[Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (India)|Sir Ganga Ram Hospital]] in [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Rajendra Nagar]], [[Central Delhi]] on 25 August 2011 with an acute lung infection caused by chronic [[interstitial lung disease]] which prevented his lungs from exchanging oxygen properly.<ref name=maktoi/> He took his last breath on 22 Sept 2011 due to [[respiratory failure]] .<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |title=India loses its favourite Tiger |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-23/top-stories/30193462_1_greatest-cricket-captains-mansur-ali-khan-pataud-west-indies| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106134026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-23/top-stories/30193462_1_greatest-cricket-captains-mansur-ali-khan-pataudi-west-indies| url-status=dead| archive-date=6 November 2012 |date=22 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=22 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="maktoi">{{cite news |title=Legendary cricketer Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi passes away |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/top-stories/30189064_1_mansur-ali-khan-pataudi-cricket-fraternity-mak-pataudi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106231747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/top-stories/30189064_1_mansur-ali-khan-pataudi-cricket-fraternity-mak-pataudi|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2011|access-date=22 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="CC">{{cite news |title=Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi passes away |url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Mansoor-Ali-Khan-Pataudi-passes-away/5779 |access-date=22 September 2011 |work=Cricket Country |date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924170350/http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Mansoor-Ali-Khan-Pataudi-passes-away/5779 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His body was buried at [[Pataudi]], [[Gurgaon district]], [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/topnews/231779/tiger-on-final-journey-to-pataudi/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103110741/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/topnews/231779/tiger-on-final-journey-to-pataudi/|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Tiger on final journey to Pataudi |date=23 September 2011 |publisher=Indiavision news}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
* 1964 [[Arjuna Award]]
* 1967 [[Padma Shri]]
* 2001 [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award|C. K. Nayudu Award]]

In honour of his outstanding contributions towards cricket, the [[Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi Memorial Lecture]] was instituted by the BCCI on 6 February 2013<ref>{{cite news |title=An annual lecture in memory of Pataudi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/an-annual-lecture-in-memory-of-pataudi/article4387664.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 February 2013|access-date=25 February 2013}}</ref> with the inaugural lecture by [[Sunil Gavaskar]] on 20 February 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tiger brought fun to the game |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/tiger-brought-fun-to-the-game/article4437170.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 February 2013|access-date=25 February 2013}}</ref> Sports complex building of Jamia Millia Islamia University was named after him in May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamia - Press Releases - Latest - Jamia to unveil Nawab Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi Complex and Virender Sehwag Pavilion |url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/bulletinboard/press-releases/latest/Jamia_to_unveil_Nawab_Mansoor_Ali_Khan_Pataudi_Complex_and__Virender_Sehwag_Pavilion-3204 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=www.jmi.ac.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=32222}}
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/sport-obituaries/8785423/The-Nawab-of-Pataudi.html Obituary of The Nawab of Pataudi, The Daily Telegraph, 23 September 2011]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Iftikhar Ali Khan]]
|title=[[Nawab of Pataudi]]
|years=1952–1971
|after= Title abolished in 1971|
}}
{{s-sports}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Nari Contractor]]
|title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]]
|years=1961/62–1967/68
|after=[[Chandu Borde]] |
}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Chandu Borde]]
|title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]]
|years=1967/68–1969/70
|after=[[Ajit Wadekar]] |
}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Ajit Wadekar]]
|title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]]
|years=1974/75–1974/75 '''(1 Test Match)'''
|after=[[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] |
}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]]
|title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]]
|years=1974/75–1974/75
|after=[[Sunil Gavaskar]] |
}}
{{succession box|
|before=[[Ted Dexter]]
|title=[[:Category:Sussex cricket captains|Sussex county cricket captain]]
|years=1966
|after=[[Jim Parks junior|J.M. Parks]]
}}

{{succession box
|before=[[Ajit Wadekar]]
|title=[[Indian national cricket coach]]
|years=1974/75
|after=[[Bishen Singh Bedi]] |
}}

{{s-end}}

{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Tagore family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pataudi, Mansoor Ali Khan}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Deaths from respiratory failure]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:India Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:International Cavaliers cricketers]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Oxford University cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Bhopal]]
[[Category:People educated at Lockers Park School]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:People from Gurgaon district]]
[[Category:Sussex cricket captains]]
[[Category:Sussex cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Vazir Sultan Tobacco cricketers]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:E. W. Swanton's XI cricketers]]

South Africa

2023-09-29T23:48:26Z

Manish1234: CE

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{{About|the country|the geographical area|Southern Africa|other uses}}

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| symbol_type = Coat of arms
| national_motto = "{{lang|xam|ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke}}" ([[ǀXam language|ǀXam]]) "[[Unity in diversity]]"
| national_anthem = "[[National anthem of South Africa]]" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:South Africa National Anthem.ogg]]</div>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:ZAF orthographic.svg|frameless]]|Show globe|
[[File:South Africa adm location map.svg|frameless]]|Show map of South Africa|default=1}}
| map_caption =
| image_map2 =
| capital = {{unbulleted list|[[Pretoria]] (executive)<ref name="South Africa at a glance">{{cite web|title=South Africa at a glance {{!}} South African Government|url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|website=www.gov.za|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|url-status=live }}</ref>|[[Cape Town]] (legislative)<ref name="South Africa at a glance" />|[[Bloemfontein]] (judicial)<ref name="South Africa at a glance" />}}
| largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=Citypopulation.de|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| population_estimate = 58,048,332<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=South Africa|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 25th
| population_density_km2 = 42.4
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank = 169th
| ethnic_groups_year = 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022019.pdf|title=Mid-year population estimates|date=29 July 2019|publisher=Statistics South Africa|access-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729223342/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022019.pdf|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
| official_languages = '''[[Languages of South Africa|12 languages]]'''<ref name="constitution" /><ref name="parliament.gov.za">{{Cite web |title=The NA Approves South African Sign Language as the 12th Official Language |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language}}</ref>
{{plainlist|
* [[Afrikaans]]
* [[South African English|English]]
* [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]
* [[Pedi language|Sepedi]]
* [[Sotho language|Sesotho]]
* [[Tswana language|Setswana]]
* [[South African Sign Language]]
* [[Swazi language|Swazi]]
* [[Venda language|Tshivenda]]
* [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]
* [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]]
* [[Zulu language|Zulu]]
}}
{{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;
| liststyle = text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;
| title=Languages with special status<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch. 1, s. 6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Khoe languages]]| [[Khoekhoe language|Nama]]|[[Khoisan languages]]|[[German language|German]]|[[Greek language|Greek]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Arabic]]|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|[[Sanskrit]]
}}
| regional_languages =
| languages2_type =
| languages2 =
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| {{nowrap|80.7% [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black]]}}
| 8.8% [[Coloureds|Coloured]]
| 7.9% [[White South Africans|White]]
| 2.6% [[Asian (South Africa)|Asian]]
}}
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
* 78.0% [[Christianity in South Africa|Christianity]]
** 58.3% [[Protestantism in South Africa|Protestantism]]
** 19.7% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|10.9% [[Irreligion in South Africa|no religion]]
|4.4% [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]]
|1.6% [[Islam in South Africa|Islam]]
|1.0% [[Hinduism in South Africa|Hinduism]]
|2.7% other
|1.4% undetermined}}
| religion_year = 2016
| religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/611|title=South Africa – Community Survey 2016|website=www.datafirst.uct.ac.za|access-date=25 November 2018|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125204526/https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/611|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of South Africa|South African]]}}
| government_type = Unitary [[List of countries by system of government#Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of South Africa|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy President of South Africa|Deputy President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Paul Mashatile]]
| leader_title3 = [[National Council of Provinces|Chairperson of the National Council]]
| leader_name3 = [[Amos Masondo]]
| leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa|Speaker of the National Assembly]]
| leader_name4 = [[Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula]]
| leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of South Africa|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name5 = [[Ray Zondo|Raymond Zondo]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[National Council of Provinces|National Council]]
| lower_house = [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = Independence
| sovereignty_note = {{nowrap|from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]}}
| established_event1 = [[Union of South Africa|Union]]
| established_date1 = 31 May 1910
| established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]]
| established_date2 = 11 December 1931
| established_event3 = [[1960 South African republic referendum|Republic]]
| established_date3 = 31 May 1961
| established_event4 = [[1994 South African general election|Democratisation]]
| established_date4 = 27 April 1994
| area_km2 = 1,221,037
| area_footnote =
| area_rank = 24th
| area_sq_mi = 471,443
| percent_water = 0.380
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $990 billion<ref name="IMFSA">{{cite web|url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=199,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|date=7 April 2023|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= April 23, 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 33rd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $16,090<ref name="IMFSA"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 97th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $400 billion<ref name="IMFSA"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 39th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $6,485<ref name="IMFSA"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 96th
| Gini = 63.0 
| Gini_year = 2014
| Gini_change = decrease 
| Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=25 September 2018|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529083011/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA|url-status=live }}</ref>
| Gini_rank = 
| HDI = 0.713 
| HDI_year = 2021
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 109th
| currency = [[South African rand]]
| currency_code = ZAR
| time_zone = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]]
| utc_offset = +2
| utc_offset_DST =
| DST_note =
| time_zone_DST =
| antipodes =
| date_format = Short formats:
* yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for en-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for af-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|+27]]
| iso3166code = ZA
| cctld = [[.za]]
| today =
}}
'''South Africa''', officially the '''Republic of South Africa''', is the [[Southern Africa|southernmost]] country in [[Africa]]. It is bounded to the south by {{convert|2798|km|mi}} of [[coastline]] that stretches along the [[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic]] and [[Indian Ocean]]s;<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.samsa.org.za/|title=South African Maritime Safety Authority|publisher=South African Maritime Safety Authority|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229120804/http://www.samsa.org.za/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|website=The World Factbook|title=Coastline|publisher=CIA|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=safacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|title=South Africa Fast Facts|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=April 2007|access-date=14 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719213531/http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|archive-date=19 July 2008}}</ref> to the north by the neighbouring countries of [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], and [[Zimbabwe]]; and to the east and northeast by [[Mozambique]] and [[Eswatini]]. It also completely [[Enclave and exclave|enclaves]] the country [[Lesotho]].<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Guy Arnold]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113829/LESOTHO|title=Lesotho: Year In Review 1996 – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085933/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337131/Lesotho-Year-In-Review-1996|url-status=live }}</ref> It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the [[Old World]], and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|second-most populous country]] located entirely south of the equator, after [[Tanzania]]. South Africa is a [[biodiversity hotspot]], with unique [[biomes]], plant and animal life. With over [[Demographics of South Africa|60 million people]], the country is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by population|24th-most populous nation]] and covers an area of {{convert|1221037|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}. [[Pretoria]] is the administrative capital, while [[Cape Town]], as the seat of Parliament, is the legislative capital. [[Bloemfontein]] has traditionally been regarded as the judicial capital.<ref name="Marais Twala 2020 pp. 49–62">{{cite journal | last1=Marais | first1=Lochner | last2=Twala | first2=Chitja | title=Bloemfontein: the rise and fall of South Africa's judicial capital | journal=African Geographical Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=40 | issue=1 | date=2020-05-07 | issn=1937-6812 | doi=10.1080/19376812.2020.1760901 | pages=49–62| s2cid=218929562 }}</ref> The largest city, and site of [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|highest court]] is [[Johannesburg]].

About 80% of the population are [[Ethnic groups in South Africa|Black South Africans]].<ref name="safacts" /> The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European ([[White South Africans]]), Asian ([[Indian South Africans]] and [[Chinese South Africans]]), and multiracial ([[Coloureds|Coloured South Africans]]) ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide [[Culture of South Africa|variety of cultures]], [[Languages of South Africa|languages]], and [[Religion in South Africa|religions]]. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the [[Constitution of South Africa|constitution]]'s recognition of 12 official languages, the fourth-highest number in the world.<ref name=safacts /> According to the 2011 census, the two most spoken first languages are [[Zulu language|Zulu]] (22.7%) and [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] (16.0%).<ref name=cib11>{{cite book|title=Census 2011: Census in brief|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf|publisher=Statistics South Africa|location=Pretoria|year=2012|isbn=978-0621413885|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2015|url-status=live|pages=23–25 }}</ref> The two next ones are of European origin: [[Afrikaans]] (13.5%) developed from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and serves as the first language of most Coloured and White South Africans; [[South African English|English]] (9.6%) reflects the legacy of British [[colonialism]] and is commonly used in public and commercial life.

The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a [[coup d'état]], and [[Elections in South Africa|regular elections]] have been held for almost a century. However, the vast majority of Black South Africans were not [[Suffrage|enfranchised]] until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority, which played a large role in the country's recent [[History of South Africa|history]] and politics. The [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] imposed [[apartheid]] in 1948, institutionalising previous [[racial segregation]]. After a [[Internal resistance to apartheid|long and sometimes violent struggle]] by the [[African National Congress]] and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country, the repeal of discriminatory laws began in the mid-1980s. Since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the country's [[liberal democracy]], which comprises a [[parliamentary republic]] and [[Provinces of South Africa|nine provinces]]. South Africa is often referred to as the "[[rainbow nation]]" to describe the country's multicultural diversity, especially in the wake of apartheid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|title=Rainbow Nation – dream or reality?|access-date=10 August 2013|work=BBC News|date=18 July 2008|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908141212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|url-status=live }}</ref>

South Africa is a [[middle power]] in international affairs; it maintains significant [[Regional power|regional influence]] and is a member of both the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the [[G20]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cooper|first1=Andrew F|last2=Antkiewicz|first2=Agata|last3=Shaw|first3=Timothy M|title=Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?|journal=[[International Studies Review]]|date=10 December 2007|volume=9|issue=4|pages=675, 687|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x}}</ref><ref name="Lynch2010">{{cite book|first=David A.|last=Lynch|title=Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51|access-date=25 August 2013|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is currently the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid, when it was ostracised from the rest of the world.|isbn=978-0-7425-6689-7|page=51|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173913/http://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a [[developing country]], ranking 109th on the [[Human Development Index]], the 7th highest on the continent. South Africa is the only African nation to legislate [[same-sex marriage]].<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/02/world/africa/samesex-unions-to-become-legal-in-south-africa.html|title=Same-Sex Unions to Become Legal in South Africa|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 December 2005 |access-date=February 5, 2018|last1=Wines |first1=Michael }}</ref> It has been classified by the [[World Bank]] as a [[Newly industrialized country|newly industrialised country]] and has the [[List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|third-largest economy]] and the most industrialised, technologically advanced economy in Africa overall<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=B. H. |date=2011 |title=A Most Complex and Technologically Advanced Vessel |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-9731-4_osv2011-02 |journal=Offshore Support Vessels |pages=11–20 |location=Singapore |publisher=Research Publishing Services |doi=10.3850/978-981-08-9731-4_osv2011-02|isbn=978-981-08-9731-4 }}</ref> as well as the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|39th-largest economy in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|title=South Africa|publisher=World Bank|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101050034/http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Waugh2000">{{cite book|first=David|last=Waugh|title=Geography: An Integrated Approach|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC|access-date=24 August 2013|year=2000|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=978-0-17-444706-1|pages=563, 576–579, 633, 640|chapter=Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173925/http://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC|url-status=live}}</ref> South Africa has the most [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] in Africa. Since the end of [[apartheid]], government accountability and quality of life have substantially improved.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lieberman|first=Evan|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty|title=Until We Have Won Our Liberty|date=2022|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-20300-3|language=en|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124200625/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty|url-status=live}}</ref> However, [[Crime in South Africa|crime]], poverty and [[Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa|inequality]] remain widespread, with about 40% of the total population being unemployed {{as of|2021|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZA|title=Unemployment, total (% of labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) – South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref> while some 60% of the population lived under the poverty line and a quarter under $2.15 a day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|title="World Bank" : South Africa|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{See also|Official names of South Africa}}
The name "South Africa" is derived from the country's geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation, the country was named the [[Union of South Africa]] in English and {{lang|nl|Unie van Zuid-Afrika}} in [[Dutch language|Dutch]], reflecting its origin from the unification of four formerly separate British colonies. Since 1961, the long formal name in English has been the "Republic of South Africa" and {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} in [[Afrikaans]]. Since 1994, the country has had an official name in each of its [[Languages of South Africa|12 official languages]].

{{anchor|Mzansi}} '''Mzansi''', derived from the [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] noun {{lang|xh|uMzantsi}} meaning "south", is a [[Colloquialism|colloquial name]] for South Africa,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-first=Achille|last=Livermon|first=Xavier|title=Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis|chapter=Sounds in the City|year=2008|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1|page=283|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|quote=''Mzansi'' is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa.|editor-last=Nuttall|editor2-last=Mbembé|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mzansi DiToloki|url=http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/|publisher=Deaf Federation of South Africa|access-date=15 January 2014|quote=uMzantsi in Xhosa means 'south', Mzansi means this country, South Africa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116135926/http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/|archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref> while some [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanist]] political parties prefer the term "[[Azania]]".<ref name="Azania">{{Cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|title=South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'|last=Taylor|first=Darren|newspaper=VOA|access-date=18 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of South Africa}}
=== Prehistoric archaeology ===
[[File:Maropeng_visitor_centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|left|Front of Maropeng at the [[Cradle of Humankind]]]]
South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and [[List of human evolution fossils|human-fossil]] sites in the world.<ref>{{cite book|last= Wymer|first= John|author2= Singer, R|year= 1982|title= The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa|location= Chicago|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-76103-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Guide to Klasies River|page= 11|year= 2001|url= http://academic.sun.ac.za/archaeology/KRguide2001.PDF|author= Deacon, HJ|publisher= Stellenbosch University|access-date= 5 September 2009|archive-date= 21 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195519/http://academic.sun.ac.za/archaeology/KRguide2001.PDF|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915/|title=Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204231517/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915|url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeologists have recovered extensive fossil remains from a series of caves in [[Gauteng]] Province. The area, a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], has been branded "the [[Cradle of Humankind]]". The sites include [[Sterkfontein]], one of the richest sites for [[hominin]] fossils in the world, as well as [[Swartkrans]], [[Gondolin Cave]], [[Kromdraai fossil site|Kromdraai]], [[Cooper's Cave]] and [[Malapa Fossil Site, Cradle of Humankind|Malapa]]. [[Raymond Dart]] identified the first hominin fossil discovered in Africa, the [[Taung Child]] (found near [[Taung]]) in 1924. Other hominin remains have come from the sites of [[Makapansgat]] in [[Limpopo]] Province; [[Cornelia, Free State|Cornelia]] and [[Florisbad]] in [[Free State (province)|Free State Province]]; [[Border Cave]] in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] Province; [[Klasies River Caves]] in [[Eastern Cape]] Province; and [[Pinnacle Point]], [[Saldanha man|Elandsfontein]] and Die Kelders Cave in [[Western Cape]] Province.

These finds suggest that various hominid species existed in South Africa from about three million years ago, starting with ''[[Australopithecus africanus]],''<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html|title= Hominid Evolution|publisher= Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute|first= Stephen P.|last= Broker|access-date= 19 June 2008|archive-date= 7 April 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080407181350/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html|url-status= live}}</ref> followed by ''[[Australopithecus sediba]]'', ''[[Homo ergaster]]'', ''[[Homo erectus]]'', ''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]'', ''[[Homo helmei]]'', ''[[Homo naledi]]'' and modern [[human]]s (''Homo sapiens''). Modern humans have inhabited Southern Africa for at least 170,000 years. Various researchers have located [[Oldowan|pebble tools]] within the [[Vaal River]] valley.<ref name=Langer>{{cite book| title = An Encyclopedia of World History| editor-last = Langer| editor-first = William L.| edition = 5th| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| location = Boston| year = 1972| isbn = 978-0-395-13592-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 9]| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Leakey
| first1 = Louis Seymour Bazett
| author-link1 = Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey
| chapter = Stone Age cultures of South Africa
| title = Stone age Africa: an outline of prehistory in Africa
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FsEiAAAAMAAJ
| edition = reprint
| publisher = Negro Universities Press
| publication-date = 1936
| page = 79
| access-date = 21 February 2018
| quote = In 1929, during a brief visit to the Transvaal, I myself found a number of pebble tools in some of the terrace gravels of the Vaal River, and similar finds have been recorded by Wayland, who visited South Africa, and by van Riet Lowe and other South African prehistorians.
| year = 1936
| isbn = 9780837120225
}}
</ref>

=== Bantu expansion ===
{{Main|Bantu expansion}}
[[File:MapungubweHill.jpg|thumb|[[Mapungubwe Hill]], the site of the former capital of the [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]]]]
Settlements of [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Bantu-speaking peoples]], who were iron-using agriculturists and [[herder|herdsmen]], were present south of the [[Limpopo River]] (now the northern border with [[Botswana]] and [[Zimbabwe]]) by the 4th or 5th century CE. They displaced, conquered, and absorbed the original [[Khoisan]], [[Khoekhoe|Khoikhoi]] and [[San people|San]] peoples. The Bantu slowly moved south. The earliest [[ironworks]] in modern-day [[KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu-Natal Province]] are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the [[Xhosa people]], whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan people. The Xhosa reached the [[Great Fish River]], in today's Eastern Cape Province. As they migrated, these larger [[Iron Age]] populations displaced or assimilated earlier peoples. In [[Mpumalanga]] Province, several stone circles have been found along with a stone arrangement that has been named [[Blaauboschkraal stone ruins|Adam's Calendar]], and the ruins are thought to be created by the [[Bokoni|Bakone]], a [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]] people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfred|first=Luke|title=The Bakoni: From prosperity to extinction in a generation|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/the-bakoni-from-prosperity-to-extinction-in-a-generation-20180703|access-date=13 September 2020|website=Citypress|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020040304/https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/the-bakoni-from-prosperity-to-extinction-in-a-generation-20180703|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adam's Calendar in Waterval Boven, Mpumalanga|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/mpumalanga/adams-calendar/|access-date=13 September 2020|website=www.sa-venues.com|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217065507/https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/mpumalanga/adams-calendar/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Portuguese exploration ===
{{see also|Portuguese discoveries}}
[[File:F. Benda-The planting of cross by Bartholomew Dias in 1488-0681 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Portuguese explorer [[Bartolomeu Dias]] planting the cross at [[Cape Point]] after being the first to successfully round the [[Cape of Good Hope]].]]

In 1487, the Portuguese explorer [[Bartolomeu Dias]] led the first European voyage to land in southern Africa.<ref name="domville-25">{{cite book|last=Domville-Fife|first=C.W.|title=The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world ed|year=1900|publisher=Rankin|location=London|page=25|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofbr01domvuoft#page/24/mode/2up}}</ref> On 4 December, he landed at Walfisch Bay (now known as [[Walvis Bay]] in present-day Namibia). This was south of the furthest point reached in 1485 by his predecessor, the Portuguese navigator [[Diogo Cão]] ([[Cape Cross]], north of the bay). Dias continued down the western coast of southern Africa. After 8 January 1488, prevented by storms from proceeding along the coast, he sailed out of sight of land and passed the southernmost point of Africa without seeing it. He reached as far up the eastern coast of Africa as, what he called, {{lang|pt|Rio do Infante}}, probably the present-day [[Groot River (Eastern Cape)|Groot River]], in May 1488. On his return he saw the cape, which he named {{lang|pt|Cabo das Tormentas}} ('Cape of Storms'). King [[John II of Portugal|John II]] renamed the point {{lang|pt|Cabo da Boa Esperança}}, or [[Cape of Good Hope]], as it led to the riches of the [[East Indies]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mackenzie|first1=W. Douglas|last2=Stead|first2=Alfred|title=South Africa: Its History, Heroes, and Wars|publisher=The Co-Operative Publishing Company|location=Chicago|year=1899}}</ref> Dias' feat of navigation was immortalised in [[Luís de Camões]]' 1572 epic poem ''[[Os Lusíadas]]''.

=== Dutch colonisation ===
{{Main|Dutch Cape Colony|Boer Republics}}
[[File:Charles Bell - Jan van Riebeeck se aankoms aan die Kaap.jpg|thumb|[[Charles Davidson Bell]]'s 19th-century painting of [[Jan van Riebeeck]], who founded the first European settlement in South Africa, arrives in [[Table Bay]] in 1652]]

By the early 17th century, Portugal's maritime power was starting to decline, and English and Dutch merchants competed to oust Portugal from its lucrative monopoly on the [[spice trade]].<ref name="Pakeman">{{cite book| last = Pakeman, SA| title = Nations of the Modern World: Ceylon|edition= 1964|pages= 18–19| publisher = Frederick A Praeger, Publishers| asin= B0000CM2VW}}</ref> Representatives of the British [[East India Company]] sporadically called at the cape in search of provisions as early as 1601 but later came to favour [[Ascension Island]] and [[Saint Helena]] as alternative ports of refuge.<ref name="Kaap">{{cite book|first1=Alexander|last1=Wilmot|author2=John Centlivres Chase|name-list-style=amp| title = History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope: From Its Discovery to the Year 1819|edition= 2010|pages= 1–548| publisher = Claremont: David Philip (Pty) Ltd| isbn= 978-1-144-83015-9}}</ref> Dutch interest was aroused after 1647, when two employees of the [[Dutch East India Company]] were shipwrecked at the cape for several months. The sailors were able to survive by obtaining fresh water and meat from the natives.<ref name="Kaap" /> They also sowed vegetables in the fertile soil.<ref name="zastudy">{{cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Irving|title=Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa|pages=46–771|url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED056947.pdf|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-date=28 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428004403/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED056947.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon their return to Holland, they reported favourably on the cape's potential as a "warehouse and garden" for provisions to stock passing ships for long voyages.<ref name="Kaap" />

In 1652, a century and a half after the discovery of the cape sea route, [[Jan van Riebeeck]] established a {{Wikt-lang|en|victual|victualling}} station at the Cape of Good Hope, at what would become [[Cape Town]], on behalf of the Dutch East India Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-19saf.htm|title=African History Timeline|publisher=West Chester University of Pennsylvania|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=7 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107070748/http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-19saf.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Hunt1>{{cite book|last=Hunt|first=John|editor-last=Campbell|editor-first=Heather-Ann|title=Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708|date=2005|pages=13–35|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-904744-95-5}}</ref> In time, the cape became home to a large population of {{lang|nl|vrijlieden}}, also known as {{lang|nl|vrijburgers}} ({{lit.|free citizens}}), former company employees who stayed in Dutch territories overseas after serving their contracts.<ref name=Hunt1 /> Dutch traders also brought thousands of [[slavery|enslaved people]] to the fledgling colony from [[Indonesia]], [[Madagascar]], and parts of eastern Africa.<ref name="Worden">{{cite book| last = Worden| first = Nigel| title = Slavery in Dutch South Africa|edition= 2010|pages= 40–43| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-15266-2| date = 5 August 2010}}</ref> Some of the earliest mixed race communities in the country were formed between {{lang|nl|vrijburgers}}, enslaved people, and indigenous peoples.<ref name="zimstudy">{{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Harold|title=Zimbabwe: A Country Study|pages=237–317}}</ref> This led to the development of a new ethnic group, the [[Cape Coloureds]], most of whom adopted the Dutch language and Christian faith.<ref name="zimstudy" />

The eastward expansion of Dutch colonists ushered in a series of wars with the southwesterly migrating Xhosa tribe, known as the [[Xhosa Wars]], as both sides competed for the pastureland near the Great Fish River, which the colonists desired for grazing cattle.<ref name=Stapleton2>{{cite book|last=Stapleton|first=Timothy|title=A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid|date=2010|pages=4–6|publisher=Praeger Security International|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-0-313-36589-8}}</ref> ''Vrijburgers'' who became independent farmers on the frontier were known as ''[[Boers]]'', with some adopting semi-nomadic lifestyles being denoted as {{lang|nl|[[trekboers]]}}.<ref name=Stapleton2 /> The Boers formed loose [[militia]]s, which they termed ''commandos'', and forged alliances with Khoisan peoples to repel Xhosa raids.<ref name=Stapleton2 /> Both sides launched bloody but inconclusive offensives, and sporadic violence, often accompanied by livestock theft, remained common for several decades.<ref name=Stapleton2 />

===British colonisation and the Great Trek===
{{Main|Invasion of the Cape Colony|Cape Colony|Great Trek|British Bechuanaland|Colony of Natal}}

Great Britain occupied Cape Town between 1795 and 1803 to prevent it from falling under the control of the [[French First Republic]], which had invaded the [[Low Countries]].<ref name=Stapleton2 /> After briefly returning to Dutch rule under the [[Batavian Republic]] in 1803, the cape was occupied again by the British in 1806.<ref name="Keegan">{{cite book| last = Keegan| first = Timothy| title = Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order| year = 1996| url = https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg| url-access = registration|edition= 1996|pages= [https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg/page/85 85–86]| publisher = David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd| isbn = 978-0-8139-1735-1}}</ref> Following the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], it was formally ceded to Great Britain and became an integral part of the [[British Empire]].<ref name=Lloyd1>{{cite book|last=Lloyd|first=Trevor Owen|title=The British Empire, 1558–1995|date=1997|pages=201–203|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-873133-7}}</ref> British emigration to South Africa began around 1818, subsequently culminating in the arrival of the [[1820 Settlers]].<ref name=Lloyd1 /> The new colonists were induced to settle for a variety of reasons, namely to increase the size of the European workforce and to bolster frontier regions against Xhosa incursions.<ref name=Lloyd1 />

[[File:Charles Bell - Zoeloe-aanval op 'n Boerelaer - 1838.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[Weenen massacre|Zulu attack]] on a Boer camp in February 1838]]

In the first two decades of the 19th century, the Zulu people grew in power and expanded their territory under their leader, [[Shaka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/19_century/3032216.html?page=4&c=y|title=Shaka: Zulu Chieftain|publisher=Historynet.com|access-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209113856/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/19_century/3032216.html?page=4&c=y|archive-date= 9 February 2008 }}</ref> Shaka's warfare indirectly led to the {{lang|zu|[[Mfecane]]}} ('crushing'), in which one to two million people were killed and the inland plateau was devastated and depopulated in the early 1820s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537814/Shaka/537814rellinks/Related-Links|title=Shaka (Zulu chief)|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111043550/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537814/Shaka/537814rellinks/Related-Links|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=W. D. Rubinstein|title=Genocide: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22|access-date=26 June 2013|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-50601-5|page=22|archive-date=8 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808075142/http://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22|url-status=live}}</ref> An offshoot of the Zulu, the [[Northern Ndebele people|Matabele]] people created a larger empire that included large parts of the [[highveld]] under their king [[Mzilikazi]].

During the early 19th century, many Dutch settlers departed from the [[Cape Colony]], where they had been subjected to British control, in a series of migrant groups who came to be known as {{lang|nl|[[Voortrekkers]]}}, meaning "pathfinders" or "pioneers". They migrated to the future [[Natal (province)|Natal]], Free State, and [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]] regions. The Boers founded the [[Boer republics]]: the [[South African Republic]], the [[Natalia Republic]], and the [[Orange Free State]].

The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 in the interior started the [[Mineral Revolution]] and increased economic growth and immigration. This intensified British subjugation of the indigenous people. The struggle to control these important economic resources was a factor in relations between Europeans and the indigenous population and also between the Boers and the British.<ref>{{cite book|author=Williams, Garner F|title=The Diamond Mines of South Africa, Vol II|year=1905|publisher=B. F Buck & Co.|location=New York|pages=Chapter XX|url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|access-date=27 November 2008|archive-date=31 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731083954/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Cape Colony map 1876 - Eve of Confederation Wars.jpg|thumb|right|1876 map of South Africa]]
On 16 May 1876, President [[Thomas François Burgers]] of the South African Republic declared war against the [[Pedi people]]. King [[Sekhukhune]] managed to defeat the army on 1 August 1876. Another attack by the Lydenburg Volunteer Corps was also repulsed. On 16 February 1877, the two parties signed a peace treaty at [[Botshabelo, Mpumalanga|Botshabelo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Military History Society – Journal- THE SEKUKUNI WARS|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|access-date=15 August 2020|website=samilitaryhistory.org|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723053419/http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Boers' inability to subdue the Pedi led to the departure of Burgers in favour of [[Paul Kruger]] and the British annexation of the South African Republic. In 1878 and 1879 three British attacks were successfully repelled until [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet Wolseley]] defeated Sekhukhune in November 1879 with an army of 2,000 British soldiers, Boers and 10,000 Swazis.

The [[Anglo-Zulu War]] was fought in 1879 between the British and the [[Zulu Kingdom]]. Following [[Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]]'s successful introduction of [[Canadian Confederation|federation in Canada]], it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa. In 1874, [[Henry Bartle Frere]] was sent to South Africa as the British [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa|High Commissioner]] to bring such plans into being. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the Boers, and the Zululand army. The Zulu nation defeated the British at the [[Battle of Isandlwana]]. Eventually Zululand lost the war, resulting in the termination of the Zulu nation's independence.

===Boer Wars===
{{main|Boer Wars|First Boer War|Second Boer War}}
[[File:Battle of Majuba Hill.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Majuba Hill]] was the last decisive battle during the [[First Boer War]], and saw the British defeated by the Boers after 2 hours of fighting.]]
[[File:Boercamp1.jpg|thumb|Boer women and children in a [[Second Boer War concentration camps|British concentration camp]] during the [[Second Boer War]].]]
The Boer republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the [[First Boer War]] (1880–1881) using [[guerrilla warfare]] tactics, which were well-suited to local conditions. The British returned with greater numbers, more experience, and new strategy in the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902) and, although they suffered heavy casualties through [[Attrition warfare|attrition]], they were ultimately successful. Over 27,000 Boer women and children died in the [[Second Boer War concentration camps|British concentration camps]].<ref>{{cite news|title=5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|work=The Independent|date=19 January 2016|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927142647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|url-status=live }}</ref>

South Africa's urban population grew rapidly from the end of the 19th century onward. After the devastation of the wars, Dutch-descendant Boer farmers fled into cities from the devastated [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]] and Orange Free State territories to become the class of the white urban poor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ogura|first=Mitsuo|date=1996|title=Urbanization and Apartheid in South Africa: Influx Controls and Their Abolition|journal=The Developing Economies|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|pages=402–423|doi=10.1111/j.1746-1049.1996.tb01178.x|pmid=12292280|issn=1746-1049|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Independence ===
{{See also|Union of South Africa|Military history of South Africa during World War I|Military history of South Africa during World War II}}
Anti-British policies among white South Africans focused on independence. During the Dutch and British colonial years, [[racial segregation]] was mostly informal, though some legislation was enacted to control the settlement and movement of indigenous people, including the [[Native Location Act of 1879]] and the system of [[pass laws]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bond|first=Patrick|title=Cities of gold, townships of coal: essays on South Africa's new urban crisis|publisher=Africa World Press|year=1999|page=140|isbn=978-0-86543-611-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|year=1906|title=Report of the Select Committee on Location Act|publisher=Cape Times Limited|url=https://archive.org/details/reportoftheselec00capeiala|access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last1=Godley |first1=Godfrey |first2=Welsh|last2=Archibald|last3=Thomson |first3=William |last4=Hemsworth |first4=H. D.|year=1920|title=Report of the Inter-departmental committee on the native pass laws|url=https://archive.org/stream/reportofinterdep00sout#page/2/mode/1up|publisher=Cape Times Limited|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|institution=Great Britain Colonial Office; Transvaal (Colony). Governor (1901–1905: Milner)|date=January 1902|title=Papers relating to legislation affecting natives in the Transvaal|url=https://archive.org/details/transvaalpapersr00grea}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=De Villiers|first=John Abraham Jacob|title=The Transvaal |publisher=Chatto & Windus|location=London|year=1896|pages=[https://archive.org/details/transvaal00devi/page/30 30] (n46)|url=https://archive.org/details/transvaal00devi|access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref>

Eight years after the end of the Second Boer War and after four years of negotiation, the [[South Africa Act 1909]] granted nominal independence while creating the [[Union of South Africa]] on 31 May 1910. The union was a [[dominion]] that included the former territories of the Cape, Transvaal and Natal colonies, as well as the Orange Free State republic.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|first=Frank Richardson|last=Cana|wstitle=South Africa|volume=25|page=467}}</ref> The [[Natives Land Act, 1913|Natives' Land Act]] of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by blacks; at that stage they controlled only 7% of the country. The amount of land reserved for indigenous peoples was later marginally increased.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|title=Native Land Act|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|date=19 June 1913|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|archive-date=14 October 2010 }}</ref>

In 1931, the union became fully sovereign from the United Kingdom with the passage of the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]], which abolished the last powers of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] to legislate on the country. Only three other African countries—Liberia, Ethiopia, and Egypt—had been independent prior to that point. In 1934, the [[South African Party]] and [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] merged to form the [[United Party (South Africa)|United Party]], seeking reconciliation between Afrikaners and English-speaking whites. In 1939, the party split over the entry of the union into [[World War II]] as an ally of the United Kingdom, a move which the National Party followers strongly opposed.

=== Apartheid era ===
{{Main|Apartheid}}
{{Further|Disinvestment from South Africa}}
[[File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg|thumb|"For use by white persons" – apartheid sign in English and Afrikaans]]
In 1948, the National Party was elected to power. It strengthened the racial segregation begun under Dutch and British colonial rule. Taking Canada's [[Indian Act]] as a framework,<ref>Gloria Galloway, [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/chiefs-reflect-on-apartheid-and-first-nations-as-atleo-visits-mandela-memorial/article15902124/ "Chiefs Reflect on Apartheid"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502050752/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/chiefs-reflect-on-apartheid-and-first-nations-as-atleo-visits-mandela-memorial/article15902124/|date=2 May 2019 }}, ''The Globe and Mail'', 11 December 2013</ref> the [[Nationalism|nationalist]] government classified all peoples into three races (''Whites, Blacks, Indians and Coloured people (people of mixed race)'') and developed rights and limitations for each. The white minority (less than 20%)<ref>Beinart, William (2001). ''Twentieth-century South Africa.'' Oxford University Press. p. 202. {{ISBN|978-0-19-289318-5}}.</ref> controlled the vastly larger black majority. The legally institutionalised segregation became known as ''[[apartheid]]''. While whites enjoyed the highest [[standard of living]] in all of Africa, comparable to [[First World]] Western nations, the black majority remained disadvantaged by almost every standard, including income, education, housing, and life expectancy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=apartheid {{!}} South Africa, Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid|access-date=2022-05-15|website=Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The [[Freedom Charter]], adopted in 1955 by the [[Congress Alliance]], demanded a non-racial society and an end to discrimination.

On 31 May 1961, the country became a republic following [[1960 South African republic referendum|a referendum]] (only open to white voters) which narrowly passed;<ref>{{cite web|title=Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/hendrik-frensch-verwoerd|publisher=South African History Online|quote=On 5 October 1960 a referendum was held in which White voters were asked: "Do you support a republic for the Union?" – 52 percent voted 'Yes'.|access-date=9 March 2013|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129002322/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/hendrik-frensch-verwoerd|url-status=live}}</ref> the British-dominated Natal province largely voted against the proposal. [[Elizabeth II]] lost the title [[Monarchy of South Africa|Queen of South Africa]], and the last [[Governor-General of South Africa|Governor-General]], [[C. R. Swart|Charles Robberts Swart]], became [[State President of South Africa|state president]]. As a concession to the [[Westminster system]], the appointment of the president remained an appointment by parliament and was virtually powerless until [[P. W. Botha]]'s [[South African Constitution of 1983|Constitution Act of 1983]], which eliminated the office of [[Prime Minister of South Africa|prime minister]] and instated a unique "strong presidency" [[Parliamentary system|responsible to parliament]]. Pressured by other [[Commonwealth of Nations]] countries, South Africa withdrew from the organisation in 1961 and rejoined it in 1994.

Despite [[Internal resistance to apartheid|opposition to apartheid]] both within and outside the country, the government legislated for a continuation of apartheid. The security forces cracked down on internal dissent, and violence became widespread, with anti-apartheid organisations such as the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), the [[Azanian People's Organisation]], and the [[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania|Pan-Africanist Congress]] carrying out guerrilla warfare<ref name="Biko1">{{cite book|last1=Gibson|first1=Nigel|last2=Alexander|first2=Amanda|last3=Mngxitama|first3=Andile|title=Biko Lives! Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko|date=2008|page=138|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Hampshire|isbn=978-0-230-60649-4}}</ref> and urban sabotage.<ref name="Switzer">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUvA7PHnCrUC&q=breytenbach+dakar&pg=PA415| title=South Africa's Resistance Press: Alternative Voices in the Last Generation Under Apartheid. Issue 74 of Research in international studies: Africa series| publisher=Ohio University Press| author=Switzer, Les| year=2000| page=2| isbn=978-0-89680-213-1| access-date=19 October 2020| archive-date=11 December 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211144708/https://books.google.com/books?id=bUvA7PHnCrUC&q=breytenbach+dakar&pg=PA415| url-status=live }}</ref> The three rival resistance movements also engaged in occasional inter-factional clashes as they jockeyed for domestic influence.<ref name="Mitchell">{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Thomas|title=Native vs Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa|date=2008|pages=194–196|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport|isbn=978-0-313-31357-8}}</ref> Apartheid became increasingly controversial, and several countries began to boycott business with the South African government because of its racial policies. These measures were later extended to international sanctions and the [[Disinvestment from South Africa|divestment of holdings]] by foreign investors.<ref name="Bridgland">{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Bridgland|title=The War for Africa: Twelve months that transformed a continent|year=1990|publisher=Ashanti Publishing|location=Gibraltar|page=32|isbn=978-1-874800-12-5}}</ref><ref name="Landgren">{{cite book| first = Signe| last = Landgren| title = Embargo Disimplemented: South Africa's Military Industry| edition = 1989| pages = [https://archive.org/details/embargodisimplem0000land/page/6 6–10]| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-829127-5| year = 1989| url = https://archive.org/details/embargodisimplem0000land/page/6}}</ref>

=== Post-apartheid ===
{{Further|History of South Africa (1994–present)}}
[[File:Frederik de Klerk with Nelson Mandela - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 1992.jpg|thumb|[[F. W. de Klerk|F.W. de Klerk]] and [[Nelson Mandela]] shake hands in January 1992]]
The [[Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith]], signed by [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]] and [[Harry Schwarz]] in 1974, enshrined the principles of [[peaceful transition of power]] and equality for all, the first of such agreements by black and white political leaders in South Africa. Ultimately, [[F. W. de Klerk|F.W. de Klerk]] opened bilateral discussions with [[Nelson Mandela]] in 1993 for a transition of policies and government.

In 1990, the National Party government took the first step towards dismantling discrimination when it lifted the ban on the ANC and other political organisations. It released Nelson Mandela from prison after 27 years of serving a sentence for sabotage. A [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|negotiation process]] followed. With approval from the white electorate in a [[1992 South African apartheid referendum|1992 referendum]], the government continued negotiations to end apartheid. South Africa held its first universal [[1994 South African general election|elections in 1994]], which the ANC won by an overwhelming majority. It has been in power ever since. The country rejoined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and became a member of the [[Southern African Development Community]].

