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Gouri G. Kishan

2026-05-07T18:02:48Z

Manish:

{{short description|Indian actress born 1999)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gouri G. Kishan
| image = GauriGKishan.jpg
| image size =
| alt =
| caption = Gouri in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|08|17}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gouri G Kishan on Instagram: "Feeling 21 and oh-so-loved 🥰 Thank you for all the lovely warm wishes on my birthday 💕 •17/08/99•"|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/CEGiTPrDy0B/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Instagram|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Adoor]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2018–present
| spouse =
| parents =
| relatives =
| children =
| height = 5'0"<ref>https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2023/Oct/17/gouri-kishan-wish-people-realise-that-im-more-than-just-jaanu-48698.html</ref>
}}

'''Gouri G. Kishan''' (born 17 August 1999) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. She is best known for her role of the younger version of [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha's]] character Jaanu in the film ''[['96 (film)|'96]]'' (2018).<ref name="D">{{Cite web |title=Dazzling debut |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/051118/dazzling-debut.html |last=M.G |first=Gokul |date=5 November 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gouri G Kishan was born on 17 August 1999 at [[Adoor]] in the [[Pathanamthitta district]] of [[Kerala]] to Geethakishan and Veena.<ref>{{cite news |last1=m.g |first1=Gokul |title=Dazzling debut {{!}} Dazzling debut |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/051118/dazzling-debut.html |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=5 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Her mother is from [[Vaikom]], [[Kottayam]].<ref name="Th" /><ref name="H" /> Her native language is [[Malayalam]]. She was raised in [[Chennai]] and did her schooling at The Hindu Senior Secondary School in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gouri Kishan shares her traumatic experience at school |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gouri-kishan-shares-her-traumatic-experience-at-school/articleshow/82970124.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="D" /> She then completed her [[B.A.]] degree in [[Journalism]] from [[Christ University|Christ University, Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite news |title=12 South Actors Who Have Studied In Christ University Bengaluru |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/web-stories/12-south-actors-who-have-studied-in-christ-university-bengaluru/slideshow/115220110.cms?from=mdr |work=m.economictimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="V"/>

== Career ==
Gouri G Kishan played the younger version of [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]'s character, Jaanu, in the Tamil-language film, ''[['96 (film)|'96]]'' (2018). She won the role after her uncle in [[Dubai]] told her about the casting call.<ref name="V">{{Cite web |title=அந்த வாழ்த்து ரொம்ப சர்ப்ரைஸ் - கெளரி கிஷன் [That greeting is a big surprise – Gouri Kishan]|url=https://www.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/145186-96-movie-actress-gauri-kishan-interview |date=15 October 2018 |website=Vikatan |language=ta|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901030705/https://www.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/145186-96-movie-actress-gauri-kishan-interview|archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> Gouri was studying grade 12 and was called for an audition for the film.<ref name="H">{{Cite web |title=A sweetheart called JANU |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-sweetheart-called-janu/article25342583.ece |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=27 October 2018 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="D" /> Her performance in the film received positive reviews and brought further film offers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=96 Movie Review {3.5/5}: 96 taps into nostalgia to leave us with a high that only happy associations with our past can evoke |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/96/movie-review/66032687.cms |date=4 October 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=96 Movie Review: Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha shine in poignant love story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-director-prem-kumar-1354867-2018-10-03 |last=K. |first=Janani |date=4 October 2018 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="S">{{Cite news |title='96' fame Gouri clicks a selfie with Suraj Venjarammoodu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/96-fame-gouri-clicks-a-selfie-with-suraj-venjarammoodu/articleshow/68166640.cms |date=26 February 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> In 2019, she made her debut in Malayalam cinema with ''[[Margamkali (film)|Margamkali]]'' (2019).<ref name="T">{{Cite web |title=Thalapathy 64: Gouri Kishan roped in for Thalapathy Vijay's film with Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-64-gouri-kishan-roped-in-for-thalapathy-vijays-film-with-lokesh-kanagaraj/articleshow/71820066.cms |date=30 October 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She was set to make her debut in the film ''Anugraheethan Antony'' with [[Sunny Wayne]], but the production of the film was delayed, which meant that ''Margamkali'' ended up releasing first.<ref name="A">{{Cite web |title=Sunny Wayne and Gouri Kishan wrap up the shoot of 'Anugraheethan Antony' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sunny-wayne-and-gouri-kishan-wrap-up-the-shoot-of-anugraheethan-antony/articleshow/70537570.cms |date=5 August 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#Lifeinthelockdown: '96' fame Gouri G Kishan is all set to finish her 'airport books' during the lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lifeinthelockdown-96-fame-gouri-g-kishan-is-all-set-to-finish-her-airport-books-during-the-lockdown/articleshow/74968537.cms |last=Soma |first=Deepa |date=3 April 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She starred opposite Bibin George in ''Margamkali''.<ref name="M">{{Cite web |title=Margamkali song is a sweet, romantic number |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/margamkali-song-is-a-sweet-romantic-number/articleshow/70304444.cms |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=20 July 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2020, she reprised her role as Jaanu in the Telugu remake of ''96'', ''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]'', which marked her Telugu debut.<ref name="H" /> Her performance in the film was praised by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaanu Movie Review {3.5/5}: This is not a feel-good film because it's much heftier than that |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/jaanu/movie-review/74004127.cms |date=7 February 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaanu review: Samantha Akkineni, Sharwanand honour the memory of 96 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jaanu-movie-review-rating-samantha-akkineni-6256151/ |date=8 February 2020 |website=Indian Express}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''The Hindu'' remarked that "Gouri G Kishan as the teenage Samantha is brilliant".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Jaanu' movie review: Sharwanand is outstanding in this Telugu remake of '96' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/jaanu-movie-review-sharwanand-is-outstanding-in-this-telugu-remake-of-96/article30760574.ece |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=7 February 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> She played a college student in ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021).<ref name="T" /><ref name="TNN Master">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/singles-guide-indians-navigate-new-rules-dating-2020-138881|title=Singles' guide for Indians to navigate new rules of dating in 2020|date=3 December 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref> Gouri also starred in ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'' playing one of the three heroines along with [[Rajisha Vijayan]] and
[[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]].<ref name="O">{{Cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Dhanush's ''Karnan'' to feature three heroines|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/dhanushs-karnan-to-feature-three-heroines/1773228|website=Outlook India}}</ref> with [[Dhanush]], which is directed by [[Mari Selvaraj]].<ref name="Dh">{{Cite web |title='96' and 'Master' actress joins Dhanush's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/96-and-master-actress-joins-dhanushs-film/articleshow/73792820.cms |date=19 February 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She made her lead Telugu debut with ''[[Sridevi Shoban Babu]]'' (2023), playing the titular female role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/96-fame-gouri-kishan-to-star-opposite-santhosh-shoban-in-sridevi-shoban-babu/b423d9be52812|title='96 fame Gouri Kishan to star opposite Santhosh Shoban in Sridevi Shoban Babu|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" width:100%;
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! Language(s) !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[['96 (film)|'96]]''
| Young Janaki Devi a.k.a. Jaanu
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="H" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Gouri Kishan of '96' fame speaks about her debut film |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2018/10/01/gouri-kishan-of-96-fame-speaks-about-her-debut-film/ |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=News Today}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Margamkali (film)|Margamkali]]''
| Jessy
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=DcxykrUp3QA|title=Margamkali Official Trailer - Bibin George - Namitha Pramod - Gouri G Kishan - Sreejith Vijayan|publisher=Millennium Audios|website=YouTube|date=24 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]''
| Young Janaki Devi aka Jaanu
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-08 |title=Gouri Kishan to play a role in Jaanu | Tamil Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gouri-kishan-to-play-a-role-in-jaanu/articleshow/73150870.cms |access-date=2020-01-31 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021
| ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
| Savitha
| rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
| <ref name="Gouri Kishan">{{Cite news |date=30 October 2019 |title=Thalapathy 64: Gouri Kishan roped in for Thalapathy Vijay's film with Lokesh Kanagaraj |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-64-gouri-kishan-roped-in-for-thalapathy-vijays-film-with-lokesh-kanagaraj/articleshow/71820066.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022190811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-64-gouri-kishan-roped-in-for-thalapathy-vijays-film-with-lokesh-kanagaraj/articleshow/71820066.cms |archive-date=22 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2019 |title=Thalapathy 64: Gouri Kishan roped in for Thalapathy Vijay's film with Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-64-gouri-kishan-roped-in-for-thalapathy-vijays-film-with-lokesh-kanagaraj/articleshow/71820066.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]''
|Poyilaal
|
|
|-
|''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]''
|Sanjana Madhavan
|Malayalam
|
| <ref name="TOI3">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anugraheethan-antony-shoot-starts-in-thodupuzha/articleshow/67683164.cms |title=Sunny Wayne and Gouri Kishan wrap up the shoot of 'Anugraheethan Antony' |last=TOI Reporter |date=5 August 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa]]''
|[[Police Constable|PC]] Kuyili
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|[[Amazon Prime]] original; segment ''Mugakavasa Mutham''
|
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2023
| ''[[Beginning (2023 film)|Beginning]]''
| Nithya
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sridevi Shoban Babu]]'' || Sridevi
| Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gouri-kishan-make-telugu-debut-sushmita-konidelas-sridevi-shoban-babu-154211|title=Gouri Kishan to make Telugu debut with Sushmita Konidela's Sridevi Shoban Babu|work=News Minute|date=21 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anuragam (2023 film)|Anuragam]]''
|Janani
| Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2022/sep/03/release-plan-announced-for-filmmaker-shahad39s-anuragam-34389.html|title=Release plan announced for filmmaker Shahad's Anuragam|work=Cinema Express|date=3 September 2022 |access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Adiyae]]''
| Senthaazhini
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2023 |title='Adiye' trailer: GV Prakash Kumar and Gouri Kishan team up for a multiversal love story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adiye-trailer-gv-prakash-kumar-and-gouri-kishan-team-up-for-a-multiversal-love-story/article67171938.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810150337/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adiye-trailer-gv-prakash-kumar-and-gouri-kishan-team-up-for-a-multiversal-love-story/article67171938.ece/amp/ |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ulagammai]]''
| Ulagammai
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Ilaiyaraaja to compose music for Gouri Kishan's next Ulagammai |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/aug/02/ilaiyaraaja-to-compose-music-for-gouri-kishans-next-ulagammai-25851.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Little Miss Rawther]]''
| Naina Rawther
| rowspan="2"|Malayalam
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=First look of Gouri Kishan-starrer 'Little Miss Rawther' out|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/oct/13/first-look-of-gouri-kishan-starrer-little-miss-rawther-out-2507707.html|access-date=2022-10-13|website=[[Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925182131/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/oct/13/first-look-of-gouri-kishan-starrer-little-miss-rawther-out-2507707.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024
| ''[[Oru Sarkar Ulpannam]]''
| Divya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-02 |title=Censor Board has 'Bharatha' removed from Oru Bharatha Sarkar Ulpannam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/02/censor-board-has-bharatha-removed-fromaju-varghese-starrer-oru-bharatha-sarkar-ulpannam-52558.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hot Spot (2024 film)|Hot Spot]]''
| Dhanya
| rowspan="2"|Tamil
| segment: "Happy Married Life"
|
|-
| ''[[Boat (2024 film)|Boat]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 July 2024|title=Yogi Babu's 'Boat' to hit the screens on August 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babus-boat-to-hit-the-screens-on-august-2/articleshow/111574077.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=8 July 2024|url-status=live|archive-date=8 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708123506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babus-boat-to-hit-the-screens-on-august-2/articleshow/111574077.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| ''[[Sahasam (2025 film)|Sahasam]]''
| Sera Issac
| Malayalam
|
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/narain-ramzan-and-gouri-g-kishan-lead-the-chase-in-sahasam-trailer-76430.html |title=Narain, Ramzan, and Gouri G Kishan Lead The Chase in Sahasam Trailer |website=Film Fare}}</ref>
|-
|[[Others (film)|''Others'']]
|Dr. Madhu
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2025 |title=First look of Gouri Kishan, Aditya Madhavan's medical crime thriller 'Others' released |url=https://www.indiatribune.com/first-look-of-gouri-kishan-aditya-madhavans-medical-crime-thriller-others-released |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=India Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2025 |title=Gouri Kishan to star in Others |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Aug/12/tamilnews2025aug11gouri-kishan-to-star-in-others |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2026
|''[[Love Insurance Kompany]]''
| Kalki
|
|<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1824826111227843025 |user=7screenstudio |title=Happy Birthday @Gourayy ⭐️ #LoveInsuranceKompany #LIK |author=Seven Screen Studio |author-link=Seven Screen Studio |access-date=29 October 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/CMM0z |archive-date=29 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| ''Production #1''
| {{TBA}}
| Tamil
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/96-duo-to-return-gouri-kishan-and-aadhitya-baaskar-to-reunite-for-a-new-film|title='96 duo to return: Gouri Kishan and Aadhitya Baaskar to reunite for a new film|date=27 August 2025|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
! class="unsortable" |Role
! class="unsortable" |Language
! class="unsortable" |Streaming platform
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2022
|''[[Paper Rocket]]''
|Charu
|Tamil
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paper Rocket to stream on Zee5 from this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/19/paper-rocket-to-stream-on-zee5-from-this-date-32869.html |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Love Under Construction]]''
| Gouri Gopakumar
| Malayalam
| [[Disney+Hotstar]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jan/21/filming-of-disney-hotstar-serieslove-under-construction-wraps-up-51404.html | title=Filming of Disney+ Hotstar series Love Under Construction wraps up | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=21 January 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]''
| Muthu aka Madhubala
| Tamil
| [[Amazon Prime]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-11 |title=Prime Video announces premiere date for Suzhal 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/11/prime-video-announces-premiere-date-for-suzhal-2 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Album
!Role
! Composed By
! Label
! Language
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip |Ref.| Reference(s)}}
|-
|2019||"Hi Hello Kadhal"||Sruthi Das||Vinayak Sashikumar||YouTube||Malayalam||<ref name="Th">{{Cite web |title=Sharing screen space with Vijay sir is a dream come true: Gouri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sharing-screen-space-with-vijay-sir-is-a-dream-come-true-gouri/articleshow/74458512.cms |date=3 March 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|"Maraiyadha Kaneer Illai"
|
|Jen Martin
|[[Sony Music|Sony Music South]]
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
|-
|2021
|"Magizhini"
|
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|[[Saregama|Saregama Originals]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/magizhini-first-tamil-lgbtq-song-goes-viral|title='Magizhini,' first Tamil LGBTQ song goes viral | work= UDAYAVANI | date= 27 November 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2022||"Mozhigal Njan Varikal Nee"||Herself||Basil V Edapadu||Behindwoods||Malayalam||
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Film !! Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
| [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="4" | Best Debut Actress 
| rowspan="4" |''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]''|| {{nom}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=13th Annual Edison Awards |url=http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php |date=2019 |website=Edison Awards |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219080202/http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Vikatan Awards]]
|{{Nominated}}
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Tamil]]
| {{Nominated}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]]|| {{nom}} || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA AWARDS | 2018 | winners | | |url=http://siima.in/2018/winners.html |date=2019 |website=SIIMA |access-date=8 May 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604230740/http://siima.in/2018/winners.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| rowspan="3" |Best Supporting Actress
| rowspan="3" |[[Jaanu (2020 film)|''Jaanu'']]
| {{Nominated}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-28|title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502|access-date=2021-09-06|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| {{Nominated}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Instagram|gourigkofficial}}
* {{Twitter|gourayy}}
*{{Facebook|gourigkoficial}}
* {{IMDb name|10174309}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishan, Gouri G}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Christ University alumni]]
[[Category:1999 births]]

Tere Ishk Mein

2026-05-06T16:44:52Z

Manish: Data

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Aanand L. Rai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tere Ishk Mein
| image = Tere Ishk Mein poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aanand L. Rai]]
| producer = {{ubl|Aanand L. Rai|Himanshu Sharma|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]}}
| writer = [[Himanshu Sharma]] Neeraj Yadav<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-10 |title=Aanand L Rai on filming Dhanush-starrer Tere Ishq Mein, absence of romance on screen: 'Current generation doesn't want to get hurt' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/aanand-l-rai-talks-idea-behind-dhanush-starrer-tere-ishq-mein-23373778 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dhanush]] [[Kriti Sanon]]}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = Tushar Kanti Ray
| editing = Hemal Kothari
| studio = {{ubl|[[Colour Yellow Productions]]|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 169 minutes<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC goes easy on Tere Ishk Mein; only ONE 'obscene' word changed; intensely romantic and action scenes UNTOUCHED|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-goes-easy-tere-ishk-mein-one-obscene-word-changed-intensely-romantic-action-scenes-untouched/|access-date=25 November 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|85 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Tere Ishk Mein Box Office: 120 बहादुर और मस्ती 4 की 8 दिन की कमाई से भी ज्यादा तेरे इश्क में की ओपनिंग |trans-title=Tere Ishk Mein Box Office: Tere Ishk Mein's opening day collection was even higher than the 8-day earnings of 120 Bahadur and Masti 4 |website=NDTV |date=29 November 2025 |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/tere-ishq-mein-opening-collection-higher-than-120-bahadur-and-masti-4-8-day-collection-see-dhanush-kriti-sanon-film-first-day-collection-9719209 |access-date=2025-11-30 |language=hi |quote=वहीं बजट की बात करें तो 95 करोड़ में तेरे इश्क का निर्माण किया गया है |trans-quote=As for the budget, Tere Ishq was made with a budget of 85 crore.}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|148.5}} crore<ref name="BoxOffice">{{Cite web |title=Tere Ishk Mein Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tere-ishk-mein/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Tere Ishk Mein''''' ({{translation|'In your love'}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Aanand L. Rai]] from a screenplay written by [[Himanshu Sharma]] and Neeraj Yadav. Billed as a [[Spiritual successor|spiritual sequel]] to ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' (2013), the film stars [[Dhanush]] and [[Kriti Sanon]]. It follows Shankar, who develops a relationship with Mukti while she conducts her [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] research on him. After she ends the relationship and moves on, Shankar joins the [[Indian Air Force]], and years later their unresolved past resurfaces when they meet again.

Produced by [[Colour Yellow Productions]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]],<ref>{{Cite web |title='Tere Ishk Mein' Teaser: Dhanush, Kriti Sanon in A Fiery Love Story |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/tere-ishk-mein-teaser-dhanush-and-kriti-sanon-in-a-fiery-romance |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Sanon Begins Preparations For Aanand L Rai's Tere Ishk Mein With Dhanush? Here's What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kriti-sanon-begins-preparations-for-aanand-l-rais-tere-ishk-mein-with-dhanush-heres-what-we-know-9115326.html |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=[[CNN-News18]] |language=en}}</ref> the film was officially announced in June 2023, coinciding with the 10th year anniversary of ''Raanjhanaa''. [[Principal photography]] took place from October 2024 to July 2025, with filming taking place in [[Delhi]], [[Varanasi]], [[Leh]], and [[Mumbai]]. The film has music composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], cinematography handled by Tushar Kanti Ray and editing by Hemal Kothari.

''Tere Ishk Mein'' was released on 28 November 2025 in theatres. It was also screened at the Gala Premiere section at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in [[Goa]] on the same date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFI 2025{{!}} Farhan Akhtar, Kriti Sanon, Dhanush to attend 120 Bahadur, Tere Ishk Mein premiere; here are the other films |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/iffi-2025-farhan-akhtar-kriti-sanon-dhanush-to-attend-120-bahadur-tere-ishk-mein-premiere-here-are-the-other-films-101762839527110.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Hindustan Times |date=11 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for Dhanush and Sanon's performances and the music, but criticism for the story and screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Tere Ishk Mein' Box Office: Dhanush-Kriti Sanon Film Records ₹50 Crore Opening Weekend |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/tere-ishk-mein-box-office-dhanush-kriti-sanon-film-records-50-crore-opening-weekend |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> It was a commercial success, grossing {{INRConvert|148.5|c}} worldwide.<ref name="BoxOffice"/>

== Plot ==
[[Indian Air Force]] [[Flight Lieutenant]] Shankar Gurukkal flies his fighter jet when he suspects a Chinese aircraft entering Indian territory with hostile intent. Instead of following protocol, Shankar aggressively intimidates the plane and forces it to turn back. His senior, Group Captain Shekhawat, is shocked by this behaviour and grounds him until he clears a psychological evaluation.

The case is sent to Mukti Beniwal, a military psychologist. Mukti is heavily pregnant and is battling alcoholism. When she sees Shankar’s name in the file, she is shaken and asks to personally handle his evaluation. She travels to the Air Force base in Leh to meet him. Their meeting brings back memories from seven years ago.

Back then, Shankar was a hot-headed student and president of the [[Delhi University Students Union]]. Mukti was a calm and brilliant psychology research scholar. She believed aggressive behaviour could be changed, and chose Shankar as the subject of her PhD research. Over time, Shankar fell in love with her, but Mukti did not return his feelings. She was afraid of his emotional intensity and anger.

Unable to reject him directly, Mukti arranged for her father to set a condition for marriage — that Shankar must clear the [[Civil Services Examination|UPSC]] exam. Over the course of three years, while Shankar prepared seriously for the exam, Mukti went to the United States. Just when Shankar cleared the UPSC prelims, Mukti announced her marriage to Jasjeet, a man she had met in the US. In rage and heartbreak, Shankar burned her house with [[Molotov cocktails]]. Mukti's dad gets Shankar arrested for this, forcing Shankar's father, Raghav Gurukkal to apologise and beg on his behalf to get him out of jail. While Shankar and Raghav were returning home they meet with an accident in which Raghav dies. Shankar goes to [[Benaras]] to perform his last rites where he meets Murari who tells Shankar that he should transform his pain into something more powerful. Shankar turns his attention to his Raghav’s dream of becoming a pilot and joins the [[Indian Air Force]].

A heartbroken Shankar goes to Mukti's wedding ceremony and pours the holy water from Banaras on her head. He tells her that he had prayed she gives birth to a son who loves like Shankar.
Mukti and Jasjeet’s wedding is called off when Jasjeet unties the wedding knot in the altar. Mukti becomes restless and desperate when she finds Shankar’s home abandoned, and soon becomes an alcoholic, which later leads to her becoming sick from liver cirrhosis. After her diagnosis, Mukti’s father pushes her to marry Jasjeet in a civil court.

In the present, Jasjeet is an officer in the [[Indian Navy]], and Mukti is the head counsellor of the military.
Shankar wants Mukti to clear his psychological evaluation so he can return to combat. Mukti refuses at first, knowing she is dying from her [[Cirrhosis|liver cirrhosis]] and reveals to Shankar that she had fulfilled his prayers of giving birth to a son and that he must now take care of her baby once she is gone. Shankar promises that the baby will not grow up an orphan, and she signs his papers.

Shankar returns to duty. When a Chinese ship attacks the Indian naval vessel carrying Jasjeet, Shankar refuses to eject and crashes his jet into the enemy ship, saving Jasjeet and the fleet. Mukti dies during childbirth, weakened by her illness.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Dhanush]] as [[Indian Air Force ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Flt Lt]] Shankar Gurukkal
* [[Kriti Sanon]] as Mukti Beniwal
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Raghav Gurukkal, Shankar's father
* [[Priyanshu Painyuli]] as Ved
* [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] as Yashwant Beniwal
* [[Paramvir Singh Cheema]] as Jasjeet Shergill, [[Indian Navy|Navy]] officer at (INS) Vijay
* [[Chittaranjan Tripathy]] as [[Prof.]] Mathur
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as a Prof. Shabnum
* [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as [[Group Captain]] V. Shekhawat
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] as [[Raanjhanaa|Murari Gupta]], reprising his role from [[Raanjhanaa]]
* Sushil Dahiya as [[Inspector#India|Inspector]]
* Maahir Mohiuddin as Rana}}

==Production==

===Development and casting===
Rai revealed the idea of making ''Tere Ishk Mein'' was to put forward the sensibilities of ''Raanjhanaa'' keeping the [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] audience in mind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aanand-l-rai-draws-similarities-between-his-next-film-tere-ishq-mein-and-raanjhanaa-says-dhanush-has-matured-and-is-even-better-now/articleshow/112481082.Cms|title=Aanand L Rai draws similarities between his next film 'Tere 'Tere Ishq Mein' and 'Raanjhanaa', says Dhanush has matured and is even better now|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 August 2024}}</ref> The film marks the third collaboration between Rai and [[Dhanush]].{{efn|After ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' (2013) and [[Atrangi Re|''Atrangi Re'']] (2021)}} Rai cast Dhanush once again because the actor falls within his creative "comfort zone".<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tere-ishk-mein-teaser-dhanush-kriti-sanon-aanand-l-rai-a-r-rahman-bhushan-kumar-t-series/article70115752.ece/|title='Tere Ishk Mein' teaser: Dhanush and Kriti Sanon star in a romantic drama steeped in passion and pain|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=October 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aanand-l-rai-on-tere-ishq-mein-need-dhanush-for-challenging-and-layered-roles/cid/2051083#goog_rewarded/|title=Aanand L Rai on Tere Ishq Mein: 'Need Dhanush for challenging and layered roles'|website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref> [[Kriti Sanon]] was cast as the female lead, replacing [[Sonam Kapoor]] in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2025 |title='Tere Ishk Mein': Dhanush's Air Force intense avatar unveiled; fans eager for his most daring role yet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tere-ishk-mein-dhanushs-air-force-intense-avatar-unveiled-fans-eager-for-his-most-daring-role-yet/articleshow/121720031.cms |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=17 February 2025 |title=Kriti Sanon starts shooting Tere Ishk Mein Dhanush Aanand L Rai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kriti-sanon-starts-shooting-for-tere-ishk-mein-co-starring-dhanush/article69229481.ece |access-date=2 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film's story, screenplay and dialogues were co-written by Himanshu Sharma and Neeraj Yadav. The film is described as a spiritual sequel to ''[[Raanjhanaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Tere Ishk Mein' Teaser: Dhanush, Kriti Sanon in A Fiery Love Story|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/tere-ishk-mein-teaser-dhanush-and-kriti-sanon-in-a-fiery-romance |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=hollywoodreporterindia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aanand L Rai draws similarities between his next film 'Tere Ishq Mein' and 'Raanjhanaa', says Dhanush has matured and is even better now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aanand-l-rai-draws-similarities-between-his-next-film-tere-ishq-mein-and-raanjhanaa-says-dhanush-has-matured-and-is-even-better-now/articleshow/112481082.Cms |access-date=13 August 2025 |website=The Times of India|date=13 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Dhanush and Sanon were officially confirmed as the lead cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Sanon Begins Preparations For Aanand L Rai's Tere Ishk Mein With Dhanush? Here's What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kriti-sanon-begins-preparations-for-aanand-l-rais-tere-ishk-mein-with-dhanush-heres-what-we-know-9115326.html |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=[[CNN-News18]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Tere Ishk Mein'' was first announced on June 2023 but did not begin filming until October 2024 due to Dhanush’s scheduling conflicts except for a promo shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anand L Rai's "Tere Ishq Me" to Finally Begin Shooting in October 2024|url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/anand-l-rais-tere-ishq-me-to-finally-begin-shooting-in-october-2024 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=Bru Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in October 2024, following the release of a promotional video that had been shot in June 2023 to mark the 10th anniversary of ''Raanjhanaa''.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 June 2025 |title= Dhanush, Aanand L Rai and AR Rahman reunite for 'Tere Ishk Mein' |url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhanush-aanand-l-rai-and-ar-rahman-reunite-for-tere-ishk-mein/article66993319.ece|access-date=13 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Delhi]] and [[Varanasi|Benaras]] with Kriti Sanon joining the schedule in February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 October 2025 |title=When Delhi's cold met Tere Ishk Mein's fire: Aanand L Rai's BTS post ft Dhanush|url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/delhis-cold-met-tere-ishk-meins-fire-aanand-l-rais-bts-post-ft-dhanush/|access-date=13 October 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Filming was completed in July 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2025 |title= Aanand L Rai reveals 'film wraps are painful' as Tere Ishk Mein completes shoot|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aanand-l-rai-reveals-film-wraps-painful-tere-ishk-mein-completes-shoot/|access-date=13 October 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Some scenes were shot at the [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]].<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2025 |title=Kriti Sanon begins shoot for Tere Ishq Mein in Delhi, photos and videos of Dhanush at SRCC go viral|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/kriti-sanon-begins-shooting-for-tere-ishq-mein-in-delhi-photos-and-videos-of-dhanush-shooting-in-srcc-go-viral-article-12942427.html|access-date=13 October 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> In April 2025, the [[Leh]] schedule of the film was completed.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 2025 |title=Dhanush, Kriti Sanon begin Tere Ishk Mein in Leh? Aanand L Rai's pic goes viral|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dhanush-kriti-sanon-tere-ishk-mein-in-leh-aanand-l-rai-pic-viral-2708080-2025-04-12|access-date=13 October 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The final leg of shooting was completed in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |date=8 September 2025 |title=Dhanush To Play Air Force Officer In Tere Ishk Mein With Kriti Sanon? EXCLUSIVE Pictures Reveal |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/dhanush-to-play-air-force-officer-in-tere-ishk-mein-with-kriti-sanon-exclusive-pictures-reveal-article-151797711 |access-date=25 October 2025 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> The climax scene was shot over a week, it left the actress Kriti Sanon emotionally drained.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2025 |title=Kriti Sanon breaks down Mukti's most intense moments in Tere Ishk Mein: "Those scenes were extremely draining"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kriti-sanon-breaks-muktis-intense-moments-tere-ishk-mein-scenes-extremely-draining/ |access-date=25 November 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Tere Ishk Mein (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] with lyrics written by [[Irshad Kamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tere-ishk-mein-teaser-dhanush-kriti-sanon-aanand-l-rai-a-r-rahman-bhushan-kumar-t-series/article70115752.ece/|title='Tere Ishk Mein' teaser: Dhanush and Kriti Sanon star in a romantic drama steeped in passion and pain|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=October 2025 }}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tere-ishk-mein/cast/|title=Tere Ishk Mein|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 November 2025 }}</ref> The film's title track "Tere Ishk Mein" was released on 18 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanush-and-rahman-create-musical-magic-at-tere-ishk-mein-mumbai-promotions-the-actor-sang-unreleased-tamil-song-live/articleshow/125291874.cms|title=Dhanush and Rahman create musical magic at 'Tere Ishk Mein' Mumbai promotions; The actor sang unreleased Tamil song live]|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 November 2025 }}</ref> The second song "Usey Kehna" was released on 2 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tere-ishk-mein-usey-kehna-is-dhanush-kriti-sanon-heartache-anthem-2812654-2025-11-03|title=Tere Ishk Mein: Usey Kehna is Dhanush, Kriti Sanon's heartache anthem|work=India Today|date=3 November 2025|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> The Tamil version of the film's title track "O Kadhale" was sung by Aditya RK, with the lyrics written by Mashook Rahman the song was released on 29 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/29/tamil-version-of-tere-ishk-mein-title-track-named-o-kadhale-out|title=Tamil version of Tere Ishk Mein title track named 'O Kadhale' out|work=cinemaexpress|date=29 October 2025|access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
An initial teaser was released on [[YouTube]] on 27 January 2025. A full teaser was released on 1 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI|date=1 October 2025|title=Teaser of Dhanush–Kriti Sanon starrer 'Tere Ishk Mein' unveiled; film to release in November|url=https://theprint.in/feature/teaser-of-dhanush-kriti-sanon-starrer-tere-ishk-mein-unveiled-film-to-release-in-november/2754982/|access-date=3 October 2025|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01|title=Tere Ishk Mein teaser: Dhanush as jilted lover set to destroy Kriti Sanon's world|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tere-ishk-mein-teaser-dhanush-kriti-sanon-ar-rahman-november-2025-2796079-2025-10-01|access-date=2025-11-19|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The latter was screened with ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'' and ''[[Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari]]'' as part of the producers’ strategy to capitalize on the [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]] and [[Diwali]] theatrical periods.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2025|title='Tee Ishk Mein': Teaser of Dhanush and Kriti Sanon starrer will be attached to 'Kantara' and 'Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari' for big screen experience|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tere-ishq-mein-teaser-of-dhanush-and-kriti-sanon-starrer-will-be-attached-to-kantara-chapter-1-and-sunny-sanskari-ki-tulsi-kumar-for-big-screen-experience/articleshow/124094507.cms|access-date=13 October 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> As a promotional event, the complete soundtrack album was launched at an event in Mumbai attended by the film’s cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanush-and-rahman-create-musical-magic-at-tere-ishk-mein-mumbai-promotions-the-actor-sang-unreleased-tamil-song-live/articleshow/125291874.cms|title=Dhanush and Rahman create musical magic at 'Tere Ishk Mein' Mumbai promotions; The actor sang unreleased Tamil song live]|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dhanush-ar-rahman-unreleased-tere-ishk-mein-song-performance-mumbai-2818541-2025-11-13|title=Dhanush's emotional Tamil song at Tere Ishk Mein Mumbai event moves audience. Watch|website=India Today|date=13 November 2025}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 14 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14|title=Tere Ishk Mein trailer: Dhanush falls for a bewafa again in Aanand Rai's Raanjhanaa 2.0, fans call it 'Saiyaara ka baap'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tere-ishk-mein-trailer-dhanush-kriti-sanon-aanand-l-rai-raanjhana-fan-reactions-saiyaara-101763134662778.html|access-date=2025-11-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu|first=Suhas|date=2025-11-15|title=Dhanush–Kriti Sanon's 'Tere Ishq Mein' trailer promises a dark, intense love story|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/dhanushkriti-sanons-tere-ishq-mein-trailer-promises-a-dark-intense-love-story-1023561|access-date=2025-11-15|website=thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

The official trailer received coverage from several media outlets. [[The Times of India|''The Times of India'']] noted its focus on themes of grief and unfulfilled desire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-01|title='Tere Ishk Mein' teaser: Dhanush-Kriti Sanon ignite screens, Aanand L Rai's directorial promises an epic love saga|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tere-ishk-mein-teaser-dhanush-kriti-sanon-ignite-screens-aanand-l-rais-directorial-promises-an-epic-love-saga/articleshow/124249918.cms|access-date=2025-11-19|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted the strong audience response and compared the narrative intensity to ''Raanjhanaa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14|title=Tere Ishk Mein trailer: Dhanush falls for a bewafa again in Aanand Rai's Raanjhanaa 2.0, fans call it 'Saiyaara ka baap'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tere-ishk-mein-trailer-dhanush-kriti-sanon-aanand-l-rai-raanjhana-fan-reactions-saiyaara-101763134662778.html|access-date=2025-11-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[NDTV]] also reviewed the trailer, commenting on the dramatic stakes and visual boldness.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tere Ishk Mein Trailer: Violent Lover Dhanush Burns Down Delhi For Kriti Sanon|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tere-ishk-mein-trailer-violent-lover-dhanush-burns-down-delhi-for-kriti-sanon-9640047}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on 28 November 2025 worldwide in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tere-ishk-mein-teaser-dhanush-kriti-sanon-aanand-l-rai-a-r-rahman-bhushan-kumar-t-series/article70115752.ece/|title='Tere Ishk Mein' teaser: Dhanush and Kriti Sanon star in a romantic drama steeped in passion and pain|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=October 2025 }}</ref> The film was also screened at the Gala Premiere section at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in [[Goa]] on the same date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BREAKING: The Family Man Season 3, Gustaakh Ishq, Vadh 2, 120 Bahadur, Tere Ishk Mein, Raat Akeli Hai: The Bansal Murders to have gala premiers at 56th IFFI Goa|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-family-man-season-3-gustaakh-ishq-vadh-2-120-bahadur-tere-ishk-mein-raat-akeli-hai-bansal-murders-gala-premiers-56th-iffi-goa/|access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=9 November 2025 }}</ref> and released under same title in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tere Ishk Mein - Official Tamil Teaser|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/tere-ishk-mein-official-tamil-teaser/videoshow/124256106.cms|access-date=2025-11-23 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was distributed by [[T-Series Films]] all over India. The film received an U/A certificate from [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] on 24 November 2025 without any cuts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tere Ishk Mein|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTE2MTAyMDI1MDAxMzA=|access-date=2025-11-25 |website=cbfcindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tere Ishk Mein: Dhanush, Kriti Sanon film gets U/A certificate with ZERO cuts|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/tere-ishk-mein-dhanush-kriti-sanon-film-gets-u-a-certificate-with-zero-cuts-1764086161246|access-date=2025-11-25 |website=wionews}}</ref> The film was distributed by [[AA Films]] nationally. The distributors asked single-screen theatres to agree to allot 4 shows in the opening week and 2 shows next week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tere Ishk Mein: Dhanush, Kriti Sanon film gets U/A certificate with ZERO cuts|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-single-screens-fix-tere-ishk-meins-2-week-condition-risks-shrinking-dhurandhars-show-count/|access-date=2025-11-26 |website=[[bollywood hungama]] |date=26 November 2025 }}</ref> The film released in over 5100 screens across India in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tere Ishk Mein advance booking: Dhanush-Kriti Sanon starrer barely get past Rs 1 crore mark with more than 5,000 shows
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tere-ishk-mein-advance-booking-dhanush-kriti-sanon-barely-past-rs-1-crore-mark-5000-shows-10386742/|access-date=2025-11-27 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 November 2025 }}</ref>

=== Pre-release business ===
As of 27 November 2025 the film made nearly ₹5.5 crore from advance booking that started on 24 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tere Ishk Mein Advance Booking: रॉकेट की तरह शुरू हुई 'तेरे इश्क में' की एडवांस बुकिंग, कृति सेनन-धनुष का चला जादू|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/tere-ishq-mein-advance-booking-kriti-sanon-dhanush-anand-l-rai-3585802.html|access-date=2025-11-25 |website=tv9hindi |date=25 November 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tere Ishq Mein Advance Ticket Sales: Dhanush, Kriti Sanon-stareer Mints Over Rs 5 Crore|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/tere-ishq-mein-advance-ticket-sales-dhanush-kriti-sanon-stareer-mints-over-rs-5-crore-aa-ws-l-9734743.html|access-date=2025-11-27 |website=news18}}</ref> The film registered maximum advance booking in [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] chains of [[Cinepolis]] and [[PVR INOX]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tere Ishk Mein Advance Booking: बॉक्स ऑफिस पर करोड़ों का सौदा साबित होगी धनुष और कृति सैनॉन की तेरे इश्क में|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/tere-ishk-mein-advance-booking-dhanush-kriti-sanon-movie-to-get-a-bumper-opening-9696193|access-date=2025-11-25 |website=ndtv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tere Ishk Mein advance booking: Dhanush-Kriti's film ignites strong box office buzz|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tere-ishk-mein-advance-booking-for-opening-day-box-office-updates-3-days-before-release-dhanush-kriti-sanon-film-ignites-buzz-2825619-2025-11-25|access-date=2025-11-25 |website=India Today |date=25 November 2025 }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] on 23 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2026 |title=OTT releases of the week (January 19 - January 25): Sirai to Cheekatilo, new movies and shows on Netflix, Prime Video, JioHotstar and ZEE5 |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/ott-releases-of-the-week-january-19-january-25-sirai-tere-ishq-mein-to-cheekatilo-new-movies-and-shows-on-netflix-prime-video-jiohotstar-and-zee5/latest-ott-releases-this-week-january-19-january-25-2026/slideshow/126677568.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref>

== Copyright lawsuit==
[[Eros International]] accusing [[Aanand L Rai]] and his production banner, [[Colour Yellow Productions]] of unlawful leveraging of the [[intellectual property]] of [[Raanjhanaa]], said that he while promoting the film Tere Ishk Mein, presented the film as a spiritual successor of Raanjhanaa. Eros filled a case of {{INR}}84 crore against the director and his production house in [[Bombay High Court]] accusing the film makers of suggesting a connection between the two films. [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] has also been made party to the lawsuit. Eros said in lawsuit, it holds the [[copyright]], [[registered trademark]], characters, dialogues, and [[sequel]] or [[remake]] rights of Raanjhanaa. The director has however downplayed the lawsuit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2026 |title=Aanand L Rai Reacts To Rs 84 Crore Lawsuit Filed By Eros Over Raanjhanaa 'Copyright Infringement' In Tere Ishk Mein|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aanand-l-rai-reacts-to-rs-84-crore-lawsuit-filed-by-eros-over-raanjhanaa-copyright-infringement-in-tere-ishk-mein-10835018 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Box office ===
In India, ''Tere Ishk Mein'' opened to {{INRConvert|17.93|c}} on its opening day, with an additional {{INRConvert|1.34|c}} from overseas markets. The worldwide collection total as of Wednesday stood at approximately {{INRConvert|94.78|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tere Ishk Mein Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tere-ishk-mein/box-office/|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>

''Tere Ishk Mein'' equalled a lifetime domestic box-office total of its spiritual predecessor, ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' after four days, which had collected approximately ₹60.25 crore in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tere Ishk Mein box office collection day 4: Dhanush, Kriti Sanon's film surpasses Raanjhanaa, earns Rs 60 crore|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tere-ishk-mein-box-office-collection-day-4-dhanush-kriti-sanon-surpasses-raanjhanaa-rs-60-crore-10397104/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-12-02|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en}}</ref>

As of 29 December 2025, ''Tere Ishk Mein'' has grossed {{INRConvert|134.2|c}} domestically and {{INRConvert|14.3|c}} overseas for a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|148.5|c}}.<ref name="BollyHungama">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2025 |title=Tere Ishk Mein Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tere-ishk-mein/box-office/ |access-date=29 November 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

In Malaysia, the film opened at ninth place at the box office ahead of Indonesian movie Klepet, with the majority of its earnings attributed to the Tamil-language version of the film.<ref>{{cite web | title=Charts | Cinema Online | url=https://www.cinema.com.my/movies/charts.aspx }}</ref>

===Critical reception===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=33|count=12|average=4.4|ref=yes}}

Kiran Jain of [[Amar Ujala|''Amar Ujala'']] gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Overall, the film is must watch, especially for those who like to watch 'love stories".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tere Ishk Mein Review: धनुष की आंखों में छिपा दर्द बना असली ताकत, छोटे रोल में जीशान ने छीनी लाइमलाइट|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/tere-ishq-mein-movie-review-dhanush-kriti-sanon-anand-l-rai-tere-ishk-mein-2025-11-28?pageId=5|access-date=2025-11-28 |website=amarujala}}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "an intense love saga" supported by memorable dramatic moments and strong performances by the lead actors, though it critiqued the "overlong runtime and a weak second half" as factors that "severely curb its impact".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-28 |title=Tere Ishk Mein Movie Review: TERE ISHK MEIN is an intense love saga |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tere-ishk-mein/critic-review/tere-ishk-mein-movie-review/tere-ishk-mein-is-an-intense-love-saga/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "A turbulent, uneven romance by Aanand L Rai, elevated by Dhanush, Kriti Sanon's powerful act".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tere Ishq Mein review: A turbulent, uneven romance by Aanand L Rai, elevated by Dhanush, Kriti Sanon's powerful act|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tere-ishq-mein-review-a-turbulent-uneven-romance-by-aanand-l-rai-elevated-by-dhanush-kriti-sanons-powerful-act-101764324373350.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>

Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Tere Ishq Mein'' attempts to portray a complex story of toxic love and obsession. Despite powerful performances, the film's problematic narrative leaves audiences unsettled and triggered".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tere Ishq Mein review: Dhanush-Kriti can't save this messy thesis on toxic love|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/tere-ishq-mein-review-toxic-love-dhanush-kriti-2025-2827532-2025-11-28|website=India Today|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en|first=Sana|last=Farzeen}}</ref>

Yatamanyu Narain of ''[[Network18 Group|News18]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Dhanush, Kriti Sanon Film Is An Angry Love Letter Written In Blood, Sprinkled With Petrol"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/tere-ishq-mein-review-dhanush-kriti-sanon-film-is-an-angry-love-letter-written-in-blood-sprinkled-with-petrol-ws-kl-9736184.html|title=Tere Ishq Mein Review: Dhanush, Kriti Sanon Film Is An Angry Love Letter Written In Blood, Sprinkled With Petrol}}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Dhanush and Kriti Sanon shine in this intense but inconsistent love drama".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tere Ishk Mein Movie Review: Dhanush and Kriti Sanon shine in this intense but inconsistent love drama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tere-ishk-mein/movie-review/125634863.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>

Aavishkar Gawande, popular film critic and trade analyst gave 2/5 stars and wrote “It is flawed, immature and deeply problematic”. However he praised the performances of the leads.

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "It is a love story that is an advertisement that love can do without".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tere Ishk Mein Review: A Love Story So Bloated Even Dhanush And Kriti Sanon Can't Salvage It|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tere-ishk-mein-review-a-love-story-so-bloated-even-dhanush-and-kriti-sanon-cant-salvage-it-2-stars-9715431|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en|first=Saibal|last=Cahtterjee|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Aanand L Rai should have understood that films that work for Tamil audiences may not work nationally. Toxic masculinity or misogyny is a very accepted fact in South films and even in some Bollywood films, but that doesn’t really work for today’s evolved, educated and cultured audience!".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhanush-Kriti Sanon's 'Tere Ishk Mein' Movie Review: Noisy love story; STOP normalising violence & toxic masculinity|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhanush-kriti-sanons-tere-ishk-mein-movie-review-intense-but-a-littletoo-noisy-love-story-13954775.html|website=Firstpost|first=Lachmi Deb|last=Roy|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1/5 and wrote "Dhanush, Kriti Sanon star in a film which ends up being a confused, heavy-on-melodrama-and-glycerine mish-mash of genres that glorifies an 'aggressive, angry, alpha’ man".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tere Ishk Mein movie review: Dhanush, Kriti Sanon's outdated, heavy-on-melodrama film takes us back to dark ages|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tere-ishk-mein-movie-review-dhanush-kriti-sanon-star-in-outdated-heavy-on-melodrama-film-10391058/|website=The Indian Express|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28142095}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=tere-ishk-mein}}
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tere_ishk_mein Tere Ishk Mein] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

{{Aanand L. Rai}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
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[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aanand L. Rai]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
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[[Category:2020s romantic musical films]]
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[[Category:Unofficial sequel films]]

Aroori Ramesh

2026-05-05T05:13:38Z

Manish: creating new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 12 December 2018
| term_end = 3 December 2023
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 12 December 2018
}}
'''Aroori Ramesh'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aroori Ramesh(BRS):Constituency- WARADHANAPET (SC)(WARANGAL URBAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5971 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician who served as Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected for the first time in 2014 and again in the 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aroori Ramesh |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/aroori-ramesh |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> elections.

==Early life and education==
He was born on 4 April 1967 in Uppugal to parents Aroori Gattumallu and Aroori Venkatamma.<ref name="Telangana State Legislative">{{Cite web
|title = MLA Member Details - Aroori Ramesh (Wardhannapet Constituency)
|url = https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMLAMemberDetails?q=bWVtaWQ9MzA0NCZjb25zdGlkPTEwNyZ0ZXJtaWQ9MTQmb3JkZXJieT0x
|website = Telangana State Legislature
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Member official profile
}}</ref> He graduated with [[Master of Arts|MA]] and [[LLB]] degrees.

== Personal life==
He is married to Aroori Kavitha Kumari.<ref name="Telangana State Legislative"/>

In 2024, Aroori Ramesh resigned from [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-17 |title=Ex-BRS MLA Aroori Ramesh quits party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/former-brs-mla-aroori-ramesh-resigns-from-party-likely-to-join-bjp-and-contest-warangal-ls-seat/articleshow/108554556.cms |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=Former BRS MLA Aroori Ramesh joins BJP |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/former-brs-mla-aroori-ramesh-joins-bjp-885564 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> during the [[2024 Lok Sabha Elections|2024 Lok Sabha elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=Telangana: Ex-MLA Aroori Ramesh quits BRS, joins BJP ahead of LS polls |url=https://www.siasat.com/telangana-ex-mla-aroori-ramesh-joins-bjp-from-brs-ahead-of-ls-polls-2993932/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> He rejoined the Bharat Rashtra Samithi on 28 January 2026.[https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/telangana/aroori-ramesh-quits-bjp-and-joining-brs-soon-telangana-2690199#google_vignette Aroori Ramesh Rejoined into BRS]

===Candidate of 2024 general Lok Sabha election===
Aroori Ramesh was a candidate of [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency]] in the 2024 Indian Lok Sabha elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-03-25 |title=BJP fields Aroori Ramesh from Warangal and industrialist Tandra Vinod from Khammam |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/bjp-fields-aroori-ramesh-from-warangal-and-industrialist-tandra-vinod-from-khammam |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=P. Laxma |date=2024-04-20 |title=Friends turn foes in Warangal Lok Sabha poll battle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/friends-turn-foes-in-warangal-lok-sabha-poll-battle/article68078822.ece |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-24 |title=BJP Announces Two More Candidates for Lok Sabha Polls in Telangana |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/bjp-announces-two-more-candidates-for-lok-sabha-polls-in-telangana-886392 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Lok Sabha election result===
He gained 360,955 votes lost the election<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warangal lok sabha election results 2024: Warangal Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/telangana/warangal-constituency-result-29515 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> to [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate [[Kadiyam Kavya]].<ref name="Form20-Warangal">{{Cite web
| title = 15-Warangal (SC) PC detailed election results pdf
| url = https://ceotelangana.nic.in/HOP-2024/Form-20/15-Warangal%20(SC)%20PC%20-%20Form%2020.pdf
| work = Chief Electoral Officer, Telangana
| publisher = Election Commission of India
| access-date = 27 July 2025
}}</ref>

== Tenure as Member of Legislative Assembly==
He laid foundation stone for development projects in his Wardhannapet assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-10-16 |title=Wardhannapet MLA lays foundation for several development works |url=https://telanganatoday.com/wardhannapet-mla-lays-foundation-for-several-development-works |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> He said that the ensure development of 43rd division Greater Warangal Municipal Council.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-03-22 |title=Would ensure development of 43rd division of GWMC: Wardhannapet MLA |url=https://telanganatoday.com/would-ensure-development-of-43rd-division-of-gwmc-wardhannapet-mla |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Party
! Votes
! Vote %
! Result
|-
| 2014<ref name="IndiaVotes2014">{{Cite web
|title = Waradhanapet (SC) Assembly Constituency Election Results (2014) - Telangana
|url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2023/telangana/waradhanapet/61/47035/296
|work = IndiaVotes
|date = 2023-12-03
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Aroori Ramesh (TRS): 117,254 votes (66.9% vote share) - Winner
}}</ref><ref name="TelanganaGenElection2014Book_p154">{{cite web |title=General Election Handbook of Procedures and results 2014 |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2014/General%20Election%20HOP%202014%20Book.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Telangana |page=154 |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref>
| style="background:#FF0090;" | Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| 117,254
| 66.9
| style="background:#90EE90;" | Won
|-
| 2018<ref name="IndiaVotes2018">{{Cite web
|title = Waradhanapet (SC) Assembly Constituency Election Results (2018) - Telangana
|url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2023/telangana/waradhanapet/61/47035/296
|work = IndiaVotes
|date = 2023-12-03
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Aroori Ramesh (TRS): 131,252 votes (71.6% vote share) - Winner
}}</ref><ref name="TelanganaMLAs2018List_p5">{{cite web |title=List of MLAs Elected in General Elections to the Telangana Legislative Assembly, 2018 |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/List%20of%20Elected%20Members/MLAs%20Elected%20List%202018%20_Lat%20Upate%2002.12.2020.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Telangana |date=2 December 2020 |page=5 |access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu 2018">{{Cite web
|title = 16 TRS candidates get more than 50,000 majority
|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/16-trs-candidates-get-more-than-50000-majority/article25736363.ece
|website = The Hindu
|date = 2018-12-13
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Reports that Wardhannapet TRS candidate Aroori Ramesh won with a margin of 99,240 votes.
}}</ref>
| style="background:#FF0090;" | Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| 131,252
| 71.6
| style="background:#90EE90;" | Won
|-
| 2023<ref name="IndiaVotes2023">{{Cite web
|title = Waradhanapet (SC) Assembly Constituency Election Results (2023) - Telangana
|url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2023/telangana/waradhanapet/61/47035/296
|work = IndiaVotes
|date = 2023-12-03
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Aroori Ramesh (BRS): Runner-up 87,238 votes (48.8% vote share)
}}</ref><ref name="WardhannapetForm20_2023_p13">{{cite web |title=Form 20 - Wardhannapet (SC) Assembly Constituency details votes information and results |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2023/FORM-20/107-Wardhannapet.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Telangana |page=13 |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref>
| style="background:#FF0090;" | Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| 87,238
| 39.9
| style="background:#FFCCCC;" | Lost
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesh, Aroori}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:People from Telangana]]
[[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]

Mhasala taluka

2026-05-03T10:06:44Z

Manish: created basic info initial version

{{short description|Taluka in Raigad district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

'''Mhasala Taluka''' is a [[subdistrict]]/[[upazila]]/[[tehsil]] in the [[Raigad district]] of Maharashtra an Indian state.<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |access-date=2015-08-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archive-date=2015-07-22 }}</ref><ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815">{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|title=Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district|publisher=Raigad District Collectorate|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080045/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its villages are Newarul, Jambhul, Kelte, Ghum, Sangwad, Thakroli, Kokbal, Banoti, Kharasai, Revali, Tondsure, Agarwada, Pedambe, Saklap, Jangamvadi, Varavathane, and Ganeshnagar.

==Raigad district==
As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1970 villages, 60 revenue circles and 350 sazzas{{which lang|date=May 2021}} in the Raigad district. The talukas are [[Alibag taluka|Alibag]], [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]], [[Khalapur taluka|Khalapur]], [[Mahad taluka|Mahad]], [[Mangaon taluka|Mangaon]], Mhasala, [[Murud taluka|Murud]], [[Panvel taluka|Panvel]], [[Pen taluka|Pen]], [[Poladpur taluka|Poladpur]], [[Roha taluka|Roha]], [[Shrivardhan taluka|Shrivardhan]], [[Sudhagad - Pali taluka|Sudhagad Pali]], [[Tala taluka|Tala]] and [[Uran taluka|Uran]].<ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815" />

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Mhasala taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|68.98}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|25.13}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|5.51}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.38}}
}}

Mhasala taluka has a population of 59,914 according to the 2011 census. Mhasala had a literacy rate of 80.34% and a sex ratio of 1166 females per 1000 males. 7,280 (12.15%) are under 7 years of age. 9,679 (16.15%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 5.50% and 7.66% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Raigad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/822/download/36165/DH_2011_2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Mhasala taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 73.40 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 23.18 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.74 |color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.68 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 73.40% of the population in the taluka spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 23.18% [[Urdu]] and 1.74% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Raigad district]]

Mayakkam Enna

2026-04-30T03:32:34Z

Manish:

{{Short description|2011 film directed by Selvaraghavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mayakkam Enna.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Selvaraghavan]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Dineshkumar
*Easwaramoorthy
*Manohar Prasad
*Ravi Shankar Prasad
*Selvaraghavan
}}
| writer = Selvaraghavan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Dhanush]]
*[[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
}}
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]
| editing = [[Kola Bhaskar]]
| studio = [[Selvaraghavan|Aum Productions]]
| distributor = [[Gemini Film Circuit]]
| released = {{Film date|2011|11|25||df=y}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mayakkam Enna''''' ({{translation|What is this unconsciousness?}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological drama]] film written and directed by [[Selvaraghavan]] and produced by [[Gemini Film Circuit]] in association with [[Selvaraghavan|Aum Productions]], its own banner. It stars his brother [[Dhanush]], along with [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] (in her Tamil film debut), and features music scored by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] while the cinematography was handled by [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]. The film revolves around an aspiring photographer and the problems he faces, causing him to fall into distress. How he manages to achieve his goals from thereafter forms the rest of the story.

The film was distributed by Gemini Film Circuit, and it was released on 25 November 2011.

== Plot ==
Karthik Swaminathan, an introvert, referred to as 'Genius' by his friends, is a [[Freelancer|freelance]] [[photography|photographer]] who aspires to become a [[wildlife photography|wildlife photographer]] like Madhesh Krishnasamy. His friends Sunder Ramesh, Shankar, Padmini, and Vindhya support him and his sister after the death of their parents.

One day, Sunder introduces Yamini as his girlfriend to Karthik and his friends. On their first meeting, Karthik and Yamini have a bitter experience but slowly develop a special bond. Karthik tries to stay away from Yamini since he does not want to break his friend's heart, but a sequence of events brings them closer. Eventually, Sunder's father arranges for Karthik and Yamini to be married.

After their wedding, Karthik learns that Madhesh had used a photograph that the former had taken to win a national award. After this incident, he turns into a physically abusive [[alcoholism|alcoholic]], people start doubting his sanity, and his mental health is affected. Yamini supports Karthik, hoping that he will succeed one day. Days later, when the residents of Karthik's neighbourhood berate Karthik behind his back in front of Yamini, she gets angry and defensive and supports her husband. After watching TV, where Karthik sees Madhesh win an award for the photo, he starts breaking the TV and accidentally pushes Yamini in a fit of rage. This leads to Yamini's [[miscarriage]].

Yamini returns a few days later from the hospital and stops talking to Karthik entirely. This makes Karthik come to terms with reality, and he mends his ways. He finally gets a break and becomes a professional wildlife photographer, and one of his photographs gets nominated for an [[International Photography Awards|International Photography Award]], which he wins. On this occasion, Karthik thanks everyone for their support and Yamini for her faith in him and declares his love for her. Yamini finally relents and talks to Karthik. Karthik also thanks Madhesh where the film ends.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Dhanush]] as Karthik Swaminathan
*[[Richa Gangopadhyay]] as Yamini Karthik (voiceover by [[Deepa Venkat]])
*[[Sunder Ramu]] as Sunder Ramesh
*[[Mathivanan Rajendran]] as Shankar
*[[Pooja Devariya]] as Padmini
*Zara Barring as Ramya
*Shilpi Kiran as Vindhya
*Raviprakash as Madhesh Krishnasamy
*[[J. Rajiv Choudhry]] as Ramesh
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In late 2008, it was reported that director [[Selvaraghavan]] and his brother, actor [[Dhanush]] planned to begin a film titled ''Idhu Maalai Nerathu Mayakkam'', under their sister Vimalageetha's production banner RK Productions; the film was supposed to be made on a shoestring budget within three months, and [[Andrea Jeremiah]] was cast as the female lead, who previously collaborated with Selvaraghavan in [[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|''Aayirathil Oruvan'']] (2010).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=10 July 2025 |title=From Kasimedu to Idhu Maalai Nerathu Mayakkam: Dhanush's 5 most ambitious yet dropped films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-kasimedu-to-idhu-maalai-nerathu-mayakkam-dhanushs-5-most-ambitious-yet-dropped-films/photostory/122361605.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250926045833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-kasimedu-to-idhu-maalai-nerathu-mayakkam-dhanushs-5-most-ambitious-yet-dropped-films/photostory/122361605.cms |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2008 |title=Dhanush-Selva quickie! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-selva-quickie-news-tamil-kkfsFIibjbc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010160746/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-selva-quickie-news-tamil-kkfsFIibjbc.html |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Despite filming being reportedly completed, it was shelved during the post-production phase.<ref name=":0" />

After completing work on ''Aayirathil Oruvan'', Selvaraghavan decided to collaborate with Dhanush on a project titled ''Mayakkam Enna'', which was meant to be a "breather" owing to the extensive production period spent on ''Aayirathil Oruvan''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=9 March 2022 |title=Karthik From 'Mayakam Enna' Is Very Close To Who I Am: Selvaraghavan |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/selvaraghavan-interview-movies-mayakam-enna-karthik-is-very-close-to-who-i-am-selvaraghavan-dhanush |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250926045457/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/selvaraghavan-interview-movies-mayakam-enna-karthik-is-very-close-to-who-i-am-selvaraghavan-dhanush |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Closer to the release, it was reported that the film was a revival of ''Idhu Maalai Nerathu Mayakkam'', but Selvaraghavan clarified that the films were unrelated.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 September 2011 |title=Selva clears the air about Mayakkam Enna |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/selva-clears-the-air-about-mayakkam-enna-news-tamil-ljmkHrdajjf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106094603/http://www.sify.com/movies/selva-clears-the-air-about-mayakkam-enna-news-tamil-ljmkHrdajjf.html |archive-date=6 November 2011 |access-date=28 November 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Selvaraghavan retained most of the crew members from his previous film, including cinematographer [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]], musician [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and editor [[Kola Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=24 December 2011 |title=Light Craft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/light-craft/article2744691.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250929012631/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/light-craft/article2744691.ece |archive-date=29 September 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Prakash left the project due to "money and time issues" and was replaced by Selvaraghavan's regular collaborator [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].<ref>{{cite web |date=27 December 2010 |title=Yuvan replaces GV in Selva's film |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-replaces-gvin-selva-s-film-news-tamil-km1jHjcefaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230104025/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-replaces-gvin-selva-s-film-news-tamil-km1jHjcefaa.html |archive-date=30 December 2010 |access-date=28 November 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 December 2010 |title=GV Prakash makes his point |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gv-prakash-makes-his-point-news-tamil-km2ocIhjcdh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231161115/http://www.sify.com/movies/gv-prakash-makes-his-point-news-tamil-km2ocIhjcdh.html |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=28 November 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> However, he was later replaced by Prakash by early 2011.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=3 April 2011 |title=GV Prakash replaces Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/GV-Prakash-replaces-Yuvan-Shankar-Raja/articleshow/7851329.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023045145/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/GV-Prakash-replaces-Yuvan-Shankar-Raja/articleshow/7851329.cms |archive-date=23 October 2015 |access-date=28 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Dhanush was cast in the lead role as Karthik Swaminathan, a wildlife photographer.<ref name=":1" /> Selvaraghavan said, "I didn't choose him because he's my brother; but because he is an actor of substance. His growth has been phenomenal. As the character needs an actor like him, I have cast him."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=26 September 2011 |title=Spotlight on Gen Next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/spotlight-on-gen-next/article2487152.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929102757/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/spotlight-on-gen-next/article2487152.ece |archive-date=29 September 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] was cast as the lead actress in her debut in Tamil cinema,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=1 July 2012 |title=Richa on a roll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/richa-on-a-roll/article3591528.ece |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> after Selvaraghavan watched her performance in the Telugu film ''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]'' (2010).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 November 2011 |title=Fourth time lucky? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fourth-time-lucky/article2642569.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929014609/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fourth-time-lucky/article2642569.ece |archive-date=29 September 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

Photographer and theatre actor [[Sunder Ramu]] was cast in the role of Sunder Ramesh, making his feature film debut.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=15 December 2011 |title=Now, in the picture! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/now-in-the-picture/article2717307.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929013051/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/now-in-the-picture/article2717307.ece |archive-date=29 September 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> He was cast after Selvaraghavan saw him in a short film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-14 |title=Sunder Ramu: Simply picture perfect |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sunder-ramu-simply-picture-perfect/articleshow/11204455.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250929013952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sunder-ramu-simply-picture-perfect/articleshow/11204455.cms |archive-date=2025-09-29 |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film marked the debut of [[Pooja Devariya]], who plays Yamini's friend Padmini.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joseph |first=Raveena |date=2015-11-16 |title=The struggle of an actress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-pooja-devariya-on-her-roles/article7883798.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929030537/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-pooja-devariya-on-her-roles/article7883798.ece |archive-date=2025-09-29 |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Raviprakash played the role of Madhesh Krishnaswamy, whom Karthik admires as the role model.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEGUbW50FKA |title=Shalini, Genelia, Kajal அப்பாவா தான் என்ன தெரியும், ஆனா நான்... - Actor Raviprakash Interview |date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Behindwoods TV |access-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127093048/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEGUbW50FKA |archive-date=27 November 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

=== Character design ===
In an interaction with [[Baradwaj Rangan]], Selvaraghavan described the character of Karthik Swaminathan as "something closest to him" owing to the personal connection involved while developing the character. His profession in the film, was also developed from Selvaraghavan's interests on being a wildlife photographer. He noted that, "Photography is something that is rarely done in Tamil cinema. The maximum I have heard of is wedding photography. I am fascinated and can identify with wildlife photography." He considered the profession as "close to being yourself, and you can find yourself close to nature". Hence, he wanted to develop the thing that can be closer to his personal life, as the principal character would face struggles and professional setbacks, he wanted the other side to feel blissful, that can give him the strength to tackle the problems. He also wanted the character to be realistic and complicated, than being one-dimensional and wanted to analyse the struggles towards photography and his personal life as well.<ref name=":1" /> Gangopadhyay also admitted her character Yamini, being a fierce, strong-witted, and extremely committed to his profession and relationships while also being a charming a fun-filled character.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2011 |title=Yamini inspired me: Richa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yamini-inspired-me-richa/articleshow/10981356.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250926062323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yamini-inspired-me-richa/articleshow/10981356.cms |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Filming on ''Mayakkam Enna'' began during late-2010. However, in the middle of production, Selvaraghavan was also reported to be involved on [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' (2013) and began pre-production for the film. By May 2011, he reportedly exited from that project owing to creative differences and continued working on ''Mayakkam Enna''.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 2011 |title=Kamal takes over Viswaroopam from Selva |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-takes-over-viswaroopam-from-selva-news-tamil-lfymNDcdagi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527153841/http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-takes-over-viswaroopam-from-selva-news-tamil-lfymNDcdagi.html |archive-date=27 May 2011 |access-date=29 August 2011 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The whole film was shot within 55 days.<ref name=":4" />

== Music ==
{{Main|Mayakkam Enna (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack, composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar in his second collaboration with Selvaraghavan (after ''Aayirathil Oruvan''), was released on 23 September 2011 at [[Radio Mirchi]]'s Chennai station.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Release ==
Selvaraghavan initially planned ''Mayakkam Enna'' to be released on the first week of October 2011 or during the [[Diwali]] day (26 October).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2011 |title=Selva's Mayakkam Enna in October? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/selva-s-mayakkam-enna-in-october-news-tamil-liykjleiacj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824162006/http://www.sify.com/movies/selva-s-mayakkam-enna-in-october-news-tamil-liykjleiacj.html |archive-date=24 August 2011 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The latter date was nearly finalised, and the film's trailer was launched at the grand finale of the [[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]] reality competition that aired via [[Star Vijay]] on 23 September.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2011 |title=Mayakkam Enna confirmed for Diwali |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mayakkam-enna-confirmed-for-diwali-news-tamil-ljxpl8bifjd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925164318/http://www.sify.com/movies/mayakkam-enna-confirmed-for-diwali-news-tamil-ljxpl8bifjd.html |archive-date=25 September 2011 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> However, it was removed from that date due to post-production issues.<ref name=":5" /> The film was later scheduled for release on 11 November, then pushed to 18 November and later to 25 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2011 |title=Selvaraghavan's Mayakkam Enna on Nov 18 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/selvaraghavan-s-mayakkam-enna-on-nov-18-news-tamil-llhk4Kecaia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119011720/http://www.sify.com/movies/selvaraghavan-s-mayakkam-enna-on-nov-18-news-tamil-llhk4Kecaia.html |archive-date=19 November 2011 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2011 |title=Mayakkam Enna goes to December! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mayakkam-enna-goes-to-december-news-news-llpkpoieffc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118204146/http://www.sify.com/movies/mayakkam-enna-goes-to-december-news-news-llpkpoieffc.html |archive-date=18 November 2011 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Further, Selvaraghavan tweeted through his [[Twitter]] account indicated on possibly pushing the film to December so that the semester examinations in colleges would be completed,<ref name=":6" /> while reports suggested that the postponement was also due to a possible clash with ''[[Osthe]]'', also starring Gangopadhyay as the lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2011 |title=Dhanush v/s STR, Confrontation building up |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-v-s-str-confrontation-building-up-news-tamil-llltyUjfedf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113165124/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-v-s-str-confrontation-building-up-news-tamil-llltyUjfedf.html |archive-date=13 November 2011 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> However, the producers reinstated the film's release on 25 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2011 |title=Mayakkam Enna confirms Nov 25 release |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mayakkam-enna-confirms-nov-25-release-news-tamil-llrll9ciijb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120011457/http://www.sify.com/movies/mayakkam-enna-confirms-nov-25-release-news-tamil-llrll9ciijb.html |archive-date=20 November 2011 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> GK Media acquired the film's distribution rights in the United States and Canada, while Gemini Film Circuit would release the film in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2011 |title=Mayakkam Enna in USA and Canada |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mayakkam-enna-in-usa-and-canada-news-news-llrlDLhggdd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120014452/http://www.sify.com/movies/mayakkam-enna-in-usa-and-canada-news-news-llrlDLhggdd.html |archive-date=20 November 2011 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
The film received positive reviews from critics and audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2019 |title=Happy Birthday Dhanush: 5 Movies by the Raanjhanaa Actor You Shouldn't Miss |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-dhanush-5-movies-by-the-raanjhanaa-actor-you-shouldnt-miss-2248849.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729153025/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-dhanush-5-movies-by-the-raanjhanaa-actor-you-shouldnt-miss-2248849.html |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that Selvaraghavan had "succeeded in presenting a sensitive and engaging movie".<ref>{{cite web |date=27 Nov 2015 |title=Tamil Review: 'Mayakkam Enna' is engaging |url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/tamil-review-mayakkam-enna-is-engaging/62/206311.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425221038/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/tamil-review-mayakkam-enna-is-engaging/206311-62.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=27 November 2011 |website=[[IBN Live]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5, citing: "...with ''Mayakkam Enna'' he [Dhanush] proves why he is one of the best actors around".<ref>{{cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N |title=Mayakkam Enna Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Mayakkam Enna by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mayakkam-enna/movie-review/10960645.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251117052424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mayakkam-enna/movie-review/10960645.cms |archive-date=17 Nov 2025 |access-date=7 Jan 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and stated that it had a "fresh appeal and is straight from the heart without any clichéd frills".<ref>{{cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=27 November 2011 |title=Mayakkam Enna review: Brothers churn out a winner again |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/mayakkam-enna-review-brothers-churn-out-winner-again-564 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128234838/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/mayakkam-enna-review-brothers-churn-out-winner-again-564 |archive-date=28 November 2011 |access-date=27 November 2011 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote: "A sensitively crafted screenplay, deft narration, stunning vignettes and montages, and a brilliant performance by the lead pair, makes ''Mayakkam Enna'' a fascinating watch".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=27 November 2011 |title=Mayakkam Enna |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article249060.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914222721/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article249060.ece |archive-date=14 September 2014 |access-date=27 November 2011 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that it was "entertaining and worth a watch".<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayakkam Enna review |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/207418/mayakkam-enna.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229231345/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/207418/mayakkam-enna.html |archive-date=29 December 2011 |access-date=17 December 2011 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

''[[NDTV]]'' stated it was a film "with soul and worth a watch". In regard to Dhanush's performance, it wrote: "His myriad emotions elevate the movie to a great extent".<ref>{{cite web |title=Review in pics: Mayakkam Enna |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/first-look-dhanush-and-richa-in-i-mayakkam-enna-i-11310/slide/11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923051946/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/review-in-pics-mayakkam-enna-11310 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=17 December 2011 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'', stated: "Selvaraghavan knows where his potential lies and has tapped it suitably."<ref>{{cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=3 December 2011 |title=Movie Review:Mayakkam Enna – Love's labour not lost |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2683942.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205202232/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2683942.ece |archive-date=5 December 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 and wrote: "[It] has a brilliant first half but the film loses the steam in the second half".<ref>{{cite web |date=25 November 2011 |title=Review: Mayakkam Enna is worth a watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mayakkam-enna-is-worth-a-watch/20111125.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120080104/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mayakkam-enna-is-worth-a-watch/20111125.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=26 November 2011 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' claimed: "Simplistic story with a hard hitting impact, ''Mayakkam Enna'' will stay with you".<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Review:Mayakkam Enna leaves you wanting more |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mayakkam-enna-leaves-you-wanting-more-review-tamil-14984213.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813085433/http://www.sify.com/movies/mayakkam-enna-leaves-you-wanting-more-review-tamil-14984213.html |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=28 November 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |5 January 2012
|Best Music Director
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]{{efn|also for ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011)}}
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikatan Awards 2011 |url=http://indianmalaysian.com/2012/Star%202012/vikatan_awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170516160112/http://indianmalaysian.com/2012/Star%202012/vikatan_awards.html |archive-date=16 May 2017 |access-date=16 May 2017 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |publisher=India Malaysia Online}}</ref>
|-
|Best Playback Singer — Female
|[[Saindhavi]] — ("Pirai Thedum")
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |11 March 2012
|Best Actress
|[[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: centre;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards 2012 |url=https://edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316021430/https://edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=19 |archive-date=16 March 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=edisonawards.in}}</ref>
|-
|Best Editor
|[[Kola Bhaskar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|[[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" |[[59th Filmfare Awards South|7 July 2012]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress — Tamil]]
|[[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: centre;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2012 |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811102950/http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2012 |title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811103446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor — Tamil]]
|[[Sunder Ramu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
|4 August 2012
|Female Vocalist of the Year
|[[Saindhavi]] — ("Pirai Thedum")
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards Background |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811130934/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/index.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards Winners |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811131047/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/winners.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=Radio Mirchi}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival]]
| rowspan="3" |26{{ndash}}29 June 2012
|Best Actress
|[[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: centre;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2012 |title=Kollywood gets honoured in Norway |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kollywood-gets-honoured-in-norway/articleshow/12936171.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250919053545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kollywood-gets-honoured-in-norway/articleshow/12936171.cms |archive-date=19 September 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|Best Editor
|[[Kola Bhaskar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Dubbing Artiste
|[[Deepa Venkat]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|21{{ndash}}22 June 2012]]
|Best Film — Tamil
|''Mayakkam Enna'' — Aum Productions
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=28 June 2012 |title=The South Shines |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811115724/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA Awards: 2011 Winners |url=http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811120512/http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress — Tamil
|[[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer — Tamil
|[[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Lyricist — Tamil
|[[Dhanush]] — ("Pirai Thedum")
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer — Tamil
|[[Dhanush]] — ("Voda Voda Voda")
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer — Tamil
|[[Saindhavi]] — ("Pirai Thedum")
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" |[[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="7" |[[6th Vijay Awards|16 June 2012]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2012 |title=6th Annual Vijay Awards: Complete list of winners |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811113839/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Saindhavi]] — ("Pirai Thedum")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Dhanush]] — ("Voda Voda Voda")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|[[Baba Bhaskar]] — ("Kadhal Yen Kadhal")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favorite Director]]
|[[Selvaraghavan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|"Kadhal Yen Kadhal"
|{{nom}}
|}

== Legacy ==
''Mayakkam Enna'' is regarded one of the best films of Selvaraghavan, as well as for Dhanush, owing to the acting and performances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2021 |title=Pudhupettai to Mayakkam Enna: Top 5 films of director Selvaraghavan |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/pudhupettai-to-mayakkam-enna-top-5-films-of-director-selvaraghavan/743174 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251218123539/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/pudhupettai-to-mayakkam-enna-top-5-films-of-director-selvaraghavan/743174 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' noted that "[Selvaraghavan] has poured his heart out imagining the suffering of an artist, who is drowning himself in self-pity and alcohol. The director takes us to pretty dark places as he explores the depths of the hero’s despondency."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar R. |first=Manoj |date=5 March 2021 |title=Top 5 Selvaraghavan films that made him a force to reckon with: where to stream them |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/selvaraghavan-birthday-top-5-films-and-where-to-stream-them-7214658/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Gangopadhyay's character Yamini was considered by journalist Sujatha Narayanan as one of the most well-written female characters in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=5 September 2016 |title=Leading ladies in their element! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/Sep/05/leading-ladies-in-their-element-1516218.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250929102408/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/Sep/05/leading-ladies-in-their-element-1516218.html |archive-date=29 September 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> However, Subha J. Rao of ''[[Film Companion]]'' was critical of the trials and tribulations her character was facing in the film, questioning "how could a fierce, independent girl who chooses her boyfriend's friend over him turn into the under-confident married woman who is a willing doormat? The kind who tolerates every kind of abuse, refuses to walk out, and finally even washes off proof of her aborted foetus from the floor? Yes, Dhanush's Karthik was suffering, but why is the onus on Yamini to make him a human again?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=17 June 2019 |title=Selvaraghavan's Films Through The Eyes Of A Woman |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/selvaraghavans-films-through-the-eyes-of-a-woman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250926045900/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/selvaraghavans-films-through-the-eyes-of-a-woman |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> She considered the film to be most disturbing due to this character design.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. V. |first=Harshini |date=21 May 2024 |title=Why Women Are The Real Strugglers In Struggler Films |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/why-women-are-the-real-strugglers-in-struggler-films-star-movie-kavin-aaditi-dhanush-jersey-shraddha-srinath-nani |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810103830/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/why-women-are-the-real-strugglers-in-struggler-films-star-movie-kavin-aaditi-dhanush-jersey-shraddha-srinath-nani |archive-date=10 August 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Selvaraghavan}}

[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s psychological drama films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Films about photographers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Selvaraghavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Selvaraghavan]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

ALTT

2026-04-29T18:50:57Z

Manish: creating a stub

{{Short description|Subscription based video on demand platform}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ALTT
| logo = Altbalaji Logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| foundation = 16 April 2017<ref name=date>{{Cite web|title=Balaji Telefilms kicks off its homegrown OTT platform 'ALTBalaji'|url=http://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/balaji-telefilms-kicks-off-its-homegrown-ott-platform-altbalaji/58176348|access-date=2020-09-19|website=ET BrandEquity|language=en}}</ref>
| dissolved = 25 July 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/altt-ullu-among-over-20-ott-apps-banned-for-indecent-representation-of-women-3648204|title=ALTT, ULLU among over 20 OTT apps banned for 'indecent' representation of women|website=Deccan Herald|date=25 July 2025|access-date=25 July 2025|first=Shemin|last=Joy}}</ref>
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| founder = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| industry = [[Entertainment]], [[Mass media]]
| genre = [[Over-the-top media service|OTT platform]]
| services = {{flatlist|
* [[Film production]]
* [[film distribution]]
* [[television production]]
}}
| website={{URL|altbalaji.com}} (closed)
}}

'''ALTT''', formerly '''ALTBalaji''',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-04-30 |title=ALTBalaji revamp amid funds crisis, stagnant growth |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/altbalaji-rebrands-as-altt-amid-funding-crisis-and-stagnant-subscriber-growth-shifts-focus-to-low-cost-adult-content-and-creating-content-for-other-platforms-11682877004440.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian subscription based [[video on demand]] platform and a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Paul|first1=Binu|title=TV serials & movie producer Balaji Telefilms launches online platform with original digital content|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2015/08/14/tv-serials-movie-producer-balaji-telefilms-launches-online-platform-with-original-digital-content/|access-date=12 May 2017| work=[[VCCircle]]|date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ALT Digital Media Entertainment Ltd. – Balaji Telefilms Ltd.|url=http://www.balajitelefilms.com/about-us.php|work=[[Balaji Telefilms]]|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Paul|first1=Binu|title=Balaji Telefilms Launches ALTBalaji Mobile App|url=http://www.news18.com/news/tech/balaji-telefilms-launches-altbalaji-mobile-app-1372977.html|access-date=12 May 2017| work=[[News18]]|date=13 August 2015}}</ref> Launched on 16 April 2017, ALTBalaji became Balaji Telefilms' foray into the digital entertainment sphere to create original [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] content.<ref name="Mint newspaper">{{cite news|last1=Jha|first1=Lata|title=Balaji launches online streaming platform ALTBalaji |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/TZKZSgraxfEBbjY7TyNqeN/Balaji-launches-online-streaming-platform-ALTBalaji.html|access-date=12 May 2017| work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=14 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=बालाजी टेलीफिल्म के एप 'ALT बालाजी' के लॉन्च पर नजर आए इंडस्ट्री के तमाम सितारे|url=http://abpnews.abplive.in/photo-gallery/launch-of-balaji-telefilms-app-alt-balaji-597682#image13|work=[[ABP Live]]|access-date=12 May 2017|language=hi|archive-date=22 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522165855/http://abpnews.abplive.in/photo-gallery/launch-of-balaji-telefilms-app-alt-balaji-597682#image13|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In July 2025, it was banned by the [[government of India]] citing obscenity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/altt-ullu-among-over-20-ott-apps-banned-for-indecent-representation-of-women-3648204|title=ALTT, ULLU among over 20 OTT apps banned for 'indecent' representation of women|website=Deccan Herald|date=25 July 2025|access-date=25 July 2025|first=Shemin|last=Joy}}</ref> Balaji Telefilms went onto replace ALTT with Kutingg, a family friendly streaming platform.

==Platforms ==
ALTT was an Indian content-based video-on-demand platform. ALTT was available across 32 different interfaces for its viewers.<ref>{{cite news|title=ALTBalaji eyeing 4–5 mn subscribers in 3–4 yrs; to create content for children|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/entertainment/altbalaji-eyeing-4-5-mn-subscribers-in-3-4-yrs-to-create-content-for-children-2250475.html|access-date=12 May 2017| work=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|date=14 August 2015}}</ref> The content had been made available on [[mobile phone|mobile]] and [[Tablet Device]]s ([[Apple phone]], [[Apple iPad]], [[Android phone]], Android tablet), [[Web browser]] (Desktop Browser), [[Chromecast]], [[Android TV]], [[Apple TV (device)|Apple TV]], [[Amazon Fire TV]], [[Roku]], and [[Windows]] ([[Windows PC]], [[Windows Mobile]], Windows tablet).<ref>{{cite web|title=Balaji Telefilms selects Xstream and Diagnal to power ALT Balaji on multiple devices|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2016/03/balaji-telefilms-selects-xstream-and-diagnal-to-power-alt-balaji-on-multiple-devices/|work=Best Media Info|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ALTBalaji Introduces its Windows 10 Universal Application|url=http://www.digitalterminal.in/news/altbalaji-introduces-its-windows-10-universal-application/9307.html|work=DIGITAL TERMINAL|date=25 April 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ALTBalaji rolls out its Windows Universal App to 400 million global Windows 10 users|url=http://mobilityindia.com/altbalaji-rolls-out-its-windows-universal-app-to-400-million-global-windows-10-users/|work=Mobility India|date=26 April 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Connect to ALTBalaji using your favourie devices |url=https://www.altbalaji.com/devices |access-date=12 May 2017 |website=Altbalaji}}</ref> The website indicated that the platform will showcase over 250+ hours of original content with a new show every month, with 32 new shows lined up in the first year, featuring [[India]]'s top actors and directors.<ref name="Mint newspaper"/> The content bank also included 100+ hours of kids' content as well as urban regional shows in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and other languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/balaji-s-alt-to-launch-with-eight-new-shows-117030400807_1.html|title=Balaji's ALT to launch with eight new shows|last=Malvania|first=Urvi|date=4 March 2017|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="medianama.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-balaji-telefilms-alt-balaji/|title=Balaji Telefilms releases its video on demand app, ALT Balaji|last=K|first=Brindaalakshmi|date=22 February 2017|website=MediaNama|access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Madhok|first1=Diksha|title=Ekta Kapoor's Alt Balaji: The future of Indian television lies between Naagin and Narcos — Quartz|url=https://qz.com/947967/ekta-kapoors-alt-balaji-the-future-of-indian-television-lies-between-naagin-and-narcos/|access-date=12 May 2017|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|date=3 August 2015|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519064831/https://qz.com/947967/ekta-kapoors-alt-balaji-the-future-of-indian-television-lies-between-naagin-and-narcos/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Malik|first1=Tanya|title=Ekta Kapoor launches Alt Balaji Application, promises content for everyone|url=http://womansera.com/events/ekta-kapoor-launches-alt-balaji-application-promises-content-everyone|access-date=12 May 2017|work=[[Woman's Era]]|date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418040516/http://womansera.com/events/ekta-kapoor-launches-alt-balaji-application-promises-content-everyone|archive-date=18 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Shows==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Genre
!Premiere
!Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="13" |2017
|''[[Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat]] (season 1)''
|Drama
|21 Apr 2017
| rowspan="91" |Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of ALT Balaji's new show starring Sakshi Tanwar and Ram Kapoor launched |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-trailer-of-ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwar-s-digital-show-karrle-tu-bhi-mohabbat-launched-2393996/amp |website=DNA}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Romil & Jugal]]''
|Drama
|21 April 2017
|<ref name=":uniindia">{{cite news|title=Ekta Kapoor launches 'ALT Balaji app', to premiere 5 web series today|url=http://www.uniindia.com/ekta-kapoor-launches-alt-balaji-app--to-premiere-5-web-series-today/entertainment/news/842668.html|access-date=12 May 2017| work=[[United News of India]]|date=16 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bewafaa sii Wafaa]]''
|Drama
|21 April 2017
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Watch: ALTBalaji's new web series Bewafaa Sii Wafaa explores the possibility of love after marriage|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/watch-altbalajis-new-web-series-bewafaa-sii-wafaa-explores-the-possibility-of-love-after-marriage/articleshow/58144211.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 April 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Boygiri]]''
|Drama
|21 April 2017
|
|-
|''[[Dev DD]]''
|Thriller
|21 April 2017
|
|-
|''[[Maya Thirrai]]''
| Drama
|21 April 2017
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faceinews.com/?p=5642|title=Faceinews.com » ALTBalaji forays into regional space with the launch of original Tamil thriller – Maya Thirrai!|website=faceinews.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Test Case (web series)|The Test Case]]''
| Drama
| 30 April 2017
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Banan |first1=Aastha |date=6 May 2017 |title='The Test Case' on AltBalaji is worth watching |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/U1dQd6nV2CuwjXIacIr6fI/The-Test-Case-on-AltBalaji-is-worth-watching.html |access-date=12 May 2017 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Class of 2017]]''
| Drama, Comedy
| 12 July 2017
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Class of 2017 on AltBalaji |url=https://www.altbalaji.com/show/145 |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[CyberSquad]]''
| Drama
| 14 August 2017
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch CyberSquad on AltBalaji |url=https://www.altbalaji.com/show/148 |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''Pammi Aunty''
| Drama
|22 September 2017
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Pammi Aunty on AltBalaji |url=https://www.altbalaji.com/show/149 |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ragini MMS: Returns]] (season 1)''
|Drama
|19 October 2017
|<ref>{{cite web |date=21 October 2017 |title=Ragini MMS Returns: ALTBalaji's horror web series is steamy, sure; scary? Not so much |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ragini-mms-returns-altbalajis-horror-web-series-is-steamy-sure-scary-not-so-much-4161781.html}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bose: Dead/Alive]]''
| Drama
| 20 November 2017
| <ref>{{cite web |date=10 September 2017 |title=Rajkummar Rao wraps up Bose web-series, preps up for Omerta premier at TIFF 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-wraps-up-bose-web-series-preps-up-for-omerta-premier-at-tiff-2017-4837407/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dhimaner Dinkaal]]''
| Drama
| 11 December 2017
| <ref>{{cite web |date=24 July 2017 |title=ALT Balaji announces Dhimaner Dinkaal – its first Bengali original |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/alt-balaji-announces-dhimaner-dinkaal-its-first-bengali-original-170724 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="16" |2018
| ''[[Fourplay (web series)|Fourplay]]''
| Comedy
| 15 January 2018
| <ref>{{cite news |date=August 2017 |title=Alt Balaji announces new series called Fourplay – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/alt-balaji-announces-new-series-called-fourplay/articleshow/59865699.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Haq Se]]''
| Drama
| 2 February 2018
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Haq Se: Ekta Kapoor unveils the first look of Rajeev Khandelwal and Surveen Chawla's online show |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/haq-se-ekta-kapoor-unveils-first-look-rajeev-khandelwal-and-surveen-chawlas-online-show-393645 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618204646/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/haq-se-ekta-kapoor-unveils-first-look-rajeev-khandelwal-and-surveen-chawlas-online-show-393645 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=17 December 2017 |website=www.pinkvilla.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat]] (season 2)''
| Drama
| 14 February 2018
|
|-
| ''[[Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain]] (season 1)''
| Drama
| 16 March 2018
| <ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=Ronit Roy, Mona Singh and Gurdip Kohli team up for Alt Balaji's next |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/ronit-roy-mona-singh-and-gurdip-kohli-team-for-alt-balaji-next-lifetv/1/1054932.html |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2019 |title=It's a 'Valentine Day' launch for Season 2 of Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/46858/2019/01/05}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Galti Se Mis-Tech]]''
| Drama, Comedy
|7 April 2018
| <ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Rithvik Dhanjani and Anita Hassanandani play modern-day couple in Galti Se Mis-Tech |url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/rithvik-dhanjani-and-anita-hassanandani-play-modern-day-couple-in-galti-se-mis-tech/19201165 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[PM Selfiewallie]]''
| Drama
| 18 April 2018
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=Web Series: PM Selfie Waali Review – TheDigitalHash |url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/web-series-pm-selfie-waali-review/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202034/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/web-series-pm-selfie-waali-review/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gandii Baat]] (season 1)''
| Erotic Drama
| 3 May 2018
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Why Ekta Kapoor's 'Gandi Baat' is bizarre, not bold |url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/ekta-kapoor-entertainment-web-series-gandi-baat-naagin-vasu-nag-black-mirror-altbalaji-digital/story/1/23948.html |website=www.dailyo.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2018 |title=Gandi Baat review: This ALTBalaji show oscillates between soft-porn and crude anthology set in rural India |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gandi-baat-review-this-altbalaji-show-oscillates-between-soft-porn-and-crude-anthology-set-in-rural-india-4460885.html}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Hi Toh Hai]] (season 1)''
| Family Drama
| 18 June 2018
|
|-
|''[[Hum - I'm Because of Us]]''
| Drama
| 30 July 2018
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hum – I'm because of us trailer: Ekta Kapoor's new family drama is all about sisterhood and desires – watch | Entertainment News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/hum-i-m-because-of-us-trailer-ekta-kapoors-new-family-drama-is-all-about-sisterhood-and-desires-watch/253074 |website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=ALTBalaji's 'Hum - I'm because of us' trailer released |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/altbalaji%27s-hum-i%27m-because-of-us-trailer-released-25831 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Home (web series)|Home]]''
| Drama
| 29 August 2018
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2018 |title=Home first impression: Binge watch this latest web series from Ekta Kapoor with your entire family |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/altbalaji-home-first-impression-ekta-kapoor-5332043/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2018 |title=Ekta Kapoor on ALTBalaji's upcoming web series Home: 'It's a simple story, but also an important one' – Entertainment News |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ekta-kapoor-on-altbalajis-upcoming-web-series-home-its-a-simple-story-but-also-an-important-one-5054321.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[XXX (web series)|XXX]] (season 1)''
| Erotic Drama
| 27 September 2018
|
|-
| ''[[The Great Indian Dysfunctional Family]]''
| Family Drama
| 10 October 2018
| <ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 2018 |title=Barun Sobti to star in ALTBalaji's web-series 'Dysfunctional Family'? |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/barun-sobti-star-altbalajis-web-series-dysfunctional-family/ |website=BizAsia}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Zaban Sambhal Ke]]''
| Drama
| 19 October 2018
| <ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=16 October 2018 |title='Zaban Sambhal Ke' trailer: Reboot starring Sumeet Raghavan will be streamed from Oct 19 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/898441/zaban-sambhal-ke-trailer-reboot-starring-sumeet-raghavan-will-be-streamed-from-oct-19 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baby Come Naa]]''
| Comedy
| 2 November 2018
| <ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2018 |title=ALTBalaji to launch a comedy web series titled 'Baby Come Naa' |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/altbalaji-to-launch-comedy-web-series-titled-baby-come-naa-26208 |website=Mumbailive}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Broken But Beautiful]] (season 1)''
| Romance Drama
| 7 November 2018
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=Broken But Beautiful trailer: ALTBalaji's new web series deals with lost love |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/broken-but-beautiful-trailer-vikrant-massey-harleen-sethi-altbalaji-video-5453597/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Apharan (web series)|Apharan]] (Season 1)''
| Crime Drama
| 14 December 2018
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2018 |title=Arunoday Singh to star as cop-turned-criminal in ALTBalaji's Apharan, directed by Siddharth Sengupta |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arunoday-singh-to-star-as-cop-turned-criminal-in-altbalajis-apharan-directed-by-siddharth-sengupta-4442699.html/amp |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="21"|2019
| ''[[Gandii Baat]] (season 2)''
| Adult Drama
| 7 January 2019
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=ALTBalaji's Gandii Baat season 2 trailer proves 2019 is all about Naya Saal Naya Maal |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/altbalajis-gandii-baat-season-2-trailer-proves-2019-all-about-naya-saal-naya-maal-789066 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hero Vardiwala]]''
| Action Drama
| 25 January 2019
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Show's trailer release announcement on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/altbalaji/status/1085426347944468486 |website=Twitter}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Hi Toh Hai]] (season 2)''
| Romance Drama
| 2 Feb 2019
|
|-
|''[[Puncch Beat]]''
| Youth Drama
| 8 Feb 2019
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekta Kapoor's Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/ektaravikapoor/status/1082913014104317952}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain]] (season 2)''
| Romance Drama
| 14 Feb 2019
|
|-
|''[[Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat]] (season 3)''
| Romance Drama
| 2 April 2019
|
|-
| ''[[Baarish (web series)|Baarish]] (season 1)''
| Family Drama
| 25 April 2019
| <ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2019 |title=Asha Negi and Sharman Joshi pair up for Baarish, celebrate Gudi Padwa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/asha-negi-and-sharman-joshi-pair-up-for-baarish-celebrate-gudi-padwa-1495714-2019-04-06 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bekaaboo (season 1)''
| Erotic Drama
| 15 May 2019
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Alt Balaji Bekaboo Trailer Is Extreme Hot #NSFW |url=https://www.zestvine.com/alt-balaji-bekaboo-trailer-is-extreme-hot/ |website=zestvine.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Medically Yourrs]]''
| College Drama
| 27 May 2019
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Shantanu Maheshwari to play medical student in Ekta Kapoor's Medically Yours. First look out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/shantanu-maheshwari-to-play-medical-student-in-ekta-kapoor-s-medically-yours-first-look-out-1524774-2019-05-14 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Booo Sabki Phategi]]''
| Thriller Comedy
| 27 June 2019
|
|-
| ''[[Gandii Baat]] (season 3)''
| Adult Drama
| 27 July 2019
|
|-
|''[[BOSS: Baap of Special Services]]''
| Thriller
| 2 August 2019
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2019 |title=First look of Alt Balaji's Karan Singh Grover starrer web series 'Boss' is out |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/first-look-of-alt-balajis-karan-singh-grover-starrer-web-series-boss-is-out-937429 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Coldd Lassi Aur Chicken Masala]]''
| Drama
| 3 September 2019
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Divyanka Tripathi plays a chef in Ekta Kapoor's web series. Here's the first look |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/divyanka-tripathi-webseries-first-look-ekta-kapoor-5426111/ |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mission Over Mars|M.O.M – Mission Over Mars]]''
| Drama
| 10 September 2019
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=Ekta Kapoor announces new show Mission Over Mars on her birthday |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ekta-kapoor-announces-new-show-mission-mars-birthday-1502762900.html |website=The Statesman}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Verdict - State vs Nanavati]]''
| Crime Drama
| 30 September 2019
|
|-
| ''[[Fixerr]]''
| Drama
| 7 October 2019
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2019 |title=ALT Balaji Drops Fixerr Official Poster |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/alt-balaji-drops-fixerr-official-poster-563232 |website=The Hans India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Fittrat]]''
| Romance Drama
| 18 October 2019
|
|-
| ''[[Virgin Bhasskar]] (season 1) ''
| Adult Humour
| 19 November 2019
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=ALTBalaji's next Virgin Bhasskar all set to hit the streaming media soon |url=https://www.cinetalkers.com/virgin-bhasskar-get-set-for-an-adult-and-quirky-series-all-set-to-hit-the-streaming-media-soon/ |website=Cinetalkers}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Broken But Beautiful]] (season 2)''
| Romance Drama
| 27 November 2019
|<ref>{{cite news |author=IANS |date=15 November 2018 |title=Shreya Goshal sings for ALT's upcoming web series 'Broken' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/nov/15/shreya-ghoshal-sings-for-web-series-broken-1898677.html |access-date=14 March 2019 |newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''Hum Tum and Them''
| Family Drama
| 6 December 2019
|
|-
| ''[[Ragini MMS: Returns]] (season 2)''
| Adult Thriller
| 18 December 2019
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ragini MMS Returns' Season 2 Gets Its Launch Date |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ragini-mms-returns-season-2-gets-its-launch-date-191130 |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="18"|2020
|''[[Gandii Baat]] (season 4)''
| Adult Drama
| 7 January 2020
|
|-
| ''[[Code M]] (season 1)''
| Army Drama
| 15 January 2020
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jennifer Winget starrer Code M to have a conspiracy plot surrounding the Indian Army; read details | PINKVILLA |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/jennifer-winget-starrer-code-m-have-conspiracy-plot-surrounding-indian-army-read-details-456037?amp |website=www.pinkvilla.com |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616231949/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/jennifer-winget-starrer-code-m-have-conspiracy-plot-surrounding-indian-army-read-details-456037?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Hi Toh Hai]] (season 3)''
| Romance Drama
| 27 January 2020
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Tri-Weekly Season 2 of Dil Hi Toh Hai to start streaming from Feb 2019 |url=https://twitter.com/ektaravikapoor/status/1084675742552645634 |website=Twitter}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Class of 2020]]''
| Youth Drama
| 4 February 2020
|
|-
| ''It Happened In Calcutta''
| Romance Drama
| 29 February 2020
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=Ekta Kapoor's new show is called It happened in Calcutta, stars Karan Kundra as male lead - in.com |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/bollywood/ekta-kapoors-new-show-is-called-it-happened-in-calcutta-stars-karan-kundra-as-male-lead-480865.htm/amp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715145808/https://www.in.com/entertainment/bollywood/ekta-kapoors-new-show-is-called-it-happened-in-calcutta-stars-karan-kundra-as-male-lead-480865.htm/amp |archive-date=15 July 2019 |access-date=2022-02-26}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mentalhood]]''
| Family Drama
| 11 March 2020
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2019 |title=Mentalhood poster: Karisma Kapoor returns to acting as a multi-tasking mother of three |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/mentalhood-poster-karisma-kapoor-returns-to-acting-as-a-multi-tasking-mother-of-three/story-0JzOXGmImWzRhG5bIPgwKI.html |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[XXX (web series)|XXX]] (season 2)''
| Sensual Drama
| 27 March 2020
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Makers release first poster of ALTBalaji's upcoming web series 'XXX' |url=http://www.uniindia.com/makers-release-first-poster-of-altbalaji-s-upcoming-web-series-xxx/india/news/1354464.html |website=Uniindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of ALTBalaji's Youth Erotica X.X.X is out now |url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/trailer-of-altbalajis-youth-erotica-xxx-is-out-now/19820195 |website=Mid-Day}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Who's Your Daddy (web series)|Who's Your Daddy?]] (season 1)''
| Adult Humour
| 12 April 2020
|
|-
| ''[[Baarish (web series)|Baarish]] (season 2)''
| Romance Drama
| 6 May 2020
| <ref name="indiatoday.in" />
|-
| ''[[Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain]] (season 3)''
| Romance Drama
| 6 June 2020
|
|-
| ''[[Virgin Bhasskar 2|Virgin Bhasskar]] (season 2)''
| Adult Comedy
| 29 August 2020
|
|-
| ''[[Bebaakee]]''
| Romance Drama
| 30 August 2020
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=July 16, 2020 |title=Ekta Kapoor unveils Bebaakee first look: Some loves are nightmares you can't get over |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/ekta-kapoor-unveils-bebaakee-first-look-some-loves-are-nightmare-you-can-t-get-over-1701303-2020-07-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gandii Baat]] (season 5)''
| Adult Drama
| 8 October 2020
|
|-
| ''[[Mum Bhai]]''
| Action Drama
| 6 November 2020
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2020 |title=Mum Bhai trailer out. Angad Bedi eyes the crown in new AltBalaji web series |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mum-bhai-trailer-out-angad-bedi-eyes-the-crown-in-new-altbalaji-web-series-1733070-2020-10-19 |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bicchoo Ka Khel]]''
| Thriller Drama
| 18 November 2020
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-29 |title=Bicchoo Ka Khel trailer: Divyenndu Sharmaa can't seem to let go of Mirzapur's Munna Tripathi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bicchoo-ka-khel-trailer-divyenndu-sharmaa-cannot-seem-to-let-go-of-mirzapur-munna-6906905/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dark 7 White]]''
| Thriller Drama
| 24 November 2020
| <ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2020 |title=Dark7White Trailer: Watch The Evil Trifecta Of Danger, Deceit And Debauchery Come Alive |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/dark7white-trailer-watch-the-evil-trifecta-of-danger-deceit-and-debauchery-come-alive/23077279 |website=Mid-Day}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Who's Your Daddy (web series)|Who's Your Daddy]] (season 2)''
| Adult Humour
| 22 December 2020
|
|-
| ''[[Paurashpur]] (Season 1)''
| Period Drama
|29 December 2020
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=Apt Balaji's next magnum opus 'Paurashpur' to stream this December |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/altbalaji-to-launch-magnum-opus-drama-paurashpur-6742303/lite/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="19"|2021
|''[[Gandii Baat]] (season 6)''
| Adult Drama
| 21 January 2021
|
|-
| ''[[Bang Baang]]''
| Thriller
| 25 January 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-17 |title=ALTBalaji & ZEE5s Clubs action-thriller franchise Bang Baang - Sound of Crimes goes on floors : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/altbalaji-zee5s-clubs-action-thriller-franchise-bang-baang-sound-crimes-goes-floors/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| ''Hello Jee''
| Comedy
| 1 February 2021
|
|-
| ''[[LSD - Love, Scandal and Doctors]]''
| Adult Drama
| 5 February 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=AltBalaji and Zee5's new show 'LSD - Love. Scandal & Doctors' to focus on five medical interns and a murder |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/altbalaji-and-zee5%27s-new-show-lsd-love.-scandal-and-doctors-to-focus-on-five-medical-interns-and-a-murder-61212 |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Crashh]]''
| Family Drama
| 14 February 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-04 |title=Crashh trailer: Ekta Kapoor series tugs at the heartstrings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/crashh-trailer-ekta-kapoors-series-tugs-at-the-heartstrings-7172812/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Crashh Season 1 Review : An overtly emotional sibling drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/crashh/season-1/seasonreview/81084282.cms |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dev DD]] (season 2)''
| Drama
| 20 February 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-22 |title=Dev DD 2: ALTBalaji and ZEE5 are back again with double the fun |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/dev-dd-2-altbalaji-and-zee5-are-back-again-with-double-the-fun-23160893 |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=www.mid-day.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Married Woman]]''
| Drama
| 8 March 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title='The married woman' review: A tale of loneliness - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/mar/14/the-married-woman-review-a-tale-of-loneliness-2275407.amp |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bekaaboo (season 2)''
| Adult Drama
| 15 March 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bekaaboo Season 2 Review: A revenge Saga with a lot of twists and turns |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/bekaaboo-season-2-review-revenge-saga-lot-of-twists-and-turns-210316 |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mai Hero Boll Raha Hu]]''
| Crime Drama
| 20 April 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=Main Hero Boll Raha Hu: All You Need To Know About Parth Samthaan's OTT Debut |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/main-hero-boll-raha-hu-all-you-need-to-know-about-parth-samthaans-ott-debut |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=ZEE5 News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[His Story (Web series)|His Storyy]]''
| Drama
| 25 April 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2021 |title='His Storyy' trailer: After 'The Married Woman', ALTBalaji looks at men in love in new web series |url=https://scroll.in/reel/991932/his-storyy-trailer-after-the-married-woman-altbalaji-looks-at-men-in-love-in-new-web-series |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Hai Taubba''
| Comic Drama
| 6 May 2011
|
|-
| ''Hai Taubba (chapter 2)''
| Comic Drama
| 21 May 2021
|
|-
| ''[[Broken But Beautiful]] (season 3)''
| Romantic drama
| 29 May 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=May 12, 2021 |title=Sidharth Shukla's Broken But Beautiful 3 premieres on May 29, Harleen Sethi announces |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sidharth-shukla-s-broken-but-beautiful-3-premieres-on-may-29-harleen-sethi-announces-1801669-2021-05-12 |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Puncch Beat]] (season 2)''
| Youth Drama
| 27 June 2021
|
|-
|''[[Crime & Confessions]] (season 1)''
| Adult comedy
| 7 August 2021
|
|-
|''[[Cartel (web series)|Cartel]]''
| Political drama
| 20 August 2021
|
|-
|''Hai Taubba - Chapter 3''
| Comic Drama
| 11 September 2021
|
|-
|''Girgit''
| Thriller Drama
| 27 October 2021
|
|-
|''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' 2.0
| Family Drama
| 10 November 2021
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Lock Upp (Season 1)]]''
| Reality show
| 27 February 2022
|
|-
|''[[Pavitra Rishta]] 2.0 (season 2)''
| Family Drama
| 25 March 2022
|
|-
|''[[Apharan (web series)|Apharan (season 2)]]''
| Crime Drama
| 24 May 2022
| <ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/arunoday-singhs-double-role-as-cop-and-criminal-makes-voot-selects-apharan-s2-a-fun-ride/cid/1883219 Arunoday Singh’s double role as cop and criminal makes ALT Balaji's Apharan S2 a fun ride]</ref>
|-
|''[[Code M|Code M (season 2)]]''
| Army Drama
| 9 June 2022
| <ref>[https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/code-m-s2-ep-1-review-jennifer-winget-s-crime-drama-promises-double-thrill-impressive-acts-1138581?amp Code M (season 2) Review: Jennifer Winget’s crime drama promises double the thrill with impressive acts]</ref>
|}