In post-apartheid South Africa, unemployment remained high. While many blacks have risen to middle or upper classes, the overall unemployment rate of black people worsened between 1994 and 2003 by official metrics but declined significantly using expanded definitions.<ref name="sach3">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/2006/soafrica/eng/pasoafr/sach3.pdf|title=Post-Apartheid South Africa: the First Ten Years – Unemployment and the Labor Market|publisher=IMF|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-date=29 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729103119/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/2006/soafrica/eng/pasoafr/sach3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Poverty among whites, which was previously rare, increased.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-04-18-zuma-surprised-at-level-of-white-poverty|title=Zuma surprised at level of white poverty|website=Mail & Guardian|date=18 April 2008|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-date=29 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729140129/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-04-18-zuma-surprised-at-level-of-white-poverty|url-status=live }}</ref> The government struggled to achieve the monetary and fiscal discipline to ensure both redistribution of wealth and economic growth. The United Nations [[Human Development Index]] rose steadily until the mid-1990s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ZAF.html|title=South Africa|year=2006|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|website=Human Development Report|access-date=28 November 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129203325/http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ZAF.html|archive-date=29 November 2007 }}</ref> then fell from 1995 to 2005 before recovering its 1995 peak in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222080742/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=2015 United Nations Human Development Report|access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref> The fall is in large part attributable to the [[HIV/AIDS in South Africa|South African HIV/AIDS pandemic]] which saw South African life expectancy fall from a high point of 62 years in 1992 to a low of 53 in 2005,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=ZA|title=South African Life Expectancy at Birth, World Bank|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024743/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=ZA|url-status=live}}</ref> and the failure of the government to take steps to address the pandemic in its early years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sairr.org.za/wsc/pstory.htx?storyID=428|title=Ridicule succeeds where leadership failed on AIDS|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|date=10 November 2006}}{{dead link|date=May 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
[[File:Watching South Africa & France match at World Cup 2010-06-22 in Soweto 13.jpg|thumb|Supporters watching the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] with [[vuvuzela]]s in the [[Township (South Africa)|township]] of [[Soweto]], a [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|suburb of Johannesburg]]]]
[[File:People's March Anti Xenophobia.jpg|thumb|March in [[Johannesburg]] against [[xenophobia in South Africa]], 23 April 2015]]

In May 2008, riots left over 60 people dead.<ref name="Broke-on-Broke Violence">{{cite journal|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2193949/|title=Broke-on-Broke Violence|journal=Slate |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=6 July 2011|archive-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908002524/http://www.slate.com/id/2193949/|url-status=live|last1=Chance |first1=Kerry }}</ref> The [[Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions]] estimated that over 100,000 people were driven from their homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abahlali.org/node/3612|title=COHRE statement on Xenophobic Attacks|access-date=6 July 2011|archive-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118140918/http://www.abahlali.org/node/3612|url-status=live}}</ref> The targets were mainly [[Immigration to South Africa|legal]] and [[Illegal immigration to South Africa|illegal migrants]], and refugees seeking asylum, but a third of the victims were South African citizens.<ref name="Broke-on-Broke Violence" /> In a 2006 survey, the South African Migration Project concluded that South Africans are more opposed to immigration than any other national group.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Southern African Migration Project|author2=Institute for Democracy in South Africa|author3=Queen's University|editor=Jonathan Crush|title=The perfect storm: the realities of xenophobia in contemporary South Africa|url=http://www.queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/policyseries/Acrobat50.pdf|access-date=26 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=Idasa|isbn=978-1-920118-71-6|page=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730044247/http://www.queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/policyseries/Acrobat50.pdf|archive-date=30 July 2013 }}</ref> The [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UN High Commissioner for Refugees]] in 2008 reported over 200,000 refugees applied for asylum in South Africa, almost four times as many as the year before.<ref name="unhcr.org">{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|url=http://www.unhcr.org/4cd96a569.html|title=UNHCR Global Appeal 2011 – South Africa|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511000002/http://www.unhcr.org/4cd96a569.html|url-status=live }}</ref> These people were mainly from [[Zimbabwe]], though many also come from [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Rwanda]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]] and [[Somalia]].<ref name="unhcr.org" /> Competition over jobs, business opportunities, public services and housing has led to tension between refugees and host communities.<ref name="unhcr.org" /> While [[xenophobia in South Africa]] is still a problem, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 2011 reported that recent violence had not been as widespread as initially feared.<ref name="unhcr.org" /> Nevertheless, as South Africa continues to grapple with racial issues, one of the proposed solutions has been to pass legislation, such as the pending [[Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill|Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill]], to uphold South Africa's ban on racism and commitment to equality.<ref>Harris, Bronwyn (2004). ''Arranging prejudice: Exploring hate crime in post-apartheid South Africa''. Cape Town.</ref><ref>Traum, Alexander (2014). "Contextualising the hate speech debate: the United States and South Africa". ''The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa''. '''47''' (1): 64–88.</ref>

By 2020, numerous warnings have been issued that South Africa is heading towards [[failed state]] status <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/9/10/south-africa-heading-towards-becoming-a-failed-state-report|title=South Africa heading towards becoming a failed state: Report|website=Aljazeera |last=Sguazzin |first=Anthony|date=10 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-10/south-africa-heading-toward-becoming-a-failed-state-group-says|title=South Africa Heading Toward Becoming a Failed State, Group Says|newspaper=Bloomberg |last=Sguazzin |first=Anthony |date=10 September 2020 |url-access=registration}}</ref> with unsustainable government spending, high unemployment, high crime rates, corruption, failing government owned enterprises and collapsing infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/state-south-africa-2020-johan-marais|title=South Africa, Failed State?|website=www.linkedin.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/642791/south-africa-is-slowly-collapsing/ |title=South Africa is slowly collapsing |work=BusinessTech |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/23/crime-worrying-in-south-africa-7000-murdered-in-three-months|title=Crime 'worrying' in South Africa: 7,000 murdered in three months|website=Aljazeera |date=23 November 2022}}</ref> In 2022, the World Economic Forum said that South Africa risks state collapse and identified five major risks facing the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/breaking-is-south-africa-military-coup-state-collapse-threats/|title=South Africa 'at risk of STATE COLLAPSE' – according to top experts|first=Tom|last=Head|date=12 January 2022|website=The South African}}</ref> The Director-General of the South African Treasury, Dondo Mogajane, has said that, "SA is showing the signs of a failing state more common in countries like Sierra Leone and Liberia".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/breaking-south-africa-failed-state-treasury-warning/|title=SA heading towards 'failed state' territory – according to our own Treasury|first=Tom|last=Head|date=6 March 2022|website=The South African}}</ref> Former minister Jay Naidoo has said that South Africa is in serious trouble and is showing signs of a failed state, with record unemployment levels and the fact that many young people will not find a job in their lifetime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/investing/464455-south-africa-showing-signs-of-a-failed-state.html |title=South Africa showing signs of a failed state |work=My Broadband |date=13 October 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Efficient Group chief economist Dawie Roodt said the country is in deep trouble, "South Africans have been getting poorer for a decade". He said he is very concerned because "32 million people get an income from the state. The state cannot afford this anymore".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/investing/461398-south-africa-is-in-deep-trouble-warns-economist.html |title=South Africa is in deep trouble, warns economist |work=My Broadband |date=21 September 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Neal Froneman, CEO of Sibanye-Stillwater, said that crime is out of control, with 'mafia-style shakedowns' for procurement contracts becoming the norm. "Government leadership has created this problem and they are doing nothing. The government can't deal with it because it goes against their ideology."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business-opinion/565926/south-africa-is-practically-a-failed-state-ceo/ |title=South Africa is practically a failed state: CEO |work=BusinessTech |date=8 March 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Professor Eddy Maloka, from the Institute of Risk Management, "The ANC has left us in a mess. They've turned their crisis into ours... Government has collapsed in areas across the country. We are seeing inner-cities collapse and degenerate".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/breaking-south-africa-failing-state-why-expert-explains/|title='Our cities are collapsing!' – SA identified as 'failing state' by top expert|first=Tom|last=Head|date=11 April 2022|website=The South African}}</ref> Professor David Himbara said that "South Africa is a classic case of a de facto one-party state with mismanaged institutions and endemic crime and corruption".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/35378/south-africa-a-sophisticated-failing-state/|title=South Africa: A sophisticated failing state|date=29 July 2020|website=The Africa Report.com}}</ref> In May 2023, the Executive Chairman of Sygnia, Magda Wierzycka, said that "warnings of South Africa becoming a failed state are lagging reality – we are already there".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business-opinion/684085/south-africa-is-already-a-failed-state/|title=South Africa is already a failed state – BusinessTech}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of South Africa}}
[[File:South_Africa_sat.jpg|thumb|left|[[Satellite image]] of South Africa]]

South Africa is in southernmost Africa, with a coastline that stretches more than {{convert|abbr=on|2500|km|mi|0}} and along two oceans (the South Atlantic and the Indian). At {{convert|abbr=on|1219912|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite web|title=Country Comparison|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=South%20Africa&countryCode=sf&regionCode=af&rank=32#sf|website=World Factbook|publisher=CIA|access-date=4 September 2009|archive-date=1 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501164719/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=South%20Africa&countryCode=sf&regionCode=af&rank=32#sf|url-status=dead }}</ref> South Africa is the 24th-largest country in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2015.htm|access-date=12 December 2017|website=unstats.un.org|archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191849/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2015.htm|url-status=live }}</ref> Excluding the [[Prince Edward Islands]], the country lies between latitudes [[22nd parallel south|22°]] and [[35th parallel south|35°S]], and longitudes [[16th meridian east|16°]] and [[33rd meridian east|33°E]]. The interior of South Africa consists of a large, in most places almost flat plateau with an altitude of between {{convert|abbr=on|1000|m|ft}} and {{convert|abbr=on|2100|m|ft}}, highest in the east and sloping gently downwards towards the west and north, and slightly so to the south and south-west.<ref>McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. (2005). ''The story of earth and life''. p. 263, 267–268. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.</ref> This plateau is surrounded by the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]]<ref name="Altas">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 13. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> whose eastern, and highest, stretch is known as the [[Drakensberg]].<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. III, p. 655. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.</ref> [[Mafadi]] in the Drakensberg at {{convert|abbr=on|3450|m|ft}} is the highest peak. The KwaZulu-Natal–Lesotho international border is formed by the highest portion of the Great Escarpment which reaches an altitude of over {{convert|abbr=on|3000|m|ft}}.<ref>Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 151. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref>

The south and south-western parts of the plateau (at approximately 1,100{{ndash}}1,800{{nbsp}}m above sea level) and the adjoining plain below (at approximately 700{{ndash}}800{{nbsp}}m above sea level{{snds}}see map on the right) is known as the [[Karoo|Great Karoo]], which consists of sparsely populated [[shrubland]]. To the north, the Great Karoo fades into the more arid Bushmanland, which eventually becomes the [[Kalahari Desert]] in the north-west of the country. The mid-eastern and highest part of the plateau is known as the [[Highveld]]. This relatively well-watered area is home to a great proportion of the country's commercial farmlands and contains its largest conurbation (Gauteng). To the north of Highveld, from about the 25°{{nbsp}}30'{{nbsp}}S line of latitude, the plateau slopes downwards into the [[Bushveld]], which ultimately gives way to the Limpopo River lowlands or [[Veld#Highveld and Lowveld|Lowveld]].<ref name="Altas" />

The coastal belt, below the Great Escarpment, moving clockwise from the northeast, consists of the Limpopo Lowveld, which merges into the Mpumalanga Lowveld, below the Mpumalanga Drakensberg (the eastern portion of the Great Escarpment).<ref>Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 186. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> This is hotter, drier and less intensely cultivated than the Highveld above the escarpment.<ref name="Altas" /> The [[Kruger National Park]], located in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in north-eastern South Africa, occupies a large portion of the Lowveld covering 19,633 square kilometres (7,580 sq mi)<ref name="Kruger National Park">{{Cite web|title=Kruger National Park|url=http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218164142/http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|archive-date=18 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|publisher=Africa.com}}</ref>
[[File:South Africa - Drakensberg (16261357780).jpg|thumb|alt=Image depicting the Drakensberg|[[Drakensberg]], the eastern and highest portion of the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]] which surrounds the east, south and western borders of the central plateau.]]
[[File:Namaqualand, Goegap 0035.jpg|thumb|Spring flowers in [[Namaqualand]]]]

The coastal belt below the south and south-western stretches of the Great Escarpment contains several ranges of [[Cape Fold Belt|Cape Fold Mountains]] which run parallel to the coast, separating the Great Escarpment from the ocean.<ref>McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. (2005). ''The story of earth and life''. p. 194. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.</ref><ref name="geological map">Geological map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa.</ref> (These parallel ranges of fold mountains are shown on the map, above left. Note the course of the Great Escarpment to the north of these mountain ranges.) The land between the [[Outeniqua Mountains|Outeniqua]] and [[Langeberg]] ranges to the south and the [[Swartberg]] range to the north is known as the [[Karoo|Little Karoo]],<ref name="Altas" /> which consists of semi-desert shrubland similar to that of the Great Karoo, except that its northern strip along the foothills of the Swartberg Mountains has a somewhat higher rainfall and is, therefore, more cultivated than the Great Karoo. The Little Karoo is famous for its ostrich farming around [[Oudtshoorn]]. The lowland area to the north of the Swartberg range up to the Great Escarpment is the lowland part of the Great Karoo, which is climatically and botanically almost indistinguishable from the Karoo above the Great Escarpment. The narrow coastal strip between the Outeniqua and Langeberg ranges and the ocean has a moderately high year-round rainfall, which is known as the [[Garden Route]]. It is famous for the most extensive areas of forests in South Africa (a generally forest-poor country).

In the south-west corner of the country, the [[Cape Peninsula]] forms the southernmost tip of the coastal strip which borders the Atlantic Ocean and ultimately terminates at the country's border with Namibia at the [[Orange River]]. The Cape Peninsula has a [[Mediterranean climate]], making it and its immediate surrounds the only portion of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] which receives most of its rainfall in winter.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. VI, p. 750. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.</ref><ref name="Altas1">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 19. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> The coastal belt to the north of the Cape Peninsula is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and the first row of north–south running Cape Fold Mountains to the east. The Cape Fold Mountains peter out at about the 32°{{nbsp}}S line of latitude,<ref name="geological map" /> after which the Great Escarpment bounds the coastal plain. The most southerly portion of this coastal belt is known as the [[Swartland]] and Malmesbury Plain, which is an important wheat growing region, relying on winter rains. The region further north is known as [[Namaqualand]],<ref>Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 113. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> which becomes more arid near the Orange River. The little rain that falls tends to fall in winter,<ref name="Altas1" /> which results in one of the world's most spectacular displays of flowers carpeting huge stretches of [[veld]] in spring (August{{ndash}}September).

South Africa also has one offshore possession, the small [[Subantarctic|sub-Antarctic]] [[archipelago]] of the Prince Edward Islands, consisting of [[Marion Island]] ({{convert|abbr=on|290|km2|sqmi|disp=or}}) and Prince Edward Island ({{convert|abbr=on|45|km2|sqmi|disp=or}}) (not to be confused with the [[Prince Edward Island|Canadian province of the same name]]).

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of South Africa}}
[[File:South Africa Köppen.svg|thumb|left|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of South Africa]]
South Africa has a generally [[temperate climate]] because it is surrounded by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on three sides, because it is located in the climatically milder [[Southern Hemisphere]], and because its average elevation rises steadily toward the north (toward the equator) and further inland. This varied topography and oceanic influence result in a great variety of climatic zones. The climatic zones range from the extreme desert of the southern [[Namib]] in the farthest northwest to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the border with Mozambique and the Indian Ocean. Winters in South Africa occur between June and August. The extreme southwest has a climate similar to that of the [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] with wet winters and hot, dry summers, hosting the famous [[fynbos]] [[biome]] of shrubland and [[Albany thickets|thicket]]. This area produces much of the wine in South Africa and is known for its wind, which blows intermittently almost all year. The severity of this wind made passing around the Cape of Good Hope particularly treacherous for sailors, causing many shipwrecks. Further east on the south coast, rainfall is distributed more evenly throughout the year, producing a green landscape. The annual rainfall increases south of the Lowveld, especially near the coast, which is [[Subtropics|subtropical]]. The Free State is particularly flat because it lies centrally on the high plateau. North of the [[Vaal River]], the Highveld becomes better watered and does not experience subtropical extremes of heat. Johannesburg, in the centre of the Highveld, is at {{convert|abbr=on|1740|m|ft|0}} above sea level and receives an annual rainfall of {{convert|abbr=on|760|mm|in|1}}. Winters in this region are cold, although snow is rare.

The coldest place on mainland South Africa is Buffelsfontein in the [[Eastern Cape]], where a temperature of {{convert|abbr=on|-20.1|C|F}} was recorded in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2018|title=These are the lowest ever temperatures recorded in South Africa|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/lowest-temperature-recorded-south-africa/|access-date=11 September 2020|website=The South African|language=en-US|archive-date=11 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911142956/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/lowest-temperature-recorded-south-africa/|url-status=live }}</ref> The Prince Edward Islands have colder average annual temperatures, but Buffelsfontein has colder extremes. The deep interior of mainland South Africa has the hottest temperatures: a temperature of {{convert|abbr=on|51.7|C|F|2}} was recorded in 1948 in the Northern Cape Kalahari near [[Upington]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Africa's geography|url=http://www.safrica.info/about/geography/geography.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608121736/http://www.safrica.info/about/geography/geography.htm|archive-date=8 June 2010|access-date=30 October 2011|publisher=Safrica.info}}</ref> but this temperature is unofficial and was not recorded with standard equipment; the official highest temperature is {{convert|abbr=on|48.8|C|F|2}} at [[Vioolsdrif]] in January 1993.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMdzAAAAMAAJ|title=South Africa yearbook|publisher=South African Communication Service|year=1997|isbn=9780797035447|page=3|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=24 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/https://books.google.com/books?id=SMdzAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Climate change in South Africa]] is leading to increased temperatures and rainfall variability. [[Extreme weather]] events are becoming more prominent.<ref name=":4">Republic of South Africa, ''[https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/nationalclimatechange_adaptationstrategy_ue10november2019.pdf National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612014043/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/nationalclimatechange_adaptationstrategy_ue10november2019.pdf|date=12 June 2021 }},'' Version UE10, 13 November 2019.</ref> This is a critical concern for South Africans as climate change will affect the overall status and wellbeing of the country, for example with regards to [[water resources]]. Speedy environmental changes are resulting in clear effects on the community and environmental level in different ways and aspects, starting with air quality, to temperature and weather patterns, reaching out to food security and disease burden.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph|access-date=26 November 2020|website=www.mdpi.com|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610212414/https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph|url-status=live}}</ref> According to computer-generated climate modelling produced by the South African National Biodiversity Institute,<ref name="SANBI">{{Cite web|date=30 September 2011|title=South African National Biodiversity Institute|url=http://www.sanbi.org/|access-date=30 October 2011|publisher=Sanbi.org|archive-date=1 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901083818/http://www.sanbi.org/|url-status=live }}</ref> parts of southern Africa will see an increase in temperature by about {{Convert|1|C-change|}} along the coast to more than {{Convert|4|C-change|}} in the already hot [[hinterland]] such as the Northern Cape in late spring and summertime by 2050. The Cape Floral Region is predicted to be hit very hard by climate change. Drought, increased intensity and frequency of fire, and climbing temperatures are expected to push many rare species towards extinction. South Africa has published two national climate change reports in 2011 and 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 2017|title=South Africa's Second National Climate Change Report|url=https://www.environment.gov.za/otherdocuments/reports/southafricas_secondnational_climatechange|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614170504/https://www.environment.gov.za/otherdocuments/reports/southafricas_secondnational_climatechange|url-status=live }}</ref> South Africa contributes considerable [[Greenhouse gas emissions|carbon dioxide emissions]], being the 14th largest emitter of carbon dioxide,<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|date=15 October 2018|title=The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa|access-date=3 August 2020|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509123731/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> primarily from its heavy reliance on coal and oil for [[Energy development|energy production]].<ref name=":32"/> As part of its international commitments, South Africa has pledged to peak emissions between 2020 and 2025.<ref name=":32"/>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{main|Biodiversity of South Africa}}
{{See also|Wildlife of South Africa|Protected areas of South Africa|Marine biodiversity of South Africa}}
[[File:South African Giraffes, fighting.jpg|thumb|[[South African giraffe]]s, Kruger National Park]]
[[File:African Leopard Sabi Sands Fir0002 Oct18.jpg|thumb|The female [[African Leopard]] "Thandi" in the Djuma concession of the [[Sabi Sand Game Reserve]]]]

South Africa signed the Rio [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] on 4 June 1994 and became a party to the convention on 2 November 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Parties|url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/|access-date=8 December 2012|archive-date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124005746/http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/|url-status=live }}</ref> It has subsequently produced a [[Biodiversity action plan|National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan]], which was received by the convention on 7 June 2006.<ref name="cbd.int">{{Cite web|title=South Africa's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cm/cm-nbsap-01-p1-en.pdf|access-date=10 December 2012|archive-date=2 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502141819/http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cm/cm-nbsap-01-p1-en.pdf|url-status=live }}</ref> The country is ranked sixth out of the world's seventeen [[megadiverse countries]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biodiversity of the world by countries|url=http://institutoaqualung.com.br/info_biodiversidade23.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101120514/http://institutoaqualung.com.br/info_biodiversidade23.html|archive-date=1 November 2010|access-date=30 May 2010|publisher=Institutoaqualung.com.br}}</ref> [[Ecotourism in South Africa]] has become more prevalent in recent years, as a possible method of maintaining and improving biodiversity.

Numerous mammals are found in the Bushveld including lions, [[African leopard]]s, [[Southeast African cheetah|South African cheetahs]], [[Southern white rhinoceros|southern white rhinos]], [[blue wildebeest]], [[kudu]]s, [[impala]]s, [[hyena]]s, [[hippopotamus]]es and [[South African giraffe]]s. A significant extent of the Bushveld exists in the north-east including Kruger National Park and the [[Sabi Sand Game Reserve]], as well as in the far north in the [[Waterberg Biosphere]]. South Africa houses many [[Endemism|endemic species]], among them the critically endangered [[riverine rabbit]] (''Bunolagus monticullaris'') in the Karoo.

Up to 1945, more than 4,900 species of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[Lichen#Fungi|lichen-forming]] species) had been recorded.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rong|first1=I. H.|last2=Baxter|first2=A. P.|year=2006|title=The South African National Collection of Fungi: Celebrating a centenary 1905–2005|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=55|pages=1–12|doi=10.3114/sim.55.1.1|pmc=2104721|pmid=18490968}}</ref> In 2006, the number of fungi in South Africa was estimated at 200,000 species but did not take into account fungi associated with insects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crous|first1=P. W.|last2=Rong|first2=I. H.|last3=Wood|first3=A.|last4=Lee|first4=S.|last5=Glen|first5=H.|last6=Botha|first6=W. l|last7=Slippers|first7=B.|last8=De Beer|first8=W. Z.|last9=Wingfield|first9=M. J.|last10=Hawksworth|first10=D. L.|year=2006|title=How many species of fungi are there at the tip of Africa?|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=55|pages=13–33|doi=10.3114/sim.55.1.13|pmc=2104731|pmid=18490969}}</ref> If correct, then the number of South African fungi dwarfs that of its plants. In at least some major South African ecosystems, an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Marincowitz |first1=S.|last2=Crous|first2=P.W.|last3=Groenewald|first3=J.Z.|last4=Wingfield|first4=M.J.|year=2008|title=Microfungi occurring on Proteaceae in the fynbos. CBS Biodiversity Series 7|url=http://fabiserv.up.ac.za/webresources/pdf/02cccd42960c651fba2eee15dd3c180b.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729211209/http://fabiserv.up.ac.za/webresources/pdf/02cccd42960c651fba2eee15dd3c180b.pdf|archive-date=29 July 2013|access-date=26 June 2013|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The country's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan does not mention fungi (including lichen-forming fungi).<ref name="cbd.int" />

With more than 22,000 different [[vascular plant]]s, or about 9% of all the known species of plants on Earth,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lambertini|first=Marco|title=A Anturalist's Guide to the Tropics|date=15 May 2000|publisher=University Of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46828-0|edition=Revised edition (15 May 2000)|page=46|language=en|chapter=The Flora / The Richest Botany in the World}}</ref> South Africa is particularly rich in plant diversity. The most prevalent biome is the [[grassland]], particularly on the Highveld, where the plant cover is dominated by different [[Poaceae|grasses]], low shrubs, and [[acacia]], mainly camel-thorn (''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''). Vegetation is sparse towards the north-west because of low rainfall. There are numerous species of water-storing succulents, like [[aloe]]s and [[euphorbia]]s, in the very hot and dry Namaqualand area. And according to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wildlife Fund]], South Africa is home to around a third of all succulent species.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Trenchard|first=Tommy|date=2021-07-31|title=In South Africa, Poachers Now Traffic in Tiny Succulent Plants|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/31/world/africa/south-africa-poachers-tiny-succulent-plants.html|access-date=2022-06-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The grass and thorn [[savanna]] turns slowly into a bush savanna towards the north-east of the country, with denser growth. There are significant numbers of [[Adansonia|baobab]] trees in this area, near the northern end of Kruger National Park.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plants and Vegetation in South Africa|url=http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_plants.htm|access-date=30 October 2011|publisher=Southafrica-travel.net|archive-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028175454/http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_plants.htm|url-status=live }}</ref>

The fynbos biome, which makes up the majority of the area and plant life in the [[Cape Floristic Region]], is located in a small region of the Western Cape and contains more than 9,000 of those species, or three times more plant species than found in the [[Amazon rainforest]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewton |first=Robin Cherry & Thomas |title=South Africa's flammable floral kingdom |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190304-south-africas-flammable-floral-kingdom |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of plant diversity. Most of the plants are [[evergreen]] hard-leaf plants with fine, needle-like leaves, such as the [[sclerophyll]]ous plants. Another uniquely South African flowering plant group is the genus ''[[Protea]]'', with around 130 different species. While South Africa has a great wealth of flowering plants, only 1% of the land is forest, almost exclusively in the humid [[KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic|coastal plain of KwaZulu-Natal]], where there are also areas of [[Southern Africa mangroves]] in river mouths. Even smaller reserves of forests are out of the reach of fire, known as [[Knysna–Amatole montane forests|montane forests]]. Plantations of imported tree species are predominant, particularly the non-native [[eucalyptus]] and pine.

[[File:Flora at Cape Peninsula.JPG|thumb|left|[[Cape Floral Region Protected Areas]]]]

South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily because of overpopulation, sprawling development patterns, and deforestation during the 19th century. The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 4.94/10, ranking it 112th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7723057|pmid=33293507|doi-access=free|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> South Africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by [[Introduced species|alien species]] with many (e.g., [[Acacia mearnsii|black wattle]], [[Acacia saligna|Port Jackson willow]], ''[[Hakea]]'', ''[[Lantana]]'' and ''[[Jacaranda]]'') posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources. The original [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|temperate forest]] found by the first European settlers was exploited until only small patches remained. Currently, South African hardwood trees like [[real yellowwood]] (''[[Podocarpus latifolius]]''), stinkwood (''[[Ocotea bullata]]''), and South African black ironwood (''[[Olea capensis]]'') are under strict government protection. Statistics from the [[Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries|Department of Environmental Affairs]] show a record 1,215 rhinos were killed in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2015|title=Progress in the war against poaching|work=Environmental Affairs|location=South Africa|url=https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/molewa_waragainstpoaching2015|url-status=dead|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123231507/https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/molewa_waragainstpoaching2015|archive-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Since South Africa is home to a third of all succulent species (many endemic to the Karoo), it makes it a hotspot for plant poaching, leading to many species to be threatened with extinction.<ref name=":1" />

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of South Africa}}
[[File:South Africa 2011 population density map (hex cells).svg|thumb|Map of population density in South Africa{{Clear}}
{{legend-col
|{{legend|#ffffcc|<1 /km2}}
|{{legend|#ffeda0|1–3 /km2}}
|{{legend|#fed976|3–10 /km2}}
|{{legend|#feb24c|10–30 /km2}}
|{{legend|#fd8d3c|30–100 /km2}}
|{{legend|#fc4e2a|100–300 /km2}}
|{{legend|#e31a1c|300–1000 /km2}}
|{{legend|#bc0026|1000–3000 /km2}}
|{{legend|#800026|>3000 /km2}}}}
]]

South Africa is a nation of about 60 million (as of 2021) people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and religions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022021.pdf|title=Mid-year population estimates 2021|date=19 July 2021|website=[[Statistics South Africa]]|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729223342/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022019.pdf|url-status=live }}</ref> The last [[South African National Census of 2011|census]] was held in 2011, with estimates produced on an annual basis. According to the United Nations' ''[[World Population Prospects]]'', South Africa's total population was 55.3 million in 2015, compared to only 13.6 million in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/|website=population.un.org
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617000901/https://population.un.org/wpp/ |archive-date=17 June 2020
}}</ref> South Africa is home to an estimated five million [[Illegal immigration|illegal immigrants]], including some three million Zimbabweans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php|title=Anti-immigrant violence spreads in South Africa, with attacks reported in Cape Town – The New York Times|website=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=23 May 2008|access-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221002431/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php|archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus|title=Escape From Mugabe: Zimbabwe's Exodus|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus|archive-date=24 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214052122/http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097|archive-date=14 February 2009|title=More illegals set to flood SA|publisher=Fin24|access-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead }}</ref> A series of [[Xenophobia in South Africa|anti-immigrant riots]] occurred beginning in May 2008.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm|title=South African mob kills migrants|publisher=BBC|access-date=19 May 2008|date=12 May 2008|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313001302/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Barry|last=Bearak|title=Immigrants Fleeing Fury of South African Mobs|date=23 May 2008|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/world/africa/23safrica.html?_r=1&ref=africa&oref=slogin|access-date=5 August 2008|archive-date=1 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501055725/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/world/africa/23safrica.html?_r=1&ref=africa&oref=slogin|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Statistics South Africa]] asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five racial population groups.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lehohla |first=Pali |title=Debate over race and censuses not peculiar to SA|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/news_archive/05may2005_1.asp|date=5 May 2005|newspaper=Business Report|access-date=25 August 2013|quote=Others pointed out that the repeal of the Population Registration Act in 1991 removed any legal basis for specifying 'race'. The Identification Act of 1997 makes no mention of race. On the other hand, the Employment Equity Act speaks of 'designated groups' being 'black people, women and people with disabilities'. The Act defines 'black' as referring to 'Africans, coloureds and Indians'. Apartheid and the racial identification which underpinned it explicitly linked race with differential access to resources and power. If the post-apartheid order was committed to remedying this, race would have to be included in surveys and censuses, so that progress in eradicating the consequences of apartheid could be measured and monitored. This was the reasoning that led to a 'self-identifying' question about 'race' or 'population group' in both the 1996 and 2001 population censuses, and in Statistics SA's household survey programme.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814143522/http://www.statssa.gov.za/news_archive/05may2005_1.asp|archive-date=14 August 2007 }}</ref> The 2011 census figures for these groups were: [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]] at 79.2%, [[White South Africans|White]] at 8.9%, [[Cape Coloureds|Coloured]] at 8.9%, [[Indian South Africans|Indian or Asian]] at 2.5%, and Other/Unspecified at 0.5%.<ref name=cib11/>{{rp|21}} The first census in 1911 showed that whites made up 22% of the population; this had declined to 16% by 1980.<ref>{{Cite book| author = ((Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa (U.S.)))| title = South Africa: time running out: the report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&pg=PA42| publisher = University of California Press| year = 1981| page = 42| isbn = 978-0-520-04547-7| access-date = 14 October 2015| archive-date = 24 January 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/https://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&pg=PA42| url-status = live }}</ref>

South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population. According to the ''World Refugee Survey 2008'', published by the [[U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants]], this population numbered approximately 144,700 in 2007.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008" /> Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included people from Zimbabwe (48,400), the DRC (24,800), and Somalia (12,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008" /> These populations mainly lived in Johannesburg, Pretoria, [[Durban]], Cape Town, and [[Port Elizabeth]].<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=19 June 2008|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019224639/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|archive-date=19 October 2014 }}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of South Africa}}
[[File:South Africa 2011 dominant language map (hex cells).svg|right|thumb|{{Collapsible list
| title = Map showing the dominant [[Languages of South Africa|South African languages]] by area|{{legend|#80b1d3|[[Zulu language|Zulu]] (22.7%)}}|{{legend|#fb8072|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] (16.0%)}}|{{legend|#8dd3c7|⁠[[Afrikaans]] (13.5%)}}|{{legend|#ffffb3|[[South African English|English]] (9.6%)}}|{{legend|#fdb462|[[Pedi language|Pedi]] (9.1%)}}|{{legend|#fccde5|[[Tswana language|Tswana]] (8.0%)}}|{{legend|#b3de69|[[Sotho language|Southern Sotho]] (7.6%)}}|{{legend|#ffed6f|[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] (4.5%)}}|{{legend|#bc80bd|[[Swazi language|Swazi]] (2.5%)}}|{{legend|#ccebc5|[[Venda language|Venda]] (2.4%)}}|{{legend|#bebada|[[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] (2.1%)}}|{{legend|#d0d0d0|None dominant}}|{{legend|#ffffff|Areas of little or no population}}
}}]]

South Africa has 12 official languages:<ref name="parliament.gov.za"/> [[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Afrikaans]], [[South African English|English]], [[Northern Sotho|Pedi]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions {{!}} South African Government|url=https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions#5|access-date=26 July 2020|website=www.gov.za|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518042037/https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions#5|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Sotho language|Southern Sotho]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Swazi language|Swazi]], [[Venda language|Venda]], and [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] (in order of first language speakers), as well as South African Sign Language which was recognised as an official language in 2023.<ref name="parliament.gov.za"/>In this regard it is fourth only to [[Bolivia]], [[Official languages of India|India]], and [[Zimbabwe]] in number. While all the languages are formally equal, some languages are spoken more than others. According to the 2011 census, the three most spoken first languages are Zulu (22.7%), Xhosa (16.0%), and Afrikaans (13.5%).<ref name=cib11/> Although English is recognised as the language of commerce and science, it is only the fourth most common home language, that of only 9.6% of South Africans in 2011; nevertheless, it has become the de facto [[lingua franca]] of the nation.<ref name="cib11" /> Estimates based on the 1991 census suggest just under half of South Africans could speak English.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/south-africa-fast-facts/geography-facts/languages|title=South Africa's languages|date=6 November 2007|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626173847/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/south-africa-fast-facts/geography-facts/languages|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the second most commonly spoken language outside of the household, after Zulu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/319760/these-are-the-most-spoken-languages-in-south-africa-in-2019/|title=These are the most-spoken languages in South Africa in 2019|author=Staff Writer|website=businesstech.co.za|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221184630/https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/319760/these-are-the-most-spoken-languages-in-south-africa-in-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Numerous other languages are spoken, or were widely used previously, including [[Fanagalo language|Fanagalo]], [[Khoe language|Khoe]], [[Lobedu language|Lobedu]], [[Nama language|Nama]], [[Northern Ndebele language|Northern Ndebele]], and [[Phuthi language|Phuthi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm|title=The languages of South Africa|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=4 February 1997|access-date=7 November 2010|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304001836/http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm|archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> These unofficial languages may be used in certain official uses in limited areas where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Many of the unofficial [[Khoisan languages|languages of the San and Khoekhoe]] peoples contain regional dialects stretching northwards into Namibia and Botswana, and elsewhere. These people, who are a physically distinct population from the Bantu people who make up most of the Black Africans in South Africa, have their own cultural identity based on their [[hunter-gatherer]] societies. They have been marginalised to a great extent, and the remainder of their languages are in danger of becoming [[Extinct language|extinct]].

White South Africans may also speak European languages, including Italian, Portuguese (also spoken by black Angolans and Mozambicans), Dutch, German, and Greek, while some Indian South Africans and more recent migrants from South Asia speak [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], such as Gujarati, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. French is spoken by migrants from [[African French|Francophone Africa]].

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in South Africa}}
{{bar box
|title=Religion in South Africa (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-africa#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|title=Religions in South Africa – PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102511/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-africa#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar= #Fcd116
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|#B57EDC|73.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|black|14.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholicism]]|darkblue|7.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|1.1}}
{{bar percent|Other faith|silver|1.7}}
}}

According to the 2001 census, Christians accounted for 79.8% of the population, with a majority of them being members of various [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christian denomination|denominations]] (broadly defined to include [[Syncretism|syncretic]] [[African-initiated church]]es) and a minority of [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]] and other Christians. Christian category includes [[Zion Christian Church|Zion Christian]] (11.1%), [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] ([[Charismatic movement|Charismatic]]) (8.2%), [[Catholic Church in South Africa|Roman Catholic]] (7.1%), [[Methodist Church of Southern Africa|Methodist]] (6.8%), [[Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)|Dutch Reformed]] (6.7%), and [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa|Anglican]] (3.8%). Members of remaining Christian churches accounted for another 36% of the population. [[Islam in South Africa|Muslims]] accounted for 1.5% of the population, [[Hinduism in South Africa|Hindus]] 1.2%,<ref name="state.gov" /> [[traditional African religions]] 0.3% and Judaism 0.2%. 15.1% had no religious affiliation, 0.6% were "other" and 1.4% were "unspecified."<ref name=factbook /><ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm|title=South Africa – Section I. Religious Demography|publisher=U.S. Department of State|access-date=15 July 2006|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614133513/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Wessel|last1=Bentley|author2=Dion Angus Forster|title=Methodism in Southern Africa: A Celebration of Wesleyan Mission|year=2008|publisher=AcadSA|isbn=978-1-920212-29-2|pages=97–98|chapter=God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses}}</ref>

African-initiated churches formed the largest of the Christian groups. It was believed that many of the persons who claimed no affiliation with any organised religion adhered to a traditional African religion. There are an estimated 200,000 [[Traditional healers of Southern Africa|traditional healers]], and up to 60% of South Africans consult these healers,<ref>{{cite book|author=van Wyk, Ben-Erik|author2=van Oudtshoorn, Gericke N|year=1999|title=Medicinal Plants of South Africa|location=Pretoria|publisher=Briza Publications|isbn=978-1-875093-37-3|page=10}}</ref> generally called {{lang|bnt|sangoma}} ('diviner') or {{lang|bnt|inyanga}} ('herbalist'). These healers use a combination of [[Veneration of the dead|ancestral spiritual beliefs]] and a belief in the spiritual and medicinal properties of local fauna, flora, and funga commonly known as [[Traditional African medicine|{{lang|bnt|muti|nocat=true}}]] ('medicine'), to facilitate healing in clients. Many peoples have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences.<ref name="DoS">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71325.htm|title=South Africa|publisher=State.gov|date=15 September 2006|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614154706/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71325.htm|url-status=live }}</ref>

South African Muslims comprise mainly Coloureds and Indians. They have been joined by black or white South African converts as well as those from other parts of Africa.<ref name=csmonitor /> South African Muslims describe their faith as the fastest-growing religion of conversion in the country, with the number of black Muslims growing sixfold, from 12,000 in 1991 to 74,700 in 2004.<ref name=csmonitor>{{cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html|title=In South Africa, many blacks convert to Islam / The Christian Science Monitor|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|date=10 January 2002 |access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173053/http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa|title=Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa|date=15 November 2004 |publisher=Religionnewsblog.com|access-date=7 November 2010|archive-date=1 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001060330/http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa|url-status=live }}</ref>

There is a substantial [[History of the Jews in South Africa|Jewish population]], descended from [[History of the Jews in Europe|European Jews]] who arrived as a minority among other European settlers. This population peaked in the 1970s at 120,000, though only around 67,000 remain today, the rest having emigrated, mostly to Israel. Even so, these numbers make the Jewish community in South Africa the twelfth largest in the world.<ref>{{Citation| editor-last = Rebecca Weiner| editor-first = Rebecca Weiner| year = 2010| publisher = [[Jewish Virtual Library]]| title = South African Jewish History and Information| format = PDF| url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/South_Africa.html| access-date = 13 August 2010| archive-date = 11 January 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170111051609/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/South_Africa.html| url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in South Africa}}
[[File:UCT Upper Campus landscape view.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The [[University of Cape Town]]]]
The adult [[literacy]] rate in 2007 was 88.7%.<ref name=unescolit>{{cite web|title=National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183908/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|url-status=dead}}</ref> South Africa has a [[Three-tier education|three-tier system]] of education starting with primary school, followed by high school, and tertiary education in the form of (academic) universities and universities of technology. Learners have twelve years of formal schooling, from grade 1 to 12. Grade R, or grade 0, is a pre-primary foundation year.<ref name=edufacts0831>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/services/education/edufacts.htm|title=A parent's guide to schooling|access-date=31 August 2010|archive-date=22 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722160229/http://www.southafrica.info/services/education/edufacts.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Primary schools span the first seven years of schooling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/education.htm|title=Education in South Africa|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|access-date=20 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617125606/http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/education.htm|archive-date=17 June 2010 }}</ref> High school education spans a further five years. The [[Matriculation in South Africa|National Senior Certificate]] examination takes place at the end of grade 12 and is necessary for tertiary studies at a [[List of universities in South Africa|South African university]].<ref name=edufacts0831 /> Public universities are divided into three types: traditional universities, which offer theoretically oriented university degrees; [[Institute of technology|universities of technology]] (formerly called ''[[technikon]]s''), which offer vocationally-oriented diplomas and degrees; and comprehensive universities, which offer both types of qualification. There are 23 public universities in South Africa: 11 traditional universities, 6 universities of technology, and 6 comprehensive universities.

Under apartheid, schools for black people were subject to discrimination through inadequate funding and a separate syllabus called ''[[Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education]]'' which only taught skills sufficient to work as labourers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/sidebar.php?id=3|title=Bantu Education|publisher=Overcoming Apartheid|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815013451/https://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/sidebar.php?id=3|url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2004, South Africa started reforming its tertiary education system, merging and incorporating small universities into larger institutions, and renaming all tertiary education institutions "university". By 2015, 1.4 million students in higher education have been aided by a financial aid scheme which was promulgated in 1999.<ref name=Cele>{{cite news|last1=Cele|first1=S'thembile; Masondo, Sipho|title=Shocking cost of SA's universities|url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Shocking-cost-of-SAs-universities-20150118|access-date=19 January 2015|agency=City Press|publisher=fin24.com|date=18 January 2015|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119205443/http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Shocking-cost-of-SAs-universities-20150118|url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in South Africa|Healthcare in South Africa}}
[[File:Tygerberg from air.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Tygerberg Hospital]] in [[Parow, South Africa|Parow, Cape Town]]]]
According to the [[South African Institute of Race Relations]], the life expectancy in 2009 was 71 years for a white South African and 48 years for a black South African.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hsrc.ac.za/News-document-1426.phtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516165837/http://www.hsrc.ac.za/News-document-1426.phtml|url-status=dead|title=Peoples Budget Coalition Comments on the 2011/12 Budget|archive-date=16 May 2012}}</ref> The healthcare spending in the country is about 9% of GDP.<ref name="smartpl">{{cite web|title='Clinic-in-a-Box' seeks to improve South African healthcare|url=http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/global-observer/-8216clinic-in-a-box-seeks-to-improve-south-african-healthcare/12844|publisher=SmartPlanet|access-date=25 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730011508/http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/global-observer/-8216clinic-in-a-box-seeks-to-improve-south-african-healthcare/12844|archive-date=30 July 2013 }}</ref> About 84% of the population depends on the public healthcare system,<ref name="smartpl" /> which is beset with chronic human resource shortages and limited resources.<ref name="icap">{{cite web|title=South Africa|url=http://icap.columbia.edu/where-we-work/south-africa|publisher=ICAP at Columbia University|access-date=25 August 2013|archive-date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713041358/http://icap.columbia.edu/where-we-work/south-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> About 20% of the population use private healthcare.<ref name="fmhealth" /> Only 16% of the population are covered by [[health insurance|medical aid schemes]];<ref name="medicl">{{cite web|title=What does the demand for healthcare look like in SA?|url=http://www.mediclinic.co.za/about/Documents/ECONEX%20NHInote%203.pdf|publisher=Mediclinic Southern Africa|access-date=25 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002145453/http://www.mediclinic.co.za/about/Documents/ECONEX%20NHInote%203.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref> the rest pay for private care [[Out-of-pocket expense|out-of-pocket]] or through in-hospital-only plans.<ref name="fmhealth">{{cite web|title=Motsoaledi to reform private health care|url=http://www.fm.co.za/fm/CoverStory/2013/07/04/motsoaledi-to-reform-private-health-care|publisher=Financial Mail|access-date=25 August 2013|archive-date=7 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707152200/http://www.fm.co.za/fm/CoverStory/2013/07/04/motsoaledi-to-reform-private-health-care|url-status=live}}</ref> The three dominant hospital groups, [[Mediclinic International|Mediclinic]], [[LIFE Healthcare Group|Life Healthcare]] and [[Netcare]], together control 75% of the private hospital market.<ref name="fmhealth" />

==== HIV/AIDS ====
{{Main|HIV/AIDS in South Africa}}

[[File:Life expectancy in select African countries, 1950–2019.jpg|thumb|Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. [[HIV/AIDS]] has caused a fall in life expectancy.]]
According to the 2015 [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]] medical report, South Africa has an estimated seven million people who are living with HIV – more than any other country in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica|title=HIV and AIDS estimates (2015)|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=12 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212190759/http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, HIV prevalence—the percentage of people living with HIV—among adults (15–49 years) was 20.4%, and in the same year 71,000 people died from an AIDS-related illness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica|title=South Africa|website=www.unaids.org|language=en|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828020358/https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2008 study revealed that HIV/AIDS infection is distinctly divided along racial lines: 13.6% of blacks are HIV-positive, whereas only 0.3% of whites have the virus.<ref name="ten">{{cite web|title=South Africa HIV & AIDS Statistics|url=http://www.avert.org/south-africa-hiv-aids-statistics.htm|publisher=AVERT.org|access-date=6 May 2013|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016190720/http://www.avert.org/south-africa-hiv-aids-statistics.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Most deaths are experienced by economically active individuals, resulting in many [[AIDS orphan]]s who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support.<ref name="avertaids">{{cite web|url=http://www.avert.org/aidsorphans.htm|title=AIDS orphans|publisher=Avert|access-date=8 October 2006|archive-date=7 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707054438/http://www.avert.org/aidsorphans.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It is estimated that there are 1,200,000 orphans in South Africa.<ref name="avertaids" />

The link between HIV, a virus spread primarily by sexual contact, and AIDS was long [[HIV/AIDS denialism|denied]] by President [[Thabo Mbeki]] and his health minister [[Manto Tshabalala-Msimang]], who insisted that the many deaths in the country are caused by [[Malnutrition in South Africa|malnutrition]], and hence poverty, and not HIV.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/21094|title=Sack SA Health Minister – world's AIDS experts|publisher=afrol News|access-date=8 October 2006|archive-date=18 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018120544/http://www.afrol.com/articles/21094|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, in response to international pressure, the government made efforts to fight AIDS.<ref name="www.info.gov.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2007/aidsplan2007/situation_analysis.pdf|title=Situation Analysis. HIV & AIDS and STI Strategic Plan 2007–2011|publisher=info.gov.za|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530221742/http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2007/aidsplan2007/situation_analysis.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> After the [[2009 South African general election|2009 general elections]], President Jacob Zuma appointed [[Aaron Motsoaledi]] as the health minister and committed his government to increasing funding for and widening the scope of HIV treatment,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unpan.org/Regions/Africa/PublicAdministrationNews/tabid/113/mctl/ArticleView/ModuleId/1460/articleId/21146/Zuma-Announces-NHI-AIDS-Reforms.aspx|title=Zuma announces AIDS reforms|publisher=UNPAN|access-date=9 March 2010|archive-date=27 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227121601/http://www.unpan.org/Regions/Africa/PublicAdministrationNews/tabid/113/mctl/ArticleView/ModuleId/1460/articleId/21146/Zuma-Announces-NHI-AIDS-Reforms.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> and by 2015, South Africa had made significant progress, with the widespread availability of [[Management of HIV/AIDS|antiretroviral drugs]] resulted in an increase in life expectancy from 52.1 years to 62.5 years.<ref name="conversationHIVExcelled">{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-excelled-in-treating-hiv-prevention-remains-a-disaster-51501|title=South Africa has excelled in treating HIV – prevention remains a disaster|first=Saiqa|last=Mullick|date=December 2015 |access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712052403/https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-excelled-in-treating-hiv-prevention-remains-a-disaster-51501|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Urbanization ===
One online database<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Cities And Provinces – A Complete List|url=https://dirkstrauss.com/south-african-cities/|website=dirkstrauss.com|date=27 December 2018 |access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507050602/https://dirkstrauss.com/south-african-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref> lists South Africa having more than 12,600 cities and towns. The following are the largest cities and towns in South Africa.
{{Largest cities of South Africa}}

== Politics ==
{{Main|Government of South Africa|Politics of South Africa|Law of South Africa}}
{{Seealso|LGBT rights in South Africa|Human rights in South Africa}}
[[File:Uniegebou.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of the Union Buildings|[[Union Buildings]] in Pretoria, seat of the executive]]
[[File:Cape_Town,_Houses_of_Parliament.JPG|thumb|Houses of [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] in Cape Town, seat of the legislature]]
[[File:Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of the Constitutional Court|[[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] in Johannesburg]]

South Africa is a [[parliamentary republic]], but unlike most such republics, the [[President of South Africa|president]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] and depends for his tenure on the [[Confidence and supply|confidence]] of [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]]. The executive, legislature and judiciary are all subject to the supremacy of the [[Constitution of South Africa]], and the [[Courts of South Africa|superior courts]] have the power to strike down executive actions and acts of Parliament if they are unconstitutional. The [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]], the lower house of Parliament, consists of 400 members and is elected every five years by a system of [[party-list proportional representation]]. The [[National Council of Provinces]], the upper house, consists of ninety members, with each of the nine [[provincial legislature (South Africa)|provincial legislatures]] electing ten members.

After each parliamentary election, the National Assembly elects one of its members as president; hence the president serves a term of office the same as that of the Assembly, normally five years. No president may serve more than two terms in office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/node/6772433|title=Term Limits in Africa|newspaper=The Economist|date=6 April 2006|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019194644/http://www.economist.com/node/6772433|url-status=live }}</ref> The president appoints a [[Deputy President of South Africa|deputy president]] and [[Minister (government)|ministers]] (each representing a [[Ministry (government department)|department]]) who form the [[Cabinet of South Africa|cabinet]]. The National Assembly may remove the president and the cabinet by a [[motion of no confidence]]. In the [[2019 South African general election|most recent election]], held on 8 May 2019, the ANC won 58% of the vote and 230 seats, while the main opposition, the [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]], won 21% of the vote and 84 seats. The [[Economic Freedom Fighters]], founded by [[Julius Malema]], former president of the [[African National Congress Youth League|ANC Youth League]] who was later expelled from the ANC, won 11% of the vote and 44 seats. The ANC has been the governing political party in South Africa since the end of apartheid.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa election: ANC wins with reduced majority |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48211598 |work=BBC News |date=11 May 2019}}</ref>

South Africa has no legally defined capital city. The fourth chapter of the constitution states "The seat of Parliament is Cape Town, but an Act of Parliament enacted in accordance with section 76(1) and (5) may determine that the seat of Parliament is elsewhere."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons4.htm#42|title=Chapter 4 – Parliament|date=19 August 2009|access-date=3 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530232314/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons4.htm|archive-date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> The country's three branches of government are split over different cities. Cape Town, as the seat of Parliament, is the legislative capital; Pretoria, as the seat of the president and cabinet, is the administrative capital; and Bloemfontein is the seat of the [[Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)|Supreme Court of Appeal]], and has traditionally been regarded as the judicial capital;<ref name="Marais Twala 2020 pp. 49–62"/> although the highest court, the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa]] has been based in Johannesburg since 1994. Most foreign embassies are located in Pretoria.

Since 2004, South Africa has had many thousands of popular protests, some violent, making it, according to one academic, the "most protest-rich country in the world".<ref>{{cite web|first=Imraan|last=Buccus|url=http://abahlali.org/node/1898|title=Mercury: Rethinking the crisis of local democracy|date=27 August 2007 |publisher=Abahlali.org|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=19 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019160241/http://abahlali.org/node/1898|url-status=live }}</ref> There have been numerous incidents of [[Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa|political repression]] as well as threats of future repression in violation of the constitution, leading some analysts and [[civil society]] organisations to conclude that there is or could be a new climate of political repression.<ref>{{cite web|author=J. Duncan|url=http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/489.1|title=The Return of State Repression|publisher=South African Civil Society Information Services|date=31 May 2010|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630181604/http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/489.1|archive-date=30 June 2013|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/47/51/|title=Increasing police repression highlighted by recent case|publisher=Freedom of Expression Institute|year=2006|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120181236/http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/47/51/|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>

In 2008, South Africa placed fifth out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries on the [[Ibrahim Index of African Governance]]. South Africa scored well in the categories of [[Rule of law|Rule of Law]], [[Transparency (behavior)|Transparency]] and Corruption, and [[Public participation (decision making)|Participation]] and Human Rights, but score low in Safety and Security.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa's recent performance in the Ibrahim Index of African Governance|url=http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/south-africa/|publisher=Mo Ibrahim Foundation|access-date=16 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218132708/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/south-africa/|archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref>{{update inline|date=September 2023}} In 2006, South Africa became the first and only African country to legalise [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6159991.stm|title=SA marriage law signed|work=BBC News|date=30 November 2006|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120235651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6159991.stm|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYTimes"></ref>

The Constitution of South Africa is the supreme rule of law in the country. The primary sources of [[Law of South Africa|South African law]] are [[Roman-Dutch law|Roman-Dutch mercantile law]] and personal law and [[English law|English Common law]], as imports of Dutch settlements and British colonialism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|title=Researching South African Law|access-date=23 June 2008|first1=Pamela|last1=Snyman|first2=Amanda|last2=Barratt|name-list-style=amp|date=2 October 2002|publisher=w/ Library Resource Xchange|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617154356/http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> The first European-based law in South Africa was brought by the Dutch East India Company and is called Roman-Dutch law. It was imported before the [[Codification (law)|codification]] of European law into the [[Napoleonic Code]] and is comparable in many ways to [[Scots law]]. This was followed in the 19th century by English law, both [[Common law|common]] and [[Statutory law|statutory]]. After unification in 1910, South Africa had its own parliament which passed laws specific for South Africa, building on those previously passed for the individual member colonies. The judicial system consists of the [[Magistrate's court (South Africa)|magistrates' courts]], which hear lesser criminal cases and smaller civil cases; the [[High Court of South Africa|High Court]], which has divisions that serve as the courts of [[general jurisdiction]] for specific areas; the Supreme Court of Appeal; and the Constitutional Court, which is the highest court.

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of South Africa}}
[[File:Leaders BRICS summit 2019.jpg|thumb|left|President of South Africa, [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] (far left), poses with the [[BRICS]] heads of state and government during the [[11th BRICS summit]], 2019]]

As the Union of South Africa, the country was a founding member of the United Nations (UN), with Prime Minister [[Jan Smuts]] writing the [[preamble to the United Nations Charter|preamble to the UN Charter]].<ref name="gildersleeve">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Summer2001/Gildersleeve.html|title=Virginia Gildersleeve: Opening the Gates (Living Legacies)|first=Rosalind|last=Rosenberg|date=Summer 2001|magazine=Columbia Magazine|access-date=14 December 2009|archive-date=2 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102153832/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Summer2001/Gildersleeve.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Schlesinger">{{cite book|author=Schlesinger, Stephen E.|title=Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World|publisher=Westview, Perseus Books Group|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2004|pages=236–7|isbn=978-0-8133-3275-8 }}</ref> South Africa is one of the founding members of the [[African Union]] (AU) and has the [[List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|third largest economy of all the members]]. It is a founding member of the AU's [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]]. After apartheid ended, South Africa was readmitted to the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. The country is a member of the [[Group of 77]] and chaired the organisation in 2006. South Africa is also a member of the [[Southern African Development Community]], [[South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone]], [[Southern African Customs Union]], [[Antarctic Treaty System]], [[World Trade Organization]], International Monetary Fund, [[G20]], [[G8+5]], and the [[Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa]].