==Controversy==
An [[First information report|FIR]] was filed against filmmaker [[Ekta Kapoor]], alleging an insult to the national emblem, Hindu gods and army personnel in ALTBalaji's [[XXX (web series)|''XXX'']] web series. Ekta's representatives have since said that the controversial scene has been removed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/fir-filed-against-ekta-kapoor-in-madhya-pradesh-for-her-web-series-xxx-alleging-insult-to-national-emblem-army/story-WOtwtVhdSJNGvKH9XRvQbM.html|title=Ekta Kapoor, Shobha Kapoor ‘not involved in day to day operations’, says ALTBalaji post POCSO claims against Gandii Baat|website=Hindustan times}}</ref>

A case has been filed against producer Ekta Kapoor and her mother, [[Shobha Kapoor]], over allegations of inappropriate scenes involving minors in an episode of the web-series "[[Gandii Baat]]" on ALT Balaji over the case registered against them under the POCSO act.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ekta-kapoor-shobha-kapoor-not-involved-in-day-to-day-operations-altbalaji-pocso-gandii-baat-101729651444854.html|title=Ekta Kapoor, Shobha Kapoor ‘not involved in day to day operations’, says ALTBalaji post POCSO claims against Gandii Baat|website=Hindustan times}}</ref>

ALTT was among 25 apps banned by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] in July 2025 over "obscene, vulgar and in some cases, pornographic content". Balaji Telefilms replaced the streaming website with Kutingg, a family friendly streaming platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/altt-ullu-among-over-20-ott-apps-banned-for-indecent-representation-of-women-3648204|title=ALTT, ULLU among over 20 OTT apps banned for 'indecent' representation of women|website=Deccan Herald|date=25 July 2025|access-date=25 July 2025|first=Shemin|last=Joy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=James |title=25 Apps And Sites Including ALTBalaji And ULLU Banned Over Pornographic Content; Internet Jibes ‘Now Fix Roads’ |url=https://in.mashable.com/tech/97593/25-apps-and-sites-including-altbalaji-and-ullu-banned-over-pornographic-content-internet-jibes-now-f |website=Mashable India |access-date=25 July 2025 |language=en-in |date=25 July 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://altbalaji.com/ Official Website]

{{ALT Balaji Shows}}
{{VOD services}}

[[Category:2025 controversies]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2025 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:ALTBalaji original programming]]
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms]]
[[Category:Censorship in India]]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Defunct entertainment companies]]
[[Category:Defunct subscription services]]
[[Category:Defunct video on demand services]]
[[Category:Defunct websites]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2025]]
[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 2025]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in television]]
[[Category:OTT Platforms in India]]
[[Category:Subscription video on demand services]]
[[Category:Television censorship]]

Tikam Singh Rana

2026-04-27T10:11:21Z

Manish: Done

{{Short description|Indian plant scientist (born 1969)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Tikam Singh Rana
| image = TS Rana.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|06|05}}
| birth_place = [[Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand]], India
| field = [[Angiosperm]] taxonomy, molecular systematics
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* Plant Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium Division, [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] - [[National Botanical Research Institute]]}}
| author_abbrev_bot = Rana
| website = {{url|https://nbri.res.in/}}
}}

'''Tikam Singh Rana''' (Hindi: टीकम सिंह राणा) (Dr T.S. Rana), is an Indian plant biologist, specializing in plant taxonomy, conservation biology, and molecular systematics. He currently holds the position of head of the CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (HRDC).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Transfer & Posting of Dr. T.S. Rana, Chief Scientist, CSIR NBRI, Lucknow as Head, HRDC- regarding {{!}} Council of Scientific & Industrial Research |url=https://www.csir.res.in/index.php/Notification/transfer-posting-dr-ts-rana-chief-scientist-csir-nbri-lucknow-head-hrdc-regarding |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.csir.res.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About SEC-CSIR {{!}} Council of Scientific & Industrial Research |url=https://www.csir.res.in/about-sec-csir |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.csir.res.in}}</ref> Prior to assuming this role, he served as chief scientist, head, and area coordinator of the Plant Diversity, Systematics, and Herbarium (PDSH) Division at the CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI) in Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN RESEARCH INFORMATION NETWORK SYSTEM |url=https://nbri.irins.org/profile/221905 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=irins.inflibnet.ac.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Rana’s contributions to understanding the taxonomy and phylogeny of taxonomically complex and economically important taxa like ''Murraya'' sp.,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Verma|first1=Sushma|last2=Rana|first2=T. S.|date=2011-04-01|title=Genetic diversity within and among the wild populations of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng., as revealed by ISSR analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197811000299|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|language=en|volume=39|issue=2|pages=139–144|doi=10.1016/j.bse.2011.01.017|issn=0305-1978|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Chenopodium'' sp.,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rana|first1=T. S.|last2=Narzary|first2=Diganta|last3=Ohri|first3=Deepak|date=2010|title=Genetic diversity and relationships among some wild and cultivated species of Chenopodium L. (Amaranthaceae) using RAPD and DAMD methods|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24109856|journal=Current Science|volume=98|issue=6|pages=840–846|jstor=24109856 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref> ''Ocimum'' sp., ''Jatropha curcas''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ranade|first1=Shirish A.|last2=Srivastava|first2=Anuj P.|last3=Rana|first3=Tikam S.|last4=Srivastava|first4=Jyoti|last5=Tuli|first5=Rakesh|date=2008-06-01|title=Easy assessment of diversity in Jatropha curcas L. plants using two single-primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953407002085|journal=Biomass and Bioenergy|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=533–540|doi=10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.11.006|issn=0961-9534|url-access=subscription}}</ref>'', Taxus'' sp., ''Ephedra'' sp., ''Acorus calamus'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rana|first1=T. S.|last2=Mahar|first2=Kamalesh S.|last3=Pandey|first3=Madan M.|last4=Srivastava|first4=S. K.|last5=Rawat|first5=A. K. S.|date=2013-04-01|title=Molecular and chemical profiling of 'sweet flag' (Acorus calamus L.) germplasm from India|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-013-0164-8|journal=Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=231–237|doi=10.1007/s12298-013-0164-8|issn=0974-0430|pmc=3656192|pmid=24431490}}</ref> ''Ficus'' sp., ''Sapindus'' sp.,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mahar|first1=Kamalesh S.|last2=Rana|first2=Tikam S.|last3=Ranade|first3=Shirish A.|date=2011-07-01|title=Molecular analyses of genetic variability in soap nut (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669011001063|journal=Industrial Crops and Products|language=en|volume=34|issue=1|pages=1111–1118|doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.029|issn=0926-6690|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Bergenia'' sp., ''Betula'' sp., ''Uraria'' sp., ''Gymnema'' sp., etc. employing both phenotypic and molecular markers (RAPD, DAMD, ISSR, AFLP, SSRs and genes from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNAs are exemplary).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Tikam S. Rana|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=N2MJnlkAAAAJ&hl=en|access-date=2022-02-13|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> Rana has contributed towards the [[capacity building]] in plant taxonomy and bi-systematics by coordinating training courses from 2012 to 2018 for young faculty and students pursuing plant taxonomy in Indian Universities and Institutions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. T.S. Rana {{!}} NBRI |url=https://nbri.res.in/diversity-scientists/dr-t-s-rana/ |access-date=2022-02-13 |language=en}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
Rana received bachelor's degree (1986-1988) in chemistry, zoology, and botany, and a master's degree (1988-1990) in botany from the DBS (PG) College, Dehra Dun and DAV (PG) College, Dehra Dun (HNB, Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand), respectively. He then joined as junior scientist at CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute in 1992. Thereon, he served as scientist (1997-2001), senior scientist (2002-2005), principal scientist (2006-2010), and senior principal scientist (2011-2017). While as a staff scientist he did doctoral research (Ph.D.), and worked on ‘Floristic Studies and Assessment of Biodiversity in the Tons Valley (Garhwal Himalaya) Uttar Pradesh’ from the [[University of Lucknow]], Lucknow (2000). Presently, he is working as chief scientist at CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow.<ref name=":0" /> Rana has also worked as a postdoctoral fellow at Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany, under BOYSCAST Fellowship (2001–2002) with Prof. Konrad Bachman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Nov 13, 2020|title=NBRI scientist gets London fellowship {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/nbri-scientist-gets-london-fellowship/articleshow/79200972.cms|access-date=2022-02-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Rana has over three decades research experience and his contributions range from classical plant taxonomy to modern molecular systematics. Dr. Rana has made contributions in Plant Taxonomy and Molecular Systematics.<ref name=":0" /> She has worked to assessment of biodiversity (floristic aspects) in the Himalayan regions such as Tons Valley, Govind wildlife Sanctuary, Corbett Tiger Reserve and Kumaun Himalaya (particularly on Weeds) and Indian Mangroves (''Sonneratia'') wherein a firsthand field information and critical evaluation of plants has been provided [Flora of Tons Valley Garhwal Himalaya (Uttaranchal),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rana|first=T. S.|title=Flora of Tons Valley : Garhwal Himalaya (Uttaranchal)|date=2003|publisher=Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh|others=Bhaskar Datt, R. R. Rao|isbn=81-211-0282-0|location=Dehra Dun|oclc=55648122}}</ref> 2003; The Weeds of Kumaun Himalayan Region<ref>{{Cite book|last=RANA|first=T. S.|title=Weeds of kumaun himalayan region (uttarakhand).|date=2016|publisher=NEW INDIA Publishing AGEN|isbn=978-93-85516-47-4|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1098788802}}</ref> (Uttarakhand), 2016; Indian Mangroves: A photographic field identification guide,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian mangroves : a photographic field identification guide|date=2021|others=P. Ragavan, Kandasamy Kathiresan, T. S. Rana, Alok Saxena, P. M. Mohan, R. S. C. Jayaraj|isbn=978-93-90175-99-4|location=New Delhi|oclc=1289772128}}</ref> 2021]. He has published over 113 research papers and four books as author and co-author.<ref name=":1" /> Rana has contributed towards the capacity building in Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics by organizing hands-on training courses and conferences for young faculties and students who are pursuing Plant Taxonomy in Indian Universities and Institutions. A book entitled ‘Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics: Classical and Modern Methods<ref>{{Cite book|title=Plant taxonomy and biosystematics : classical and modern methods|date=2014|others=T. S. Rana, K. N. Nair, Dalip Kumar Upreti, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute|isbn=978-93-90083-48-0|location=New Delhi|oclc=1249695785}}</ref>’ (2014) authored by him, has a plethora of information on the variety of traditional and modern concepts of Plant Systematics.

== Eponymy ==
[[Gentiana]] ranae ([[Gentianaceae]]), a new species from India, have been named after Rana in recognition of his contribution to the field of plant molecular systematics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rheedea |url=https://rheedea.in/journal/XfMlriDy |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=rheedea.in}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* Fellow of the [[Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society]] (2020), London (FLS)
* Fellow of the [[Indian Botanical Society]] (FBS)
* BOYSCAST Fellowship (2001–2002)
* Fellow of Ethnobotanical Society of India (FES)
* Fellow of [[Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy]] (FIAAT)<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, T.S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Indian taxonomists]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London]]
[[Category:Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University alumni]]

1955 elections in India

2026-04-22T19:37:13Z

Manish: improved article

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1954 elections in India
| previous_year = 1954
| election_date = 1955
| next_election = 1957 elections in India
| next_year = 1957
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''1955 elections in India''' consists of several elections, including the presidential election and Legislative Assembly elections.

==Presidential election==

The Election Commission of India held the second [[President of India|presidential elections of India]] on May 6, 1955. [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] won his re-election with 459,698 votes over his nearest rival Chowdhry Hari Ram.
==Legislative Assembly elections==
[[Legislative Assembly elections in India]] were conducted for [[Andhra State]] [[Legislative Assembly]] in 1955. In Andhra State, Indian National Congress won an absolute majority.<ref name="APECI1955">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1955/StatRep_AP_1955.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1955 : To the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref>

===Andhra State*===
{{Main|1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section-h:1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|Results}}
* : On 1 October 1953, a separate [[Andhra State]], consisting of the Telugu-speaking areas of the composite Madras State, with 167 constituencies with 190 seats in the Assembly, was formed. On 1 November 1956, Andhra State was merged with [[Hyderabad State]] under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], to form a single state, [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The districts of Raichur, Gulbarga and the Marathwada district were detached from the Hyderabad State, while merging with [[Andhra State]]. In addition, the Siruguppa taluk, the Bellary taluk, the Hospet taluk and a small area of the Mallapuram sub-taluk were transferred from [[Mysore State]] to Andhra Pradesh. The districts of Raichur and Gulbarga were transferred to the Mysore State, while the Marathwada district was transferred to the [[Bombay State]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates">{{cite web | url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf | title=Reorganisation of States, 1955 | publisher=The Economic Weekly | date=October 15, 1955 | access-date=July 25, 2015}}</ref> This resulted in re-organization of assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh giving way to 85 constituencies with 105 seats in the assembly.

==See also==
* [[1954 elections in India]]
* [[1957 elections in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1955 elections in India]]
[[Category:1955 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1955 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Rohini Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:17Z

Manish: put up a pg first draft...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rohini
| mla = [[Vijender Gupta]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[North West Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = File:Shri Vijender Gupta, Speaker of the Delhi Legislative Assembly.jpg
| constituency_no = 13
}}
'''Rohini Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern [[India]].
Rohini assembly constituency is a part of [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. This constituency was created by reorganization by [[delimitation commission|Delimitation Commission of India]] in 2008.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2020 - State Wise and Party Wise Results |url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/assembly-constituencies/rohini.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Jai Bhagwan Aggarwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Rajesh Garg]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Vijender Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Rohini">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Rohini |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0513.htm |access-date=24 February 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208115809/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0513.htm |archive-date= 8 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Rohini Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Rohini Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/rohini |accessdate=24 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214084114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/rohini |archivedate=14 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Vijender Gupta]]
| votes = 70,365
| percentage = 65.01
| change = {{Increase}}11.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Pradeep Mittal|votes=32,549|percentage=30.07|change={{decrease}}12.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sumesh Gupta|votes=3,765|percentage=3.48|change={{Increase}}1.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,031|percentage=0.60|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=37,816|percentage=35.3|change={{Increase}}24.38}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,07,202|percentage=62.5|change={{decrease}}0.81}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =BJP
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Rohini<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2020 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Vijender Gupta]]
| votes = 62,174
| percentage = 53.67
| change = +3.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Rajesh Nama 'Bansiwala'
| votes = 49,526
| percentage = 42.75
| change = -2.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sumesh Gupta
| votes = 1,963
| percentage = 1.69
| change = -1.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = [[Rajesh Garg]]
| votes = 977
| percentage = 0.84
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
| votes = 782
| percentage = 0.68
| change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,648
| percentage = 10.92
| change = +6.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,15,907
| percentage = 63.31
| change = -5.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +3.84
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Rohini}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Vijender Gupta]]
| votes = 59,867
| percentage = 49.83
| change = +7.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = C. L. Gupta
| votes = 54,500
| percentage = 45.36
| change = +1.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sukhbir Sharma
| votes = 3,399
| percentage = 2.83
| change = -9.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party
| candidate = Raju
| votes = 1,406
| percentage = 1.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Deepak Kumar
| votes = 349
| percentage = 0.29
| change = -0.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sarabjit Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 66
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
| votes = 557
| percentage = 0.46
| change = -0.30
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,367
| percentage = 4.47
| change = +2.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,20,271
| percentage = 68.86
| change = +0.93
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +7.99
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Rohini}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Rajesh Garg]]
| votes = 47,890
| percentage = 43.54
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Jai Bhagwan Aggarwal
| votes = 46,018
| percentage = 41.84
| change = -20.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = K. K. Wadhwa
| votes = 13,954
| percentage = 12.69
| change = -20.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Arun Kumar Chadha
| votes = 1,039
| percentage = 0.94
| change = -1.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rahul Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 241
|percentage = 0.22
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the Above
| votes = 838
| percentage = 0.76
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,872
| percentage = 1.70
| change = -27.20
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,10,346
| percentage = 68.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Rohini<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Jai Bhagwan Aggarwal
| votes = 56,793
| percentage = 62.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Vijender Jindal
| votes = 30,019
| percentage = 33.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = O P Malhotra
| votes = 2,293
| percentage = 2.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Labhu Ram Garg
| votes = 402
| percentage = 0.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Jhankar Priye Chaturvedi
| votes = 332
| percentage = 0.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jan Shakti
| candidate = Sanjay Singh
| votes = 243
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Naresh Kumar Goyal
| votes = 107
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 25,774
| percentage = 28.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 89,189
| percentage = 58.7
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coord|28.741|77.090|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:North West Delhi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Hushang Mirza

2026-04-19T16:17:15Z

Manish: started a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
|image =
|alt = Hushang
|caption =
|name = Hushang Mirza هوشنگ میرزا
|title = [[Shahzada (title)|Shahzada]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
|full name = Shahzada Farhang Hushang Mirza
|birth_date = {{birth-date|March 1604}}
|birth_place = [[Burhanpur]], [[Mughal Empire]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1628|2|2|1604|3|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Mughal Empire]]
|place of burial =
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Hoshmand Banu Begum]] |1625}}
|issue =
|father = [[Daniyal Mirza]]
|house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
|dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
|mother = Princess of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]]
|religion=[[Sunni Islam]], [[Christianity]]
}}
'''Hushang Mirza''' or '''Hoshang Mirza''' ({{langx|fa|هوشنگ میرزا}}; March 1604{{Snd}}2{{Nbsp}}February 1628) was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] prince and grandson of the third{{Nbsp}}[[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]], [[Akbar]]. He was son of [[Daniyal Mirza]] and nephew of the fourth{{Nbsp}}Mughal emperor, [[Jahangir]].

==Birth and early years==
Born at the beginning of 1012 [[Hijri year|AH]] or March 1604 [[Common Era|CE]], he was given the name Farhang Hushang by his paternal grandfather, [[Akbar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bengal: Past and Present, Vol. 65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tVtIflVl80C|year=1945|publisher=Calcutta Historical Society.|page=27}}</ref> He was the youngest son of [[Daniyal Mirza]] and one of two{{Nbsp}}children borne by his [[Hinduism|Hindu]] wife, a [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] princess of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] (the other being a daughter, Mahi Banu Begum).<ref>{{cite book|first=K.M.|last=Mohsin|title=A Bengal District in Transition' Murshidabad, 1765-1793|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRHjAAAAMAAJ&q=%22he+gave+his+daughter+in+marriage+to+prince+daniyal%22|year=1973|page=76|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}</ref><ref>Henry Beveridge, ''Akbarnama of Abu'l Fazl Volume II'' (1907), p. 543</ref><ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-065152-2|page=71}}</ref>

Though the exact circumstances of his parents' marriage are not recorded, it is known that his maternal grandfather, [[Raja]] Dalpat [[Ujjainiya|Ujjainia]], had rebelled against Mughal authority in 1599. Daniyal Mirza, who at this point was the [[Subahdar]] of [[Allahabad]], was dispatched to neutralise the rebellion. On the prince's arrival however, Dalpat quickly submitted and offered a tribute of elephants.<ref>{{cite book|first=Tahir Hussain|last=Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT83|date=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-065152-2|page=83}}</ref> It is believed that it was at this point that the Raja also gave his daughter in marriage to Daniyal. Dalpat however, was killed a few years later, supposedly on the orders of the then Prince Selim (who later became the Emperor [[Jahangir]]) as retribution for the death of a Mughal officer during his brief revolt.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dirk H. A.|last=Kolff|title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA166|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52305-9|page=166}}</ref>

Daniyal Mirza died of [[delirium tremens]] a little over a year after Hushang's birth, in April 1605, whilst acting as Subahdar of [[Deccan|the Deccan]]. Akbar, who was deeply affected by his youngest son's death, himself expired in October of that year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kunte|first=B.G.|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Dhulia District|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.7492|year=1974|publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.7492/page/n118 105]}}</ref> Daniyal's family appears to have remained in his viceregal capital of [[Burhanpur]] following his death, as it was from here in 1606 that they were escorted to the Mughal court by [[Jahangir|Jahangir's]] physician, Muqarrab Khan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Quddusi|first=Mohd. Ilyas|title=Khandesh under the Mughals, 1601-1724 A.D.: mainly based on Persian sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jpuAAAAMAAJ|page=86|year=2002|publisher=Islamic Wonders Bureau|isbn=978-81-87763-21-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jahangir|author-link1=Jahangir|translator1=Henry Beveridge|translator-link1=Henry Beveridge (orientalist)|translator2=Alexander Rogers|title=The Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri; or, Memoirs of Jahangir.|url=https://archive.org/details/tuzukijahangirio00jahauoft|year=1909|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|page=[https://archive.org/details/tuzukijahangirio00jahauoft/page/28 28]}}</ref> Jahangir recorded the arrival of his brother's children in his autobiography, the ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]:''<ref>{{harvtxt|Jahangir|1909|p=75}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=I saw Daniyal's children, whom Muqarrab Khan had brought; there were three{{nbsp}}sons and four{{nbsp}}daughters. The boys bore the names Tahmuras, Baysunghar, and Hushang. Such kindness and affection were shown by me to these children as no one thought possible. I resolved that Tahmuras, who was the eldest, should always be in waiting on me, and the others were handed over to the charge of my own sisters.|sign=|source=}}

==Conversion to Christianity==
By the start of Jahangir's reign, [[Jesuit]] missionaries had been present in India for several decades. Gradual progress had been made in their spreading of [[Christianity]], to the point where there were small but ardent communities of converts in [[Agra]] and [[Lahore]]. There were even hopes that Jahangir himself might be converted, given that he had seemed friendlier to the missionaries than his father had been.<ref>{{cite book|last1=O'Malley|first1=John W.|author-link1=John W. O'Malley|last2=Bailey|first2=Gauvin Alexander|author-link2=Gauvin Alexander Bailey|last3=Harris|first3=Steven J. |first4=T. Frank|last4=Kennedy|title=The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIl6CwAAQBAJ|page=380|year=2016|publisher=University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division|isbn=978-1-4875-1193-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Guerreiro|first=Fernão|title=Jahangir and the Jesuits: With an Account of the Benedict Goes and the Mission to Pegu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHQBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR18|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-28501-3|page=XVIII}}</ref>

In July 1610, Jahangir summoned two{{Nbsp}}Jesuit priests, Fathers [[Jerome Xavier]] and Emmanuel Pinheiro, to his court in Agra.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|author-link=Abraham Eraly|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT302|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7|page=302}}</ref> There, before an assembly of his nobles, Jahangir entrusted Hushang and his two{{Nbsp}}brothers to the Jesuits to be [[baptised]] and raised as Christians. The priests were reportedly overjoyed, falling to their knees and kissing the emperor's feet.<ref name=GrewalP117>{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=Royina|title=In the Shadow of the Taj: A Portrait of Agra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATpFImGZdVEC&pg=PA117|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-310265-6|page=117}}</ref> [[Sir William Hawkins]], a representative of the [[East India Company]] present at court, believed that Jahangir had only permitted the conversion to mitigate any support his nephews would have had among the [[Islam|Muslim]] nobles, which would have otherwise complicated his own progeny's succession to the throne.<ref>{{cite book|last=Purchas|first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel Purchas|title=Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes|url=https://archive.org/details/hakluytusposthum03purc|volume=III|year=1905|publisher=James MacLehose and Sons|page=[https://archive.org/details/hakluytusposthum03purc/page/47 47]}}</ref> Alternatively, [[James VI and I|James I's]] ambassador to India, [[Thomas Roe|Sir Thomas Roe]], claimed that they were done so that Jahangir would in turn be able to claim a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] wife.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mukhia|first=Harbans|author-link=Harbans Mukhia|title=The Mughals of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxHTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-75815-1|page=20}}</ref>

Nevertheless, after three{{Nbsp}}months of preparation the princes were declared ready for baptism.<ref name=GrewalP117/> Hushang, his elder brothers Tahmuras and Baysunghar, along with a fourth{{Nbsp}}prince, a grandson of Akbar's brother [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]], went in a glittering procession through Agra, led by the Christians of the city from the [[Agra fort|fort]] to [[Akbar's Church]].<ref name=FindlyP201>{{cite book|author=Ellison Banks Findly|title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&pg=PA201|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536060-8|page=201}}</ref> The princes rode on lavishly caparisoned elephants, dressed as Portuguese nobles with gold crosses hung around their necks. The church bells rang as they entered, holding candles and walking through clouds of frankincense. They repeated the vows of baptism said by the priest in Persian and had baptismal water sprinkled over their heads.<ref name=GrewalP117/> Finally they were given Portuguese names, with Hushang being renamed [[Don (honorific)|Don]] Henrico. Tahmuras, Baysunghar and the fourth prince were given the names Don Philippe, Don Carlo and Don Duarte, respectively.<ref name=FindlyP201/>

However, these conversions were only temporary. Four{{Nbsp}}years later (presumably after Jahangir's succession fears were alleviated) the princes were returned to the Muslim fold, with the Jesuits bitterly remarking that they had "rejected the light and returned to their vomit".<ref name=FindlyP201/><ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Alexander|title=Delhi and Agra: A Traveller's Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1p5KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|year=2018|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4721-4225-2|page=26}}</ref>

==Under Shah Jahan's custody and marriage==

In 1620, Hushang and his brother, Tahmuras, alongside Jahangir's blinded eldest son, [[Khusrau Mirza|Khusrau]] were committed to the charge of their cousin, [[Shah Jahan]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jl Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PA387|year=1986|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-1015-3|page=387}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=de Laet|first1=Joannes|author-link1=Joannes de Laet|translator1=J.S Hoyland|translator2=S.N. Bannerjee|title=The Empire of the Great Mogol: A Translation of De Laet's Description of India and Fragment of Indian History|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofthegreat035526mbp|year=1928|publisher=Bombay|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofthegreat035526mbp/page/n242 223]}}</ref> However, in 1625 Hushang escaped Shah Jahan's custody while the latter prince was distracted by his rebellion against the emperor. Whilst Shah Jahan and his ally [[Malik Ambar]] were lifting a failed siege of Burhanpur, Hushang absconded to Rao Rattan of [[Bundi]], before making his way to his uncle's court at Lahore.<ref>{{harvtxt|Quddusi|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref name=deLaetP224>{{harvtxt|de Laet|1928|p=224}}</ref>

Here Hushang, along with Tahmuras (who had arrived in similar circumstances) paid homage to Jahangir, who welcomed both and enrolled them into his household. Further to this, Jahangir honoured them by marrying each of the brothers to a Mughal princess, with Tahmuras marrying Jahangir's daughter, [[Bahar Banu Begum]] and Hushang, his granddaughter, [[Hoshmand Banu Begum]].<ref name=deLaetP224/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jahangir|author-link1=Jahangir|last2=Thackston|first2=Wheeler McIntosh|author-link2=Wheeler Thackston|title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/mode/2up|year=1999|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/436/mode/2up 436]}}</ref>

==War of succession and execution==
Jahangir died of illness in October 1627. His chief consort [[Nur Jahan]] immediately sent word to her favoured successor to the throne, Jahangir's youngest son (as well as her son-in-law), [[Shahryar Mirza]]. Shahryar proclaimed himself emperor at Lahore and seized the cities provincial treasury, distributing it to the army and nobility in order to gain their allegiance.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Edwardes|first1=Stephen Meredyth|authorlink1=Stephen Edwardes|last2=Garrett|first2=Herbert Leonard Offley|title=Mughal Rule in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aqU9Zu7mFoC&pg=PA68|year=1995|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-551-1|page=68}}</ref> Hushang, along with his brothers Tahmuras and Baysunghar all proclaimed their support of the prince, with Baysunghar being appointed Shahryar's ''[[Sipah Salar|Sultan Sipah Salar]]'' (commander-in-chief).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Beni|editor=Shafaat Ahmad Khan|title=The Accession of Shah Jehan|journal=Journal of Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjH21aKTypIC|volume=2|year=1922|publisher=University of Kerala.|page=15}}</ref>

At the same time [[Asaf Khan IV|Asaf Khan]], Nur Jahan's brother and father-in-law to Shah Jahan, sent word to the latter (who was still in [[Deccan|the Deccan]]) of the emperor's death. To safeguard Shah Jahan's succession while he was making his way back from the Deccan, Asaf Khan named [[Dawar Bakhsh]], son of the late [[Khusrau Mirza]] and brother-in-law to Hushang, as a stop-gap emperor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chaurasia|first=Radhey Shyam|title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&pg=PA243|year=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0123-4|page=243}}</ref> As Asaf Khan led his armies towards Lahore, Shahryar sent his troops under the command of Baysunghar across the [[Ravi River]] to meet them. However, Baysunghar's soldiers were unable to oppose them and were defeated after a single charge. Shahryar retreated to the citadel of Lahore, but was betrayed by his own men and brought before Dawar Bakhsh to do homage, before being blinded soon after. When Shah Jahan received word of the events at Lahore, he sent a command to Asaf Khan that his royal captives be executed:<ref>{{harvtxt|Edwardes|Garrett|1995|p=69}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=To the effect that it would be well if Dawar Bakhsh the son, and (Shahriyar) the useless brother, of Khusrau, and the sons of Prince Daniyal, were all sent out of the world.|sign=|source=}}

Shah Jahan sent an assassin named Raz Bahadur to carry out the executions. Hushang, Tahmuras, Shahriyar, Dawar and Dawar's younger brother Garshasp were beheaded on the night of the 2{{Nbsp}}February 1628 (Baysunghar's final fate was not mentioned). The heads were afterwards brought to Shah Jahan in Agra.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sadasivan|first=Balaji|author-link=Balaji Sadasivan|title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC&pg=PT302|year=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4311-67-0|page=302}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Blochmann|first=Heinrich|title=Contributions to the Chronology of the reigns of Timur and his Descendants up to Shahjahan, No. I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5xJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA218|series=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: 1869|year=1869|publisher=C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press|page=218}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{Ahnentafel
|align=center|collapsed=yes
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Hushang Mirza'''
|2= 2. [[Daniyal Mirza]]
|3= 3. Daughter
|4= 4. [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor]]
|5=
|6= 6. Dalpat, [[Raja]] of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]]
|7=
|8= 8. [[Humayun|Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun, Mughal Emperor]]
|9= 9. [[Hamida Banu Begum]]
|10=
|11=
|12= 12. Mahipal Singh, [[Raja]] of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]]<ref>{{harvtxt|Ansari|2019|p=51}}</ref>
|13= 13. Daughter of Virasinha Dev, [[Maharaja]] of [[Rewa (princely state)|Bandhogarh]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thakur|first1=Upendra|last2=Mishra|first2=Yugal Kishore|title=The Heritage of India: L. N. Mishra commemoration volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWQBAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=L. N. Mishra Commemoration Volume Publication Committee|page=312|quote=At this critical time Dalpat and his maternal uncle, Birbhan of Arail, helped Humayun cross the Ganges}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dube|first=Sītārāma|title=Methodology of epigraphical studies and history writing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1pmAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Vikram University. School of Studies in Ancient Indian History, Culture, and Archaeology|isbn=978-81-7702-080-9|page=133|quote=the Baghela chief Virasinha entered into a friendly alliance with the Mughal emperor Babur. The Baghela rulers of Gahora-Rewa used to go to this place and live on the banks of the Ganga. The accounts given in the Humayunama, written by the princess Gulbadan as well as by Jauhar, would make it clear that Raja Virabhanu (Birbhan) Baghela, who happened to be at Arail, came to the rescue of the Mughal emperor Humayun against the pursuing Afghan army of Sher Shah Suri}}</ref>
|14=
|15=
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirza, Hushang}}
[[Category:1604 births]]
[[Category:1628 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal princes]]
[[Category:Converts to Sunni Islam from Christianity]]
[[Category:People from Burhanpur district]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Sunni Islam]]
[[Category:17th-century executions by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Ghaspani II Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:15Z

Manish: Created A Entry Basic Info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Expand list|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Ghaspani II Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Ghaspani II
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| established = 1974
| constituency_no = 5
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Zhaleo Rio]]
| party = [[Naga People's Front]]
| electors = {{formatnum:29435}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Ghaspani II''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=NAGALAND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>

Previously part of [[Dimapur district]], it is now part of [[Chümoukedima district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Kihoto Hollohon]]<ref name=election2008/>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013/>
| rowspan=2|[[Zhaleo Rio]]
| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
|[[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2023|2023]]|{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}|46.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2018|2018]]|{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}|47.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2013|2013]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|41.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2008|2008]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|35.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2003|2003]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|30.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1993|1993]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1987|1987]]|{{party color|Naga National Democratic Party}}|26.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1982|1982]]|{{party color|Naga National Democratic Party}}|39.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}|30.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}|37.79}}

}}
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II<ref name="Nagaland election2023">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Zhaleo Rio]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=11,405 |percentage=46.48% |change=-1.31%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Z. Kasheto Yeptho |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=7,230 |percentage=29.46% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitoho S. Rotokha |party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) |votes=5,793 |percentage=23.61% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=111 |percentage=0.45% |change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,175 |percentage=17.01% |change=-4.46%}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,539 |percentage=83.37% |change= -3.16%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,435 |change =11.26%}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |swing= -1.31%}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Zhaleo Rio]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=10,939 |percentage=47.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kevingulie Khro |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,023 |percentage=26.31% |change=-14.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,653 |percentage=24.70% |change=-7.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=275 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,916 |percentage=21.48% |change=12.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,890 |percentage=86.52% |change= -2.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,455 |change =-12.94% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 6.62% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Zhaleo Rio]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=11,189 |percentage=41.17% |change=12.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Y. Hewoto Awomi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,801 |percentage=32.38% |change=17.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rokonicha |party=Independent politician |votes=4,921 |percentage=18.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaiminlun |party=Independent politician |votes=2,266 |percentage=8.34% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,388 |percentage=8.79% |change=1.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,180 |percentage=89.44% |change= 5.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,388 |change =8.90% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Independent politician |swing= 5.54% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kihoto Hollohon]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,312 |percentage=35.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rokonicha|party=Naga People's Front|votes=6,661|percentage=28.55%|change=9.67%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kikheho Sema|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=4,931|percentage=21.14%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Miathou|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,439|percentage=14.74%|change=-15.47%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,651 |percentage=7.08% |change=5.33% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=23,330|percentage=83.65%|change=-4.51%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,905 |change =17.21% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.42% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rokonicha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,337 |percentage=30.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kakheto Zhimomi |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=5,970 |percentage=28.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghosuho Zhimomi |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=4,225 |percentage=20.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mezhulie |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,961 |percentage=18.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akheli |party=Independent politician |votes=486 |percentage=2.32% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=367 |percentage=1.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,979 |percentage=88.12% |change= -7.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,808 |change =4.55% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -21.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Rokonicha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,771 |change =8.20% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kakheto |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,407 |percentage=52.15% |change=-6.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rokonicha |party=Naga People's Front |votes=9,291 |percentage=46.56% |change=4.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asat Doungel |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=257 |percentage=1.29% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,116 |percentage=5.59% |change=-11.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,955 |percentage=95.59% |change= 2.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,046 |change =35.04% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.17% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Hekiye Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,351 |percentage=58.33% |change=40.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rokonicha |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,967 |percentage=41.67% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,384 |percentage=16.65% |change=16.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,318 |percentage=93.27% |change= 5.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,585 |change =1.06% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= 32.07% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rokonicha |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,483 |percentage=26.26% |change=-13.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hekiye L. |party=Independent politician |votes=3,400 |percentage=25.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[H. Khekiho Zhimomi]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,224 |percentage=24.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thepfu Whetuo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,329 |percentage=17.56% |change=-21.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seikholum |party=Independent politician |votes=830 |percentage=6.26% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=83 |percentage=0.63% |change=-0.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,266 |percentage=87.28% |change= 13.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,421 |change =24.14% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= -13.37% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rokonicha |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,590 |percentage=39.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Langkam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,522 |percentage=38.88% |change=30.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=The Pfuwhetuo Yesa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,307 |percentage=14.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heshito Seme |party=Independent politician |votes=464 |percentage=5.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nevezo Iralu |party=Independent politician |votes=176 |percentage=1.94% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=68 |percentage=0.75% |change=-2.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,059 |percentage=73.63% |change= -5.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,422 |change =34.10% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= 8.71% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rokonicha |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,245 |percentage=30.92% |change=-6.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Langkam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,017 |percentage=27.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihoto Sema |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=1,881 |percentage=25.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thinovito |party=Indian National Congress |votes=597 |percentage=8.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tinjathang |party=Independent politician |votes=521 |percentage=7.18% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=228 |percentage=3.14% |change=1.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,261 |percentage=79.53% |change= 2.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,263 |change =43.10% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -6.87% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani II}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rokonicha Kuotsü]] |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,815 |percentage=37.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Langkam|party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation|votes=1,715|percentage=35.71%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Scato Rotokha|party=Independent politician|votes=1,273|percentage=26.50%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=100 |percentage=2.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=4,803|percentage=76.97%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,473 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dimapur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|25.68|94.11|display=title}}

[[Category:Chümoukedima district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Nagaland]]

2026 Karimnagar Municipal Corporation election

2026-04-14T15:50:17Z

Manish: creating a stub

{{Short description|Election to Karimnagar Municipal Corporation in 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 Karimnagar Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election =
| previous_year = 2020
| next_election =
| next_year = 2031
| election_date = {{Start date|2026|02|11|df=y}}
| seats_for_election = All 66{{efn|After the delimitation, the number of wards were increased from 60 to 66 }} seats in the [[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]]
| turnout = 2,14,486 (62.98%)<ref>{{Cite news |title=62.98% voters exercise their franchise in Karimnagar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/6298-voters-exercise-their-franchise-in-karimnagar/article70620811.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en |date=11 February 2026 |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> {{decrease}} 0.8[[Percentage point|pp]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=62.98% voters exercise their franchise in Karimnagar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/karimnagar-municipal-corporation-elections-conclude-peacefully-599740 |newspaper=The Hans India |language=en |date=11 February 2026 |access-date=12 February 2026 |quote= 62.18 per cent of the total 2,72,195 voters under the KMC limits had utilised their voting right}}</ref>
| party2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| party3 = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
| party4 = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| last_update = 12 February 2026
| majority_seats = 34
| last_election4 = 6 seats
| last_election2 = 0 seats
| last_election1 = 13 seats
| last_election3 = 33 seats
| title = Mayor
| before_election = Yadagiri Sunil Rao
| before_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samiti|BRS]]
| after_election = Kolagani Srinivas
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| registered = 3,48,051<ref>{{Cite news |title=ఇందూరు.. పొందేది ఎవరు?|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/telangana/general/1899/126024516 |newspaper=Eenadu |language=te |date=9 February 2026 |access-date=12 February 2026 }}</ref>
| seats2 = 14
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 14
| seats3 = 9
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 24
| seats4 = 3
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 3
| seats1 = '''30'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 17
| party5 = [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
| last_election5 = 3 seats
| seats5 = 2
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 1
| party6 = [[Independent politician|Independents]]
| last_election6 = 5 seats
| seats6 = 8
| seat_change6 = {{increase}} 3
}}

The '''2026 Karimnagar Municipal Corporation election''' was held on 11 February 2026 to elect the corporators in 66 wards of the [[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]], the governing body of [[Karimnagar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana SEC announces municipal election schedule|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/telangana-sec-announces-municipal-election-schedule-1042942|website=www.thehansindia.com|date=2026-01-27|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Pavan|last=Bandari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana municipal polls dates announced: Voting on Feb 11, counting on 13th|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/municipal-corporation/story/telangana-municipal-polls-dates-announced-voting-on-feb-11-counting-on-13th-2858504-2026-01-27|website=India Today|date=2026-01-27|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Abdul|last=Basheer}}</ref> After merging the surrounding areas into the corporation limits, the numbers of wards were delimited and increased from 60 to 66.<ref>{{Cite web |title=పార్టీల బలాలు తారుమారు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/karimnagar-news/530/126027973 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 30 out of 66 seats and emerged as the single largest party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2026-02-14 |title=Telangana municipal elections: BJP set to secure Mayor's post in Karimnagar |url=https://theprint.in/india/telangana-municipal-elections-bjp-set-to-secure-mayors-post-in-karimnagar/2855048/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The party formed the government after 4 independent and 1 AIFB
members joined the party, thus giving it an absolute majority. BJP candidate Kolagani Srinivas was elected as Mayor and Sunil Rao was elected as the Deputy Mayor.<ref>https://www.siasat.com/telangana-municipal-mayor-elections-congress-wins-nizamabad-bjp-bags-karimnagar-3350082/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Puli Sharath |date=2026-02-15 |title=BJP Secures Majority In Karimnagar Municipal Corporation, Increases Party’s Strength To 35 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/bjp-secures-majority-in-karimnagar-municipal-corporation-increases-partys-strength-to-35-1937330 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-13 |title=Karimnagar Municipal Corporation Election Result 2026 highlights: BJP secures 30 seats, Congress wins 14 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/telangana/news-karimnagar-municipal-corporation-election-result-2026-live-updates-telangana-local-body-polls-bjp-brs-congress-1029941 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> The [[Bharat Rashtra Samiti]], which had won the majority in the previous election, suffered significant decline, securing just 9 seats.