South Africa has played a key role as a mediator in African conflicts over the last decade, such as in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Comoros, and Zimbabwe.

President [[Jacob Zuma]] and Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] upgraded bilateral ties between the two countries in 2010 when they signed the Beijing Agreement which elevated South Africa's earlier "strategic partnership" with China to the higher level of "comprehensive strategic partnership" in both economic and political affairs, including the strengthening of exchanges between their respective ruling parties and legislatures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://capetown.china-consulate.org/eng/gdxw/t726883.htm|title=China, South Africa upgrade relations to "comprehensive strategic partnership"|publisher=Capetown.china-consulate.org|date=25 August 2010|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731050004/http://capetown.china-consulate.org/eng/gdxw/t726883.htm|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm|title=New era as South Africa joins BRICS|publisher=Southafrica.info|date=11 April 2011|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418004139/http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm|archive-date=18 April 2011}}</ref> In 2011, South Africa joined the Brazil-Russia-India-China ([[BRICS]]) grouping of countries, identified by Zuma as the country's largest trading partners and also the largest trading partners with Africa as a whole. Zuma asserted that BRICS member countries would also work with each other through the UN, G20, and the India, Brazil South Africa ([[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]]) forum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-140411.htm|title=SA brings 'unique attributes' to BRICS|publisher=Southafrica.info|date=14 April 2011|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709031314/http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-140411.htm|archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|South African National Defence Force}}
{{See also|List of equipment of the South African National Defence Force|Defence industry of South Africa|South Africa and weapons of mass destruction}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = SAAF-Gripen-001 (cropped).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[South African Air Force]] [[JAS-39|Saab Gripen]]
| image2 = Rooivalk in flight (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = South African-made [[Denel Rooivalk|Rooivalk]] attack helicopter
| image3 = SAS Spioenkop during Exercise IBSAMAR V (cropped).JPG
| caption3 = [[SAS Spioenkop|SAS ''Spioenkop'' (F147)]], one of the four [[Valour-class frigate|Valour-class]] stealth guided-missile frigates of the [[South African Navy]]
| total_width =
| perrow = 2
| caption4 = The [[Denel Rooivalk]] attack helicopter
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
}}

The [[South African National Defence Force]] (SANDF) was created in 1994<ref name="constitution-1993-224">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/93cons.htm#SECTION224|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 of 1993 (Section 224)|access-date=23 June 2008|year=1993|publisher=South African Government|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612100516/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/93cons.htm|archive-date=12 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/ASR/6No2/VanStade.html|title=Rationalisation in the SANDF: The Next Challenge|access-date=23 June 2008|year=1997|author=L. B. van Stade|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316204323/https://issafrica.org/pubs/asr/6no2/vanstade.html|archive-date=16 March 2016 }}</ref> as a [[volunteer military]] composed of the former [[South African Defence Force]], the forces of the African nationalist groups ({{lang|xh|[[uMkhonto we Sizwe]]|italics=no}} and [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]]), and the former Bantustan defence forces.<ref name="constitution-1993-224" /> The SANDF is subdivided into four branches, the [[South African Army]], the [[South African Air Force]], the [[South African Navy]], and the [[South African Military Health Service]].<ref name="act-42-2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/a42-02.pdf|title=Defence Act 42 of 2002|access-date=23 June 2008|date=12 February 2003|publisher=South African Government|page=18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211758/http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/a42-02.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=dead }}</ref> The SANDF consists of around 75,000 [[Standing army|professional soldiers]] as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Career Descriptions – S. A. National Defence Force |url=https://www.bmdnet.co.za/S/S_%20A_%20National%20Defence%20Force.htm |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.bmdnet.co.za}}</ref> In recent years, the SANDF has become a major [[peacekeeping]] force in Africa,<ref name="dod-sep2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.dod.mil.za/media/media2005/sep/media_statements5sep2005.htm|title=Address by the Minister of Defence at a media breakfast at Defence Headquarters, Pretoria|access-date=23 June 2008|first=Mosiuoa|last=Lekota|date=5 September 2005|publisher=Department of Defence|archive-date=14 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214012305/http://www.dod.mil.za/media/media2005/sep/media_statements5sep2005.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and has been involved in operations in Lesotho, the DRC,<ref name="dod-sep2005" /> and Burundi,<ref name="dod-sep2005" /> amongst others. It has also served in multinational [[United Nations peacekeeping|UN Peacekeeping forces]] such as the [[United Nations Force Intervention Brigade|UN Force Intervention Brigade]]. In 2022 the nation spent US$3.069 billion on its armed forces which is about 0.86% of the nation's entire GDP. Over the years, [[Military budget|defence expenditure]] has been cut as the nation currently faces no external military threats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Guy |date=2021-05-05 |title=SA defence budget falling to only .86% of GDP |url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/sa-defence-budget-falling-to-only-86-of-gdp/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=defenceWeb |language=en-ZA}}</ref>

The SANDF are often deployed in crime fighting and whenever the [[South African Police Service]] (SAPS) are no longer able to control the situation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SANDF deployment to prevent & combat crime; Update on security situation in the country; with Minister {{!}} PMG |url=https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/33303/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=pmg.org.za |language=en}}</ref> During the [[2021 South African unrest]], South Africa's worst violence since the end of [[apartheid]], saw the deployment of 25,000 troops, more than a dozen military helicopters and heavily armed vehicles deployed in the nation's [[KwaZulu-Natal]] and [[Gauteng]] provinces to assist the South African Police in ending the riots and looting, this was one of the nation's largest military deployments since 1994, the largest deployment of troops since the end of apartheid was in March 2020, when 70,000 troops were deployed to enforce the nation's strict lockdown laws to combat the spread of [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=25,000 troops deployed to quell South Africa riots, 117 dead |url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-south-africa-59f7817632563dcf19d7e212de8046c9 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> South Africa has a lot of [[List of South African military bases|military bases]] distributed all over the nation, this includes two naval bases, nine air force bases and the army maintains large bases in all nine provinces of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Husseini |first=Talal |date=2019-06-13 |title=Air force bases in South Africa: past and present operations |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/features/air-force-bases-in-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Defence industry of South Africa|South African Defence Industry]] is the most advanced on the African continent and one of the most advanced in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lionel |first=Ekene |date=2017-11-28 |title=Here are some of South African Made weapons |url=https://www.military.africa/2017/11/here-are-some-of-south-african-made-weapons/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Military Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa: An Overview of the Defence Industry |url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_july01ber01.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu}}</ref> As of 2020 South Africa is the world's 24th largest arms exporter, the only nation in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arms exports by country, around the world |url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/arms_exports/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheGlobalEconomy.com |language=en}}</ref> The nation designs many types of weapons that range from armored fighting vehicles to [[ballistic missile]]s, notable South African-made weapons include the [[Ratel IFV]], the world's first wheeled [[infantry fighting vehicle]], South Africa also made its own [[attack helicopter]] known as the "[[Denel Rooivalk|Rooivalk]]" which is known to be one of the most advanced attack helicopters in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lionel |first=Ekene |date=2017-11-28 |title=Here are some of South African Made weapons |url=https://www.military.africa/2017/11/here-are-some-of-south-african-made-weapons/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Military Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> In recent years a R16 billion ($1bn) contract was signed with the local defence industry which aims to produce 244 units of [[Badger IFV]] for the SANDF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Guy |date=2020-11-06 |title=Hoefyster the biggest threat to Denel – Hlahla |url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/hoefyster-the-biggest-threat-to-denel-hlahla/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=defenceWeb |language=en-ZA}}</ref>

South Africa is the only African country to have successfully developed [[South Africa and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons]]. It became the first country (followed by Ukraine) with nuclear capability to voluntarily renounce and dismantle its programme and in the process signed the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] in 1991.<ref name="fas-ocp27" /> South Africa undertook a [[Nuclear programme of South Africa|nuclear weapons programme]] in the 1970s.<ref name="fas-ocp27">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/rsa/nuke/ocp27.htm|title=Out of (South) Africa: Pretoria's Nuclear Weapons Experience|access-date=23 June 2008|author=Roy E. Horton III|date=October 1999|publisher=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|archive-date=6 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506144626/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/rsa/nuke/ocp27.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> South Africa is [[Vela incident|alleged to have conducted]] a nuclear test over the Atlantic in 1979,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/01.pdf|title=South Atlantic Nuclear Event (National Security Council, Memorandum)|access-date=23 June 2008|first=Christine|last=Dodson|date=22 October 1979|publisher=George Washington University under Freedom of Information Act Request|archive-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629172818/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> although this is officially denied; de Klerk maintained that South Africa had "never conducted a clandestine nuclear test."<ref name="South Africa comes clean">{{cite book|author=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.|title=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3|access-date=26 June 2013|date=May 1993|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.|pages=3–4|chapter=South Africa comes clean|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Science and Public Affairs|issn=0096-3402|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173919/http://books.google.com/books?id=qQwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3|url-status=live}}</ref> Six nuclear devices were completed between 1980 and 1990 but all were dismantled by 1991.<ref name="South Africa comes clean" /> In 2017, South Africa signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection|date=7 July 2017|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813020027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Law enforcement and crime ===
{{Main|Law enforcement in South Africa|Crime in South Africa}}
[[File:South african police may 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Officers of the [[South African Police Service]] with [[R4 assault rifle|Vektor R5]] rifles on parade in Johannesburg, 2010]]

Law enforcement in South Africa is primarily the responsibility of the [[South African Police Service]] (SAPS), South Africa's national police force. SAPS is responsible for investigating crime and security throughout the country. The South African Police Service has over 1,154 police stations across the country and over 150,950 officers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa Yearbook 2019/20 {{!}} Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) |url=https://www.gcis.gov.za/content/resourcecentre/sa-info/south-africa-yearbook-201920 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=www.gcis.gov.za}}</ref> In 2023 the [[Special Task Force (SAPS)]] placed 9th at the international SWAT competition out of 55 law enforcement teams from across the world making it the best in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchley |first=Alex |title=Best in Africa: SAPS' Special Task Force Unit places ninth at international SWAT competition |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/best-in-africa-saps-special-task-force-unit-places-ninth-at-international-swat-competition-20230226 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

South Africa has the world's largest [[Private security industry in South Africa|private security industry]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Guy |date=2012-10-30 |title=South Africa has world's largest private security industry; needs regulation – Mthethwa |url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/industry/industry-industry/south-africa-has-worlds-largest-private-security-industry-needs-regulation-mthethwa/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=defenceWeb |language=en-ZA}}</ref> with over 10,380 private security companies and 2.5 million private security personnel of which over 556,000 are active,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2021 |title=Security guards vs police officers in South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/489295/security-guards-vs-police-officers-in-south-africa/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=BusinessTech}}</ref> making it bigger than the South African Police Force and Military combined.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eastwood |first=Victoria |date=2013-02-08 |title=Bigger than the army: South Africa's private security forces {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/02/08/business/south-africa-private-security/index.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Private security mainly provide assistance to the South African Police Service (SAPS) to combat crime throughout the country. Over the years there has been tremendous growth in the private security industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recent Growth In The Private Security Industry |url=https://www.buildingsecurity.com/blog/recent-private-security-growth/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Building Security Services |language=en}}</ref>

As of February 2023 South Africa has the sixth highest crime rate in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=The safest and most dangerous countries in the world – and where South Africa ranks |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/661833/the-safest-and-most-dangerous-countries-in-the-world-and-where-south-africa-ranks/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20platform's%20ranking,by%20gunshot%20per%20100%2C000%20people. |website=BusinessTech}}</ref> From April 2017 to March 2018, on average 57 murders were committed each day in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/271997/heres-how-south-africas-crime-rate-compares-to-actual-warzones/|title=Here's how South Africa's crime rate compares to actual warzones|author=Staff Writer|website=businesstech.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719182304/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/271997/heres-how-south-africas-crime-rate-compares-to-actual-warzones/|url-status=live }}</ref> In the year ended March 2017, there were 20,336 murders and the murder rate was 35.9 per 100,000 – over five times higher than the global average of 6.2 per 100,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dataunodc.un.org/GSH_app|title=Global Study on Homicide – Statistics and Data|website=dataunodc.un.org|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715203654/https://dataunodc.un.org/GSH_app|url-status=dead }}</ref> More than 526,000 South Africans were murdered from 1994 to 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Douglas|title=SA's murder rate is worse than the coronavirus mortality rate|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/sas-murder-rate-is-worse-than-the-coronavirus-mortality-rate-43987823|agency=IOL|publisher=iol.co.za|date=3 March 2020|access-date=4 August 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804174704/https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/sas-murder-rate-is-worse-than-the-coronavirus-mortality-rate-43987823|url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Smash and Grab Hot Spot, Retreat (South Africa).jpg|thumb|Smash and Grab Hot Spot sign in [[Retreat, Cape Town]]]]

South Africa has a high rape rate, with 43,195 rapes reported in 2014/15, and an unknown number of [[sexual assault]]s going unreported.<ref name="africaCheckRapeStats">{{cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/factsheets/guide-rape-statistics-in-south-africa/|title=GUIDE: Rape statistics in South Africa – Africa Check|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325164521/https://africacheck.org/factsheets/guide-rape-statistics-in-south-africa/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2009 survey of 1,738 men in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape by the Medical Research Council found one in four men admitted to raping someone,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8107039.stm| work=BBC News| title=South African rape survey shock| date=18 June 2009| access-date=23 May 2010| archive-date=17 August 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817141650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8107039.stm| url-status=live }}</ref> and another survey of 4,000 women in Johannesburg by CIET Africa found one in three said they had been raped in the past year.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/258446.stm|title=South Africa's rape shock|work=BBC News|date=19 January 1999|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402230527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/258446.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> Rape occurs most commonly within relationships, but many men and women say that rape cannot occur in relationships; however, one in four women reported having been abused by an intimate partner.<ref name="Abrahams">{{cite web|url=http://www.arsrc.org/downloads/sia/sep04/sep04.pdf|title=Sexual Violence Against Women in South Africa.|publisher=Sexuality in Africa 1.3|year=2004|access-date=29 February 2012|archive-date=18 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018202051/http://www.arsrc.org/downloads/sia/sep04/sep04.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Rapes are also perpetrated by children (some as young as ten).<ref name="medscape">{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/444213|title=Child rape in South Africa|publisher=Medscape|access-date=31 December 2010|archive-date=29 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229174131/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/444213|url-status=live }}</ref> The incidence of [[Child sexual abuse|child and infant rape]] is among the highest in the world, largely as a result of the [[virgin cleansing myth]], and a number of high-profile cases (sometimes as young as eight months)<ref name="medscape" /> have outraged the nation.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|last=Perry|first=Alex|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1680715,00.html?xid=feed-yahoo-full-world|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818063455/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1680715,00.html?xid=feed-yahoo-full-world|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2009|title=Oprah scandal rocks South Africa|magazine=Time|date=5 November 2007|access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref>

Between 1994 and 2018, there were more than 500 [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]] [[Xenophobia in South Africa|attacks against foreigners]] in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news|title=After a Week of Xenophobic Attacks, South Africa Grapples for Answers|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/after-week-xenophobic-attacks-south-africa-grapples-answers|work=VOA News|date=6 September 2019|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=22 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922075016/https://www.voanews.com/africa/after-week-xenophobic-attacks-south-africa-grapples-answers|url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2019 Johannesburg riots]] were similar in nature and origin to the [[May 2008 South Africa riots|2008 xenophobic riots]] that also occurred in Johannesburg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905|title=Gauteng xenophobia attacks akin to 2008 crisis – Institute of Race Relations|date=5 September 2019|website=News24|language=en|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915032441/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of South Africa|Provinces of South Africa}}
[[File:Map of South Africa with English labels.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|[[Provinces of South Africa]]]]
Each of the nine provinces is governed by a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[provincial legislature (South Africa)|legislature]], which is elected every five years by [[party-list proportional representation]]. The legislature elects a [[Premier (South Africa)|premier]] as head of government, and the premier appoints an [[Executive Council (South Africa)|Executive Council]] as a provincial cabinet. The powers of provincial governments are limited to topics listed in the constitution; these topics include such fields as health, education, public housing and transport.

The provinces are in turn divided into 52 [[Districts of South Africa|districts]]: 8 [[Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)|metropolitan]] and 44 [[District municipality (South Africa)|district municipalities]]. The district municipalities are further subdivided into 205 [[Local municipality (South Africa)|local municipalities]]. The metropolitan municipalities, which govern the largest urban agglomerations, perform the functions of both district and local municipalities.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: right"
|-
! Province
! Provincial capital
! Largest city
! Area (km2)<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/StatsInBrief/StatsInBrief2010.pdf |title=Stats in Brief, 2010 |publisher=Statistics South Africa |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-621-39563-1 |location=Pretoria |page=3 |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820132652/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/StatsInBrief/StatsInBrief2010.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! Population (2016)<ref name="2016CS">{{cite web |title=Community Survey 2016 In Brief |url=http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CS-in-brief-14-07-2017-with-cover_1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516231635/http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CS-in-brief-14-07-2017-with-cover_1.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |publisher=Statistics South Africa}}</ref>
! Population (2020)<ref>''Stats in Brief, 2020'': Mid 2020 official estimates from Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.</ref>
|-
| align="left" | [[Eastern Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Bhisho]]|| align="left" |[[Gqeberha]]|| 168,966|| 6,996,976|| 6,734,000
|-
| align="left" |[[Free State (South African province)|Free State]]|| align="left" |[[Bloemfontein]]|| align="left" |Bloemfontein|| 129,825|| 2,834,714|| 2,929,000
|-
| align="left" |[[Gauteng]]|| align="left" |[[Johannesburg]]|| align="left" |Johannesburg|| 18,178|| 13,399,724|| 15,488,000
|-
| align="left" |[[KwaZulu-Natal]]|| align="left" |[[Pietermaritzburg]]|| align="left" |[[Durban]]|| 94,361|| 11,065,240|| 11,532,000
|-
| align="left" |[[Limpopo]]|| align="left" |[[Polokwane]]|| align="left" |Polokwane|| 125,754|| 5,799,090|| 5,853,000
|-
| align="left" |[[Mpumalanga]]|| align="left" |[[Mbombela]]|| align="left" |Mbombela|| 76,495|| 4,335,964|| 4,680,000
|-
| align="left" |[[North West (South African province)|North West]]|| align="left" |[[Mahikeng]]|| align="left" |[[Klerksdorp]]|| 104,882|| 3,748,435|| 4,109,000
|-
| align="left" |[[Northern Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]]|| align="left" |Kimberley|| 372,889|| 1,193,780|| 1,293,000
|-
| align="left" |[[Western Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Cape Town]]|| align="left" |Cape Town|| 129,462|| 6,279,730|| 7,006,000
|}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of South Africa}}
[[File:Johannesburg Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[JSE Limited|Johannesburg Stock Exchange]] (JSE) is the largest [[stock exchange]] on the African continent and the [[List of stock exchanges|17th largest]] in the world with a [[market capitalization]] of $1.36 trillion<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSE Trading Hours & Market Holidays [2023] |url=https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.tradinghours.com}}</ref>]]
South Africa has a [[mixed economy]], South Africa's economy is the most industrialized and technologically advanced in Africa respectively,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.investsa.gov.za/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=InvestSA |language=en-US}}</ref> it has the [[List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|second largest]] economy in Africa, after Nigeria and the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|39th largest]] in the world. It also has a relatively high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita compared to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa US$16,080 at [[purchasing power parity]] as of 2023 ranked 95th. Despite this, South Africa is still burdened by a relatively high rate of poverty and unemployment and is ranked in the top ten countries in the world for [[Economic inequality|income inequality]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html|title=Inequality in income or expenditure / Gini index, Human Development Report 2007/08|publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org|date=4 November 2010|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234423/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html|archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of family income – Gini index|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=13 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/south-africa-has-widest-gap-between-rich-and-poor-1.707558|title=South Africa has highest gap between rich and poor|publisher=Business Report|date=28 September 2009|access-date=7 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023162404/http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/south-africa-has-widest-gap-between-rich-and-poor-1.707558|archive-date=23 October 2011 }}</ref> measured by the [[Gini coefficient]].

South Africa is ranked 40th by [[List of countries by total wealth|total Wealth]], making it the second wealthiest country in Africa, in terms of private wealth South Africa has a private wealth of $651 billion making South Africa's population the richest in Africa followed by [[Egypt]] with $307 billion and [[Nigeria]] with $228 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-15 |title=South Africa, Egypt, and Nigeria account for 56% of Africa's wealth |url=https://qz.com/three-countries-account-for-56-of-africa-s-wealth-1849538625 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>

Approximately 55.5% (30.3 million people) of the population is living in poverty at the national upper [[Poverty threshold|poverty line]] while a total of 13.8 million people (25% of the population) are experiencing food poverty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|title=World bank : South Africa|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref>

In 2015, 71% of net wealth are held by 10% of the population, whereas 60% of the population held only 7% of the net wealth, and the Gini coefficient was 0.63, whereas in 1996 it was 0.61.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview|title=The World Bank In South Africa|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528020105/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview|url-status=live }}</ref>

Unlike most of the world's poor countries, South Africa does not have a thriving [[informal economy]]. Only 15% of South African jobs are in the [[Informal economy|informal sector]], compared with around half in [[Economy of Brazil|Brazil]] and [[Economy of India|India]] and nearly three-quarters in [[Economy of Indonesia|Indonesia]]. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ([[OECD]]) attributes this difference to South Africa's widespread welfare system.<ref name="economist1">{{cite news|title=South Africa's economy: How it could do even better.|url=https://www.economist.com/node/16647365|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=17 October 2011|date=22 July 2010|archive-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312021959/http://www.economist.com/node/16647365|url-status=live}}</ref> [[World Bank]] research shows that South Africa has one of the widest gaps between per capita GDP versus its [[Human Development Index]] ranking, with only Botswana showing a larger gap.<ref>{{cite web|title=DEPWeb: Beyond Economic Growth|url=http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/beyond/global/chapter15.html|publisher=The World Bank Group|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=6 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106020301/http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/beyond/global/chapter15.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Johannesburg Skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Johannesburg]], the financial capital of South Africa and the African continent<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwole |first=Victor |date=2022-04-14 |title=Top 10 wealthiest cities in Africa |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/top-10-wealthiest-cities-in-africa/2l5l5t4 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref>]]

After 1994, government policy brought down inflation, stabilised public finances, and some foreign capital was attracted; however, growth was still subpar.<ref name="assessment2008-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/document/63/0,3343,en_2649_34577_40981951_1_1_1_1,00.html|title=Economic Assessment of South Africa 2008: Achieving Accelerated and Shared Growth for South Africa|publisher=OECD|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809083550/http://www.oecd.org//document//63//0%2C3343%2Cen_2649_34577_40981951_1_1_1_1%2C00.html|archive-date= 9 August 2009 }}</ref> From 2004 onward, economic growth picked up significantly; both employment and [[capital formation]] increased.<ref name="assessment2008-2" /> During the presidency of [[Jacob Zuma]], the government increased the role of [[state-owned enterprise]]s (SOEs). Some of the biggest SOEs are [[Eskom]], the electric power monopoly, [[South African Airways]] (SAA), and [[Transnet]], the railroad and ports monopoly. Some of these SOEs have not been profitable, such as SAA, which has required bailouts totaling R30 billion (${{To USD|30|ZAF}} billion) over the 20 years preceding 2015.<ref>"Commanding Plights." ''The Economist'' 29 August 2015: 37–38. Print.</ref>
Principal international trading partners of South Africa—besides other African countries—include Germany, the United States, China, Japan, the United Kingdom and Spain.<ref name=factbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/|title=South Africa|website=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2020 [[Financial Secrecy Index]] ranked South Africa as the 58th safest [[tax haven]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Financial Secrecy Index 2020: Narrative Report on South Africa|url=https://fsi.taxjustice.net/PDF/SouthAfrica.pdf|access-date=28 February 2021|website=[[Financial Secrecy Index]]|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417064406/https://fsi.taxjustice.net/PDF/SouthAfrica.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Agriculture in South Africa|South African agricultural industry]] contributes around 10% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa, as well as providing work for casual labourers and contributing around 2.6% of GDP for the nation.<ref name="HRW">{{cite book|title=Unequal protection the state response to violent crime on South African farms|year=2001|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-263-0|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/safrica2/|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201151617/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/safrica2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[arid]]ity of the land, only 13.5% can be used for crop production, and only 3% is considered high potential land.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mohamed|first=Najma|editor=Ben Cousins|title=At the Crossroads: Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa Into the 21st Century|year=2000|publisher=Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS)|isbn=978-1-86808-467-8|chapter=Greening Land and Agrarian Reform: A Case for Sustainable Agriculture}}</ref>

In August 2013, South Africa was ranked as the top African Country of the Future by ''[[fDi Intelligence]]'' based on the country's [[economic potential]], labour environment, cost-effectiveness, infrastructure, business friendliness, and [[foreign direct investment]] strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Middle-East-Africa/African-Countries-of-the-Future-2013-14|title=African Countries of the Future 2013/14|publisher=fDiIntelligence.com|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211072835/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Middle-East-Africa/African-Countries-of-the-Future-2013-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mining===
{{main|Mining in South Africa}}
[[File:Platinum Mining.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the [[Two Rivers mine]] in [[Steelpoort]], [[Limpopo]], owned by both African Rainbow Minerals and Impala Platinum holdings limited.]]

South Africa has always been a mining powerhouse. Until 2006 South Africa was the [[List of countries by gold production|world's largest gold producer]] for almost a century, by the end of 2009 gold mining in South Africa had declined rapidly having produced 205 metric tons (mt) of gold in 2008 compared to 1,000 metric tons produced in 1970 (almost 80% of the world's mine supply at the time).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Decline of South African Gold Mining {{!}} E & MJ |url=https://www.e-mj.com/features/the-decline-of-south-african-gold-mining/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.e-mj.com}}</ref> Despite this, the country still has 6,000 tonnes of gold reserves<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African production: important but no longer globally significant |url=https://www.gold.org/goldhub/gold-focus/2019/06/south-african-production-important-no-longer-globally-significant |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=World Gold Council |date=18 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and is still number 5 in gold production and remains a cornucopia of mineral riches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold Statistics and Information {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/gold-statistics-and-information |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref> It is the world's largest producer<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/|title=USGS Minerals Information: Mineral Commodity Summaries|website=minerals.USGS.gov|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207190225/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/|url-status=live}}</ref> of [[Chromium|chrome]], [[manganese]], [[platinum]], [[vanadium]] and [[vermiculite]]. It is the second largest producer<ref name="auto"/> of [[ilmenite]], [[palladium]], [[rutile]] and [[zirconium]]. It is the world's third largest coal exporter.<ref name="platts.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.platts.com/Coal/highlights/2006/coalp_ee_091106.xml|title=''South Africa's coal future looks bright''|website=Platts.com|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-date=29 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329012315/http://www.platts.com/Coal/highlights/2006/coalp_ee_091106.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a huge producer of iron ore; in 2012, it overtook India to become the world's third-biggest iron ore supplier to China, the world's largest consumers of iron ore.<ref name=mwsa>{{Citation
| url = http://www.miningweekly.com/article/sa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21
| title = SA replaces India as China's No 3 iron-ore supplier
| year = 2013
| publisher = [[Mining Weekly]]
| publication-place = International
| access-date = 31 May 2021
| archive-date = 13 December 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113139/https://www.miningweekly.com/article/sa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Excerpt|Tourism in South Africa}}

== Infrastructure ==

=== Roads ===
[[File:Mandela Bridge, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The [[Nelson Mandela Bridge]] in [[Johannesburg]]]]
South Africa has a total road network of 750,000 kilometres, the largest of any African country and the [[List of countries by road network size|10th largest in the world]]. According to [[SANRAL]], the road network is valued at more than R2.1 trillion. SANRAL manages national roads and has a network of 22 197 kilometres of paved roads. Provinces are responsible for 222 951 kilometres while, according to the DoT, the municipal network is estimated at 275 661 kilometres of the proclaimed network. The rest are unproclaimed gravel roads (mainly serving rural communities) and are therefore not owned or maintained by any road authority. The country has more than 12 million motor vehicles with an average density of 16 motor vehicles per kilometre. The provincial road network is about 222 951 kilometres in length, consisting of 170 837 kilometres of unpaved and 52 114 kilometres of paved roads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov.za/default.aspx|title=National Treasury|website=www.treasury.gov.za|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Railways ===
{{Main|Rail transport in South Africa}}
[[File:Gautrain..., O R Tambo Intl Airport South Africa.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Gautrain]] [[Higher-speed rail|higher-speed]] commuter rail]]
Rail transport in South Africa is an important element of the country's [[Transportation infrastructure|transport infrastructure]]. All major cities are connected by rail. [[Transnet Freight Rail]] mainly operates freight services while [[Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa|PRASA]] operates commuter services. State-owned utility Transnet Freight Rail is the largest freight rail transport operator on the African continent, the company maintains a rail network of approximately 31,000 kilometres but only 20,900 kilometres of this are in use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa Transnet Freight Rail |url=https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/south-africa-transnet-freight-rail |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref>

South Africa's railway system is the most developed and largest in Africa as well as the [[List of countries by rail transport network size|13th largest in the world]]; however, freight, passenger and port capacity shortages remain a severe constraint in domestic and regional trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa – Rail Infrastructure |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/south-africa-rail-infrastructure |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Coal and iron ore are mainly transported on these lines, the country's rail network carried nearly 230 million tons of freight in 2017 however, this has declined to 179 million tons in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Compiled by Luke |title=SA's railways have lost a quarter of its freight in five years – making already bad roads worse |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/more-trucks-on-south-african-roads-because-of-rail-collapse-2022-7 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Airports ===
{{Main|List of airports in South Africa}}
[[File:South African Airways Airbus A340-313 ZS-SXE MUC 2015 01.jpg|thumb|[[South African Airways]] [[Airbus A340]] at [[Munich Airport]]]]
South Africa has international airports in six cities: [[Johannesburg]], [[Cape Town]], [[Durban]], [[Gqeberha|Port Elizabeth]], [[Kimberley Airport|Kimberley]] and [[Nelspruit Airport|Nelspruit]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Lalit |date=2021-12-02 |title=These 7 Awesome Airports In South Africa Are Making Travel Easy |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/airports-in-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 2021, South Africa had 407 airports, making it the leading country in Africa in terms of airport ownership and the country ranked 20th globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airports – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref>

The four [[List of South African airports by passenger movements|major]] airports in South Africa are: [[O. R. Tambo International Airport|O.R. Tambo International Airport]] in Johannesburg, [[Cape Town International Airport]], [[King Shaka International Airport]] in Durban and [[Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport]] in Port Elizabeth.

O.R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg is Africa's largest and busiest airport which receives over 21 million passengers a year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-08 |title=Top 10 largest airports in Africa |url=https://theafricalogistics.com/2019/07/08/top-10-largest-airports-in-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Africa Logistics |language=en-US}}</ref> During the 2022 [[Skytrax]] World Airport Awards, Cape Town International Airport was voted the best airport on the African continent for the seventh consecutive year, Durban's King Shaka International Airport was voted the second best in Africa and Johannesburg's O.R. Tambo International Airport came third place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Luke |title=Cape Town voted best airport in Africa – for 7th year in a row – but its global rank slides |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/cape-town-airport-still-best-in-africa-but-drops-globally-2022-6 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{main|Energy in South Africa}}
{{See also|Eskom|List of power stations in South Africa}}
[[File:Koebergnps.jpg|thumb|The [[Koeberg Nuclear Power Station|Koeberg Power Station]], the only [[nuclear power plant]] on the entire African continent]]
South Africa has a very large energy sector and is currently the only country on the African continent that possesses a [[Koeberg Nuclear Power Station|nuclear power plant]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koeberg Nuclear Power Station Refurbishment – NS Energy |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/koeberg-nuclear-power-station-refurbishment/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> The country is the largest producer of electricity on the African continent and it ranks 21st globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electricity – production – Country Comparison – TOP 100 |url=https://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?v=79&t=100 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.indexmundi.com |language=en}}</ref> South Africa is the [[List of countries by coal production|7th largest coal producer]] in the world and produces in excess of 248 million [[tonne]]s of [[coal]] and consumes almost three-quarters of that domestically. Around 77% of South Africa's energy needs are directly derived from coal and 92% of coal consumed on the African continent is mined in South Africa. South Africa is also the world's 14th largest emitter of [[greenhouse gas]]es.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prater |first=Tom |date=2018-10-15 |title=The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref>

The country's primary electricity generator is Eskom, the utility is the largest producer of electricity in [[Africa]], and is among the top seven utilities in the world in terms of generation capacity and among the top nine in terms of sales.<ref name=as>{{Cite web |first1=Antony |last1=Sguazzin |first2=Prinesha |last2=Naidoo |first3=Paul |last3=Burkhardt |title=Eskom turns 100 next year – here's how it went from world best to SA's biggest economic risk |url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/eskom-turns-100-next-year-heres-how-it-went-from-world-best-to-sas-biggest-economic-risk-20220927 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Business |language=en-US}}</ref> It is the largest of [[State-owned enterprises of South Africa|South Africa's state owned enterprises]]. Eskom generates approximately 95% of electricity in South Africa and operates a number of notable [[power station]]s, including the [[Koeberg Nuclear Power Station]] in Cape Town, the only nuclear power plant in Africa, [[Kendal Power Station]], the largest dry-cooled power station in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=100 Years – Eskom Heritage |url=https://www.eskom.co.za/heritage/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=www.eskom.co.za |language=en-US}}</ref> as well as [[Duvha Power Station]] which became the first power station in the world to be retrofitted with [[Dust collector#Reverse jet|pulse jet fabric filter]] plants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-16 |title=Coal fired power stations – Eskom |url=https://www.eskom.co.za/eskom-divisions/gx/coal-fired-power-stations/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=www.eskom.co.za |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2001 Eskom was named the best electricity utility in the entire world.<ref name=as />

==== Energy crisis ====
{{Main|South African energy crisis}}
[[File:Kusilekragsentrale, Mpumalanga, 2019, a.jpg|thumb|The [[Kusile Power Station]] was built as a response to the energy crisis. When fully operational it will be the 4th largest [[coal-fired power station]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering News – Kusile power plant project, South Africa – update |url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/print-version/kusilepower-plant-project-south-africa-update-2023-02-24#:~:text=The%20Kusile%20power%20station%20project,power%20station%20in%20the%20world. |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Engineering News |language=en}}</ref>]]Due to severe mismanagement and [[Corruption in South Africa|corruption]] at Eskom, the company is R392bn ($22bn) in debt and is unable to meet the demands of the South African power grid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Problems at Eskom Identified as a Main Cause of SA's Energy Crisis |url=https://caes.ukzn.ac.za/news/problems-at-eskom-identified-as-a-main-cause-of-sas-energy-crisis/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Due to this, Eskom implemented [[loadshedding]], which is periodically switching off electricity to specific power grids in specific time frames. In South Africa, load shedding is done to prevent a failure of the entire system when the demand for electricity strains the capacity of Eskom's power generating system. Load shedding is characterized by periods of widespread national-level rolling blackouts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Eskom & The Government Can Put An End To Loadshedding in South Africa |url= https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/blogs/53187/how-the-government-eskom-can-put-an-end-to-load-shedding/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website= Greenpeace Africa |language=en}}</ref> Eskom's latest energy availability factor (EAF) data reveals that mismanagement, corruption, poor maintenance, and sabotage caused power station breakdowns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailyinvestor.com/south-africa/14194/eskoms-coal-fired-power-station-breakdown-lie/|title=Eskom's coal-fired power station breakdown lie – Daily Investor}}</ref> In 2023 the [[South African National Defence Force|South African Military]] was deployed to protect Eskom's power stations from sabotage and theft.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Army guards four Eskom power stations |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-17/south-africa-deploys-army-at-four-eskom-power-stations |access-date=2023-04-02 |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=17 December 2022 |language=en-ZA}}</ref>

In 2007 Eskom started the construction of the "[[Kusile Power Station|Kusile]]" and "[[Medupi Power Station|Medupi]]" power stations, the two mega power stations will be the largest dry-cooled power stations in the world and among the largest power stations in the world scheduled for completion in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=David |date=2021-08-17 |title=Explosion at Eskom's New Power Unit 'Medupi' May Push South Africa Blackouts to Record |url=https://auctusmetals.com/explosion-at-eskoms-new-power-unit-medupi-may-push-south-africa-blackouts-to-record/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Auctus Metals: Expert Precious Metal Portfolio Management Services |language=en-US}}</ref> However, these power stations have never met their deadline date with only half of their six units completed and operational mainly caused by long delays and massive cost overruns exceeding more than R300 billion ($16bn) for the two power stations combined, and are only expected to be completed by 2024 or 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Energy crisis: Another R33-billion needed to complete Medupi and Kusile |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2022-09-29-energy-crisis-another-r33-billion-needed-to-complete-medupi-and-kusile/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in South Africa}}
[[File:Mark Shuttleworth NASA.jpg|thumb|[[Mark Shuttleworth]] in space]]
Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa. South Africa was ranked 61st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, up from 63rd in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=5 March 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902140715/https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=live}}</ref> The first human-to-human [[Heart transplantation|heart transplant]] was performed by cardiac surgeon [[Christiaan Barnard]] at [[Groote Schuur Hospital]] in December 1967; [[Max Theiler]] developed a [[Yellow fever vaccine|vaccine]] against [[yellow fever]], [[Allan MacLeod Cormack]] pioneered X-ray computed tomography ([[CT scan]]); and [[Aaron Klug]] developed [[Electron crystallography|crystallographic electron microscopy]] techniques. Cormack and Klug received [[Nobel Prize]]s for their work. [[Sydney Brenner]] won most recently, in 2002, for his pioneering work in [[molecular biology]].

[[Mark Shuttleworth]] founded an early Internet security company [[Thawte]], that was subsequently bought out by world leader [[Verisign]]. It is the expressed objective of the government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology, based on the realisation that South Africa cannot compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing, nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity.

South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning [[astronomy]] community. It hosts the [[Southern African Large Telescope]], the largest [[optical telescope]] in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. South Africa is currently building the [[MeerKAT|Karoo Array Telescope]] as a pathfinder for the €1.5 billion [[Square Kilometre Array]] project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/|title=SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office|publisher=SKA 2011|date=2 April 2011|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029041532/http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in South Africa}}
[[File:MyCiti Bus system Civic Centre station 2.JPG|thumb|[[MyCiTi]] Bus in [[Cape Town]]]]
Modes of transport include roads, railways, airports, water, and pipelines for petroleum oil. The majority of people in South Africa use informal [[Share taxi|minibus taxis]] as their main mode of transport. [[Bus rapid transit]] has been implemented in some cities in an attempt to provide more formalised and safer public transport services. These systems have been widely criticised because of their large capital and operating costs. South Africa has many major ports including Cape Town, Durban, and Port Elizabeth that allow ships and other boats to pass through, some carrying passengers and some carrying [[Oil tanker|petroleum tankers]].

=== Water supply and sanitation ===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in South Africa}}
Two distinctive features of the South African water sector are the policy of free basic water and the existence of [[Water Board (South Africa)|water boards]], which are bulk water supply agencies that operate pipelines and sell water from reservoirs to municipalities. These features have led to significant problems concerning the financial sustainability of service providers, leading to a lack of attention to maintenance. Following the end of apartheid, the country had made improvements in the levels of access to water as those with access increased from 66% to 79% from 1990 to 2010.<ref name="JMP">[[WHO]]/[[UNICEF]]:[[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data table South Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|date= 9 February 2014 }}, 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012</ref> Sanitation access increased from 71% to 79% during the same period.<ref name="JMP" /> However, water supply and sanitation has come under increasing pressure in recent years despite a commitment made by the government to improve service standards and provide investment subsidies to the water industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/688965/?sc=c59|title=Professor Says Cape Town Crisis Should Serve as a 'Wakeup Call to All Major U.S. Cities'|website=www.newswise.com|access-date=14 June 2018|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121654/http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/688965/?sc=c59|url-status=live}}</ref>

The eastern parts of South Africa suffer from periodic droughts linked to the [[El Niño]] weather phenomenon.<ref name="whyCapeTownDroughtConversation">{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/why-cape-towns-drought-was-so-hard-to-forecast-84735|title=Why Cape Town's drought was so hard to forecast|first=Bruce|last=Hewitson|date=19 October 2017 |access-date=11 July 2018|archive-date=11 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711112014/https://theconversation.com/why-cape-towns-drought-was-so-hard-to-forecast-84735|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2018, Cape Town, which has different weather patterns to the rest of the country,<ref name="whyCapeTownDroughtConversation"/> faced a water crisis as the city's water supply was predicted to run dry before the end of June. Water-saving measures were in effect that required each citizen to use less than {{Convert|50|l|gal}} per day.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-42982959 "The 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water – like Cape Town"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213225140/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-42982959|date=13 February 2018 }} 11 February 2018. BBC News.</ref> Cape Town rejected an offer from Israel to help it build [[desalination]] plants.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226 In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122202625/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|date=22 November 2018 }}, Reuters, 25 January 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816 Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053920/https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816|date=14 December 2021 }}, Wall St. Journal, 21 February 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053921/https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html|date=14 December 2021 }}, aish, 11 February 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/South-African-stupidity-540605 South African stupidity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053918/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/south-african-stupidity-540605|date=14 December 2021 }}, Jerusalem Post, 3 February 2018</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of South Africa}}
The South African black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives. It is among these people that cultural traditions survive most strongly; as blacks have become increasingly urbanised and [[Western world|Westernised]], aspects of traditional culture have declined. Members of the middle class, who are predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of Black, Coloured and Indian people,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822120841/http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122|archive-date=22 August 2007|title=Black middle class explodes|date=22 May 2007|publisher=FIN24|url-status=dead }}</ref> have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe, North America and [[Australasia]].

=== Arts ===
[[File:San Rock Art - Cederberg.jpg|thumb|[[Rock art|Rock painting]] by the [[San people]], [[Cederberg]]]]
[[South African art]] includes the oldest art objects in the world, which were discovered in a South African cave and dated from roughly 75,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts|title=World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave|publisher=Buzzle.com|access-date=16 April 2011|location=London|first=Tim|last=Radford|date=16 April 2004|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212095737/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts|url-status=live }}</ref> The scattered tribes of the Khoisan peoples moving into South Africa from around 10,000 BC had their own fluent art styles seen today in a multitude of cave paintings. They were superseded by the Bantu/Nguni peoples with their own vocabularies of art forms. Forms of art evolved in the mines and townships: a dynamic art using everything from plastic strips to bicycle spokes. The Dutch-influenced folk art of the Afrikaner [[Trekboer|{{lang|af|trekboers|nocat=true}}]] and the urban white artists, earnestly following changing European traditions from the 1850s onwards, also contributed to this eclectic mix which continues to evolve to this day.

=== Popular culture ===
{{Further information|Music of South Africa}}
The [[Mass media in South Africa|South African media]] sector is large, and South Africa is one of Africa's major media centres. While the many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole, the most commonly used language is English. However, all ten other official languages are represented to some extent or another.
[[File:2014-11-26 traditional Zulu performance 02 anagoria.JPG|left|thumb|[[Zulus]] performing a traditional dance]]

There is great diversity in [[Music of South Africa|South African music]]. Black musicians have developed unique styles called [[Kwaito]] and [[Amapiano]], that is said to have taken over radio, television, and magazines.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5|title=South African music after Apartheid: kwaito, the "party politic," and the appropriation of gold as a sign of success|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613074154/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5|archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> Of note is [[Brenda Fassie]], who launched to fame with her song "[[Weekend Special]]", which was sung in English. More famous traditional musicians include [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]], while the [[Soweto String Quartet]] performs classical music with an African flavour. South Africa has produced world-famous jazz musicians, notably [[Hugh Masekela]], [[Jonas Gwangwa]], [[Abdullah Ibrahim]], [[Miriam Makeba]], [[Jonathan Butler]], [[Chris McGregor]], and [[Sathima Bea Benjamin]]. Afrikaans music covers multiple genres, such as the contemporary [[Steve Hofmeyr]], the [[punk rock]] band [[Fokofpolisiekar]], and the singer-songwriter [[Jeremy Loops]]. South African popular musicians that have found international success include [[Manfred Mann (musician)|Manfred Mann]], [[Johnny Clegg]], rap-rave duo [[Die Antwoord]], rock band [[Seether]] and rappers such as [[AKA (rapper)|AKA]], [[Nasty C]] and [[Cassper Nyovest]] gained notoriety in other avenues like the BET Awards for best African acts.

Although few [[Cinema of South Africa|South African film]] productions are known outside South Africa, many foreign films have been produced about South Africa. Arguably, the most high-profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was ''[[District 9]]'' and its upcoming sequel. Other notable exceptions are the film {{lang|fly|[[Tsotsi]]}}, which won the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Academy Award for Foreign Language Film]] at the [[78th Academy Awards]] in 2006, as well as {{lang|xh|[[U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha]]}}, which won the [[Golden Bear]] at the 2005 [[Berlin International Film Festival]]. In 2015, the [[Oliver Hermanus]] film [[The Endless River (film)|''The Endless River'']] became the first South African film selected for the [[Venice Film Festival]].

=== Literature ===
{{Main|South African literature}}
[[File:Alan Paton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alan Paton]], [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] activist and writer]]
[[South African literature]] emerged from a unique social and political history. One of the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was [[Sol Plaatje|Solomon Thekiso Plaatje]]'s ''[[Mhudi]]'', written in 1930. During the 1950s, ''[[Drum (South African magazine)|Drum]]'' magazine became a hotbed of political satire, fiction, and essays, giving a voice to the urban black culture.

Notable white South African authors include [[Alan Paton]], who published the novel ''[[Cry, the Beloved Country]]'' in 1948. [[Nadine Gordimer]] became the first South African to be awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], in 1991. [[J. M. Coetzee|J.M. Coetzee]] won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003. When awarding the prize, the [[Swedish Academy]] stated that Coetzee "in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider."<ref name="Swedish Academy">{{cite news|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature: John Maxwell Coetzee|date=2 October 2003|publisher=Swedish Academy|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-date=7 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307025506/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The plays of [[Athol Fugard]] have been regularly premiered in [[fringe theatre]]s in South Africa, London ([[Royal Court Theatre]]) and New York. [[Olive Schreiner]]'s ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' (1883) was a revelation in [[Victorian literature]]: it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form.

[[Breyten Breytenbach]] was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid. [[André Brink]] was the first Afrikaner writer to be [[banned book|banned]] by the government after he released the novel ''[[A Dry White Season (novel)|A Dry White Season]]''.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main article|South African cuisine}}
{{See also|South African wine}}{{Multiple image
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The cuisine of South Africa is diverse, and foods from many different cultures and backgrounds are enjoyed by all communities, and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety available. The cuisine is mostly meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as the {{lang|af|[[braai]]}}, a variation of the [[barbecue]]. South Africa has also developed into a major [[South African wine|wine producer]], with some of the best [[vineyard]]s lying in valleys around [[Stellenbosch]], [[Franschhoek]], [[Paarl]] and [[Barrydale]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/southafrica.shtml|title=South African Wine Guide: Stellenbosch, Constantia, Walker Bay and more|publisher=Thewinedoctor.com|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118223726/http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/southafrica.shtml|url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in South Africa}}

South Africa's most popular sports are association football, [[rugby union]] and [[cricket]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|title=Sport in South Africa|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629152527/http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|archive-date=29 June 2010}}</ref> Other sports with significant support are swimming, athletics, golf, boxing, tennis, [[rugby league]], [[ringball]], [[field hockey]], surfing and [[netball]]. Although football (soccer) commands the greatest following among the youth, other sports like basketball, judo, softball and skateboarding are becoming increasingly popular amongst the populace.<ref>[https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/south-africa.htm Sport in South Africa] topendsports.com, accessed 3 December 2020.</ref>

Association football is the most popular sport in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/103113/blacks-like-soccer-whites-like-rugby-in-sa/|title=Blacks like soccer, whites like rugby in SA|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525104157/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/103113/blacks-like-soccer-whites-like-rugby-in-sa/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/sa-sport-not-unifier-it-once-was-survey|title=SA sport not the unifier it once was: survey|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525101120/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/sa-sport-not-unifier-it-once-was-survey|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/cant-south-africa-produce-better-football-team/|title=Analysis: Bafana Bafana Struggling To Make Needed Improvements|date=11 June 2016|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525101142/https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/cant-south-africa-produce-better-football-team/|url-status=live }}</ref> Footballers who have played for major foreign clubs include [[Steven Pienaar]], [[Lucas Radebe]], [[Philemon Masinga]], [[Benni McCarthy]], [[Aaron Mokoena]], and [[Delron Buckley]]. South Africa hosted the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], and FIFA president [[Sepp Blatter]] awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cooper|first=Billy|title=South Africa gets 9/10 for World Cup|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-07-12-sa-gest-910-for-world-cup|website=[[Mail & Guardian]]|date=12 July 2010|access-date=9 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715063001/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-07-12-sa-gest-910-for-world-cup|archive-date=15 July 2010 }}</ref> Player Benni McCarthy is also a first-team coach for the English football club [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Benni McCarthy appointed as first-team coach|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/benni-mccarthy-joins-manchester-united-as-coach|website=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |first=Adam |last=Marshall|date=30 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 }}</ref>

Famous [[combat sport]] personalities include Baby Jake [[Jacob Matlala]], [[Vuyani Bungu]], [[Welcome Ncita]], [[Dingaan Thobela]], [[Corrie Sanders]], [[Gerrie Coetzee]], [[Brian Mitchell (boxer)|Brian Mitchell]] and [[Dricus du Plessis]]. Durban surfer [[Jordy Smith]] won the 2010 Billabong J-Bay Open making him the highest ranked surfer in the world. South Africa produced [[Formula One]] motor racing's 1979 world champion [[Jody Scheckter]]. Famous active cricket players include [[Kagiso Rabada]], [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]], [[Keshav Maharaj]], [[Anrich Nortje]], [[Reeza Hendricks]] and [[Faf du Plessis]]; most also participate in the [[Indian Premier League]].