Elected ward members and corporators were administered the oath of office on 16 February 2026, and a special meeting for the election of mayor and deputy mayor in which BJP candidate Kolagani Srinivas was elected as Mayor and Sunil Rao was elected as the Deputy Mayor.<ref>https://www.siasat.com/telangana-municipal-mayor-elections-congress-wins-nizamabad-bjp-bags-karimnagar-3350082/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=S. Bachan Jeet |date=2026-01-28 |title=Telangana municipal, corporation polls set for February 11, results on February 13 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2026/Jan/28/telangana-municipal-corporation-polls-set-for-february-11-results-on-february-13 |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Schedule ==
The election schedule was announced by the [[Telangana State Election Commission]] on 27 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Telangana municipal polls on February 11; single-phase voting announced|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/telangana-municipal-polls-on-february-11-single-phase-voting-announced/articleshow/127625729.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2026-01-27|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana Municipal Election Notification Released; Polling On February 11, Counting On 13th|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/telangana-municipal-election-notification-released-polling-on-february-11-counting-on-13th-enn26012706036|website=ETV Bharat News|date=2026-01-27|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Date
|-
|Notification and start date for nominations
|28 January 2026
|-
|Last date for filing nominations
|30 January 2026
|-
|Date for scrutiny of nominations
|31 January 2026
|-
|Date of publication of validly nominated candidates
|31 January 2026
|-
|Date for appeal against rejection of nomination
|1 February 2026
|-
|Date for disposal of appeal
|2 February 2026
|-
|Last date for withdrawal of candidature
|3 February 2026
|-
|Date for publication of final list of contesting candidates
|3 February 2026
|-
|Date of Poll
|11 February 2026
|-
|Date of Re-poll, if any
|12 February 2026
|-
|Date of counting of votes and declaration of results
|13 February 2026
|-
|Election of Mayor and Vice-Mayor
|16 February 2026
|}

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Ward
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
!#
!Reservation
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
|-
|1
|BC(W)
|Bari Aparna
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1482
|Aettapu Anjali Prabha
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1196
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 286
|-
|2
|UR(G)
|Kolagani Srinivas
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1703
|Dasari Sagar
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|1535
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 168
|-
|3
|UR(W)
|Sadineni Lavanya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2077
|Kashetti Latha
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1084
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 993
|-
|4
|SC(G)
|Bhupathi Ravinder
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1799
|Anjaiah Bejjenki
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1781
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 18
|-
|5
|BC(W)
|Gade Rupa
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|811
|Ayesha Fathima
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|752
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};" | 59
|-
|6
|UR(G)
|Mekala Venkatesh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1441
|Kapil Madhava Mididhoddi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1170
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 271
|-
|7
|UR(W)
|Akula Nandinee
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|1522
|Mamatha Bandi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1040
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | 482
|-
|8
|UR(G)
|Kalva Mallesham
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|2898
|Gopu Mallesham
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1803
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};" | 1095
|-
|9
|UR(W)
|Padishetti Vasantha Laxmi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1531
|Jangili Latha
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1283
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 248
|-
|10
|BC(G)
|Komuraiah Sowgani
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|1105
|Koduri Ravinder Goud
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|839
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | 266
|-
|11
|UR(W)
|Akula Narmada
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1065
|Panduga Swapna
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|948
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 117
|-
|12
|UR(W)
|Choppari Jaya Sri
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2168
|Adla Geetha
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|875
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 1293
|-
|13
|UR(W)
|Thella Laxmi
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|796
|Lavanya Reddavena
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|779
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | 17
|-
|14
|BC(G)
|Gaddi Pradeep
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1041
|Gunjeti Shiva Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|932
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};" | 109
|-
|15
|UR(W)
|Vippala Sai Jyothi
| {{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|1814
|Shiva Priya Gurrala
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1592
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}};" | 222
|-
|16
|UR(G)
|Kanthala Jagan Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1734
|Kasarapu Srinivas
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1092
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 642
|-
|17
|BC(W)
|Vemula Kavitha
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|1839
|Gunti Ramya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1622
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | 217
|-
|18
|UR(G)
|Vasala Ramesh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1393
|Mohammed Jameeluddin Ahmed
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1188
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 205
|-
|19
|UR(W)
|Sudhagoni Madhavi
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1160
|Jakkula Nagarani
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1070
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};" | 90
|-
|20
|SC(G)
|Parvatham Mallesham
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|1755
|Asthapuram Maruthi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1186
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | 569
|-
|21
|UR(G)
|Varala Narsingam
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1576
|Kondapally Sateesh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|980
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 596
|-
|22
|UR(G)
|Banda Ramana Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1363
|Gundati Srinivas Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|895
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 468
|-
|23
|UR(G)
|Gummadi Raj Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|993
|Edla Srinivas
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|918
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 75
|-
|24
|UR(G)
|Vontela Satyanarayana Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1186
|Bethi Mahender Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|867
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 319
|-
|25
|SC(G)
|Ganta Srinivas
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1572
|Kade Raj Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|972
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 600
|-
|26
|UR(G)
|Anjan Kumar Vydhula
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1917
|Pullella Pavan Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|858
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 1059
|-
|27
|SC(W)
|Botla Shyamala
| {{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|876
|Tambala Navya Sri
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|652
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}};" | 224
|-
|28
|ST(G)
|Nunsavath Bhaskar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|981
|Kurra Rajesham
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|721
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 260
|-
|29
|SC(G)
|Somidi Venu Prasad
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1776
|Kamsala Srinivas
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|667
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 1109
|-
|30
|SC(W)
|Kallepalli Sharada
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1327
|Padma Nakka
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|860
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 467
|-
|31
|BC(G)
|S.D. Mukhaddar Hussain
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1919
|Mohammad Areef Ahmed
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|1108
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};" | 811
|-
|32
|BC(G)
|Shaik Yousuf
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1452
|Mohammed Abbas
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|1308
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};" | 144
|-
|33
|BC(W)
|Heena Afreen
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|2120
|Zahara Banu
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|1065
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 1055
|-
|34
|BC(G)
|Sameena Parveen
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|1222
|Mohammad Khaja Mazharoddin
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|629
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | 593
|-
|35
|BC(W)
|Sujatha Sadaveni
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1321
|Duggu Harika
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1145
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 176
|-
|36
|BC(G)
|Thota Anil
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1874
|Nehikunta Yadaiah
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|1150
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 724
|-
|37
|BC(G)
|K A P P Chandra
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1470
|Mohd Sharfoddin
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1201
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 269
|-
|38
|UR(W)
|Devasani Saraswathi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1234
|Deshaboina Harika
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1222
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 12
|-
|39
|BC(G)
|Ganesh Masam
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|1221
|Pasupuleti Shivanandam
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|805
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | 416
|-
|40
|UR(W)
|Naluvala Pushpalatha
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1165
|Kasarla Laxmi Narasavva
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|900
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};" | 265
|-
|41
|UR(W)
|Venaka Renuka
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1017
|Thota Suguna
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|659
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 358
|-
|42
|UR(G)
|Yadagiri Sunil Rao
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1590
|Panjala Rajanna
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|376
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 1214
|-
|43
|BC(W)
|Ponnam Laxmi Goud
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|863
|Khansa Abdulah
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|817
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 46
|-
|44
|UR(W)
|Chadagonda Kavitha
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1547
|Bandi Thara
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|860
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 687
|-
|45
|BC(W)
|Guggilla Jayasri
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1555
|Rajini Peddapalli
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|662
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};" | 893
|-
|46
|BC(G)
|Rajender Mallikarjuna
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1021
|Akhil Goud Koduri
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|956
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 65
|-
|47
|BC(W)
|Gaja Rama
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1508
|Challa Swaroopa Rani
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1208
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 300
|-
|48
|BC(W)
|Karra Padma
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1652
|Myakala Bhoolaxmi
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|1069
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 583
|-
|49
|UR(W)
|Annam Laxmi Prakash
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1116
|Karnakanti Umarani
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|811
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 305
|-
|50
|UR(G)
|Boinipalli Praveen Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1106
|Rachakonda Chakradhar Rao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|842
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 264
|-
|51
|UR(G)
|Bandari Venu
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1813
|Ashok Rao Mechineni
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|821
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 992
|-
|52
|UR(W)
|Sarilla Rajakumari
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1048
|Jyothi Mulukuntla
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|353
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 695
|-
|53
|SC(W)
|Kompelly Swetha
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|964
|Chandrika Jhansi Rani Inala
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|843
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 121
|-
|54
|BC(W)
|Gottimukkula Umarani
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1163
|Sai Divya Sri
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|973
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 190
|-
|55
|UR(W)
|Guggillapu Manjula
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1093
|Kola Malathi
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|948
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 145
|-
|56
|UR(W)
|Thati Prabhavathi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1273
|Guduri Sharadha
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|673
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 600
|-
|57
|UR(W)
|Ramya Sri
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|820
|Latha Sri Kasireddy
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|701
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 119
|-
|58
|BC(G)
|Sardar Ravindar Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|1347
|Sardar Balbeer Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1111
|style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};" | 236
|-
|59
|BC(G)
|Mohammed Majid Hussain
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|990
|Mohammed Aqueel
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|751
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | 239
|-
|60
|UR(W)
|Naseem Sultana
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|1126
|Thula Sridevi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|450
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};" | 676
|-
|61
|BC(G)
|Mohammed Atheef
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|1552
|Mohammed Sajid Ali
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|699
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};" | 853
|-
|62
|BC(W)
|Peddapalli Srilekha
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1322
|Nagasamudram Sandhya
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|365
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 957
|-
|63
|BC(G)
|Desha Shilpa
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1103
|Karre Pavani
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|957
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 146
|-
|64
|BC(W)
|Sreeja Padala
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|718
|Roqia Fatima
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|579
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 139
|-
|65
|UR(G)
|Mohsin Mohiuddin
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|1780
|Kamtam Thirupathi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|713
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};" | 1067
|-
|66
|UR(G)
|Vangala Pavan Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1640
|Macherla Narendra Prasad
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|809
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 831
|}

== Surveys and polls ==
===Exit polls===
The exit polls were announced on 11 February 2026 after the voting has ended.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|+ Seat share projection
! rowspan="2" | Polling agency
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
! rowspan="2" | Lead
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
! Others
|-
| People's Pulse
| 14–16
| 10–12
| style="color:black; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''24–29'''
| 6–9
| 1–3
| style="color:black; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''BJP'''
|<ref name="peoplepulse">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2026 |title=Survey predicts lead for BJP in Karimnagar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/survey-predicts-huge-win-for-cong-in-tg-civic-polls-1047773 |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|+Vote share projection
! rowspan="2" | Polling agency
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
! rowspan="2" | Lead
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
! Others
|-
| People's Pulse
| 21.4%
| 20.2%
| style="color:black; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''40.4%'''
| 5.5%
| 12.6%
| style="color:black; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''BJP'''
|<ref name="peoplepulse"/>
|}

== See also ==

* [[2026 Telangana urban local bodies elections]]
* [[2026 Nizamabad Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[Elections in Telangana]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://tsec.gov.in/home.do|name=Telangana State Election Commission}}
[[Category:Local elections in Telangana]]
[[Category:2026 elections in India]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Telangana]]
[[Category:Karimnagar]]

Peddapuram Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:04Z

Manish: put up basic details more to come...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Peddapuram
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (39-Peddapuram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Peddapuram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
| constituency_no = 39
| reservation = None
| electors = 201,863
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
}}

'''Peddapuram Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=4 June 2024|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=18, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>

[[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0139.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2024, there are a total of 201,863 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0139.htm|title=Electors Summary|date=4 June 2024|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==

The two mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Samalkota Mandal|Samalkota]]
|-
| [[Peddapuram mandal|Peddapuram]]
|-
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Thota Ramaswami
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Durvasula Venkatasubbarao
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Pantham Padmanabham
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Vundavalli Narayana Murthy
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kondapalli Krishnamurty
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Vundavalli Narayana Murthy
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |Balasu Ramarao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Pantham Padmanabham
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Boddu Ramarao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Gopal Krishna Thota|Thota Gopal Krishna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Pantam Gandhi Mohan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thota Ramaswami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,337 |percentage=29.66% |change=29.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. V. Subha Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=8,636 |percentage=24.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gokina Chandra Rao |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=7,274 |percentage=20.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pantham
Padmanabham |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=4,632 |percentage=13.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prativadi Bhayarkare Venkachar Yulu Alias Bhayankaracharyulu |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=3,972 |percentage=11.40% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,701 |percentage=4.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,851 |percentage=63.75% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,665 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Durvasula Venkatasubbarao|votes=18,745|percentage=44.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Krishikar Lok Party|candidate=Challa Apparao|votes=17,570|percentage=41.80|change={{increase}}20.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Socialist Party|candidate=Katha Murty|votes=5,721|percentage=13.61|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,175|percentage=2.79|change={{decrease}}2.09}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=42,036|percentage=67.84|change={{increase}}4.09}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pantham Padmanabham|votes=32,269|percentage=78.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Durvasula Venkata Subbarao|votes=8,842|percentage=21.50|change={{decrease}}23.09}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,427|percentage=56.99|change={{increase}}54.20}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=41,111|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Vundavalli Narayana Murthy|votes=23,774|percentage=40.90|change={{increase}}19.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Krishnamurty Kondapalli|votes=21,470|percentage=36.94|change={{decrease}}41.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=S. Veerraju|votes=9,423|percentage=16.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Bedampudi Israel|votes=2,370|percentage=4.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Swatantra Party|candidate=C.V. Allaka|votes=1,090|percentage=1.88|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,304|percentage=3.96|change={{increase}}56.99}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=58,127|percentage=76.62|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kondapalli Krishnamurty|votes=44,274|percentage=68.87|change={{increase}}31.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Vundavalli Narayana Murthy|votes=17,326|percentage=26.95|change={{decrease}}13.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bedampudi Israel|votes=2,686|percentage=4.18|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=26,948|percentage=41.92|change={{increase}}37.96}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=64,286|percentage=75.12|change={{decrease}}1.50}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (I)|candidate=Vundavalli Narayana Murthy|votes=43,595|percentage=58.2|change={{increase}}31.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Yeleti Dhanayya|votes=23,375|percentage=31.2|change={{increase}}4.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kondapalli Krishnamurthy (incumbent)|votes=5,753|percentage=7.7|change={{decrease}}61.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party Of India (Khobragade)|candidate=Bedampudi Israel|votes=1,517|percentage=2.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gudala Nagaraju|votes=688|percentage=0.9|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,220|percentage=26.5|change={{decrease}}15.42}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=76,244|percentage=77.7|change={{increase}}2.58}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Balasu Ramarao|votes=48,509|percentage=63.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Goli Ramarao|votes=19,098|percentage=25.2|change={{decrease}}33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Malakala Pallama Raju|votes=8,332|percentage=11|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=29,411|percentage=38.3|change={{increase}}11.8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=76,863|percentage=73.6|change={{decrease}}4.1}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Balasu Ramarao|votes=45,647|percentage=62.7|change={{decrease}}1.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Durvasula Satyanarayanamurty|votes=25,272|percentage=34.7|change={{increase}}9.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Reddi Rap|votes=487|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bala Apparao|votes=452|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Thotakura Ramanna|votes=303|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Dimmala Nageswararao|votes=175|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gudala Nagaraju|votes=174|percentage=0.2|change={{decrease}}0.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pallela Narayanamurty|votes=160|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,375|percentage=27.6|change={{decrease}}10.7}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=73,768|percentage=66|change={{decrease}}7.6}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pantham Padmanabham|votes=56,237|percentage=58.5|change={{increase}}23.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Boddu Bhaskara Rama Rao|votes=38,348|percentage=39.9|change={{decrease}}22.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Ismail Mohammed|votes=548|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gudala Nagaraju|votes=497|percentage=0.5|change={{increase}}0.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kothim Rao|votes=319|percentage=0.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Korukonda Kumari|votes=196|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,889|percentage=18|change={{decrease}}9.6}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=99,123|percentage=76.7|change={{increase}}10.7}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Boddu Rao|votes=55,148|percentage=54.8|change={{increase}}14.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pantham Padmanabham|votes=42,690|percentage=42.4|change={{decrease}}16.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Padma Vasireddi|votes=937|percentage=0.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Haranadh Raja Dunna|votes=709|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Marina Rambabu|votes=547|percentage=0.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Miriyala Narayana|votes=175|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gudala Nagaraju|votes=174|percentage=0.2|change={{decrease}}0.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Mattapalli Sanjeevarao|votes=160|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Tumpala Ramalakshmi|votes=99|percentage=0.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Veera Korukonda|votes=80|percentage=0.1|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,458|percentage=12.2|change={{decrease}}5.8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=102,478|percentage=75.8|change={{decrease}}0.9}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Boddu Rao|votes=55,878|percentage=52.2|change={{decrease}}2.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mohan Gandhi|votes=50,572|percentage=47.3|change={{increase}}4.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Ajeya Bharat Party|candidate=A.A.V.V.Ramakrishna|votes=324|percentage=0.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Duddumpudi Satyanarayana|votes=241|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,306|percentage=4.9|change={{decrease}}7.3}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=109,157|percentage=72.0|change={{decrease}}3.8}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Thota Gopal Krishna]]|votes=56,579|percentage=53.57|change=+6.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Boddu Bhaskara Rama Rao|votes=45,995|percentage=43.55|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,584|percentage=10.02|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=105,609|percentage=72.77|change=+2.20}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Pantam Gandhi Mohan]]|votes=46,211|percentage=34.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Boddu Bhaskara Rama Rao|votes=43,155|percentage=31.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Thota Gopala Krishna]]|votes=36,519|percentage=27.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Yarlagadda Ramkumar|votes=3188|percentage=2.35|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,056|percentage=2.26|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=135,244|percentage=75.02|change=+2.25}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Praja Rajyam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]]|votes=75,914|percentage=50.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Thota Subbarao Naidu|votes=65,251|percentage=43.40|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,663|percentage=7.09|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=150,357|percentage=77.14|change=+2.12}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Praja Rajyam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram<ref name="Peddapuram Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Peddapuram Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/peddapuram |access-date=12 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512121620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/peddapuram |archive-date=12 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]]|votes=67,393|percentage=41.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Thota Vani|votes=63,366|percentage=38.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Tummala Ramaswamy (Babu)|votes= 25,816|percentage=15.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Yarlagadda Ramkumar|votes=1550|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,027|percentage=2.47|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Peddapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]]
|votes = 1,05,685
|percentage = 59.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Davuluri Dorababu]]
|votes = 65,234
|percentage = 36.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dorababu Tummala
|votes = 2,168
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 2,020
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,451
|percentage = 22.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,78,849
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|17.08|82.14|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Sujith Vijayanpillai

2026-04-12T13:44:29Z

Manish: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix =
| name = Sujith Vijayanpillai
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| image =
| office1 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2 May 2021
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Vijayan Pillai]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Chavara (State Assembly constituency)|Chavara]]
| party = Independent
| children =
| caption =
}}

'''Sujith Vijayanpillai''' is an Indian politician from [[Kerala]]. He was elected as a member of the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly. He represents [[Chavara]] constituency in [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] as an independent candidate of Left Democratic Front.<ref name="KN01">{{cite web |title=Dr. Sujith Vijayanpillai The Hon'ble MLA of Kerala [ 15th Kla ] |url=https://niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/content/member_homepage/2401 |website=Niyamasabha |publisher=Kerala Niyamasabhha |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Profile |url=https://www.niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/content/member_homepage/2401 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.niyamasabha.nic.in}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is the son of late former MLA N. [[Vijayan Pillai]] and Suma.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhish |first=Navamy |date=2021-03-11 |title=Veteran and newcomer in fight for coastal seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/veteran-vs-newcomer-in-fight-for-coastal-seat/article34046782.ece |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is a medical doctor. He has two siblings, Sreejith and Sreelakshmi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-09 |title=Chavara MLA Vijayan Pillai dies at 69 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/chavara-mla-vijayan-pillai-dies-at-69/articleshow/74542313.cms |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-04 |title=Assembly Election 2021, Chavara profile: RSP veteran Shibu Baby John to lock horns with late LDF MLA's son |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/assembly-election-2021-chavara-profile-rsp-veteran-shibu-baby-john-to-lock-horns-with-late-ldf-mlas-son-9488161.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vijayanpillai is a first-time MLA winning from the Chavara Constituency previously represented by his late father.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-22 |title=Career orientation workshop held |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/career-orientation-workshop-held/article66420662.ece |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He won the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly Election]] as an independent defeating [[Shibu Baby John]] by a thin margin of 1,096 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=It's wafer-thin majority for LDF in at least 10 seats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/its-wafer-thin-majority-for-ldf-in-at-least-10-seats/articleshow/82361157.cms |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayanpillai, Sujith}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

Sitaram Aadivashi

2026-04-12T12:38:07Z

Manish: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sitaram Aadivashi
| office = Member of [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency]] for [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|15th Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Vijaypur]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Ramniwas Rawat
| successor =
| term_start = 2018
| term_end =
| source = https://www.news18.com/elections/vijaypur-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8686946.html news18
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]
| birth_name = {{birth date and age|1959|01|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Baramati]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Agriculture]]
| nickname =
| honorific_prefix = Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly since 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/vijaypur-madhya-pradesh-assembly-constituency|title=Vijaypur Assembly Constituency Election Result|website=resultuniversity.com|access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref>
}}

'''Sitaram Aadivashi''' (born 1 January 1959) is an Indian [[politician]] who represented [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency]] in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|15th Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/vijaypur-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8686946.html|title=Vijaypur Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights|website=news18.com|access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref> In 2018, he was elected as MLA from Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency as a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-election-constituencies-list-2018/vijaypur-elections-2018-results/|title=Vijaypur Election Results 2018 / Candidates|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/madhya-pradesh-election-2018-vote-counting-live-updates-sheopur-vijaypur-sabalgarh-joura-sumawali-morena-dimani-ambah-3471513/|title=Madhya Pradesh Election 2018 Results|website=india.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/mp-election/article/vijaypur-assembly-constituency-election-congresss-ramnivas-rawat-faces-bjps-sitaram-aadiwasi-polls-elections-mp-madhya-pradesh-assmebly-election-exit/312643|title=Madhya Pradesh Election 2018 Results|website=timesnownews.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aadivashi, Sitaram}}
[[Category:People from Baramati]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Sheopur district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sarangpur, Gujarat

2026-04-08T22:11:07Z

Manish: Info

{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarangpur
| other_name = Sarangpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.157992705675884|71.77007274422668|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Botad
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3000
| population_as_of = 2007
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 382451
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#GJ.E2.80.94Gujarat|GJ]]-33
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bhavnagar
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = Around 30%
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sarangpur''' (also known as Salangpur) is a village in the [[Botad District]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], India. Sarangpur is known throughout [[India]] for the historic Shri Kashtabhanjan Hanumanji temple and BAPS [[Swaminarayan Mandir]] located in the village. The village of about 3000 people lies at the border of Ahmedabad district. The nearest town is [[Botad]]. The village is about 153 km. away from Ahmedabad.

==Temples==

[[Hanuman temple, Salangpur|Hanuman temple, Sarangpur]] is a [[Hindu temple]] (mandir) located in Sarangpur, [[Gujarat]] and comes under the [[Vadtal Gadi]] of the [[Swaminarayan Sampraday]]. It is the only Swaminarayan temple which has the [[murti]]s of neither [[Swaminarayan]] nor [[Krishna]] as the primary object of worship.<ref name="isbn052165422X">{{cite book | author=Raymond Brady Williams | title=An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2001 | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will | url-access=registration | quote=hanuman sarangpur. |access-date=May 14, 2009|pages = [https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/128 128], 96}}</ref> It is dedicated to [[Hanuman]] in the form of ''Kashtbhanjan'' (Crusher of sorrows).<ref name="isbn0195309219">{{cite book | author=Philip Lutgendorf | title=Hanuman's tale | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=2007 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&dq=hanuman+sarangpur&pg=PA248 |access-date=May 14, 2009|page = 248| isbn=978-0-19-804220-4 }}</ref>

Smruti temples of [[Shastriji Maharaj|Shastri Yagnapurushdas]] and [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]], who succeeded Yagnapurushdas are also located near [[BAPS]] mandir.

Sarangpur is also known for its [[Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|BAPS]] Shri Swaminarayan Shikharbaddha mandir, built in 1916 by [[Shastriji Maharaj|Shastri Yagnapurushdas]] which is the second highest temple in Gujarat at exactly 108 feet (108 is an auspicious number within the [[Swaminarayan Sampraday]]). It is a headquarters and training hub for newly enrolled monks (sadhus). Smruti temples of [[Shastriji Maharaj|Shastri Yagnapurushdas]] and [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]], who succeeded Yagnapurushdas are also located near BAPS mandir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Sarangpur |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-darshan/baps-shri-swaminarayan-mandir-sarangpur-1 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=utsav.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 'Sarang' means [[peacock]]. "Sarangpur" - a place where peacocks live. There are many in the gardens of the BAPS Swaminarayan temple.

Every year thousands of devotees gather at the temple to celebrate [[Holi]] - the festival of colours.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.salangpurhanumanji.com/ Official website Kastbhanjan Hanumanji temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701222330/https://www.salangpurhanumanji.com/ |date=1 July 2018 }} [https://www.baps.org/ Official website BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir (Temple)]
*

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Kashtbhanjan.jpg|Shri Kashtabhanjan Hanumanji
File:Sarangpur Hanumanji Mandir.jpg|Sarangpur Hanumanji Mandir
File:Swaminarayan Temple, Sarangpur.jpg|Swaminarayan Temple, Sarangpur
File:BAPS temple Sarangpur.jpg|BAPS Swaminarayan Temple - Sarangpur
File:SALANGPUR 1.JPG|Sarangpur Gate
File:SALANGPUR 2.JPG|Yagnapurush Smruti Temple at Sarangpur
</gallery>

[[Category:Villages in Ahmedabad district]]

{{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

Neoserica plebea

2026-04-03T12:36:01Z

Manish: put up some info more to come...

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Neoserica_plebea.jpg
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| genus= Neoserica
| species = plebea
| authority = [[Dirk Ahrens|Ahrens]] & [[Silvia Fabrizi|Fabrizi]], 2016<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1674607/ BioLib]</ref>
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Neoserica plebea''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Scarabaeidae]]. It is found in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1= Fabrizi |first1= Silvia|last2= Ahrens |first2= Dirk|date= 2016|title= A monograph of Sericini of India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).|url= http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/articles/bzb-2016|journal= Bonn Zoological Bulletin Supplementum|volume= 65|issue= |publisher= |pages= 1–355|doi= |access-date= October 28, 2025}} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

==Description==
Adults reach a length of about 6.6–7.6 mm. They have a yellowish brown, oval body, with the ventral surface slightly darker. The disc of the [[pronotum]] (except for two yellow spots besides the middle), scutellum, [[elytra]]l striae and various small spots on the elytra are all dark with a greenish shine. The dorsal surface is dull and glabrous.<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==
The species name is derived from Latin ''plebeus'' (meaning ''simple'' or ''ordinary'').<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28796068}}

[[Category:Beetles described in 2016]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Neoserica|plebea]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Dirk Ahrens]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Silvia Fabrizi]]

{{Neoserica-stub}}

Mohammed Rahmatullah

2026-03-30T00:06:41Z

Manish: created first post and citations...

{{Short description|Indian footballer (1938–2025)}}
{{distinguish|MD Rahmatullah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mohammed Rahmatullah
| image = File:Mohammed Rahmatullah (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rahmatullah with [[Dhaka Mohammedan]] in 1963
| fullname =
| birth_date = 1938
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], Hyderabad State, India
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2025|12|3|87|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| position = Forward
| years1 = 1952–1962
| clubs1 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Kolkata Mohammedan]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 1963–1964
| clubs2 = [[Dhaka Mohammedan]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 1965–1966
| clubs3 = [[Dhaka Wanderers Club|Dhaka Wanderers]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 1958–1961
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 22
| nationalgoals1 = 8<ref>{{cite web|first=Subrata|last=Dey|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/india-recintlp.html|title=India — Record International Players|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321143659/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/india-recintlp.html|archive-date=21 March 2019|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>
| manageryears1 = 1963–1967
| managerclubs1 = [[Team BJMC|EPIDC]]
| manageryears2 = 1969
| managerclubs2 = [[Pakistan national football team|Pakistan]] (caretaker)
| manageryears3 = 1969–1970
| managerclubs3 = [[Team BJMC|EPIDC]]
| manageryears4 = 1974
| managerclubs4 = [[Pakistan national football team|Pakistan]]
}}

'''Mohammad Rahmatullah''' (1938 – 3 December 2025) was an Indian [[association football|footballer]] who played as a forward, and manager.

Rahmatullah played for the [[India national football team|India national team]] and spent most of his career with [[Calcutta Football League]] giant [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-nova.com/2020/05/27/glorytales-of-indian-football-how-mohammedan-sporting-the-face-of-muslims-in-bengal-became-the-face-of-india/|title=Glorytales of Indian Football: How Mohammedan Sporting, the face of Muslims in Bengal, became the face of India|website=sports-nova.com|publisher=Sports Nova|date=27 May 2020|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711114418/https://www.sports-nova.com/2020/05/27/glorytales-of-indian-football-how-mohammedan-sporting-the-face-of-muslims-in-bengal-became-the-face-of-india/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Football Photographs — Mohammedan Sporting Club|date=1 August 2009|url=http://india-soccer.blogspot.com/2009_08_01_archive.html|access-date=13 December 2016|work=India-Soccer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712101844/http://india-soccer.blogspot.com/2009/08/|archive-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> He later appeared with Bangladeshi outfit [[Dhaka Mohammedan]] and became one of the earliest Indians in post-independence period to take the international transfer, while another was legendary [[Mohammed Salim (footballer)|Mohammed Salim]], who played for [[Celtic FC|Celtic]].<ref name="TOI"/>

As manager, Rahmatullah coached [[Team BJMC|EPIDC]] in the [[Dhaka First Division Football League|Dhaka First Division League]], leading the club to the league title in both 1967 and 1970. He also managed the [[Pakistan national football team|Pakistan national team]] at the [[1969 RCD Cup]] and the [[Football at the 1974 Asian Games|1974 Asian Games]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Bhatti |first=Mukhtar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3vhOwAACAAJ |title=Pakistan Sports: An Almanac of Pakistan Sports with Complete Records 1947-1999 |date=1999 |publisher=Bhatti Publications |pages=237–250 |language=en}}</ref>

==Club career==
===Kolkata Mohammedan===
Rahmatullah moved to [[Calcutta Football League]] giant [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] during the first half of the 1950s and won the league in 1957.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=S9k1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Mohammed+Rahmatullah+indian+international+footballer&pg=PT112 Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823035913/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=S9k1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112&lpg=PT112&dq=Mohammed+Rahmatullah+indian+international+footballer&source=bl&ots=HwOVi6PGfb&sig=ACfU3U0mY0SOlnjMGN2sfyqc87zu-Qv9Rw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzi9HPn8byAhWWUn0KHWKgBNgQ6AF6BAgpEAI#v=onepage&q=Mohammed%20Rahmatullah%20indian%20international%20footballer&f=false |date=23 August 2021 }} by Novy Kapadia. ''books.google.co.in''. (Penguin Random House India Private Limited). Retrieved 23 August 2021.</ref> With Mohammedan, he won the [[IFA Shield]] in that year,<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mohammad-rahmatullah-to-undergo-heart-surgery-in-usa/articleshow/31905982.cms|title=Mohammed Rahmatullah to undergo heart surgery in the USA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906225253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mohammad-rahmatullah-to-undergo-heart-surgery-in-usa/articleshow/31905982.cms|archive-date=6 September 2022|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 March 2014|access-date=22 August 2021|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url-status=live|location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref> and won [[Rovers Cup]] thrice in 1955, 1957 and 1958.

Rahmatullah was instrumental in winning the [[Aga Khan Gold Cup]] in Bangladesh, in 1960, the first ever tournament win by an Indian club in foreign soil. They defeated Indonesia's [[PSM Makassar|Persatuan Sepakbola Makassar]] 4–1 in the final,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/685162/how-mohammedan-sportings-glorious-past-is-linked-to-its-uncertain-future|title=Mohammedan Sporting's glorious past is linked to its uncertain future|first=Novy Kapadia|last=qz.com|date=26 October 2014 |access-date=6 September 2015|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205416/http://scroll.in/article/685162/how-mohammedan-sportings-glorious-past-is-linked-to-its-uncertain-future}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ekolkata24.com/offbeat-news/glorious-football-history-of-mohammedan-sporting-club/|title=ব্রিটিশকে হারিয়ে ডুরান্ড জয়ী, পাকিস্তানকেও গোল দিয়ে চিরকালীন নজির মহামেডানের|website=ekolkata24.com|date=1 September 2021|access-date=2 March 2022|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302125909/https://ekolkata24.com/offbeat-news/glorious-football-history-of-mohammedan-sporting-club/|archive-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> in which he scored a goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/indianfootballh/status/1270218720791707650|title=In 1960 Mohammedan SC became the first Indian club to win a trophy abroad when they lifted Aga Khan Gold Cup in Dhaka. They defeated Indonesian club PSM Makassar 4–1 in final thanks to goals from Pakistani international Omer (2) (below), Rahmatullah & Zafar|access-date=7 December 2021|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207130633/https://mobile.twitter.com/indianfootballh/status/1270218720791707650|work=Indian Football History}}</ref>

===Dhaka Mohammedan===
In 1963, he moved to [[Dhaka Mohammedan]] and became the second Indian to play for an overseas club.<ref name="TOI"/> He appeared in [[Dhaka First Division Football League|Dhaka First Division League]] during his days in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|author=Deepti Patwardhan|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vGkmDDVwM1dU7rWrUVXgWP/Indian-footballers-on-the-move.html?facet=amp|title=Indian footballers on the move|website=Live Mint|date=7 May 2015|access-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528152358/http://www.livemint.com:80/Leisure/vGkmDDVwM1dU7rWrUVXgWP/Indian-footballers-on-the-move.html|archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> He eventually became a honorary member of the club.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1963.10.31 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/newspapers/paob19631031-01.1.6|access-date=2025-12-31|website=gpa.eastview.com|archive-date=31 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231160910/https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19631031-01.1.6|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Dhaka Wanderers===
Rahmatullah represented [[Dhaka Wanderers Club]] in the [[Dhaka First Division Football League|Dhaka First Division League]] in both 1965 and 1966, during the final years of his playing career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1965.08.27 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/newspapers/paob19650827-01.1.3|access-date=2025-04-05 |website=gpa.eastview.com|archive-date=7 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407082955/https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19650827-01.1.3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1966.08.18 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/newspapers/paob19660818-01.1.3|access-date=2025-04-05 |website=gpa.eastview.com|archive-date=7 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407082902/https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19660818-01.1.3}}</ref>

===Bengal===
Rahmatullah also represented [[Balaidas Chatterjee]] managed [[West Bengal football team|Bengal football team]] at the [[Santosh Trophy]] and won the tournament four times in [[1953–54 Santosh Trophy|1953–54]], [[1955–56 Santosh Trophy|1955–56]], [[1958–59 Santosh Trophy|1958–59]] and [[1959–60 Santosh Trophy|1959–60]] seasons.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==International career==
Rahmatullah made his senior international debut for India against [[Burma national football team|Burma]] on 26 May 1958 in the [[1958 Asian Games]], that ended up a 3–2 win in favour of them.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} He scored his first international goal against [[Indonesia national football team|Indonesia]] on 28 May in the same tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/ind-rahmatullah-intlg.html|title=Mohammed Rahmatullah – Goals in International Matches|website=[[RSSSF]]|first=Subrata|last=Dey|access-date=22 August 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628051743/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/ind-rahmatullah-intlg.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the quarterfinal, India defeated [[Hong Kong national football team|Hong Kong]] 5–2, with two goals by Rahmatullah, and one each by the trio of [[Chuni Goswami]], [[Tulsidas Balaram]] and D. Damodaran.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/sports/football-tournaments-india-won-61312/|title=List of major football tournaments that India won|website=The Indian Wire|date=5 July 2018|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823040901/https://www.theindianwire.com/sports/football-tournaments-india-won-61312/|url-status=live}}</ref> They finished on fourth position as they lost 1–4 to [[Indonesia national football team|Indonesia]] in the bronze media match at [[Japan National Stadium]].<ref name=1958bronze>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19580602&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title=INDONESIA GET BRONZE MEDAL BEATING INDIA|date=2 June 1958|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=13 January 2014|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822175914/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19580602&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Arunava Chaudhuri |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1958asiangames.html |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1958 Tokyo Asian Games |publisher=Indianfootball.de |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002162137/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1958asiangames.html |archive-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The next year he travelled to [[Malaysia]] where India took part in the [[Pestabola Merdeka|Merdeka Cup]] and finished as runners-up.<ref>{{cite web |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1959merdekacup.html |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1959 Merdeka Cup |publisher=Indianfootball.de |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002162144/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1959merdekacup.html |archive-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was in the squad, as India began the 1960s with the [[1960 AFC Asian Cup qualification|1960 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers]].{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} Despite the qualifiers for the West Zone being held in [[Kochi]], India finished last in their qualification group and thus missed out on the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1960asiacupq.html |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1960 Seoul Asia Cup Qualifiers |publisher=Indianfootball.de |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002162157/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1960asiacupq.html |archive-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In national team, Rahmatullah's teammates under coach [[Syed Abdul Rahim]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=History in Timeline of Indian Football|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308124507/http://www.the-aiff.com/history|archive-date=8 March 2020|access-date=2021-02-15|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2018-07-14/Old-timers-recollect-past-glory-of-city-football/398165|title=Old-timers recollect past glory of city football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022162920/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/posts/index/Hans/2018-07-14/Old-timers-recollect-past-glory-of-city-football/398165|archive-date=22 October 2021|publisher=[[The Hans India]]|date=14 July 2018|access-date=5 September 2021|first=Mohammed|last=Nizamuddin|location=[[Hyderabad]], Telangana}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/FootballStudies/2002/FS0502f.pdf|title=Rahim, Amal Dutta, P.K. and Nayeem: The Coaches Who Shaped Indian Football|website=la84foundation.org|access-date=23 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810034106/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/FootballStudies/2002/FS0502f.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2010}}</ref> were:<ref>{{cite news| title=Olympians want Padma Bhushan for Rahim| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Olympians-want-Padma-Bhushan-for-Rahim/articleshow/11518024.cms| work=[[The Times of India]]| date=17 January 2012| access-date=3 April 2012| archive-date=15 April 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415151703/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Olympians-want-Padma-Bhushan-for-Rahim/articleshow/11518024.cms| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Legends of Mumbai Football: India's Olympic hero Neville D'souza |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/legends-of-mumbai-football-indias-olympic-hero-neville-dsouza/ |website=Football Counter |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |date=9 May 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821111522/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/legends-of-mumbai-football-indias-olympic-hero-neville-dsouza/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Badru Banerjee: সবুজ-মেরুনের হয়ে তুমুল সাফল্য, তবে বদ্রু মনে থাকবেন অলিম্পিক্সের জন্যেই|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/sports/football/obituary-of-former-mohun-bagan-and-indian-footballer-samar-badru-banerjee-dgtl/cid/1364166|website=www.anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=20 August 2022|access-date=20 August 2022|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821122545/https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/sports/football/obituary-of-former-mohun-bagan-and-indian-footballer-samar-badru-banerjee-dgtl/cid/1364166|archive-date=21 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/pk-banerjee-the-colossus-of-indian-football/article31122174.ece | title=P.K. Banerjee, the colossus of Indian football | work=The Hindu | author=Amitabha Das Sharma | date=20 March 2020 | access-date=25 March 2020 | archive-date=22 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122162515/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/pk-banerjee-the-colossus-of-indian-football/article31122174.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2020/mar/20/indian-football-legend-pk-banerjee-dies-aged-83-2119308.html | title=One of Indian football's greatest, PK Banerjee dies at 83 | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=20 March 2020 | access-date=26 March 2020 | archive-date=22 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122133309/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2020/mar/20/indian-football-legend-pk-banerjee-dies-aged-83-2119308.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/FootballStudies/2002/FS0502f.pdf Rahim, Amal Dutta, P.K. and Nayeem: The Coaches Who Shaped Indian Football] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603120235/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/FootballStudies/2002/FS0502f.pdf |date=3 June 2012 }}. Retrieved 12 November 2006.</ref> [[Hussain Ahmed (footballer)|Ahmed Hussain]], [[Peter Thangaraj]], Nikhil Nandy, [[Samar Banerjee]],<ref>{{cite web|title=India's star Olympic football captain Samar 'Badru' Banerjee dies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/indias-star-olympic-football-captain-samar-badru-banerjee-dies/articleshow/93675414.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 August 2022|access-date=20 August 2022|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820102341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/indias-star-olympic-football-captain-samar-badru-banerjee-dies/articleshow/93675414.cms|archive-date=20 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> [[P. K. Banerjee]], Kesto Pal, Neville Stephen D'Souza, [[Tulsidas Balaram]], [[Sayed Khwaja Aziz-ud-Din]],<ref>[http://www.indianfootball.de/data/halloffame/azizuddin_syed_khwaja.html Indian Football "HALL OF FAME" Sayed Khwaja Aziz-ud-Din] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225224121/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/halloffame/azizuddin_syed_khwaja.html |date=25 February 2020 }} ''indianfootball.de''. Retrieved 5 September 2021</ref> Abdul Latif, Mariappa Kempiah, [[Chuni Goswami]], Kannan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indian_football_news_2021/april_news.html|title=INDIAN FOOTBALL NEWS (APRIL 2021): Ahmed Hussein, former Olympian footballer passed away|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508162517/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indian_football_news_2021/april_news.html|archive-date=8 May 2021|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|location=Kolkata|access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution of Indian Football (Part Two): Revolution Under Rahim Saab|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-two-revolution-under-rahim-saab/|location=Kolkata|date=13 July 2011|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025021904/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-two-revolution-under-rahim-saab/}}</ref> Between 1958 and 1961, he appeared in twenty-two
international matches for India, scoring eight goals.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Coaching career==
[[File:Pakistan football team at the 1974 RCD Cup.jpg|thumb|Rahmatullah standing sixth from left with [[Pakistan national football team|Pakistan]] at the [[1974 RCD Cup]]]]
Rahmatullah joined [[Team BJMC|EPIDC]] in 1963 as a sports welfare officer-cum-coach.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1963.08.31 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/newspapers/paob19660818-01.1.3|access-date=2025-04-05 |website=gpa.eastview.com|archive-date=7 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407082304/https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19630831-01.1.6|url-status=live}}</ref> He helped the club enter the [[Dhaka First Division Football League|Dhaka First Division League]] in 1966 following consecutive promotions. He led the club to the league title in both 1967 and 1970.<ref name="Book">{{cite book|last=Dulal |first=Mahmud |title= খেলার মাঠে মুক্তিযুদ্ধ ({{Translation|Liberation war in the playground}})|language=bn|publisher=Bishhoshahitto Bhobon|year=2020 |isbn=978-984-8218-31-0}}</ref>

In 1969, Rahmatullah acted as caretaker head coach of the [[Pakistan national football team|Pakistan national team]] at the [[1969 RCD Cup]] in place of national team official coach [[Mohammad Amin (footballer)|Mohammad Amin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1969.09.12 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19690912-01.1.10&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN-turkey--------- |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=gpa.eastview.com}}</ref> Five years later, he again took the head coach role of the Pakistan national team for the [[Football at the 1974 Asian Games|1974 Asian Games]].<ref name=":10" /> He was also member of the coaching staff of Pakistan at the [[1974 RCD Cup]] at the beginning of the year.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Personal life and death==
In May 1969, Rahmatullah's older brother, Mohammed Azmatullah, died in [[Hyderabad]], [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1969.05.12 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/newspapers/paob19690512-01.1.8|access-date=2025-04-05 |website=gpa.eastview.com|archive-date=7 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407083317/https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19690512-01.1.8|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 March 2014, Rahmatullah was admitted to a hospital in [[California]] for an open heart surgery.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mohammad-rahmatullah-to-undergo-heart-surgery-in-usa/articleshow/31905982.cms|title=Mohammad Rahmatullah to undergo heart surgery in USA | Football News|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 March 2014 |access-date=16 April 2022|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416063234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mohammad-rahmatullah-to-undergo-heart-surgery-in-usa/articleshow/31905982.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rahmatullah died in Los Angeles on 3 December 2025, at the age of 87.<ref>[https://telanganatoday.com/former-india-forward-md-rahmatullah-passes-away-in-los-angeles Former India forward Md Rahmatullah passes away in Los Angeles]</ref>

==Honours==
'''Mohammedan Sporting (Kolkata)'''
* [[Calcutta Football League]]: 1957<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |title=WHEN EASTERN RAILWAY RAN ON FULL STEAM (1958) |website=www.goaldentimes.org |publisher=Goalden Times |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debojyoti |date=29 August 2017 |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111162448/http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |archive-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[IFA Shield]]: 1957<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |title=The Glorious History Of IFA Shield |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ |website=Thehardtackle.com |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=22 August 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181925/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Aga Khan Gold Cup]]: 1960<ref name=AgaKhanGoldCup>{{cite web|author=Tom Lewis |author2=Neil Morrison |author3=Novan Herfiyana |author4=Karel Stokkermans |title=Aga Khan Gold Cup (Dhaka, Bangladesh): Aga Khan Gold Cup 1960|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/agakhan.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726210207/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/agakhan.html|archive-date=26 July 2014|date=2003|access-date=4 February 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>
* [[Rovers Cup]]: 1955, 1957, 1958
* Coochbehar Cup: 1952<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 From recreation to competition: Early history of Indian football] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181632/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 |date=9 July 2021 }} Pages 124–141. Published online: 06 Aug 2006. ''www.tandfonline.com''. Retrieved 30 June 2021</ref>
* [[Durand Cup]]: runner-up 1959

'''Mohammedan Sporting (Dhaka)'''
* [[Dhaka First Division Football League|Dhaka Football League]]: 1963<ref name="Book"/>

'''Bengal'''
* [[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1953–54 Santosh Trophy|1953–54]], [[1955–56 Santosh Trophy|1955–56]], [[1958–59 Santosh Trophy|1958–59]], [[1959–60 Santosh Trophy|1959–60]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html#60|title=India – List of Santosh Trophy Finals: 1959 (second)|website=[[RSSSF]]|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|first1=Atsushi|last1=Fujioka|first2=Arunava|last2=Chaudhuri|access-date=6 October 2022|date=1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912123232/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html#60|archive-date=12 September 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''India'''
*[[Merdeka Tournament]] runner-up: [[1959 Merdeka Tournament|1959]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1959merdekacup.html|title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1959 Merdeka Cup|website=www.indianfootball.de|publisher=IndianFootball|date=1999|last=Chaudhuri|first=Arunava|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608085202/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1959merdekacup.html|archive-date=8 June 2018}} (information given by Jaydeep Basu, Sunil Warrier, and Gautam Roy).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/malaysia/tab/matches/season/1960/|title=Malaysia national football team 'A' international record: [1959–60 season]|publisher=11v11|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164714/https://www.11v11.com/teams/malaysia/tab/matches/season/1960/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/merdeka.html|title=Merdeka Tournament (Malaysia)|first=Neil|last=Morrison|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|date=10 September 2015|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=13 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113153958/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/merdeka.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian football players in foreign leagues]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharjiim |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=978-81-87891-96-3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*{{cite web |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889—2000. |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 }}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=978-0-415-34835-5}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=978-81-7476-454-6}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Pakistan|Association football}}
{{Pakistan national football team managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahmatullah, Mohammed}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1958 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Dhaka) players]]
[[Category:Dhaka Wanderers Club players]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan national football team managers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]

Pine

2026-03-27T09:11:31Z

Manish: small changes

{{Short description|Genus of coniferous trees}}
{{good article}}
{{redirect-several|Pine|Pines|Pine tree}}

{{Automatic_taxobox
| name =
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Barremian|Present|earliest=Jurassic}} Possible records from Jurassic<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=J. M., H. M. |title=Palaeoflora of Southern Africa. Prodromus of South African Megafloras Devonian to Lower Cretaceous |journal=Botanical Research Institute |date=1985 |page= }}</ref>
| image = Pinus jeffreyi at Lassen Volcanic National Park.jpg
| image_alt = Image of a pine tree
| image_caption = ''[[Pinus jeffreyi]]''
| taxon = Pinus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Pinus sylvestris]]''
| type_species_authority = [[L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera
| subdivision = * Subgenus ''[[Strobus]]''
* Subgenus ''[[Pinus subg. Pinus|Pinus]]''
See '''[[List of Pinus species|List of ''Pinus'' species]]''' for complete taxonomy to species level. See '''[[list of pines by region]]''' for list of species by geographic [[species distribution|distribution]].
| range_map = Pinus range.png
| range_map_caption = ''Pinus'' distribution: circumpolar, with extensive [[taiga]] forest, almost entirely Northern hemisphere
| synonyms = * ''Apinus'' de Necker ex Rydberg
* ''Caryopitys'' Small
* ''Cembra'' Opiz
* ''Ducampopinus'' Chevalier
* ''Haploxylon'' (Koehne) Komarov
* ''Leucopitys'' Nieuwland
* ''Pinea'' Wolf ex Opiz
* ''Strobus'' (Sweet ex Spach) Opiz
}}

A '''pine''' is any [[conifer]] in the [[genus]] '''''Pinus''''' ({{IPAc-en |ˈ|p|aɪ|.|n|ə|s}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://merriam-webster.com/medical/Pinus |entry=Pinus |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |title=Medical Definition of PINUS }}</ref>) of the family [[Pinaceae]]. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the [[subfamily]] '''Pinoideae'''. The species are [[evergreen]] [[tree]]s or shrubs with their leaves in [[Fascicle (botany)|bunches]], usually of 2 to 5 needles. The seeds are carried on woody cones, with two seeds to each cone scale.

Pines are widely [[species distribution|distributed]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]; they occupy large areas of [[taiga]] (boreal forest), but are found in many habitats, including the [[Mediterranean Basin]], and [[Dry tropical forest|dry tropical forests]] in [[southeast Asia]] and [[Central America]]. Some are fire-resistant or fire-dependent.

Pine trees provide one of the most extensively used types of [[timber]]. The pine nuts are used to make dishes such as [[pesto]], while [[retsina]] wine is flavoured with pine resin.

== Description ==

=== Tree ===

Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous [[resin]]ous [[tree]]s (or, rarely, [[shrub]]s) growing {{convert|3|–|80|m|ft|abbr=off|-1}} tall, with the majority of species reaching {{convert|15|–|45|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} tall.<ref name="Fattig-2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110123/NEWS/101230353/ |title=Tallest of the tall |last=Fattig |first=Paul |date=23 January 2011 |newspaper=[[Mail Tribune]] |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923095326/http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20110123%2FNEWS%2F101230353%2F |archive-date=23 September 2012 }}</ref> The smallest are [[Siberian dwarf pine]] and [[Potosi pinyon]], and the tallest is an {{convert |83.45 |m |abbr=on}} tall [[sugar pine]] (''Pinus lambertiana'') located in [[Yosemite National Park]].<ref name="Associated Press-2021">{{cite news |title=3 Sierra sugar pines added to list of 6 biggest in world |newspaper=Associated Press |date=31 Jan 2021|url=https://apnews.com/article/nevada-forests-south-lake-tahoe-17501dc8cb094fc7ffb1543426631bc6 |access-date=13 Feb 2023}}</ref>

Pines are long lived and typically reach ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the [[Great Basin bristlecone pine]] (''Pinus longaeva''). One individual in the [[White Mountains (California)|White Mountains]] of California, dubbed "[[Methuselah (pine tree)|Methuselah]]", is among the [[List of longest-living organisms|world's oldest living organisms]] at around 4,800 years old.<ref name="Ryan-1999">{{cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=Michael |last2=Richardson |first2=David M. |title=The Complete Pine |journal=BioScience |date=December 1999 |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=1023–1024 |doi=10.2307/1313736 |jstor=1313736}}</ref> [[Prometheus (tree)|An older tree]] near [[Wheeler Peak (Nevada)|Wheeler Peak]], now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old.<ref>{{cite news |last=Miranda |first=Carolina A. |date=28 February 2015 |title=Follow-up: More tales of the Prometheus tree and how it died |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-video-prometheus-bristlecone-pine-20150227-column.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Eveleth-2012">{{cite magazine |last=Eveleth |first=Rose |author-link=Rose Eveleth |date=15 November 2012 |title=How One Man Accidentally Killed the Oldest Tree Ever |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-one-man-accidentally-killed-the-oldest-tree-ever-125764872/ |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref>

The spirals of branches, needles, and [[Conifer cone|cone]] scales [[Phyllotaxis|are arranged]] in [[Fibonacci number]] ratios.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Lanling |last2=Wang |first2=Guozhao |title=Modeling golden section in plants |journal=Progress in Natural Science |year=2009 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.004 |quote=The ratio between two pine needles is 0.618 [...] the angle between the two neighbors is about 135° and the angle between the main stem and each branch is close to 34.4° which is the golden section of 90° |doi-access=free|bibcode=2009PNSMI..19..255Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://trees.stanford.edu/ENCYC/PINUSnotes.htm |title=Pinus (Pine) Notes |last1=Bracewell |first1=Ronald |last2=Rawlings |first2=John |website=Trees of Stanford |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Pinus lambertiana ProspectOR.jpg|''[[Pinus lambertiana]]'' is the tallest pine species.
File:Pinus culminicola.jpg|''[[Pinus culminicola]]'' is a low-growing shrub, among the shortest pines.
File:Big bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva.jpg|Ancient ''[[Pinus longaeva]]'', among the oldest of all trees
</gallery>

=== Bark ===

The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. The branches are produced in "pseudo-whorls", actually a very tight spiral but appearing like a ring of branches arising from the same point. Many pines are uninodal, producing just one such whorl of branches each year, from [[bud]]s at the tip of the year's new [[plant stem|shoot]], but others are multinodal, producing two or more whorls of branches per year.<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992">{{cite book |title=Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening |publisher=[[Macmillan Press]]; Stockton Press |date=1992 |isbn=1-56159-001-0 |volume=3 |pages=582–594}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Tree Types and Barks 004.jpg|Many pines, like ''[[Pinus taeda]]'', have thick bark that flakes into scales.
File:Pinus bungeana— bark at Morris Arboretum 01 (cropped).jpg|Some species, like ''[[Pinus bungeana]]'', have thin bark.
</gallery>

=== Foliage ===

Pines have four types of [[leaf]]:<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/>
* Seed leaves ([[cotyledon]]s) on seedlings are borne in a whorl of 4–24.
* Juvenile leaves, which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, are {{Convert |2–6 |cm |abbr=off |frac=4}} long, single, green or often blue-green, and arranged spirally on the shoot. These are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer.
* Scale leaves, similar to bud scales, are small, brown and not photosynthetic, and arranged spirally like the juvenile leaves.
* Needles, the adult leaves, are green ([[photosynthetic]]) and bundled in clusters called [[Fascicle (botany)|fascicles]]. The needles can number from one to seven per fascicle, but generally number from two to five. Each fascicle is produced from a small bud on a dwarf shoot in the axil of a scale leaf. These bud scales often remain on the fascicle as a basal sheath. The needles persist for 1.5–40 years, depending on species. If a shoot's [[apical meristem|growing tip]] is damaged (e.g. eaten by an animal), the needle fascicles just below the damage generate a stem-producing bud, which can then replace the lost growth tip.

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Seekiefer (Pinus halepensis) 14d 1.jpg|''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' seed leaf
File:Spontaneous Pinus seedling D171003.jpg|Juvenile leaves of seedling ''[[Pinus pinaster]]'', single and arranged spirally
File:Scale leaves of Austrian pine.jpg|''[[Pinus nigra]]'' growth candles covered with thin brownish scale leaves
File:Pine needles in bunches of five.jpg|''[[Pinus parviflora]]'' needles, in bunches of five in this species
</gallery>

=== Cones ===

Pines are [[monoecious]], having the male and female cones on the same tree.<ref name="Judd-2002">{{cite book |first1=W.S. |last1=Judd |first2=C.S. |last2=Campbell |first3=E.A. |last3=Kellogg |first4=P.F. |last4=Stevens |first5=M.J. |last5=Donoghue |date=2002 |title=Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach |edition=2 |publisher=[[Sinauer Associates]] |isbn=0-87893-403-0 |page=205}}</ref> The male cones are small, typically 1–5 cm long, and only present for a short period (usually in spring, though autumn in a few pines), falling as soon as they have shed their [[pollen]]. The female cones take 1.5–3 years (depending on species) to mature after [[pollination]], with actual fertilisation delayed one year. At maturity, the female cones are 3–60 cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally-arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile without seeds.<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/>

The seeds ([[pine nut]]s) are mostly small and winged, and are [[Anemochory|anemochorous]] (wind-dispersed). Some are larger, have only a vestigial wing, and are [[bird]]-dispersed. Female cones are woody and sometimes armed to protect developing seeds from foragers. At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds. In some of the bird-dispersed species, for example [[whitebark pine]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tomback |first=Diana F. |author-link=Diana Tomback |date=June 1982 |title=Dispersal of Whitebark Pine seeds by Clark's Nutcracker: a mutualism hypothesis |journal=The Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=451–467 |doi=10.2307/3976 |jstor=3976 |bibcode=1982JAnEc..51..451T }}</ref> the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed cones for many years until an environmental cue triggers the cones to open, releasing the seeds. This is called [[serotiny]]. The most common form of serotiny is [[pyriscence]], in which resin binds the cones shut until the resin is melted by a forest fire, for example in ''[[Pinus radiata|P. radiata]]'' and ''[[Pinus muricata|P. muricata]]''. The seeds are then released after the fire, enabling them to colonise the burnt ground with minimal competition from other plants.<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/><ref name="Rushforth-1987">{{cite book |last=Rushforth |first=Keith |year=1987 |title=Conifers |publisher=[[Christopher Helm Publishers]] |publication-place=London, England, UK |isbn=0-7470-2801-X |pages=158–192}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Pinus radiata cone.jpg|''[[Pinus radiata]]'' female (seed) cone
File:2021-04-18 11 01 55 Pollen cones on a Loblolly Pine along a walking path in the Franklin Farm section of Oak Hill, Fairfax County, Virginia.jpg|''[[Pinus taeda]]'' male (pollen) cones
File:KoreanPineSeeds.jpg|''[[Pinus koraiensis]]'' seeds
File:Pitch pine cones exposed to fire.jpg|''[[Pinus rigida]]'' cones open when exposed to fire. (left to right: before; after; 24 hours later)
</gallery>

== Naming ==

The modern English name "pine" derives from Latin ''pinus'', traced to the Indo-European base ''*pīt-'' 'resin'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Are You From? - Credo Reference |url=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/acbwordorig/pine |work=credoreference.com}}</ref> Before the 19th century, pines were often called firs, a name now applied to another genus, ''[[Fir|Abies]]''. In some European languages, Germanic cognates of the Old Norse name are still in use for pines, as in [[Danish language|Danish]] ''fyr'' and [[German language|German]] ''Föhre''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vedel |first1=Helge |last2=Lange |first2=Johan |title=Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow |date=1960 |publisher=[[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]] |pages=123–124}}</ref>
The genus ''Pinus'' was named by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753. ''[[Pinus sylvestris]]'', the Scots pine, was later chosen as the [[type species]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |year=1753 |title=Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Tomus I & II. |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |page=1000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Price |first1=R. A. |last2=Liston |first2=A. |last3=Strauss |first3=S. H. |year=1998 |chapter=Phylogeny and systematics of Pinus |pages=49–68 |editor-last=Richardson |editor-first=D. M. |title=Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-55176-2}}</ref>

Several other conifers are commonly known as pines, such as the [[Araucaria heterophylla|Norfolk Island pine]] (''Araucaria heterophylla''); however, they belong to other genera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norfolk Island Pine – Gardening Solutions |url=https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/trees-and-shrubs/trees/norfolk-island-pine/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

== Evolution ==

=== Fossil history ===

The [[Pinaceae]], the pine family, first appeared in the [[Jurassic]] period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ran |first1=Jin-Hua |last2=Shen |first2=Ting-Ting |last3=Wu |first3=Hui |last4=Gong |first4=Xun |last5=Wang |first5=Xiao-Quan |date=December 2018 |title=Phylogeny and evolutionary history of Pinaceae updated by transcriptomic analysis |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=129 |pages=106–116 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.011 |pmid=30153503 |bibcode=2018MolPE.129..106R |s2cid=52110440}}</ref> The genus ''Pinus'' first appeared during the [[Early Cretaceous]]; the oldest verified fossil is ''[[Pinus yorkshirensis]]'' from the [[Hauterivian]]-[[Barremian]] boundary (~130-125 million years ago) from the [[Speeton Clay Formation|Speeton Clay]], England.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ryberg |first1=Patricia E. |last2=Rothwell |first2=Gar W. |last3=Stockey |first3=Ruth A. |last4=Hilton |first4=Jason |last5=Mapes |first5=Gene |last6=Riding |first6=James B. |year=2012 |title=Reconsidering Relationships among Stem and Crown Group Pinaceae: Oldest Record of the Genus ''Pinus'' from the Early Cretaceous of Yorkshire, United Kingdom |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=173 |issue=8 |pages=917–932 |doi=10.1086/667228 |bibcode=2012IJPlS.173..917R |s2cid=85402168}}</ref> However, there are possible records of the genus from the [[Jurassic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ralikhomo tracksite (zone C/3) (Jurassic of Lesotho) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=149715&is_real_user=1 |website=PBDB.org}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=180>
File:Pinus yorkshirensis holotype (straight).jpg|Oldest pine fossil: ''[[Pinus yorkshirensis]]'' cone. [[Early Cretaceous]], 131–129 [[Million years ago|mya]]
File:Pinus johndayensis Fossil High School Cove Creek.jpg|Fossil cone and needles of ''Pinus johndayensis'', [[Oligocene]], 33 [[Million years ago|mya]]
</gallery>

=== External phylogeny ===

Based on [[transcriptome]] analysis, ''Pinus'' is most closely related to the genus ''[[Cathaya]]'', which in turn is closely related to the genus ''[[Picea]]'', the spruces. These genera, with [[fir]]s and [[larch]]es, form the pinoid [[clade]] of the Pinaceae.<ref name="Stull-2021"/>

{{clade
|label1=[[Pinaceae]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Abietoideae]] |sublabel1=(firs, cedars, hemlocks)
|1=[[File:Abies alba - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-001.jpg|60px]]
|label2=[[Pinoideae]]
|2={{clade
|label1=Lariceae
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Pseudotsuga]]'' |sublabel1=(Douglas firs)
|1=[[File:Pinetum woburnense (Douglas firs, page 185).jpg|50px]]
|label2=''[[Larix]]'' |sublabel2=(larches)
|2=[[File:395 Larix europaea DC.jpg|60px]]
}}
|label2=Pineae
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Cathaya]]'' |sublabel1=(1 sp.)
|1=[[File:Cathaya argyrophylla leaves and cones.jpg|50px]]
|label2=''[[Picea]]'' |sublabel2=(spruces)
|2=[[File:Pinetum woburnense (Spruce, page 146) (cropped).jpg|50px]]
}}
|2='''''Pinus''''' [[File:496 Pinus silvestris.jpg|50px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}

=== Internal phylogeny ===

The evolutionary history of the genus ''Pinus'' has been complicated by [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]]. Pines are prone to inter-specific breeding. Wind pollination, long life spans, overlapping generations, large population size, and weak [[reproductive isolation]] make breeding across species more likely. As the pines have diversified, gene transfer between different species has created a complex history of genetic relatedness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hernández-León |first1=Sergio |last2=Gernandt |first2=David S. |last3=Pérez de la Rosa |first3=Jorge A. |last4=Jardón-Barbolla |first4=Lev |date=30 July 2013 |title=Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation in ''Pinus'' section ''Trifoliae'' inferred from plastid DNA |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=7 |article-number=e70501 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...870501H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0070501 |pmc=3728320 |pmid=23936218 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flores-Rentería |first1=Lluvia |last2=Wegier |first2=Ana |last3=Ortega Del Vecchyo |first3=Diego |last4=Ortíz-Medrano |first4=Alejandra |last5=Piñero |first5=Daniel |last6=Whipple |first6=Amy V. |last7=Molina-Freaner |first7=Francisco |last8=Domínguez |first8=César A. |display-authors=5 |title=Genetic, morphological, geographical and ecological approaches reveal phylogenetic relationships in complex groups, an example of recently diverged pinyon pine species (Subsection Cembroides) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=940–9 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23831459 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.010 |bibcode=2013MolPE..69..940F }}</ref> Research using large genetic datasets has clarified these relationships.<ref name="Gernandt-2005"/> Two 21st century phylogenies are given below; the differences between them demonstrate these complications:

{|class="wikitable e mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan=1 |Jin et al. 2021<ref>{{cite journal |title=Phylogenomic and ecological analyses reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of global pines |last1=Jin |first1=Wei-Tao |last2=Gernandt |first2=David S. |last3=Wehenkel |first3=Christian |last4=Xia |first4=Xiao-Mei |last5=Wei |first5=Xiao-Xin |last6=Wang |first6=Xiao-Quan |journal=PNAS |date=May 2021 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2022302118 |volume=118 |issue=20 |article-number=e2022302118 |pmid=33941644 |pmc=8157994 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11822302J |doi-access=free}}</ref>
! colspan=1 |Stull et al. 2021<ref name="Stull-2021"/>
|-
|style="vertical-align:top |
{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%
|label1=''Pinus''
|1={{clade
|label1=('''''Strobus''''')
|1={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Parrya''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Nelsonii''
|1=''[[Pinus nelsonii|P. nelsonii]]''
|label2=subsection
|sublabel2=''Balfouriana''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus aristata|P. aristata]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus balfouriana|P. balfouriana]]''
|2=''[[Pinus longaeva|P. longaeva]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Cembroides''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|2=''[[Pinus rzedowskii|P. rzedowskii]]''
|1={{clade
|2=''[[Pinus maximartinezii|P. maximartinezii]]''
|1=''[[Pinus pinceana|P. pinceana]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus quadrifolia|P. quadrifolia]]''
|2=''[[Pinus monophylla|P. monophylla]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus edulis|P. edulis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus cembroides|P. cembroides]]''
}}
|1={{clade
|2=''[[Pinus remota|P. remota]]''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus culminicola|P. culminicola]]''
|2=''[[Pinus discolor|P. discolor]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=section
|sublabel2=''Quinquefoliae''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Gerardiana''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus bungeana|P. bungeana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus squamata|P. squamata]]''
|2=''[[Pinus gerardiana|P. gerardiana]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Krempfii''
|1=''[[Pinus krempfii|P. krempfii]]''
|label2=subsection
|sublabel2=''Strobus''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus peuce|P. peuce]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus lambertiana|P. lambertiana]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus strobus|P. strobus]]''
|2=''[[Pinus chiapensis|P. chiapensis]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus monticola|P. monticola]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus flexilis|P. flexilis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus strobiformis|P. strobiformis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus ayacahuite|P. ayacahuite]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus albicaulis|P. albicaulis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus koraiensis|P. koraiensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus sibirica|P. sibirica]]''
|2=''[[Pinus cembra|P. cembra]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus parviflora|P. parviflora]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus wallichiana|P. wallichiana]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|2=''[[Pinus dabeshanensis|P. dabeshanensis]]''
|1=''[[Pinus armandii|P. armandii]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus fenzeliana|P. fenzeliana]]''
|2=''[[Pinus mastersiana|P. mastersiana]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus bhutanica|P. bhutanica]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus morrisonicola|P. morrisonicola]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus wangii|P. wangii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus kwangtungensis|P. kwangtungensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus dalatensis|P. dalatensis]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=('''''Pinus''''')
|2={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Pinus''
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Pinaster''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus heldreichii|P. heldreichii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus pinaster|P. pinaster]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus halepensis|P. halepensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus brutia|P. brutia]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus pinea|P. pinea]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus canariensis|P. canariensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus roxburghii|P. roxburghii]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=subsection
|sublabel2=''Pinus''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus latteri|P. latteri]]''
|2=''[[Pinus merkusii|P. merkusii]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus resinosa|P. resinosa]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus nigra|P. nigra]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus densiflora|P. densiflora]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus sylvestris|P. sylvestris]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus mugo|P. mugo]]''
|2=''[[Pinus uncinata|P. uncinata]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus massoniana|P. massoniana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus thunbergii|P. thunbergii]]''
|2=''[[Pinus luchuensis|P. luchuensis]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus kesiya|P. kesiya]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus yunnanensis|P. yunnanensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus densata|P. densata]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus henryi|P. henryi]]''
|2=''[[Pinus tabuliformis|P. tabuliformis]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus hwangshanensis|P. hwangshanensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus taiwanensis|P. taiwanensis]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=section
|sublabel2=''Trifoliae''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Sabiniana''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus jeffreyi|P. jeffreyi]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus coulteri|P. coulteri]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus torreyana|P. torreyana]]''
|2=''[[Pinus sabiniana|P. sabiniana]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Ponderosae''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus washoensis|P. washoensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus ponderosa|P. ponderosa]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus hartwegii|P. hartwegii]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus engelmannii|P. engelmannii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus durangensis|P. durangensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus arizonica|P. arizonica]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus devoniana|P. devoniana]]''
|2=''[[Pinus montezumae|P. montezumae]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus pseudostrobus|P. pseudostrobus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus gordoniana|P. gordoniana]]''
|2=''[[Pinus maximinoi|P. maximinoi]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Attenuata''
|1={{clade
|2=''[[Pinus muricata|P. muricata]]''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus radiata|P. radiata]]''
|2=''[[Pinus attenuata|P. attenuata]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Contorta''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus contorta|P. contorta]]''
|2=''[[Pinus banksiana|P. banksiana]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus virginiana|P. virginiana]]''
|2=''[[Pinus clausa|P. clausa]]''
}}
}}
|label2=subsection
|sublabel2=''Australes''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus pungens|P. pungens]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus serotina|P. serotina]]''
|2=''[[Pinus rigida|P. rigida]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus glabra|P. glabra]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus taeda|P. taeda]]''
|2=''[[Pinus echinata|P. echinata]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus elliottii|P. elliottii]]''
|2=''[[Pinus palustris|P. palustris]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus caribaea|P. caribaea]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus oocarpa|P. oocarpa]]''
|2=''[[Pinus tecunumanii|P. tecunumanii]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus greggii|P. greggii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus patula|P. patula]]''
|2=''[[Pinus teocote|P. teocote]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus lawsonii|P. lawsonii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus herrerae|P. herrerae]]''
|2=''[[Pinus pringlei|P. pringlei]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus leiophylla|P. leiophylla]]''
|2=''[[Pinus lumholtzii|P. lumholtzii]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus praetermissa|P. praetermissa]]''
|2=''[[Pinus jaliscana|P. jaliscana]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus luzmariae|P. luzmariae]]''
|2=''[[Pinus georginae|P. georginae]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|
{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%
|label1='''''Pinus'''''
|1={{clade
|label1=('''''Strobus''''')
|1={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1='''''Parrya'''''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Nelsonii''
|1=''[[Pinus nelsonii|P. nelsonii]]''
|label2=subsection
|sublabel2=''Balfouriana''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus aristata|P. aristata]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus balfouriana|P. balfouriana]]''
|2=''[[Pinus longaeva|P. longaeva]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Cembroides''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus monophylla|P. monophylla]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus juarezensis|P. juarezensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus quadrifolia|P. quadrifolia]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|2=''[[Pinus maximartinezii|P. maximartinezii]]''
|1=''[[Pinus pinceana|P. pinceana]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus rzedowskii|P. rzedowskii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus edulis|P. edulis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus discolor|P. discolor]]''
|2=''[[Pinus johannis|P. johannis]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus culminicola|P. culminicola]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus cembroides|P. cembroides]]''
|2=''[[Pinus remota|P. remota]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=section
|sublabel2='''''Quinquefoliae'''''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Gerardiana''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus bungeana|P. bungeana]]''
|2=''[[Pinus gerardiana|P. gerardiana]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Krempfii''
|1=''[[Pinus krempfii|P. krempfii]]''
|label2=subsection
|sublabel2=''Strobus''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=series
|sublabel1=''Macedonia''
|1=''[[Pinus peuce|P. peuce]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=series
|sublabel1=''Strobi''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus strobus|P. strobus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus flexilis|P. flexilis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus ayacahuite|P. ayacahuite]]''
|2=''[[Pinus strobiformis|P. strobiformis]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=series
|sublabel1=''Cembrae''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus parviflora|P. parviflora]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus monticola|P. monticola]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus cembra|P. cembra]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus lambertiana|P. lambertiana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus albicaulis|P. albicaulis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus dalatensis|P. dalatensis]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=series
|sublabel2=''Pumilae''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus pumila|P. pumila]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus wallichiana|P. wallichiana]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus koraiensis|P. koraiensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus sibirica|P. sibirica]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus squamata|P. squamata]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus morrisonicola|P. morrisonicola]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus armandii|P. armandii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus fenzeliana|P. fenzeliana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus kwangtungensis|P. kwangtungensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus bhutanica|P. bhutanica]]''
|2=''[[Pinus wangii|P. wangii]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=('''''Pinus''''')
|2={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Pinus''
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Pinaster''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus heldreichii|P. heldreichii]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus halepensis|P. halepensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus brutia|P. brutia]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus pinaster|P. pinaster]]''
|2=''[[Pinus pinea|P. pinea]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus canariensis|P. canariensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus roxburghii|P. roxburghii]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=subsection
|sublabel2=''Pinus''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=series
|sublabel1=''Pinus''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus densata|P. densata]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus latteri|P. latteri]]''
|2=''[[Pinus kesiya|P. kesiya]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus nigra|P. nigra]]''
|2=''[[Pinus resinosa|P. resinosa]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus sylvestris|P. sylvestris]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus mugo|P. mugo]]''
|2=''[[Pinus uncinata|P. uncinata]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=series
|sublabel1=''Tropicales''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus tropicalis|P. tropicalis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus hwangshanensis|P. hwangshanensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus massoniana|P. massoniana]]''
|2=''[[Pinus merkusii|P. merkusii]]''
}}
}}
}}
|label2=series
|sublabel2=''Tabuliformes''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus densiflora|P. densiflora]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus thunbergii|P. thunbergii]]''
|2=''[[Pinus taiwanensis|P. taiwanensis]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus yunnanensis|P. yunnanensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus luchuensis|P. luchuensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus tabuliformis|P. tabuliformis]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=section
|sublabel2=''Trifoliae''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Contorta''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus virginiana|P. virginiana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus contorta|P. contorta]]''
|2=''[[Pinus clausa|P. clausa]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Ponderosae''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus maximinoi|P. maximinoi]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus montezumae|P. montezumae]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus sabiniana|P. sabiniana]]''
|2=''[[Pinus torreyana|P. torreyana]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus ponderosa|P. ponderosa]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus gordoniana|P. gordoniana]]''
|2=''[[Pinus yecorensis|P. yecorensis]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus cooperi|P. cooperi]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus durangensis|P. durangensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus nubicola|P. nubicola]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus coulteri|P. coulteri]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus jeffreyi|P. jeffreyi]]''
|2=''[[Pinus washoensis|P. washoensis]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus arizonica|P. arizonica]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus engelmannii|P. engelmannii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus devoniana|P. devoniana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus hartwegii|P. hartwegii]]''
|2=''[[Pinus pseudostrobus|P. pseudostrobus]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Attenuata''
|1={{clade
|label1=series
|sublabel1=''Leiophyllae''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus patula|P. patula]]''
|2=''[[Pinus leiophylla|P. leiophylla]]''
}}
|label2=series
|sublabel2=''Attenuatae''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus tecunumanii|P. tecunumanii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus muricata|P. muricata]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus radiata|P. radiata]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus attenuata|P. attenuata]]''
|2=''[[Pinus glabra|P. glabra]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=subsection
|sublabel2=''Australes''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=series
|sublabel1=''Palustres''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus herrerae|P. herrerae]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus caribaea|P. caribaea]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus palustris|P. palustris]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus echinata|P. echinata]]''
|2=''[[Pinus occidentalis|P. occidentalis]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus praetermissa|P. praetermissa]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=series
|sublabel1=''Taeda''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus serotina|P. serotina]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus rigida|P. rigida]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus pungens|P. pungens]]''
|2=''[[Pinus taeda|P. taeda]]''
}}
}}
}}
|label2=series
|sublabel2=''Oocarpae''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus elliottii|P. elliottii]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus teocote|P. teocote]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus greggii|P. greggii]]''
|2=''[[Pinus lumholtzii|P. lumholtzii]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus jaliscana|P. jaliscana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus luzmariae|P. luzmariae]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus georginae|P. georginae]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus maestrensis|P. maestrensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus pringlei|P. pringlei]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus lawsonii|P. lawsonii]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pinus cubensis|P. cubensis]]''
|2=''[[Pinus oocarpa|P. oocarpa]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|}

=== Taxonomy ===
{{Main list|List of Pinus species
| l1 = List of ''Pinus'' species
}}

Pines are [[gymnosperm]]s. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on the number of [[Vascular bundle|fibrovascular bundles]] in the needle, and the presence or absence of a resin seal on the scales of the mature cones before opening. The subgenera can be distinguished by cone, seed, and leaf characters:<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/>

* [[Pinus subg. Pinus|''Pinus'' subg. ''Pinus'']], the yellow, or hard pine group, with cones with a resin seal on the scales, and generally with harder wood; the needle fascicles mostly have a persistent sheath (two exceptions, ''[[Pinus leiophylla]]'' and ''[[Pinus lumholtzii]]'', have deciduous sheaths).<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/>
* [[Strobus|''Pinus'' subg. ''Strobus'']], [[synonym (biology)|syn.]] ''Pinus'' subg. ''Ducampopinus'', the white or soft pine, and pinyon pine groups, with cones without a resin seal on the scales, and usually have softer wood; the needle fascicles mostly have a deciduous sheath (one exception, ''[[Pinus nelsonii]]'', has a persistent sheath).<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/>

Phylogenetic evidence indicates that the subgenera diverged anciently from one another.<ref name="Stull-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |display-authors=5 |date=19 July 2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4 |pmid=34282286 |bibcode=2021NatPl...7.1015S |s2cid=236141481 |issn=2055-0278 |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110174725/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4/ |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Each subgenus is further divided into sections and subsections.<ref name="Gernandt-2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gernandt |first1=David S. |last2=López |first2=Gretel Geada |last3=García |first3=Sol Ortiz |last4=Liston |first4=Aaron |title=Phylogeny and classification of Pinus |journal=Taxon |volume=54 |issue=1 |date=2005 |doi=10.2307/25065300 |doi-access=free |pages=29–42 |jstor=25065300 |bibcode=2005Taxon..54...29G |url=https://rc.upr.edu.cu/jspui/bitstream/DICT/2586/1/Geada-LopezTAXON2005.pdf}}</ref>

''[[World Flora Online]]'' accepts 134 species-rank taxa (119 species and 15 [[nothospecies]]) of pines as current, with additional synonyms,<ref name="World Flora Online-2022">{{cite web |title=''Pinus'' (L.) |url=https://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000029794 |date=2022 |website=[[World Flora Online]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' 126 species-rank taxa (113 species and 13 nothospecies),<ref name="Plants of the World Online-2013">{{cite web | title=Plants of the World Online | website=Plants of the World Online |date=14 October 2013 |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A328247-2 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> making it the largest genus among the conifers. The highest species diversity of pines is found in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wehenkel |first1=C. |last2=Mariscal-Lucero |first2=S. |last3=Jaramillo-Correa |first3=J.P. |last4=López-Sánchez |first4=C.A. |title=Genetic diversity and conservation of Mexican forest trees |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/55167#:~:text=The%20highest%20diversity%20of%20pine,exists%20in%20Mexican%20tree%20species. |website=Forest Service |publisher=[[US Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Biodiversity of Pinus (Pinaceae) in Mexico: speciation and palaeo-endemism |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |date=1996 |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1996.tb00762.x |url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/121/4/365/2607921?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=1 November 2024 |last1=Farjon |first1=Aljos |bibcode=1996BJLS..121..365F }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Romero-Sanchez |first1=Martin Enrique |last2=Perez-Miranda |first2=Ramiro |last3=Gonzalez-Hernandez |first3=Antonio |last4=Valerio Velasco-Garcia |first4=Mario |last5=Velasco-Bautista |first5=Efraín |last6=Andrés |first6=Flores |title=Current and Potential Spatial Distribution of Six Endangered Pine Species of Mexico: Towards a Conservation Strategy |journal=Forests |date=2018 |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=767 |doi=10.3390/f9120767 |bibcode=2018Fore....9..767R |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Distribution ==

{{see also|List of pines by region}}

Pines are native to the [[Northern Hemisphere]], with the most species in North America, some in Asia, and a few in Europe. Only two species, ''Pinus sylvestris'' and ''[[Pinus sibirica]]'', occur in more than one of those regions (Asia and Europe).<ref name="Nobis-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Nobis |first1=Michael P. |last2=Traiser |first2=Christopher |last3=Roth-Nebelsick |first3=Anita |title=Latitudinal variation in morphological traits of the genus Pinus and its relation to environmental and phylogenetic signals |journal=Plant Ecology & Diversity |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=1 March 2012 |doi=10.1080/17550874.2012.687501 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239793366_Latitudinal_variation_in_morphological_traits_of_the_genus_Pinus_and_its_relation_to_environmental_and_phylogenetic_signals/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6Il9kaXJlY3QiLCJwYWdlIjoiX2RpcmVjdCJ9fQ  |pages=1–11 |bibcode=2012PlEcD...5....1N }}</ref> They occupy large areas of [[boreal forest]] (taiga) in latitudes between 50° and 60° N; about a third of this [[biome]] is in North America and [[Scandinavia]], the rest in [[Siberia]].<ref name="UCMP">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/forests.php#boreal |title=The forest biome |publisher=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620145416/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/forests.php#boreal |archive-date=20 June 2019 }}</ref> The northernmost species is [[Pinus sylvestris|Scots pine]], reaching just north of 70° N in [[Stabbursdalen National Park]] in Norway.<ref name="Stabbursdalen Nasjonalpark">{{cite web |title=Stabbursdalen Nasjonalpark |url=https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/globalassets/dokumenter/publikasjoner/brosjyrer/stabbursdalen_np_e_nett-110811.pdf |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> One species, ''[[Pinus merkusii]]'', crosses the equator in [[Sumatra]] to 2°S.<ref name="Critchfield-1966">{{cite book |last1=Critchfield |first1=William B. |last2=Little |first2=Elbert L. |title=Geographic Distribution of the Pines of the World |date=1966 |publisher=[[USDA Forest Service]]}}</ref> In North America, various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far north as 66° N<ref name="Critchfield-1966"/> to as far south as 12°N.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Surendra P. |last2=Inderjit |last3=Singh |first3=Jamuna S. |last4=Majumdar |first4=Sudipto |last5=Moyano |first5=Jaime |last6=Nuñez |first6=Martin A. |last7=Richardson |first7=David M. |date=21 September 2018 |title=Insights on the persistence of pines (''Pinus'' species) in the Late Cretaceous and their increasing dominance in the Anthropocene |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=8 |issue=20 |pages=10345–10359 |doi=10.1002/ece3.4499 |doi-access=free |pmc=6206191 |pmid=30398478 |bibcode=2018EcoEv...810345S |bibcode-access=free }}</ref>

Various species have been introduced to temperate and [[subtropics|subtropical]] regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as [[timber]] or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. A number of such introduced species have become [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]], and species such as ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' are considered [[invasive species|invasive]] in some regions.<ref name="Global Invasive Species Database-2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/impact_info.asp?si=890&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN |title=''Pinus ssp''. (tree), General Impact |publisher=Invasive Species Specialist Group |date=13 March 2006 |work=Global Invasive Species Database |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726195335/http://www.issg.org/database/species/impact_info.asp?si=890&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=180>
File:Pinus sylvestris - Furu Stabbursdalen.jpg|Most northerly: ''[[Pinus sylvestris]]'' in [[Stabbursdalen National Park]], Norway, at 70° North
File:Lake Baikal, Siberian mixed forest, Taiga, Siberia, Russia.jpg|Pines and [[birch]]es in the Siberian [[taiga]] by [[Lake Baikal]]
File:Pines plant.jpg|''[[Pinus merkusii]]'' in [[Sumatra]]: the only pine whose range extends south of the equator
File:Prospectsydneypineforest.jpg|''[[Pinus radiata]]'' in Australia, where it was [[Introduced species|introduced]] in the late 19th century.
</gallery>

== Ecology ==

=== Environmental factors ===

Pines grow in a very large variety of environments, ranging from semi-arid desert to rainforests, from sea level up to {{convert |5200 |m |ft |abbr=on}}, from the coldest to the hottest environments on Earth. They often occur in mountainous areas with favourable soils.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://basicbiology.net/plants/gymnosperms/pine-trees |date=30 August 2020 |title=Pine Trees |website=Basic Biology |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

''[[Pinus contorta]]'' is a [[Fire ecology|fire-dependent species]], requiring [[wildfire]]s to maintain healthy populations of diverse ages.<ref name="Schoennagel-2004">{{cite journal |last1=Schoennagel |first1=Tania |author1-link=Tania Schoennagel |last2=Veblen |first2=Thomas |title=The Interaction of Fire, Fuels and Climate across Rocky Mountain Forests |journal=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=7 |year=2004 |pages=661–676 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0661:TIOFFA]2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
''[[Pinus canariensis]]'' is highly fire-resistant,<ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2017 |title=The most fire-resistant pine in the world |url=https://www.forest-monitor.com/en/most-fire-resistant-pine-pinus-canariensis/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=Forest Monitor}}</ref> with adaptations such as growing epicormic sprouts after losing its needles in a fire.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=P. J. |last2=Lawes |first2=M. J. |last3=Midgley |first3=J. J. |last4=Lamont |first4=B. B. |last5=Ojeda |first5=F. |last6=Burrows |first6=G. E. |last7=Enright |first7=N. J. |last8=Knox |first8=K. J. E. |display-authors=5 |date=January 2013 |title=Resprouting as a key functional trait: how buds, protection and resources drive persistence after fire |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=197 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 |doi=10.1111/nph.12001 |pmid=23110592 |bibcode=2013NewPh.197...19C |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some species such as ''[[Pinus muricata]]'' need fire to open their cones, allowing them to disperse their seeds.<ref name="Block, Andrew-2008">{{cite book |last1=Moore |first2=Gerry |last2=Kershner, Bruce |author3=Craig Tufts |author4=Daniel Mathews |author5=Gil Nelson |author6=Spellenberg, Richard |author7=Thieret, John W. |author8=Terry Purinton |author9=Block, Andrew |display-authors=5 |title=National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America |publisher=Sterling |year=2008 |page=90 |isbn=978-1-4027-3875-3}}</ref> Other pines such as ''[[Pinus mugo]]''<ref name="Solár-2013">{{cite journal |last1=Solár |first1=Jaroslav |last2=Janiga |first2=Marián |title=Long-term Changes in Dwarf Pine ( Pinus mugo ) Cover in the High Tatra Mountains, Slovakia |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=33 |issue=1 |date=2013 |doi=10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00079.1 |doi-access=free |pages=51–62 |bibcode=2013MRDev..33...51S |url=https://bioone.org/journals/mountain-research-and-development/volume-33/issue-1/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00079.1/Long-term-Changes-in-Dwarf-Pine-Pinus-mugo-Cover-in/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00079.1.pdf}}</ref> and ''[[Pinus yunnanensis]]'' can grow at high elevation.<ref name="Sun-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Yan-Qiang |last2=Zhao |first2=Wei |last3=Xu |first3=Chao-Qun |last4=Xu |first4=Yulan |last5=El-Kassaby |first5=Yousry A. |last6=De La Torre |first6=Amanda R. |last7=Mao |first7=Jian-Feng |title=Genetic Variation Related to High Elevation Adaptation Revealed by Common Garden Experiments in Pinus yunnanensis |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=10 |date=11 February 2020 |article-number=1405 |pmid=32117429 |pmc=7027398 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.01405 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some pines, such as ''[[Pinus sabiniana]]'', are adapted to growth in hot, dry [[desert|semidesert]] climates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pinus sabiniana Dougl |url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/pinus/sabiniana.htm |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=www.srs.fs.usda.gov}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Бор кривул 01.JPG|''[[Pinus mugo]]'', a dwarf mountain species at altitude in Macedonia
File:Prescribed burn in a Pinus nigra stand in Portugal.JPG|A controlled burn in a ''[[Pinus nigra]]'' stand, Portugal
File:Lodgepole pine Yellowstone 1998 near firehole.jpg|A stand of ''[[Pinus contorta]]'' regenerating 10 years after a major fire at [[Yellowstone National Park]]
</gallery>

=== Species interactions ===

Pine needles serve as food for the [[caterpillar]] larvae of several [[moth]] species including the [[pine beauty]], a pest of mature stands of pine trees,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hicks |first1=B. J. |last2=Barbour |first2=D. A. |last3=Evans |first3=H. F. |last4=Heritage |first4=S. |last5=Leather |first5=S. R. |last6=Milne |first6=R. |last7=Watt |first7=A. D. |title=The history and control of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (D. & S.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Scotland from 1976 to 2000 |journal=Agricultural and Forest Entomology |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=2001 |doi=10.1046/j.1461-9555.2001.00106.x |doi-access=free |pages=161–168}}</ref> and the [[pine hawk-moth]], a large species which causes only occasional damage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sphinx pinastri: Pine hawk-moth |url=https://www.forestpests.eu/pest/sphinx-pinastri |website=Forest Pests Europe |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>
Some moths, notably the [[pine processionary]], whose caterpillars can completely defoliate pine trees,<ref>{{cite web |title=Thaumetopoea pityocampa Pine processionary moth |url=https://www.forestpests.eu/pest/thaumetopoea-pityocampa |website=Forest Pests Europe |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bonnet-2008">{{cite journal |url=http://www.prodinra.inra.fr/prodinra/pinra/data/2008/07/PROD20086c1fb7e_20080709010355455.pdf |title=La Processionnaire du Pin |language=fr |trans-title=The Pine Processionary |publisher=INRA |journal=Stantari |issue=14 (August–October 2008) |date=2008 |access-date=2 October 2021 |last1=Bonnet |first1=Catherine |last2=Martin |first2=Jean-Claude |last3=Mazet |first3=René |pages=29–33 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004145101/http://www.prodinra.inra.fr/prodinra/pinra/data/2008/07/PROD20086c1fb7e_20080709010355455.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Kerdelhué-2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kerdelhué |first1=Carole |last2=Zane |first2=Lorenzo |last3=Simonato |first3=Mauro |last4=Salvato |first4=Paola |last5=Rousselet |first5=Jérôme |last6=Roques |first6=Alain |last7=Battisti |first7=Andrea |title=Quaternary history and contemporary patterns in a currently expanding species |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9 |issue=1 |year=2009 |page=220 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-220 |pmid=19732434 |pmc=2753568 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..220K |doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref> and the [[Dendrolimus pini|pine-tree lappet]], are serious pests of commercial forestry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pine tree lappet moth in Scotland |url=https://www.forestry.gov.scot/sustainable-forestry/tree-health/tree-pests-and-diseases/pine-tree-lappet-moth |publisher=Scottish Forestry |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Panolis.flammea.7102.jpg|[[Pine beauty]] moth (''Panolis flammea'')
File:Sphinx pinastri 03.JPG|[[Pine hawk-moth]] (''Sphinx pinastri'') caterpillar feeding on pine needles
File:Treviño - Cerro de Treviño - Nido de procesionaria 01 (cropped).jpg|Tent of [[pine processionary moth]] (''Thaumetopoea pityocampa'') caterpillars
File:Dendrolimus pini larva.jpg|[[Dendrolimus pini|Pine-tree lappet]] (''Dendrolimus pini'') caterpillars on Scots pine with damage to needles
</gallery>

Several species of pine are attacked by [[nematodes]], causing [[Bursaphelenchus xylophilus|pine wilt disease]], which can quickly kill trees.<ref>[http://nematode.unl.edu/bursaphelenchusxylo.htm ''Bursaphelenchus xylophilus'', Pine Wilt Nematode.] Nematology. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.</ref><ref name="Bursaphelenchus">[http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/G145S1.HTM ''Bursaphelenchus xylophilus''.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104105627/http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/G145S1.HTM |date=January 4, 2012 }} Nemaplex. UC Davis.</ref>
The sawfly ''[[Common pine sawfly|Diprion pini]]'' is likewise a serious commercial pest of pine forestry, especially of ''Pinus sylvestris''.<ref name="CAPS-2015">{{cite web |title=Diprion pini |url=https://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Diprion-pini_CPHST-Datasheet_2015-version.pdf |website=Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey |access-date=19 August 2025 |date=July 2015}}</ref> Some birds such as [[Nutcracker (bird)|nutcrackers]] are specialist feeders on pine seeds, and are important in distributing the seeds widely.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lanner |first=Ronald M. |title=Made for each other: A symbiosis of birds and pines |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-508-903-0 |pages=61–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomback |first1=Diana F. |author-link=Diana Tomback |editor1-last=Sekercioglu |editor1-first=Cagan |editor2-last=Wenny |editor2-first=Daniel G. |editor3-last=Whelan |editor3-first=Christopher J. |title=Why birds matter: avian ecological function and ecosystem services |date=2016 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-38263-0 |page=201 |chapter=7}}</ref> [[Crossbill]]s rely on ''Pinus sylvestris'' seeds in Scotland, and similarly help significantly to disperse the seeds, whereas [[red squirrel]]s feed on the seeds but do little for seed dispersal.<ref name="Summers-2011">{{cite journal |last=Summers |first=Ron W. |title=Patterns of exploitation of annually varying Pinus sylvestris cone crops by seed-eaters of differing dispersal ability |journal=Ecography |volume=34 |issue=5 |date=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06498.x |pages=723–728 |bibcode=2011Ecogr..34..723S }}</ref> Pine [[pollen]] may contribute to [[food web]]s involving [[detritivore]]s. Nutrients from pollen aid detritivores in development, growth, and maturation, and may enable fungi to decompose plant litter which is low in nutrients.<ref name="Filipiak-2016">{{cite journal |last=Filipiak |first=Michał |date=1 January 2016 |title=Pollen Stoichiometry May Influence Detrital Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Webs |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=4 |page=138 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2016.00138 |bibcode=2016FrEEv...4..138F |url=http://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/34844 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The edible<ref name="Sitta-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Sitta | first1=Nicola | last2=Floriani | first2=Marco |year=2008 |title=Nationalization and globalization trends in the wild mushroom commerce of Italy with emphasis on porcini (''Boletus edulis'' and allied species) |journal=[[Economic Botany]] |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=307–22 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9037-4| bibcode=2008EcBot..62..307S |s2cid=44274570 }}</ref> [[basidiomycete]] fungus ''[[Boletus pinophilus]]'' (pine bolete) forms an [[ectomycorrhizal]] association with pines such as ''[[Pinus cembra|P. cembra]]'', ''P. nigra'', and ''P. sylvestris''.<ref name="Gallardi-2020">{{cite book |last=Gallardi |first=Matteo |chapter=Diversity, Biogeographic Distribution, Ecology, and Ectomycorrhizal Relationships of the Edible Porcini Mushrooms (''Boletus'' s. str., Boletaceae) Worldwide: State of the Art and an Annotated Checklist |title=Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World: Perspectives from Ecological, Agricultural and Social Sciences |editor=Pérez-Moreno, Jesús |editor2=Guerin-Laguette, Alexis |editor3=Arzú, Roberto Flores |editor4=Yu, Fu-Qiang |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-37378-8 |pages=236–237 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3DgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Diprion pini 2 beentree.jpg|Mass of ''[[Common pine sawfly|Diprion pini]]'' sawfly caterpillars on pine tree
File:Spotted nutcracker with pine nut (cropped).jpg|[[Northern nutcracker]] with nut of ''[[Pinus sibirica]]''
File:Pinus pumila cone eaten by Nucifraga caryocatactes.JPG|''[[Pinus pumila]]'' cone opened by [[Nutcracker (bird)|nutcrackers]]
File:Boletus pinophilus3.JPG|The pine bolete ''[[Boletus pinophilus]]'' forms an [[ectomycorrhizal]] association with several pines.
</gallery>

== Uses ==

=== Timber ===

Pines are among the most commercially important tree species, valued for their timber and [[Pulp (paper)|wood pulp]] throughout the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timberframehq.com/timber-framing-101/timber-species/ |title=Choosing a Timber Species - Timber Frame HQ |work=Timber Frame HQ |access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paper.org.uk/information/factsheets/trees.pdf |title=Trees for pulp |website=Paper.org |access-date=4 January 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118044645/http://www.paper.org.uk/information/factsheets/trees.pdf }}</ref>
In temperate and tropical regions, they are fast-growing [[softwood]]s that grow in relatively dense stands. Commercial pines are grown in [[plantation]]s for timber that is denser and therefore more durable than spruce (''Picea''). Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items such as furniture, window frames, panelling, floors, and roofing due to its abundance and low cost.<ref>Wiemann, M. C. (2010). Characteristics and Availability of Commercially Important Woods. In ''Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering material'' (pp. 2-2-2–45). Chapter, Forest Products Laboratory; For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/37440</ref>

As pine wood has little resistance to insects or decay after logging, in its untreated state it is generally recommended for indoor construction purposes only, such as indoor [[drywall]] framing. It is commonly used in [[Canadian Lumber Standard]] graded wood.<ref name="Jenkins-2023">{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Steve |title=What is CLS timber and what DIY projects is it good for? |website=Homebuilding & Renovating |date=3 September 2023 |url=https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/what-is-cls-timber |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> For outside use, pine needs to be treated with copper azole, [[chromated copper arsenate]] or other suitable [[Wood preservation#Chemical preservatives|chemical preservative]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Timber treatment |url=https://www.weathertight.org.nz/new-buildings/timber-treatment/#h3-3 |publisher=weathertight.org.nz |access-date=18 May 2019 |date=18 October 2010 }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:John Deere 2054 DHSP forestry swing machine, Kaibab National Forest 1.jpg|Logging ''[[Pinus ponderosa]]'', [[Arizona]]
File:100 mm furu.jpg|100 mm (4 inch) thick pine timber sawn in sawmill, Sweden
File:Arquitectura en madera.jpg|Pine as an architectural material, Spain
File:Interior of the IKEA Băneasa 14.jpg|Pine furniture, 2019
</gallery>

===Ornamental uses===
Many pine trees make attractive ornamental plantings for [[park]]s and larger [[garden]]s, while dwarf [[cultivar]]s are suitable for smaller spaces. There are at least 818 named [[cultivar]]s (or [[trinomial nomenclature|trinomials]]) recognised by the [[American Conifer Society]] ACS.<ref name="American Conifer Society"/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Pinus parviflora Miyajima 2zz.jpg|''[[Pinus parviflora]]'' 'Miyajima' ornamental cultivar
File:JBP_Kotobuki.jpg|''[[Pinus thunbergii]]'' 'Kotobuki' as a 65-year-old [[bonsai]]
</gallery>

=== Food ===

The seeds ([[pine nuts]]) are generally edible; the young male cones can be cooked and eaten, as can the bark of young twigs.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |page=78 |oclc=277203364 }}</ref> Some species have large pine nuts, which are harvested and sold for cooking and baking. They are an ingredient of ''[[pesto]] alla genovese''.<ref name="CMPM">{{cite web |publisher=Campionato Mondiale Pesto al Mortaio |title=Pesto's official recipe|url=https://www.pestochampionship.it/championships-recipe/?lang=en |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516204546/https://www.pestochampionship.it/championships-recipe/?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

The soft, moist, white inner bark ([[vascular cambium|cambium]]) beneath the woody outer bark is edible and very high in vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[vitamin C|C]].<ref name="American Conifer Society">{{cite web |title=Pinus / pine: Conifer Genus |url=https://conifersociety.org/conifers/pinus/ |website=American Conifer Society |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as an [[ersatz]] flour or thickener in stews, soups, and other foods, such as [[bark bread]].<ref name="Angier-1974">{{cite book |last=Angier |first=Bradford |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/166/mode/2up |title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Stackpole Books]] |year=1974 |isbn=0-8117-0616-8 |pages=166–167 |oclc=799792 |author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref> The use of pine cambium gave the Adirondack Indians their name, from the [[Mohawk people|Mohawk Indian]] word ''atirú:taks'', meaning "tree eaters".<ref name="Angier-1974"/>

A [[herbal tea]] is made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water (known as ''tallstrunt'' in Sweden).<ref name="Angier-1974" /> In eastern Asia, pine and other conifers are accepted among consumers as a beverage product, and used in teas, as well as wine.<ref name="Zeng-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Wei-Cai |last2=Jia |first2=Li-Rong |last3=Zhang |first3=Yan |last4=Cen |first4=Jia-Qi |last5=Chen |first5=Xi |last6=Gao |first6=Hong |last7=Feng |first7=Su |last8=Huang |first8=Yi-Na |display-authors=5 |title=Antibrowning and antimicrobial activities of the water-soluble extract from pine needles of Cedrus deodara |journal=Journal of Food Science |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=C318–23 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21535752 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.02023.x }}</ref>
In Greece, the wine [[retsina]] is flavoured with resin from ''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' (Aleppo pine).<ref name="Robinson-2006">{{cite book |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Robinson |year=2006 |title=The Oxford Companion to Wine |edition=Third |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=568–569 |isbn=0-19-860990-6}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Christmas pinioli cookies.jpg|[[Pinolate (cookie)|Pinolate biscuits]] with [[pine nut]]s
File:BasilPesto.JPG|[[Pesto]] with [[basil]] and pine nuts
File:Retsina.JPG|A bottle of [[retsina]], a Greek wine flavoured with ''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' resin