[[File:Bokke Webb Ellis-beker toer JHB 20191107 145608.jpg|thumb|The [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks]] on their tour of the country after winning the [[2019 Rugby World Cup]]]]
South Africa has produced numerous world class rugby players, including [[Francois Pienaar]], [[Joost van der Westhuizen]], [[Danie Craven]], [[Frik du Preez]], [[Naas Botha]], [[Bryan Habana]], [[Eben Etzebeth]], [[Cheslin Kolbe]] and [[Siya Kolisi]]. South Africa has won the [[Rugby World Cup]] three times, tying New Zealand for the most Rugby World Cup wins. South Africa first won the [[1995 Rugby World Cup]], which it hosted. They went on to win the tournament again in 2007 and in 2019. It followed the 1995 Rugby World Cup by hosting the [[1996 African Cup of Nations]], with the national team [[South Africa national soccer team|Bafana Bafana]] going on to win the tournament. In 2022, the [[South Africa women's national soccer team|women's team]] also won the [[2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations|Women's Africa Cup of Nations]], beating [[Morocco women's national football team|Morocco]] 2–1 in [[2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations Final|the final]]. It also hosted the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]], the [[ICC World Twenty20|2007 World Twenty20 Championship]]. South Africa's national cricket team, the [[South Africa national cricket team|Proteas]], have also won the inaugural edition of the [[1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy]] by defeating [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]] in the final. The [[2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]] was hosted in South Africa and the [[South Africa women's national cricket team|women's team]] came in second place. [[South Africa national blind cricket team|South Africa's national blind cricket team]] also went on to win the inaugural edition of the Blind Cricket World Cup in 1998.

In 2004, the swimming team of [[Roland Schoeman]], [[Lyndon Ferns]], [[Darian Townsend]] and [[Ryk Neethling]] won the gold medal at the [[2004 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games in Athens]], simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4×100 [[Freestyle Relay]]. [[Penny Heyns]] won Olympic Gold in the 1996 [[Atlanta Olympic Games]], and more recently, swimmers [[Tatjana Schoenmaker]] and [[Lara van Niekerk]] have both broken world records and won gold medals at the Olympic and [[Commonwealth Games]]. In 2012, [[Oscar Pistorius]] became the first double amputee sprinter to compete at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games in London]]. In golf, [[Gary Player]] is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time, having won the [[Grand Slam (golf)|Career Grand Slam]], one of five golfers to have done so. Other South African golfers to have won major tournaments include [[Bobby Locke]], [[Ernie Els]], [[Retief Goosen]], [[Tim Clark (golfer)|Tim Clark]], [[Trevor Immelman]], [[Louis Oosthuizen]] and [[Charl Schwartzel]].

== See also ==

* [[Outline of South Africa]]
* [[Timeline of South Africa]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* ''A History of South Africa, Third Edition''. Leonard Thompson. [[Yale University Press]]. 2001. 384 pages. {{ISBN|0-300-08776-4}}.
* ''Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa: Mission Report, Aug. 1991''. International Development Research Centre. IDRC Canada, 1991. vi, 46 p. Without ISBN.
* ''Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City''. Richard Tomlinson, et al. 2003. 336 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-93559-8}}.
* ''Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid''. Nigel Worden. 2000. 194 pages. {{ISBN|0-631-21661-8}}.
* ''South Africa: A Narrative History''. [[Frank Welsh (writer)|Frank Welsh]]. Kodansha America. 1999. 606 pages. {{ISBN|1-56836-258-7}}.
* ''South Africa in Contemporary Times''. [[Godfrey Mwakikagile]]. New Africa Press. 2008. 260 pages. {{ISBN|978-0-9802587-3-8}}.
* ''The Atlas of Changing South Africa''. A. J. Christopher. 2000. 216 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-21178-6}}.
* ''The Politics of the New South Africa''. Heather Deegan. 2000. 256 pages. {{ISBN|0-582-38227-0}}.
* ''Twentieth-Century South Africa''. William Beinart [[Oxford University Press]] 2001, 414 pages, {{ISBN|0-19-289318-1}}.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Scholia|country}}
* [http://www.gov.za/ Government of South Africa]
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/ South Africa]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035604/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/southafrica.htm South Africa] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094760 South Africa] from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://www.scottdunn.com/south-africa/guides South Africa luxury travel] from Scott Dunn

* {{osmrelation-inline|87565}}

{{South Africa topics}}

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|list=
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South Africa

2023-09-29T23:48:26Z

Manish1234: CE

Barabati Stadium

2023-09-25T15:54:15Z

Manish1234: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|Sports stadium in Cuttak Odisha}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Barabati Stadium
| nickname =
| image = File:Barabati stadium ipl Match.JPG
| caption = Barabati Stadium at [[Cuttack]]
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Stadium Road]], [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|20|28|52|N|85|52|7|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=it}}
| seating_capacity = 45,000
| owner = [[Government of Odisha]]
| operator = [[Odisha Cricket Association]] [[Football Association of Odisha]]
| tenants = [[India national cricket team]] [[India women's national cricket team]] [[Odisha football team]] (1958–present) [[Odisha women's football team]] (1958–present)
| embedded = {{infobox cricket ground|embed=yes
| ground_name = Barabati Stadium
| location = [[Stadium Road]], [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| establishment = 1958
| tenants = [[Odisha cricket team]] (1958–present) [[Hyderabad Deccan Chargers]] (2010–2012) [[Kings XI Punjab]] (2014) [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (2014) [[Indian national cricket team]] [[India women's national cricket team]]
| end1 = Mahanadi River End
| end2 = Pavilion End
| international = true
| firstodidate = 27 January
| firstodiyear = 1982
| firstodihome = India
| firstodiaway = England
| lastodidate = 22 December
| lastodiyear = 2019
| lastodihome = India
| lastodiaway = West Indies
| firsttestdate = 4–7 January
| firsttestyear = 1987
| firsttesthome = India
| firsttestaway = Sri Lanka
| lasttestdate = 8–12 November
| lasttestyear = 1995
| lasttesthome = India
| lasttestaway = New Zealand
| firstt20idate = 5 October
| firstt20iyear = 2015
| firstt20ihome = India
| firstt20iaway = South Africa
| lastt20idate = 12 June
| lastt20iyear = 2022
| lastt20ihome = India
| lastt20iaway = South Africa

| onlywtestdate = 7–11 March
| onlywtestyear = 1985
| onlywtesthome = India
| onlywtestaway = New Zealand
| firstwodidate = 1 February
| firstwodiyear = 2013
| firstwodihome = Australia
| firstwodiaway = Pakistan
| lastwodidate = 15 February
| lastwodiyear = 2013
| lastwodihome = South Africa
| lastwodiaway = Sri Lanka
| date = 12 June
| year = 2022
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58027.html Cricinfo
}}
}}

The '''Barabati Stadium''' is an Indian sports stadium used mostly for cricket and association football, and also sometimes for concerts and field hockey, located in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]. It is a regular venue for international cricket and is the home ground of [[Odisha cricket team]]. The stadium is owned and operated by the [[Odisha Cricket Association]]. It is also used for [[association football]]. It hosts [[Santosh Trophy]] national football tournament and the state's [[Odisha First Division League]] football matches.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.orisports.com/SheduleDetails.aspx?cId=ODYy | title=Shedule }}</ref> The Barabati Stadium is one of the older grounds in India, having hosted several touring sides – including the MCC, the West Indies team and the Australians – before it hosted its first international match. It hosted only the third one-day international in this country, in January 1982, when India put it across England by five wickets to lift the series 2–1. It hosted its first ever Test match five years later where India played hosts to Sri Lanka. Though it is not one of the regular Test venues anymore, it continues to enjoy the status of international venue and hosts One-Day Internationals regularly. It also hosted the [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bcci.tv/venues/14/barabati-stadium |title= About **Barabati Stadium** |work= BCCI }}</ref>

The cricket and football venue is equipped with floodlights for day-and-night games and is a regular venue for [[One Day Internationals|ODI]] matches. It was an adopted home venue for former [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Deccan Chargers]]. Barabati Stadium has successfully served as the venue for both [[Indian Premier League]] and the now defunct [[Odisha Premier League]]. It has also hosted [[2019–20 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy|Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy 2020]] from 4–11 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/111452/harmanpreet-kaur-smriti-mandhana-and-veda-krishnamurthy-to-lead-in-t20-challengers-india-womens-cricket |title=Harmanpreet, Mandhana and Veda to lead in T20 Challengers |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref>

==History and development==

The Barabati Stadium in Cuttack hosted only the third One Day International in this country, in January 1982, when India beat England by five wickets to lift the series 2–1. In the first Test match here, five seasons later, the Sri Lankans were greeted with an underprepared wicket affording vastly unpredictable bounce. Dilip Vengsarkar, then at the most dizzying heights of his career, made his highest Test score of 166, his fourth century in eight Tests, when no other batsman on either side crossed 60. The Lankans were rolled over twice as India seized an innings and 67-run victory. Kapil Dev bagged his 300th Test victim, bowling Rumesh Ratnayake with a ball that failed to sit up.

The only other Test match here, against New Zealand in 1995–96, was badly affected by rain, affording less than 180 overs of playing time. Narendra Hirwani, on a comeback trail, took 6 for 59 in New Zealand's only innings, the best bowling figures here.

Though it is not one of the regular Test venues anymore, it continues to enjoy the status of international venue and hosts One-Day Internationals regularly. India have won one of the two Test matches played here, and have an 11–4 win–loss record in ODIs.

=== Indoor Hall ===

In 2012, [[Odisha Cricket Association|OCA]] named the indoor cricket hall at Barabati Stadium after [[Sachin Tendulkar]].

==International cricket centuries==

===Key===
* '''*''' denotes that the batsman was [[not out]].
* '''Inns.''' denotes the number of the innings in the match.
* '''Balls''' denotes the number of [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] faced in an innings.
* '''NR''' denotes that the number of balls was not recorded.
* Parentheses next to the player's score denotes his century number at the Feroz Shah Kotla.
* The column title '''Date''' refers to the date the match started.
* The column title '''Result''' refers to match result<ref name="testcenturies">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=442;orderby=start;qualmin1=100;qualval1=batted_score;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statsguru: Test matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list| publisher= ESPN| work = Cricinfo| access-date= 24 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="odicenturies">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=442;orderby=start;qualmin1=100;qualval1=batted_score;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statsguru: One Day International matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list| publisher= ESPN| work = Cricinfo| access-date= 24 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="t20Icenturies">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;ground=442;orderby=start;qualmin1=100;qualval1=batted_score;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statsguru: Twenty20 Internationals / Batting records / Innings by innings list| publisher= ESPN| work = Cricinfo| access-date= 24 August 2019}}</ref>

===Test centuries===

The following table summarises the Test centuries scored at the Barabati Stadium.<ref name="testcenturies" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 166 || [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] || {{cr|IND}} || 279 || 1 || {{cr|SRI}} || 4 January 1987 || Won
|}

===One Day Centuries===

The following table summarises the One Day centuries scored at the Barabati Stadium.<ref name="odicenturies" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 102 || [[Ravi Shastri]] || {{cr|IND}} || 142 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || 27 December 1984 || Lost
|-
| 2 || 104 || [[Ajay Jadeja]] || {{cr|IND}} || 126 || 2 || {{cr|WIN}} || 9 November 1994 || Won
|-
| 3 || 127* || [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || {{cr|IND}} || 138 || 2 || {{cr|KEN}} || 18 February 1996 || Won
|-
| 4 || 153* || [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] || {{cr|IND}} || 150 || 1 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 9 April 1998 || Won
|-
| 5 || 116* || [[Ajay Jadeja]] || {{cr|IND}} || 121 || 1 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 9 April 1998 || Won
|-
| 6 || 102 || [[Grant Flower]] || {{cr|ZIM}} || 118 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || 9 April 1998 || Lost
|-
| 7 || 111* || [[Kevin Pietersen]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 128 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || 26 November 2008 || Lost
|-
| 8 || 111 || [[Ajinkya Rahane]] || {{cr|IND}} || 108 || 1 || {{cr|SRI}} || 2 November 2014 || Won
|-
| 9 || 113 || [[Shikhar Dhawan]] || {{cr|IND}} || 107 || 1 || {{cr|SRI}} || 2 November 2014 || Won
|-
| 10 || 150 || [[Yuvraj Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || 127 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || 19 January 2017 || Won
|-
| 11 || 134 || [[MS Dhoni]] || {{cr|IND}} || 122 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || 19 January 2017 || Won
|-
| 12 || 102 || [[Eoin Morgan]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 81 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || 19 January 2017 || Lost
|}

==International cricket five-wicket hauls==

===Key===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
|{{dagger}}
|The bowler was [[Man of the match#Cricket|man of the match]]
|-
|{{double-dagger}}
|10 or more wickets taken in the match
|-
|§
|One of two five-wicket hauls by the bowler in the match
|-
|'''Date'''
|Day the [[Test cricket|Test]] started or [[One Day International|ODI]] was held
|-
|'''Inn'''
|[[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] in which five-wicket haul was taken
|-
|'''Overs'''
|Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled
|-
|'''Runs'''
|Number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]] conceded
|-
|'''Wkts'''
|Number of [[Wicket (dismisal)|wickets]] taken
|-
|'''Econ'''
|[[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Runs conceded per over]]
|-
|'''Batsmen'''
|[[Batting (cricket)|Batsmen]] whose wickets were taken
|-
|'''Result'''
|[[Result (cricket)|Result]] of the match
|}

===Tests===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in ODI matches at Barabati Stadium
|- align=center
! scope="col" style="width:38px;"|No.
! scope="col" style="width:145px;"|Bowler
! scope="col" style="width:150px;"|Date
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Team
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Opposing team
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:82px;"|Overs
! scope="col" style="width:70px;"|Runs
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"|Wkts
! scope="col" style="width:70px;"|Econ
! scope="col" style="width:160px;" class="unsortable"|Batsmen
! scope="col" style="width:70px;"|Result
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 1 || [[Ravi Ratnayeke]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1987|01|04}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|27.3}} || {{nts|85}} || {{sort|05115|5}} || {{nts|3.09}} || align=left |
*[[Sunil Gavaskar]]
*[[Raman Lamba]]
*[[Ravi Shastri]]
*[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
*[[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]]
|| India won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63451.html |title=3rd Test: India v Sri Lanka at Cuttack, Jan 4–7, 1987 {{pipe}} Cricket Scorecard |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2016-01-30}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 2 || [[Narendra Hirwani]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|11|08}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|31}} || {{nts|59}} || {{sort|05115|6}} || {{nts|1.90}} || align=left |
*[[Mark Greatbatch]]
*[[Roger Twose]]
*[[Adam Parore]]
*[[Martin Crowe]]
*[[Chris Cairns]]
*[[Matthew Hart]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63696.html |title=3rd Test: India v New Zealand at Cuttack, Nov 8–12, 1995 {{pipe}} Cricket Scorecard |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2016-01-30}}</ref>
|}

==Records==
[[File:Barabati Stadium Entrance.jpg|thumb|400px|Horse Gate Entrance to the Barabati Stadium]]
'''Match Information''':
:{| border=0 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=1 width=25%
|- style="background:#999; color:black;"
! Game Type
! No. of Games
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| [[Test Cricket|Test Matches]]
| 2<ref name="Test Stats">{{cite web| title = Match result information of Test Matches played in Barabati Stadium| url = http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=ground;groundid=442;class=testground;filter=basic;team1=0;team2=0;notteam=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;month=0;season=0;startdefault=1987-01-04;start=1987-01-04;enddefault=1995-11-12;end=1995-11-12;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;result=0;followon=0;recent=;viewtype=list;innings=0;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpo=0;overslow=;overshigh=;event=0;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype| publisher = [[Cricinfo]]| access-date = 7 April 2007| archive-date = 26 May 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070526200243/http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=ground;groundid=442;class=testground;filter=basic;team1=0;team2=0;notteam=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;month=0;season=0;startdefault=1987-01-04;start=1987-01-04;enddefault=1995-11-12;end=1995-11-12;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;result=0;followon=0;recent=;viewtype=list;innings=0;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpo=0;overslow=;overshigh=;event=0;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| [[One Day International|ODI]]
| 19<ref name="ODI Stats">{{cite web| title = Match result information of ODI Matches played in Barabati Stadium| url = http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=ground;groundid=442;class=odiground;filter=basic;team1=0;team2=0;notteam=0;homeaway=0;month=0;decade=0;season=0;startdefault=1982-01-27;start=1982-01-27;enddefault=2007-01-24;end=2007-01-24;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;result=0;followon=0;recent=;viewtype=list;innings=0;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpo=0;overslow=;overshigh=;event=0;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype| publisher = [[Cricinfo]]| access-date = 7 April 2007| archive-date = 26 May 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070526200255/http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=ground;groundid=442;class=odiground;filter=basic;team1=0;team2=0;notteam=0;homeaway=0;month=0;decade=0;season=0;startdefault=1982-01-27;start=1982-01-27;enddefault=2007-01-24;end=2007-01-24;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;result=0;followon=0;recent=;viewtype=list;innings=0;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpo=0;overslow=;overshigh=;event=0;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| [[T20I]]
| 2
|}

'''Test Match Statistics''':
:{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=1 width=50%
|- style="background:#999; color:black;"
! Category
! Information
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| Highest Team Score
| [[Indian cricket team|India]] (400 All Out against [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]])
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| Lowest Team Score
| [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] (142 All Out against [[Indian cricket team|India]])
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| Best Batting Performance
| [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] (166 Runs against [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]])
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| Best Bowling Performance
| [[Narendra Hirwani]] (6/59 against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]])
|}

'''ODI Match Statistics''':
:{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=1 width=50%
|- style="background:#999; color:black;"
! Category
! Information
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| Highest Team Score
| [[Indian cricket team|India]] (381/6 in 50 Overs against [[England cricket team|England]])
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| Lowest Team Score
| [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] (113 All Out in 34.2 Overs against [[Australian cricket team|Australia]])
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| Best Batting Performance
| [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] (153* Runs against [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]])
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| Best Bowling Performance
| [[Daren Powell]] (4/27 against [[Indian cricket team|India]])
|}

==Notable events==
[[File:Barabati stadium ipl Match.JPG|thumb|320px|Barabati stadium]]
* [[Kapil Dev]] bagged his 300th test wicket when he bowled [[Rumesh Ratnayake]] of Sri Lanka in January 1987
* The Stadium hosted matches in two World Cups hosted in the subcontinent – '''[[1987 Cricket World Cup]]''' ([[Australian cricket team|Australia]] beat [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]] by 70 runs)and '''[[1996 Cricket World Cup]]''' ([[Indian cricket team|India]] beat [[Kenyan cricket team|Kenya]] by 7 Wickets)
* [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] and [[Ajay Jadeja]] put on an unbroken 275 run partnership against [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]] which was the then highest ODI partnership
* The above partnership is the current world record for the 4th Wicket in ODI Cricket.<ref name="Partnership Record for 4th Wicket">{{cite web| title = ODI Partnership Records| url = http://ind.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ODIS/PARTNERSHIPS/ODI_PARTNERSHIP_RECORDS.html| publisher = [[Cricinfo]]| access-date = 7 April 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070528050224/http://ind.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ODIS/PARTNERSHIPS/ODI_PARTNERSHIP_RECORDS.html| archive-date = 28 May 2007| url-status = dead}}</ref>
* The partnership is the current world record for any unbroken partnership.<ref name="Unbroken Partnership Record">{{cite web| title = ODI Partnership Records| url = http://ind.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ODIS/PARTNERSHIPS/ODI_200_RUN_PARTNERSHIPS.html| publisher = [[Cricinfo]]| access-date = 7 April 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070528062130/http://ind.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ODIS/PARTNERSHIPS/ODI_200_RUN_PARTNERSHIPS.html| archive-date = 28 May 2007| url-status = dead}}</ref>
* The most runs scored here in Test cricket was by India who were all out for 400 in 1987 and 298–8 in 1995. The third highest score was by Sri Lanka who were dismassed for 191 runs in 1987.
* In Test cricket, the most runs scored here was by Dilip Vengsarkar(166 runs) followed by Kapil Dev(60 runs) and Sri Lankan [[Roy Dias]](58 runs).
* The most wickets were taken by Narendra Hirwani and Maninder Singh(6 wickets each) followed by Sri Lankan [[Ravi Ratnayeke]] and Kapil Dev (5 wickets each).
* In ODIs, the highest score was made by India who scored 381–6 in 2017.
* In ODIs, highest individual score at the venue is 152* by Mohammad Azharuddin against Zimbabwe.
* The most runs scored here was by [[Sachin Tendulkar]] with 469 runs, followed by [[Ajay Jadeja]] with 273 runs and [[M Azharuddin]] with 242 runs.
* The most wickets taken here was by [[Anil Kumble]], [[Ishant Sharma]] and [[Ajit Agarkar]] all with 7 wickets each
* On 19 January 2017, in the 2nd ODI match between India vs England [[Yuvraj Singh]] 150(127) and [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 134(122), both Scored their last century in this Stadium that helped India to reach 381/6 (50 Overs). It was the second highest 4th Wicket partnership of 256 runs at this venue. England scored 366/8 (50 overs) with the help of Eoin Morgan 102(81) runs. As a result, India won the match by 15 runs.

==Santosh Trophy 2012==
This stadium was the main venue of the [[2012 Santosh Trophy]] football tournament which was won by [[Services football team|Services]].

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricket grounds]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Test cricket grounds in India}}
{{Football stadiums in India}}

[[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Odisha]]
[[Category:Football venues in Odisha]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Cuttack]]
[[Category:1987 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1996 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1958]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

B. S. Chandrasekhar

2023-09-20T11:44:02Z

Manish1234: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{Short description|Indian Cricketer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = B. S. Chandrasekhar
| image =
| fullname = Bhagwat Subramanya Chandrasekhar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|05|17}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| heightft =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Legbreak
| role =
| family =

| heightinch =
| heightcm =
| international = true
| country = India
| testcap = 106
| testdebutagainst = England
| testdebutdate = 21 January
| testdebutyear = 1964
| lasttestagainst = England
| lasttestdate = 12 July
| lasttestyear = 1979
|
| odicap = 20
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand
| odidebutdate = 22 February
| odidebutyear = 1976
| odishirt =
| oneodi = true
| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| year2 =
| club2 =
| clubnumber2 =
| year3 =
| club3 =
| clubnumber3 =
| year4 =
| club4 =
| clubnumber4 =

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 58
| matches2 = 1
| matches3 = 246
| matches4 = 7
| runs1 = 167
| runs2 = 11
| runs3 = 600
| runs4 = 25
| bat avg1 = 4.07
| bat avg2 = –
| bat avg3 = 4.61
| bat avg4 = 25.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score1 = 22
| top score2 = 11[[Not out|*]]
| top score3 = 25
| top score4 = 14[[Not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 15,963
| deliveries2 = 56
| deliveries3 = 53,817
| deliveries4 = 420
| wickets1 = 242
| wickets2 = 3
| wickets3 = 1,063
| wickets4 = 8
| bowl avg1 = 29.74
| bowl avg2 = 12.00
| bowl avg3 = 24.03
| bowl avg4 = 38.87
| fivefor1 = 16
| fivefor2 = 0
| fivefor3 = 75
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor1 = 2
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 19
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = 8/79
| best bowling2 = 3/36
| best bowling3 = 9/72
| best bowling4 = 4/61
| catches/stumpings1 = 25/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 107/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 1/–

| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27591.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 10 November
| year = 2014
}}

'''Bhagwat Subramanya Chandrasekhar''' (informally '''Chandra'''; born 17 May 1945) is an Indian former [[cricket]]er who played as a [[leg spin]]ner. Considered among the top echelon of leg spinners, Chandrasekhar along with [[E.A.S. Prasanna]], [[Bishen Singh Bedi]] and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] constituted the [[Indian spin quartet]] that dominated spin bowling during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=rajesh>{{cite web|title=When spin was king|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/531827.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 February 2014|author=S Rajesh|date=12 September 2011}}</ref> At a very young age, [[Poliomyelitis|polio]] left his right arm withered. Chandrasekhar played 58 Test matches, capturing 242 wickets at an average of 29.74 in a career that spanned sixteen years.<ref name=rajesh/> He is one of only two test cricketers in history with more wickets than total runs scored, the other being [[Chris Martin (cricketer)|Chris Martin.]]

Chandrasekhar was awarded the [[Padmashri]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2011) |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=18 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref> He was named as a [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year|''Wisden'' Cricketer of the Year]] in 1972; in 2002 he won Wisden's award for "Best bowling performance of the century" for India, for his six wickets for 38 runs against England at the Oval in 1971.<ref name="WisdenICoC">{{cite news | url=http://www.tssonnet.com/tss2531/25310120.htm | title=This is my finest hour: Kapil Dev | work=[[The Sportstar]] Vol. 25 No. 31 | date=8 March 2002 | access-date=8 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514214418/http://www.tssonnet.com/tss2531/25310120.htm | archive-date=14 May 2006 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2004, the highest honour bestowed by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] on a former player.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-18 |title=C.K. Nayudu award for Kapil Dev |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ck-nayudu-award-for-kapil-dev/article5474173.ece |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Biography==
Chandrasekhar was born in 1945 in [[Mysore]], where he had his primary education.<ref name=raggie>{{cite web|last=Muddie|first=Raggi|title=The Spin Wizard – B S Chandrashekhar|url=http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/bs-chandrashekhar/|publisher=Karnataka.com|access-date=14 April 2013|date=27 September 2011}}</ref> He developed an early interest in cricket watching the playing styles of Australian leg spinner [[Richie Benaud]]. An attack of polio at the age of six left his right arm withered. At the age of 10, his hand had recovered and Chandrasekhar started playing cricket.<ref name=raggie/>

By that time his family relocated to [[Bangalore]] and he got an opportunity to play for "City Cricketers".<ref name=raggie/> In an interview, Chandrasekhar stated that he joined up mainly to get a chance to play with the leather ball.<ref name=raggie/> While playing on the streets of Bangalore, he had mainly used a rubber ball. While playing for the club, Chandrasekhar tried different bowling styles that also included fast bowling.<ref name=raggie/> It was in 1963 that he decided to play as a leg spin bowler. His idea proved to be right as he was soon selected for the national side.<ref name=raggie/>

Making his Test debut for India against England at Bombay in 1964, he collected four wickets in the match. He was named the ''[[Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]'' Cricketer of the Year the same year. Chandrasekhar was influential in setting up India's first victory in England when he picked up six wickets for 38 runs at [[The Oval]] in 1971; the bowling was named the "Indian Bowling performance of the century" by ''Wisden'' in 2002.<ref name=profile>{{cite web|title=Players / India / Bhagwath Chandrasekhar|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27591.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 April 2013|author=H Natarajan}}</ref> ''Wisden'' noted that he was "wonderfully accurate for a bowler of his type, and his extra pace made him a formidable proposition even on the sluggish Oval pitch."<ref name=martin>{{cite web|last=Williamson|first=Martin|title=India's day of glory|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/527248.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 April 2013|date=13 August 2011}}</ref> His consistent bowling performances in 1971 earned him being named one of the five ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year|Cricketers of the Year]] in 1972.<ref name=profile/>

In a Test against New Zealand in 1976, Chandrasekhar and Prasanna took 19 wickets and were crucial in setting up India's win. Attributed to him is a famous umpire-directed quote, made during a day of bad decisions in New Zealand after several of his [[leg before wicket|lbw]] appeals were given not out: "I know he is bowled, but is he out?"<ref>{{citation | url=http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=129115 | title=India's Aussie tour: Sissy Australians and dumb umpires | periodical=Merinews | date=6 January 2008 | access-date=26 August 2009 | archive-date=9 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109001955/http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=129115 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation | url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/1999/oct/23dilip.htm | title=Nothing to Crowe about | author=Dilip Vengsarkar | periodical=Rediff | date=23 October 1999}}</ref> Chandrasekhar also played a major role in India's victory in Australia in 1977–78.<ref name=rajesh/> During that series he became the first bowler to register identical figures in each innings of a test (6 for 52).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/steve-okeefe-turns-india-australia-test-into-a-cricket-statisticians-delight-580461|title=Steve O'Keefe turns India-Australia Test into a cricket statistician's delight|last=Kumar|first=Abhishek|date=25 February 2017|work=Cricket Country|access-date=29 March 2017|language=en-us}}</ref>

Chandrasekhar had minimal batting skills, finishing with a Test average of 4.07.<ref name="Beard">{{cite book |title=Ask Bearders |last=Frindall |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Frindall |year=2009 |publisher=[[BBC Books]]|isbn=978-1-84607-880-4 |pages=44–45 }}</ref> He was given a special Gray-Nicholls bat during the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1977–78|1977–78 Australian tour]] with a hole in it to commemorate the four ducks he scored,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hanon|first=Peter|title=Polio clean bowled|url=http://www.theage.com.au/sport/cricket/polio-clean-bowled-20111111-1nbil.html|access-date=18 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=12 November 2011}}</ref> and he has 23 Test ducks to his credit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Test matches / Batting records / Most ducks in career|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283087.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> He also holds the dubious distinction of scoring fewer runs (167) off his bat than wickets (242) taken in Test cricket;<ref name="Beard"/> the only other cricketer with this distinction over a significant Test career is [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] fast bowler [[Chris Martin (cricketer)|Chris Martin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hughes' familiar problem, and Steyn's wickets|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/546146.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 April 2013|author=Steven Lynch|date=20 December 2011}}</ref>

==Honours and recognitions==
* ''[[Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]'' Cricketer of the Year in 1964
* [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|''Wisden'' Cricketers of the Year]] in 1972
* [[Padmashri]] in 1972<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2011) |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=18 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Arjuna Award]] in 1972<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Award Winners |url=http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm |publisher=[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] |access-date=18 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225221945/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm |archive-date=25 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award|C. K. Nayudu Award]] in 2004<ref name=":5" />

==See also==
* [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by B. S. Chandrasekhar]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=27591}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/91043.html|date=18 May 2000|title =Chandra: The man who made the 'King' his bunny|author=S Jagadish}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrasekhar, Bhagwat}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:International Cavaliers cricketers]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]

Madhuri Bhatia

2023-09-13T21:07:56Z

Manish1234: Page published.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhuri Bhatia
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1930|10|19}}
| birth_place =[[New Delhi]]
| alma_mater =
| citizenship =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| works =
| years_active = 1991–present<ref>https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/movie-actress/madhuri-bhatia</ref>
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
| signature =
}}
'''Madhuri Bhatia''' (born 19 October 1930)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famous-Celebrity-Birthdays-19-October-1930-Indian-Celebrity-Birthdays- |url=https://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/born-in/19-oct-1930 |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Nettv4u |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/madhuri-bhatia/IEIN025077</ref> is an Indian born Canadian actress known for her works in [[Hindi cinema]], English language films, and television.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! A star is reborn: Filmmaker Subhash Ghai on Madhuri Bhatia's performance in 36 Farmhouse |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-star-reborn-filmmaker-subhash-ghai-madhuri-bhatias-performance-36-farmhouse-220117 |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhuri Bhatia: Movies, TV, and Bio |url=https://www.amazon.com/prime-video/actor/Madhuri-Bhatia/amzn1.dv.gti.0f502e52-6bfc-45da-845e-4f9019d293ad/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=www.amazon.com}}</ref> Madhuri Bhatia is a voice artist, choreographer, dancer, and novelist.<ref>{{Cite web |title='परदेस' फिल्म में शाहरुख खान की 'गुस्सैल आंटी' का बदल चुका है अब पूरा लुक, देखकर आप भी खा जाएंगे धोखा |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-angry-aunty-madhuri-bhatia-in-film-pardes-look-has-changed-now-you-will-be-deceived-by-seeing-the-whole-look-3256999 |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=NDTVIndia}}</ref><ref>https://bookshop.org/p/books/what-the-body-remembers-shauna-singh-baldwin/7999599</ref>

==Early life==
Madhuri Bhatia was born on 19 October 1930 in [[New Delhi]], India into a Punjabi family, and later migrated to Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Then and now: Pardes (1997) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/then-and-now-pardes-1997_-11509.html |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> She studied at the Jesus and Mary High School in Delhi. She attained B.A. in history from [[Miranda House]], and B.P.A. Performing Arts., General Studies. History. Art/Art Studies from the [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]] in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Music and Dance – Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra |url=https://sbkk.theuniquemedia.in/institute-home/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards==
;'''Association of Voicing Artists'''
*Best Dubbing Artist Animation Lead Female{{cn}}

==Selected filmography==
;As actress
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope=col |Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 1991
| scope="row" | ''[[Masala (1991 film)|Masala]] ''
| Bibi Solanki
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 1993
| scope="row" |''The Mummy Lives''
| Voice over
| English
|
|
|-
| 1997
| scope="row" |''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]''
| Neeta Sandiplal, Arjun's foster aunt
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 1998
| scope="row" |''My Father's Shadow: The Sam Sheppard Story''
| Cayahoga County Coroner
| English
|
|
|-
| 2006
| scope="row" |''[[My Bollywood Bride]]''
| Mrs. Khanna
| English
|
|
|-
| 2006
| scope="row" |''The Morning Fog''
| Maya
| English
| Short film
|
|-
| 2010
| scope="row" |''[[Kites (film)|Kites]]''
| Mrs. B. Grover
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2014
| scope="row" |''[[19th January (film)|19th January]]''
| Senior NIA cop
| Hindi
|
|
|-
|-
| 2022
| scope="row" |''[[36 Farmhouse]]''
| Padmini Raj Singh
| Hindi
|
|
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope=col |Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 1992
| scope="row" | ''[[Forever Knight]]''
| Hotel maid
| English
|
|
|-
| 1992
| scope="row" |''[[E.N.G.]]''
|Benajir Kafshi
| English
|
|
|-
| 1993
| scope="row" |''[[Divorce Court]]''
| Delvecchio
| English
|
|
|-
| 1998
| scope="row" |''[[Highlander: The Raven]]''
| Mrs. B. Grover
| English
|
|
|-
| 1997-2001
| scope="row" |''[[La Femme Nikita (TV series)|Le Femme Nikita]]''
| Darius
| English
|
|
|-
| 1999
| scope="row" |''[[The City (1999 TV series)|The City]]''
| Mrs. Socialist
| English
|
|
|-
| 2001
| scope="row" |''[[Relic Hunter]]''
| Dr. Hosni
| English
|
|
|-
| 2006-2007
| scope="row" |''[[Kuch Apne Kuch Paraye]]''
| Maya Raichand
| Hindi
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm0080293|name=Madhuri Bhatia}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Canadian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

Sikkim Women's Super League

2023-09-13T14:37:44Z

Manish1234:

{{Infobox football league
| logo =
| pixels =
| country = India
| organiser = [[Sikkim Football Association]] (SFA)
| founded = {{start date and age|2023|df=y}}
| teams = 6
| promotion =
| relegation =
| levels = 1
| domest_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = SSA Soreng (1st title)
| most_successful_club = SSA Soreng (1 title)
| tv = Pavilion TV ([[YouTube]])
| season =
| current = 2023
| website =
}}

The '''Sikkim Women's Super League''' is the top division of women's [[association football|football]] league in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]]. The league is organised by the [[Sikkim Football Association]] (SFA), the official football governing body of the state.<ref name="sik">{{cite web|title=SIKKIM WOMEN’S SUPER LEAGUE TO KICK OFF ON AUG 21|url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sikkim-womens-super-league-to-kick-off-on-aug-21|website=Sikkim Express|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>

The inaugural season was held in 2023 and was won by SSA Soreng.<ref name="sikkim">{{cite web|title=SSA SORENG WINS SIKKIM WOMEN’S SUPER LEAGUE|url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/ssa-soreng-wins-sikkim-womens-super-league|website=Sikkim Express|access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="sikkim1">{{cite web|title=Soreng SSA lifts maiden Sikkim Women’s Super League 2023|url=https://sikkimherald.info/?p=23728|website=Sikkim Herald|last=Leezum|first=Pema|access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>

==League format==
The league features six teams, namely Young Girls FC (Gyalshing), Pakyong United FC, Northerners Girls FC, Soreng Girls Academy, Dentam Girls Academy and Southerners Girls (Namchi). The league offers women players the opportunity to excel and gain recognition. Teams are allowed a maximum of 25 players, including five players from outside the state. The league is designed for each team to play at least five matches. The winners of the Sikkim Women’s Super League will be nominated to participate in the [[Indian Women's League]].<ref name="sik"/><ref>{{cite web|title=SSA Soreng & Southerners Girls advance to Sikkim Women’s Super League 2023 finals|url=https://sikkimherald.info/?p=23171|website=Sikkim Herald|access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Sikkim |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sikkim-football-league-structure-india/6njz9an3wn6g1kage4csg1mee |website=Goal.com |last1=Parasar |first1=Swapnaneel }}</ref>

==Venue==
The matches are held at the [[Paljor Stadium]].

==2023 Clubs==
The teams participating in the 2023 season:<ref name="sik" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Team
|-
|1
|USSC AHO, Pakyong
|-
|2
|Western District FA
|-
|3
|Northerners FC
|-
|4
|State Sports Academy (SSA), Soreng
|-
|5
|Maneybong Dentam Sports Society (MDSS Dentam)
|-
|6
|Southerners Girls, Namchi
|}

==Champions==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Season !! Champion !! Runners-up !! Ref
|-
| 2023 || SSA Soreng || Southerners Girls Namchi || <ref name="sikkim"/><ref name="sikkim1"/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Sikkim}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Women's football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Football in Sikkim]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2023]]

{{India-footy-competition-stub}}

Arunachal Pradesh cricket team

2023-09-10T20:57:40Z

Manish1234: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Arunachal Pradesh cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Suraj Tayam]]
| coach = [[Sanjeev Sharma]]
| founded = 2018
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner = [[Arunachal Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| first_fc_year = 2018
| first_fc_venue = Meghalaya Cricket Association Cricket Ground, [[Shillong]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| website = [http://arunachalcricket.in/ arunachalcricket.in]
}}

The '''Arunachal Pradesh cricket team''' is a [[cricket]] team that represents the state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in Indian domestic competitions. In July 2018, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) named the team as one of the nine new sides that would compete in domestic tournaments for the 2018–19 season, including the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]] and the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="CI39">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24129178/nine-new-teams-ranji-trophy-2018-19 |title=Nine new teams in Ranji Trophy 2018–19 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="IE39">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-schedule-2018-19-domestic-games-5265019/ |title=Logistical nightmare on cards as BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018-19 season |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="BCCI">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17462/bcci-to-host-over-2000-matches-in-the-upcoming-2018-19-domestic-season |title=BCCI to host over 2000 matches in the upcoming 2018-19 domestic season |work=BCCI |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719115433/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17462/bcci-to-host-over-2000-matches-in-the-upcoming-2018-19-domestic-season |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, prior to the start of the tournament, the team did not have a ground to play [[first-class cricket]] on.<ref name="SSL">{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstarlive.com/cricket/northeast-states-woes-first-class-cricket-ranji-trophy/article24471707.ece |title=Ground reality hits Northeast states before first-class debut |work=Sport Star Live |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> Ahead of the 2018-19 season, [[Gursharan Singh]] was appointed as the team's coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24532976/bcci-eases-entry-new-domestic-teams-logistical-challenges-emerge |title=BCCI eases entry for new domestic teams as logistical challenges emerge |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

In September 2018, they won their opening fixture of the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], beating [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] by four wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/vijay-hazare-trophy-bihar-make-winning-return-to-domestic-cricket/articleshow/65873882.cms |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Bihar make winning return to domestic cricket |work=Times of India |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156794.html |title=Plate, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Nadiad, Sep 19 2018 |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In their first season in the Vijay Hazare Trophy, they finished in seventh place in the Plate Group, with two wins and five defeats from their eight matches. One match also finished as a [[result (cricket)#No result|no result]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8890/vijay-hazare-trophy |title=2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> [[Samarth Seth]] finished as the leading run-scorer, with 345 runs, and [[Sandeep Kumar Thakur]] was the leading wicket-taker for the team, with eight dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12591;team=6559;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2018/19 - Arunachal Pradesh: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref>

In November 2018, in their opening match of the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], they lost to [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]] by seven wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-trophy-takeaways-unadkat-picks-seven-mumbai-in-command-against-railways-1928981.html |title=Ranji Trophy Takeaways: Unadkat Picks Seven; Mumbai in Command Against Railways |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-sikkim-record-innings-victory-over-manipur-5432889/ |title=Ranji Trophy: Sikkim record innings victory over Manipur |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> They finished the 2018–19 tournament eighth in the table, with no wins from their eight matches.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8050/ranji-trophy |title=Ranji Trophy Table - 2018–19 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, Arunachal Pradesh finished seventh in [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group D|Group D]] of the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], with one win from their seven matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8661/season/2019/india-dom-t20 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2019: Points Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> [[Samarth Seth]] was the leading run-scorer for the team in the tournament, with 221 runs, and [[Akhilesh Sahani]] was the leading wicket-taker, with eleven dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12593;team=6559;type=tournament |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2018/19 - Arunachal Pradesh: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

==Squad==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Name
! Birth date
! Batting Style
! Bowling Style
! Notes
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="5" align="center" | Batsmen
|-
| [[Suraj Tayam]] || {{birth date and age|1984|2|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || || Captain
|-
| [[Techi Doria]] || {{birth date and age|1994|3|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Rohan Sharma || {{birth date and age|1995|10|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]]||
|-
| [[Neelam Obi]] || {{birth date and age|1993|1|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]]||
|-
| Anup Ahlawat || {{birth date and age|2000|11|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Amresh Rohit || {{birth date and age|1997|8|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Kumar Nyompu]] || {{birth date and age|1992|9|7|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Mohit Panwar || || || ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="5" align="center" | All-rounders
|-
| [[Techi Neri]] || {{birth date and age|1994|5|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Akhilesh Sahani]] || {{birth date and age|1994|3|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Chandan Kumar Singh || {{birth date and age|1997|1|7|df=y}} || Right-handed ||| Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Nabam Tempol]] || {{birth date and age|1994|9|25|df=y}} || Right-handed ||| Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Mapu Yigam || {{birth date and age|1999|5|1|df=y}} || Right-handed ||| Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Meet Desai || {{birth date and age|1997|5|16|df=y}} || Right-handed ||| Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="5" align="center" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Kamsha Yangfo]] ||{{birth date and age|1992|11|16|df=y}}||Right-handed|| ||Vice-captain
|-
| [[Rahul Dalal]] ||{{birth date and age|1992|2|2|df=y}}||Right-handed|| ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="5" align="center" | Spin bowlers
|-
| Chetan Anand || {{birth date and age|1996|9|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| Limar Dabi || {{birth date and age|1991|11|7|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Myendung Singpho]] || {{birth date and age|1996|10|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="5" align="center" | Pace bowlers
|-
| Nabam Abo || {{birth date and age|1988|10|5|df=y}} || Right-handed ||| Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Yab Niya]] || {{birth date and age|1994|10|18|df=y}} || Right-handed ||| Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Tanmay Gupta || {{birth date and age|2003|9|19|df=y}} || Right-handed ||| Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 17 January 2023''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2018]]

Santadasji Kathia Baba

2023-09-10T13:54:20Z

Manish1234: Published an influential piece.

Sri Sri '''Santadasji Kathia Baba''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: সন্তদাস কাঠিয়াবাবা; 10 June 1859 – 1935) was a [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] philosopher, religious guru, and Pradhan Mahanta a Spiritual leader of Hinduism. Nimbarka Community Sri Sri 108 Swami Ramdas Kathia Baba is one of the main disciples.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Memories of Hindus in East Bengal (52) Birthplace of Sri Sri Santadasji Kathia Baba Maharaj |work=Amaderbharat.com |url=https://www.amaderbharat.com/memories-of-hindus-in-east-bengal-52-birthplace-of-sri-sri-santadas-kathiababa-maharaj/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first= |title=Santadasji Kathia Baba Dbaitadbaita Siddhanta - Bengali (An Old and Rare Book) |publisher=SWAMI SANTADAS INSTITUTE OF CULTURE, KOLKATA |year=1991 |isbn=8186710884 |edition=1998 |location=KOLKATA, INDIA |pages=54 |language=Banglai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Janmashtami at ashram |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/janmashtami-at-ashram/cid/158750 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Birth and childhood==
Sri Sri 108 Swami Santadasji Kathiya Babaji Maharaj Braj Videhi Mahanta Vaishnav Chatu Sampraday Sri Mahant Sri Sri 108 Swami Santadasji Kathiya Babaji Maharaj is a memorable name in the Vaishnava community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRI SRI 108 SWAMI SANTADASJI KATHIA BABA MAHARAJ – Spiritual |url=https://spiritualdarshan.in/sri-sri-108-swami-santadasji-kathiababaji-maharaj/ |access-date=2023-09-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> This Rishi Kalpa, a man of short birth, was born in the family of Sambhant Zamindar Brahmin Chowdhury in Bamai village of Lakhai Upazila Haor region of Habiganj district (former Sylhet district at that time was Lankarpur subdivision, then Habiganj subdivision, now Habiganj district). His father's name is Sriharkishore Chowdhury and mother's name is Srigirijasundari Devi. Santadasji's advent (birth) was on Friday 10 June 1859.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How did Tarakishore Chowdhury become Santadasji Kathia Baba. |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54544213 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}</ref> 1266 Bangabde 28th Jaishtya, Jaishtya Shukla Dasami Dashahra on Punya Tithi. His father was a brilliant man as well as a supremely pure Vaishnava. These two qualities of a father completely influenced the life of Saint Santadasji Babaji Maharaj. His childhood name was Tarakishore Chowdhury.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Santadasji Kathia Baba saw the bright light, the Guru, late in the night |work=Eisamay Gold. The Times Group |url=https://eisamaygold.timesgroup.com/spirituality/saint-santadash-was-the-most-important-and-spiritual-disciple-of-kathiyababa/1663677947675}}</ref> He had a keen interest in learning since childhood. Education begins in the village school. Education: Studied in Laskarpur subdivision English school.<ref>{{Cite news |title=In the middle of the night, the image of Guru Santadasji Kathiababa appeared in the sky |work=Eisamaygold.com |url=https://eisamaygold.timesgroup.com/spirituality/tarakishore-found-the-guru/1663677943856}}</ref> It is known that this school later became Habiganj Government High School. In 1874 AD 1281 Bengal at the age of 14 years, he got a scholarship of Rs. He was admitted to Metropolitan College. Studying there, he obtained a scholarship of Rs. He got admission in BA class in Presidency College. BA exam and Bhagwat passed with grace. In 1883 he passed B.L.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chotoder Swami Santdasji Kathia Baba (Bengali) {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/chotoder-swami-santdas-kathiya-baba-bengali-mzo154/ |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Initiation==
At the Jagannath Ghat, he saw the Gangotri, the source of the Ganges, appear before him, and Har-Parvati, who resides in it, gave him darshan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Santadas Babaji Brajabidehi - স্বামী সন্তদাস বাবাজী ব্রজবিদেহী Archives - Granthagara |url=https://granthagara.com/writer/1644-swami-santadas-babaji-brajabidehi/ |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=granthagara.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Lord Shankara then gave him a one-syllable seed mantra, and under the influence of chanting that mantra, he would become a Sadguru - with the assurance that they disappeared. Then the sight of the Gomukh Gangotri in the Himalayas also disappeared. He started chanting that seed mantra with great devotion. In search of Sadhguru, he visited various pilgrimages and eventually he arrived at Prayag Kumbh Mela with a friend. Here he had an interview with his future Gurudev Sri Kathiya Babaji Maharaj but he was doubtful whether he would take him seriously or not. Even after receiving initiation in this miraculous way, he took initiation as a woman in a natural way on the day of Janmashtami in 1894 in Vrindavan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sankarnath |first=Roy |title=Sadhak of India - Sankarnath Roy Volume 1 to 12 (Santdasji Kathia Baba) Book Pdf Download-Bangla Digital Boi Pdf |url=https://www.banglapustak.com/2019/09/bharoter-sadhok-shankar-nath-roy.html?m=1 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.banglapustak.com}}</ref>

==Religious Thought==
Life of Sri Sri 108 Swami Santadasji Kathia Baba Maharaj. Student life attracted towards Brahminism. He was thoughtful and inquisitive from childhood. He was particularly interested in metaphysics and religion. He left Hinduism and became a monotheist while studying in the first year class.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daniyari |first=Atindra |title=Hungry scavenger! Santadasji Kathia Baba ordered the cooking to start again |work=Eisamaygold.com |url=https://eisamaygold.timesgroup.com/spirituality/santadas-established-his-own-ashram-and-served-the-downtrodden-people-of-society/1663677954614}}</ref> He used to attend a harishava and kirtan and during the kirtan he would be very emotional and if he touched him his father would also get excited. The Sadhana Shakti of Santdasji acquired by the Yogi community. But he did not reveal the matter of Sadhana to anyone. He used to do Sadhana-Bhajan at night. At this time, after many factions, Santadasji Maharaj rose to the Hindu society by atoning for the system of scholars with a sense of duty and father's instructions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daniyari |first=Atindra |title="An angry elephant calmed down with Santadasji Kathia Baba's yoga." |work=Eisamay Gold in Bengali |url=https://eisamaygold.com/spirituality/story-of-santadas-and-tarakishore-chowdhury/1663677945704 |archive-date=}}</ref>

==Last life==
In 1935 he traveled to Sadham. Vrindavan Kathia Baba Ka Sthana Ashram, India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Batching |first=Debasis |title=Sermon Supreme (Shrimad Bhagavad Gita Santadasji Kathia Baba Vrajavidehi) |publisher=Sri Brindavan Behari Das, Kolkata |year=2018 |isbn=9789383883134 |location=India |pages=308 (1 B/W ILLUSTRATIONS) |language=Sanskrit Text With English TR}}</ref><ref>Sant Vani (An Illuminating Life Sketch and The Soul-Stirring Messages of Santadasji Kathia Baba Maharaj)</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion|Biography|Philosophy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kathiababa, Nimbarka Sampradaya}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]

HPCL Jagiroad

2023-09-08T05:12:42Z

Manish1234: Drafted a new article layout.