</gallery>

=== Other uses ===

[[Turpentine]] oil, traditionally used as a [[solvent]] in [[paint]]s, [[resin]]s and [[varnish]]es, is extracted from pine resin<ref name="Chalier-2024">{{cite journal |last1=Chalier |first1=Pascale |last2=Martinez-Lopez |first2=Brais |last3=Lacour |first3=Marie Agnès |last4=Rigou |first4=Peggy |title=Extraction of turpentine essential oil from Pinus pinaster ait: Comparison of yield and composition between conventional- or microwave assisted-hydro-distillation and vacuum distillation |journal=Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy |volume=41 |date=2024 |doi=10.1016/j.scp.2024.101702 |article-number=101702 |bibcode=2024SusCP..4101702C }}</ref> or pine wood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turpentine Production and Processing |url=https://www.nzic.org.nz/unsecure_files/book/4F.pdf |publisher=[[New Zealand Institute of Chemistry]] |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> Pine needles are woven into baskets in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Culture Trunks |url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/llilas/public-engagement/k-12-programming/culture-trunks.html |publisher=College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], [[pine resin]] is used for burns, wounds and skin complaints.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ulukanli |first1=Zeynep |last2=KaraböRklü |first2=Salih |last3=Bozok |first3=Fuat |last4=Ates |first4=Burhan |last5=Erdogan |first5=Selim |last6=Cenet |first6=Menderes |last7=Karaaslan |first7=Merve Göksin |display-authors=5 |title=Chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal, phytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Mediterranean Pinus brutia and Pinus pinea resin essential oils |journal=Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=901–910 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25556061 |doi=10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60133-3 }}</ref> Chinese ink sticks for [[calligraphy]] are often made of pine [[soot]], producing a matt black ink when mixed with water.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Ink Stick Should You Choose For Japanese Calligraphy? |url=https://www.theartofcalligraphy.com/ink-stick |website=The Art of Calligraphy |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> Pine needles have been used by Latvian designer Tamara Orjola to create [[Biodegradation|biodegradable]] products including paper, furniture, textiles and dyestuffs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Solanki |first=Seetal |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/why-materials-matter-design-innovation/index.html |title=5 radical material innovations that will shape tomorrow |date=2018-12-17 |website=CNN Style |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180" heights="180">
File:Chipping a turpentine tree.jpg|Extracting [[resin]] to make [[turpentine]] and [[rosin]] (before 1920)
File:TianguisArtesanalPatzcuaro2016 113.jpg|Pine needle baskets, [[Pátzcuaro]], Mexico, 2016
File:胡开文龙翔凤舞柱形墨.jpg|[[Chinese ink]] sticks can be made of pine [[soot]]
File:PineEssentialOil.png|[[Essential oil]] from ''Pinus sylvestris''
</gallery>

==Culture==

[[File:Villa Borghese Gardens 1 (5895905875).jpg|thumb|left|A movement of [[Ottorino Respighi|Respighi's]] tone poem ''[[Pines of Rome]]'' depicts the [[stone pine]]s of the [[Villa Borghese gardens]].<ref name="Dotsey 2020"/>]]

In ancient Egypt, the god [[Osiris]] was honoured with an image placed in a cavity inside a pine tree. In ancient Greece, the goddess Pitthea was linked with pines, while in ancient Rome, the tree was worshipped in the festival of the god [[Attis]] and the goddess [[Cybele]].<ref name="Trees for Life"/> The Greek god of wine, [[Dionysus]] (also called Bacchus), was associated with pine as a symbol of fertility, and his devotees carried a stick topped with a pine cone (a ''[[thyrsus]]''), a [[phallic symbol]].<ref name="Trees for Life"/> The [[Buryats|Buryat]] people of Siberia revered groves of ''Pinus sylvestris'', while ancient Celtic [[Druid]]s marked the midwinter solstice with fires of the same species.<ref name="Trees for Life">{{cite web |title=Scots pine mythology and folklore |url=https://treesforlife.org.uk/into-the-forest/trees-plants-animals/trees/scots-pine/scots-pine-mythology-and-folklore/ |publisher=Trees for Life |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

{{listen |filename=The Pines of Rome - I. The Pines of the Villa Borghese - United States Army Band.mp3|title=The Pines of Rome |description=Respighi's tone poem played by the United States Army Band}}

In 1924, the Italian composer [[Ottorino Respighi]] completed his tone poem ''[[Pines of Rome]]''. Each of its four movements depicts a pine-clad setting in the city of [[Rome]], namely the [[Villa Borghese gardens]], near a [[catacomb]], on the [[Janiculum|Janiculum Hill]], and along the [[Appian Way]].<ref name="Dotsey 2020">{{cite web |last=Dotsey |first=Calvin |title=The March of Time: Respighi's Pines of Rome |date=7 January 2020 |publisher=[[Houston Symphony]] |url=https://houstonsymphony.org/respighi-pines-rome/ |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>

Pines are often featured in paintings. A 2021 study lists over a hundred works: many are by artists from the Mediterranean region, such as [[Paul Cézanne]] and [[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot]]; Northern Europe, such as [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]] and [[James Giles (painter)|James William Giles]]; and North America, with works by [[Tom Thomson]] and others. The paintings often depict ''[[Pinus pinea]]'' by the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean sea]]; other species include ''P. sylvestris'' and ''P. pinaster''.<ref name="Pinon-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Pinon  |first1=Jean |title=Les Pins vus par les peintres |trans-title=Pines seen by Painters |journal=Revue forestière française |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=583–596 |doi=10.20870/revforfr.2021.7109 |url=https://revueforestierefrancaise.agroparistech.fr/article/view/7109/23322 |language=fr|doi-access=free }}</ref> The pine is a particular motif in Chinese art and literature, which sometimes combines painting and poetry in the same work. The pine symbolises longevity and steadfastness, as it retains its green needles throughout the year. Sometimes the pine and cypress are paired. At other times the pine, plum, and bamboo are considered as the "[[Three Friends of Winter]]".<ref>[[Wolfram Eberhard|Eberhard, Wolfram]] (2003 [1986 (German version 1983)]), ''A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought''. London, New York: [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN |0-415-00228-1}}, ''sub'' "Pine".</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=170>
File:Ménade relieve romano (Museo del Prado) 04b.jpg|A [[maenad]] (follower of [[Dionysus]]) holding a ''[[thyrsus]]'' topped with a pine cone. Roman, 120–140 AD
File:Ikeno Taiga 池大雅 - Pines on Mount Tai (after Gao Qian (after Tang Yin)) - 1985.203 - Arthur M. Sackler Museum.jpg|''Pines on Mount Tai'', [[Ike no Taiga]], Japan, 18th century
File:Pissarro - the-pine-trees-of-louveciennes-1870.jpg|''The Pine Trees of Louveciennes'', [[Camille Pissarro]], 1870
File:Le pin à l'Estaque (P. Cézanne, Musée de l'Orangerie) (4619406661).jpg|''Le pin à l'Estaque'', [[Paul Cézanne]], 1875
File:Under the Pines PMA(15) (16982300531).jpg|''Under the Pines, Evening'', [[Claude Monet]], 1888
File:'Pine Clouds', 1903 painting by Wu Ku-hsiang.jpg|"Pine Clouds", fan painting by Wu Ku-hsiang, China, 1903
File:Tom Thomson - The West Wind - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[The West Wind (painting)|The West Wind]]'', [[Tom Thomson]], 1917, depicting ''[[Pinus resinosa]]''
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[El Pino (The Pine Tree)]]
* [[Pine barrens]]
* [[Pine-cypress forest]]
* [[Pine Tree Flag]]
* [[Tree of Peace]]

== References ==

{{Reflist |30em}}

== Further reading ==

{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Farjon |first=A. |date=2005 |edition=2nd |title=Pines |publisher=E. J. Brill |isbn=90-04-13916-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite report |last=Little |first1=Elbert L., Jr. |last2=Critchfield |first2=W.B. |date=1969 |title=Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus (Pines) |publisher=US Department of Agriculture |work=Misc. Publ. 1144 (Superintendent of Documents Number: A 1.38:1144) |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Richardson |editor-first=D. M. |date=1998 |title=Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=530 |isbn=0-521-55176-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Sulavik |first=Stephen B. |date=2007 |title=Adirondack; Of Indians and Mountains, 1535-1838 |publisher=Purple Mountain Press |pages=244 pages |isbn=978-1-930098-79-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Mirov |first=N. T. |date=1967 |title=The Genus Pinus |publisher=Ronald Press |ref=none }}
* {{cite web |title=Classification of pines |url=http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/classification.htm |publisher=The Lovett Pinetum Charitable Foundation |access-date=17 January 2004 |archive-date=3 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603181329/http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/classification.htm |url-status=live |ref=none }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mirov |first1=N. T. |last2=Stanley |first2=R.G. |doi=10.1146/annurev.pp.10.060159.001255 |title=The Pine Tree |journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology |volume=10 |pages=223–238 |year=1959 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Philips |first=Roger |title=Trees of North America and Europe |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=0-394-50259-0 |date=1979 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treesofnorthamer00phil |ref=none }}
* {{Gymnosperm Database |family=Pinaceae |genus=Pinus |ref=none }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

{{Commons|Pinus}}

* [https://www.thespruce.com/pine-trees-from-around-the-world-3269718 40 Species of Pine Trees You Can Grow] by The Spruce
* {{Jepson eFlora |10029 |Pinus |link=1 |type=key}}, covers Californian species
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125519 Pinus in Flora of North America]
* [https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=PINUS Pinus in the USDA Plants Database]
* [https://conifersgarden.us/conifer-genera/pinus Conifer Database]

{{Acrogymnospermae classification}}
{{Tannin source}}
{{Woodworking}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q12024}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pinaceae]]
[[Category:Pinus|Pinus]]
[[Category:Forestry]]

Zirakpur

2026-03-23T11:00:36Z

Manish: expanded content

{{Short description|Town in Punjab, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Zirakpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = zirakpur.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.65|N|76.82|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mohali district|Mohali]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 350
| population_total = 95,553
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=35802 |title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120638/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=35802 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 140603/140604/160104
| area_code = +91-1762-XXX XXX
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = '''PB-70'''
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}
'''Zirakpur''' is a town<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=Man who ran hotel in Punjab’s Zirakpur murdered, police on lookout for business partner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/man-hotel-punjab-zirakpur-murdered-police-lookout-business-partner-9087493/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> in [[Mohali District]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], neighboring [[Mohali]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmada.gov.in/en/master-plansapproved-master-plansgmada/zirakpur-2031|title=Zirakpur (2031) | Greater Mohali Area Development Authority, Government of Punjab, India|website=www.gmada.gov.in|access-date=3 May 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524044558/https://www.gmada.gov.in/en/master-plansapproved-master-plansgmada/zirakpur-2031|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is set on the foothills of Shivalik hills. It is part of the tehsil Dera Bassi. It is the gateway to Chandigarh from Delhi. This town is situated on the junction of national highways [[Himalayan Expressway]], [[National Highway 5 (India)]] towards [[Shimla]], [[Ambala Chandigarh Expressway]] towards [[Ambala]] and [[National Highway 7 (India)]] towards [[Patiala]].

==Areas nearby==
* Dayalpura: The nearest area to the planned urban estate of Aerocity, IT city Mohali and Chandigarh International Airport. The 200 ft wide planned road through Dayalpura would connect Zirakpur directly to Besttech tower chauk in Mohali near Chandigarh border, shortening the distance of whole Zirakpur. There is a large chunk of shaamlat (Municipal council) land, where govt has planned a Govt Medical College & hospital<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/punjab-s-first-7cr-50-bed-ayush-hospital-to-come-up-in-mohali/story-T2ic7GCtWdFiCA3gBW7wgK.html|title=Punjab's first ₹7cr, 50-bed Ayush Hospital to come up in Mohali|date=2019-11-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref> like GMCH 32. A top-class stadium for special sportspersons,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/-MOHA-MAT-latest-dera-bassi-news-020502-1334866-NOR.html|title=जीरकपुर में फिजिकली चैलेंज्ड प्लेयर्स के लिए बनेगा स्टेडियम, काम होगा जल्द शुरू|date=26 March 2018|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> a police station, a fire station, startup incubation centre, and a big municipal park are also planned here because of the need and demand. A new high-end market with ample parking is going to come up on 82 ft wide that would connect 'High Ground Road' to Airport Road and Aerocity. The area is a leading destination in attracting real estate investments in Zirakpur. HighGround road is becoming the next VIP road.
*Chatt: The Chattbir Zoo (Mahinder Singh Zoological park) is famous all around northern India, and sees a large number of daily tourists. A lake is being planned adjacent Chattbir and Shatabgarh on the dam on river Ghaghar.

==Sectors in Zirakpur==
Zirakpur has also been divided into 16 sectors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/zirakpur-to-have-16-sectors-on-ut-pattern-26258|title=Zirakpur to have 16 sectors on UT pattern|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> A sector map is yet to be put at different locations. It would be much help to people, but it would make it difficult to manipulate wards with [[gerrymandering]] during elections.

The colonies and villages falling in each sector are as under:
* Sector 1: Ravindra Enclave, Anand Vihar, Tribune Colony, Ram Leela Ground, Baltana Panchkula Road
* Sector 2: [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Police+Station+Zirakpur/@30.6495152,76.8251106,706m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x390f94ccc661c17d:0x62e8ea3afc3820f!8m2!3d30.6495152!4d76.8276855!16s%2Fg%2F1ptys5vm2?authuser=0&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Police Station Zirakpur], Furniture Market, Sunny Enclave, Chandigarh Ambala Road
* Sector 3: Baltana Shiv Temple, Shiv Enclave, Ekta Vihar, Govind Vihar, Kalgidhar Enclave, Baltana
* Sector 4: Dikshant International School, Green City, Mamta Enclave, Lakshmi Enclave, New Generation Apartment
* Sector 5: [[Peer Muchalla]] till Old Kalka Road connecting Gazipur area
* Sector 6: [http://www.itihaasakgurudwaras.com/In/pb/mohali/baoli-sahib-zirakpur/gallery.php#google_vignette Gurudwara Bouli Sahib], Dashmesh Enclave, The Hermitage Park, Vasant Vihar, Gulmohar Trend, Shri Ganesh Vihar, Jagriti Apartments
* Sector 7: Gold Mark, Both side of Kalka Road, Adarsh Nagar, AC National Public School Royal City
* Sector 8: Police Station Bishanpura, Chandigarh Enclave
* Sector 9: [https://www.google.com/maps/place/BEST+WESTERN+Hotel+Maryland+Zirakpur/@30.6414202,76.8206186,1412m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m9!3m8!1s0x390feb2c58851403:0xd570d4c2127c70a8!5m2!4m1!1i2!8m2!3d30.6414202!4d76.8231935!16s%2Fg%2F11fzf26pty?authuser=0&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Best Western Maryland], [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Best+Price+Flipkart+Wholesale/@30.6375368,76.8209294,706m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x390feb3311bffff9:0x6ad0d608f32a4b2!8m2!3d30.6375368!4d76.8235043!16s%2Fg%2F1tffbkzf?authuser=0&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Best Price], Motiaz Royal Citi, Maya Garden City, [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Decathlon+Sports+-+Zirakpur/@30.6190977,76.8216734,1413m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x390feb3487cf7f85:0x65fde1d00ba8a61f!8m2!3d30.6190977!4d76.8242483!16s%2Fg%2F11b7ln6dw_?authuser=0&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Decathlon]
* Sector 10: Chandigarh Citi Center, Silver City, Nirmal Chaya
* Sector 11: [https://www.google.com/maps/place/METRO+mall,+Zirakpur/@30.6402428,76.8194342,1412m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x390feb27cb3edbc3:0x5ffda4cf356b5f4!8m2!3d30.6402428!4d76.8220091!16s%2Fg%2F1260blhpf?authuser=0&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Metro Mall] and locality behind it
* Sector 12: Patiala Chowk
* Sector 13: Godown Area, Chandigarh-Ambala Road to [[Bhabat|Bhabat / Pabhat]] Village Road
* Sector 14: Swastik Vihar, Shiva Enclave, [[Bhabat|Bhabat / Pabhat]] Village
* Sector 15: Trishla City to Patiala Road, Highland Park, Aastha Apartments
* Sector 16: Around [https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Gurdwara_Nabha_Sahib Gurudwara Nabha Sahib] and Dayalpura

==History==
Zirakpur got its name from a small village, which is now a part of the present Zirakpur town. For long it remained a bunch of small villages located along the Chandigarh-Ambala highway. Then Chandigarh started to expand, and these villages started to seem like a part of Chandigarh. Before the year 2000, the city had a population of less than twenty thousand. Soon a small village Baltana, which is a part of Zirakpur now, started having some population growth being near Panchkula and Chandigarh. The upcoming 5500-acre GMADA Aerotropolis project near Dayalpura has increased the interest of investors in the region.

==Public transport and traffic==

Zirakpur is well connected through air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned local buses with Chandigarh, Panchkula and other neighbouring areas. The inter-state buses going from Chandigarh to Delhi, Patiala, Rajpura, Bathinda and most of the northern cities of Haryana pass through Zirakpur. Zirakpur is located on the Ambala-Chandigarh highway and the Patiala-Shimla highway. The nearest railway station is Chandigarh, which is around 7 km from Zirakpur.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kashiv|first=Ankit|date=15 December 2020|title=Distance of Zirakpur from Chandigarh Railway station|url=https://flatooz.in/zirakpur/#Public_Transport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115031806/https://flatooz.in/zirakpur/#Public_Transport|archive-date=15 January 2021|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Flatooz.in|url-status=dead}}</ref> The nearest airport is situated in Chandigarh at around 5 km from Zirakpur.

The Municipal authorities in Zirakpur have been under sharp criticism from the various resident associations of the area for not maintaining the roads and thereby leading to dangerous situations for the people commuting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/zirakpur-roads-call-for-repair/articleshow/60771788.cms|title = Zirakpur roads call for repair | Chandigarh News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The process to divide Zirakpur into various sectors like Chandigarh has been initiated, as per the latest Municipal Council meeting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/zirakpur-goes-chandigarh-way-to-get-sector-wise-layout-in-2-months/articleshow/58545671.cms|title = Zirakpur goes Chandigarh way, to get the sector-wise layout in 2 months | Chandigarh News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> There has been a demand to name Zirakpur as "South Chandigarh", and sectors numbers starting from 201 onwards. This would give unique sector numbers to the whole Tricity, with Panchkula sector numbers starting from 301 and Mullanpur sector numbers starting from 401, thus making addresses short and removing confusion arising from the same sector numbers in adjoining towns.

==Sports==
There's an SAI (Sports Authority of India) regional center <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/sports-minister-rijiju-inaugurates-sais-new-regional-centre-in-zirakpur-164916|title = Sports Minister Rijiju inaugurates SAI's new Regional Centre in Zirakpur}}</ref> near Nabha Sahib. Upon completion it will cater to Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Chandigarh and Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/finally-sai-centre-to-come-up-at-zirakpur-437472|title=Finally, SAI centre to come up at Zirakpur|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> The SAI center is spread across 15 acres and will have a football field, gymnasium hall, administrative block, indoor sports facilities and a six-lane athletics track. A big Sports Authority of India stadium for differently abled people is also coming up in Dayalpura <ref name="auto"/> also so many private sports academies are available for various sports activities.

==Demographics==
The Zirakpur Municipal Council has a population of 95,553 of which 50,497 are males while 45,056 are females as per a report released by Census India 2011. The population of children ages 0–6 is 12074 which is 12.64% of the total population of Zirakpur (M Cl). In Zirakpur Municipal Council, the female sex ratio is 892 against the state average of 895. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Zirakpur is around 855 compared to the Punjab state average of 846. The literacy rate of Zirakpur city is 88% higher than the state average of 75.84%. In Zirakpur, male literacy is around 91% while the female literacy rate is 85%.<ref name="GoP">{{Cite web|url=http://lgpunjab.gov.in/eSewa/zirakpur/about-us/|title=About us, Municipal Council Zikarpur|publisher=Government of Punjab|access-date=28 July 2022|archive-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205183354/http://lgpunjab.gov.in/eSewa/zirakpur/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = righ
| caption = Languages spoken in Zirakpur City (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
| label2 = [[ Hindi language| Hindi]]
| value2 = 41.42
| color2 = orange
| label1 = [[Punjabi language| Punjabi]]
| value1 = 58.12
| color1 = sky blue
| label3 = [[ Bhojpuri language | Bhojpuri]]
| value3 = 0.77
| color3 = yellow
| label4 = [[Western Pahari|Pahari]]
| value4 = 0.73
| color4 = red
| label5 = [[ Haryanvi language | Haryanvi]]
| value5 = 0.6
| color5 = brown
| label6 = [[ Bengali language| Bengali]]
| value6 = 0.4
| color6 = purple
| label7 = Others
| value7 = 1.79
| color7 = grey
}}

== Politics ==
The town is organized into 31 wards which constitute the municipal council.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Nº
!Ward No
!Name of municipal Councillor
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" |
!colspan="2" |Sh. Udayvir Singh Dhillon''(President)''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/udayveer-dhillon-32-youngest-zirakpur-municipal-council-president/articleshow/81961499.cms | title=Udayveer Dhillon, 32, youngest Zirakpur municipal council president | Chandigarh News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" |
|16
|Narmial Singh
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" |
|18
|Tejinder Singh (Teji)
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:The White Bengal Tiger,.jpg|A white Bengal tiger at [[Chhatbir Zoo]], Zirakpur
File:Zirakpur flyover.jpg|Flyover Zirakpur at night
File:Gurudwara Baoli Saheb Patshahi 10th, Dhakoli, Zirakpur, Near Chandigarh.jpg|Gurudwara Baoli Saheb Patshahi 10th, Dhakoli, Zirakpur
</gallery>
<gallery>
File:Vishwakarma Temple, Lohgarh, Zirakpur (Near Chandigarh).jpeg|Vishwakarma Temple, Zirakpur
File:Baltana - Zirakpur-Panchkula-Kalka Highway - Aerial View - Mohali 2016-08-04 5855.JPG|Baltana - Zirakpur-Panchkula-Kalka Highway
File:PRTC Bus Terminus - Zirakpur - Mohali 2016-08-08 9153.JPG|PRTC Bus Terminus - Zirakpur
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Greater Mohali]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Uc0q1QwFYtmzwXPif58QLVnWv_Iuffis/view Zirakpur Master Plan 2031]
*[http://gmada.gov.in/en/master-plansapproved-master-plansgmada/zirakpur-2031 Zirakpur Map on GMADA Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031111009/http://gmada.gov.in/en/master-plansapproved-master-plansgmada/zirakpur-2031 |date=31 October 2020 }}
* [https://gis-prsc.punjab.gov.in/Puda_Gis_Town.aspx GIS map of GMADA Zirakpur master plan.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930062157/https://gis-prsc.punjab.gov.in/Puda_Gis_Town.aspx |date=30 September 2021 }} Can be zoomed unlimited to find exact details like the location of a master plan road in a khasra number etc.
* [http://mczirakpur.org Official Municipal Council Website]

{{Zirakpur}}
{{Ajitgarh district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district]]

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

2026-03-22T10:03:49Z

Manish: refined citations after review and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|colorcode = {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|logo = Indian Election Symbol Two Leaves.svg
|abbreviation = AIADMK
|general_secretary = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|ppchairman = [[M. Thambidurai]]
|loksabha_leader =
|rajyasabha_leader = [[M. Thambidurai]]
|treasurer = [[Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]]
|founder = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1972|10|17}}
|split = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|headquarters = Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai, 226, V.P. Raman Salai, [[Royapettah]], [[Chennai]] – 600014, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|publication = [[Namadhu Amma]] {{nowrap|([[Tamil language|Tamil]])<ref name="Namadhu Amma">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-mouthpiece-to-be-launched-on-february-24/article22819954.ece|title=AIADMK mouthpiece to be launched on February 24|date=22 February 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-date=28 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228161015/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-mouthpiece-to-be-launched-on-february-24/article22819954.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|students = AIADMK Students' Wing
|youth = M.G.R. Youth Wing
|women = AIADMK Women's Wing
|labour = Anna Thozhirsanga Peravai
|peasants = AIADMK Agriculture Wing
|ideology = {{nowrap|[[Populism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/dmk-aiadmk-jayalalitha-tamil-nadu-elections-2016-results2814265/|title=Victory for populism|date=23 May 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220010703/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/dmk-aiadmk-jayalalitha-tamil-nadu-elections-2016-results2814265/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Social democracy]]<ref name="times"></ref> [[Welfarism]]<ref name="Scheme">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Mother-of-welfare-schemes/article16761095.ece1|title=Mother of welfare schemes|date=17 November 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913062822/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Mother-of-welfare-schemes/article16761095.ece1|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Secularism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/jaya-wants-tn-to-play-key-role-in-secular-india/|title=Jaya wants TN to play key role in secular India|date=22 February 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=25 February 2014|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127054937/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/jaya-wants-tn-to-play-key-role-in-secular-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boell.de/en/2014/02/26/regionalism-parties-and-indias-emerging-politics|title=Regionalism, Parties and India's emerging Politics {{!}} Heinrich Böll Stiftung|date=26 February 2014|work=[[Heinrich Böll Foundation]]|access-date=28 February 2014|archive-date=12 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312081327/https://www.boell.de/en/2014/02/26/regionalism-parties-and-indias-emerging-politics|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Social justice]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ldquoAIADMKs-record-on-social-justice-unmatchedrdquo/article16207448.ece|title=AIADMK's record on social justice unmatched|date=24 July 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 July 2010|archive-date=27 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127064630/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ldquoAIADMKs-record-on-social-justice-unmatchedrdquo/article16207448.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tamil nationalism]]<ref>P Price (1996) Revolution and Rank in Tamil Nationalism. The Journal of Asian Studies, 55(2), 359-383. {{doi|10.2307/2943363}}</ref><ref>Pamela Price (1999) Relating to leadership in the Tamil nationalist movement: C.N. Annadurai in person-centred propaganda, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 22:2, 149-174, {{doi|10.1080/00856409908723369}}</ref>}}
|position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref name="times">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/aiadmk|title=AIADMK|date=16 March 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 March 2021|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127052353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/aiadmk|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ogden|first=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hksIEAAAQBAJ|title=A Dictionary of Politics and International Relations in India|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-253915-1|language=en|quote=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Tamil: 'All India Anna Dravidian Progress Federation') A political party. It was established in 1972...|access-date=11 November 2022|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309044206/https://books.google.com/books?id=hksIEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
|colours = {{colour box|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Green]]
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzBiU51zPFZI5qMtjV1qgjFva%2BcZe4H5hLgRzEPbXgT4%2BEJecVc93B3LTxyyJga%2BpSgKdCmUSHqA1uyd%2BQgGswdQ%3D%3D|title=Commission's Main Notification dated 23.03.24 containing list of State Parties, their Symbols and addresses|date=26 March 2024|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2024|archive-date=4 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304005706/https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzBiU51zPFZI5qMtjV1qgjFva%2BcZe4H5hLgRzEPbXgT4%2BEJecVc93B3LTxyyJga%2BpSgKdCmUSHqA1uyd%2BQgGswdQ%3D%3D|url-status=live}}</ref>
| alliance = * '''National Alliance''' [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]: (1998–1999), (2004), (2019–2023), (2025–present)
* '''Regional Alliances''' [[AIADMK-led Alliance]]: (1977–present)
{{hidden|Former Alliances|
* [[Indian National Congress|Congress alliance]] (1977–1979; 1984–1988; 1989–1996; 1999–2002) (Tamil Nadu)
* [[Janata Party|Janata Alliance]] (1979–1980) (Tamil Nadu)
* [[Third Front (India)#Third Front (2009)|Third Front]] (2009)
* [[Left Front (India)|Left Front]] (1973–1984); (1999–2002); (2009–2014)}}
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|5|245|hex={{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]
| state_seats = {{hidden
| List
| headerstyle=background:#ccccff
| style=text-align:center;
|
{{Composition bar|60|234|hex={{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} {{small|([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]])}} 
{{Composition bar|0|30|hex={{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} {{small|([[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]])}}
}}
|no_states = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|electoral_symbol = [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|120px|Two Leaves]] Two Leaves
|party_flag = AIADMK Flag.svg
|website = [https://aiadmk.com/ AIADMK]
}}
{{Dravidian politics-col}}
The '''All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam''' ({{translation|All India Anna Dravidian Progressive Federation}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''AIADMK''') is an Indian [[Regionalism (politics)|regional]] [[political party]] with the most influence in the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a [[Dravidian parties|Dravidian party]] adhering to the policies of [[socialism]] and [[secularism]] based on the principles of [[C. N. Annadurai]] collectively coined as ''Annaism''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/Aug/15/when-annaism-sought-de-mon-1643267.html|title=When Annaism sought de-mon|date=15 August 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=18 August 2017|archive-date=21 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221104043/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/Aug/15/when-annaism-sought-de-mon-1643267.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The party is one of the most successful political outfits in Tamil Nadu and has won the majority in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] most number of times (seven).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/rapr2001/18042001/r180420015.html|title=Party wise tally in previous assembly elections in Tamil Nadu|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> {{As of|2025}}, it is the main opposition party in the legislative assembly. The party is headquartered at Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai located at [[Royapettah]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-headquarters-to-be-named-after-mgr/article37013518.ece|title=AIADMK headquarters to be named after MGR|date=15 October 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522195040/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-headquarters-to-be-named-after-mgr/article37013518.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The party was founded on 17 October 1972 after a breakaway from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). [[M. G. Ramachandran]] launched the party, which was earlier registered by [[Anakaputhur Ramalingam]], and became the first [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]]. It was founded after Ramachandran was expelled from the DMK by its president [[M. Karunanidhi]] after he demanded the accounts of the party as the party [[treasurer]].<ref name="Vikatan">{{cite web |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/48-years-history-of-admk-party |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆரை நீக்கியதன் விளைவை தி.மு.க சந்திக்கும்!" அப்போதே எச்சரித்த ராஜாஜி|trans-title="DMK will the face the consequences of removing MGR", warned Rajaji|lang=ta|work=[[Vikatan]]|date=20 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-the-media-covered-the-launch-of-admk-and-subsequent-developments/article68810249.ece|title=MGR's ADMK launch: How the media covered the event and subsequent developments|date=30 October 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 October 2024|archive-date=6 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106112253/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-the-media-covered-the-launch-of-admk-and-subsequent-developments/article68810249.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The party won the elections to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] three times consecutively in [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]], [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]], and [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1985]] under the leadership of Ramachandran, who served as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] from 1977 to 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Rising-star-The-suspension-that-gave-birth-to-the-AIADMK/article15614155.ece|title=Rising star: The suspension that gave birth to the AIADMK|date=18 October 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=8 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308001824/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Rising-star-The-suspension-that-gave-birth-to-the-AIADMK/article15614155.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

After Ramachandran's death in December 1987, the party was split briefly between Ramachandran's wife [[V. N. Janaki]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. The party was led by Jayalalithaa from January 1988 till her death in December 2016. Jayalalithaa served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu five times.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/jayalalithaa-changed-face-of-dravidian-politics.html|title=Jayalalithaa changed face of Dravidian politics|date=6 December 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-date=26 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126181535/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/jayalalithaa-changed-face-of-dravidian-politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was popular among the party cadres, and was fondly referred to as "Amma" (Mother).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/extended-mothers-day-for-aiadmk-cadre-as-amma-jayalalithaa-walks-free-115051100263_1.html|title=Extended 'Mothers' Day' for AIADMK cadre as 'Amma' Jayalalithaa walks free|date=20 November 2017|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219192137/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/extended-mothers-day-for-aiadmk-cadre-as-amma-jayalalithaa-walks-free-115051100263_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37503616|title=Jayalalithaa: The 'goddess' of Tamil Nadu politics|date=5 December 2016|agency=[[BBC News]]|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-date=5 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305231941/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37503616|url-status=live}}</ref>

After Jayalalithaa's death and brief tussle for leadership, the party was under the [[Diarchy|dual leadership]] of [[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] as coordinator and joint coordinator respectively from August 2017 23 June 2022.<ref name="OPSEPS">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-merger-ops-eps-factions-to-join-hands/article19533126.ece|title=As it happened: AIADMK factions merge, OPS is Deputy CM|date=21 August 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411213259/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-merger-ops-eps-factions-to-join-hands/article19533126.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/ops-and-eps-elected-aiadmk-coordinator-joint-coordinator-7659647/|title=OPS and EPS elected AIADMK coordinator, joint coordinator respectively, unopposed|date=6 December 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=8 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210212158/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/ops-and-eps-elected-aiadmk-coordinator-joint-coordinator-7659647/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aiadmk-dual-leadership-panneerselvam-crisis-palaniswami-tamil-nadu-general-council-meeting-1966404-2022-06-24|title=Dual leadership over, Panneerselvam ceases to be coordinator: AIADMK|date=24 June 2022|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=25 June 2022|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726074951/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aiadmk-dual-leadership-panneerselvam-crisis-palaniswami-tamil-nadu-general-council-meeting-1966404-2022-06-24|url-status=live}}</ref> Paneerselvan succeeded Jayalilathaa as the chief minister briefly, before Palaniswami occupied the position from February 2017 to May 2021. Since 11 July 2022, the party has been led by Palaniswami, who serves as the general secretary.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/eps-made-interim-general-secretary-aiadmk-general-council-meet-165724|title=EPS made interim general secretary of AIADMK at General Council meet|date=11 July 2022|work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=15 July 2022|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108193434/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/eps-made-interim-general-secretary-aiadmk-general-council-meet-165724|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ideology and policies==
[[File:CN_Annadurai.jpg|thumb|[[C.N. Annadurai]], ideologue of the party]]

The AIADMK sought to depoliticise the education policy of the government by not insisting that education be in the Tamil language. Policies of the AIADMK were targeted at the poorer segments of Tamil society—the poor, rickshaw pullers, and destitute women—and centralising the massive Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Nutritious Meal Programme for children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://middaymeal.tn.gov.in/|title=Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Nutritious Meal Programme|date=17 January 2017|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=20 January 2017|archive-date=2 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502043311/https://middaymeal.tn.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> There was ambivalence towards the reservation policy and the interests of farmers. The party functions on the principles and the ideals of [[E. V. Ramasami]] and the former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu|chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]] [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-periyar-is-the-foremost-idol-in-the-dravidian-pantheon-1639359-2020-01-23|title=Why Periyar is the foremost idol in the Dravidian pantheon|date=24 January 2020|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=25 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225120831/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-periyar-is-the-foremost-idol-in-the-dravidian-pantheon-1639359-2020-01-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

The AIADMK posted an array of welfare schemes targeting the [[human development index]] of the state. The AIADMK has schemes listed in the election manifestos covering segments of the population, including fishermen, farmers, and schoolchildren. Until the 2000s, the parties had welfare programmes such as maternity leave, subsidies for public transportation, and educational grants. After the 2000s, the parties started competing at an increasing level for the distribution of consumer goods. The AIADMK government distributed free bicycles to class 11 and 12 students during its tenure of 2001–06. In its manifesto for the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 assembly elections]], the DMK promised free colour televisions in competition with other parties. The competition continued during the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly elections]], when both parties announced free laptops for school students and mixers, fans, and blenders for the public.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Freebies-galore-in-AIADMK-manifesto/article14964107.ece|title=Freebies galore in AIADMK manifesto|date=17 November 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716061632/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Freebies-galore-in-AIADMK-manifesto/article14964107.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Culture===
The party remains firm in its support for the "two-language policy", in opposition to demands to have Hindi as the sole lingua franca language, where Tamil and English are the two main languages of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Feb/22/palaniswami-criticises-centre-over-pm-shri-scheme-language-policy|title=Palaniswami criticises Centre over PM-Shri Scheme, language policy|date=22 February 2025|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=25 February 2025|archive-date=21 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321172900/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Feb/22/palaniswami-criticises-centre-over-pm-shri-scheme-language-policy|url-status=live}}</ref> The party provided {{INRConvert|1|l|lk=on}} for temples of local deities in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/Highlights-of-AIADMK-manifesto/article14304491.ece|title=Highlights of AIADMK manifesto|date=18 October 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=6 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906203407/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/Highlights-of-AIADMK-manifesto/article14304491.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Economy===
In 2012, the AIADMK-led [[Government of Tamil Nadu|government]] announced the "Vision 2023" document, which embodied a strategic plan for infrastructure development that included raising the per capita income of residents to $10 thousand per annum, matching the [[Human Development Index]] to that of developed countries by 2023, providing high-quality infrastructure all over the state, and making Tamil Nadu the knowledge capital and innovation hub of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnbudget.tn.gov.in/tnweb_files/vision23/TN_Vision_2023(PHASE%201).pdf|title=VISION TAMIL NADU 2023|date=17 March 2012|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=21 March 2012|archive-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429223443/https://www.tnbudget.tn.gov.in/tnweb_files/vision23/TN_Vision_2023(PHASE%201).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This project had three components: the overall vision document, the compilation of the project profile, and the road map.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vision-2023-has-achievable-components-jayalalithaa/article3281591.ece|title='Vision 2023' has achievable components: Jayalalithaa|date=20 July 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127122429/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vision-2023-has-achievable-components-jayalalithaa/article3281591.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In the spring of 2019, the party lauded the economic policies of the [[Narendra Modi]]-led [[Government of India|government]], stating that the government had ushered in economic stability and made the country a "decisive player" in regional economics, and voiced support for the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST), which had been opposed by their rival, the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/tamil-nadu/news/aiadmk-lauds-economic-reforms-of-modi-government/articleshow/68630978.cms|title=AIADMK lauds economic reforms of Modi government|date=29 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 March 2019|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203172447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/tamil-nadu/news/aiadmk-lauds-economic-reforms-of-modi-government/articleshow/68630978.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the AIADMK regime, [[Tamil Nadu]] was the best-performing big state overall from 2018 to 2021. With a gross state domestic product of $290 billion, or ₹21.6 lakh crore, Tamil Nadu became India's second-largest economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/state-of-the-states/story/20211206-best-performing-big-state-overall-tamil-nadu-1880826-2021-11-26|title=Best performing big state overall: Tamil Nadu|date=27 November 2021|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=20 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520030914/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/state-of-the-states/story/20211206-best-performing-big-state-overall-tamil-nadu-1880826-2021-11-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-tops-in-state-of-the-states-study/article33197263.ece|title=T.N. tops in 'State of the States' study|date=28 November 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406145545/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-tops-in-state-of-the-states-study/article33197263.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/nov/28/state-bags-best-performer-award-again-2229024.html|title=Tamil Nadu bags best performer award, again|date=28 November 2020|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=24 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224060105/https://www.newindianexpress.com/web/20250224060105/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Nov/28/state-bags-best-performer-award-again-2229024.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Social justice===
In 1980, the AIADMK under [[M. G. Ramachandran]] reversed his decision on economic criteria after the AIADMK faced a close defeat in the [[1980 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Indian general election in Tamil Nadu]]. He further raised the quota for the backward classes from 31% to 50%, bringing the total reservation to 68%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116|title=How Tamil Nadu's reservation stands at 69% despite the 50% quota cap|date=29 March 2021|publisher=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=4 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304014444/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 1980, MGR led AIADMK government promulgated an ordinance, abolishing the traditional [[Village accountant|village officer]] (V. O.) system, removing around 24,000 incumbents and replacing them with Village Administrative Officers (V. A. O.) recruited through examinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-1980-mgr-regime-stunned-the-state-by-terminating-the-services-of-village-officers/article69214886.ece|title=In 1980, MGR regime stunned the State by terminating the services of Village Officers|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 February 2025|access-date=14 February 2025|archive-date=14 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214215311/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-1980-mgr-regime-stunned-the-state-by-terminating-the-services-of-village-officers/article69214886.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, the AIADMK government under [[J. Jayalalithaa]] passed the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes Bill, 1993, in the Assembly (Act 45 of 1994).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/69-quota-sc-notice-to-tamil-nadu/article6568342.ece|title=69% quota: SC notice to Tamil Nadu|date=4 June 2016|publisher=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219222921/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/69-quota-sc-notice-to-tamil-nadu/article6568342.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The bill was sent to the [[President of India|president]] for approval. The government led a cross-party committee of Tamil Nadu politicians to Delhi to meet with the [[Government of India|central government]]. She also demanded that the [[government of Tamil Nadu]]'s act be placed in the ninth schedule of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], ensuring that the law cannot be challenged in any court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-woman-behind-the-69-quota/article16762726.ece|title=The woman behind the 69% quota|date=17 November 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714075121/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-woman-behind-the-69-quota/article16762726.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, on 19 July 1994, the presidential assent was received, and it confirmed the 69% reservation for Tamil Nadu. On 20 February 2016, the Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK government passed the Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws (Amendment) Act, 2016, and the Tamil Nadu Panchayats (Amendment) Act, 2016, in the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly, enhancing the reservation for women from 33% to 50% in [[Local government in Tamil Nadu|local bodies]] such as municipal corporations, municipalities, town panchayats, and village panchayats of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210216/tamil-nadu-women-get-50-per-cent-quota-in-local-bodies.html|title=Tamil Nadu women get 50 per cent quota in local bodies|date=21 February 2016|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 February 2016|archive-date=16 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416172853/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210216/tamil-nadu-women-get-50-per-cent-quota-in-local-bodies.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/Feb/21/jayalalithaa-thanks-mlas-for-adopted-bills-providing-50-percent-reservation-for-women-in-local-bodies-895164.html|title=Jayalalithaa Thanks MLAs for Adopted Bills Providing 50 Percent Reservation for Women in Local Bodies|date=21 February 2016|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=25 February 2016|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130064500/https://www.newindianexpress.com/web/20241130064500/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/Feb/21/jayalalithaa-thanks-mlas-for-adopted-bills-providing-50-percent-reservation-for-women-in-local-bodies-895164.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===State water policy===
In 2006, the AIADMK initiated a case in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to uphold the state's rights on the [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row|Mullaperiyar Dam issue]]. As a result, in May 2014, a Supreme Court verdict allowed [[Tamil Nadu]] to increase the storage level in the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] to 142 feet from 136 feet and struck down the unconstitutional law enacted by the [[government of Kerala]] in 2006 restricting the storage level to 136 feet.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/water-level-in-mullaperiyar-to-be-raised-jayalalithaa/article6193183.ece|title=Water level in Mullaperiyar to be raised: Jayalalithaa|date=9 July 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712014137/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/water-level-in-mullaperiyar-to-be-raised-jayalalithaa/article6193183.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-quashes-kerala-dam-law/article5987026.ece|title=SC quashes Kerala dam law|date=4 December 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130071635/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-quashes-kerala-dam-law/article5987026.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> This Supreme Court decision ensured the farmers' and people's livelihoods in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/nation-current-affairs/article/jayalalithaa-dedicates-historic-victory-people-tamil-nadu|title=Jayalalithaa dedicates historic victory to people of Tamil Nadu|date=8 May 2014|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=11 May 2014|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127090759/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/nation-current-affairs/article/jayalalithaa-dedicates-historic-victory-people-tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2013, the [[government of India]] notified the final award of the [[Kaveri River water dispute|Cauvery Water Disputes]] Tribunal (CWDT) on the directions of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/notification-of-cauvery-order-great-victory-jaya/story-GipEASuMM7QT7mPc6xQWqN.html|title=Notification of Cauvery order great victory: Jaya|date=20 February 2013|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924112435/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/notification-of-cauvery-order-great-victory-jaya/story-GipEASuMM7QT7mPc6xQWqN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After 22 years of legal battle, [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]] called it a "tremendous achievement" of her [[government of Tamil Nadu|government]] that the state had received due justice.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-cauvery-divide-jayalalitha-fought-bitterly-with-her-home-state-karnataka-in-court/articleshow/55843336.cms?from=mdr|title=The Cauvery Divide: Jayalalitha fought bitterly with her home state Karnataka in court|date=7 December 2016|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216051548/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-cauvery-divide-jayalalitha-fought-bitterly-with-her-home-state-karnataka-in-court/articleshow/55843336.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/An-aggressive-campaigner-for-Tamil-Nadus-water-rights/article16762577.ece|title=An aggressive campaigner for Tamil Nadu's water rights|date=6 December 2016|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=12 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712101520/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/An-aggressive-campaigner-for-Tamil-Nadus-water-rights/article16762577.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Then Jayalalithaa said that it was the happiest day of her life and the happiest day for the farmers in Tamil Nadu; she recalled her famous fast-unto-death at [[Marina Beach]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cms-power-play-the-hits-and-the-misses/article8374271.ece|title=CM's power play: the hits and misses|date=19 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 March 2016|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127084259/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cms-power-play-the-hits-and-the-misses/article8374271.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-takes-credit-for-centre-finally-notifying-cauvery-tribunals-award-in-gazette/articleshow/18593808.cms|title=Jayalalithaa takes credit for Centre finally notifying Cauvery Tribunals award in gazette|date=20 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 February 2013|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903174656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-takes-credit-for-centre-finally-notifying-cauvery-tribunals-award-in-gazette/articleshow/18593808.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-observes-fast-on-cauvery-issue-flays-centre-tn-govt-1085580|title=Jayalalithaa observes fast on Cauvery issue; flays Centre, TN govt|date=19 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 November 2013|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127084610/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-observes-fast-on-cauvery-issue-flays-centre-tn-govt-1085580|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Education ===
MGR led AIADMK government introduced the 10+2 system in 1978 by abolishing the [[Pre-university course|PUC]] and moving [[Higher Secondary Certificate|higher secondary education]] to schools (Class 11 and Class 12), with infrastructure such as laboratories added to improve rural access. The resulting rise in demand for college education led the MGR government to encourage private engineering colleges, beginning in the early 1980s, with a policy reserving 50% of seats under government quota and restricting capitation fees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/mgrs-education-reforms-cemented-tns-tech-base/|title=In 1980, MGR regime stunned the State by terminating the services of Village Officers|work=Times of India|date=31 March 2016|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=16 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116063416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/mgrs-education-reforms-cemented-tns-tech-base/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2017, Palaniswami government formed a high-level committee to reform the [[Department of School Education (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Nadu school education]] [[Curriculum|system]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-panel-to-revise-school-syllabus-in-tn/article19211111.ece|title=New panel to revise school syllabus in TN|access-date=4 July 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The school [[textbook]] syllabus and exam pattern for classes 1 to 12 were revised on par with [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] standards in phases, starting from the 2018–19 academic year, to better prepare students for competitive exams.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2017/05/23/tamil-nadu-overhauls-school-education-system|title=Tamil Nadu overhauls school education system|access-date=24 May 2017|newspaper=DTnext}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/how-tn-school-curriculum-became-new-and-relevant/|title=How TN school curriculum became new and relevant|access-date=19 May 2019|newspaper=timesofindia}}</ref> In May 2020, the Palaniswami led AIADMK government passed an order for reservation of 7.5% of seats in government medical colleges to students from public schools.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 October 2020|title=Tamil Nadu Govt Passes Order for 7.5% Quota in Medical Admissions for Govt School Students|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-govt-passes-order-to-implement-7-5-quota-in-medical-admissions-for-govt-school-students-3022247.html|work=News18|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref>

===Environment and nature===
The AIADMK was one of two parties, along with the [[BJP]], to not voice opposition against a ban on cattle slaughter through the national [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-parties-condemn-centre-s-new-cattle-slaughter-rules-aiadmk-maintains-stoic-silence-62703|title=TN parties condemn Centre's new 'cattle slaughter' rules, AIADMK maintains stoic silence|date=27 May 2017|publisher=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=29 May 2017|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006093201/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-parties-condemn-centre-s-new-cattle-slaughter-rules-aiadmk-maintains-stoic-silence-62703|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it has sought an exemption in the Act regarding traditional [[bull]] fighting; the party supports popular opinion in [[Tamil Nadu]] that traditional bull fighting, known as [[Jallikattu]], should not be banned by the [[Government of India|central government]] due to an APEX court ruling against animal cruelty.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-mps-meet-president-over-jallikattu-say-centre-not-being-helpful-4485741/|title=AIADMK MPs meet President over Jallikattu, say Centre not being helpful|date=22 January 2017|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125055659/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-mps-meet-president-over-jallikattu-say-centre-not-being-helpful-4485741/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the controversy, the party demanded that the animal rights organisation [[PETA]] be banned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-considering-passing-a-resolution-in-support-of-jallikattu-legal-action-against-peta-4480691/|title=AIADMK considering a resolution in support of Jallikattu, legal action against PETA|date=19 January 2017|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=29 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129175447/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-considering-passing-a-resolution-in-support-of-jallikattu-legal-action-against-peta-4480691/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/Jan/27/karnataka-aiadmk-backs-kambala-wants-ban-on-peta-1564072.html|title=Karnataka AIADMK backs Kambala, wants ban on PETA|date=27 January 2017|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-date=12 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512102826/https://www.newindianexpress.com/web/20240512102826/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/Jan/27/karnataka-aiadmk-backs-kambala-wants-ban-on-peta-1564072.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2017, the AIADMK [[Government of Tamil Nadu|government]] led by [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] implemented the [[Kudimaramathu Scheme]] to rejuvenate water bodies with the participation of agriculturalists, reviving the age-old practice of community participation in the maintenance and management of tank irrigation systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/kudimaramathu-is-back-in-state/article17460578.ece|title=Kudimaramathu is back in State|date=14 March 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=6 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106143803/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/kudimaramathu-is-back-in-state/article17460578.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/six-lakh-farmers-benefited-from-kudimaramathu-says-official/article29251881.ece|title=Six lakh farmers benefited from kudimaramathu|date=25 August 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=28 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228121155/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/six-lakh-farmers-benefited-from-kudimaramathu-says-official/article29251881.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2018, the AIADMK government ordered the closure of the [[Sterlite Copper]] factory in [[Thoothukkudi]] in the interest of the people, knowing that the air and water in the city are being heavily polluted by the factory, which has been at the centre of violent protests by locals to protect and improve the environment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-government-orders-permanent-closure-of-sterlite-plant-in-tuticorin/articleshow/64355730.cms?from=mdr|title=Tuticorin protest: Tamil Nadu government orders permanent closure of Sterlite plant|date=29 May 2018|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226113201/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-government-orders-permanent-closure-of-sterlite-plant-in-tuticorin/articleshow/64355730.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sterlite-copper-to-be-permanently-closed-says-tamil-nadu-government/article61831761.ece|title=Sterlite Copper to be permanently closed, says Tamil Nadu government|date=28 May 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420073009/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sterlite-copper-to-be-permanently-closed-says-tamil-nadu-government/article61831761.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2020, the AIADMK government declared the [[Chola Nadu|Cauvery Delta]] region a protected special agriculture zone.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cauvery-delta-to-be-declared-a-protected-agriculture-zone/article61633498.ece|title=Cauvery delta to be declared a protected agriculture zone|date=10 February 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 February 2020|archive-date=5 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505171442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cauvery-delta-to-be-declared-a-protected-agriculture-zone/article61633498.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> This announcement was widely hailed by political parties and farmer organisations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-declares-cauvery-delta-a-protected-agricultural-zone/story-Xu1rVqg7eFoJza6wrKrJAK.html|title=Tamil Nadu declares Cauvery delta a protected agricultural zone|date=10 February 2020|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=15 February 2020|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127222335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-declares-cauvery-delta-a-protected-agricultural-zone/story-Xu1rVqg7eFoJza6wrKrJAK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Aug/27/rules-notified-for-delta-agri-zone-act-2188823.html|title=Rules notified for Delta Agri Zone Act|date=27 August 2020|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=5 September 2020|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226041044/https://www.newindianexpress.com/web/20250226041044/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Aug/27/rules-notified-for-delta-agri-zone-act-2188823.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The AIADMK opposes the building of the [[Mekedatu]] Dam, which could reduce water flows into [[Tamil Nadu]] and negatively affect quality of life for residents and agriculture.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/will-never-back-mekedatu-dam/article24931977.ece|title=Will never back Mekedatu dam: Edappadi|date=12 September 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030804/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/will-never-back-mekedatu-dam/article24931977.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/eps-condemns-ktakas-move-to-allocate-funds-in-state-budget-for-mekedatu-dam-construction-across-cauvery-river-768499|title=EPS condemns K'taka's move to allocate funds in State Budget for Mekedatu Dam construction across Cauvery river|date=17 February 2024|publisher=[[DT Next]]|access-date=22 February 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919014206/https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/eps-condemns-ktakas-move-to-allocate-funds-in-state-budget-for-mekedatu-dam-construction-across-cauvery-river-768499|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
===M. G. Ramachandran era (1972–1987)===
[[File:MGR portrait, from 2017 Stamp.jpg|thumb|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], the first general secretary of the party]]

The party was founded on 17 October 1972, as ''Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam'' (ADMK) by [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R.), a veteran [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil film]] star and popular politician. It was set up as a breakaway faction from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) after its president [[M. Karunanidhi]] expelled him from the party for demanding an account as the party [[treasurer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2021/Mar/19/the-genesis-of-aiadmk-2278718.html|title=The Genesis of AIADMK|date=19 March 2021|publisher=[[DT Next]]|access-date=25 March 2021|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220061459/https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2021/Mar/19/the-genesis-of-aiadmk-2278718.html|url-status=live}}</ref> M.G.R., who wanted to start a new political party, then incorporated it into [[Anakaputhur]] Ramalingam's party, which had registered under the name ''ADMK''. He then quoted, "I joined the party started by an ordinary cadre" and gave the post of [[Member of the Legislative Council (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] to Ramalingam. On 12 September 1976, M. G. Ramachandran added the prefix “All India” (AI) to the party’s name during its General Council meeting held in Coimbatore, a move intended to safeguard the party under the provisions of the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]] (MISA).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-look-at-the-events-leading-up-to-the-birth-of-aiadmk/article37046741.ece|title=A look at the events leading up to the birth of AIADMK|date=18 October 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 October 2021|archive-date=28 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228090208/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-look-at-the-events-leading-up-to-the-birth-of-aiadmk/article37046741.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/chennaitalkies/jayalalithaa-her-hero-s-rival/|title=Jayalalithaa: Her hero’s rival|date=19 October 2010|work=times of India}}</ref> Since its inception, the relationship between the AIADMK and the DMK has been marked by mutual hatred. M.G.R. used his fan club to build the party cadre; he claims his party recruited more than a million members in the first two months. [[C. N. Annadurai]]'s ideologue and movie producer turned politician [[R. M. Veerappan]] was the key architect in unifying M.G.R. fan clubs and further consolidating the party structure in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rm-veerappan-a-timeline-of-tamil-film-producer-and-veteran-dravidian-politician/article68051303.ece|title=R.M. Veerappan – The life and times of the Tamil film producer and veteran Dravidian politician|date=9 May 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 May 2024|archive-date=9 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109032515/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rm-veerappan-a-timeline-of-tamil-film-producer-and-veteran-dravidian-politician/article68051303.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Other key leaders, such as [[Nanjil K. Manoharan]] and [[S. D. Somasundaram]], played major roles in consolidation, and Pavalar M. Muthusamy was elected as the first presidium chairman of the party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/state/2021/08/07163648/2899528/Tamil-News-Who-is-new-ADMK-Presidium-chairman.vpf|language=ta|title=அ.தி.மு.க.வுக்கு புதிய அவைத்தலைவர் யார்?- மூத்த நிர்வாகிகள் பெயர்கள் பரிசீலனை|date=7 August 2021|publisher=[[Maalai Malar]]|access-date=11 August 2021|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022190041/https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/state/2021/08/07163648/2899528/Tamil-News-Who-is-new-ADMK-Presidium-chairman.vpf|url-status=live}}</ref> Then [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) state secretary [[M. Kalyanasundaram]] strongly backed M.G.R. and played a crucial role in shaping his political career by teaming up with the fledgling AIADMK. M.G.R., along with Kalyanasundaram, presented to the [[governor of Tamil Nadu]], [[Kodardas Kalidas Shah|K. K. Shah]], a charge against the Karunanidhi-led DMK [[Government of Tamil Nadu|government]] in November 1972.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/claim-to-mgrs-legacy.html|title=Two men, two women|date=10 January 1988|publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=2 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002035656/https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/claim-to-mgrs-legacy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The party's first victories were the wins of [[K. Maya Thevar]] in the [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]] parliamentary bye-election in May 1973 and of [[C. Aranganayagam]] in the [[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore West]] assembly bye-election a year later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/politics/mgr-did-miracle-in-dindugul-parliamentary-constituency|language=ta|title=1973 திண்டுக்கல் இடைத்தேர்தல்; ஆறு மாத குழந்தை அதிமுக வெற்றியடைந்த சரித்திரம்!|date=21 May 2022|publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|access-date=23 May 2022|archive-date=24 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124063548/https://www.vikatan.com/news/politics/mgr-did-miracle-in-dindugul-parliamentary-constituency#bypass-sw|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 April 1973, the AIADMK emerged as the third-largest political party in Tamil Nadu, represented by 11 MLAs in the assembly. By January 1976, the AIADMK emerged as the second-largest political party with 16 MLAs in the assembly. Extending its support to the [[The Emergency (India)|National Emergency]] between 1975 and 1977, the party grew very close to the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/03/emergency-period-interval-block-for-tamil-nadu-politics-as-admk-enters-fray-1945975.html|title=Emergency period: Interval block for Tamil Nadu politics as ADMK enters fray|date=3 March 2019|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324134934/https://www.newindianexpress.com/web/20240324134934/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/03/emergency-period-interval-block-for-tamil-nadu-politics-as-admk-enters-fray-1945975.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1974, AIADMK contested its first [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|assembly election]] in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] with its alliance partner [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and won 14 of 30 seats in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]]. On 6 March 1974, [[S. Ramassamy]] was sworn in as [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|chief minister of Puducherry]] for the short-lived [[Government of Puducherry|government]] and became the first [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] from the party after its establishment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/ramassamy-passes-away/article18461077.ece|title=Ramassamy pass away|date=16 May 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 April 2025|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/ramassamy-passes-away/article18461077.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Tamil Nadu]], the [[Karunanidhi]]-led [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] was dismissed by the [[Indira Gandhi]]-led [[Government of India|central government]] on corruption charges in 1976. The AIADMK swept to power, defeating the DMK in the [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977 assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-the-1977-assembly-election-defined-the-political-landscape-of-tamil-nadu/article68360770.ece|title=How the 1977 Assembly election defined the political landscape of Tamil Nadu|date=3 July 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135547/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-the-1977-assembly-election-defined-the-political-landscape-of-tamil-nadu/article68360770.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Apr/24/from-the-archives-mgr-factor-ruins-round-for-dmk-game-for-congress-2294043.html|title=From the archives: MGR-factor ruins round for DMK, game for Congress|date=24 April 2021|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=3 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403000652/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Apr/24/from-the-archives-mgr-factor-ruins-round-for-dmk-game-for-congress-2294043.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 June 1977, [[M.G.R.]] was sworn in as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]], becoming the first [[Lists of Indian actors|actor]] to become the [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] in the Republic of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/m-g-ramachandran-the-first-film-actor-to-become-chief-minister-13043.html|title=M G Ramachandran: The first film actor to become Chief Minister in India|date=14 October 2013|publisher=[[India TV]]|access-date=15 October 2013|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120025905/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/m-g-ramachandran-the-first-film-actor-to-become-chief-minister-13043.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general election]], the party won 18 seats, and in the [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry assembly election]], it won 14 seats and formed the [[Government of Puducherry|government]]. On 2 July 1977, [[S. Ramassamy]] was sworn in as [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|chief minister of Puducherry]] for a second term.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/former-puducherry-chief-minister-ramassamy-passes-away/articleshow/58679164.cms|title=Former Puducherry Chief Minister Ramassamy passes away|date=15 May 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=21 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221035701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/former-puducherry-chief-minister-ramassamy-passes-away/articleshow/58679164.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1979, the AIADMK became the first [[Dravidian parties|Dravidian]] and regional party to join the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] in the history of the Republic of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/indira-gandhi-never-forgave-mgr-1977-42511|title=Indira Gandhi never forgave MGR for 1977|date=1 May 2016|work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=5 May 2016|archive-date=2 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402145520/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/indira-gandhi-never-forgave-mgr-1977-42511|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sathiavani Muthu]] and [[Aravinda Bala Pajanor]] were the [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]] who joined the short-lived [[Charan Singh ministry|Union Ministry]] led by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Charan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/councilofministers/english/1_Upload_2454.pdf|title=List of Council of Ministers (24/08/1979)|date=27 August 1979|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|access-date=5 August 2023|archive-date=3 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803064704/https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/councilofministers/english/1_Upload_2454.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vikatan.com/gender/empowerment/sathyavani-muthu-s-political-history-women-s-day|language=ta|title=போராட்டகுணம்... விடாமுயற்சி... மன உறுதி! அரசியல் சரித்திரத்தின் அற்புதச் சித்திரம் சத்தியவாணி முத்து|date=8 March 2023|publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=17 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417170000/https://www.vikatan.com/gender/empowerment/sathyavani-muthu-s-political-history-women-s-day#bypass-sw|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19791015-national-problems-can-be-solved-only-by-understanding-them-aravinda-bala-pajanor-822404-2014-02-20|title=National problems can be solved only by understanding them: Aravinda Bala Pajanor|date=20 February 2014|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=25 February 2014|archive-date=28 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328121748/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19791015-national-problems-can-be-solved-only-by-understanding-them-aravinda-bala-pajanor-822404-2014-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref>

The relationship between the AIADMK and the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] slowly became strained. In the [[1980 Indian general election|1980 general election]], the INC aligned with the DMK, and the alliance won 37 out of the 39 state parliamentary seats. The AIADMK won just two seats. After returning to power, [[Indira Gandhi]] dismissed many [[State governments of India|state governments]] belonging to the opposition parties, including the AIADMK [[Government of Tamil Nadu|government]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800315-pm-indira-gandhi-dismisses-governments-in-nine-states-looks-to-put-congress-in-power-806503-2014-02-06|title=PM Indira Gandhi dismisses governments in nine states, looks to put Congress in power|date=6 February 2014|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=10 February 2014|archive-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411105206/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800315-pm-indira-gandhi-dismisses-governments-in-nine-states-looks-to-put-congress-in-power-806503-2014-02-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1980, AIADMK contested its second [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|assembly election]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], allied with left parties, and won as the single majority party in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state assembly]] with 129 of 234 seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/DMK-Congress-had-come-out-with-CMP-during-1980-Assembly-polls/article15457131.ece|title=DMK, Congress had come out with CMP during 1980 Assembly polls|date=25 February 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 February 2011|archive-date=17 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417225231/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/DMK-Congress-had-come-out-with-CMP-during-1980-Assembly-polls/article15457131.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 June 1980, M.G.R. was sworn in as [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] for a second term, whereas the opposition [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] continued its alliance with the [[Government of India|central government]] ruling [[Indian National Congress (Indira)|INC(I)]] following the last [[1980 Indian general election|general election]] and got a completely reversed result. The victory solidified M.G.R.'s position as a prominent leader in Tamil Nadu, further strengthening the AIADMK's influence in the state's political landscape. Meanwhile, the DMK faced significant challenges as it grappled with the consequences of its alliance, leading to a period of introspection and re-evaluation of its strategies for future elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-56248889|language=ta|title=தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்ற தேர்தல் 2021: "1980" தேர்தலில் எம்.ஜி.ஆர் மீண்டும் வென்றது எப்படி?|date=2 March 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=5 March 2011|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901175015/https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-56248889|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-1980-mgr-regime-stunned-the-state-by-terminating-the-services-of-village-officers/article69214886.ece|title=In 1980, MGR regime stunned the State by terminating the services of Village Officers|date=13 February 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 February 2025|archive-date=14 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214215311/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-1980-mgr-regime-stunned-the-state-by-terminating-the-services-of-village-officers/article69214886.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 4 June 1982, [[M.G.R.]]'s famous on-screen pair and popular [[List of Indian film actresses|actress]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]] joined the party. Her entry into politics marked the beginning of her rapid ascent within the party. On 28 January 1983, [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] [[P. U. Shanmugam]] appointed her as the propaganda secretary.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/jayalalitha-lady-behind-the-throne.html|title=Jayalalithaa: Lady behind the throne|date=22 January 1984|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=24 February 2024|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127090428/https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/jayalalitha-lady-behind-the-throne.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was elected as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of parliament]] to [[Rajya Sabha]] on 3 April 1984 by defeating [[Arcot N. Veerasamy]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] via indirect [[1984 Rajya Sabha elections|election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/how-jayalalithaa-stunned-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-with-her-m_in_5c10b7f5e4b09dcd67fb8836|title=How Jayalalithaa Stunned Prime Minister Indira Gandhi With Her Maiden Speech In Rajya Sabha|date=6 December 2016|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930084156/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/how-jayalalithaa-stunned-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-with-her-m_in_5c10b7f5e4b09dcd67fb8836|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general election]], the party again aligned with the [[Indian National Congress|INC]], and the alliance won 37 out of the 39 state parliamentary seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/04/aiadmk--cong-combine-ride-on-sympathy-wave-in-84-1946778.html|title=AIADMK-Congress combine ride on sympathy wave in 1984|date=4 March 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=30 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430121424/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/04/aiadmk--cong-combine-ride-on-sympathy-wave-in-84-1946778.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984 assembly election]], [[M.G.R.]] was in failing health and hospitalised in the [[United States]] for treatment, undergoing a kidney transplant; even though he was not in the country, the party won the election by winning 132 seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-56268743|language=ta|title=1984 தேர்தலில் 3வது முறை வென்ற எம்.ஜி.ஆர்.: அதிமுக வெல்ல அனுதாப அலை காரணமா? - தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்ற தேர்தல் வரலாறு|date=4 March 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=5 March 2011|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901180433/http://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-56268743|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/karunanidhi-became-mla-13-times-once-1984-he-didnt-contest-86198|title=Karunanidhi became an MLA 13 times, but once in 1984, he didn't contest|date=8 August 2018|work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-date=9 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109045658/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/karunanidhi-became-mla-13-times-once-1984-he-didnt-contest-86198|url-status=live}}</ref> M.G.R. returned to [[Tamil Nadu]] on 4 February 1985 following his recovery.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19850228-tamil-nadu-cm-mg-ramachandran-returns-home-health-speculations-laid-to-rest-769833-2013-11-26|title=Tamil Nadu CM M.G. Ramachandran returns home, health speculations laid to rest|date=28 February 1985|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=4 March 2014|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026124327/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19850228-tamil-nadu-cm-mg-ramachandran-returns-home-health-speculations-laid-to-rest-769833-2013-11-26|url-status=live}}</ref> He was sworn in as [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] for the third term on 10 February 1985. Many political historians consider M.G.R.'s persona and charisma at this time to be "infallible" and a logical continuation of his on-screen "good lad" image, strengthened by his "mythical status" in the minds of the masses. M.G.R. continued to enjoy popular support in his third term until his death. He died on 24 December 1987 and became the second chief minister in Tamil Nadu to die in office after [[C. N. Annadurai|Anna]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19880115-mg-ramachandran-death-marks-the-passing-of-an-era-of-stability-in-tamil-nadu-796866-1988-01-14|title=M.G. Ramachandran's death marks the passing of an era of stability in Tamil Nadu|date=15 January 1988|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=24 December 2024|archive-date=26 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226093033/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19880115-mg-ramachandran-death-marks-the-passing-of-an-era-of-stability-in-tamil-nadu-796866-1988-01-14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2019/mar/19/manohar-parrikar-to-mgr-check-out-the-list-of-chief-ministers-who-died-while-still-in-office-102160.html|title=Manohar Parrikar to MGR: Check out the list of chief ministers who died while still in office|date=20 March 2019|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=6 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206233046/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2019/mar/19/manohar-parrikar-to-mgr-check-out-the-list-of-chief-ministers-who-died-while-still-in-office-102160.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Succession conflict between the Janaki and Jayalalithaa factions====
A week after following M.G.R.'s death, on 1 January 1988, [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of parliament]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]] was elected [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] of the party by the prominent members, and it was ratified by the party general council convened by her the next day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htthisday-january-2-1988-jayalalitha-made-gen-secy-parallel-meetings-called-101641047639963.html|title=HT THIS DAY: January 2, 1988 — Jayalalitha made Gen Secy; parallel meetings called|date=1 January 2022|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=25 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425132056/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htthisday-january-2-1988-jayalalitha-made-gen-secy-parallel-meetings-called-101641047639963.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On the other hand, [[M.G.R.]]'s wife, [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]], was elected the party's legislative leader by [[R. M. Veerappan]] and 98 other [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/janaki-ramachandran-the-unintentional-chief-minister-who-shook-tamil-nadu-politics/articleshow/115538487.cms|title=The accidental chief minister of Tamil Nadu|date=21 November 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 November 2024|archive-date=3 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203135942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/janaki-ramachandran-the-unintentional-chief-minister-who-shook-tamil-nadu-politics/articleshow/115538487.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She was sworn in as the state's first [[List of female chief ministers in India|female chief minister]] on 7 January 1988, becoming the first [[List of Indian film actresses|actress]] to become the [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] in the Republic of India, and served for 23 days until the state assembly was dissolved and [[president's rule]] was imposed on 30 January 1988.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/feature/janaki-ramachandran-the-first-woman-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu-who-ruled-for-24-days/424272/|title=Janaki Ramachandran, the first woman chief minister of Tamil Nadu who ruled for 24 days|date=19 May 2020|publisher=[[ThePrint]]|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120025905/https://theprint.in/feature/janaki-ramachandran-the-first-woman-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu-who-ruled-for-24-days/424272/|url-status=live}}</ref> The party began to split due to infighting, splitting into two factions, one led by Jayalalithaa and the other led by Janaki.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-vs-Janaki-The-last-succession-battle/article17284902.ece|title=Jayalalithaa vs Janaki: The last succession battle|date=10 February 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=28 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428184306/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-vs-Janaki-The-last-succession-battle/article17284902.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 31 January 1988, the AIADMK headquarters on Lloyds Road, Royapettah, Chennai, was sealed for the first time in the party’s history following the split. The action came about 15 hours after the dismissal of the Ministry headed by V. N. Janaki Ramachandran and the imposition of President’s Rule, due to a dispute between rival factions. The building was taken over by authorities led by then Chennai Police Commissioner [[Walter Devaram]]. The property had been purchased by Janaki in 1957 and donated to the party in July 1986. The dispute reached the Madras High Court and later the Supreme Court of India. In May 1988, the Supreme Court allowed V. N. Janaki Ramachandran to retain the headquarters as a “receiver” for two months and directed the Additional District Magistrate to decide the issue, while also setting aside the High Court’s earlier orders that had restrained the J. Jayalalithaa faction. In July 1988, the Magistrate ordered Janaki to hand over the office to the Jayalalithaa faction, which she complied with. However, on 31 January 1989, the High Court quashed the Magistrate’s order on Janaki’s petition, though the decision was stayed by the Supreme Court a week later.<ref name="AIADMK HQ Sealing">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-aiadmk-headquarters-was-sealed-twice-in-the-past/article65632499.ece|title=When AIADMK headquarters was sealed twice in the past|date=11 July 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 July 2022|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712224944/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-aiadmk-headquarters-was-sealed-twice-in-the-past/article65632499.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, some senior leaders of Jayalalithaa’s faction [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]], [[Panruti Ramachandran]], [[Aranganayagam]] and [[Thirunavukkarasar]] formed a four member front and began functioning independently due to differences with her. In response, Jayalalithaa, addressing a party meeting in Thanjavur on 17 August 1988, referred to them as “fallen hair strands” and urged party cadres to ignore them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/133716-sasikala-history-jayalalitha|title=சசிகலா ஜாதகம் - 67 - உதிர்ந்த ரோமங்களும் இலவச அறிவிப்பும்!|work=vikatan|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880731-jayalalitha-under-pressure-as-section-of-her-party-questions-her-political-decisions-797510-1988-07-30|title=Jayalalitha under pressure as section of her party questions her political decisions|work=India today|date=31 July 1988|access-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>

As the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 assembly election]] approaches, on 17 December 1988, the [[Election Commission of India]] froze the AIADMK electoral symbol "Two Leaves", called the [[Brahmastra]] of the party, and allotted Jayalalithaa the "Rooster" electoral symbol in the name of AIADMK(J) and Janaki the "Twin Pigeon" electoral symbol in the name of AIADMK(JA).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fight-over-symbol-a-leaf-from-history/article17592002.ece|title=Fight over symbol: A 'leaf' from history|date=23 March 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622171125/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fight-over-symbol-a-leaf-from-history/article17592002.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1989 assembly election, both factions contested the election with their symbols and alliances, which led the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] to regain power after 13 years, with [[M. Karunanidhi]] returning as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] for the third term. Due to its split, the AIADMK suffered heavily in the election, with the Jayalalithaa and Janaki factions winning only 27 and 2 seats, respectively. Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK(J) became the main opposition party in the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly. The Janaki-led AIADMK(JA) routed the election; she realised that politics wasn't her thing and chose to quit. On 7 February 1989, the factions merged under the leadership of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/1989-election-ended-succession-battle-between-mgr-s-heroines-43013|title=1989: The election that ended the succession battle between MGR's heroines|date=10 May 2016|work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=14 May 2016|archive-date=13 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513201334/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/1989-election-ended-succession-battle-between-mgr-s-heroines-43013|url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter, the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|chief election commissioner]] [[R. V. S. Peri Sastri]] unfreezed the electoral symbol Two Leaves and granted it back to the Jayalalithaa-led united AIADMK on 8 February 1989. This pivotal moment marked a significant turnaround for the party, establishing Jayalalithaa as a formidable force in [[Tamil Nadu]] [[Politics of Tamil Nadu|politics]]. Following the merger of the party factions, the party headquarters remained under Jayalalithaa’s control, after she was unanimously elected general secretary.<ref name="AIADMK HQ Sealing"/> With renewed emphasis on party unity and a clear electoral strategy, she began to work towards regaining public support and restoring the party's influence in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaa-a-feisty-leader-who-dominated-tamil-nadu-politics-for-three-decades/articleshow/55823726.cms?from=mdr|title=Jayalalithaa: A feisty leader who dominated Tamil Nadu politics for three decades|date=6 December 2016|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-date=5 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705073525/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaa-a-feisty-leader-who-dominated-tamil-nadu-politics-for-three-decades/articleshow/55823726.cms?from=mdr3|url-status=live}}</ref>

===J. Jayalalithaa era (1989–2016)===
[[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|thumb|[[J. Jayalalithaa]], the longest served general secretary of the party]]

On 9 February 1989, [[J. Jayalalithaa]] was elected the party's legislative leader and became the first and only female [[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition]] in the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]]. She was the first [[List of Indian film actresses|actress]] to become the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|leader of the opposition]] in the Republic of India. On 25 March 1989, a barbaric attack was unleashed on Jayalalithaa by the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] [[Third Karunanidhi ministry|ministers]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] in the presence of the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] [[M. Karunanidhi]] and the [[Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|speaker]] [[M. Tamilkudimagan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/barbaric-attack-was-unleashed-on-jayalalithaa-in-assembly-in-1989-palaniswami/article67190313.ece|title=Barbaric attack was unleashed on Jayalalithaa in Assembly in 1989: Palaniswami|date=13 August 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 August 2023|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605041316/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/barbaric-attack-was-unleashed-on-jayalalithaa-in-assembly-in-1989-palaniswami/article67190313.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> During the attack, the bundles of papers, pads, and large books were thrown over her; also, her saree was pulled and torn, and some of her hair was grabbed. AIADMK legislators, including [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] and [[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]], tried hard to protect and eject her from the assembly.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-the-tamil-nadu-assembly-dealt-with-the-march-25-1989-event/article67224418.ece|title=March 25, 1989: 'Attack' on Jayalalithaa and how the Tamil Nadu Assembly dealt with it|date=23 August 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=6 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606012742/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-the-tamil-nadu-assembly-dealt-with-the-march-25-1989-event/article67224418.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> She came out of the assembly after a disastrous moment with her torn saree and deformed hair, drawing a parallel with the shameful disrobing of [[Draupadi]] in the epic [[Mahabharata]], vowing to return to the assembly only after becoming the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nothing-can-beat-1989-violence/article17326723.ece|title=Nothing can 'beat' 1989 violence|date=18 February 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001113419/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nothing-can-beat-1989-violence/article17326723.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/dravidian-chronicles-march-1989-beginning-tamil-nadus-vendetta-politics-43286|title=Dravidian Chronicles: March 1989- the beginning of Tamil Nadu's vendetta politics|date=15 May 2016|publisher=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-date=15 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015024711/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/dravidian-chronicles-march-1989-beginning-tamil-nadus-vendetta-politics-43286|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 general election]], the party allied with the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), and the alliance won 39 of 40 seats it contested in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].

The AIADMK headquarters was sealed for the second time on 12 August 1990 after a group led by expelled leader [[S. Thirunavukkarasar]] entered the premises and clashed with supporters of Jayalalithaa. A dispute later arose over whether the police or revenue officials had sealed the building, with then Chennai Police Commissioner K. K. Rajasekharan Nair stating that the police had not done so. As the case reached the Supreme Court of India, the premises remained under an Executive Magistrate’s custody for nearly four months under Section 145 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (India).In December 1990, the court restored the headquarters to the party and directed that the keys be handed over to J. Jayalalithaa, which was carried out by her counsel on 19 December.<ref name="AIADMK HQ Sealing">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-aiadmk-headquarters-was-sealed-twice-in-the-past/article65632499.ece|title=When AIADMK headquarters was sealed twice in the past|date=11 July 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 July 2022|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712224944/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-aiadmk-headquarters-was-sealed-twice-in-the-past/article65632499.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 1991, the [[Chandra Shekhar]]-led [[Government of India|central government]] dismissed the [[Karunanidhi]]-led [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] on charges that the constitutional machinery in the state had broken down.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-ltte-link-card-was-used-to-dismiss-the-dmk-regime-in-1991/article68941966.ece|title=When the 'LTTE link' card was used to dismiss the DMK regime in 1991|date=3 December 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 December 2024|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225005928/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-ltte-link-card-was-used-to-dismiss-the-dmk-regime-in-1991/article68941966.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s death, the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] swept the [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991 assembly election]] and regained power.[[File:D Jayakumar-1991.jpg|thumb|right|Swearing-in Ceremony of the [[First Jayalalithaa ministry|council of ministers]] headed by Jayalalithaa on 24 June 1991]]
On 24 June 1991, [[Jayalalithaa]] was sworn in as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]], becoming the second [[List of Indian film actresses|actress]] to become the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]] in the Republic of India.<ref name="CM">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-five-oaths-of-jayalalithaa/article14335230.ece1|title=The five oaths of Jayalalithaa|date=23 May 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203181643/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-five-oaths-of-jayalalithaa/article14335230.ece1|url-status=live}}</ref> She also became the second [[List of female chief ministers in India|female chief minister]] of Tamil Nadu after [[M.G.R.]]'s wife, [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]]. Political observers have ascribed the landslide victory to the anti-incumbent wave arising out of the assassination of the former [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] by suspected Tamil separatists fighting for a homeland in neighbouring [[Sri Lanka]].

In the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 assembly election]], the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] suffered a massive rout; the party only won 4 of 234 seats and not even got an opposition status in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|assembly]]. Even the [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] [[Jayalalithaa]], lost to [[E. G. Sugavanam]] of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] in the [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur constituency]], from where she was elected to become [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] for her first term. The party also lost all the seats it contested in the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 general election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960531-elections-1996-aiadmk-citadel-crumbles-as-dmk-tmc-alliance-sweeps-to-power-in-tamil-nadu-832999-1996-05-30|title=Elections 1996: AIADMK citadel crumbles as DMK-TMC alliance sweeps to power in Tamil Nadu|date=31 May 1996|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005032608/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960531-elections-1996-aiadmk-citadel-crumbles-as-dmk-tmc-alliance-sweeps-to-power-in-tamil-nadu-832999-1996-05-30|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 June 1997, a rebel faction of the AIADMK led by S. Thirunavukkarasar convened a parallel general council meeting in Chennai, where J. Jayalalithaa was expelled from the party and Thirunavukkarasar was declared general secretary. The development followed Jayalalithaa’s expulsion of Thirunavukkarasar on 19 May 1997, amid growing dissent within the party after its defeat in the 1996 Tamil Nadu Assembly election, with several leaders rallying behind him and attempting to form a rival faction. Jayalalithaa’s own general council meeting, held the same day, reaffirmed her leadership and endorsed his expulsion. The Madras High Court later ruled that the meeting convened by Thirunavukkarasar was illegal and void, as he was not authorised to convene the party’s general council against the elected general secretary Jayalalithaa. In the following months, several leaders from the rebel camp returned to the party led by Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/jun/03jaya.htm|title=
Rebels expel Jayalalitha from AIADMK|date=3 June 1997|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-aiadmk-witnessed-parallel-general-council-meetings-28-years-ago/article70029166.ece|title=When AIADMK witnessed parallel general council meetings 28 years ago|date=10 September 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 September 2025|archive-date=10 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910015032/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-aiadmk-witnessed-parallel-general-council-meetings-28-years-ago/article70029166.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1 January 1998 to 3 January 1998, the conference of the AIADMK Silver Jubilee Celebrations was held in [[Tirunelveli]], led by the [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] [[Jayalalithaa]], and lakhs of party cadres and supporters attended the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/09aiadmk.htm|title=AIADMK convention gives Jayalalitha a boost|date=9 January 1998|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=5 June 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105044505/https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/09aiadmk.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> At the conference, the party virtually launched its general election campaign in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in the presence of the alliance partners [[L. K. Advani]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), [[S. Ramadoss]] of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), [[Subramanian Swamy]] of the [[Janata Party]] (JP), [[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy|Valappaddy K. Ramamurthy]] of the [[Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress]] (TRC), and [[Vaiko]] of the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK) participated in the conference ahead of the general election that year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30160680.ece|title=A jubilee and a jamboree|date=31 May 1996|publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|access-date=5 June 2024|archive-date=9 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209212612/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30160680.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general election]], the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] won 30 of 40 seats it contested in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19980119-bjp-learns-some-hard-lessons-about-coalition-politics-825446-1998-01-18|title=BJP learns some hard lessons about coalition politics|date=19 January 1998|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=5 June 2024|archive-date=19 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319133444/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19980119-bjp-learns-some-hard-lessons-about-coalition-politics-825446-1998-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sedapatti R. Muthiah]], [[M. Thambidurai]], [[R. K. Kumar]], and [[Kadambur R. Janarthanan|Kadambur M. R. Janarthanan]] were the [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]] from AIADMK who joined the [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Union Ministry]] led by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/councilofministers/english/1_Upload_2129.pdf|title=List of Council of Ministers (22/05/1998)|date=22 May 1998|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|access-date=5 August 2023|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801092849/https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/councilofministers/english/1_Upload_2129.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 April 1999, AIADMK members of parliament resigned from the union ministry, and on 14 April 1999, Jayalalithaa submitted a letter to the [[President of India|president]] [[K. R. Narayanan]], withdrawing its support for the Vajpayee-led [[Government of India|central government]], and the president called for a [[Motion of no confidence in India|motion of no-confidence]] to be held in the [[Parliament of India|parliament]]. On 17 April 1999, Vajpayee lost in a motion of no-confidence called by Jayalalithaa in a single vote, which led to the government's fall.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-55874189|language=ta|title=வாஜ்பேயியை கதி கலங்கச் செய்த ஜெயலலிதா: ஒரே வாக்கில் அரசை வீழ்த்திய பழைய வரலாறு|date=8 February 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901175307/http://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-55874189|url-status=live}}</ref> This incident made the entire country look back at Jayalalithaa. In the [[1999 Indian general election|1999 general election]], the AIADMK allied with the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and left parties and won 14 of 40 seats it contested in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-gave-him-the-numbers/article61503003.ece|title=T.N. gave Vajpayee the numbers|date=17 August 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 August 2018|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903183613/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-gave-him-the-numbers/article61503003.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001 assembly election]], the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]], consisting of the [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] (TMC(M)), the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), and the left parties, won 197 seats to the AIADMK's 132 and regained power. ( In Chennai region, they won 10 out 16 seats) <ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30250676.ece|title=The return of Jayalalithaa|date=26 May 2001|publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|access-date=28 May 2001|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127085850/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30250676.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 May 2001, [[Jayalalithaa]] was sworn in as [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] for a second term and became the second [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] to take oath as a non-contested member in the assembly election after [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]].<ref name="CM"/> Jayalalithaa was barred from contesting the election because of the conviction in the [[Disproportionate assets case against J. Jayalalithaa|disproportionate asset case]] that occurred during her previous tenure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sc-pulls-up-jayalalithaa-for-filing-4-nominations-in-2001-assembly-polls/article4115954.ece|title=SC pulls up Jayalalithaa for filing 4 nominations in 2001 Assembly polls|date=20 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 November 2012|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716064943/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sc-pulls-up-jayalalithaa-for-filing-4-nominations-in-2001-assembly-polls/article4115954.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the proceedings in a disproportionate asset case, she was prevented from holding office, so she was compelled to resign from the post.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fathima-beevi-had-sworn-in-a-disqualified-jayalalithaa-as-chief-minister/article67565444.ece|title=Fathima Beevi had sworn in a disqualified Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister|date=23 November 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308073520/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fathima-beevi-had-sworn-in-a-disqualified-jayalalithaa-as-chief-minister/article67565444.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Then she appointed first-time elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] [[O. Panneerselvam]] as the legislative leader of the party. On 21 September 2001, he was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for the first term. Once the [[Supreme Court of India]] overturned her conviction and sentence in the case, Panneerselvam resigned from the post immediately on the morning of 2 March 2002, and on the same evening, Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the third term.<ref name="CM"/>
[[File:DJayakumar-Amma-OPS-Assembly.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa along with her [[Third Jayalalithaa ministry|council of ministers]] in the treachery benches of [[Tamil Nadu Assembly]]|250px]]
In [[Jayalalithaa]]'s second and third terms, she took many popular decisions, such as banning [[lottery]] tickets, restricting the liquor and sand quarrying businesses to government agencies, and banning tobacco product sales near schools and colleges.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/govt-bans-lottery-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/33806437.cms|title=Govt bans lottery in Tamil Nadu|date=9 January 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 January 2003|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205100609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/govt-bans-lottery-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/33806437.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She encouraged women to join the state police force by setting up all-women's police stations and commissioning 150 women into the elite-level police commandos in 2003, a first in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indias-first-women-police-commando-unit-starts-monday/articleshow/1118.cms|title=India's first Women Police Commando Unit starts Monday|date=1 June 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 June 2003|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010015626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indias-first-women-police-commando-unit-starts-monday/articleshow/1118.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The women had the same training as men, which included handling weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseback riding, and adventure sports. She dispatched a special task force in the name of [[Operation Cocoon]], headed by [[K. Vijay Kumar]] and [[N. K. Senthamarai Kannan]], to the [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary|Sathyamangalam forests]] in October 2004 to track down notorious sandalwood smuggler [[Veerappan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/vijay-kumar-jayalalithaa.html|title=The CM, Veerappan and I|date=18 December 2016|publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127111202/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/vijay-kumar-jayalalithaa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The operation was successful, as the special task force killed him on 18 October 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/veerapan-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-chasing-the-brigand-959739-2017-02-08|title=Veerapan wanted security on par with Jayalalithaa, reveals new book 'Chasing the Brigand'|date=8 February 2017|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=27 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127015707/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/veerapan-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-chasing-the-brigand-959739-2017-02-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/veerappan-case-closed-stf-cop-who-chased-bandit-details-hunt-in-memoir/story-efFD3sQeHbpreGqMuXvWnN.html|title=Decade-long hunt for Veerappan ends in 20 minutes: STF cop who chased bandit details hunt|date=31 March 2017|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208071702/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/veerappan-case-closed-stf-cop-who-chased-bandit-details-hunt-in-memoir/story-efFD3sQeHbpreGqMuXvWnN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite the popular measures taken by the [[Jayalalithaa]]-led [[Government of Tamil Nadu|government]], the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] lost all 40 seats it contested in the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]]. The [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]] (DPA), consisting of all the major opposition parties in the state, swept the election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30222798.ece|title=Voters' fury against AIADMK|date=4 June 2004|publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|access-date=6 June 2004|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424154255/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30222798.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 assembly election]], the party contested only with the support of the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK), [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (VCK) and a few other smaller parties, winning 69 seats, with the AIADMK winning 61 seats.For the first time, the AIADMK secured 7 of the 14 seats in the DMK stronghold of Chennai City alone in an election widely regarded as lacking a clear wave. The opposition's [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]], comprising larger parties, won 163 seats, with the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] winning 96 seats; the DMK is back in power but only as a [[Minority government|minority]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu|government]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/karunanidhi-to-be-chief-minister-for-fifth-time/article3132104.ece|title=Karunanidhi to be Chief Minister for fifth time|date=12 May 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 May 2006|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129013303/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/karunanidhi-to-be-chief-minister-for-fifth-time/article3132104.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In the history of [[Tamil Nadu]], it was the first time the state had a hung [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|assembly]] with a minority government. The AIADMK's electoral reversals continued in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]]. However, the party's performance was better than its debacle in 2004, and the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] managed to win 12 seats, with the AIADMK winning 9 seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/tamil-nadu-election-results-2016-j-jayalalithaa-slayer-of-tamil-nadus-favourite-political-traditions/articleshow/52340053.cms|title=J Jayalalithaa: Slayer of Tamil Nadu's favourite political traditions|date=19 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=12 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312140839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/tamil-nadu-election-results-2016-j-jayalalithaa-slayer-of-tamil-nadus-favourite-political-traditions/articleshow/52340053.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-enduring-enigma-that-was-Jayalalithaa/article16761203.ece|title=The enduring enigma that was Jayalalithaa|date=6 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=9 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809193908/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-enduring-enigma-that-was-Jayalalithaa/article16761203.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Swearing-in Ceremony of the Council of Ministers headed by Dr. J. Jayalalithaa, as Chief Minister, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu on May 16, 2011.jpg|thumb|Swearing-in Ceremony of the [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry|council of ministers]] headed by [[Jayalalithaa]] on 16 May 2011]]

Following widespread corruption, a price rise, a power cut, and allegations of nepotism against the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu|government]], in the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]], the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] with parties like the left and [[List of actor-politicians#India|actor-turned-politician]] [[Vijayakant]]'s [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] (DMDK) swept the polls, winning 203 seats, with the AIADMK winning 150 (they won 14 seats out 16 seats in captial chennai),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-wins-hands-down/article2016245.ece|title=Jayalalithaa wins hands down|date=13 May 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 May 2011|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228142958/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-wins-hands-down/article2016245.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and on 16 May 2011, [[Jayalalithaa]] was sworn in as [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] for a fourth term.<ref name="CM"/> Her return to power marked a significant shift in the state's political landscape, as she implemented various welfare schemes aimed at improving the lives of the underprivileged.<ref name="Scheme"/> These initiatives garnered her considerable support, further solidifying her position in [[Politics of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu politics]] and effectively challenging the opposition's influence.

In [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], the AIADMK allied with [[N. Rangasamy]]'s [[All India N.R. Congress]] (AINRC) and won the [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]], which was held in parallel with the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/photo/n-rangasamy-all-set-to-become-puducherry-chief-minister-365484-2011-05-13|title=Puducherry: Rangasamy leads AINRC to power|date=13 May 2011|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=20 May 2011|archive-date=18 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518075933/https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/photo/n-rangasamy-all-set-to-become-puducherry-chief-minister-365484-2011-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref> Rangasamy, on the other hand, formed the [[Government of Puducherry|government]] without consulting the AIADMK and refused to share power with the pre-election alliance partner. So [[Jayalalithaa]] accused him of betraying the coalition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rangasamy-betrayed-aiadmk-jayalalithaa/article2031655.ece|title=Rangasamy betrayed AIADMK: Jayalalithaa|date=19 May 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 May 2011|archive-date=8 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408124154/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rangasamy-betrayed-aiadmk-jayalalithaa/article2031655.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 February 2014, the [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary of the AIADMK]] and the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[Jayalalithaa]] donated a 13-kg gold armour to adorn the 3.5-foot-tall [[Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar|Pasumpon U. Muthuramalinga Thevar]] statue at the U. Muthuramalinga Thevar temple in Pasumpon, [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jayalalithaa-gifts-13kg-gold-armour-for-thevar-leaders-statue/articleshow/30136891.cms|title=Jayalalithaa gifts 13kg gold armour for Thevar leader's statue|date=10 February 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030101412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jayalalithaa-gifts-13kg-gold-armour-for-thevar-leaders-statue/articleshow/30136891.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This armour is kept safely in a locker at the [[Bank of India]]'s Anna Nagar branch in [[Madurai]]. After the AIADMK [[treasurer]] signs the bank, the shield will be handed over to the treasurer, who will then hand it over to the temple trustees from October 28 to 30, which is the Guru Pooja and [[Thevar Jayanthi]] observed on October 30 every year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/aiadmk-treasurer-receives-thevars-golden-armour-from-bank-744197|title=AIADMK treasurer receives Thevar's golden armour from bank|date=25 October 2023|publisher=[[DT Next]]|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204164813/https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/aiadmk-treasurer-receives-thevars-golden-armour-from-bank-744197|url-status=live}}</ref>

The AIADMK's electoral performance continued to be excellent in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]] as well. It opted not to join any alliance and contested all seats in the [[Federal state|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] on its own.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/dont-vote-for-bjp-or-congress-jayalalithaa-557262|title=Don't vote for BJP or Congress: Jayalalithaa|date=13 April 2014|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=15 April 2014|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927094027/https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/dont-vote-for-bjp-or-congress-jayalalithaa-557262|url-status=live}}</ref> The party won an unprecedented 37 out of the 40 parliamentary constituencies it contested and emerged as the third largest party in the [[16th Lok Sabha]] of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/election-results-2014-aiadmk-sweeps-tamil-nadu-bags-37-of-39-seats/articleshow/35246863.cms|title=Election results 2014: AIADMK sweeps Tamil Nadu, bags 37 of 39 seats|date=17 May 2014|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=25 May 2014|archive-date=9 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209204441/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/election-results-2014-aiadmk-sweeps-tamil-nadu-bags-37-of-39-seats/articleshow/35246863.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a massive victory that no other regional political party had ever achieved in the history of general elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/aiadmks-historic-win/article6020839.ece|title=AIADMK's historic win|date=18 May 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 May 2014|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423124339/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/aiadmks-historic-win/article6020839.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 29 August 2014, the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[Jayalalithaa]] was elected as the [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] of the party for the 7th consecutive term, making her the longest-serving general secretary of the party to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jayalalithaa-re-elected-AIADMK-general-secretary-strengthens-her-position/articleshow/41314214.cms|title=Jayalalithaa re-elected AIADMK general secretary, strengthens her position|date=31 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928024505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jayalalithaa-re-elected-AIADMK-general-secretary-strengthens-her-position/articleshow/41314214.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier, she was elected as general secretary on 1 January 1988, 9 February 1989, 23 June 1993, 23 September 1998, 10 September 2003,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaya-re-elected-aiadmk-chief/articleshow/176366.cms|title=Jaya re-elected AIADMK chief|date=11 September 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 September 2003|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016000704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jaya-re-elected-AIADMK-chief/articleshow/176366.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and 10 September 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2008/09/10/tn-jayalalitha-elected-as-general-secretary-of-admk-again.html|language=ta|title=பொதுச் செயலாளர்: ஜெ போட்டியின்றி தேர்வு|date=10 September 2008|work=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=15 September 2008|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220010007/https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2008/09/10/tn-jayalalitha-elected-as-general-secretary-of-admk-again.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During her longest tenure as general secretary, E. V. A. Vallimuthu, [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/honour-for-navalar-vr-nedunchezhiyan/article32047177.ece|title=Honour for 'Navalar' V.R. Nedunchezhiyan|date=10 July 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525055537/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/honour-for-navalar-vr-nedunchezhiyan/article32047177.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[K. Kalimuthu]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/08/former-speaker-kalimuthu-passes-away-aiadmk-mourns-his-death-1162980733.html|title=Former Speaker Kalimuthu passes away, AIADMK mourns his death|date=8 November 2006|work=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=10 November 2006|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114022811/https://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/08/former-speaker-kalimuthu-passes-away-aiadmk-mourns-his-death-1162980733.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pulamaipithan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/politics/puzhavar-pulamaipithans-political-journey|language=ta|title=புலமைப்பித்தன்: எம்.ஜி.ஆரின் கவிஞர்; ஜெயலலிதாவின் அவைத் தலைவர்! - புலவரின் அரசியல் பயணம்!|date=8 September 2021|publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|access-date=10 September 2021|archive-date=2 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202110024/https://www.vikatan.com/news/politics/puzhavar-pulamaipithans-political-journey|url-status=live}}</ref> [[C. Ponnaiyan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ponnaiyan-reappointed-presidium-chairman-of-aiadmk/articleshow/217047.cms|title=Ponnaiyan reappointed presidium chairman of AIADMK|date=5 October 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 October 2003|archive-date=4 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204114748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ponnaiyan-reappointed-presidium-chairman-of-aiadmk/articleshow/217047.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[E. Madhusudhanan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2007/02/05/admk.html|language=ta|title=அதிமுக அவைத் தலைவராக மதுசூதனன் தேர்வு!!!|date=5 February 2007|work=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=10 February 2007|archive-date=4 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204114525/https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2007/02/05/admk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> served as the presidium chairmen of the party.

On 27 September 2014, the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[Jayalalithaa]] was convicted in the [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate assets case]] by a special court along with her associates [[V. K. Sasikala]], Ilavarasi, and V. N. Sudhakaran and sentenced to four years' simple imprisonment. Jayalalithaa was also fined ₹100 crore, and her associates were fined ₹10 crore each.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/jayalalithaa-convicted-gets-4-year-jail-term-fined-rs-100-cr/article64102232.ece|title=Jayalalithaa convicted; gets 4-year jail term, fined Rs 100 cr|date=27 September 2014|publisher=[[Business Line]]|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526034832/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/jayalalithaa-convicted-gets-4-year-jail-term-fined-rs-100-cr/article64102232.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The case had political implications, as it was the first time a ruling [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] had to step down on account of a court sentence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jayalalithaa-found-guilty-assets-case-by-bangalore-court-faces-jail-has-step-down-cm-610103|title=Jayalalithaa Gets 4 Years Jail Term in Assets Case, Has to Step Down as CM|date=27 September 2014|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-date=4 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204114250/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jayalalithaa-found-guilty-assets-case-by-bangalore-court-faces-jail-has-step-down-cm-610103|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to [[Jayalalithaa]]'s dismissal, the [[Department of Finance (Tamil Nadu)|minister for finance]] [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|and public works of Tamil Nadu]] [[O. Panneerselvam|Panneerselvam]] was sworn in as [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] for a second term on 29 September 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india/2014/09/140929_panneerselvamtamilnadu|language=ta|title=ஓ.பன்னீர்செல்வம் முதல்வராகப் பதவியேற்றார்|date=29 September 2014|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-date=26 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226145947/https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india/2014/09/140929_panneerselvamtamilnadu|url-status=live}}</ref> Bail for Jayalalithaa was denied by the High Court and then moved to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], where it was granted on 17 October 2014. On 11 May 2015, the [[High Court of Karnataka]] said she was acquitted from that case,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-acquitted-of-all-charges-in-wealth-case/article61470681.ece|title=After acquittal, Jayalalithaa set to return as CM|date=11 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 May 2015|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807185357/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-acquitted-of-all-charges-in-wealth-case/article61470681.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and on 23 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister of Tamil Nadu for a fifth term.<ref name="CM"/>

In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[Jayalalithaa]] ran without allies and swept the polls by winning 135 of 234 seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/i-built-an-alliance-with-the-people-jayalalithaa-on-her-victory-in-the-tamil-nadu-elections/articleshow/52339353.cms|title=I built an alliance with the people: Jayalalithaa on her victory in the Tamil Nadu elections|date=19 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031191905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/I-built-an-alliance-with-the-people-Jayalalithaa-on-her-victory-in-the-Tamil-Nadu-elections/articleshow/52339353.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the most audacious decision taken by her for the spectacular victory that any political leader had ever made in the history of [[Elections in Tamil Nadu#Legislative Assembly elections|Tamil Nadu elections]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/two-leaves-eclipse-the-rising-sun-yet-again/article8622225.ece|title=A historic win, says Jayalalithaa|date=20 May 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=19 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619165108/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/two-leaves-eclipse-the-rising-sun-yet-again/article8622225.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2016/tamil-nadu-election/story/7-ways-jayalalitha-broke-tamil-nadus-political-jinx-324478-2016-05-19|title=7 ways Jayalalithaa broke Tamil Nadu's political jinx|date=19 May 2016|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=4 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404211949/https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2016/tamil-nadu-election/story/7-ways-jayalalitha-broke-tamil-nadus-political-jinx-324478-2016-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 May 2016, Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister of Tamil Nadu for a sixth and last term.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-swearing-in-ceremony-jaya-takes-over-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-for-sixth-time/articleshow/52396627.cms|title=Jayalalithaa takes charge as Tamil Nadu chief minister for sixth time|date=23 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927234213/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jayalalithaa-swearing-in-ceremony-Jaya-takes-over-as-Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-for-sixth-time/articleshow/52396627.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 September 2016, she was admitted to [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Hospital]], [[Chennai]], due to fever and dehydration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230916/tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa-hospitalised-with-fever-dehydration.html|title=Tamil Nadu CM Jayalalithaa, 68, hospitalised with fever, dehydration|date=23 September 2016|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006073512/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230916/tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa-hospitalised-with-fever-dehydration.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After a prolonged illness, she [[Death and state funeral of J. Jayalalithaa|died]] on 5 December 2016 and became the third [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] to die in office after [[C. N. Annadurai|Anna]] and her mentor [[M.G.R.]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Amma-no-more-Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-dies/articleshow/55822315.cms|title=Amma no more: Tamil Nadu chief minister Jayalalithaa dies|date=6 December 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518095608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Amma-no-more-Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-dies/articleshow/55822315.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38218232|title=India Jayalalitha death: Masses mourn 'iron lady'|date=6 December 2016|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203210358/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38218232|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-in-death-jayalalithaa-joins-club-of-16-cms-who-died-while-in-power-359764|title=In death, Jayalalithaa joins club of 16 CMs who died while in power|date=6 December 2016|publisher=[[India TV]]|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-date=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210101240/http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-in-death-jayalalithaa-joins-club-of-16-cms-who-died-while-in-power-359764|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following her death, a [[Kodanad estate robbery and murder|robbery and murder]] took place at Jayalalithaa's Kodanadu estate on 24 April 2017. The incident later became a politically sensitive issue within the AIADMK and among the public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2019-01-14 |title=Kodanad robbery and murder case: A timeline of events and the mystery deaths |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/kodanad-robbery-and-murder-case-timeline-events-and-mystery-deaths-95016 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-08 |title=2017 heist-murder at Jayalalithaa's retreat: Court restrains accused's brother from linking EPS with crime |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/2017-heist-murder-at-jayalalithaas-retreat-court-restrains-accuseds-brother-from-linking-eps-with-crime-9659013/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Shilpa |date=2022-10-01 |title=The murky heist-cum-murder case at Jayalalithaa's Kodanad estate is back in the limelight |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/news/the-murky-heist-cum-murder-case-at-jayalalithaas-kodanad-estate-is-back-in-the-limelight/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en}}</ref>

====Expansion beyond Tamil Nadu and Puducherry====
Under the leadership of [[Jayalalithaa]], the party spread beyond [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It established state units in some other [[India]]n [[Federal state|states]] and [[union territory|union territories]], like the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]], and [[Telangana]]. The party also has functionaries and supporters in other countries where Tamil people are present.