{{orphan}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = H.P.C.L Township Kagaznagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = H.P. C.L/Nagaon Paper Mill Township, Jagiroad
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Industrial Township
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|07|24|N|92|13|23|E|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Government of India]]
| named_for = Nagaon Paper Mill, A unit of Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AS-21
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited Township, Jagiroad''' is an industrial township in Jagiroad under Morigaon district, state of Assam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2022/12/20/assam-cabinet-oks-township-on-morigaon-land-of-hpcl-paper-mill/|title=Assam cabinet OKs township on Morigaon land of HPCL paper mill |last= |first= |website= |publisher=East Mojo|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/with-jagiroad-paper-mill-declared-bankrupt-hopes-of-employees-squashed/|title=With Jagiroad Paper Mill declared bankrupt, hopes of employees squashed|last= |first= |website= |publisher=Sentinel Assam|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-govt-takes-over-two-hpcl-paper-mills/articleshow/90508017.cms|title=Assam govt takes over two HPCL paper mills |last= |first= |website= |publisher=Times of India|access-date=|quote=}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Jagiroad is a part of the Jagiroad (MLA) Constituency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/assam-elections-2021-bjps-pijush-hazarika-wins-jagiroad-constituency-seat-once-again|title=Assam Elections 2021: BJP's Pijush Hazarika Wins Jagiroad Constituency Seat Once Again|last= |first= |website= |publisher=Guwahati Plus|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> and the Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/know-your-lok-sabha-constituency-nowgong|title=Know your Lok Sabha constituency: Nowgong|last= |first= |website= |publisher=Pratidin Time|access-date=|quote=}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
The main mode of transportation to the mill is by road. There are several bus services that ply between Guwahati, the state capital, and Jagiroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://astc.assam.gov.in/portlets/for-bus-timetable-information-follow-this-link|title= For Bus & Timetable Information-Follow This Link|last= |first= |website= astc.assam.gov.in|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> The journey takes about two hours. There are also a few trains that pass through Jagiroad.

==Reference==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Morigaon district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Andhra cricket team

2023-08-26T04:26:38Z

Manish1234: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Andhra cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Hanuma Vihari]] (FC) [[K. S. Bharat]] (List A & T20)
| coach =
| founded = 1953
| ground = [[ACA-VDCA International Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| capacity = 27,500
| owner = [[Andhra Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]
| first_fc_year = 1953
| first_fc_venue = [[Central College Ground, Bangalore]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Irani Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| title4 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title4wins = 0
| website = [https://andhracricket.org/ www.andhracricket.com]
| current =
}}

The '''Andhra cricket team''' is an Indian domestic cricket team representing the [[South India|South Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The team's main home ground is [[ACA-VDCA International Cricket Stadium]] at [[Visakhapatnam]], while some home matches are also played at [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]] and [[Kadapa]].<ref name="pundit">{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh cricket team|url=http://www.sportspundit.com/cricket/teams/1712-andhra-pradesh-cricket-team|publisher=Sports Pundit|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> [[C. K. Nayudu]] was the first captain of the team.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCocAAAAIAAJ&q=ck+Andhra |title=Wickets in the East: An Anecdotal History |date=1992 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-562809-8 |pages=155 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=A. Prasanna Kumar |date=October 2010 |title=International Cricket at Vizag |url=http://aprasannakumar.org/pdf%20files/Cricket_at%20Vizag.pdf |access-date=25 April 2023 |page=9, 16}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The roots of organisation can be traced to the formation of the Guntur Recreation Club in 1951 which was affiliated to the [[Madras Cricket Association]]. The [[Andhra Cricket Association]] was eventually formed in 1953.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of ACA |url=https://andhracricket.org/history-ACA.php |website=Andhra Cricket |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About ACA |url=http://www.andhracricket.com/aboutus# |website=Andhra Cricket |access-date=28 February 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[C. K. Nayudu]] was instrumental in the formation of ACA and was its founder president.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-16 |title=The land of Vizzy & C K Nayudu finally to host a test match |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/the-land-of-vizzy-c-k-nayudu-finally-to-host-a-test-match/articleshow/55444069.cms |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0971-8257 |quote=“It was February 1953 when Col CK Nayudu, the first captain of the Indian team, became the founder president of ACA,” local cricketologist Prof Prasanna Kumar told TOI. “He was 58-years-old when he led Andhra in their first Ranji match against Mysuru and coming to bat in the middle, smote a huge six off pacer Kasturirangan,” Prof Kumar reminisced.“Col Nayudu and his brother CS Nayudu played in Guntur and taught the boys discipline, from how to don the flannels to doing their laces; they instilled the quintessence of cricket in Andhra boys,” he added.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of ACA |url=https://andhracricket.org/history-ACA.php |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=[[Andhra Cricket Association]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Andhra competed in the [[Ranji Trophy]] for the first time in the 1953–54 season, [[Captain (cricket)|captained]] by Nayudu, who scored the team's first fifty in that match.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mysore v Andhra 1953-54 |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1953-54/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/MYSORE_AP_RJI_28-30NOV1953.html |website=Cricinfo |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> Andhra has competed in every Ranji Trophy season since, with the exception of 1961–62, when it was absent.<ref>{{cite web |title=First-Class Matches played by Andhra |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/12/First-Class_Matches.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> It falls under the South Zone of Indian cricket.

After the 2019–20 season Andhra had played 326 [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches, with 50 wins, 132 losses and 144 draws.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra's first-class playing record |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/Firstclass/Andhra/Team_Records/Playing_Record.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> In [[List A cricket]], Andhra had played 148 matches, with 49 wins, 97 losses and two no-results.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra's List A playing record |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/ListA/Andhra/Team_Records/Playing_Record.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>

Andhra has never featured in a [[Ranji Trophy]] final and has therefore never had a chance to participate in the [[Irani Trophy]]. In the 2007/08 season Andhra, captained by [[M. S. K. Prasad]], achieved two wins out of six in the Elite Group of the Ranji Trophy, missing out of the semi-finals.<ref name="pundit" /> In February 2018, they reached the semi-finals of the [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], the first time the team had got to that stage of the Vijay Hazare Trophy.<ref name="AndSemi">{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/siva-charts-andhras-maiden-semifinal-foray/292878 |title=Siva charts Andhra's maiden semifinal foray |access-date=22 February 2018 |work=Wisden India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223050541/https://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/siva-charts-andhras-maiden-semifinal-foray/292878 |archive-date=23 February 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2019-20 Andhra reached the Ranji Trophy quarter-finals, losing to [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]], who went on to win the trophy.<ref>{{cite web |title=4th quarter final, Ongole, Feb 20 - 24 2020, Ranji Trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2019-20-1196777/saurashtra-vs-andhra-4th-quarter-final-1203610/full-scorecard |website=Cricinfo |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>

== Notable players ==
{{Main|List of Andhra cricketers}}
Players from Andhra Pradesh who have played Test cricket for India, along with year of Test debut:
* [[M. S. K. Prasad]] (1999)
* [[Hanuma Vihari]] (2018)
* [[K. S. Bharat]] (2023)

Players from Andhra Pradesh who have played ODI but not Test cricket for India, along with year of ODI debut :
* [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Y. Venugopal Rao]] (2005)

== Current squad ==
Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! text-align:center;"| Name
! text-align:center;"| Birth date
! text-align:center;"| Batting style
! text-align:center;"| Bowling style
! text-align:center;"| Notes
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Batsmen
|-
| [[Abhishek Reddy]] || {{Birth date and age|1994|9|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| '''[[Hanuma Vihari]]''' || {{Birth date and age|1993|10|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || '''First-class Captain'''
|-
| [[Karan Shinde]] || {{Birth date and age|1997|9|19|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| [[Ashwin Hebbar]] || {{Birth date and age|1995|11|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|slow-medium]] ||
|-
| [[CR Gnaneshwar]] || {{Birth date and age|1997|10|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | All-Rounders
|-
| [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] || {{Birth date and age|2003|5|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Plays for '''[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Shaik Rasheed]] || {{Birth date and age|2004|9|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || Plays for '''[[Chennai Super Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Girinath Reddy]] || {{Birth date and age|1998|10|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Ricky Bhui]] || {{Birth date and age|1996|09|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| '''[[K. S. Bharat]]''' || {{Birth date and age|1993|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||'''List A and Twenty20 Captain''' Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Spin Bowlers
|-
| [[Shoaib Md Khan]] || {{Birth date and age|1991|9|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Lalith Mohan]] || {{Birth date and age|1990|3|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Manish Golamaru]] || {{Birth date and age|1996|9|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Siraparapu Ashish]] || {{Birth date and age|1998|11|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Pace Bowlers
|-
| [[KV Sasikanth]] || {{Birth date and age|1995|7|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Bandaru Ayyappa]] || {{Birth date and age|1992|10|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Harishankar Reddy]] || {{Birth date and age|1998|6|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Madhav Rayudu || {{Birth date and age|1996|11|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 31 January 2023''

==Coaching staff==
* Director Of Cricket Operations- [[Venugopal Rao (cricketer)|Venugopal Rao]]
* Head coach - [[Charles Thomson (cricketer)|Charles Thomson]]
* Assistant coach - Hemal Watekar
* Assistant coach - Venkata Appa Rao
* Fielding Coach - [[Subhadeep Ghosh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.andhracricket.com Andhra Cricket Association] website
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/12/12.html Andhra] at CricketArchive

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andhra Pradesh cricket team}}
[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1953]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

Valiyazheekkal Bridge

2023-07-15T18:50:56Z

Manish1234:

{{Short description|Bridge in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox bridge
| bridge_name = Valiyazheekkal Bridge
| native_name = വലിയഴീക്കൽ പാലം
| native_name_lang = ml
| image =Azheekkal Bridge view from Harbor 2022 June.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =A view of Valiyazheekkal Bridge from the harbor
| official_name =
| other_name =
| carries = [[Thiruvananthapuram–Kasaragod Coastal Highway|Coastal Highway]] (''in future'')
| crosses =
| locale = [[Azhikode and Azhikkal|Azhikode]]
| owner =
| maint =
| id =
| website =
| architect =
| designer = P. K. Aravindan
| engineering =
| design =
| material = concrete steel bar
| length = 1200 meter
| width = 13.2 meter
| height = 36 meter
| mainspan =
| spans = 29
| pierswater =
| load =
| clearance =
| below =
| life =
| builder = Uralungal Labor Contract Society
| fabricator =
| begin = 2016
| complete =
| cost = ₹146.5 crores
| open =
| inaugurated = 11 March 2022
| toll =
| traffic =
| preceded =
| followed =
| heritage =
| collapsed =
| closed =
| replaces =
| map_cue =
| map_image =
| map_alt =
| map_text =
| map_width =
| coordinates =
| references =
| extra =
}}

The '''Valiyazheekkal Bridge''' or the '''Valiyazheekkal-Azhikode Bridge''' is a bridge connecting between Valiyazheekkal, a coastal area of [[Aratupuzha]] village in [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] district and [[Azhikode and Azhikkal|Azhikal]] in [[Alappad]] village of [[Kollam district|Kollam]] district in [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Valiazheekal bridge inaugurated |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/valiazheekal-bridge-inaugurated/article65211478.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Built across the mouth of the [[Arabian Sea]], it is the longest tension steel bar concrete [[Tied-arch bridge|bowstring bridge]] in Asia. It is also the second longest bowstring bridge in Asia, after [[Chaotianmen Bridge]] in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South India’s longest bowstring bridge at Valiyazheekkal, to shorten Alappuzha-Kollam distance - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/mar/10/south-indias-longest-bowstring-bridge-at-valiyazheekkal-to-shorten-alappuzha-kollam-distance-2428298.amp |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Overview==
Valiyazheekkal Bridge is the largest concrete arch span bridge in [[South India]] in terms of single span length. Out of a total of 29 spans, the middle three spans over the estuary are 110 meters each. This position was previously held by the 97.552 meter long [[Godavari Bridge|Godavari bridge]]. Although larger bowstring spans have been built in China, they are all made of steel or concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) and span the river. Considering that it is constructed of tension steel bar concrete and is located in the sea (estuary), Valiyazheekal bridge has been touted as first of its kind. The spans are 12 meters high to accommodate large boats. Due to the fact that many boats, including large ones, have to come and go to the fishing harbors in the lake at the same time, the bridge is built at such a height on the pillars at such a distance. The height of the upper portion is 15 meters from the water including the thickness of the slab. The arch are at a height of 21 m. The total height of the bridge is 36 meters. The spans are attached to the tension rods of the ''McAlloy Company'' in England. The bridge has been given International orange and cream color, which is the color of the famous [[Golden Gate Bridge]] in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=jithi.raj |title=ഏഷ്യയിലെ നമ്പർ വൺ ടെൻഷൻ സ്റ്റീൽ ബാർ കോൺക്രീറ്റ് ബോ സ്ട്രിങ് പാലം വലിയഴീക്കലിൽ, ഇന്ന് മുതൽ ജനങ്ങളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/asia-s-longest-bowstring-bridge-at-valiyazheekkal-r8iein |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

P. K. Aravindan, a renowned [[IIT Madras]] professor in the field of design, is the designer of the bridge. This bridge was his last design after he died. Its construction was started in 2016 and built by Uralungal Labor Contract Society. It was inaugurated on 11 March 2022. The total estimated cost of the project is 146.5 crores. After the construction of Valiyazheekkal Bridge, the distance between Valiyazheekkal and Aratupuzha was reduced by 28 km. The bridge is also a part of the proposed [[Thiruvananthapuram–Kasaragod Coastal Highway|Coastal Highway]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 97 lakh allotted for Valiyazheekal bridge linking Alappuzha, Kollam districts |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/12/02/valiyaxheekal-bridge-alappuzha-kollam-97-lakh.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

The bridge is parallel to the sea and the Kayamkulam backwater. A walkway of 2.2 meters each is provided on the three spans in the middle of the bridge and on both sides to get a view from the bridge. The total width of the bridge, including the crash barrier and hand rails between the footpath and the road, is 13.2 meters. The rest of the pavement is 1.6 meters. The total length of the bridge including the approach road is 1.6 km.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=കടലിലേക്ക് മുഖം നോക്കി വലിയഴീക്കല്‍ പാലം; സഞ്ചാരികൾക്ക് കൗതുകം പകർന്ന് വിളക്കുമാടവും |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2022/02/08/valiyazheekkal-bridge-ready-to-inagurate-tourism-expectation.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Manoramanews |language=en}}</ref>

With sea on one side, in consideration of the possibility of the port coming in the future, the approval of the port department was obtained following the rule of 100 meters distance between two pillars and 12 meters height from the water level. [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]] and [[Cyclone Ockhi|Ockhi cyclone]] have created challenges, but construction work did not come to a standstill. During the floods of [[2018 Kerala floods|2018]] and [[2019 Kerala floods|2019]], the work was continued by finding temporary systems. The construction was completed after overcoming both sea storms and labor disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=സ്വപ്‌നംതെളിഞ്ഞു; ഇരുകര മിന്നും; വലിയഴീക്കൽ പാലം മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി ഇന്ന്‌ നാടിനു സമർപ്പിക്കും |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/valiyazheekkal-bridge/1006412 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kollam]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]

Khaleej Times

2023-05-01T10:49:22Z

Manish1234: Shared an engaging piece.

{{short description|Daily English language newspaper in Dubai, UAE}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Khaleej Times
| logo = Khaleej Times (2019-07-28).svg
| image = Khaleej Times 40 Years.jpg
| caption = Front page of 16 April 2018
| type = [[Newspaper#Daily|Daily]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Suhail Galadari]] {{small|([[Chairperson|Co-Chairman]])}}<ref name=tws2NovG111>{{cite news|title= Shining through|newspaper= Khaleej Times Magazine|quote= ...welcomed warmly by Suhail Abdul Latif Galadari, Director of Galadari Brothers...|url= https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20121019/ARTICLE/310199847/1072|access-date= 20 January 2021|archive-date= 29 June 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210629212520/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20121019/ARTICLE/310199847/1072|url-status= dead}}</ref>|Mohammed Galadari {{small|([[Chairperson|Co-Chairman]])}}}}
| editor = Vaman Vassudev Kamat
| publisher = [[Galadari Printing and Publishing]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1978|04|16|df=yes}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| ceased publication =
| headquarters =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc = 60637427
| website = [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/ KhaleejTimes.com]
}}

'''''Khaleej Times''''' is a daily [[English language]] newspaper published in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general//khaleej-times-celebrating-forty-years-of-togetherness|title=KT@40: Celebrating four decades of togetherness|last=Kapur|first=Vicky|website=khaleejtimes.com|access-date=2018-07-01}}</ref><ref name=lisarei>{{cite journal|last=Reinisch|first=Lisa|title=Environmental Journalism in the UAE|journal=Arab Media & Society|url=http://www.arabmediasociety.com/articles/downloads/20100803112923_Reinisch_pdf.pdf|access-date=16 April 2013|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010123538/http://www.arabmediasociety.com/articles/downloads/20100803112923_Reinisch_pdf.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=vine>{{cite book|author1=Ibrahim Al Abed |author2=Peter Hellyer |author3=Peter Vine |title=United Arab Emirates Yearboook 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXv2awRvNMUC&pg=PT264|access-date=27 September 2013|year=2006|publisher=Trident Press Ltd|isbn=978-1-905486-05-2|page=264}}</ref> Launched on 16 April 1978, ''Khaleej Times'' is the UAE's longest-running English [[daily newspaper]].<ref name="pey">{{cite journal|author=Pejman|first=Peyman|title=English newspapers in the United Arab Emirates: Navigating the crowded market|url=http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=705|url-status=dead|journal=Arab Media and Society|issue=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315000235/http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=705|archive-date=15 March 2009}}</ref>

==History and profile==
A partnership between the UAE government, the [[Galadari Printing and Publishing|Galadari Brothers]] and the [[Dawn Media Group]] in [[Pakistan]] began publishing the daily on 16 April 1978, making it the first English daily in the UAE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mass Media in the Middle East:A Comprehensive Handbook|year=1994|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|page=299|url=https://www.questia.com/read/23321662/mass-media-in-the-middle-east-a-comprehensive-handbook|author=Anantha S. Babbili|author2=Sarwat Hussain|editor=Yahya R. Kamalipour|editor2=Hamid Mowlana|chapter=United Arab Emirates|archive-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026203809/https://www.questia.com/read/23321662/mass-media-in-the-middle-east-a-comprehensive-handbook|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=oxf>{{cite book|title=The Report: Dubai 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJbTzZEpl84C&pg=PA211|access-date=10 September 2014|year=2007|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=978-1-902339-77-1|page=211}}</ref> The founding team consisted of [[Mahmoud Haroon]], Muzammil Ahmed, M.J. Zahedi, Malcolm Payne (the first editor-in-chief) and Iqbal Noorie (in charge of circulation). They were soon joined by Patrick Heyland who was in charge of advertising and promotion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/editorials-columns/a-newspaper-is-like-many-other-businesses-but-is-very-different-in-a-number-of-ways|title=A newspaper is like many other businesses but is very different in a number of ways|last=Payne|first=Malcolm|website=Khaleej Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226024026/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/editorials-columns/a-newspaper-is-like-many-other-businesses-but-is-very-different-in-a-number-of-ways|archive-date=26 December 2019|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>

The editorial staff of the paper includes multiple nationalities, mostly from the Indian subcontinent ([[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]]), but also [[Emiratis]], Arabs from the wider region (notably Egyptians, Syrians and Jordanians), Lebanese, Mexicans, British, Americans and Filipinos.<ref name=pey/> The broadsheet comprises the general news section, ''City Times'' (lifestyle and entertainment), a business section, a sports section, the ''WKND'' magazine, and a classifieds section (Buzzon). The newspaper also consists of special reports and supplements which allow for community advertisements and other services. Its main competitors are ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]'',<ref name="circ">{{cite news|last =Hope|first=Bradley|title=The 30-year-old Khaleej Times is on a recruiting drive|work=The National|location=Abu Dhabi|url=http://www.thenational.ae/business/media/the-30-year-old-khaleej-times-is-on-a-recruiting-drive|access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> ''[[Gulf News]]'' and, formerly, ''[[7days]]'', which closed in December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfbusiness.com/uae-newspaper-7days-closes/|title=UAE newspaper 7Days closes down| magazine=[[Gulf Business]] |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref>

In September 2020, ''Khaleej Times'' introduced a free news subscription service on [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]], sending regular news updates every day to its subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dubai/how-to-sign-up-for-khaleej-times-alerts-on-telegram|title=How to sign up for Khaleej Times alerts on Telegram|website=Khaleej Times|language=en|access-date=2020-09-13}}</ref> On June 1, 2023, Khaleej Times, in an editorial published on its front page, announced that it will stop its print edition on weekends starting from June 3, 2023. The newspaper also informed its partners and advertisers about the change citing its digital-first strategy, commitment to sustainability and adoption to evolving media industry trends. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Awan |first=Tanvir |title=Khaleej Times stops printing on weekends - Dubai News Week |url=https://dubainewsweek.com/khaleej-times-stops-printing-on-weekends/ |url-status=live |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=dubainewsweek.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Additional publications==
{{Unreferenced section}}
''Young Times'' is aimed at children and is a popular magazine among 9 to 14 year olds.

''Buzzon carries'' local advertisements about cars, real estate, recruitment, educational services and matrimonial announcements.

''WKND'', a feature product, is published on Fridays. It discusses a range of topics that are of interest to men, women and children. Stories are balanced between topics and themes of local interest and international relevance.

KhaleejTimes.com is the global face of the newspaper on the internet. The online version offers additional stories and exclusives not found in the print version.

''Khaleej Times'' also publishes special supplements, including on the national days of countries including the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.khaleejtimes.com/}}
* {{Newseum front page|UAE_KT}}
* {{Telegram | name= Khaleej Times }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khaleej Times}}
[[Category:1978 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1978]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Arab mass media]]
[[Category:Dawn Media Group]]

Bribery

2023-03-16T03:16:23Z

Manish1234: Wrote an in-depth manuscript.

{{short description|Corrupt solicitation, acceptance, or transfer of value in exchange for official action}}
{{Political corruption sidebar}}
[[File:10 - hands shaking with euro bank notes inside handshake - royalty free, without copyright, public domain photo image 01.JPG|thumb|Giving money illegally or unethically to influence a person's behavior is a form of bribery.]]
'''Bribery''' is the [[Offer and acceptance|offering]], [[Gift|giving]], [[Offer and acceptance|receiving]], or [[Solicitation|soliciting]] of any item of value to influence the actions of an official, or other person, in charge of a public or [[legal]] [[duty]].<ref>{{Citation | title = What is bribery? | date = 4 November 2011 | publisher = Black's Law Dictionary | url = http://thelawdictionary.org/bribery/ | access-date = September 30, 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151001204535/http://thelawdictionary.org/bribery/ | archive-date = October 1, 2015 }}</ref> With regard to governmental operations, essentially, bribery is "Corrupt solicitation, acceptance, or transfer of value in exchange for official action."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/bribery|title=Bribery|author=LII Staff|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|access-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103132/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/bribery|archive-date=8 March 2018}}</ref>
Gifts of money or other items of value which are otherwise available to everyone on an equivalent basis, and not for dishonest purposes, is not bribery. Offering a discount or a refund to all purchasers is a legal [[rebate (marketing)|rebate]] and is not bribery. For example, it is legal for an employee of a Public Utilities Commission involved in electric rate regulation to accept a rebate on electric service that reduces their cost for electricity, when the rebate is available to other residential electric customers. However, giving a discount specifically to that employee to influence them to look favorably on the electric utility's rate increase applications would be considered bribery.

A bribe is an illegal or unethical gift or lobbying effort bestowed to influence the recipient's conduct. It may be [[money]], [[Good (economics)|goods]], [[Chose (English law)|rights in action]], [[property]], [[Promotion (rank)|preferment]], [[Privilege (legal ethics)|privilege]], [[Remuneration|emolument]], objects of value, advantage, or merely a promise to induce or influence the action, vote, or influence of a person in an official or public capacity.<ref>See generally T. Markus Funk, [http://www.perkinscoie.com/Dont-Pay-for-the-Misdeeds-of-Others-Avoiding-Foreign-Third-Party-FCPA-Liability-01-05-2011 "Don't Pay for the Misdeeds of Others: Intro to Avoiding Third-Party FCPA Liability," 6 BNA White Collar Crime Report 33 (January 13, 2011)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316152342/http://www.perkinscoie.com/dont-pay-for-the-misdeeds-of-others-avoiding-foreign-third-party-fcpa-liability-01-05-2011/ }} (discussing bribery in the context of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act).</ref>

The United Nations [[Sustainable Development Goal 16]] has a target to substantially reduce corruption and bribery of all forms as part of international effort aimed at ensuring peace, justice and strong institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doss|first=Eric|title=Sustainable Development Goal 16|url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/sdg-16/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=United Nations and the Rule of Law|language=en-US}}</ref>

Society often goes through changes that bring long-lasting positive or negative complications. Similar has been the case with bribery, which brought negative changes to societal norms as well as to trade. The researchers found that when bribery becomes part of social norms, then one approach is not enough to tackle bribery due to the existence of different societies in different countries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Tiki |first1=Samson |last2=Luke |first2=Belinda |last3=Mack |first3=Janet |title=Perceptions of bribery in Papua New Guinea's public sector: Agency and structural influences |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pad.1913 |journal=Public Administration and Development |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=217–227 |doi=10.1002/pad.1913 |s2cid=236221436 |issn=0271-2075}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rimskii |first=Vladimir |title=Bribery as a Norm for Citizens Settling Problems in Government and Budget-Funded Organizations |url=https://doi.org/10.2753/RUP1061-1940510401 |journal=Russian Politics & Law |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=8–24 |doi=10.2753/RUP1061-1940510401 |s2cid=197656271 |issn=1061-1940}}</ref> If severe punishment works in one country, it doesn't necessarily mean that severe punishment would work in another country to prevent bribery.<ref name=":1" /> Also, the research found that bribery plays a significant role in public private firms around the world.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Seung-Hyun |last2=Weng |first2=David H. |title=Does bribery in the home country promote or dampen firm exports?: Does Bribery Promote or Dampen Firm Exports? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.2075 |journal=Strategic Management Journal |language=en |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=1472–1487 |doi=10.1002/smj.2075}}</ref>

== Forms ==
[[File:WilliamJeffersonFreezerPiecrusts 20-45C.jpg|thumb|Photo of cash found in Congressman [[William J. Jefferson]]'s freezer in the August 2005 raid was shown to jurors on 8 July 2009]]
Many types of payments or favors may be fairly or unfairly labeled as bribes: [[gratuity|tip]], [[gift]], [[sop]], [[Employee benefit|perk]], [[Price skimming|skim]], favor, [[discounts and allowances|discount]], [[waived]] fee/ticket, free food, free ad, free trip, free tickets, [[sweetheart deal]], [[Kickback (bribery)|kickback/payback]], [[funding]], inflated sale of an object or property, lucrative contract, [[donation]], [[campaign contribution]], [[fundraiser]], [[sponsorship]]/backing, higher paying job, [[stock options]], [[secret commission]], or [[promotion (rank)|promotion]] (rise of position/rank).

One must be careful of differing social and cultural norms when examining bribery. Expectations of when a monetary transaction is appropriate can differ from place to place. Political [[campaign contributions]] in the form of cash, for example, are considered criminal acts of bribery in some countries, while in the United States, provided they adhere to election law, are legal. [[Tip (gratuity)|Tipping]], for example, is considered bribery in some societies, while in others the two concepts may not be interchangeable.

In some Spanish-speaking countries, bribes are referred to as "mordida" (literally, "bite"). In Arab countries, bribes may be called [[baksheesh]] (a tip, gift, or gratuity) or "shay" (literally, "tea"). French-speaking countries often use the expressions "dessous-de-table" ("under-the-table" commissions), "pot-de-vin" (literally, "wine-pot"), or "commission occulte" ("secret commission" or "kickback"). While the last two expressions contain inherently a negative connotation, the expression "dessous-de-table" can be often understood as a commonly accepted business practice. In German, the common term is ''Schmiergeld'' ("smoothing money").

The offence may be divided into two great classes: the one, where a person invested with power is induced by payment to use it unjustly; the other, where power is obtained by purchasing the suffrages of those who can impart it. Likewise, the briber might hold a powerful role and control the transaction; or in other cases, a bribe may be effectively extracted from the person paying it, although this is better known as [[extortion]].

The forms that bribery take are numerous. For example, a motorist might bribe a [[police|police officer]] not to issue a ticket for speeding, a citizen seeking paperwork or utility line connections might bribe a functionary for faster service.

Bribery may also take the form of a [[secret commission]], a profit made by an agent, in the course of his employment, without the knowledge of his principal. Euphemisms abound for this (commission, sweetener, kick-back etc.) Bribers and recipients of bribery are likewise numerous although bribers have one common denominator and that is the financial ability to bribe.

Overall, bribery is thought to be around one trillion dollars worldwide according to BBC news UK.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6288400.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Business – African corruption 'on the wane'|work=bbc.co.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422141310/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6288400.stm|archive-date=2009-04-22}}</ref>

As indicated on the pages devoted to [[political corruption]], efforts have been made in recent{{when}} years by the international community to encourage countries to dissociate and incriminate as separate offences, active and passive bribery. From a legal point of view, active bribery can be defined for instance as ''the promising, offering or giving by any person, directly or indirectly, of any undue advantage [to any public official], for himself or herself or for anyone else, for him or her to act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her functions.'' (article 2 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the [[Council of Europe]]). Passive bribery can be defined as ''the request or receipt [by any public official], directly or indirectly, of any undue advantage, for himself or herself or for anyone else, or the acceptance of an offer or a promise of such an advantage, to act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her functions'' (article 3 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173)).

The reason for this dissociation is to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal policy point of view) that bribery is not acceptable. Besides, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. Besides, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favourable decision.

When examining the fact of bribe taking, we primarily need to understand that any action is affected by various elements; in addition, all these elements are interrelated. For instance, it would be wrong to indicate that the bribe-taker's motive is greediness as such, without examining causes of appearance of greediness in the personality of the particular bribe-taker. Largely, it is possible to confine oneself to the motive of greediness only in case if a bribe-taker tries to satisfy the primary (physical) needs. Yet, if money serves to satisfy secondary – psychological – needs, we should search for deeper motives of bribe taking.<ref>[https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2018/01/shsconf_shw2018_01006.pdf Krivins, A. (2018). "The motivational peculiarities of bribe-takers". SHS Web Conf. Volume 40, 2018 - 6th International Interdisciplinary Scientific Conference SOCIETY. HEALTH. WELFARE]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1051/shsconf/20184001006|title = The motivational peculiarities of bribe-takers|year = 2018|last1 = Krivins|first1 = A.|journal = SHS Web of Conferences|volume = 40|page = 01006|doi-access = free}}</ref>

==Government==
[[File:Article II, Section 4, United States Constitution v. SCOTUS Police, Outside the Third Guantanamo Hearing (Washington, DC).jpg|thumb|Article II, Section 4 of the [[United States Constitution]]]]

A grey area may exist when payments to smooth transactions are made. United States law is particularly strict in limiting the ability of businesses to pay for the awarding of contracts by foreign governments; however, the [[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]] contains an exception for "grease payments"; very basically, this allows payments to officials in order to obtain the performance of ministerial acts which they are legally required to do, but may delay in the absence of such payment. In some countries, this practice is the norm, often resulting from a developing nation not having the tax structure to pay civil servants an adequate salary. Nevertheless, most economists regard bribery as a bad thing because it encourages [[rent seeking]] behaviour. A state where bribery has become a way of life is a [[kleptocracy]].

Recent{{when}} evidence suggests that the act of bribery can have political consequences- with citizens being asked for bribes becoming less likely to identify with their country, region and/or tribal unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|last1=Hamilton|first1=A.|last2=Hudson|first2=J.|year=2014|title=Bribery and Identity: Evidence from Sudan|publisher=Bath Economic Research Papers, No 21/14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003707/http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|archive-date=2014-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hamilton|first1=A.|last2=Hudson|first2=J.|year=2014|title=The Tribes that Bind: Attitudes to the Tribe and Tribal Leader in the Sudan|publisher=Bath Economic Research Papers 31/14|url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/31-14.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206005357/http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/31-14.pdf|archive-date=2015-02-06}}</ref>

===Tax treatment===
The tax status of bribes is an issue for governments since the bribery of government officials impedes the democratic process and may interfere with good government. In some countries, such bribes are considered tax-deductible payments. However, in 1996, in an effort to discourage bribery, the [[OECD|OECD Council]] recommended that member countries cease to allow the tax-deductibility of bribes to foreign officials. This was followed by the signing of the [[OECD Anti-Bribery Convention|Anti-Bribery Convention]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/oecdantibriberyconvention.htm |title=OECD Anti Bribery Convention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905072104/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/oecdantibriberyconvention.htm |archive-date=2015-09-05 }}</ref> Since that time, the majority of the OECD countries which are signatories of the convention have revised their tax policies according to this recommendation and some have extended the measures to bribes paid to any official, sending the message that bribery will no longer be tolerated in the operations of the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/ethics/ |title=OECD Anti-corruption and integrity in the public sector |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063422/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/ethics/ |archive-date=2018-03-05 }}</ref>

As any monetary benefit received from an illegal activity such as bribery is generally considered part of one's taxable income, however, as it is criminal, some governments may refuse to accept it as income as it may mean they are a party to the activity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinoymoneytalk.com/income-from-hyip-autosurf-scams-are-taxable/|title=Income from scams and bribes are also taxable|last=PinoyMoneyTalk|website=pinoymoneytalk.com|access-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202759/https://www.pinoymoneytalk.com/income-from-hyip-autosurf-scams-are-taxable/|archive-date=14 February 2018}}</ref>

== Bribery in different countries ==
The research conducted in Papua New Guinea reflects cultural norms as the key reason for corruption. Bribery is a pervasive way of carrying out public services in PNG.<ref name=":0" /> Papuans don't consider bribery as an illegal act, they considered bribery as a way of earning "quick money and sustain living".<ref name=":0" /> Moreover, the key findings reflect that when corruption becomes a cultural norm, illegal acts such as bribery are not viewed as bad, and the clear boundaries that once distinguished between legal and illegal acts, and decisions are minimized on opinion, rather than on a code of conduct.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Yujin |last2=Weiner |first2=Robert J. |title=Who bribes? Evidence from the United Nations' oil-for-food program |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.1986 |journal=Strategic Management Journal |language=en |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=1363–1383 |doi=10.1002/smj.1986|s2cid=54034648 }}</ref>

The research conducted in Russia reflects that "bribery is a marginal social phenomenon" in the view of professional jurists and state employees.<ref name=":1" /> The Russian law recognizes bribery as an official crime.<ref name=":1" /> Consequently, legal platforms such as public courts are the only place where anti-bribery steps are taken in the country.<ref name=":1" /> However, in reality, bribery cannot be addressed only by the "law-enforcement agencies and the courts".<ref name=":1" /> Bribery needs to be addressed by informal social norms that set cultural values for the society. Also, the research suggests that the severity of punishment for bribery does very little to prevent people from accepting bribes in Russia.<ref name=":1" /> Moreover, the research also revealed that a large number of Russians, approximately 70% to 77% have never given a bribe.<ref name=":1" /> Nevertheless, if a need arises to pay a bribe for a problem, the research found that an overwhelming majority of Russians knew both what the sum of the bribe should be and how to deliver the bribe.<ref name=":1" /> The Russian bribe problem reflects that unless there is an active change in all parts of society among both young and old, bribery will remain a major problem in Russian society, even when government officials label it as "marginal social phenomenon".<ref name=":1" />

For comparison amongst countries, [[Transparency International]] used to publish the [[Bribe Payers Index]], but stopped in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bribe Payers Index 2011 – Publications |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/publications/bribe-payers-index-2011 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pentland |first=William |title=World's Most Bribery-Prone Businesses |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2012/05/06/worlds-most-bribable-businesses/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Spokesperson Shubham Kaushik said the organisation "decided to discontinue the survey due to funding issues and to focus on issues that are more in line with our advocacy goals".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Wall Street Journal report about corruption in Malaysia recirculates online |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.32EG28Z |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Fact Check |language=en}}</ref>

== Trade ==
According to researchers, bribery has a major impact on a country's trade system. The key findings suggest two possible outcomes when bribery becomes part of country's export system.<ref name=":2" /> First, when firms and government officials are involved in bribery in the home country, the home country's export increases because incentives are gained through bribery.<ref name=":2" /> Second, the home country's import decreases, because domestic firms lose interest in foreign markets, and minimize their import from other countries.<ref name=":2" /> Also, in another study, it was found that firms are willing to risk paying higher bribes if the returns are high, even if it involves "risk and consequences of detection and punishment".<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, other findings show that, in comparison to public firms, private firms pay most bribes abroad.<ref name=":3" />

==Medicine==
[[Pharmaceutical corporation]]s may seek to entice [[physician|doctors]] to favor prescribing their [[medication|drugs]] over others of comparable effectiveness. If the medicine is prescribed heavily, they may seek to reward the individual through gifts.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/business/21572784-new-efforts-reveal-ties-between-doctors-and-drug-firms-let-sunshine "Let the Sunshine in." The Economist Newspaper.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022054644/https://www.economist.com/news/business/21572784-new-efforts-reveal-ties-between-doctors-and-drug-firms-let-sunshine }} Ecomomist.com (from Print Edition). 02 Mar. 2013. Retrieved 02 Dec. 2014.</ref> The [[American Medical Association]] has published ethical guidelines for gifts from industry which include the tenet that physicians should not accept gifts if they are given in relation to the physician's prescribing practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/content/ama-house-delegates|title=About the House of Delegates|work=ama-assn.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200452/https://www.ama-assn.org/content/ama-house-delegates|archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref> Doubtful cases include grants for traveling to medical [[Convention (meeting)|conventions]] that double as tourist trips.

Dentists often receive samples of home dental care products such as toothpaste, which are of negligible value; somewhat ironically, dentists in a television commercial will often state that they get these samples but pay to use the sponsor's product.

In countries offering state-subsidized or nationally funded healthcare where medical professionals are underpaid, [[patient]]s may use bribery to solicit the standard expected level of medical care. For example, in many formerly Communist countries from what used to be the [[Eastern Bloc]] it may be customary to offer expensive gifts to doctors and nurses for the delivery of service at any level of medical care in the non-private health sector.<ref>Lewis, Mauree. (2000). Who is paying for healthcare in Eastern Europe and Central Asia? World Bank Publications.</ref><ref name=bribes>[http://www.guardianweekly.co.uk/?page=editorial&id=544&catID=3 Bribes for basic care in Romania] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118165406/http://www.guardianweekly.co.uk/?page=editorial }}. [[The Guardian Weekly]] (March 26th 2008).</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:UNCAC 1.png|thumb|[[United Nations Convention against Corruption]]]]
[[File:Caution bribe coming through washington dc 1.jpg|thumb|[[Demonstration (people)|Demonstration]] in Washington, DC]]
[[Politician]]s receive [[campaign contributions]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/governance/ethics/financing-democracy.htm |title=OECD work on Money in Politics & Policy Capture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174708/http://www.oecd.org/governance/ethics/financing-democracy.htm |archive-date=2018-03-14 }}</ref> and other [[corporate donations|payoffs from powerful corporations]], organizations or individuals in return for making choices in the interests of those parties, or in anticipation of favorable [[policy]], also referred to as [[lobbying]]. This is [[Lobbying in the United States|not illegal in the United States]] and forms a major part of [[campaign finance]], though it is sometimes referred to as the [[Money trail|money loop]]{{citation needed}}. However, in many European countries, a politician accepting money from a corporation whose activities fall under the sector they currently (or are campaigning to be elected to) regulate would be considered a criminal offence, for instance the "[[Cash-for-questions affair]]" and "[[Cash for Honours]]" in the [[United Kingdom]].

A grey area in these democracies is the so-called "[[revolving door (politics)|revolving door]]" in which politicians are offered highly-paid, often consultancy jobs upon their retirement from politics by the corporations they regulate while in office, in return for enacting legislation favourable to the corporation while they are in office, a [[conflict of interest]]. Convictions for this form of bribery are easier to obtain with hard evidence, a specific amount of money linked to a specific action by the recipient of the bribe. Such evidence is frequently obtained using undercover agents, since evidence of a [[quid pro quo]] relation can often be difficult to prove. See also [[influence peddling]] and [[political corruption]].

Recent{{when}} evidence suggests that demands for bribes can adversely impact citizen level of trust and engagement with the political process.

==Business==
[[Image:Say no to bribes in Chipata, Zambia.jpg|thumb|A campaign to prevent bribes in [[Zambia]].]]
{{Main|Commercial bribery}}

Employees, managers, or salespeople of a business may offer money or gifts to a potential client in exchange for business.

For example, in 2006, German prosecutors conducted a wide-ranging investigation of [[Siemens AG]] to determine if Siemens employees paid bribes in exchange for business.

In some cases where the system of law is not well-implemented, bribes may be a way for companies to continue their businesses. In the case, for example, custom officials may harass a certain firm or production plant, officially stating they are checking for irregularities, halting production or stalling other normal activities of a firm. The disruption may cause losses to the firm that exceed the amount of money to pay off the official. Bribing the officials is a common way to deal with this issue in countries where there exists no firm system of reporting these semi-illegal activities. A third party, known as a White Glove, may be involved to act as a clean middleman.

Specialist consultancies have been set up to help multinational companies and [[small and medium enterprises]] with a commitment to anti-corruption to trade more ethically and benefit from compliance with the law.

Contracts based on or involving the payment or transfer of bribes ("corruption money", "secret commissions", "pots-de-vin", "kickbacks") are void.<ref>International principle of law [http://www.trans-lex.org/938000 Trans-Lex.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121234720/http://trans-lex.org/938000 }}</ref>

In 2012, ''[[The Economist]]'' noted:

{{blockquote|Bribery would be less of a problem if it wasn't also a solid investment. A new paper by [[Raghavendra Rau]] of [[Cambridge University]] and Yan Leung Cheung and Aris Stouraitis of the Hong Kong Baptist University examines 166 high-profile cases of bribery since 1971, covering payments made in 52 countries by firms listed on 20 different stockmarkets. Bribery offered an average return of 10 to 11 times the value of the bung paid out to win a contract, measured by the jump in stockmarket value when the contract was won. America's Department of Justice found similarly high returns in cases it has prosecuted.<ref>
{{cite news
|url = http://www.economist.com/node/21556255
|title = You get who you pay for
|newspaper = The Economist
|date = 2 June 2012
|issue = 2 June 2012
|access-date = 2 June 2012
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120602022845/http://www.economist.com/node/21556255
|archive-date = 2 June 2012
}}</ref>}}

In addition, a survey conducted by auditing firm [[Ernst & Young]] in 2012 found that 15 percent of top financial executives are willing to pay bribes in order to keep or win business. Another 4 percent said they would be willing to misstate financial performance. This alarming indifference represents a huge risk to their business, given their responsibility.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/oecdantibriberyconvention.htm |title=OECD Anti-Bribery Convention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905072104/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/oecdantibriberyconvention.htm |archive-date=2015-09-05 }}</ref>

==Sport corruption==
{{main|Match fixing}}

[[Referee]]s and scoring judges may be offered money, gifts, or other compensation to guarantee a specific outcome in an athletic or other sports competition. A well-known example of this manner of bribery in the sport would be the [[2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal]], where the French judge in the pairs competition voted for the Russian skaters in order to secure an advantage for the French skaters in the ice dancing competition.

Additionally, bribes may be offered by cities in order to secure athletic franchises, or even competitions, as happened with the [[2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal|2002 Winter Olympics]]. It is common practice for cities to "bid" against each other with stadiums, tax benefits, and licensing deals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/sport-corruption-rbc.htm |title=OECD work on preventing corruption in sporting events and promoting responsible business conduct |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231724/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/sport-corruption-rbc.htm |archive-date=2018-03-08 }}</ref>

==Prevention==
The research suggests that government should introduce training programs for public officials to help public officials from falling into the trap of bribery.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=Thang V. |last2=Doan |first2=Minh H. |last3=Tran |first3=Nhung H. |title=The perpetuation of bribery–prone relationships: A study from Vietnamese public officials |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pad.1961 |journal=Public Administration and Development |language=en |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=244–256 |doi=10.1002/pad.1961 |s2cid=239567859 |issn=0271-2075}}</ref> Also, anti-bribery programs should be integrated into education programs.<ref name=":4" /> In addition, government should promote good culture in public and private sectors. There should be "clear code of conducts and strong internal control systems" which would improve the overall public and private system.<ref name=":4" /> Furthermore, the research suggests that private and public sectors at home and abroad must work together to limit corruption in home firms and foreign firms.<ref name=":2" /> There will be greater transparency and less chances of bribery. Alongside, cross border monitoring should be enhanced to minimize bribery on international level.<ref name=":3" />

===Legislation===
The U.S. introduced the [[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]] (FCPA) in 1977 to address bribery of foreign officials. FCPA criminalized the influencing of foreign officials by companies through rewards or payments. This legislation dominated international anti-corruption enforcement until around 2010 when other countries began introducing broader and more robust legislation, notably the United Kingdom [[Bribery Act 2010]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/52195/differences-between-the-uk-bribery-act-and-the-us-foreign-corrupt-practices-act|title=Differences between the UK Bribery Act and the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309183105/http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/52195/differences-between-the-uk-bribery-act-and-the-us-foreign-corrupt-practices-act|archive-date=2018-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Breslin|first=Brigid|author2=Doron Ezickson|author3=John Kocoras|year=2010|title=The Bribery Act 2010: raising the bar above the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act|journal=Company Lawyer|publisher=Sweet & Maxwell|volume=31|issue=11|issn=0144-1027|page=362}}</ref> The International Organization for Standardization introduced an international anti-bribery management system standard in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://knowledge.freshfields.com/m/Global/r/1698/new_global_framework_for_anti-bribery_and_corruption|title=New global framework for anti-bribery and corruption compliance programs Freshfields knowledge|website=knowledge.freshfields.com|access-date=2018-03-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508010837/http://knowledge.freshfields.com/m/Global/r/1698/new_global_framework_for_anti-bribery_and_corruption|archive-date=2018-05-08}}</ref> In recent{{when}} years, cooperation in enforcement action between countries has increased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freshfields.com/globalassets/services-page/global-investigations/publication-pdfs/gi-abc-guide-2017.pdf|title=Anti-bribery and corruption: global enforcement and legislative developments 2017|publisher=Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905112405/https://www.freshfields.com/globalassets/services-page/global-investigations/publication-pdfs/gi-abc-guide-2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-09-05|url-status=live|access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>

Under 18 U.S. Code § 201 – Bribery of public officials and witnesses, the law strictly prohibits any type of promising, giving, or offering of value to a public official. A public official is further defined as anyone who holds public or elected office.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/201|title = 18 U.S. Code § 201 - Bribery of public officials and witnesses}}</ref> Another stipulation of the law in place condemns the same kind of offering, giving, or coercing a witness in a legal case to changing their story.<ref name="auto1"/> Under the U.S Code § 1503, influencing or injuring officer or juror generally, it clearly states that any offense under the section means you can be imprisoned for the maximum of 10 years and/or fined.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1503|title=18 U.S. Code § 1503 - Influencing or injuring officer or juror generally|website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref>

===Businesses===
Programs of prevention need to be properly designed and meet with international standards of best practice. To ensure respect for a program, whether it be on the part of employees or business partners, external verification is necessary. International best practices such as the Council for Further Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, Annex 2;<ref name="auto"/> the [[ISO 26000]] norm (section 6.6.3) or TI Business Principles for Countering Bribery<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cgu.gov.br/conferenciabrocde/arquivos/English-Business-Principles-for-Countering-Bribery.pdf |title=TI Business Principles for Countering Bribery. Available Online. Accessed on May 23, 2012 |access-date=2013-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602174301/http://www.cgu.gov.br/conferenciabrocde/arquivos/English-Business-Principles-for-Countering-Bribery.pdf |archive-date=June 2, 2013 }}</ref> are used in external verification processes to measure and ensure that a program of bribery prevention works and is consistent with international standards. Another reason for businesses to undergo external verification of their bribery prevention programs is that it means evidence can be provided to assert that all that was possible was done to prevent corruption. Companies are unable to guarantee corruption has never occurred; what they can do is provide evidence that they did their best to prevent it.

There is no federal statute under the U.S Law that prohibits or regulates any type of private or commercial bribery. There is a way for prosecutors to try people for bribery by using existing laws. Section 1346 of Title 18 can be used by prosecutors, to try people for 'a scheme or artifice to deprive another of the intangible right to honest services,' under the mail and wire fraud statutes.<ref name="thelawreviews.co.uk">{{Cite web |url=https://thelawreviews.co.uk/edition/the-anti-bribery-and-anti-corruption-review-edition-6/1151869/united-states |title=United States - the Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Review - Edition 6 - the Law Reviews |access-date=2018-04-15 |archive-date=2018-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416014609/https://thelawreviews.co.uk/edition/the-anti-bribery-and-anti-corruption-review-edition-6/1151869/united-states |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prosecutors have always successfully prosecuted private company employees for breaching a fiduciary duty and taking bribes, under Honest services fraud.

There are also cases of successful prosecution of bribery in the case of international business. The DOJ has used the Travel Act, 18 USC Section 1952 to prosecute bribery. Under the Travel Act, it is against the law, domestically and internationally, to utilize'the mail or any facility in interstate or foreign commerce' with intent to 'promote, manage, establish, carry on, or facilitate the promotion, management, establishment or carrying on, of any unlawful activity'.<ref name="thelawreviews.co.uk"/>

==Notable instances==

*[[Spiro Agnew]], Republican, American Vice President who resigned from office in the aftermath of discovery that he took bribes while serving as Governor of Maryland.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/19/us/spiro-t-agnew-point-man-for-nixon-who-resigned-vice-presidency-dies-at-77.html|title=Spiro T. Agnew, Point Man for Nixon Who Resigned Vice Presidency, Dies at 77|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
*[[John William Ashe]], former President of the United Nations General Assembly (2013-2014) and key negotiator for the [[Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)]], was arrested 6 October 2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/world/americas/john-ashe-ex-diplomat-accused-in-un-corruption-case-dies-at-61.html|title=John Ashe, Ex-Diplomat Accused in U.N. Corruption Case, Dies at 61|first=Somini|last=Sengupta|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> and charged, along with five others, in a criminal complaint involving receiving bribes from Macau casino and real estate developer [[Ng Lap Seng]].
*[[Pakistan cricket spot-fixing controversy]], [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]], [[Mohammad Amir]] and [[Salman Butt]], Pakistani [[cricket]]ers found guilty of accepting bribes to bowl [[no-ball]]s against [[England national cricket team|England]] at certain times.
*[[Duke Cunningham]], [[United States Navy]] veteran and former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from California's 50th Congressional District resigned after pleading guilty to accepting at least $2.4 million in bribes and under-reporting his income for 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_4978d861-8337-53f2-9789-25a5ebfb0441.html|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120903184859/http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_4978d861-8337-53f2-9789-25a5ebfb0441.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2012-09-03| title= House speaker says Cunningham faces 'serious consequences'|work=NC Times}}</ref>
*[[Gerald Garson]], former [[New York Supreme Court Justice]], convicted of accepting bribes to manipulate outcomes of divorce proceedings.
*[[Andrew J. Hinshaw]], Republican, former congressman from California's 40th district, convicted of accepting bribes.
*[[John Jenrette]], Democrat, former congressman from South Carolina's 6th district, convicted of accepting a bribe in the FBI's [[Abscam]] operation.
*[[Ralph Lauren]], clothing retailer, was found guilty of making illegal payments and giving gifts to foreign officials in an attempt to circumvent customs inspections and paperwork.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/22/ralph-lauren-pays-1-6-million-to-resolve-bribery-case/|title=Ralph Lauren Corp. Agrees to Pay Fine in Bribery Case|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
*[[Lee Myung-Bak]], former South Korean president was found guilty of accepting nearly $6 million bribes from [[Samsung]] in exchange for a presidential pardon for Samsung Chairman [[Lee Kun-hee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/former-south-korean-president-lee-indicted-on-graft-charges-1523266262|title=Former South Korean President Lee Indicted on Graft Charges|last=Jeong|first=Andrew|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2018-04-09|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
*[[Donald "Buz" Lukens]], Republican, former congressman from Ohio's 8th district, charged with delinquency of a minor and convicted of bribery and conspiracy.
*[[Martin Thomas Manton]], former U.S. federal judge convicted of accepting bribes.
*[[Rick Renzi]], Republican, former congressman from Arizona's 1st district, found guilty of 17 counts including wire fraud, conspiracy, extortion, racketeering, and money laundering.
*[[Tangentopoli]] (Italian for "city of bribes") was a huge bribery scandal in early 1990s [[Italy]], which brought down the whole system of political parties, when it was uncovered by the [[Mani pulite]] investigations. At one point roughly half of members of parliament were under investigation.
*[[Dianne Wilkerson]], Democrat, former [[Massachusetts Senate|Massachusetts state senator]] pleaded guilty to eight counts of attempted extortion.

*[[Larry Householder]], Former speaker of the [[Ohio]] house was on the trial for his part in the biggest bribery scandal in Ohio history on 24 January 2023. Prosecutors accused him of taking $60m in bribes as [[corruption]] to pass a million-dollar bailout for Firstenergy <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/23/ohio-republican-larry-householder-corruption-trial|title=Prosecutors accuse Ohio Republicans of taking $60m in bribes as corruption trial opens|accessdate=24 January 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bribery}}
{{Div col}}
*[[Ambitus]]
*[[Bid rigging]]
*[[Bribe Payers Index]]
*[[Charbonneau Commission]]
*[[Conflict of interest]]
*[[Corruption by country]]
*[[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]]
*[[Group of States Against Corruption]] (GRECO) of the [[Council of Europe]]
*[[Influence peddling]]
*[[ISO 37001|ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems]]
*[[Jury tampering]]
*[[Kickback (bribery)]]
*[[Largitio]]
*[[Legal plunder]]
*[[Lobbying]]
*[[Match fixing]]
*[[Money trail|Money trail – Money loop]]
*[[Organized crime]]
*[[Pay to Play]]
*[[Payola]]
*[[Point shaving]]
*[[Political corruption]]
*[[Price fixing]]
*[[Principal–agent problem]]
*[[Transparency International]]
*[[Bribery Act 2010|UK Bribery Act 2010]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Bribery}}
{{reflist}}{{English criminal law navbox}}
{{Manipulation (psychology)}}
{{Corruption}}

{{Types of crime}}

[[Category:Bribery| ]]
[[Category:Corporate crime]]
[[Category:Organized crime activity]]
[[Category:Political corruption]]
[[Category:White-collar criminals]]

Supreme court of India

2022-12-12T07:00:48Z

Manish1234: Designed a new page format.

#REDIRECT [[Supreme Court of India]] {{R from other capitalisation}}

The Guardian

2022-05-27T08:29:13Z

Manish1234: Added a new contribution to the collection.

{{short description|British national daily newspaper}}
{{other uses|The Guardian (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{use British English}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Guardian
| logo = The Guardian 2018.svg
| image = The Guardian 28 May 2021.jpg
| caption = Front page on 28 May 2021
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]] (1821–2005) [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]] (2005–2018) [[Compact (newspaper)|Compact]] (since 2018)
| owners = [[Guardian Media Group]]
| founder = [[John Edward Taylor]]
| publisher = Guardian Media Group
| editor =
| chiefeditor = [[Katharine Viner]]
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1821|5|5|df=yes}} (as ''The Manchester Guardian'', renamed ''The Guardian'' in 1959)
| political = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref name="left-wing">{{*}} {{cite web |last=Tsang |first=Amie |title=The Guardian, Britain's Left-Wing News Power, Goes Tabloid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/15/business/media/guardian-tabloid-uk.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 January 2019}}
* {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8282189.stm |title=The politics of UK newspapers |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=24 January 2019}}
* [https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2017/03/07/how-left-or-right-wing-are-uks-newspapers "How left or right-wing are the UK's newspapers?"], MediaPolitics & current affairs, YouGov, 7 March 2017.</ref><ref name="centre-left">* {{cite journal |last=Payling |first=Daisy |title=City limits: sexual politics and the new urban left in 1980s Sheffield |journal=Contemporary British Society |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=256–273 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2017.1306194 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Villeneuve |first1=Jean-Patrick |title={{sic|Wh|o's|nolink=y|expecting=Whose}} fault is it? An analysis of the press coverage of football betting scandals in France and the United Kingdom |journal=Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=191 |doi=10.1080/17430437.2015.1067772|s2cid=146330318}}
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=Adrienne |title=Journalism and the Nsa Revelations: Privacy, Security and the Press |year=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |page=53}}
* {{cite journal |last=Copsy |first=Nathaniel |title=Rethinking Britain and the European Union: Politicians, the Media and Public Opinion Reconsidered |journal=Journal of Common Market Studies |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=716 |doi=10.1111/jcms.12527 |s2cid=151394355 |url=https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/30170/1/Rethinking_Britain_and_EU_politicians_media_and_public_opinion.pdf |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726141742/https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/30170/1/Rethinking_Britain_and_EU_politicians_media_and_public_opinion.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Harbisher |first1=Ben |title=The Million Mask March: Language, legitimacy, and dissent |journal=Critical Discourse Studies |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=297 |doi=10.1080/17405904.2016.1141696|s2cid=147508807 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yuval-Davis |first1=Nira |last2=Varju |first2=Viktor |title=Press discourses on Roma in the UK, Finland and Hungary |journal=European Roma |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=1153 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2017.1267379 |s2cid=151843450 |url=http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/28046/3/Roma%20paper%20draft%20for%20BURO.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Flew |first1=Terry |title=Digital communication, the crisis of trust, and the post-global |journal=Communication Research and Practice |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.1080/22041451.2019.1561394 |s2cid=159032311 |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/127256/2/Flew%20paper%20for%20CRP.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Helton |first1=Levy |title=Reporting the 2014 World Cup: football first and social issues last |journal=Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics |volume=20 |issue=5–6 |pages=574 |doi=10.1080/17430437.2016.1158477|s2cid=147644706 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gill |first1=Alisha K |last2=Harrison |first2=Karen |title=Child Grooming and Sexual Exploitation: Are South Asian Men the UK Media's New Folk Devils? |url=https://www.crimejusticejournal.com/article/view/756/511 |journal=Crime Justice Journal |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=38 |access-date=2 July 2019 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Painter |first1=James |last2=Neil T |first2=Gavin |title=Climate Skepticism in British Newspapers, 2007–2011 |journal=Environmental Communication |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=436 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2014.995193|s2cid=143214856}}
* {{cite book | last1=Harmer | first1=Emily | last2=Southern | first2=Rosalynd | title=Political Communication in Britain | chapter=Alternative Agendas or More of the Same? Online News Coverage of the 2017 UK Election | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | date=2019 | isbn=978-3-030-00821-5 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-00822-2_7 | pages=99–116| s2cid=158648099 }}
* {{cite book | last=Bączkowska | first=Anna | title=Second Language Learning and Teaching | chapter=A Corpus-Assisted Critical Discourse Analysis of "Migrants" and "Migration" in the British Tabloids and Quality Press | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | year=2019 | isbn=978-3-030-04980-5 | issn=2193-7648 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04981-2_12 | pages=163–181| s2cid=150658204 }}
* {{cite book | last=Boukala | first=Salomi | title=European Identity and the Representation of Islam in the Mainstream Press | chapter=Introduction: Kafka in 'Fortress Europe'—The 'Other' Within the Walls | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | date=2019 | isbn=978-3-319-93313-9 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-93314-6_1 | pages=1–17| s2cid=158203231 }}
* Sancho Guinda, Carmen, ed. (2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jz2SDwAAQBAJ&dq=guardian+centre+left&pg=PA67 ''Engagement in Professional Genres'']. John Benjamins Publishing Company.</ref><ref name="Guardian2003158" />
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| headquarters = [[Kings Place]], London
| circulation = 105,134
| sister newspapers = ''[[The Observer]]'' ''[[The Guardian Weekly]]''
| ISSN = 0261-3077
| eISSN = 1756-3224
| oclc = 60623878
| website = {{url|https://www.theguardian.com/|theguardian.com}}
| circulation_ref = <ref name="circlead">{{cite web |title=National press ABCs: December distribution dive for freesheets Standard and City AM |url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/media-audience-and-business-data/media_metrics/most-popular-newspapers-uk-abc-monthly-circulation-figures-2/ |last1=Tobitt |first1=Charlotte |last2=Majid |first2=Aisha |website=[[Press Gazette]] |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>
| circulation_date = July 2021
| image_border = yes
| publishing_country = United Kingdom
}}

'''''The Guardian''''' is a British daily [[newspaper]]. It was founded in 1821 as '''''The Manchester Guardian''''', and changed its name in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=collection (The University of Manchester Library) |url=https://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/rylands/special-collections/exploring/a-to-z/collection/?match=Guardian+(formerly+Manchester+Guardian)+Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428161019/https://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/rylands/special-collections/exploring/a-to-z/collection/?match=Guardian+(formerly+Manchester+Guardian)+Archive |archive-date=28 Apr 2021 |access-date=12 March 2021 |website=www.library.manchester.ac.uk}}</ref> Along with its sister papers, ''[[The Observer]]'' and ''[[The Guardian Weekly]]'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the [[Guardian Media Group]], owned by the [[Scott Trust Limited|Scott Trust Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Guardian' newspaper trust keeps journalism at top of its agenda |language=en |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/guardian-newspaper-trust-keeps-journalism-at-top-of-its-agenda-1.339116 |url-access=limited |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref> The trust was created in 1936 to "secure the financial and editorial independence of ''The Guardian'' in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of ''The Guardian'' free from commercial or political interference".<ref name="GST1"/> The trust was converted into a [[limited company]] in 2008, with a constitution written so as to maintain for ''The Guardian'' the same protections as were built into the structure of the Scott Trust by its creators. Profits are reinvested in its journalism rather than distributed to owners or [[shareholder]]s.<ref name="GST1">{{cite news |title=The Scott Trust: values and history |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/the-scott-trust/2015/jul/26/the-scott-trust |url-access=registration |access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref> It is considered a [[newspaper of record]] in the UK.<ref name="FrostWeingarten2017">{{cite book|author1=Corey Frost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rGhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|title=The Broadview Guide to Writing: A Handbook for Students|author2=Karen Weingarten|author3=Doug Babington|author4=Don LePan|author5=Maureen Okun|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=978-1-55481-313-1|edition=6th|pages=27–|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="BartonWeller2014">{{cite book|author1=Greg Barton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZzNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title=The Muslim World and Politics in Transition: Creative Contributions of the Gülen Movement|author2=Paul Weller|author3=Ihsan Yilmaz|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-5873-4|pages=28–|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

The editor-in-chief [[Katharine Viner]] succeeded [[Alan Rusbridger]] in 2015.<ref name="Guardian200315">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/mar/20/guardian-appoints-katharine-viner-new-editor-in-chief |title=Guardian appoints Katharine Viner as editor-in-chief |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720094734/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/mar/20/guardian-appoints-katharine-viner-new-editor-in-chief |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RusbridgerFarewell">{{cite news |last1=Rusbridger |first1=Alan |title='Farewell, readers': Alan Rusbridger on leaving The Guardian after two decades at the helm |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/may/29/farewell-readers-alan-rusbridger-on-leaving-the-guardian |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529152711/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/may/29/farewell-readers-alan-rusbridger-on-leaving-the-guardian |archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> Since 2018, the paper's main newsprint sections have been published in [[tabloid format]]. {{As of|2021|July}}, its print edition had a daily circulation of 105,134.<ref name="circlead"/> The newspaper has an online edition, [[TheGuardian.com]], as well as two international websites, ''[[Guardian Australia]]'' (founded in 2013) and ''[[Guardian US]]'' (founded in 2011). The paper's readership is generally on the [[mainstream left]] of British political opinion,<ref name="International Socialism 2003">''[[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]]'', Spring 2003, {{ISBN|1-898876-97-5}}.</ref><ref name="Ipsos MORI">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/content/polls-05/voting-intention-by-newspaper-readership-quarter-1.ashx |title=Ipsos MORI |publisher=Ipsos MORI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523104959/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/content/polls-05/voting-intention-by-newspaper-readership-quarter-1.ashx |archive-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> and the term "''Guardian'' reader" is used to imply a stereotype of [[social liberalism|liberal]], left-wing or "[[politically correct]]" views.<ref name="Guardian2003158">{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/guardian-reader |title=Definition of Guardian Reader |website=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> Frequent [[typographical error]]s during the age of [[Typesetting#manual typesetting|manual typesetting]] led ''[[Private Eye]]'' magazine to dub the paper the "{{Not a typo|Grauniad}}" in the 1970s, a nickname still occasionally used by the editors for self-mockery.<ref name="Marchi2019">{{cite book |last=Marchi |first=Anna |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uS6ODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT152 |title=Self-Reflexive Journalism: A Corpus Study of Journalistic Culture and Community in The Guardian |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-351-71412-9 |pages=152 |chapter=Over there at ''The Guardian''}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/may/12/guardian-200-typo-negative-best-worst-grauniad-mistakes | title=Typo negative: The best and worst of Grauniad mistakes over 200 years | newspaper=The Guardian | date=12 May 2021 | last1=Ribbans | first1=Elisabeth }}</ref>

In an [[Ipsos MORI]] research poll in September 2018 designed to interrogate the public's trust of specific titles online, ''The Guardian'' scored highest for digital-content news, with 84% of readers agreeing that they "trust what [they] see in it".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/guardian-trusted-sun-least-trusted-online-news-brand-pamco-reveals/1492881 |title=The Guardian most trusted and The Sun least trusted online news brand, Pamco reveals|access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Press Gazette}}</ref> A December 2018 report of a poll by the Publishers Audience Measurement Company stated that the paper's print edition was found to be the most trusted in the UK in the period from October 2017 to September 2018. It was also reported to be the most-read of the UK's "quality newsbrands", including digital editions; other "quality" brands included ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Independent]]'', and the ''[[i (newspaper)|i]]''. While ''The Guardian''{{'}}s print circulation is in decline, the report indicated that news from ''The Guardian'', including that reported online, reaches more than 23 million UK adults each month.<ref>{{cite news |last=Waterson |first=Jim |title=Guardian most trusted newspaper in Britain, says industry report |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/dec/17/guardian-most-trusted-newspaper-in-britain-says-industry-report |url-access=registration |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

Chief among the notable "[[scoop (news)|scoops]]" obtained by the paper was the 2011 [[News International phone hacking scandal|News International phone-hacking scandal]]—and in particular the hacking of the murdered English teenager [[Murder of Milly Dowler|Milly Dowler]]'s phone.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/ideas/tim-de-lisle/can-guardian-survive?page=0%2C2 |title=Can The Guardian survive? |newspaper=The Economist |publisher=Intelligent Life |access-date=3 July 2012 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701204849/http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/ideas/tim-de-lisle/can-guardian-survive?page=0%2C2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The investigation led to the closure of the ''[[News of the World]]'', the UK's best-selling Sunday newspaper and one of the highest-circulation newspapers in history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2012-07/03/interview-with-the-guardian-newspaper-editor-alan-rusbridger-on-hacking |title=Could the newspaper that broke the hacking scandal be the next to close? |first=Nicky |last=Woolf |publisher=GQ.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706181914/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2012-07/03/interview-with-the-guardian-newspaper-editor-alan-rusbridger-on-hacking |archive-date=6 July 2012}}</ref> In June 2013, ''The Guardian'' broke news of the secret collection by the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] of [[Verizon Communications|Verizon]] telephone records,<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite web |last=Hosenball |first=Mark |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-wiretaps-verizon-idUSBRE95502920130606 |title=Obama administration defends massive phone record collection |publisher=Reuters |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181927/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/06/us-usa-wiretaps-verizon-idUSBRE95502920130606 |url-status=live }}</ref> and subsequently revealed the existence of the surveillance program [[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM]] after knowledge of it was leaked to the paper by the [[whistleblower]] and former [[National Security Agency]] contractor [[Edward Snowden]].<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web |last1=Greenwald |first1=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Greenwald |last2=MacAskill |first2=Ewen |last3=Poitras |first3=Laura |title=Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726212540/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=6 March 2016 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> In 2016, ''The Guardian'' led an investigation into the [[Panama Papers]], exposing then–Prime Minister [[David Cameron]]'s links to [[Offshore bank|offshore bank accounts]]. It has been named "newspaper of the year" four times at the annual [[British Press Awards]]: most recently in 2014, for its reporting on government surveillance.<ref name="award">{{cite news |last=Rawlinson |first=Kevin |title=Guardian wins newspaper and website of the year at British press awards |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/apr/02/guardian-observer-glory-press-awards |url-access=registration |access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref>

==History==
===1821 to 1972===
====Early years====
[[File:The Manchester Guardian, May 5 1821.jpg|thumb|''Manchester Guardian'' Prospectus, 1821]]

''The Manchester Guardian'' was founded in [[Manchester]] in 1821 by cotton merchant [[John Edward Taylor]] with backing from the [[Little Circle]], a group of [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|non-conformist]] businessmen.<ref name="G">{{cite news |title=Battle for the memory of Peterloo: Campaigners demand fitting tribute |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/13/britishidentity.artnews |access-date=26 March 2008 |location=London |last=Wainwright |first=Martin |archive-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705035053/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/aug/13/britishidentity.artnews |url-status=live }}</ref> They launched the paper, on 5 May 1821 (by chance the very day of [[Napoleon|Napoleon's]] death) after the police closure of the more [[Radicalism (historical)#Popular agitation|radical]] ''[[Manchester Observer]]'', a paper that had championed the cause of the [[Peterloo Massacre]] protesters.<ref>{{cite news|author=Editorial|title=The Manchester Guardian, born 5 May 1821: 190 years – work in progress|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/05/manchester-guardian-work-in-progress}}</ref> Taylor had been hostile to the radical reformers, writing: "They have appealed not to the reason but the passions and the suffering of their abused and credulous fellow-countrymen, from whose ill-requited industry they extort for themselves the means of a plentiful and comfortable existence. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they live better than those that do."<ref>''Manchester Gazette'', 7 August 1819, quoted in {{cite book| title= 'Guardian' : biography of a newspaper | last= Ayerst | first= David | year= 1971 | publisher=Collins | location= London | isbn= 978-0-00-211329-8 | page=20}}</ref> When the government closed down the ''Manchester Observer'', the mill-owners' champions had the upper hand.<ref>{{cite book| title= Poor men's guardians : a record of the struggles for a democratic newspaper press, 1763–1973 | url= https://archive.org/details/poormensguardian0000harr | url-access= registration | last= Harrison |first= Stanley | year= 1974 | publisher=Lawrence and Wishart | location= London | isbn= 978-0-85315-308-5 | page=[https://archive.org/details/poormensguardian0000harr/page/53 53]}}</ref>

The influential journalist [[Jeremiah Garnett]] joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, and all of the Little Circle wrote articles for the new paper.<ref name="dnbGarnett">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Garnett, Jeremiah|last=Garnett|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Garnett (writer)|volume=21|quote=''citing:'' [''Manchester Guardian'', 28 September 1870; ''Manchester Free Lance'', 1 October 1870; Prentice's Historical Sketches and Personal Recollections of Manchester; personal knowledge.]}}</ref> The prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would "zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty ... warmly advocate the cause of Reform ... endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and ... support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Scott Trust: History |publisher=Guardian Media Group |url=http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/ScottTrust/History/tabid/193/Default.aspx |access-date=26 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080728175652/http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/ScottTrust/History/tabid/193/Default.aspx |archive-date=28 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1825, the paper merged with the ''British Volunteer'' and was known as ''The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer'' until 1828.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catalyst.library.jhu.edu/catalog/bib_3593893 |title=The Manchester guardian and British volunteer – JH Libraries |publisher=Catalyst.library.jhu.edu |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

The [[Working class|working-class]] ''Manchester and Salford Advertiser'' called ''The Manchester Guardian'' "the foul prostitute and dirty [[parasite]] of the worst portion of the mill-owners".<ref>21 May 1836</ref> ''The Manchester Guardian'' was generally hostile to labour's claims. Of the 1832 Ten Hours Bill, the paper doubted whether in view of the foreign competition "the passing of a law positively enacting a gradual destruction of the cotton manufacture in this kingdom would be a much less rational procedure."<ref>{{cite news|title=Editorial|work=The Manchester Guardian}}</ref> ''The Manchester Guardian'' dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators, stating that "if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. They live on strife ... ."<ref>{{cite news|title=Editorial|work=The Manchester Guardian}}</ref>

In March 2023, an academic review commissioned by the [[Scott Trust]] determined that John Edward Taylor and nine of his eleven backers had links to the [[Atlantic slave trade]] through their interests in Manchester's textile industry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Guardian's owner apologises for historical slave trade links |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-65113058 |access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>

==== Slavery and the American Civil War ====
The newspaper opposed slavery and supported [[free trade]]. An 1823 leading article on the continuing "cruelty and injustice" to slaves in the [[West Indies]] long after the abolition of the slave trade with the [[Slave Trade Act 1807]] wanted fairness to the interests and claims both of the planters and of their oppressed slaves.<ref name="Guardian 1511 2012">{{cite web | title=The cruelty and injustice of negro slavery: From The Guardian archive, 15 Nov 1823 | website=The Guardian | date=15 November 2012 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/nov/15/slavery-injustice-abolition-british-1823 | access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref> It welcomed the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]] and accepted the "increased compensation" to the planters as the "guilt of slavery attaches far more to the nation" rather than individuals. Success of the Act would encourage emancipation in other slave-owning nations to avoid "imminent risk of a violent and bloody termination."<ref name="Guardian 0705 2011">{{cite web | title=15 June 1833: Striking off the fetters from the limbs of the slave | website=The Guardian | date=7 May 2011 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/may/07/newspapers-national-newspapers | access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref> However, the newspaper argued against restricting trade with countries which had not yet abolished slavery.<ref name="Guardian 2403 2012">{{cite web | title=From the archive, 24 March 1841: Editorial: Anti-free trade | website=The Guardian | date=24 March 2012 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/mar/24/archive-1841-editorial-anti-free-trade-slavery | access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref>

Complex tensions developed in the United States.<ref name="Stoddard 2015">{{cite web | last=Stoddard | first=Katy | title=Looking back: American civil war | website=The Guardian | date=20 July 2015 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/jul/20/looking-back-american-civil-war | access-date=29 June 2020}}</ref> When the abolitionist [[George Thompson (abolitionist)|George Thompson]] toured, the newspaper said that "[s]lavery is a monstrous evil, but civil war is not a less one; and we would not seek the abolition even of the former through the imminent hazard of the latter". It suggested that the United States should compensate slave-owners for freeing slaves<ref name="Guardian 1212 2008">{{cite web | title=From The Guardian archive: On slavery and civil war | website=The Guardian | date=12 December 2008 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2008/dec/12/slavery-american-civil-war | access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref> and called on President [[Franklin Pierce]] to resolve the 1856 "civil war", the [[Sacking of Lawrence]] due to pro-slavery laws imposed by Congress.<ref name="Guardian 1006 2015">{{cite web | title='Civil war' in Kansas threatens to spread: from the archive, 10 June 1856 | website=The Guardian | date=10 June 2015 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/10/american-civil-war-united-states-kansas-archive-1856 | access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref>

In 1860, ''[[The Observer]]'' quoted a report that the newly elected president [[Abraham Lincoln]] was opposed to abolition of slavery.<ref name="The Guardian 1712 2014">{{cite web | title=Lincoln opposes abolition of slavery: From the Observer archive, 17 December 1860 | website=The Guardian | date=17 December 2014 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/17/abolition-slavery-abraham-lincoln-1860 | access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref> On 13 May 1861, shortly after the start of the [[American Civil War]], the ''Manchester Guardian'' portrayed the Northern states as primarily imposing a burdensome trade monopoly on the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]], arguing that if the South was freed to have direct trade with Europe, "the day would not be distant when slavery itself would cease". Therefore, the newspaper asked "Why should the South be prevented from freeing itself from slavery?"<ref name="Guardian 2305 2011">{{cite web | title=From the archive, 13 May 1861: America and direct trade with England | website=The Guardian | date=13 May 2011 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/may/13/america-trade-england-1861 | access-date=28 June 2020}}</ref> This hopeful view was also held by the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] leader [[William Ewart Gladstone]].<ref name="Kettle">{{cite news|last=Kettle|first=Martin|author-link=Martin Kettle|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/24/1865-guardian-stance-us-civil-war|title=Lincoln, evil? Our certainties of 1865 give us pause today|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln Square, Manchester.jpg|thumb|Statue of Lincoln in Manchester, with extracts from the working men's letter and his reply on its base]]
There was division in Britain over the Civil War, even within political parties. The ''Manchester Guardian'' had also been conflicted. It had supported other [[Age of Revolution|independence movements]] and felt it should also support the rights of the Confederacy to self-determination. It criticised Lincoln's [[Emancipation Proclamation]] for not freeing all American slaves.<ref name="Kettle"/> On 10 October 1862, it wrote: "It is impossible to cast any reflections upon a man so evidently sincere and well-intentioned as Mr Lincoln but it is also impossible not to feel that it was an evil day both for America and the world, when he was chosen President of the United States".<ref name="Ayerst1971">{{cite book|author=David Ayerst|title=The Manchester Guardian: Biography of a Newspaper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhZlAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|pages=154–155|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-0642-3}}</ref> By then, the [[Union blockade]] was causing [[Lancashire Cotton Famine#Politics|suffering in British towns]]. Some including [[Liverpool]] supported the Confederacy as did "current opinion in all classes" in London. On 31 December 1862, cotton workers held a meeting at the [[Free Trade Hall]] in Manchester which resolved "its detestation of negro slavery in America, and of the attempt of the rebellious Southern slave-holders to organise on the great American continent a nation having slavery as its basis". There was a comment that "an effort had been made in a leading article of the ''Manchester Guardian'' to deter the working men from assembling together for such a purpose". The newspaper reported all this and published their letter to President Lincoln<ref name="Rodrigues 2013">{{cite web | last=Rodrigues | first=Jason | title=From the archive: 1863, Lincoln's great debt to Manchester | website=The Guardian | date=4 February 2013 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2013/feb/04/lincoln-oscars-manchester-cotton-abraham | access-date=3 July 2020}} {{cite web | title=Full text of "Manchester and Abraham Lincoln : a side-light on an earlier fight for freedom" | website=Internet Archive | date=10 June 2020 | url=https://archive.org/stream/manchesterabraha00hour/manchesterabraha00hour_djvu.txt | access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> while complaining that "the chief occupation, if not the chief object of the meeting, seems to have been to abuse the ''Manchester Guardian''".<ref name="Ayerst1971"/> Lincoln replied to the letter thanking the workers for their "sublime Christian heroism" and American ships delivered relief supplies to Britain.<ref name="Rodrigues 2013"/>

The newspaper reported the shock to the community of the [[assassination of Abraham Lincoln]] in 1865, concluding that "[t]he parting of his family with the dying President is too sad for description",<ref name="Guardian 1402 2015">{{cite web | title=The assassination of President Lincoln, 14 April 1865 | website=The Guardian | date=14 April 2015 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/from-the-archive-blog/2015/apr/14/president-lincoln-assassination-1865 | access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> but in what from today's perspective looks an ill-judged editorial wrote that "[o]f his rule we can never speak except as a series of acts abhorrent to every true notion of constitutional right and human liberty", adding "it is doubtless to be regretted that he had not the opportunity of vindicating his good intentions".<ref name="Kettle"/>

According to [[Martin Kettle]], writing for ''The Guardian'' in February 2011, "''The Guardian'' had always hated slavery. But it doubted the Union hated slavery to the same degree. It argued that the Union had always tacitly condoned slavery by shielding the southern slave states from the condemnation they deserved. It was critical of Lincoln's emancipation proclamation for stopping short of a full repudiation of slavery throughout the US. And it chastised the president for being so willing to negotiate with the south, with slavery one of the issues still on the table".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kettle|first=Martin|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/24/1865-guardian-stance-us-civil-war|title=Lincoln, evil? Our certainties of 1865 give us pause today|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref>

====C. P. Scott====
[[C. P. Scott]] made the newspaper nationally recognised. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott, the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]] when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the [[Second Boer War]] against popular opinion.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hampton, Mark|year=2011|title=The Press, Patriotism, and Public Discussion: C. P. Scott, the "Manchester Guardian", and the Boer War, 1899–1902|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=44|number=1|pages=177–197|jstor=3133966|doi=10.1017/S0018246X01001479|s2cid=159550361}}</ref> Scott supported the movement for [[women's suffrage]], but was critical of any tactics by the [[Suffragettes]] that involved [[direct action]]:<ref name="suffragettes">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/nov/13/research.highereducation |title=Unladylike behaviour|work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=28 July 2009 |publisher=Guardian News and Media|last=Purvis|first=June|author-link = June Purvis}}</ref> "The really ludicrous position is that [[David Lloyd George|Mr Lloyd George]] is fighting to enfranchise seven million women and the militants are smashing unoffending people's windows and breaking up benevolent societies' meetings in a desperate effort to prevent him." Scott thought the Suffragettes' "courage and devotion" was "worthy of a better cause and saner leadership".<ref>Quoted in David Ayerst, ''The Guardian'', 1971, p. 353.</ref> It has been argued that Scott's criticism reflected a widespread disdain, at the time, for those women who "transgressed the gender expectations of [[Edwardian era|Edwardian society]]".<ref name="suffragettes"/>

Scott commissioned [[J. M. Synge]] and his friend [[Jack Yeats]] to produce articles and drawings documenting the social conditions of the west of Ireland; these pieces were published in 1911 in the collection ''Travels in Wicklow, West Kerry and Connemara''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arnold |first=Bruce |title=To the waters and the wild |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] |location=Dublin |url=http://www.independent.ie/incoming/to-the-waters-and-the-wild-26527736.html |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>

Scott's friendship with [[Chaim Weizmann]] played a role in the [[Balfour Declaration]]. In 1948 ''The Manchester Guardian'' was a supporter of the new State of Israel.{{Citation needed}}

Ownership of the paper passed in June 1936 to the [[Scott Trust]] (named after the last owner, [[John Russell Scott]], who was the first chairman of the Trust). This move ensured the paper's independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/the-scott-trust |title=The Scott Trust |work=The Guardian |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed}}

From 1930 to 1967, a special archival copy of all the daily newspapers was preserved in 700 [[zinc]] cases. These were found in 1988 whilst the newspaper's archives were deposited at the [[University of Manchester]]'s [[John Rylands University Library]], on the Oxford Road campus. The first case was opened and found to contain the newspapers issued in August 1930 in pristine condition. The zinc cases had been made each month by the newspaper's plumber and stored for posterity. The other 699 cases were not opened and were all returned to storage at ''The Guardian''{{'}}s garage, owing to shortage of space at the library.<ref>Taylor, Geoffrey (11 April 1988) "Bowled over by treasures at the bottom of the zinc"; ''The Guardian''</ref>

====Spanish Civil War====
Traditionally affiliated with the centrist to centre-left [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], and with a northern, non-conformist circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939). [[George Orwell]] wrote in ''[[Homage to Catalonia#Appendix one (orig. ch. 5)|Homage to Catalonia]]'' (1938): "Of our larger papers, the ''Manchester Guardian'' is the only one that leaves me with an increased respect for its honesty".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Orwell|first1=George|author-link=George Orwell|title=Homage to Catalonia|isbn=0-15-642117-8|publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt, Brace]]|oclc=769187345|page=[[iarchive:homagetocataloni00orwe 0/page/65/mode/1up|65]]|year=1980|orig-date=1938}}</ref> With the pro-Liberal ''[[News Chronicle]]'', the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]-supporting ''[[Daily Herald (UK newspaper)|Daily Herald]]'', the [[Communist Party of Great Britain|Communist Party]]'s ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Daily Worker]]'' and several Sunday and weekly papers, it supported the Republican government against General [[Francisco Franco]]'s insurgent nationalists.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Beevor|first1=Antony|author-link=Antony Beevor|title=The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939|year=2006|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=0-14-303765-X|oclc=70158540|page=[[iarchive:battleforspainsp00anto/page/243/mode/1up|243]]}}</ref>

====Post-war====
The paper's then editor, [[A. P. Wadsworth]], so loathed Labour's left-wing champion [[Aneurin Bevan]], who had made a reference to getting rid of "Tory Vermin" in a speech "and the hate-gospellers of his entourage" that it encouraged readers to vote Conservative in the [[1951 United Kingdom general election|1951 general election]] and remove [[Clement Attlee|Clement Attlee's]] post-war Labour government.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Manchester Guardian|author=Leader|title=Time for change?}}</ref> The newspaper opposed the creation of the [[National Health Service]] as it feared the state provision of healthcare would "eliminate selective elimination" and lead to an increase of congenitally deformed and feckless people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Austerity Britain 1945–1951 |first=David |last=Kynaston |author-link=David Kynaston |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7475-9923-4 |page=285}}</ref>

''The Manchester Guardian'' strongly opposed military intervention during the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]]: "The Anglo-French ultimatum to Egypt is an act of folly, without justification in any terms but brief expediency. It pours petrol on a growing fire. There is no knowing what kind of explosion will follow."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jul/10/pressandpublishing.egypt | title=Courage under fire | work=The Guardian | date=10 July 2006 | access-date=5 March 2014 | author=Rusbridger Alan | archive-date=30 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830063430/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jul/10/pressandpublishing.egypt | url-status=live }}. Three years from 1956 and the ''Manchester Guardian'' soon became ''The Guardian'', introduced by Scott C.C.P</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wv7sCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |title=Reassessing Suez 1956: New Perspectives on the Crisis and Its Aftermath |last=Smith |first=Simon C. |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=230 |isbn=978-1-317-07069-6 |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121073108/https://books.google.com/books?id=wv7sCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 24 August 1959, ''The Manchester Guardian'' changed its name to ''The Guardian''. This change reflected the growing prominence of national and international affairs in the newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/11/1|title=Key moments in The Guardian's history: a timeline|website=The Guardian|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> In September 1961, ''The Guardian'', which had previously only been published in [[Manchester]], began to be printed in London.<ref>''The Press and the People''. London: General Council of the Press. 1961, p. 14</ref>
[[Nesta Roberts]] was appointed as the newspaper's first news editor there, becoming the first woman to hold such a position on a British national newspaper.
<ref>Geoffrey Taylor, "Nesta Roberts: The first woman to run the news desk on a national newspaper", ''The Guardian'', 18 January 2009, accessed 14 August 2021</ref>

===1972 to 2000===

====Northern Ireland conflict====
When 13 civil rights demonstrators in [[Northern Ireland]] were killed by the [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]] on 30 January 1972 (known as [[Bloody Sunday (1972)|Bloody Sunday]]), ''The Guardian'' wrote that "Neither side can escape condemnation."<ref name="BloodySunday"/> Of the protesters, they wrote, "The organizers of the demonstration, Miss [[Bernadette Devlin McAliskey|Bernadette Devlin]] among them, deliberately challenged the ban on marches. They knew that stone throwing and [[sniping]] could not be prevented, and that the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] might use the [[human shield|crowd as a shield]]."<ref name="BloodySunday">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1972/feb/01/bloodysunday.northernireland1|title=The division deepens|work=The Guardian|author=Leader | location=London}}</ref> Of the British soldiers present, they wrote, "there seems little doubt that random shots were fired into the crowd, that aim was taken at individuals who were neither bombers nor weapons carriers and that excessive force was used".<ref name="BloodySunday"/>

Many Irish people believed that the [[Widgery Tribunal]]'s ruling on the killings was a whitewash,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/19/newsid_2491000/2491125.stm |title=19 April 1972: 'Bloody Sunday' report excuses Army |publisher=BBC |year=2008 |access-date=28 July 2009 |work=On this day 1950–2005 |archive-date=6 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106153121/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/19/newsid_2491000/2491125.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> a view that was later supported with the publication of the [[Bloody Sunday Inquiry]] in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|last=Bowcott |first=Owen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jun/16/bloody-sunday-inquiry-derry-verdict |title=Bloody Sunday inquiry: 'We always knew the dead were innocent' |work=The Guardian|access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> but in 1972 ''The Guardian'' wrote that "Widgery's report is not one-sided" (20 April 1972).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1972/apr/20/bloodysunday.northernireland|title=To make history repeat itself|work=The Guardian|author=Leader | location=London}}</ref> At the time the paper also supported [[internment]] without trial in Northern Ireland: "Internment without trial is hateful, repressive and undemocratic. In the existing Irish situation, most regrettably, it is also inevitable... .To remove the ringleaders, in the hope that the atmosphere might calm down, is a step to which there is no obvious alternative."<ref>''The Guardian'', leader, 10 August 1971</ref> Before then, in 1969, ''The Guardian'' had called for British troops to be sent to the region, stating that their deployment could "present a more disinterested face of law and order,"<ref>''The Guardian'', leader, 15 August 1969</ref> but only on condition that "Britain takes charge."<ref>''The Guardian'', leader, 4 August 1969</ref>

====Sarah Tisdall====
In 1983, the paper was at the centre of a controversy surrounding documents regarding the stationing of [[cruise missile]]s in Britain that were leaked to ''The Guardian'' by civil servant [[Sarah Tisdall]]. The paper eventually complied with a court order to hand over the documents to the authorities, which resulted in a six-month prison sentence for Tisdall,<ref>{{cite news|first=Paul |last=Routledge |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/profile-hunter-of-the-truth-lord-justice-scott-with-the-government-rattled-paul-routledge-looks-at-the-man-john-major-now-has-to-face-1407249.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/profile-hunter-of-the-truth-lord-justice-scott-with-the-government-rattled-paul-routledge-looks-at-the-man-john-major-now-has-to-face-1407249.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Profile: Hunter of the truth: Lord justice Scott: With the Government rattled, Paul Routledge looks at the man John Major now has to face | Voices |work=The Independent|access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> though she served only four. "I still blame myself," said [[Peter Preston]], who was the editor of ''The Guardian'' at the time, but he went on to argue that the paper had no choice because it "believed in the rule of law".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/sep/05/pressandpublishing.politicsandthemedia|title=A source of great regret|work=The Guardian| location=London|last=Preston|first=Peter}}</ref> In a 2019 article discussing [[Julian Assange]] and the protection of sources by journalists, [[John Pilger]] criticised the editor of ''The Guardian'' for betraying Tisdall by choosing not to go to prison "on a fundamental principle of protecting a source".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pilger |first1=John |title=John Pilger: The Assange Arrest Is A Warning From History |url=https://newmatilda.com/2019/04/14/john-pilger-the-assange-arrest-is-a-warning-from-history/ |access-date=3 May 2019 |publisher=New Matilda }}</ref>

====Alleged penetration by Russian intelligence====
In 1994, [[KGB]] defector [[Oleg Gordievsky]] identified ''Guardian'' literary editor [[Richard Gott]] as "an agent of influence". While Gott denied that he received cash, he admitted he had had lunch at the Soviet Embassy and had taken benefits from the KGB on overseas visits. Gott resigned from his post.<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Rhys|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/guardian-journalist-recruited-by-the-kgb-1386978.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/guardian-journalist-recruited-by-the-kgb-1386978.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title='Guardian' journalist recruited by the KGB|work=The Independent|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

Gordievsky commented on the newspaper: "The KGB loved ''The Guardian''. It was deemed highly susceptible to penetration."<ref name="findarticles.com">{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n7_v11/ai_16679970/pg_2/ |title=CBSi |publisher=[[FindArticles]] |access-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624033500/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n7_v11/ai_16679970/pg_2/ |archive-date=24 June 2012}}</ref>

====Jonathan Aitken====
In 1995, both the [[Granada Television]] programme ''[[World in Action]]'' and ''The Guardian'' were sued for [[libel]] by the then cabinet minister [[Jonathan Aitken#Libel, arrest and prison|Jonathan Aitken]], for their allegation that [[Harrods]] owner [[Mohamed Al Fayed]] had paid for Aitken and his wife to stay at the [[Hôtel Ritz Paris|Hôtel Ritz]] in Paris, which would have amounted to accepting a bribe on Aitken's part. Aitken publicly stated that he would fight with "the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play".<ref>{{cite news |title=The simple sword of truth |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1995/apr/11/uk1 |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> The court case proceeded, and in 1997 ''The Guardian'' produced evidence that Aitken's claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1997/jun/21/uk.davidpallister|title=He lied and lied and lied |work=The Guardian |location=London |last1=Harding|first1=Luke|author2=David Pallister |author2-link=David Pallister}}</ref> In 1999, Aitken was jailed for [[perjury]] and [[perverting the course of justice]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/258070.stm |title=Aitken pleads guilty to perjury |publisher=BBC News }}</ref>

====''Connection''====
In May 1998, a series of ''Guardian'' investigations exposed the wholesale fabrication of a much-garlanded ITV documentary ''The Connection'', produced by [[Carlton Television#Factual inaccuracy in 1996 documentary|Carlton Television.]]

The documentary purported to film an undiscovered route by which heroin was smuggled into the United Kingdom from Colombia. An internal inquiry at Carlton found that ''The Guardian''{{'}}s allegations were in large part correct and the then industry regulator, the ITC, punished Carlton with a record £2 million fine<ref>[http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/itc/itc_publications/annual_report/1998/programme_regulation.asp.html ITC Annual Report 1998 – Programme regulation] Retrieved 26 September 2007</ref> for multiple breaches of the UK's broadcasting codes. The scandal led to an impassioned debate about the accuracy of documentary production.<ref>[http://www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast/firstrelease/fr1199/bwfr8b.htm The primrose path: faking UK television documentary, "Docuglitz" and Docusoap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206204451/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast/firstrelease/fr1199/bwfr8b.htm }} Retrieved 26 September 2007</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/2012.07.19-232514/http://www.bjr.org.uk/data/2003/no3_owen.htm British Journalism Review – John Owen – Now you see it, now you don't] Retrieved 26 September 2007</ref>

Later in June 1998, ''The Guardian'' revealed further fabrications in another Carlton documentary from the same director.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-06-10-9806100250-story.html |title=TV FILMMAKER ACCUSED OF 2ND FAKE |last=Correspondent |first=Ray Moseley, Tribune Foreign |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>

====Kosovo War====
The paper supported [[NATO]]'s military intervention in the [[Kosovo War]] in 1998–1999. ''The Guardian'' stated that "the only honourable course for Europe and America is to use military force".<ref>''The Guardian'', leader, 23 March 1999</ref> [[Mary Kaldor]]'s piece was headlined "Bombs away! But to save civilians, we must get in some soldiers too."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/25/balkans8 |title=Bombs away! But to save civilians we must get in some soldiers too |work=The Guardian |location=London |author-link=Mary Kaldor |last=Kaldor |first=Mary}}</ref>

===Since 2000===
[[File:Canciller Ricardo Patiño ofrece entrevista al diario “The Guardian”.jpg|thumb|''The Guardian'' senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian foreign minister [[Ricardo Patiño]] for an article relating to [[Julian Assange]] in 2014]]

In the early 2000s, ''The Guardian'' challenged the [[Act of Settlement 1701]] and the [[Treason Felony Act 1848]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/06/monarchy.claredyer |title=A challenge to the crown: now is the time for change |work=The Guardian |location=London |last=Dyer |first=Clare}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/dec/07/monarchy.politicalnews |title=Broad welcome for debate on monarchy |work=The Guardian |location=London |last=Watt |first=Nicholas}}</ref> In October 2004, ''The Guardian'' published a humorous column by [[Charlie Brooker]] in its entertainment guide, the final sentence of which was viewed by some as a call for violence against U.S. President [[George W. Bush]]; after a controversy, Brooker and the paper issued an apology, saying the "closing comments were intended as an ironic joke, not as a call to action."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/oct/24/tvandradio.theguide |title=Screen Burn, The Guide |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> Following the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]], ''The Guardian'' published an article on its comment pages by [[Dilpazier Aslam]], a 27-year-old British Muslim and journalism trainee from [[Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/13/religion.july7 |title=We rock the boat |work=The Guardian |location=London |last=Aslam |first=Dilpazier}}</ref> Aslam was a member of [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], an [[Islamist]] group, and had published a number of articles on their website. According to the newspaper, it did not know that Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir when he applied to become a trainee, though several staff members were informed of this once he started at the paper.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jul/22/theguardian.pressandpublishing1 |title=Background: The Guardian and Dilpazier Aslam |work=MediaGuardian |location=London |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021808/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jul/22/theguardian.pressandpublishing1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Home Office]] said that the group's "ultimate aim is the establishment of an Islamic state (Caliphate), according to Hizb ut-Tahrir via non-violent means". ''The Guardian'' asked Aslam to resign his membership of the group and, when he did not do so, terminated his employment.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jul/22/theguardian.pressandpublishing|title=Dilpazier Aslam leaves Guardian |work=MediaGuardian |last=Busfield |first=Steve |location=London}}</ref>

In early 2009, ''The Guardian'' started a tax investigation into a number of major UK companies,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/series/tax-gap |title=Tax Gap |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=28 July 2009}}</ref> including publishing a database of the tax paid by the [[FTSE 100]] companies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/interactive/2009/feb/02/tax-database |title=Big business: what they make, what they pay |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> Internal documents relating to [[Barclays Bank]]'s [[tax avoidance]] were removed from ''The Guardian'' website after Barclays obtained a [[gagging order]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/mar/19/barclays-tax-guardian-injunction|title=Guardian loses legal challenge over Barclays documents gagging order|work=The Guardian |location=London |last1=Jones|first1=Sam|author2=David Leigh|publisher=Guardian News and Media|author2-link=David Leigh (journalist)}}</ref> The newspaper played a pivotal role in exposing the depth of the [[News of the World phone hacking affair|''News of the World'' phone hacking affair]]. ''[[The Economist]]''{{'s}} ''[[Intelligent Life (magazine)|Intelligent Life]]'' magazine opined that: {{cquote|As [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] is to the ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'', and [[thalidomide]] to the ''[[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]'', so [[News International phone hacking scandal|phone-hacking]] will surely be to ''The Guardian'': a defining moment in its history.<ref>{{cite news|title=Can The Guardian survive?|url=http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/ideas/tim-de-lisle/can-guardian-survive|newspaper=Intelligent Life|date=July–August 2012}}</ref>}}
====Israeli-Palestinian conflict coverage====
In recent decades, ''The Guardian'' has been accused of biased [[criticism of the Israeli government|criticism of Israeli government policy]]<ref name="Sela">{{cite journal|last1=Sela|first1=Hadar|title=Anti-Zionist and Antisemitic Discourse on ''The Guardian''{{'}}s "Comment Is Free" Website|url=http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2010/06/sela.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Middle East Review of International Affairs]]|volume=14|issue=2|pages=31–37|issn=1565-8996|id={{ProQuest|816331031}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713075059/http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2010/06/sela.html|archive-date=13 July 2010}}</ref> and of bias against the Palestinians.<ref>Ponsford, Dominic (12 August 2014), [http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/guardian-accused-pro-israel-bias-after-carrying-child-sacrifice-ad-rejected-times/ "Guardian accused of pro-Israel bias after carrying 'child sacrifice' ad rejected by The Times"], ''PressGazette''.</ref> In December 2003, columnist [[Julie Burchill]] cited "striking bias against the state of Israel" as one of the reasons she left the paper for ''The Times''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Burchill|first=Julie|author-link=Julie Burchill|title=Good, bad and ugly|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2003/nov/29/weekend.julieburchill}}</ref>

Responding to these accusations, a ''Guardian'' editorial in 2002 condemned antisemitism and defended the paper's right to criticise the policies and actions of the Israeli government, arguing that those who view such criticism as inherently anti-Jewish are mistaken.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leader: A new anti-semitism?|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jan/26/israel.guardianleaders|access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> Harriet Sherwood, then ''The Guardian''{{'s}} foreign editor, later its Jerusalem correspondent, has also denied that ''The Guardian'' has an anti-Israel bias, saying that the paper aims to cover all viewpoints in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref>{{cite news|title=News coverage|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/values/socialaudit/story/0,,1931208,00.html|access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref>

On 6 November 2011, Chris Elliott, ''The Guardian''{{'}}s readers' editor, wrote that "''Guardian'' reporters, writers and editors must be more vigilant about the language they use when writing about Jews or Israel," citing recent cases where ''The Guardian'' received complaints regarding language chosen to describe Jews or Israel. Elliott noted that, over nine months, he upheld complaints regarding language in certain articles that were seen as anti-Semitic, revising the language and footnoting this change.<ref name="Elliott responds">{{cite web|author=Elliott, Chris|title=The readers' editor on ... averting accusations of antisemitism|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/06/averting-accusations-of-antisemitism-guardian|access-date=3 October 2012|work=The Guardian}}</ref>

''The Guardian''{{'}}s style guide section referred to [[Tel Aviv]] as the capital of Israel in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Guardian seeks to revise history|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/155043|access-date=16 October 2014|work=Arutz Sheva}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|editor=Corrections and clarifications column|title=Corrections and clarifications | News|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/apr/22/corrections-and-clarifications|access-date=6 March 2016|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' later clarified: "In 1980, the Israeli Knesset enacted a law designating the city of Jerusalem, including East Jerusalem, as the country's capital. In response, the UN security council issued resolution 478, censuring the "change in character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem" and calling on all member states with diplomatic missions in the city to withdraw. The UN has reaffirmed this position on several occasions, and almost every country now has its embassy in Tel Aviv. While it was therefore right to issue a correction to make clear Israel's designation of Jerusalem as its capital is not recognised by the international community, we accept that it is wrong to state that Tel Aviv – the country's financial and diplomatic centre – is the capital. The style guide has been amended accordingly."<ref name="Guardian retract">{{cite web|title=Corrections and clarifications|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/aug/07/corrections-and-clarifications|access-date=29 July 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref>

On 11 August 2014 the print edition of ''The Guardian'' published a pro-Israeli advocacy advert during the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]] featuring [[Elie Wiesel]], headed by the words "Jews rejected child sacrifice 3,500 years ago. Now it's Hamas' turn." ''The Times'' had decided against running the ad, although it had already appeared in major American newspapers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Meredith Carey|title=The Guardian Accepts Elie Wiesel's Rejected London Times Advertisement – Observer|url=http://observer.com/2014/08/exclusive-the-guardian-accepts-the-elie-weisel-ad-rejected-by-london-times/|access-date=24 March 2016|work=Observer}}</ref> One week later, Chris Elliott expressed the opinion that the newspaper should have rejected the language used in the advert and should have negotiated with the advertiser on this matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Elliott|first1=Chris|title=The readers' editor on... the decision to run This World's advertisement|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/18/readers-editor-decision-this-world-advertisement|access-date=22 August 2014|website=[[theguardian.com]]}}</ref>

====Clark County====
In August 2004, for the [[2004 United States presidential election|US presidential election]], the daily ''G2'' supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in [[Clark County, Ohio]], an average-sized county in a [[swing state]]. Editor [[Ian Katz]] bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked readers to write to people listed as undecided in the election, giving them an impression of the international view and the importance of voting against President George W. Bush.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skbsPn2huuUC&pg=PA170|title=Clark County|publisher=epubli|language=en|access-date=23 August 2020|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121073110/https://books.google.com/books?id=skbsPn2huuUC&pg=PA170|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Circular reference}} Katz admitted later that he did not believe Democrats who warned that the campaign would benefit Bush and not opponent [[John Kerry]].<ref name="rennie20041022">{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1474828/Guardian-calls-it-quits-in-Clark-County-fiasco.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1474828/Guardian-calls-it-quits-in-Clark-County-fiasco.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Guardian calls it quits in Clark County fiasco |last=Rennie |first=David |work=The Telegraph |access-date=29 July 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The newspaper scrapped "Operation Clark County" on 21 October 2004 after first publishing a column of responses—nearly all of them outraged—to the campaign under the headline "Dear Limey assholes".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/18/uselections2004.usa2|title=Dear Limey assholes|access-date=13 May 2008|work=The Guardian |location=London }}</ref> Some commentators suggested that the public's dislike of the campaign contributed to Bush's victory in Clark County.<ref name="bowers">{{cite web|last=Bowers |first=Andy |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2004/11/dear_limey_assholes_.html |title=A crazy British plot to help Kerry |publisher=Slate.com |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

====''Guardian America'' and ''Guardian US''====
In 2007, the paper launched ''Guardian America'', an attempt to capitalise on its large online readership in the United States, which at the time stood at more than 5.9 million. The company hired former ''[[American Prospect]]'' editor, ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine columnist and ''[[New York Review of Books]]'' writer [[Michael Tomasky]] to head the project and hire a staff of American reporters and web editors. The site featured news from ''The Guardian'' that was relevant to an American audience: coverage of US news and the Middle East, for example.<ref>{{cite web|author=Leon Neyfakh |url=http://observer.com/2007/09/iguardiani-reclaims-america/ |title=Guardian Reclaims America |publisher=Observer |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

Tomasky stepped down from his position as editor of ''Guardian America'' in February 2009, ceding editing and planning duties to other US and London staff. He retained his position as a columnist and blogger, taking the title editor-at-large.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/feb/18/michael-tomasky-editor-democracy|title=Michael Tomasky joins political journal Democracy|work=The Guardian |location=London |last=Kiss|first=Jemima|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>

In October 2009, the company abandoned the ''Guardian America'' homepage, instead directing users to a US news index page on the main ''Guardian'' website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paidcontent.org/2009/10/20/419-gnm-axing-guardianamerica-com-shuffling-execs-in-restructure/ |title=GNM Axing GuardianAmerica.com, Shuffling Execs in Restructure| access-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042418/http://paidcontent.org/2009/10/20/419-gnm-axing-guardianamerica-com-shuffling-execs-in-restructure/ |archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> The following month, the company laid off six American employees, including a reporter, a multimedia producer and four web editors. The move came as ''Guardian News and Media'' opted to reconsider its US strategy amid a huge effort to cut costs across the company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paidcontent.org/2009/11/06/419-guardian-news-and-media-laying-off-seven-employees-in-u-s/ |title=Guardian News And Media Laying Off Six Employees in U.S.|first=Rafat|last=Ali|access-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624012953/http://paidcontent.org/2009/11/06/419-guardian-news-and-media-laying-off-seven-employees-in-u-s/ |archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In subsequent years, however, ''The Guardian'' has hired various commentators on US affairs including [[Ana Marie Cox]], [[Michael Wolff (journalist)|Michael Wolff]], [[Naomi Wolf]], [[Glenn Greenwald]] and George W. Bush's former speechwriter [[Josh Treviño]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|title=The Guardian Backtracks From a Bold Move in Hiring|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/27/business/media/guardian-backtracks-from-hiring-of-joshua-trevino.html|access-date=31 December 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Treviño">{{cite web|author=Guardian US |url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/9 |title=adds Josh Treviño to growing US team |work=The Guardian|access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> Treviño's first blog post was an apology for a controversial tweet posted in June 2011 over the second Gaza flotilla, the controversy which had been revived by the appointment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-news-blog/2012/aug/16/2011-gaza-flotilla-tweet-clarification?commentpage=all#start-of-comments|title=My 2011 Gaza flotilla tweet: a clarification|first=Joshua |last=Treviño| work=The Guardian|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

''[[Guardian US]]'' launched in September 2011, led by editor-in-chief [[Janine Gibson]], which replaced the previous ''Guardian America'' service.<ref name="PressRel">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/guardian-unveils-us-url|title=Guardian News & Media press release: Guardian unveils US url|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=22 July 2013|author=Guardian Staff}}</ref> After a period during which [[Katharine Viner]] served as the US editor-in-chief before taking charge of ''Guardian News and Media'' as a whole, Viner's former deputy, Lee Glendinning, was appointed to succeed her as head of the American operation at the beginning of June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jasper Jackson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jun/01/lee-glendinning-editor-guardian-us |title=Lee Glendinning appointed as editor of Guardian US | Media |work=The Guardian|access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

====Gagged from reporting Parliament====
In October 2009, ''The Guardian'' reported that it was forbidden to report on a parliamentary matter – a question recorded in a Commons order paper, to be answered by a minister later that week.<ref>{{cite web|author=Table Office, House of Commons |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmordbk2/cmob2.htm |title=Order Paper Part 2 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> The newspaper noted that it was being "forbidden from telling its readers why the paper is prevented—for the first time in memory—from reporting parliament. Legal obstacles, which cannot be identified, involve proceedings, which cannot be mentioned, on behalf of a client who must remain secret. The only fact ''The Guardian'' can report is that the case involves the London solicitors [[Carter-Ruck]]." The paper further claimed that this case appears "to call into question privileges guaranteeing free speech established under the [[Bill of Rights 1689|1689 Bill of Rights]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/12/guardian-gagged-from-reporting-parliament|title=Guardian gagged from reporting parliament|work=The Guardian|location=London|last=Leigh|first=David|publisher=Guardian News and Media|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005045156/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/12/guardian-gagged-from-reporting-parliament|url-status=live}}</ref>

The only parliamentary question mentioning Carter-Ruck in the relevant period was by [[Paul Farrelly]] MP, in reference to legal action by [[Barclays]] and [[Trafigura]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmordbk2/91014o01.htm|title=Oral or Written Questions for Answer beginning on Wednesday 14 October 2009|work=UK Parliament|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016113956/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmordbk2/91014o01.htm|archive-date=16 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Press Gazette|title=Guardian gagged from reporting Parliament|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/44460|publisher=Progressive Media International|location=London|first=Dominic|last=Ponsford|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513013753/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/44460|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> The part of the question referencing Carter-Ruck relates to the latter company's September 2009 gagging order on the publication of a 2006 internal report<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wikileaks.com/wiki/Minton_report:_Trafigura_Toxic_dumping_along_the_Ivory_Coast_broke_EU_regulations,_14_Sep_2006 |title=Minton report: Trafigura toxic dumping along the Ivory Coast broke EU regulations, 14 Sep 2006 |publisher=WikiLeaks |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> into the [[2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump]] scandal, which involved a [[class action]] case that the company only settled in September 2009 after ''The Guardian'' published some of the commodity trader's internal emails.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/16/trafigura-oil-ivory-coast |title=How UK oil company Trafigura tried to cover up African pollution disaster |work=The Guardian |location=London |last=Leigh |first=David |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/16/trafigura-oil-ivory-coast |url-status=live }}</ref> The reporting injunction was lifted the next day, as Carter-Ruck withdrew it before ''The Guardian'' could challenge it in the High Court.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/13/guardian-gagged-parliamentary-question |title=Gag on Guardian reporting MP's Trafigura question lifted |work=The Guardian |location=London |last=Leigh |first=David |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=7 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407151912/http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/oct/13/guardian-gagged-parliamentary-question |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Alan Rusbridger]] attributed the rapid back-down by Carter-Ruck to postings on [[Twitter]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/oct/14/trafigura-fiasco-tears-up-textbook |title=The Trafigura fiasco tears up the textbook |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=25 January 2010 |last=Rusbridger |first=Alan |archive-date=16 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016065630/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/oct/14/trafigura-fiasco-tears-up-textbook |url-status=live}}</ref> as did a [[BBC News Online]] article.<ref>{{cite news |last=Higham |first=Nick |author-link=Nick Higham |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8304908.stm |title=When is a secret not a secret? |access-date=25 January 2010 |work=BBC News |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121073122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8304908.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Edward Snowden leaks and intervention by the UK government====
In June 2013, the newspaper broke news of the secret collection of [[Verizon Communications|Verizon]] telephone records held by [[Barack Obama]]'s administration<ref name="reuters.com"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Haughney |first1=Christine |last2=Cohen |first2=Noam |title=Guardian Makes Waves, and Is Ready for More|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/business/guardian-reaps-benefits-from-nsa-scoop.html|access-date=31 December 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and subsequently revealed the existence of the [[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM surveillance program]] after it was leaked to the paper by former [[National Security Agency|NSA]] contractor [[Edward Snowden]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/> ''The Guardian'' said a [[DSMA-Notice]] had been sent to editors and journalists on 7 June after the first ''Guardian'' story about the Snowden documents. It said the DSMA-Notice was being used as an "attempt to censor coverage of surveillance tactics employed by intelligence agencies in the UK and US".<ref name="pg190613">{{cite news |last1=Ponsford |first1=Dominic |title=Guardian spying revelations were in breach of DA-Notice guidance |url=https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/guardian-spying-revelations-were-in-breach-of-da-notice-guidance/ |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=Press Gazette }}</ref>

The newspaper was subsequently contacted by the British government's Cabinet Secretary, Sir [[Jeremy Heywood]], under instruction from Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister [[Nick Clegg]], who ordered that the hard drives containing the information be destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23776063 |title=Edward Snowden files: No 10 contacted Guardian |publisher=BBC News |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> ''The Guardian''{{'s}} offices were then visited in July by agents from the UK's [[Government Communications Headquarters|GCHQ]], who supervised the destruction of the hard drives containing information acquired from Snowden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.theage.com.au/news/world-news/rusbridger-tells-of-hard-drive-destruction-4680075.html |title=Guardian's Alan Rusbridger tells of hard drive destruction | Video |publisher=Media.theage.com.au |access-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084018/http://media.theage.com.au/news/world-news/rusbridger-tells-of-hard-drive-destruction-4680075.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' said it had destroyed the hard drives to avoid threatened legal action by the UK government that could have stopped it from reporting on US and British government surveillance contained in the documents.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |title=NSA files: why The Guardian in London destroyed hard drives of leaked files |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/20/nsa-snowden-files-drives-destroyed-london |access-date=10 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> In June 2014, ''[[The Register]]'' reported that the information the government sought to suppress by destroying the hard drives related to the location of a "beyond top secret" internet monitoring base in [[Seeb, Oman|Seeb]], Oman, and the close involvement of [[BT Group|BT]] and [[Cable & Wireless plc|Cable & Wireless]] in intercepting internet communications.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/06/03/revealed_beyond_top_secret_british_intelligence_middleeast_internet_spy_base |title=Revealed: GCHQ's beyond top secret middle eastern internet spy base |work=The Register |first=Duncan |last=Campbell |author-link=Duncan Campbell (journalist, born 1944) |access-date=16 September 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625063147/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/06/03/revealed_beyond_top_secret_british_intelligence_middleeast_internet_spy_base/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Julian Assange]] criticised the newspaper for not publishing the entirety of the content when it had the chance.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.twitch.tv/reddit/v/113771480|title=I am Julian Assange, founder of WikiLeaks – Ask Me Anything|last=Assange|first=Julian|language=en|publisher=Reddit|minutes=68|access-date=15 January 2017|via=Twitch}}</ref> Rusbridger had initially covered the Snowden documents without the government's supervision, but subsequently sought it, and established an ongoing relationship with the [[Defence minister|Defence Ministry]]. ''The Guardian'' coverage of Snowden later continued because the information had already been copied outside the United Kingdom, earning the company's US website, ''[[Guardian US|The Guardian US]],'' an [[Pulitzer Prize for Public Service|American Pulitzer Prize for Public Service]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Pulitzer Prizes |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2014 |archive-url= |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=The Pulitzer Prizes}}</ref> Rusbridger and subsequent chief editors would sit on the government's [[DSMA-Notice|DSMA-notice]] board.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aROJDwAAQBAJ&q=d-notice.+the+guardian.+snowden&pg=PA161|title=Journalism in an Age of Terror: Covering and Uncovering the Secret State|last=Lloyd|first=John|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781786731111|pages=160–165|language=en|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121073109/https://books.google.com/books?id=aROJDwAAQBAJ&q=d-notice.+the+guardian.+snowden&pg=PA161|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Manafort–Assange secret meetings====
In a November 2018 ''Guardian'' article, [[Luke Harding]] and Dan Collyns cited anonymous sources which stated that [[Donald Trump]]'s former campaign manager [[Paul Manafort]] held secret meetings with [[WikiLeaks]] founder [[Julian Assange]] inside the Ecuadorian embassy in London in 2013, 2015, and 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Harding |first1= Luke |last2= Collyns|first2= Dan |title= Manafort held secret talks with Assange in Ecuadorian embassy |url= https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/nov/27/manafort-held-secret-talks-with-assange-in-ecuadorian-embassy |newspaper = The Guardian|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181127143814/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/nov/27/manafort-held-secret-talks-with-assange-in-ecuadorian-embassy |archive-date= 27 November 2018 }}</ref> The name of a third author, Fernando Villavicencio, was removed from the online version of the story soon after publication. The title of the story was originally 'Manafort held secret talks with Assange in Ecuadorian embassy'. A few hours after publication, 'sources say' was added to the title, and the meeting became an 'apparent meeting'.<ref name="lemonde010119">{{cite web |last1=Halimi |first1=Serge |title=The Guardian's fake scoop |url=https://mondediplo.com/2019/01/10guardian |website=Le Monde diplomatique |access-date=9 November 2021 |language=en }}</ref> One reporter characterized the story, "If it's right, it might be the biggest get this year. If it's wrong, it might be the biggest gaffe." Manafort and Assange both denied ever having met with the latter threatening legal action against ''The Guardian''.<ref>{{cite news |last= Pompeo |first= Joe |title= "It Might Be the Biggest Get This Year": How The Guardian's Bombshell Set Off Its Own Little Media World War |url= https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/11/the-guardian-paul-manafort-julian-assange |newspaper= Vanity Fair }}</ref> Ecuador's London consul Fidel Narváez, who had worked at [[Embassy of Ecuador, London|Ecuador's embassy in London]] from 2010 to July 2018, denied that Manafort's visits had happened.<ref name="lemonde010119"/> [[Serge Halimi]] said Harding had a personal grievance against Assange and noted that Manafort's name does not appear in the Ecuadorian embassy's visitors' book and there were no pictures of Manafort entering or leaving "one of the most surveilled and filmed buildings on the planet".<ref name="lemonde010119"/>

====Priti Patel cartoon ====
''The Guardian'' was accused of being "racist and misogynistic" after it published a cartoon depicting [[Home Secretary]], [[Priti Patel]] as a cow with a ring in its nose in an alleged reference to her [[Hindu]] faith, since cows are considered sacred in [[Hinduism]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=Guardian cartoon of cow in relation to Priti Patel sparks outrage amongst diaspora in Britain|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/guardian-cartoon-of-cow-in-relation-to-priti-patel-sparks-outrage-amongst-diaspora-in-britain/articleshow/74557770.cms|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911224645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/guardian-cartoon-of-cow-in-relation-to-priti-patel-sparks-outrage-amongst-diaspora-in-britain/articleshow/74557770.cms|archive-date=11 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bell|first=Steve|title=Steve Bell on Boris Johnson defending Priti Patel at PMQs – cartoon|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/picture/2020/mar/04/steve-bell-on-boris-johnson-defending-priti-patel-at-pmqs-cartoon|url-status=live|access-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629090045/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/picture/2020/mar/04/steve-bell-on-boris-johnson-defending-priti-patel-at-pmqs-cartoon|archive-date=29 June 2020}}</ref>

====WikiLeaks coverage====
Journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]], a former contributor to ''The Guardian'', has accused ''The Guardian'' of falsifying the words of [[WikiLeaks]] founder [[Julian Assange]] in a report about the interview he gave to Italian newspaper ''La Repubblica.'' In ''[[The Intercept]]'', Greenwald wrote: "This article is about how those [''Guardian''{{'s}}] false claims—fabrications, really—were spread all over the internet by journalists, causing hundreds of thousands of people (if not millions) to consume false news."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theintercept.com/2016/12/29/the-guardians-summary-of-julian-assanges-interview-went-viral-and-was-completely-false/|title=The Guardian's Summary of Julian Assange's Interview Went Viral and Was Completely False|last= Greenwald|first=Glenn|work=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' later amended its article about Assange.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jacobs|first=Ben|title=Julian Assange gives guarded praise of Trump and blasts Clinton in interview|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/dec/24/julian-assange-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-interview|website=The Guardian}}</ref>{{clarify}}

After publishing a story on 13 January 2017 claiming that [[WhatsApp]] had a "backdoor [that] allows snooping on messages", more than 70 professional cryptographers signed on to an open letter calling for ''The Guardian'' to retract the article.<ref>{{cite web|title=Security researchers call for Guardian to retract false WhatsApp "backdoor" story|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/20/security-researchers-call-for-guardian-to-retract-false-whatsapp-backdoor-story/|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=William Turton|title=There's No Security Backdoor in WhatsApp, Despite Reports|url=https://gizmodo.com/theres-no-security-backdoor-in-whatsapp-despite-report-1791158247|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|quote=According to [[Alec Muffett]], an experienced security researcher who spoke to Gizmodo, The Guardian's story is "major league fuckwittage".}}</ref> On 13 June 2017, readers' editor Paul Chadwick released an article detailing the flawed reporting in the original January article, which was amended to remove references to a backdoor.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chadwick|first=Paul|title=Flawed reporting about WhatsApp {{!}} Open door {{!}} Paul Chadwick|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/commentisfree/2017/jun/28/flawed-reporting-about-whatsapp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514225529/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/commentisfree/2017/jun/28/flawed-reporting-about-whatsapp|archive-date=14 May 2019|access-date=18 January 2018|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganguly|first=Manisha|title=WhatsApp design feature means some encrypted messages could be read by third party|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/13/whatsapp-design-feature-encrypted-messages|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628000021/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/13/whatsapp-backdoor-allows-snooping-on-encrypted-messages|archive-date=28 June 2017|access-date=18 January 2018|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

====2022 Cyber attack====
In December 2022 it was reported that the Guardian had suffered a significant cyber-attack on its office systems, thought to be ransomware.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Jim Waterson |title=Guardian hit by serious IT incident believed to be ransomware attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/dec/21/guardian-hit-by-serious-it-incident-believed-to-be-ransomware-attack |website=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News & Media |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221132544/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/dec/21/guardian-hit-by-serious-it-incident-believed-to-be-ransomware-attack |archive-date=21 December 2022 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Lindsay Clark |title=UK's Guardian newspaper breaks news of ransomware attack on itself |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/12/21/the_guardian_hit_by_ransomware/ |website=The Register |publisher=Situation Publishing |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221154316/https://www.theregister.com/2022/12/21/the_guardian_hit_by_ransomware/ |archive-date=21 December 2022 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref> Staff were directed to work from home and were able to continue publishing to the website despite the loss of some internal systems.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Tom Singleton |title=Guardian newspaper hit by suspected ransomware attack |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-64056300 |website=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221165902/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-64056300 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref> The print edition also continued to be produced. On the 4th of January 2023, UK staff were informed of a security breach and that the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] had been notified, as required by GDPR. It was indicated that staff would continue working from home until at least January 23rd.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Jessica Lyons Hardcastle |title=The Guardian ransomware attack hits week two as staff told to work from home |url=https://www.theregister.com/2023/01/04/guardian_ransomware_attack/ |website=The Register |publisher=Situation Publishing |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104200402/https://www.theregister.com/2023/01/04/guardian_ransomware_attack/ |archive-date=4 January 2023 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref> The newspaper confirmed on 11th January that personal details of all UK staff had been accessed by criminals.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Alexander Martin |title=The Guardian confirms criminals accessed staff data in ransomware attack |url=https://therecord.media/the-guardian-confirms-criminals-accessed-staff-data-in-ransomware-attack/ |website=The Record |publisher=Recorded Future News |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111173029/https://therecord.media/the-guardian-confirms-criminals-accessed-staff-data-in-ransomware-attack/ |archive-date=11 January 2023 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ownership and finances==
''The Guardian'' is part of the [[Guardian Media Group]] (GMG) of newspapers, radio stations and print media. GMG components include ''[[The Observer]]'', ''[[The Guardian Weekly]]'' and ''[[TheGuardian.com]]''. All were owned by [[Scott Trust Limited|The Scott Trust]], a charitable foundation existing between 1936 and 2008, which aimed to ensure the paper's [[editorial independence]] in perpetuity, maintaining its financial health to ensure it did not become vulnerable to takeovers by commercial media groups. At the beginning of October 2008, the Scott Trust{{'}}s assets were transferred to a new limited company, The Scott Trust Limited, with the intention being that the original trust would be wound up.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/oct/08/theguardian.theobserver |title=Guardian owner the ''Scott Trust'' to be wound up after 72 years |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=10 October 2008 |last=Conlan |first=Tara}}</ref> Dame [[Liz Forgan]], chair of the Scott Trust, reassured staff that the purposes of the new company remained the same as under the previous arrangements.

[[File:The Guardian Building Window in London.JPG|thumb|''The Guardian''{{'s}} headquarters in London]]

''The Guardian'' is the only British national daily to conduct (since 2003) an annual social, ethical and environmental [[audit]] in which it examines, under the scrutiny of an independent external auditor, its own behaviour as a company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/values/socialaudit |title=Living Our Values: Social, Ethical and Environmental Audit 2006 |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |access-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006205919/http://www.theguardian.com/values/socialaudit |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> It is also the only British national daily newspaper to employ an internal ombudsman (called the "readers' editor") to handle complaints and corrections.

''The Guardian'' and its parent groups participate in [[Project Syndicate]] and intervened in 1995 to save the ''[[Mail & Guardian]]'' in South Africa; GMG sold the majority of its shares of the ''Mail & Guardian'' in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Coetzee|first=Andre|title=Mail & Guardian {{!}} Print Media|url=https://print.media.co.za/mail-guardian/|access-date=4 January 2021|website=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref>

''The Guardian'' was consistently loss-making until 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2019/05/want-to-see-what-one-digital-future-for-newspapers-looks-like-look-at-the-guardian-which-isnt-losing-money-anymore/|title=Want to see what one digital future for newspapers looks like? Look at The Guardian, which isn't losing money anymore|website=Nieman Lab|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> The National Newspaper division of GMG, which also includes ''The Observer'', reported operating losses of £49.9 million in 2006, up from £18.6 million in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/gmgplc/media/news/article/article110.html |title=Guardian Media Group 2005/06 results: 28/07/2006: A LANDMARK YEAR FOR GMG |access-date=9 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821180103/http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/gmgplc/media/news/article/article110.html |archive-date=21 August 2006}}</ref> The paper was therefore heavily dependent on cross-subsidisation from profitable companies within the group.

The continual losses made by the National Newspaper division of the ''Guardian Media Group'' caused it to dispose of its Regional Media division by selling titles to competitor ''[[Trinity Mirror]]'' in March 2010. This included the flagship ''[[Manchester Evening News]]'', and severed the historic link between that paper and ''The Guardian''. The sale was in order to safeguard the future of ''The Guardian'' newspaper as is the intended purpose of the ''Scott Trust''.<ref name="M.E.N sold to Trinity Mirror">{{cite news
|title=Manchester Evening News sold by Guardian Media Group
|publisher=M.E.N. Media
|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/manchester-evening-news-sold-by-guardian-882685
|access-date=11 February 2010 |work=Manchester Evening News
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719231233/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/manchester-evening-news-sold-by-guardian-882685
|archive-date=19 July 2013 }}</ref>

In June 2011 ''Guardian News and Media'' revealed increased annual losses of £33 million and announced that it was looking to focus on its online edition for news coverage, leaving the print edition to contain more comments and features. It was also speculated that ''The Guardian'' might become the first British national daily paper to be fully online.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rayner |first=Gordon |title=Riches to rags as Guardian bleeds £33 million in a year |work=The Daily Telegraph|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/media/8583220/Riches-to-rags-as-Guardian-bleeds-33m-in-a-year.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/media/8583220/Riches-to-rags-as-Guardian-bleeds-33m-in-a-year.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=21 October 2011 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Guardian and Observer to adopt 'digital-first' strategy |publisher=Guardian News and Media |url= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jun/16/guardian-observer-digital-first-strategy?INTCMP=SRCH |access-date=21 October 2011|last=Sabbagh|first=Dan|location=London|work=The Guardian}}</ref>

For the three years up to June 2012, the paper lost £100,000 a day, which prompted ''Intelligent Life'' to question whether ''The Guardian'' could survive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/ideas/tim-de-lisle/can-guardian-survive |title=Can The Guardian Survive? |publisher=More Intelligent Life |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref>

Between 2007 and 2014 ''The Guardian Media Group'' sold all their side businesses, of regional papers and online portals for classifieds and consolidated, into ''The Guardian'' as sole product. The sales let them acquire a capital stock of £838.3 million as of July 2014, supposed to guarantee the independence of the ''Guardian'' in perpetuity. In the first year, the paper made more losses than predicted, and in January 2016 the publishers announced, that ''The Guardian'' will cut 20 per cent of staff and costs within the next three years.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jane Martinson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jan/25/guardian-news-media-to-cut-running-costs |title=Guardian News & Media to cut costs by 20 per cent | Media |work=The Guardian|access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> The newspaper is rare in calling for direct contributions "to deliver the independent journalism the world needs."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.theguardian.com/uk|title=Support The Guardian|website=support.theguardian.com|language=en|access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref>

The Guardian Media Group's 2018 annual report (year ending 1 April 2018) indicated some significant changes occurring. Its digital (online) editions accounted for over 50% of group revenues by that time; the loss from news and media operations was £18.6 million, 52% lower than during the prior year (2017: £38.9 million). The Group had cut costs by £19.1 million, partly by switching its print edition to the tabloid format. The Guardian Media Group's owner, the Scott Trust Endowment Fund, reported that its value at the time was £1.01 billion (2017: £1.03 billion).<ref>{{cite news |title=Guardian Media Group plc (GMG) results for the financial year ended 1 April 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/2018/jul/24/guardian-media-group-plc-gmg-results-for-the-financial-year-ended-1-april-2018 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> In the following financial report (for the year 2018–2019), the group reported a profit ([[EBITDA]]) of £0.8 million before exceptional items, thus breaking even in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/2019/aug/07/guardian-media-group-plc-gmg-publishes-201819-statutory-financial-results|title=Guardian Media Group plc (GMG) publishes 2018/19 statutory financial results|website=The Guardian|access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/aug/07/guardian-broke-even-last-year-parent-company-confirms|title=Guardian broke even last year, parent company confirms|first=Jim|last=Watson|newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=26 August 2020|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>

To be sustainable, the annual subsidy must fall within the £25 million of interest returned on the investments from the Scott Trust Endowment Fund.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/guardian-digital-reader-revenue-climbs-during-pandemic-year-with-half-from-outside-uk/|title=Guardian digital reader revenue climbs during pandemic year with half from outside UK|author=Freddy Mayhew|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>

==="Membership" subscription scheme===
In 2014, ''The Guardian'' launched a membership scheme.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mance |first=Henry |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/39ad0574-390d-11e4-9526-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3g9bCAVkc |title=Guardian launches paid membership scheme |publisher=FT.com |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> The scheme aims to reduce the financial losses incurred by ''The Guardian'' without introducing a [[paywall]], thus maintaining open access to the website. Website readers can pay a monthly subscription, with three tiers available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://membership.theguardian.com/choose-tier| title=Join Choose Tier – The Guardian Members |work=theguardian|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> As of 2018 this approach was considered successful, having brought more than 1 million subscriptions or donations, with the paper hoping to break even by April 2019.<ref name="guardian-20181112">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/membership/2018/nov/12/katharine-viner-guardian-million-reader-funding |title=The Guardian's reader funding model is working. It's inspiring |last=Viner |first=Katharine |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>

===Foundation funding===
[[File:The Guardian Foundation - Senate House History Day 2019.jpg|thumb|The Guardian Foundation at the Senate House History Day, 2019]]
In 2016, the company established a U.S.-based philanthropic arm to raise money from individuals and organizations including think tanks and corporate foundations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tsang|first=Amie|title=The Guardian Sets Up a Nonprofit to Support Its Journalism|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/business/media/guardian-non-profit-philanthropy.html|access-date=31 December 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The grants are focused by the donors on particular issues. By the following year, the organization had raised $1 million from the likes of [[Pierre Omidyar]]'s Humanity United, the [[Skoll Foundation]], and the [[Conrad N. Hilton Foundation]] to finance reporting on topics including modern-day slavery and climate change. ''The Guardian'' has stated that it has secured $6 million "in multi-year funding commitments" thus far.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/08/could-the-guardians-quest-for-philanthropic-support-squeeze-out-other-news-nonprofits/|title=Could The Guardian's quest for philanthropic support squeeze out other news nonprofits?|work=Nieman Lab|access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref>

The new project developed from funding relationships which the paper already had with the [[Ford Foundation|Ford]], [[Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller]], and [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/guardian-announces-launch-of-u.s.-nonprofit|title=Guardian Announces Launch of U.S. Nonprofit|last=Center|first=Foundation|work=Philanthropy News Digest (PND)|access-date=6 August 2018|language=en}}</ref> Gates had given the organization $5 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/How-We-Work/Quick-Links/Grants-Database/Grants/2011/08/OPP1034962|title=OPP1034962|website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|language=en|access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> for its Global Development webpage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schiffrin|first=Anya|title=Can We Measure Media Impact? Surveying the Field |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/can_we_measure_media_impact_surveying_the_field|journal=Stanford Social Innovation Review|location=Warrendale, PA|edition=Fall 2015}}</ref>

As of March 2020, the journal claims to be "the first major global news organisation to institute an outright ban on taking money from companies that extract fossil fuels."<ref>{{cite web | first1 =Jim | last1 = Waterson | url = https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/jan/29/guardian-to-ban-advertising-from-fossil-fuel-firms-climate-crisis | title = Guardian to ban advertising from fossil fuel firms | website = [[TheGuardian.com]] | date = 29 January 2020 }}</ref>

==Political stance and editorial opinion==
Founded by textile traders and merchants, in its early years ''The Guardian'' had a reputation as "an organ of the middle class",<ref>[[Frederick Engels|Engels, Frederick]] (1973), ''The Condition of the Working Class in England'', Progress, p. 109.</ref> or in the words of C. P. Scott's son Ted, "a paper that will remain bourgeois to the last".<ref name="Hunter2003">{{cite book|first=Ian |last=Hunter|title=Malcolm Muggeridge: A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaEfbtzqEUwC&pg=PA74|year=2003|publisher=Regent College Publishing|isbn=978-1-57383-259-5|page=74}}</ref> Associated at first with the [[Little Circle]] and hence with [[classical liberalism]] as expressed by the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]] and later by the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], its political orientation underwent a decisive change after [[World War II]], leading to a gradual alignment with [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and the [[political left]] in general.

The ''[[Scott Trust Limited|Scott Trust]]'' describes one of its "core purposes" to be "to secure the financial and editorial independence of the ''Guardian'' in perpetuity: as a quality national newspaper without party affiliation; remaining faithful to its liberal tradition".<ref name=GST1 /><ref name="Affiliation">{{cite news|title=Political affiliation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/nov/17/political-affiliation-guardian-observer|access-date=19 April 2016|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion: a [[MORI]] poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80 per cent of ''Guardian'' readers were Labour Party voters;<ref name="International Socialism 2003"/> according to another MORI poll taken in 2005, 48 per cent of ''Guardian'' readers were Labour voters and 34 per cent [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] voters.<ref name="Ipsos MORI"/> The term "''Guardian'' reader" can be used to imply a stereotype of [[social liberalism|liberal]], left-wing or "[[politically correct]]" views.<ref name="Guardian2003158" />

Although the paper is often considered to be "linked inextricably" to the Labour Party,<ref name="Affiliation" /> three of ''The Guardian''{{'s}} four leader writers joined the more centrist [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]] on its foundation in 1981. The paper was enthusiastic in its support for [[Tony Blair]] in his successful bid to lead the Labour Party,<ref>{{cite news|title=Labour: the choice for the future|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1994/jul/02/labour.uk}}</ref> and to be elected Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news|title=A political earthquake: The Tory loss is cataclysmic; Labour's win historic|work=The Guardian|location=London|author=Leader|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1997/may/02/electionspast.comment}}</ref> On 19 January 2003, two months before the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], an ''Observer'' Editorial said: "Military intervention in the Middle East holds many dangers. But if we want a lasting peace it may be the only option. ... War with Iraq may yet not come, but, conscious of the potentially terrifying responsibility resting with the British Government, we find ourselves supporting the current commitment to a possible use of force."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iraq: the case for decisive action|url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jan/19/leaders.politics|access-date=18 December 2020|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> ''The Guardian'', however, opposed the war, along with the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' and ''[[The Independent]]''.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/mar/17/mondaymediasection.Iraqandthemedia | title=They've lost the battle, will they support the war?| newspaper=The Guardian| date=17 March 2003| last1=Greenslade| first1=Roy}}</ref>

Then ''Guardian'' features editor Ian Katz asserted in 2004 that "it is no secret we are a centre-left newspaper".<ref name="undecidedvoters">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/16/uselections2004.usa2 |title=World writes to undecided voters |access-date=13 July 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=London | date=16 October 2004|last=Wells|first=Matt}}</ref> In 2008, ''Guardian'' columnist [[Jackie Ashley]] said that editorial contributors were a mix of "right-of-centre [[Libertarianism|libertarians]], greens, Blairites, Brownites, Labourite but less enthusiastic Brownites, etc," and that the newspaper was "clearly left of centre and vaguely progressive". She also said that "you can be absolutely certain that come the next general election, ''The Guardian''{{'s}} stance will not be dictated by the editor, still less any foreign proprietor (it helps that there isn't one) but will be the result of vigorous debate within the paper".<ref name="Guardianistas">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/apr/29/aretheguardianistasrats|title=Are the Guardianistas rats?|access-date=13 July 2008|work=The Guardian |location=London | date=29 April 2008|last=Ashley|first=Jackie|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> The paper's comment and opinion pages, though often written by centre-left contributors such as [[Polly Toynbee]], have allowed some space for right-of-centre voices such as [[Max Hastings|Sir Max Hastings]] and [[Michael Gove]]. Since an editorial in 2000, ''The Guardian'' has favoured abolition of the British monarchy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/06/monarchy.guardianleaders|title=Magic or not, let in the daylight|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=14 November 2013|location=London|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510175830/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/06/monarchy.guardianleaders|url-status=live}}</ref> "I write for the ''Guardian''," said Max Hastings in 2005,<ref>{{cite news|title=Smaller size, higher brow? |first=Mark |last=Seddon |work=New Statesman |location=London |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200502210005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312023834/http://www.newstatesman.com/200502210005 |archive-date=12 March 2010}}</ref> "because it is read by the new establishment," reflecting the paper's then-growing influence.

In the run-up to the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], following a meeting of the editorial staff,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/apr/23/election-editorial-comment-guardian|title=The Guardian's election editorial meeting: report|work=The Guardian|last=Seaton|first=Matt|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> the paper declared its support for the Liberal Democrats, due in particular, to the party's stance on [[electoral reform]]. The paper suggested [[tactical voting]] to prevent a Conservative victory, given Britain's [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] electoral system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/apr/30/the-liberal-moment-has-come |title=General election 2010: The liberal moment has come |work=The Guardian | location=London |access-date=25 May 2010|publisher=Guardian News and Media|author=Editorial}}</ref> At [[2015 United Kingdom general election|the 2015 election]], the paper switched its support to the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]. The paper argued that Britain needed a new direction and Labour "speaks with more urgency than its rivals on social justice, standing up to predatory capitalism, on investment for growth, on reforming and strengthening the public realm, Britain's place in Europe and international development".<ref name="lab2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/01/guardian-view-britain-needs-new-direction-needs-labour |title=The Guardian view: Britain needs a new direction, Britain needs Labour |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=1 May 2015 |publisher=Guardian News and Media |author=Editorial |archive-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407091043/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/01/guardian-view-britain-needs-new-direction-needs-labour |url-status=live }}</ref>

Assistant Editor Michael White, in discussing media self-censorship in March 2011, says: "I have always sensed liberal, middle class ill-ease in going after stories about immigration, legal or otherwise, about welfare fraud or the less attractive tribal habits of the working class, which is more easily ignored altogether. Toffs, including royal ones, Christians, especially popes, governments of Israel, and [[Republican Party (United States)|U.S. Republicans]] are more straightforward targets."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2011/mar/09/media-self-censorship-problem-turkey|title=Media self-censorship: not just a problem for Turkey|work=The Guardian|last=White|first=Michael|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>

In a 2013 interview for [[NPR]], ''The Guardian's'' Latin America correspondent [[Rory Carroll]] stated that many editors at ''The Guardian'' believed and continue to believe that they should support [[Hugo Chávez]] "because he was a standard-bearer for the left".<ref name="NPR2013">{{cite news|title='Comandante' Chavez Still Revered By Some, Despite Failings|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/04/10/176706001/comandante-hugo-chavez-still-revered-despite-his-failings|access-date=11 March 2015|agency=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

In the [[2015 United Kingdom general election]], it endorsed the Labour Party.<ref>{{cite news |title= The Guardian view: Britain needs a new direction, Britain needs Labour |url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/01/guardian-view-britain-needs-new-direction-needs-labour |work= The Guardian |access-date= 22 November 2021}}</ref>

In the [[2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)|2015 Labour Party leadership election]], ''The Guardian'' supported Blairite candidate [[Yvette Cooper]] and was critical of left-winger [[Jeremy Corbyn]], the successful candidate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/13/guardian-view-labour-leadership-choice-yvette-cooper-jeremy-corbyn|title=The Guardian view on Labour's choice: Corbyn has shaped the campaign, but Cooper can shape the future|author=Editorial|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310061023/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/13/guardian-view-labour-leadership-choice-yvette-cooper-jeremy-corbyn|url-status=live}}</ref> These positions were criticised by the ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]'', which accused ''The Guardian'' of being conservative.<ref name="MS1">{{cite news|last1=Sinclair|first1=Ian|title=Guardian on the Wrong Side of History Over Corbyn|url=https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-8193-Guardian-on-the-wrong-side-of-history-over-Corbyn|access-date=30 March 2016|work=Morning Star|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410185433/https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-8193-Guardian-on-the-wrong-side-of-history-over-Corbyn|archive-date=10 April 2016}}</ref>{{undue inline|reason=Is a rival newspaper's take due on this kind of detail?}} Although the majority of ''Guardian'' columnists were against Corbyn winning, [[Owen Jones]], [[Seumas Milne]], and [[George Monbiot]] wrote supportive articles about him. Despite the critical position of the paper in general, ''The Guardian'' endorsed the Labour Party while Corbyn was its leader in the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/ng-interactive/2017/jun/02/the-guardian-view-on-our-vote-its-labour|title=The Guardian view on the election: it's Labour|last=Editorial|work=The Guardian|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019]] general elections — although in both cases they endorsed a vote for opposition parties other than Labour, such as the Liberal Democrats and the [[Scottish National Party]] in seats where Labour did not stand a chance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/ng-interactive/2019/dec/10/the-guardian-view-on-general-election-2019-a-fleeting-chance-to-stop-boris-johnson-in-his-tracks|title=The Guardian view on general election 2019 A fleeting chance to stop Boris Johnson in his tracks|last=Editorial|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 September 2021|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum]], ''The Guardian'' endorsed remaining in the EU,<ref>{{cite news |title= The Guardian view on the EU debate: David Cameron makes a serious case |url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/09/the-guardian-view-on-the-eu-debate-david-cameron-makes-a-serious-case |work= The Guardian |access-date= 22 November 2021}}</ref> and in the [[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2019 European election]] invited its readers to vote for pro-EU candidates, without endorsing specific parties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/17/the-guardian-view-on-the-eu-elections-a-chance-to-reshape-our-politics|title=The Guardian view on the EU elections: a chance to reshape our politics {{!}} Editorial|last=Editorial|date=17 May 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 May 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In October 2022, [[Suella Braverman]] speaking in Parliament blamed "Guardian-reading, [[veganism|tofu-eating]] [[woke]]rati" for disruptive [[Just Stop Oil]]
protests.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/video/2022/oct/18/suella-braverman-blames-guardian-reading-tofu-eating-wokerati-for-disruptive-protests-video | title=Suella Braverman blames 'Guardian-reading, tofu-eating wokerati' for disruptive protests – video | newspaper=The Guardian | date=18 October 2022 }}</ref>

==Circulation and format==
''The Guardian'' had a certified average daily circulation of 204,222 copies in December 2012 — a drop of 11.25 per cent in January 2012 — as compared to sales of 547,465 for ''The Daily Telegraph'', 396,041 for ''The Times'', and 78,082 for ''The Independent''.<ref name="ReferenceA">Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd– abc.org.uk</ref> In March 2013, its average daily circulation had fallen to 193,586, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Durrani |first=Arif |url=http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/article/1173980/newspaper-abcs-guardian-hits-historic-low-february-following-20p-price-hike |title=NEWSPAPER ABCs: Guardian hits historic low in February following 20p price hike – Media news |publisher=Media Week |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> Circulation has continued to decline and stood at 161,091 in December 2016, a decline of 2.98 per cent year-on-year.<ref name="circ">{{cite web|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/print-abc-metro-overtakes-sun-in-uk-weekday-distribution-but-murdoch-title-still-britains-best-selling-paper/|title=Print ABCs: Metro overtakes Sun in UK weekday distribution, but Murdoch title still Britain's best-selling paper|website=Press Gazette|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref> In July 2021, the circulation was 105,134; later that year, the publishers stopped making circulation data public.<ref name="circlead" />

===Publication history===
{{more citations needed section}}

[[File:GuardianNewsroom.jpg|thumb|right|''The Guardian''{{'s}} Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name ''The Manchester Guardian'']]

The first edition was published on 5 May 1821,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus-educational.com/PRguardian.htm |title=Manchester Guardian |publisher=Spartacus-educational.com |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> at which time ''The Guardian'' was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing 7[[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|d]]; the [[stamp duty]] on newspapers (4d per sheet) forced the price up so high that it was uneconomic to publish more frequently. When the stamp duty was cut in 1836, ''The Guardian'' added a Wednesday edition and with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper costing 2d.

In October 1952, the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the adverts that had hitherto filled that space. Then-editor A. P. Wadsworth wrote: "It is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Manchester Guardian; biography of a newspaper|last=David.|first=Ayerst|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801406423|location=Ithaca, N.Y.|oclc=149105|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/manchesterguardi0000ayer}}</ref>

Following the closure of the Anglican Church Newspaper, ''[[The Guardian (Anglican newspaper)|The Guardian]]'', in 1951, the paper dropped "Manchester" from its title in 1959, becoming simply ''The Guardian.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Reilly|first=Carole|title='The Magnetic Pull of the Metropolis': The ''Manchester Guardian'', The Provincial Press and Ideas of the North|journal=[[Northern History]]|language=en|volume=57|issue=2|pages=270–290|doi=10.1080/0078172X.2020.1800932|s2cid=225581767|issn=0078-172X|url=http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/57668/3/COReillyNorthernHistoryRevised.pdf }}</ref> In 1964 it moved to London, losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidised by sales of the more downmarket but more profitable ''Manchester Evening News''. The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with ''The Times''. The paper consolidated its centre-left stance during the 1970s and 1980s.{{citation needed}}

On 12 February 1988, ''The Guardian'' had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers' ink, it also changed its masthead to a juxtaposition of an [[italic type|italic]] [[Garamond]] "''The''", with a bold [[Helvetica]] "Guardian", that remained in use until the 2005 redesign.

In 1992, ''The Guardian'' relaunched its features section as ''G2'', a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other "quality" broadsheets and ultimately led to the rise of "compact" papers and ''The Guardian''{{'s}} move to the [[Berliner (format)|Berliner format]]. In 1993 the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet [[price war]] started by [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s ''The Times''. In June 1993, ''The Guardian'' bought ''The Observer'' from [[Lonrho]], thus gaining a serious [[Sunday editions|Sunday sister newspaper]] with similar political views.

Its international weekly edition is now titled ''The Guardian Weekly'', though it retained the title ''Manchester Guardian Weekly'' for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-centre inclination, including {{Lang|fr|[[Le Monde]]}} and ''[[The Washington Post]]''. ''The Guardian Weekly'' was also linked to a website for expatriates, ''Guardian Abroad'', which was launched in 2007 but had been taken offline by 2012.

===Moving to the Berliner paper format===
[[File:The Guardian 6. 6. 14.jpg|thumb|right|Front page of 6 June 2014 edition in the Berliner format]]
''The Guardian'' is printed in full colour,<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/editors/archives/2005/09/13/tuesdays_morning_conference.html
|title=Tuesday's morning conference
|work=The Guardian
|location=UK
|access-date=11 February 2007
|archive-date=13 February 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213013501/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/editors/archives/2005/09/13/tuesdays_morning_conference.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> and was the first newspaper in the UK to use the [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]] format for its main section, while producing sections and supplements in a range of page sizes including tabloid, approximately A4, and pocket-size (approximately A5).

In 2004, ''The Guardian'' announced plans to change to a Berliner or "midi" format,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Brooks|first1=Josh|title=Guardian to switch to Berliner format|url=https://www.printweek.com/news/article/guardian-to-switch-to-berliner-format|access-date=31 December 2020|website=[[PrintWeek]]|language=en}}</ref> similar to that used by ''[[Die Tageszeitung]]'' in Germany, ''[[Le Monde]]'' in France and many other European papers. At 470×315 mm, this is slightly larger than a traditional [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]]. Planned for the autumn of 2005, this change followed moves by ''The Independent'' and ''[[The Times]]'' to start publishing in tabloid (or compact) format. On Thursday, 1 September 2005, ''The Guardian'' announced that it would launch the new format on Monday 12 September 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/sep/01/theguardian.pressandpublishing|title=New-look Guardian launches on September 12|work=MediaGuardian|last1=Cozens|first1=Claire|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> Sister Sunday newspaper ''The Observer'' also changed to this new format on 8 January 2006.

The format switch was accompanied by a comprehensive redesign of the paper's look. On Friday, 9 September 2005, the newspaper unveiled its newly designed front page, which débuted on Monday 12 September 2005. Designed by [[Mark Porter (designer)|Mark Porter]], the new look includes a new [[Masthead (British publishing)|masthead]] for the newspaper, its first since 1988. A typeface family designed by [[Paul Barnes (designer)|Paul Barnes]] and [[Christian Schwartz]] was created for the new design. With just over 200 fonts, it was described as "one of the most ambitious custom type programs ever commissioned by a newspaper".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crossgrove|first1=Carl|title=Guardian: review|url=http://typographica.org/typeface-reviews/guardian/|website=Typographica|access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="fontshop2006">{{cite web|url= http://www.fontshop.be/details.php?entry=91|publisher = FontShop Benelux|author1 = Paul A Barnes|author2 = Christian E Schwartz|title = Does type design matter in newspapers?|access-date = 26 July 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120604144425/http://www.fontshop.be/details.php?entry=91|archive-date = 4 June 2012}}</ref> Among the fonts is [[Guardian Egyptian]], a [[slab serif]] that is used in various weights for both text and headlines, and is central to the redesign.

The switch cost ''Guardian Newspapers'' £80 million and involved setting up new printing presses in east London and Manchester.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lyall|first=Sarah|title=A tabloid Guardian? Not quite|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/26/business/worldbusiness/a-tabloid-guardian-not-quite.html|access-date=31 December 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This switch was necessary because, before ''The Guardian''{{'s}} move, no printing presses in Britain could produce newspapers in the Berliner format. There were additional complications, as one of the paper's presses was part-owned by ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Telegraph Newspapers]]'' and ''[[The Daily Express|Express Newspapers]]'', contracted to use the plant until 2009. Another press was shared with the ''Guardian Media Group's'' north-western tabloid local papers, which did not wish to switch to the Berliner format.

====Reception====
The new format was generally well received by ''Guardian'' readers, who were encouraged to provide feedback on the changes. The only controversy was over the dropping of the ''[[Doonesbury]]'' cartoon strip. The paper reported thousands of calls and emails complaining about its loss; within 24 hours the decision was reversed and the strip was reinstated the following week. ''G2'' supplement editor Ian Katz, who was responsible for dropping it, apologised in the editors' blog saying, "I'm sorry, once again, that I made you—and the hundreds of fellow fans who have called our helpline or mailed our comments' address—so cross."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/values/socialaudit/story/0%2C%2C1600349%2C00.html |title=''Guardian Reborn'', The Guardian |access-date=5 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212135000/http://www.guardian.co.uk/values/socialaudit/story/0%2C%2C1600349%2C00.html |archive-date=12 February 2007}}. Retrieved on 22 July 2007.</ref> However, some readers were dissatisfied as the earlier deadline needed for the all-colour sports section meant coverage of late-finishing evening football matches became less satisfactory in the editions supplied to some parts of the country.

The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6 per cent higher than the figure for December 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jan/13/abcs.pressandpublishing|title=Telegraph sales hit all-time low|work=MediaGuardian|last1=Cozens|first1=Claire|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> However, by December 2012, circulation had dropped to 204,222.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jan/11/guardian-telegraph-financial-times-december-abcs|title=Guardian, Telegraph and FT post modest sales rises in December|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> In 2006, the US-based [[Society for News Design]] chose ''The Guardian'' and Polish daily ''[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]]'' as the world's best-designed newspapers—from among 389 entries from 44 countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/feb/21/theguardian.pressandpublishing |title=Guardian wins design award |work=MediaGuardian |location=London |last=Busfield|first=Steve|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>

=== Tabloid format since 2018 ===
In June 2017, [[Guardian Media Group]] (GMG) announced that ''The Guardian'' and ''[[The Observer]]'' would relaunch in [[tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid format]] from early 2018.<ref name="tabloid">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jun/13/guardian-and-observer-to-relaunch-in-tabloid-format|title=''The Guardian'' and ''The Observer'' to relaunch in tabloid format|last=Sweney|first=Mark|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' confirmed the launch date for the new format to be 15 January 2018. GMG also signed a contract with ''[[Trinity Mirror]]'' – the publisher of the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'', ''[[Sunday Mirror]]'', and ''[[Sunday People]]'' – to [[outsourcing|outsource]] printing of ''The Guardian'' and ''[[The Observer]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/membership/2017/jun/13/guardian-journalism-goes-from-strength-to-strength-its-just-our-shape-thats-changing|title=Guardian journalism goes from strength to strength. It's just our shape that's changing|last1=Viner|first1=Katharine|work=The Guardian|last2=Pemsel|first2=David}}</ref>

The format change is intended to help cut costs as it allows the paper to be printed by a wider array of presses, and outsourcing the printing to presses owned by Trinity Mirror is expected to save millions of pounds annually. The move is part of a three-year plan that includes cutting 300 jobs in an attempt to reduce losses and break even by 2019.<ref name="tabloid"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/15/business/media/guardian-tabloid-uk.html |title=The Guardian, Britain's Left-Wing News Power, Goes Tabloid |first=Amie |last=Tsang |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The paper and ink are the same as previously and the font size is fractionally larger.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/29/guardian-redesign-tabloid-readers-response-paul-chadwick|title=Three months on, the tabloid Guardian is still evolving|last=Chadwick|first=Paul|work=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref>

An assessment of the response from readers in late April 2018 indicated that the new format had led to an increased number of subscriptions. The editors were working on changing aspects that had caused complaints from readers.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

In July 2018, the masthead of the new tabloid format was adjusted to a dark blue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/15/weve-got-the-guardian-masthead-blues-and-were-overjoyed|title=We've got The Guardian masthead blues and we're overjoyed {{!}} Letters|last=Letters|date=15 July 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 January 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Online media==
{{Main|TheGuardian.com}}

''The Guardian'' and its Sunday sibling ''The Observer'' publish all their news online, with free access both to current news and an archive of three million stories. A third of the site's hits are for items over a month old.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/oct/08/comment.comment|title=Editor's week|work=The Guardian| location=London|last=Bell|first=Emily}}</ref> As of May 2013, it was the most popular UK newspaper website with 8.2 million unique visitors per month, just ahead of ''[[Mail Online]]'' with 7.6 million unique monthly visitors.<ref name="journalism553108">{{cite web|title=Guardian.co.uk most read newspaper site in UK in March|url=http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/nrs-guardian-co-uk-is-uk-s-top-monthly-news-site/s2/a553108/|website=www.journalism.co.uk|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref> In April 2011, [[Haymarket Media Group|MediaWeek]] reported that ''The Guardian'' was the fifth most popular newspaper site in the world.<ref>{{cite news|work=MediaWeek|title=MailOnline overtakes Huffington Post to become world's no 2|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/46605|publisher=Haymarket|first=Arif|last=Durrani|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513011131/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/46605|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> Journalists use an analytics tool called Ophan, built entirely in-house, to measure website data around stories and audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/how-ophan-offers-bespoke-data-to-inform-content-at-the-guardian/s2/a563349|title=Ophan: Key metrics informing editorial at The Guardian|last=Edge|first=Abigail|website=Journalism.co.uk}}</ref> However, the number of online readers had drastically dropped by July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/529970/uk-online-newspaper-market-by-daily-average-unique-browsers/|title=Average daily audience of online newspaper brands in the United Kingdom (UK) in July 2021|first=Amy|last=Watson|publisher=Statista|accessdate=2023-01-21}}</ref>

''The Guardian'' launched an [[iOS]] [[mobile app]]lication for its content in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bunz |first=Mercedes |title=Guardian launches iPhone application |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/dec/14/guardian-launches-iphone-application |work=The Guardian|access-date=14 October 2018 }}</ref> An [[Android (operating system)|Android]] app followed in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Jon |title=The Guardian Launches a Powerful, Free Android App |url=https://readwrite.com/2011/09/07/the_guardian_launches_a_powerful_free_android_app/ |publisher=readwrite |access-date=14 October 2018 }}</ref> In 2018, the newspaper announced its apps and mobile website would be redesigned to coincide with its relaunch as a tabloid.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Guardian launches digital redesign to coincide with launch of new Guardian tabloid newspaper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-australia-press-office/2018/jan/15/guardian-launches-digital-redesign-to-coincide-with-launch-of-new-guardian-tabloid-newspaper |work=The Guardian|access-date=14 October 2018 }}</ref>

The [[Comment is Free]] section features columns by the paper's journalists and regular commentators, as well as articles from guest writers, including readers' comments and responses below. The section includes all the opinion pieces published in the paper itself, as well as many others that only appear online. Censorship is exercised by Moderators who can ban posts – with no right of appeal – by those who they feel have overstepped the mark. ''The Guardian'' has taken what they call a very "open" stance in delivering news, and have launched an open platform for their content. This allows external developers to easily use ''Guardian'' content in external applications, and even to feed third-party content back into the ''Guardian'' network.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.idioplatform.com/the-guardian-im-impressed/|title=The Guardian: I'm impressed|work=[[idio]]|access-date=26 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116131831/http://www.idioplatform.com/the-guardian-im-impressed/|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' also had a number of talkboards that were noted for their mix of political discussion and whimsy until they were closed on Friday, 25 February 2011 after they had settled a libel action brought after months of harassment of a conservative party activist.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=27 June 2018|title=Corrections and clarifications|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/mar/08/corrections-clarifications|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/help/insideguardian/2011/feb/28/guardian-unlimited-talkboards|title=Guardian Unlimited Talkboard closure|work=The Guardian| location=London|last=Gibson|first=Janine|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> They were spoofed in ''The Guardian''{{'s}} own regular humorous Chatroom column in ''G2''. The spoof column purported to be excerpts from a chatroom on permachat.co.uk, a real URL that pointed to ''The Guardian''{{'s}} talkboards.

In August 2013, a webshow titled ''Thinkfluencer''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/video/2013/aug/29/thinkfluencer-episode-1-selfies-video |title=#Thinkfluencer episode 1: Selfies – video | Technology |work=The Guardian|access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> was launched by Guardian Multimedia in association with [[Arte]].

In 2004 the paper also launched a dating website, Guardian Soulmates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soulmates.theguardian.com/ |title=Online Dating Site UK | Guardian Soulmates |publisher=Soulmates.theguardian.com |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> On 1 July 2020, Guardian Soulmates was closed down with the explanation: "It hasn't been an easy decision to make, but the online dating world is a very different place to when we first launched online in July 2004. There are so many dating apps now, so many ways to meet people, which are often free and very quick."<ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/help/insideguardian/2020/jul/01/guardian-soulmates-has-come-to-an-end|title=Guardian Soulmates has come to an end}}</ref>

===Podcasts===
The paper entered [[podcasting]] in 2005 with a twelve-part weekly [[podcast]] series by [[Ricky Gervais]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/dec/08/radio.broadcasting1|title=Gervais to host Radio 2 Christmas show|work=MediaGuardian|last=Deans|first=Jason|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> In January 2006, Gervais' show topped the [[iTunes]] podcast chart having been downloaded by two million listeners worldwide,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jan/23/radio.mondaymediasection1|title=Comedy stars and radio DJs top the download charts|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> and was scheduled to be listed in the 2007 ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'' as the most downloaded podcast.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/feb/06/radio.newmedia|title=Gervais podcast in the record books|work=MediaGuardian|last=Plunkett|first=John|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=6 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906132518/http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1703591,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''The Guardian'' now offers several regular podcasts made by its journalists. One of the most prominent is ''Today in Focus'', a daily news podcast hosted by [[Anushka Asthana]] and launched on 1 November 2018. It was an immediate success<ref name="BMA_20190522">{{Cite news| title = Today in Focus: The Guardian's daily news podcast |series= Guardian News & Media| work = Campaign British Publishing Awards| access-date = 3 November 2019| url = http://www.britishmediaawards.com/finalists/today-in-focus---the-guardians-daily-new/ }}</ref> and became one of the UK's most-downloaded podcasts.<ref name="BMA_20190522"/><ref>{{Cite web| title = Today in Focus on Apple Podcasts| work = Apple Podcasts| access-date = 3 November 2019| url = https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/today-in-focus/id1440133626}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Top 100 UK Podcasts (Apple Podcasts Top Charts)| work = Podcast Insights®| access-date = 3 November 2019| date = 17 December 2018| url = https://www.podcastinsights.com/top-uk-podcasts/}}</ref>

==GuardianFilms==
In 2003, ''The Guardian'' started the film production company GuardianFilms, headed by journalist Maggie O'Kane. Much of the company's output is documentary made for television– and it has included [[Salam Pax]]'s ''[[Baghdad Blogger]]'' for [[BBC Two]]'s daily flagship ''[[Newsnight]]'', some of which have been shown in compilations by ''[[CNN]] International'', ''Sex on the Streets'' and ''Spiked'', both made for the UK's [[Channel 4]] television.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/guardianfilms |title=Films |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=28 July 2009}}</ref>

GuardianFilms has received several broadcasting awards. In addition to two Amnesty International Media Awards in 2004 and 2005, ''The Baghdad Blogger: Salam Pax'' won a Royal Television Society Award in 2005. ''Baghdad: A Doctor's Story'' won an Emmy Award for Best International Current Affairs film in 2007.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/video/2008/jan/28/a.doctors.story.guardian.films|title=Excerpt from Baghdad: A Doctor's Story|work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=25 May 2010|last1=Salih|first1=Omar|last2=Summers|first2=Ben|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> In 2008, [[Sean Smith (photojournalist and filmmaker)|photojournalist Sean Smith's]] ''Inside the Surge'' won the Royal Television Society award for best international news film – the first time a newspaper has won such an award.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2009/aug/18/afghanistan-war-sean-smith|title=On the frontline with British troops in Afghanistan|work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=25 May 2010|last1=Smith|first1=Sean|last2=Nzerem|first2=Keme|last3=Ulleri|first3=Giovanni|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/feb/20/television.iraqandthemedia |title=Guardian film-maker wins Royal Television Society award | Media |work=The Guardian|access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> The same year, ''The Guardian''{{'s}} [[Katine]] website was awarded for its outstanding new media output at the One World Media awards. Again in 2008, GuardianFilms' undercover video report revealing vote rigging by [[Robert Mugabe]]'s [[ZANU–PF]] party during the 2007 Zimbabwe election won best news programme of the year at the Broadcast Awards.<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2009/feb/16/guardian-film-awards|title=GuardianFilms Awards|work=The Guardian| location=London |access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref>

==References in popular culture==
The paper's nickname ''{{Not a typo|The Grauniad}}'' (sometimes abbreviated as "Graun") originated with the satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye (magazine)|Private Eye]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/dec/16/society|title=Surely shome mishtake?|work=The Guardian| location=London|last=Sherrin|first=Ned|author-link=Ned Sherrin}}</ref> This [[anagram]] played on ''The Guardian''{{'}}s early reputation for frequent [[typographical error]]s, including misspelling its own name as ''The {{not a typo|Gaurdian}}''.<ref name=Bernhard>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/porcupinepicayun00bern_0 |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/porcupinepicayun00bern_0/page/26 26]–27 |title=Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: how newspapers get their names |first=Jim|last=Bernhard|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8262-1748-6|access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref>

The first issue of the newspaper contained a number of errors, including a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at ''{{not a typo|atction}}'' instead of ''auction''. Fewer typographical errors are seen in the paper since the end of [[hot metal typesetting|hot-metal typesetting]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=(unknown)|journal=[[Encounter (magazine)|Encounter]]|volume=58 |page=28 |publisher=Congress for Cultural Freedom |year=1982}} This article refers to the paper by the facetious name "''The Grauniad''".</ref> One ''Guardian'' writer, [[Keith Devlin]], suggested that the high number of observed misprints was due more to the quality of the readership than the misprints' greater frequency.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prime beef: Mathematical micro-mysteries: Keith Devlin returns to prime time computation|author-link=Keith Devlin|last=Devlin|first=Keith|work=The Guardian|location=London}} Reprinted in {{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pdZSGb5DqzsC&pg=PA42|page=[https://archive.org/details/allmaththatsfitt0000devl/page/42 42]|title=All the Math That's Fit to Print: Articles from The Guardian|chapter=Prime beef"|first=Keith|last=Devlin|author-link=Keith Devlin|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-88385-515-7|access-date=11 August 2013|url=https://archive.org/details/allmaththatsfitt0000devl/page/42}}</ref> The newspaper was printed in Manchester until 1961 and the fact that the prints sent to London by train were the early, more error-prone, prints may have contributed to this image as well.<ref>Taylor, Geoffrey, ''Changing Faces: A History of The Guardian 1956–1988'', Fourth Estate, 1993.</ref><ref name=Bernhard /> When [[John Cole (journalist)|John Cole]] was appointed news editor by [[Alastair Hetherington]] in 1963, he sharpened the paper's comparatively "amateurish" setup.<ref name="guardian obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/nov/08/john-cole|title=John Cole obituary|first=David|last=McKie|work=The Guardian|access-date=8 November 2013|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110073634/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/nov/08/john-cole|url-status=live}}</ref>

Employees of ''The Guardian'' and sister paper ''The Observer'' have been depicted in the films ''[[The Fifth Estate (film)|The Fifth Estate]]'' (2013), ''[[Snowden (film)|Snowden]]'' (2016) and ''[[Official Secrets (film)|Official Secrets]]'' (2019), while [[Paddy Considine]] played a fictional ''Guardian'' journalist in the film ''[[The Bourne Ultimatum (film)|The Bourne Ultimatum]]'' (2007).

==Awards==

===Received===
''The Guardian'' has been awarded the National Newspaper of the Year in 1998, 2005,<ref name=gazetteroll/> 2010<ref name="Guardian06042011">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/apr/06/press-awards-2011-guardian-newspaper-of-the-year|title=Press Awards 2011: Guardian wins Newspaper of the Year|work=The Guardian|author=Guardian staff|location=London}}</ref> and 2013<ref name="award" /> by the [[British Press Awards]], and Front Page of the Year in 2002 ("A declaration of war", 12 September 2001).<ref name="gazetteroll">{{cite web|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=99&navcode=92# |title=British Press Awards: Awards Ceremony – 23rd March 2010: 2010 Winners Announced |access-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616181807/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=99&navcode=92%23 |archive-date=16 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/mar/20/theguardian.uknews|title=Guardian triumphs at Press Awards|work=The Guardian|last=Wells|first=Matt|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> It was also co-winner of the World's Best-designed Newspaper as awarded by the [[Society for News Design]] (2005, 2007, 2013, 2014).<ref>{{Cite web|title=World's Best-Designed™ winners|url=https://www.snd.org/competitions/worlds-best-designed/|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Society for News Design - SND|language=en-US}}</ref>

''Guardian'' journalists have won a range of British Press Awards, including:<ref name=gazetteroll/>
* Reporter of the Year ([[Nick Davies]], 2000;<ref name="British Press Awards: Past winners">{{cite web|title=British Press Awards: Past winners|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=39598|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320035609/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=39598|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date=20 August 2009|work=[[Press Gazette]]}}</ref> [[Paul Lewis (journalist)|Paul Lewis]], 2010;<ref name="gazetteroll2">''[[Press Gazette]]'', [http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=99&navcode=92# Roll of Honour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616181807/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=99&navcode=92}}, accessed 24 July 2011</ref> Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, 2014);<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tjaardstra|first=Nick|title=Is The Guardian in line for a Pulitzer?|url=https://wan-ifra.org/2014/04/is-the-guardian-in-line-for-a-pulitzer/|website=[[World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers]]}}</ref>
* Foreign Reporter of the Year ([[James Meek (author)|James Meek]], 2004;<ref>{{Cite web|title=James Meek |url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/jamesmeek|website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Ghaith Abdul-Ahad]], 2008);<ref name="pressg08">{{cite web|title=British Press Awards: The full list of winners|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=40813|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217031939/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=40813|archive-date=17 December 2008|access-date=2 January 2009|work=[[Press Gazette]]}}</ref>
* Scoop of the Year ([[Milly Dowler]] phone hacked, 2012)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Urquhart|first=Conal|title=Guardian wins Scoop of the Year at Press awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/mar/21/guardian-scoop-of-the-year-press-awards|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* Young Journalist of the Year ([[Emma Brockes]], 2001;<ref name="BCouncil">[http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/visitingtime_context.pdf "Visiting Time - Context - The Author: Emma Brockes"], British Council</ref> [[Patrick Kingsley (journalist)|Patrick Kingsley]], 2013);<ref>{{Cite web|title=NCTJ alumnus crowned young journalist of the year at Press Awards|url=https://www.nctj.com/latestnews/NCTJ-alumnus-crowned-young-journalist-of-the-year-at-Press-Awards|website=[[National Council for the Training of Journalists]]}}</ref>
* Columnist of the Year ([[Polly Toynbee]], 2007;<ref>{{Cite web|title=79. Polly Toynbee|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jul/09/mediatop1002007.mondaymediasection76|website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Charlie Brooker]], 2009);<ref name="pressgazette1">{{cite news|title=British Press Awards 2009: The full list of winners|work=[[Press Gazette]]|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=43456|url-status=dead|access-date=16 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115031713/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=43456|archive-date=15 January 2010}}</ref>
* Critic of the Year ([[Marina O'Loughlin]], 2015);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Awards Winners 2015|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=winners-2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626062033/http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=winners-2015|archive-date=26 June 2017|access-date=7 August 2016|website=www.pressawards.org.uk}}</ref>
* Feature Writer of the Year ([[Emma Brockes]], 2002;<ref name="BCouncil" /> [[Tanya Gold]], 2009;<ref>{{cite web|title=British Press Awards 2009: The full list of winners|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=43456#|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115031713/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=43456|archive-date=15 January 2010|access-date=3 February 2011|work=[[Press Gazette]]}}</ref> [[Amelia Gentleman]], 2010);<ref name=Guardian06042011/>
* Cartoonist of the Year ([[Steve Bell (cartoonist)|Steve Bell]], 2003);<ref>{{Cite web|last=Knudde|first=Kjell|title=Steve Bell|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/bell_steve.htm|website=[[Lambiek]]}}</ref>
* Political Journalist of the Year ([[Patrick Wintour]], 2006; [[Andrew Sparrow]], 2010);<ref name=Guardian06042011/>
* Science & Health Journalist of the Year (Sarah Boseley, 2016);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guardian wins five Press Awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/2016/apr/12/guardian-wins-five-press-awards|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* Business & Finance Journalist of the Year (Ian Griffiths, 2005;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business writer award for Guardian|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/mar/16/theguardian.pressandpublishing|access-date=3 January 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Simon Goodley, 2014);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guardian reporter wins Business and Financial reporter of the year at 2014 Press Awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/2015/mar/11/guardian-reporter-wins-business-and-financial-reporter-of-the-year-at-2014-press-awards|access-date=3 January 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
* Interviewer of the Year ([[Decca Aitkenhead]], 2008);<ref>{{Cite web|author=Guardian Staff|title=Decca Aitkenhead, the Monday interviewer for G2, The Guardian|url=http://www.theguardian.com/student-media-awards-2012/decca-aitkenhead|access-date=3 January 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
* Sports Reporter of the Year ([[David Lacey]], 1997, 2002);<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Lacey named Sports Reporter of the Year|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/mar/20/2|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* Sports Photographer of the Year (Tom Jenkins, 2003, 2005, 2006,<ref name=":1" /> 2015);<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jenkins|first=Tom|title=Tom Jenkins: Picture Editors' Guild Sports Photographer of the Year – in pictures|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2016/feb/27/tom-jenkins-picture-editors-guild-sports-photographer-of-the-year-in-pictures|access-date=3 January 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* Website of the Year (guardian.com/uk, 1999, 2001,<ref>{{Cite web|title=GU wins award|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/mar/12/theguardian.digitalmedia|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|last=office|first=GNM press|title=Guardian News & Media awards: 2007|url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/guardian-news-media-awards-2007|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> 2008,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Guardian Staff|title=Guardian News & Media awards: 2008|url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/guardian-news-and-media-awards-2008|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guardian wins Website of The Year Award|url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/2016/dec/05/guardian-wins-website-of-the-year-award|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> 2020);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guardian wins 'News Website of the Year' at 2020 newsawards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/2020/jun/30/guardian-wins-news-website-of-the-year-at-2020-newsawards|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
* Digital Journalist of the Year (Dan Milmo, 2001;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kiss|first=Jemima|title=Top prize-giver snubs online journalism {{!}} Media news|url=https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/top-prize-giver-snubs-online-journalism/s2/a51135/|website=[[Journalism.co.uk]]}}</ref> Sean Smith, 2008;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guardian News & Media awards: 2008|url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/guardian-news-and-media-awards-2008|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Dave Hill, 2009)<ref>{{Cite web|title=British Press Awards 2009: full list of winners|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/apr/01/british-press-awards-winners|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* Supplement of the Year (''Guardian's Guides to...'', 2007;<ref>{{Cite web|title=From strength to strength|url=http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2007/10/26/9Awards.pdf|website=The Guardian}}</ref> ''Weekend Magazine'', 2015)<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Denes|first1=Mellisa|last2=Zeldin-O'Neill|first2=Sophie|title=Editing the Weekend magazine: 'It's about warmth, fun, and surprise – as well as the serious stuff'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/membership/2019/dec/14/weekend-magazine-editing-melissa-denes-q-and-a-interview-award|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* Special Supplement of the Year (''World Cup 2010 Guide'', 2010)<ref name="Guardian06042011" />

Other awards include:
* [[Bevins Prize]] for investigative journalism ([[Paul Lewis (journalist)|Paul Lewis]], 2010);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paul Lewis|url=https://www.orwellfoundation.com/journalist/paul-lewis/|website=[[The Orwell Foundation]]}}</ref>
* [[Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism]] ([[Nick Davies]], 1999; [[Chris McGreal]], 2003; [[Ghaith Abdul-Ahad]], 2005;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Previous Winners|url=http://www.marthagellhorn.com/previouswinners.htm|website=[[Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism]]}}</ref> [[Ian Cobain]], 2009).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dowell|first=Ben|title=Guardian reporter Ian Cobain wins Martha Gellhorn journalism prize|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/jun/19/ian-cobain-martha-gellhorn-prize|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

The ''Guardian, Observer'' and its journalists have also won numerous accolades at the [[British Sports Journalism Awards]]:

* Sports Writer of the Year ([[Daniel Taylor (journalist)|Daniel Taylor]], 2017)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/2018/feb/27/the-guardian-wins-seven-sports-journalists-association-awards|title=The Guardian wins seven Sports Journalists' Association awards|last=office|first=GNM press|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 January 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*Sports News Reporter of the Year ([[David Conn]], 2009, 2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsjournalists.co.uk/sja-journalism-awards/2013-british-sports-journalism-awards/|title=2013 British Sports Journalism Awards – Sports Journalists' Association|language=en-GB|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref>
*Football Journalist of the Year (Daniel Taylor, 2015, 2016, 2017)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/feb/27/guardian-awards-daniel-taylor-sean-ingle-sja|title=Double honours for Daniel Taylor as The Guardian wins four SJA awards|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 January 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*Sports Interviewer of the Year ([[Donald McRae (author)|Donald McRae]], 2009, 2011)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donald McRae named Interviewer of the Year at SJA sports awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/mar/08/donald-mcrae-sports-interviewer-award|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
*Diarist of the Year (David Hills, 2009)<ref>{{Cite web|last1=McRae|first1=Donald|last2=Conn|first2=David|last3=Hills|first3=David|title=Success for Guardian writers at Sports Journalists' Association awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/mar/09/guardian-sports-journalists-association-awards|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* Sports Feature Writer of the Year (Donald McRae, 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Guardian wins seven Sports Journalists' Association awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-press-office/2018/feb/27/the-guardian-wins-seven-sports-journalists-association-awards|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> 2018)<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Guardian's Donald McRae and Daniel Taylor win major SJA awards again|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/feb/25/the-guardians-donald-mcrae-and-daniel-taylor-win-major-sja-awards|access-date=4 January 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*Specialist Correspondent of the Year ([[Sean Ingle]], 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|title=2016 BRITISH SPORTS JOURNALISM AWARDS – Sports Journalists' Association|url=https://www.sportsjournalists.co.uk/sja-journalism-awards/2016-british-sports-journalism-awards/|access-date=4 January 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref> 2017)<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=The Guardian wins seven SJA awards with double honours for Daniel Taylor|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/feb/26/taylor-mcrae-kelner-ingle-sja-awards|access-date=4 January 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*Scoop of the Year (Daniel Taylor 2016;<ref name=":0" /> [[Martha Kelner]] and [[Sean Ingle]], 2017)<ref name=":2" />
*Sports Newspaper of the Year (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|title=2017 British Sports Journalism Awards – Sports Journalists' Association|url=https://www.sportsjournalists.co.uk/sja-journalism-awards/2017-british-sports-journalism-awards/|website=[[Sports Journalists' Association]]}}</ref>
*Sports Website of the Year (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsjournalists.co.uk/sja-journalism-awards/2014-sports-journalism-awards/|title=2014 British Sports Journalism Awards – Sports Journalists' Association|language=en-GB|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsjournalists.co.uk/sja-journalism-awards/2015-british-sports-journalism-awards/|title=2015 BRITISH SPORTS JOURNALISM AWARDS – Sports Journalists' Association|language=en-GB|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref>
*Sports Journalists' Association Sports Portfolio of the Year (Tom Jenkins, 2011)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The Tom Jenkins Collection - Archives Hub|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb2726-tje|website=[[Jisc]]}}</ref>

The ''guardian.co.uk'' website won the Best Newspaper category three years running in 2005, 2006 and 2007 [[Webby Award]]s, beating (in 2005) ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''The Washington Post'', ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' and ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php#webby_entry_newspaper |title=The Webby Awards |access-date=24 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408222105/http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php |archive-date= 8 April 2011}}</ref> It has been the winner for six years in a row of the British Press Awards for Best Electronic Daily Newspaper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newspaperawards.co.uk/default.htm |title=The 2006 Newspaper Awards |access-date=29 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203030108/http://www.newspaperawards.co.uk/default.htm |archive-date=3 February 2004 }}</ref> The site won an ''[[Editor & Publisher|Eppy]]'' award from the US-based magazine ''Editor & Publisher'' in 2000 for the best-designed newspaper online service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royal.reliaserve.com/eppy/winners2000.html |title=2000 Winners |access-date=28 July 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026212145/http://royal.reliaserve.com/eppy/winners2000.html |archive-date=26 October 2005}}</ref>

In 2007, the newspaper was ranked first in a study on transparency that analysed 25 mainstream English-language media vehicles, which was conducted by the International Center for Media and the Public Agenda of the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icmpa.umd.edu/pages/studies/transparency/main.html |title=Openness & Accountability: A Study of Transparency in Global Media Outlets |access-date=19 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515174519/http://www.icmpa.umd.edu/pages/studies/transparency/main.html |archive-date=15 May 2008}}</ref> It scored 3.8 out of a possible 4.0.

''The Guardian US'' and ''The Washington Post'' shared the 2014 [[Pulitzer Prize for Public Service|Pulitzer Prize for public service reporting]] for their coverage of the NSA's and GCHQ's worldwide electronic surveillance program and the document leaks by whistleblower Edward Snowden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2014|title=2014 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists|publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes|access-date=1 April 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824164612/https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2014}}</ref>

===Given===
''The Guardian'' is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The ''[[Guardian First Book Award]]'', established in 1999 as a successor to the ''[[Guardian Fiction Award]]'', which had run since 1965, and the ''[[Guardian Children's Fiction Prize]]'', founded in 1967. In recent years the newspaper has also sponsored the [[Hay Festival]] in [[Hay-on-Wye]].

The annual [[Guardian Student Media Awards]], founded in 1999, recognise excellence in journalism and design of British university and college [[student newspapers]], magazines and websites.

In memory of [[Paul Foot (journalist)|Paul Foot]], who died in 2004, ''The Guardian'' and ''Private Eye'' jointly set up the [[Paul Foot Award]], with an annual £10,000 prize fund, for investigative or campaigning journalism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.midaspr.co.uk/press_office.asp?CatID=22 |title=The Paul Foot award for Campaigning Journalism 2007 |access-date=16 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055234/http://www.midaspr.co.uk/press_office.asp?CatID=22 |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref>

The newspaper produces [[The Guardian 100 Best Footballers In The World|''The Guardian'' 100 Best Footballers In The World]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 best footballers in the world 2017|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2017/dec/19/the-100-best-footballers-in-the-world-2017-interactive|website=The Guardian|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910233958/https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2017/dec/19/the-100-best-footballers-in-the-world-2017-interactive|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2018 it has also co-produced the female equivalent, [[The 100 Best Female Footballers In The World]].

In 2016, ''The Guardian'' began awarding an annual [[The Guardian Footballer of the Year|Footballer of the Year]] award, given to a footballer regardless of gender "who has done something truly remarkable, whether by overcoming adversity, helping others or setting a sporting example by acting with exceptional honesty."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandini |first1=Nicky |title=The Guardian's inaugural Footballer of the Year: Cagliari's Fabio Pisacane |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/dec/29/fabio-pisacane-guardian-footballer-of-year-award |access-date=30 December 2019 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708203122/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/dec/29/fabio-pisacane-guardian-footballer-of-year-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Best books lists ===
* [[The Guardian's 100 Best Novels Written in English|''The Guardian'''s 100 best novels]] is a [[List (information)|list]] of the best English-language novels as selected by [[Robert McCrum]].
* ''The Guardian'''s 100 greatest non-fiction book list has come out in 2011<ref name="100 Best Nonfiction 2011">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/14/100-greatest-non-fiction-books?INTCMP=SRCH |title=The 100 greatest non-fiction books |website=The Guardian |access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.librarything.com/bookaward/Guardian+100+Greatest+Non-Fiction |title=Guardian 100 Greatest Non-Fiction Book awards |website=[[LibraryThing]] |access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref> and in 2017, as selected by Robert McCrum.<ref name="100 Best Nonfiction 2017">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/series/100-best-nonfiction-books-of-all-time |title=100 Best Nonfiction Books of All Time |last= McCrum |first=Robert |website=The Guardian |access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>

==Editors==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!#!!Name!!Term!!Notes
|-
| 1
| [[John Edward Taylor]]
| 1821–1844
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2
| [[Jeremiah Garnett]]
| 1844–1861
| Served jointly with Russell Scott Taylor from 1847 to 1848
|-
| Russell Scott Taylor
| 1847–1848
| Served jointly with Jeremiah Garnett
|-
| 4
| Edward Taylor
| 1861–1872
|
|-
| 5
| [[Charles Prestwich Scott]]
| 1872–1929
|
|-
| 6
| [[Edward Taylor Scott|Ted Scott]]
| 1929–1932
|
|-
| 7
| [[William Percival Crozier]]
| 1932–1944
|
|-
| 8
| [[Alfred Powell Wadsworth]]
| 1944–1956
|
|-
| 9
| [[Alastair Hetherington]]
| 1956–1975
|
|-
| 10
| [[Peter Preston]]
| 1975–1995
|
|-
| 11
| [[Alan Rusbridger]]
| 1995–2015
|
|-
| 12
| [[Katharine Viner]]
| 2015–present
|
|}

==Notable regular contributors (past and present)==


Columnists and journalists:
{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[David Aaronovitch]]
* [[James Agate]]
* [[Ian Aitken (journalist)|Ian Aitken]]
* [[Decca Aitkenhead]]
* [[Brian Aldiss]]
* [[Tariq Ali]]
* [[John Galbraith Graham|Araucaria]]
* [[John Arlott]]
* [[Mark Arnold-Forster]]
* [[Jackie Ashley]]
* [[Dilpazier Aslam]]
* [[Harriet Baber]]
* [[Nancy Banks-Smith]]
* [[Leonard Barden]]
* [[Laura Barton]]
* [[Catherine Bennett (journalist)|Catherine Bennett]]
* [[Marcel Berlins]]
* [[Michael Billington (critic)|Michael Billington]]
* [[Heston Blumenthal]]
* [[Sidney Blumenthal]]
* [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]]
* [[Frankie Boyle]]
* [[Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)|Mark Boyle]]
* [[Lloyd Bradley]]
* [[Russell Brand]]
* [[Emma Brockes]]
* [[Charlie Brooker]]
* [[Thom Brooks]]
* [[Guy Browning]]
* [[Alex Brummer]]
* [[Inayat Bunglawala]]
* [[Madeleine Bunting]]
* [[Julie Burchill]]
* [[Simon Callow]]
* [[James Cameron (journalist)|James Cameron]]
* [[Duncan Campbell (journalist, born 1944)|Duncan Campbell]]
* [[Neville Cardus]]
* [[Alexander Chancellor]]
* [[Kira Cochrane]]
* [[Mark Cocker]]
* [[Alistair Cooke]]
* [[G. D. H. Cole]]
* [[John Cole (journalist)|John Cole]]
* [[Rosalind Coward]]
* [[Gavyn Davies]]
* [[Robin Denselow]]
* [[Beth Ditto]]
* [[Tim Dowling]]
* [[Terry Eagleton]]
* [[Larry Elliott]]
* [[Matthew Engel]]
* [[Edzard Ernst]]
* [[Harold Evans]]
* [[Evelyn Flinders]]
* [[Paul Foot (journalist)|Paul Foot]]
* [[Liz Forgan]]
* [[Brian J. Ford]]
* [[Dawn Foster]]
* [[Ebenezer Fox]]
* [[Michael Frayn]]
* [[Jonathan Freedland]]
* [[Hadley Freeman]]
* [[Timothy Garton Ash]]
* [[Tanya Gold]]
* [[Ben Goldacre]]
* [[Victor Gollancz]]
* [[Richard Gott]]
* [[A. C. Grayling]]
* [[Roy Greenslade]]
* [[Germaine Greer]]
* [[A. Harry Griffin]]
* [[Ben Hammersley]]
* [[Clifford Harper]]
* [[Max Hastings]]
* [[Roy Hattersley]]
* [[David Hencke]]
* [[Georgina Henry]]
* [[Isabel Hilton]]
* [[L. T. Hobhouse]]
* [[J. A. Hobson]]
* [[Tom Hodgkinson]]
* [[Will Hodgkinson]]
* [[Simon Hoggart]]
* [[Stewart Holden]]
* [[Clare Hollingworth]]
* [[Will Hutton]]
* [[Marina Hyde]]
* [[C. L. R. James]]
* [[Erwin James]] (pseudonym)
* [[Waldemar Januszczak]]
* [[Simon Jenkins]]
* [[Stanley Johnson (writer)|Stanley Johnson]]
* [[Owen Jones (writer)|Owen Jones]]
* [[Alex Kapranos]]
* [[Saeed Kamali Dehghan]]
* [[Victor Keegan]]
* [[Martin Kelner]]
* [[Emma Kennedy]]
* [[Maev Kennedy]]
* [[Martin Kettle]]
* [[Arthur Koestler]]
* [[Aleks Krotoski]]
* [[David Lacey]]
* [[Mark Lawson]]
* [[David Leigh (journalist)|David Leigh]]
* [[Rod Liddle]]
* [[Sue Limb]] (as ''Dulcie Domum'')
* [[Maureen Lipman]]
* [[Joris Luyendijk]]
* [[John Maddox]]
* [[Derek Malcolm]]
* [[Johnjoe McFadden]]
* [[Dan McDougall]]
* [[Neil McIntosh (journalist)|Neil McIntosh]]
* [[David McKie]]
* [[Gareth McLean]]
* [[Anna Minton]]
* [[David Mitchell (comedian)|David Mitchell]]
* [[George Monbiot]]
* [[Charles Edward Montague|C. E. Montague]]
* [[Suzanne Moore]]
* [[Malcolm Muggeridge]]
* [[James Naughtie]]
* [[Richard Norton-Taylor]]
* [[Maggie O'Kane]]
* [[Susie Orbach]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/susie_orbach/profile.html/ |title=Comment, opinion and discussion from The Guardian US |publisher=Commentisfree.guardian.co.uk |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410235820/http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/susie_orbach/profile.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Greg Palast]]
* [[David Pallister]]
* [[Michael Parkinson]]
* '[[Salam Pax]]'
* [[Jim Perrin]]
* [[Melanie Phillips]]
* [[Helen Pidd]]
* [[John Pilger]]
* [[Anna Politkovskaya]]
* [[Peter Preston]]
* [[Tim Radford]]
* [[Arthur Ransome]]
* [[Adam Raphael]]
* [[Andrew Rawnsley]]
* [[Brian Redhead]]
* [[James H Reeve]]
* [[Gillian Reynolds]]
* [[Simon Rogers (journalist)|Simon Rogers]]
* [[Jon Ronson]]
* [[Rhik Samadder]]
* [[Ash Sarkar]]
* [[Jack Schofield (journalist)|Jack Schofield]]
* [[Mike Selvey]]
* [[Norman Shrapnel]]
* [[Frank Sidebottom]]
* Michael Simkins
* [[Posy Simmonds]]
* [[Howard Spring]]
* [[Jean Stead]]
* [[David Steel]]
* [[Jonathan Steele (journalist)|Jonathan Steele]]
* [[Mary Stott]]
* [[Allegra Stratton]]
* [[John Sutherland (author)|John Sutherland]]
* [[R. H. Tawney]]
* [[A. J. P. Taylor]]
* [[Simon Tisdall]]
* [[Arnold J. Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]]
* [[Polly Toynbee]]
* [[Jill Tweedie]]
* [[Bibi van der Zee]]
* [[F. A. Voigt]]
* [[Ed Vulliamy]]
* [[Hilary Wainwright]]
* [[Martin Walker (reporter)|Martin Walker]]
* [[Hank Wangford]]
* [[Jim Waterson]]
* [[Jonathan Watts]]
* [[Francis Wheen]]
* [[Brian Whitaker]]
* [[Estelle White]]
* [[Michael White (journalist)|Michael White]]
* [[Ann Widdecombe]]
* [[Zoe Williams]]
* [[Ted Wragg]]
* [[Hugo Young]]
* [[Gary Younge]]
* [[Xue Xinran]]
* [[Tony Zappone]]
* [[Slavoj Žižek]]
* [[Victor Zorza]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/guardian_index_1842-1985/Publishers-Note.aspx/ |title=The Guardian Index |access-date=22 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118161641/http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/guardian_index_1842-1985/Publishers-Note.aspx/ |archive-date=18 November 2007}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

Cartoonists:
* [[David Austin (cartoonist)|David Austin]]
* [[Steve Bell (cartoonist)|Steve Bell]]
* [[Joe Berger (illustrator)|Joe Berger]]
* [[Berkeley Breathed|Berke Breathed]]
* [[Biff (cartoon)|Biff]]
* [[Peter Clarke (cartoonist)|Peter Clarke]]
* [[Les Gibbard]]
* [[John Kent (cartoonist)|John Kent]]
* [[Jamie Lenman]]
* [[David Low (cartoonist)|David Low]]
* [[Martin Rowson]]
* [[Posy Simmonds]]
* [[Garry Trudeau]]

Satirists:
* [[John Crace (writer)|John Crace]]
* [[Jeremy Hardy]]
* [[Armando Iannucci]]
* [[Terry Jones]]
* [[Craig Brown (satirist)|Craig Brown]] as "Bel Littlejohn"
* [[John O'Farrell (author)|John O'Farrell]]
* [[Mark Steel]]

Experts:
* [[Tim Atkin]]
* [[Matthew Fort]]
* [[Malcolm Gluck]]
* [[Tim Hayward]]

Photographers and picture editors:
* Herbert Walter Doughty (''The Manchester Guardian''{{'s}} first photographer, July 1908)
* [[Eamonn McCabe]]
* [[Sean Smith (photojournalist and filmmaker)|Sean Smith]]

==Guardian News & Media archive==
{{more citations needed section}}

''The Guardian'' and its sister newspaper ''The Observer'' opened The Newsroom, an archive and visitor centre in London, in 2002. The centre preserved and promoted the histories and values of the newspapers through its archive, educational programmes and exhibitions. The Newsroom's activities were all transferred to [[Kings Place]] in 2008.<ref name="test">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/interactive/guardian-interactive-timeline |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Lisa |last=Villani |title=MIC: GNM archive (microsite) }}</ref> Now known as The Guardian News & Media archive, the archive preserves and promotes the histories and values of ''The Guardian'' and ''The Observer'' newspapers by collecting and making accessible material that provides an accurate and comprehensive history of the papers. The archive holds official records of ''The Guardian'' and ''The Observer'', and also seeks to acquire material from individuals who have been associated with the papers. As well as corporate records, the archive holds correspondence, diaries, notebooks, original cartoons and photographs belonging to staff of the papers.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/archive-collections |location=London |work=The Guardian |title=MIC: GNM archive (microsite) }}</ref> This material may be consulted by members of the public by prior appointment. An extensive ''Manchester Guardian'' archive also exists at the University of Manchester's John Rylands University Library, and there is a collaboration programme between the two archives. Additionally, the [[British Library]] has a large archive of ''The Manchester Guardian'' available in its British Library Newspapers collection, in online, hard copy, microform, and CD-ROM formats.

In November 2007, ''The Guardian'' and ''The Observer'' made their archives available over the internet via DigitalArchive. The current extent of the archives available are 1821 to 2000 for ''The Guardian'' and 1791 to 2000 for ''The Observer'': these archives will eventually run up to 2003.

The Newsroom's other components were also transferred to Kings Place in 2008. ''The Guardian''{{'s}} Education Centre provides a range of educational programmes for students and adults. ''The Guardian''{{'s}} exhibition space was also moved to Kings Place, and has a rolling programme of exhibitions that investigate and reflect upon aspects of news and newspapers and the role of journalism. This programme often draws on the archive collections held in the GNM Archive.

== See also ==
* {{Portal-inline|Journalism}}
* {{Portal-inline|United Kingdom}}
* ''[[Guardian Monthly]]''
* ''[[The Guardian Weekly]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Ayerst|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/manchesterguardi0000ayer5|url-access=registration|title=The Manchester Guardian: Biography of a Newspaper|year=1971|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=0-8014-0642-0|oclc=149105}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hetherington|first=Alastair|author-link=Alastair Hetherington|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0701125527|url-access=registration|title=Guardian Years|publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]]|isbn=0-7011-2552-7|location=London|oclc=8358459}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Merrill|first1=John Calhoun|author-link1=John C. Merrill|last2=Fisher|first2=Harold A.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsgreatdaili0000merr|url-access=registration|title=The World's Great Dailies: Profiles of Fifty Newspapers|isbn=0-8038-8095-2|publisher=Hastings House|oclc=5286129|pages=[[iarchive:worldsgreatdaili0000merr/page/143/mode/1up|143–150]]|year=1980}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mills|first=William Haslam|url=https://archive.org/details/manchesterguard00mill|title=The Manchester Guardian: A Century of History|publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]]|location=London|language=en|oclc=1049642959}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{Newseum front page|UK_TG}}
* {{OpenCorp|The Guardian|Guardian Media}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=The Guardian |dname=''The Guardian'' |sopt=t}} (historic)
* {{Librivox author |id=9021|title=''The Guardian''}}

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COP26

2022-02-20T23:45:26Z

Manish1234: Published a well-researched resource.

#REDIRECT [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference]]

{{rcatsh |
{{R from acronym}}
}}