In [[Karnataka]], the party had members in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|state assembly]] from 1983 to 2004 and has influence in the Tamil-speaking areas of [[Bangalore district|Bengaluru]] and [[Kolar district|Kolar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/Dec/07/bluru-win-made-jayalalithaa-dream-big-1546449.html|title=B'luru win made Jayalalithaa dream big|date=7 December 2016|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-date=8 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408191509/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/Dec/07/bluru-win-made-jayalalithaa-dream-big-1546449.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Kerala]], the party won a total of six wards in three panchayats in the local body elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-wins-six-wards-in-kerala-civic-polls/article7856879.ece|title=AIADMK wins six wards in Kerala civic polls|date=8 November 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108163041/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-wins-six-wards-in-kerala-civic-polls/article7856879.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]], and [[Maharashtra]], the party has contested some legislative assembly elections but did not win a single seat in any of the elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-contests-dmk-stays-out-in-maha/articleshow/5040205.cms|title=AIADMK contests, DMK stays out in Maha|date=22 September 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523104532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-contests-dmk-stays-out-in-maha/articleshow/5040205.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===V. K. Sasikala and T. T. V. Dhinakaran era (2016–2017)===
After Jayalalithaa's death on 5 December 2016, her close aide [[V. K. Sasikala]] was selected unanimously as the Acting General Secretary of the party on 31 December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aiadmk-appoints-chinnamma-vk-sasikala-as-party-chief/articleshow/56231003.cms?from=mdr|title=AIADMK appoints "Chinnamma" VK Sasikala as party chief|date=29 December 2016|website=The Economic Times|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116194636/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aiadmk-appoints-chinnamma-vk-sasikala-as-party-chief/articleshow/56231003.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/V.K.-Sasikala-appointed-as-AIADMK-general-secretary/article16957866.ece|title=V.K. Sasikala appointed as AIADMK general secretary|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 December 2016|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229190744/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/V.K.-Sasikala-appointed-as-AIADMK-general-secretary/article16957866.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 February 2017, she was selected as the leader of the legislative assembly as chief minister. [[O. Panneerselvam]] rebelled against Sasikala and reported that he had been compelled to resign as Chief Minister, bringing in a new twist to Tamil Nadu politics. Due to a conviction in the [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate assets case]] against Jayalalithaa, Sasikala was sentenced to 4 years' imprisonment in the [[Central Prison, Bangalore|Bengaluru Central Prison]]. Before that, she appointed [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] as legislative party leader (Chief Minister).

She also appointed her nephew and former treasurer of the party, [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]], as the deputy general secretary of the AIADMK party.<ref>{{cite web|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/T.T.V.-Dinakaran-back-in-AIADMK-named-deputy-general-secretary/article17306635.ece|title=T.T.V. Dinakaran back in AIADMK, named deputy general secretary|publisher=The Hindu|date=15 February 2017|accessdate=21 August 2017}}</ref> With the support of 123 MLAs, Palaniswami became [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]].

On 23 March 2017, the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) gave separate party symbols to the two factions: [[O. Panneerselvam]]'s faction, known as AIADMK (Puratchi Thalaivi Amma), got the "Electric Pole" symbol, and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]'s faction, known as AIADMK (Amma), got the "Hat" symbol.<ref>{{cite web|date=2017-03-23|title=Panneerselvam gets 'electricity pole', 'hat' for Sasikala in RK Nagar bypoll|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-tv/panneerselvam-gets-electricity-pole-hat-for-sasikala-in-rk-nagar-bypoll/videoshow/57788805.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2019-04-21|website=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>

A [[2016–2017 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|bye-election]] was announced for the [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]] constituency, which was vacated due to Jayalalithaa's death. But the election commission cancelled the bye-election after evidence of large-scale bribery by the ruling AIADMK (Amma) surfaced. On 17 April 2017, Delhi police registered a case against Dhinakaran, who was also the candidate for AIADMK (Amma) for the bye-election at Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar, regarding an allegation of attempting to bribe the Election Commission of India for the AIADMK's election symbol.<ref>{{cite web|date=2017-12-14|title=Election Commission bribery case, Charge sheet filed against Dhinakaran|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ec-bribery-case-ttv-dhinakaran-named-as-accused-in-supplementary-charge-sheet/article21663931.ece|access-date=2021-10-04|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> However, the Central District Tis Hazari Courts granted him bail on the grounds that the police had failed to identify the allegedly bribed public official.

However, the chief minister, Edappadi K. Palaniswami, had a fallout with Dhinakaran and announced that the appointment of Dhinakaran as deputy general secretary was invalid. So he claims, "We are the real AIADMK, and 95% of its cadres are with us."

====Expulsion of V. K. Sasikala and T. T. V. Dhinakaran====
On 12 September 2017, the AIADMK general council, which had earlier appointed her, cancelled [[V. K. Sasikala]]'s appointment as general secretary and officially expelled her from the party as a primary member.<ref name="sasioust">{{cite web|title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary'|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 September 2017|access-date=5 December 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205064130/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sasittvoust" />

Earlier on 10 August 2017, [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] was sacked as deputy general secretary at the meeting headed by [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] at Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai in Chennai.<ref name="ttvoust">{{cite web|title=TTV Dhinakaran has already been sacked, says AIADMK meeting|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ttv-dhinakaran-has-already-been-sacked-says-aiadmk-meeting-4817584/|website=indianexpress|date=28 August 2017|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710023427/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ttv-dhinakaran-has-already-been-sacked-says-aiadmk-meeting-4817584/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sasittvoust">{{cite web|title=AIADMK general council meeting: Sasikala, Dinakaran sacked, Jayalalithaa to be 'eternal' party head|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aiadmk-general-council-meeting-live-sasikala-ttv-dinakaran-to-be-removed-from-party-1042812-2017-09-12|website=indiatoday|date=12 September 2017|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710025317/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aiadmk-general-council-meeting-live-sasikala-ttv-dinakaran-to-be-removed-from-party-1042812-2017-09-12|url-status=live}}</ref>

After completing her imprisonment at [[Central Prison, Bangalore|Bengaluru Central Prison]], Sasikala filed a case in the City Civil Court IV of [[Chennai]] in February 2021, but it upheld her dismissal as the [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK general secretary]] in April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=TN court upholds decision to remove Sasikala as AIADMK general secretary|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2022/04/11/decision-to-remove-sasikala-as-aiadmk-general-secretary-upheld-tn-court.html|work=Press Trust of India|via=Onmanorama|date=11 April 2022|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414111422/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2022/04/11/decision-to-remove-sasikala-as-aiadmk-general-secretary-upheld-tn-court.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 December 2023, the [[Madras High Court]] upheld her dismissal as the AIADMK general secretary.<ref name="sasihcverdict">{{cite web|title=Madras High Court dismisses V.K. Sasikala's claim over AIADMK general secretary post|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-dismisses-vk-sasikalas-claim-over-aiadmk-general-secretary-post/article67606480.ece|work=The Hindu|date=5 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205064547/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-dismisses-vk-sasikalas-claim-over-aiadmk-general-secretary-post/article67606480.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 February 2026, Sasikala launched a New Political Party and Its Flag, thereby effectively giving away her claim over the AIADMK ahead of Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/it-would-be-a-betrayal-vk-sasikala-announces-return-to-politics-floats-new-party|title=‘It would be a betrayal’: VK Sasikala announces return to politics, floats new party|language=en-IN|work=thenewsminute|date=24 February 2026|access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref>

===O. Panneerselvam and Edappadi K. Palaniswami era (2017–2022)===
On 21 August 2017, both [[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] factions of the AIADMK merged, and O. Panneerselvam was sworn in as the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] with the portfolio of Finance. He also holds portfolios for housing, rural housing, housing development, the slum clearance board, accommodation control, town planning, urban development, and the [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]. A dual leadership system was amended in the constitution of the party by removing the designation of general secretary and constituting the new designations for the party's leadership. O. Panneerselvam and Edappadi K. Palaniswami became the coordinator and joint coordinator of the AIADMK, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-merger-panneerselvam-to-be-deputy-cm-gets-finance-portfolio/article19533739.ece|title=AIADMK merger: Panneerselvam is Deputy CM, gets finance portfolio|date=21 August 2017|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042521/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-merger-panneerselvam-to-be-deputy-cm-gets-finance-portfolio/article19533739.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 January 2018, O. Panneerselvam was elected [[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].

On 12 September 2017, the AIADMK general council decided to cancel V. K. Sasikala's appointment as acting general secretary and officially expel her from the party, though prominent members appointed to party posts by her were allowed to continue discharging their functions. Instead, the late [[J. Jayalalithaa]] was named the eternal general secretary of the AIADMK.<ref name="sasioust" /><ref name="sasittvoust" />

A day after the merger of two AIADMK factions, on 22 August 2017, 19 MLAs<ref name="The Hindu 22 Aug 2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/day-after-merger-19-pro-dhinakaran-mlas-withdraw-support-to-cm/article19538882.ece|title=19 pro-Dhinakaran MLAs withdraw support to Palaniswami|first=Dennis S.|last=Jesudasan|date=22 August 2017|website=The Hindu|access-date=18 April 2021|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418110503/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/day-after-merger-19-pro-dhinakaran-mlas-withdraw-support-to-cm/article19538882.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> owing allegiance to ousted deputy general secretary [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] submitted letters to the [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|governor]], expressing lack of confidence in [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] Edappadi K. Palaniswami and withdrawing support from the government.<ref name="The Hindu 22 Aug 2017" /> 18 out of those 19 MLAs were disqualified from office by the [[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the legislative assembly]] upon recommendation from the AIADMK Chief Whip. After a prolonged legal battle, the Speaker's orders were upheld by the [[Madras High Court]], and bye-elections were held alongside the general parliamentary elections. On 23 November 2017, the [[Election Commission of India]] granted the "two leaves" symbol to the [[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] camp.<ref name="eciorder2017">{{cite web|date=2017-11-23|title= Commission's Order dt 23 November 2017 in the dispute Case of AIADMK – regarding.|language=en-IN|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4997-commissions-order-dt-23112017-in-the-dispute-case-of-aiadmk-regarding/?do=download}}</ref>

On 24 February 2018, AIADMK's new mouthpiece, ''[[Namadhu Amma]]'', a Tamil daily newspaper, was launched, marking the 70th birth anniversary of the former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] and the former general secretary of AIADMK, [[J. Jayalalithaa]], fondly known as ''Amma''.<ref name="NamadhuAmma">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-mouthpiece-to-be-launched-on-february-24/article22819954.ece|title=AIADMK mouthpiece to be launched on February 24|date=2018-02-22|website=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-23|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710032113/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-mouthpiece-to-be-launched-on-february-24/article22819954.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/ElectionNews/2018/01/18122808/1140819/namadhu-puratchi-thalaivi-amma-daily-launched-on-Feb.vpf|title=அ.தி.மு.க.வுக்கு புதிய நாளேடு: ஜெயலலிதா பிறந்த நாளில் தொடக்கம்|date=2018-01-18|website=maalaimalar|language=ta|access-date=2018-01-18|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710032113/https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/ElectionNews/2018/01/18122808/1140819/namadhu-puratchi-thalaivi-amma-daily-launched-on-Feb.vpf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 November 2018, the AIADMK launched ''[[News J]]'', named after the AIADMK former general secretary [[J. Jayalalithaa]], to replace [[Jaya TV]]. News J is the 24×7 Tamil news channel operated and managed by Mantaro Network Private Limited.<ref name="newsj">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/aiadmk-launches-its-own-news-channel-named-after-jayalalithaa/316459|title=AIADMK Launches Its Own News Channel Named After Jayalalithaa|date=2018-09-13|website=outlookindia|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108213451/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/aiadmk-launches-its-own-news-channel-named-after-jayalalithaa/316459|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-launches-tv-channel-news-j-to-take-on-rivals-5447146/|title=AIADMK launches TV channel 'News J' to take on rivals|date=2018-11-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-02-01|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928231551/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-launches-tv-channel-news-j-to-take-on-rivals-5447146/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite the popular measures taken by the government, in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Lok Sabha election]], the party, in alliance with the BJP again, was humiliated, winning one of the 39 Lok Sabha seats from the state. The [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] (SPA), a DMK-led alliance consisting of all the major opposition parties in the state, swept the election by winning 38 seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-stalin-steers-dmk-to-success-in-lok-sabha-polls/330856|title=Stalin Steers DMK To Success In Lok Sabha Polls|date=23 May 2019|website=The Hindu|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

In August 2020, there was a bustle in the party over the selection of the chief ministerial candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/differences-emerge-in-aiadmk-over-cm-candidate-issue20200815235920/|title=Differences emerge in AIADMK over CM candidate issue|date=15 August 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 March 2025|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117041142/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/differences-emerge-in-aiadmk-over-cm-candidate-issue20200815235920/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 October 2020, the party coordinator and the [[deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[O. Panneerselvam]] announced that the joint coordinator and the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], would be the chief ministerial candidate for the upcoming [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/edappadi-k-palaniswami-is-aiadmks-cm-candidate-in-tamil-nadu-panneerselvam-announces/articleshow/78526953.cms|title=Edappadi K Palaniswami is AIADMK's CM candidate in Tamil Nadu, Panneerselvam announces|date=8 October 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 March 2025|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821075318/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/edappadi-k-palaniswami-is-aiadmks-cm-candidate-in-tamil-nadu-panneerselvam-announces/articleshow/78526953.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly election]], the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]], consisting of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], and a few other smaller parties, won 75 seats compared to the 159 seats won by the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance]], which made the DMK form a majority government after the victory of the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Election Results 2021 Live: DMK leader Stalin to take oath as CM on May 7|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-election-result-2021-counting-live-news-updates-dmk-alliance-leads/liveblog/82349291.cms|access-date=2021-05-04|website=The Times of India|date=3 May 2021|language=en|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507021613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-election-result-2021-counting-live-news-updates-dmk-alliance-leads/liveblog/82349291.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After the election, the AIADMK emerged as the main opposition party in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|assembly]] by winning 66 seats. On 10 May 2021, party joint coordinator [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] was unanimously elected as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite news|date=2021-05-10|language=en-IN|work=newindianexpress|title=Edappadi Palaniswami elected as Leader of Opposition in Tamil Nadu Assembly|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/10/edappadi-palaniswami-elected-as-leader-of-opposition-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-2300755.html|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513143613/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/10/edappadi-palaniswami-elected-as-leader-of-opposition-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-2300755.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and on 14 June 2021, party coordinator [[O. Panneerselvam]] was elected as the deputy leader of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Jun/14/ops-elected-deputy-leader-of-aiadmk-legislature-party-sp-velumani-is-party-whip-2316095.html|title=OPS elected deputy leader of AIADMK legislature party, SP Velumani is party whip|date=14 June 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=21 March 2025|archive-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523104510/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Jun/14/ops-elected-deputy-leader-of-aiadmk-legislature-party-sp-velumani-is-party-whip-2316095.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 October 2021, party coordinator [[O. Panneerselvam]] and joint coordinator [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] jointly released the notification stating that the headquarters of the party, which is located at V.P. Raman Salai, [[Royapettah]], [[Chennai]], will be named ''Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai'' in memory of the party's founder and the former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-headquarters-to-be-named-after-mgr/article37013518.ece|title=AIADMK headquarters to be named after MGR|date=15 October 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 February 2025|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522195039/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-headquarters-to-be-named-after-mgr/article37013518.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2021, they both re-elected as co-ordinator and joint co-ordinator respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-announces-organisational-elections/articleshow/88046575.cms |title=AIADMK announces organisational elections |work=The Times of India |date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

====Legal fight for the party by V. K. Sasikala and T. T. V. Dhinakaran====
After that, [[V. K. Sasikala]] and [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] had appealed to the [[Delhi High Court]], which rejected their appeal and said that [[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] were the original AIADMK.

Following that, T. T. V. Dhinakaran filed an appeal with the [[Supreme Court of India]] on March 15, and the bench of the [[Chief Justice of India]] dismissed his appeal against the Delhi High Court's decision in favor of the O. Panneerselvam and Edappadi K. Palaniswami camp.

Following this, the General Council passed a resolution removing V. K. Sasikala from the post of General Secretary. V. K. Sasikala and T. T. V. Dhinakaran jointly filed a suit in the High Court challenging the decision of the General Council. Since it was a civil case, the case was transferred to the City Civil Court. During the hearing on 9 April 2021, Dinakaran told the court that he would withdraw from the case as he had started a party called [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-03-15|title=Dinakaran launches new party AMMK|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dinakaran-launches-new-party-ammk-118031500281_1.html|access-date=2019-04-18|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> At the same time, Sasikala told the court that she wanted to continue the case. The court dismissed her plea following an interlocutory application from AIADMK coordinator O. Panneerselvam and joint coordinator Edappadi K. Palaniswami.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/110422/sasikala-plea-against-expulsion-rejected-by-tn-court.html|title=Sasikala's plea against expulsion rejected by TN court|date=11 April 2022|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411211002/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/110422/sasikala-plea-against-expulsion-rejected-by-tn-court.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Tensions with BJP====
In June 2022, the AIADMK and BJP were at odds publicly.<ref name="ponnaiyan">{{cite web|last1=Ashok |first1=Sowmiya |url=https://theprint.in/politics/marriage-of-compulsion-why-aiadmk-is-unlikely-to-break-up-with-bjp-despite-public-discord/989044/|title='Marriage of compulsion': Why AIADMK is unlikely to break up with BJP despite public discord|website=[[ThePrint]]|date=9 June 2022|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902181248/https://theprint.in/politics/marriage-of-compulsion-why-aiadmk-is-unlikely-to-break-up-with-bjp-despite-public-discord/989044/|url-status=live}}</ref> AIADMK organization secretary [[C. Ponnaiyan]] accused the [[BJP]]-led [[Government of India|central government]] of stealing [[Tamil Nadu]]'s revenue, as well as blaming AIADMK for election losses, the loss of minority community support, and "anti-Tamil" policies, particularly those affecting students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/aiadmk-c-ponnaiyan-attacks-bjp-anti-tamil-policies-7947993/|title=AIADMK attacks ally BJP, says Modi govt policies against Tamils|date=June 2022|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902175022/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/aiadmk-c-ponnaiyan-attacks-bjp-anti-tamil-policies-7947993/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also called the alliance an "electoral adjustment", claiming that the BJP was attempting to expand at the cost of the AIADMK in Tamil Nadu and that its ideology is diametrically opposite that of the AIADMK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/06/02/bjp-anti-tamil-alliance-is-electoral-adjustment-says-ponnaiyan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902181250/https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/06/02/bjp-anti-tamil-alliance-is-electoral-adjustment-says-ponnaiyan|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2022|title=BJP anti-Tamil, alliance is electoral adjustment, says Ponnaiyan|website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ponnaiyan-accuses-bjp-of-seeking-to-grow-at-aiadmks-cost/article65480942.ece|title=Ponnaiyan accuses BJP of seeking to grow at AIADMK's cost|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 May 2022|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902182750/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ponnaiyan-accuses-bjp-of-seeking-to-grow-at-aiadmks-cost/article65480942.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The event reportedly had party cadres reiterating these sentiments, albeit in a lighter tone, and agreeing that the BJP was attempting to wrest control of the state's opposition from the AIADMK.<ref name="ponnaiyan" />

====Leadership tussle between O. Panneerselvam and Edappadi K. Palaniswami====
On 14 June 2022, citing the party's troubles in the polls, AIADMK district secretaries and other senior party members spoke out to shun the "[[Diarchy|dual leadership]]" system and came out publicly in favor of a strong unitary leader to strengthen the organization.

Supporters of [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] pushed for the change in the party's leadership structure by staging a [[Coup d'état|political coup]] against AIADMK coordinator [[O. Panneerselvam]], who had become weak within the party. According to many sources, of the AIADMK's 75 district secretaries, hardly 10 supported him. Of the party's 66 MLAs, only three were reportedly on O. Panneerselvam's side, and less than 20 percent of the party's general council members were behind him ahead of the crucial general council meeting on 23 June 2022, which was expected to elect the single leadership to the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/more-voices-emerge-in-favour-of-unitary-leadership-in-aiadmk/article65543471.ece|title=More voices emerge in favour of unitary leadership in AIADMK|website=The Hindu|date=19 June 2022|access-date=20 June 2022|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620073002/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/more-voices-emerge-in-favour-of-unitary-leadership-in-aiadmk/article65543471.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 June 2022, [[A. Thamizhmahan Hussain]] was unanimously elected as the [[Chairperson|Presidium Chairman]] of the party at a general council meeting held at the Shrivaaru Venkataachalapathy Palace in [[Vanagaram]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/tamil-magan-hussain-profile-aiadmk-presidium-chairman-history-biography-all-you-need-to-know-1538786|title=Who Is Thamizhmahan Hussain? One Of AIADMK Founding Members Who Is Now Party Presidium Chairman|website=abplive|date=23 June 2022|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625183156/https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/tamil-magan-hussain-profile-aiadmk-presidium-chairman-history-biography-all-you-need-to-know-1538786|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-magan-hussain-elected-as-aiadmk-presidium-chairman-3093045|title=Thamizhmahan Hussain Elected AIADMK Presidium Chairman; Question Over Dual Chiefship|website=ndtv|date=23 June 2022|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708144007/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-magan-hussain-elected-as-aiadmk-presidium-chairman-3093045|url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day, Presidium Chairman A. Thamizhmahan Hussain announced that the next general council meeting of the party would be held on 11 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tamil-magan-hussain-elected-as-aiadmk-presidium-chairman20220623131309/|title=Thamizhmahan Hussain elected as AIADMK Presidium Chairman|website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=23 June 2022|access-date=9 July 2022|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709060140/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tamil-magan-hussain-elected-as-aiadmk-presidium-chairman20220623131309/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/jul/05/aiadmk-general-council-on-july-11-toelect-eps-as-interim-general-secretary-2473202.html|title=AIADMK general council on July 11; to elect EPS as interim general secretary|website=newindianexpress|date=5 July 2022|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711081119/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/jul/05/aiadmk-general-council-on-july-11-toelect-eps-as-interim-general-secretary-2473202.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 June 2022, Edappadi K. Palaniswami wrote a letter to [[O. Panneerselvam]] asserting the latter ceased to be the party coordinator as the amendments made to the party's bylaw in the December 2021 executive committee meeting were not recognized in the general council meeting held on 23 June 2022.<ref name="coordexpires">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/o-panneerselvam-letter-edappadi-k-palaniswami-aiadmk-coordinator-tamil-nadu-8001329/|title=Tamil Nadu: Indicating OPS is no longer AIADMK coordinator, EPS says his letter on local body polls invalid|website=indianexpress|date=30 June 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701084412/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/o-panneerselvam-letter-edappadi-k-palaniswami-aiadmk-coordinator-tamil-nadu-8001329/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/you-are-no-longer-aiadmk-coordinator-eps-tells-ops-101656615805480.html|title=You are no longer AIADMK coordinator, EPS tells OPS|website=hindustantimes|date=1 July 2022|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701084416/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/you-are-no-longer-aiadmk-coordinator-eps-tells-ops-101656615805480.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Expulsion of O. Panneerselvam
In the general council meeting held on 11 July 2022, the general council members passed the resolution and expelled the former coordinator [[O. Panneerselvam]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/o-panneerselvam-dismissed-from-admk-party-general-body-meeting-decision-477874/|language=ta|title=அ.இ.அ.தி.மு.க-வில் இருந்து ஓ.பி.எஸ் நீக்கம்: பொதுக் குழுவில் சிறப்பு தீர்மானம்|website=indianexpress tamil|date=11 July 2022|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711071503/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/o-panneerselvam-dismissed-from-admk-party-general-body-meeting-decision-477874/|url-status=live}}</ref> the former deputy coordinator [[R. Vaithilingam]], [[P. H. Manoj Pandian]], and [[J. C. D. Prabhakar]] from their respective posts and primary membership in the party for "anti-party" activities.<ref name="opssacked">{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/tamil-nadu/breaking-latest-tamil-news-live-updates-on-july-11th-2022-hrp-769796.html|language=ta|title=அஇஅதிமுகவிலிருந்து ஓ.பி.எஸ். அனைத்து பதவிகளிலிருந்தும் நீக்கம்!|website=news18 tamil|date=11 July 2022|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711063137/https://tamil.news18.com/news/tamil-nadu/breaking-latest-tamil-news-live-updates-on-july-11th-2022-hrp-769796.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-tussle-setback-for-o-panneerselvam-madras-high-court-allows-meeting-called-by-rival-e-palaniswamy-3146035|title=AIADMK Tussle: EPS Is New Boss, Rival OPS Expelled|website=ndtv|date=11 July 2022|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711052754/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-tussle-setback-for-o-panneerselvam-madras-high-court-allows-meeting-called-by-rival-e-palaniswamy-3146035|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 July 2022, former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] was unanimously elected as the interim general secretary of the party in the general council meeting held at the Shrivaaru Venkatachalapathy Palace in [[Vanagaram]], [[Chennai]].<ref name="epsigc">{{cite news|title=AIADMK general council anoints Edappadi K Palaniswami as party interim general secretary|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-general-council-appoints-edappadi-k-palaniswami-as-party-interim-general-secretary/articleshow/92794556.cms?from=mdr|access-date=11 July 2022|work=The Times of India|date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711045030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-general-council-appoints-edappadi-k-palaniswami-as-party-interim-general-secretary/articleshow/92794556.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Palaniswami appointed [[Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]] as the [[treasurer]] of the party, replacing [[O. Panneerselvam]].<ref name="dstreasurer">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/aiadmk-gears-up-for-eps-vs-ops-battle-as-madras-hc-set-to-deliver-verdict-on-plea-against-general-council-meet-5528575.html|title=Sec 144 Around AIADMK HQ in Chennai as Party Expels OPS After EPS Gains Control|website=news18|date=11 July 2022|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711064524/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/aiadmk-gears-up-for-eps-vs-ops-battle-as-madras-hc-set-to-deliver-verdict-on-plea-against-general-council-meet-5528575.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 July 2022, Palaniswami appointed [[R. B. Udhayakumar]] as the deputy [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], replacing Panneerselvam, who declared this in the party's legislative members meeting held on 17 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/eps-faction-elects-rb-udayakumar-as-deputy-leader-of-opposition-to-replace-ops/articleshow/92975243.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral|title=EPS faction elects RB Udayakumar as deputy leader of opposition to replace OPS|work=thenewsminute|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719074300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/eps-faction-elects-rb-udayakumar-as-deputy-leader-of-opposition-to-replace-ops/articleshow/92975243.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/former-minister-rb-udayakumar-appointed-as-deputy-leader-of-opposition-749026|language=ta|title=எதிர்க்கட்சி துணை தலைவராக முன்னாள் அமைச்சர் ஆர்.பி.உதயகுமார் நியமனம்|website=dailythanthi|date=19 July 2022|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719074301/https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/former-minister-rb-udayakumar-appointed-as-deputy-leader-of-opposition-749026|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the general council meeting, there was violence at the Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai in [[Royapettah]], where the supporters of Palaniswami and Panneerselvam threw stones, bottles, and plastic chairs at each other and damaged several vehicles nearby.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sivaraman|first=R.|date=2022-07-11|title=Violence erupts near AIADMK party headquarters before general council meeting|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/violence-erupts-near-aiadmk-party-headquarters-before-aiadmk-meet/article65625958.ece|access-date=2022-07-13|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713135219/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/violence-erupts-near-aiadmk-party-headquarters-before-aiadmk-meet/article65625958.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Following this, the [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Revenue Department of Tamil Nadu]] sealed the Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai for the third time in its history.<ref name="AIADMK HQ Sealing"/> Overall, 47 people were injured in the clashes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sivaraman|first=R.|date=2022-07-11|title=AIADMK headquarters sealed following violent clash|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-headquarterssealed-following-violent-clash/article65627681.ece|access-date=2022-07-13|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713135309/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-headquarterssealed-following-violent-clash/article65627681.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 July 2022, the [[Madras High Court]] ordered to remove the seal of Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai and hand over the keys to the interim general secretary, Edappadi K. Palaniswami.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/tamil-nadu/chennai-high-court-ordered-to-remove-seal-and-hand-over-admk-office-key-to-eps-774362.html|language=ta|title=அதிமுக அலுவலக சாவியை ஈபிஎஸ் வசம் வழங்க சென்னை உயர் நீதிமன்றம் உத்தரவு|website=news18 tamil|date=20 July 2021|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720093501/https://tamil.news18.com/news/tamil-nadu/chennai-high-court-ordered-to-remove-seal-and-hand-over-admk-office-key-to-eps-774362.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was previously locked and sealed on 11 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2022/jul/20/high-court-orders-removal-of-aiadmk-office-seal-3883519.html|language=ta|title=அதிமுக அலுவலக சாவியை இபிஎஸ்ஸிடம் ஒப்படைக்க உத்தரவு|website=dinamani|date=20 July 2021|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720093236/https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2022/jul/20/high-court-orders-removal-of-aiadmk-office-seal-3883519.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Tamil |first1=Hindu |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/829013-high-court-orders-to-hand-over-key-of-aiadmk-head-office-to-eps-1.html|language=ta|title=அதிமுக தலைமை அலுவலகத்தின் சாவியை இபிஎஸ்ஸிடம் ஒப்படைக்க உயர் நீதிமன்றம் உத்தரவு|website=hindutamil|date=20 July 2021|access-date=20 July 2022|archive-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720093501/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/829013-high-court-orders-to-hand-over-key-of-aiadmk-head-office-to-eps-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 September 2022, the [[Supreme Court of India]] dismissed the petition of O. Panneerselvam challenging the Madras High Court's order to handover the keys to Palaniswami.<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-09-12|title=Supreme Court dismisses OPS plea, says sealing party office has consequences in democracy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/supreme-court-dismisses-ops-plea-says-sealing-party-office-has-consequences-in-democracy-8147332/|access-date=2022-09-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914030849/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/supreme-court-dismisses-ops-plea-says-sealing-party-office-has-consequences-in-democracy-8147332/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Legal fight for the party between Edappadi K. Palaniswami and O. Panneerselvam
The [[Madras High Court]] on 17 August 2022 ruled in favor of [[O. Panneerselvam]] and declared the AIADMK general council meeting held on 11 July 2022 which had abolished dual leadership as [[void ab initio]]. The court called for the restoration of the status quo as it existed on June 23 and has prevented the party from convening any meeting of the executive council or the general council of the party without joint consent from both Palaniswami and Panneerselvam, thus effectively restoring dual leadership. The court cited procedural lapses to declare the general council meeting held on July 11, invalid and found that there was no data to prove Edappadi K. Palaniswami's claim that 95% of the 1.5 crore (15 million) primary party members supported unitary leadership under him.<ref>{{cite news|last=S|first=Mohamed Imranullah|date=2022-08-17|title=Setback for Edappadi Palaniswami as Madras HC orders status quo ante as on June 23 with respect to AIADMK leadership|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/setback-for-edappadi-palaniswami-as-madras-hc-orders-status-quo-ante-as-on-june-23-with-respect-to-aiadmk-leadership/article65778082.ece|access-date=2022-08-18|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818150403/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/setback-for-edappadi-palaniswami-as-madras-hc-orders-status-quo-ante-as-on-june-23-with-respect-to-aiadmk-leadership/article65778082.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 17, 2022|author=Sureshkumar|title=Madras high court orders status quo in AIADMK affairs; OPS is back as party coordinator|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-high-court-orders-status-quo-in-aiadmk-affairs-ops-back-as-party-coordinator/articleshow/93610815.cms|access-date=2022-08-18|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818150403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-high-court-orders-status-quo-in-aiadmk-affairs-ops-back-as-party-coordinator/articleshow/93610815.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2022-08-17|title=AIADMK row: Madras HC rules in favour of OPS, fresh General Council to be held|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/aiadmk-leadership-issue-hc-orders-status-quo-over-gc-meet-8094930/|access-date=2022-08-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818150403/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/aiadmk-leadership-issue-hc-orders-status-quo-over-gc-meet-8094930/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 18, 2022|title=Ops Evades Checkmate, Aiadmk In Stalemate|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ops-evades-checkmate-aiadmk-in-stalemate/articleshow/93627505.cms|access-date=2022-08-18|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818150402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ops-evades-checkmate-aiadmk-in-stalemate/articleshow/93627505.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] appealed the single-judge court order to a larger bench of judges.<ref>{{cite news|last=S|first=Mohamed Imranullah|date=2022-08-18|title=Edappadi Palaniswami appeals against Madras High Court order in favour of O. Panneerselvam|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/edappadi-palaniswami-eps-appeals-against-madras-high-court-order-in-favour-of-o-panneerselvam-ops/article65782363.ece|access-date=2022-08-18|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818150402/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/edappadi-palaniswami-eps-appeals-against-madras-high-court-order-in-favour-of-o-panneerselvam-ops/article65782363.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the order, O. Panneerselvam appealed for party unity, which included the splinter [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|AMMK]] group.<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-08-18|title=O Panneerselvam calls for 'united AIADMK' after court rules in his favour, Edappadi K Palaniswami says he is power-hungry|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/ops-calls-for-united-aiadmk-after-court-rules-in-his-favour-8097420/|access-date=2022-08-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818150403/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/ops-calls-for-united-aiadmk-after-court-rules-in-his-favour-8097420/|url-status=live}}</ref> Palaniswami dismissed this appeal as a power-hungry move by Panneerselvam and held him responsible for violence at the Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai.<ref>{{cite news|date=2022-08-18|title=Palaniswami brushes aside Panneerselvam's appeal for unity|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palaniswami-brushes-aside-panneerselvams-appeal-for-unity/article65782907.ece|access-date=2022-08-18|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818150404/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palaniswami-brushes-aside-panneerselvams-appeal-for-unity/article65782907.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 2 September 2022, a [[division bench]] of the Madras High Court upheld the decisions of the AIADMK general council meeting held on 11 July 2022, and set aside the previous court order of the single judge in the appeal case of Edappadi K. Palaniswami, thus effectively restoring unitary leadership.<ref name="hcverdict">{{cite news|url=https://news7tamil.live/aiadmk-general-council-meeting-judgement-2.html|title=அதிமுக பொதுக்குழு செல்லும்; தனி நீதிபதி உத்தரவு ரத்து|work=[[News7 Tamil]]|date=2 September 2022|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902052829/https://news7tamil.live/aiadmk-general-council-meeting-judgement-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dbverdict">{{cite news|last=S|first=Mohamed Imranullah|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-leadership-tussle-division-bench-of-madras-high-court-reverses-earlier-order-in-favour-of-ops/article65839726.ece|title=AIADMK leadership tussle: Division Bench of Madras High Court reverses earlier order in favour of OPS|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|date=2 September 2022|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902062141/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-leadership-tussle-division-bench-of-madras-high-court-reverses-earlier-order-in-favour-of-ops/article65839726.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 February 2023, the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the decisions of the AIADMK general council meeting held on 11 July 2022, and dismissed the petition of O. Panneerselvam challenging the previous order of the [[division bench]], thus affirming unitary leadership under Edappadi K. Palaniswami.<ref name="scverdict">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/India/admk-the-general-assembly-will-go-the-selection-of-edappadi-palaniswami-as-interim-general-secretary-will-go-supreme-court-905479|title=அ.தி.மு.க. பொதுக்குழு செல்லும்; இடைக்கால பொதுச்செயலாளராக எடப்பாடி பழனிசாமி தேர்ந்து எடுத்தது செல்லும்- சுப்ரீம் கோர்ட்டு|language=ta|work=[[Dina Thanthi]]|date=23 February 2023|access-date=23 February 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223055535/https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/India/admk-the-general-assembly-will-go-the-selection-of-edappadi-palaniswami-as-interim-general-secretary-will-go-supreme-court-905479|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scjudgement">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-ops-eps-madras-hc-aiadmk-8461893/|title=Supreme Court rejects Paneerselvam's plea, Palaniswamy to continue as AIADMK general secretary|language=en-IN|work=indianexpress|date=23 February 2023|access-date=23 February 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223055518/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-ops-eps-madras-hc-aiadmk-8461893/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 January 2024, the Supreme Court of India refused to stay the August 2023 order of the division bench of Madras High Court, which dismissed the petitions of [[O. Panneerselvam]] challenging resolutions passed by the general council held on 11 July 2022, that led to the expulsion of O. Panneerselvam and his supporters from the party, saying the interference at this stage will "lead to huge chaos".<ref name="screfusal">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-tussle-sc-says-its-interference-in-ops-versus-eps-dispute-now-will-lead-to-huge-chaos/article67755304.ece|title=AIADMK tussle: SC says its interference in OPS versus EPS dispute now will lead to 'huge chaos'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|date=19 January 2024|access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref> On 27 February 2026, O. Panneerselvam joined the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] in the presence of Its President M. K. Stalin, thereby effectively relinquishing his claim over the AIADMK ahead of Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections.<ref name="dmkinduction">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-tamil-nadu-cm-o-panneerselvam-to-join-dmk-the-hindu-live-updates/article70682462.ece/amp/|title=Panneerselvam joins DMK, praises ‘Thalapathy’ Stalin for delivering growth across all sectors|language=en-IN|work=thehindu|date=27 February 2026|access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref>

===Edappadi K. Palaniswami era (2022–present)===
[[File:Palanisamy.jpg|thumb|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] serves as the general secretary of the party since July 2022]]

On 11 July 2022, an AIADMK general council meeting was held at the Shrivaaru Venkataachalapathy Palace in [[Vanagaram]] following the dismissal of a petition by [[O. Panneerselvam]] in the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|date=2022-07-11|title=Palaniswami elected AIADMK interim general secretary; Panneerselvam expelled|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palaniswami-elected-aiadmk-interim-general-secretary-panneerselvam-expelled/article65626498.ece|access-date=2022-07-13|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713135218/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palaniswami-elected-aiadmk-interim-general-secretary-panneerselvam-expelled/article65626498.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The party general council abolished the [[Diarchy|dual leadership]] model, empowered [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] as the party's interim [[List of general secretaries of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]], and called for organizational elections in 4 months.<ref name="dlabolish">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-tussle-setback-for-o-panneerselvam-madras-high-court-allows-meeting-called-by-rival-e-palaniswamy-3146035|title=AIADMK Tussle: Court Setback For OPS, Rival EPS Takes Charge|website=ndtv|date=11 July 2022|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711052754/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-tussle-setback-for-o-panneerselvam-madras-high-court-allows-meeting-called-by-rival-e-palaniswamy-3146035|url-status=live}}</ref> The general council meeting made 20 amendments to the party bylaws, including the removal of rule 20, which had described the former general secretary [[J. Jayalalithaa]] as the ''"eternal general secretary"''; reviving the post of general secretary; transferring all the powers of the coordinator and joint coordinator to the general secretary; and abolishing the posts of coordinator and joint coordinator. These changes in the bylaws effectively ended the dual leadership of the party.<ref>{{cite news|date=2022-07-11|title=Jayalalithaa no longer AIADMK's 'eternal general secretary'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-no-longer-aiadmks-eternal-general-secretary/article65626928.ece|access-date=2022-07-13|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713010034/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-no-longer-aiadmks-eternal-general-secretary/article65626928.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 March 2023, the [[Madras High Court]] ruled in favour of [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] and dismissed the petitions of [[O. Panneerselvam]] challenging the resolutions passed at the general council meeting held on 11 July 2022. On the same day, the electoral officers announced that Edappadi K. Palaniswami was elected as the [[List of general secretaries of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] of the party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/eps-becomes-aiadmk-general-secretary/articleshow/99053258.cms?from=mdr|title=EPS becomes AIADMK general secretary; OPS petition rejected in Madras HC|work=Times of India|date=28 March 2023|archive-date=28 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328072739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/eps-becomes-aiadmk-general-secretary/articleshow/99053258.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2023-03-28|title=Madras High Court rejects expelled AIADMK leaders' interim applications against party's 2022 general council resolutions|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-rejects-expelled-aiadmk-leaders-interim-applications-against-partys-2022-general-council-resolutions/article66670519.ece|archive-date=28 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328072740/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-rejects-expelled-aiadmk-leaders-interim-applications-against-partys-2022-general-council-resolutions/article66670519.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 April 2023, the [[Election Commission of India]] recognised [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] as the [[List of general secretaries of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] of the party, acknowledging the amendments to the party constitution and changes to the list of office-bearers.<ref name="ecrecognition">{{cite web|date=2023-04-20|title=AIADMK Amended Constitution dated 20.04.2023.pdf|language=en-IN|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4934-all-india-anna-dravida-munnetra-kazhagam-constitution/?do=download}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2023-04-20|title=Election Commission of India recognises Edappadi K. Palaniswami as AIADMK general secretary|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/election-commission-of-india-recognises-edappadi-k-palaniswami-as-aiadmk-general-secretary/article66760906.ece}}</ref> On 10 July 2023, the Election Commission of India recognised the changes made in the party organisation after the party's due election.<ref name="ecorganizationalpoll">{{cite web|date=2023-07-10|title=AIADMK 2022-26.pdf|language=en-IN|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15120-all-india-anna-dravida-munetra-khazagham/?do=download}}</ref>

On 20 August 2023, the Rising Conference of the AIADMK Golden Jubilee Celebrations was held in [[Madurai]], led by the newly elected [[List of general secretaries of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], and lakhs of party cadres and supporters attended the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/aiadmk-golden-jubilee-conference-kicks-off-in-madurai/article67215825.ece|title=AIADMK golden jubilee conference kicks off in Madurai|work=The Hindu|date=20 August 2023|access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/aiadmk-leader-palaniswami-inaugurates-partys-madurai-conference-2654043|title=Palaniswami inaugurates AIADMK's Madurai conference|work=Deccan Herald|date=20 August 2023|access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref>

On 25 September 2023, the party's secretaries advisory meeting, led by [[List of general secretaries of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], was held in the Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai. At the meeting, it was decided to withdraw from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]], and it was officially announced by deputy general secretary [[K. P. Munusamy]] after the meeting.<ref>{{cite web|title=AIADMK severs ties with BJP-led NDA alliance, to lead separate front for 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-national-democratic-alliance-to-lead-separate-front-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls/cid/1968896|access-date=2023-09-25|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925174804/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-national-democratic-alliance-to-lead-separate-front-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls/cid/1968896|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|agency=PTI|title=AIADMK severs ties with BJP-led NDA; to form front to fight 2024 LS polls|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-to-form-front-to-fight-2024-ls-polls-2700089|access-date=2023-09-25|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2023-09-25|title=AIADMK snaps ties with BJP-led NDA alliance ahead of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-snaps-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-alliance-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-8955585/|access-date=2023-09-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925123233/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-snaps-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-alliance-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-8955585/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] consisting of [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] (DMDK), [[Puthiya Tamilagam]] (PT), and the [[Social Democratic Party of India]] (SDPI) contested in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the union territories of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] for the [[18th Lok Sabha]] polls. In the alliance, the AIADMK contested 36 constituencies, and the DMDK contested five constituencies. The party-led alliance lost in all the constituencies it contested, and the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] swept the election in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.<ref>{{cite web|date=2024-06-04|title=Tamil Nadu election results 2024: DMK alliance sweeps Cuddalore, Villupuram, and Kallakurichi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-alliance-sweeps-cuddalore-villupuram-and-kallakurichi/article68251459.ece#:~:text=The%20DMK%2Dled%20alliance%20made,contestants%20from%20the%20region%20%2D%20M.K.|access-date=2024-06-04|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

On 19 January 2025, Edappadi K. Palaniswami announced the formation of the "AIADMK Young Generation Sports Wing" to encourage [[Athlete|sportspersons]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title= AIADMK created sports wing to support youth, says Palaniswami|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/aiadmk-created-sports-wing-to-support-youth-says-palaniswami/article69118840.ece|date=19 Jan 2025|access-date=20 Jan 2025}}</ref> On 10 February 2025, [[List of general secretaries of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK general secretary]] [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] virtually inaugurated the newly constructed party office located at Sector-VI, Pushp Vihar, M.B. Road, [[New Delhi]], in the presence of the prominent members and secretaries of the party. The three-storey office building in the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] is named ''Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. – Puratchi Thalaivi Amma Maaligai'' in memory of the party's leaders and the former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/edappadi-k-palaniswami-inaugurates-aiadmks-delhi-office/article69202006.ece|title=Edappadi K. Palaniswami inaugurates AIADMK's Delhi office|date=10 February 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 February 2025|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220174642/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/edappadi-k-palaniswami-inaugurates-aiadmks-delhi-office/article69202006.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 April 2025, AIADMK General Secretary [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader and The Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] announced their alliance for [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026 TN Assembly election]] on a Joint Press Conference at Chennai.<ref name="BJP, AIADMK reunite forming alliance for 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=BJP, AIADMK reunite forming alliance for 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bjp-and-aiadmk-reunite-and-announce-alliance-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/article69439389.ece |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=11 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411125344/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bjp-and-aiadmk-reunite-and-announce-alliance-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/article69439389.ece |archive-date=11 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-bjp-announces-alliance-with-aiadmk-in-tamil-nadu-ahead-of-2026-elections-eps-to-be-cm-candidate-2025-04-11-985064 | title=BJP announces alliance with AIADMK in Tamil Nadu ahead of 2026 elections, EPS to be CM candidate | date=11 April 2025 | access-date=11 April 2025 | archive-date=11 April 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411114940/https://www.indiatvnews.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-bjp-announces-alliance-with-aiadmk-in-tamil-nadu-ahead-of-2026-elections-eps-to-be-cm-candidate-2025-04-11-985064 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 31 October 2025, AIADMK General Secretary [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] expelled senior leader and [[Gobichettipalayam]] MLA [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]] from the party. Palaniswami stated that Sengottaiyan had accompanied expelled leader [[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|AMMK]] founder [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] in the same car and participated in a joint press conference at Pasumpon during the [[Thevar Jayanthi|Tevar Jayanthi]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tamil Nadu MLA Sengottaiyan expelled from AIADMK a day after his meeting with Panneerselvam, Dhinakaran, Sasikala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-mla-ka-sengottaiyan-expelled-from-aiadmk-a-day-after-meeting-ops-dhinakaran-sasikala/article70225526.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103085837/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-mla-ka-sengottaiyan-expelled-from-aiadmk-a-day-after-meeting-ops-dhinakaran-sasikala/article70225526.ece |archive-date=2025-11-03 |access-date=2025-11-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anagha |date=2025-10-31 |title=KA Sengottaiyan removed from AIADMK after unity show with expelled leaders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/ka-sengottaiyan-removed-from-aiadmk-after-meeting-expelled-leaders-panneerselvam-ttv-dhinakaran-2811474-2025-10-31 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WEB |first=PT |date=2025-10-31 |title='செங்கோட்டையன் அதிமுக-வில் இருந்து நீக்கம்..' - எடப்பாடி பழனிசாமி உத்தரவு! |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/tamilnadu/former-minister-sengottaiyan-expelled-from-aiadmk |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai |language=ta}}</ref> Earlier on 5 September 2025, Sengottaiyan urged party general secretary Palaniswami to take steps to reunite expelled and dissenting leaders to restore the party’s strength ahead of the 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muruganandham |first=T. |date=2025-09-06 |title=Sengottaiyan's ultimatum puts EPS under pressure as AIADMK faces fresh test of unity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Sep/06/sengottaiyans-ultimatum-puts-eps-under-pressure-as-aiadmk-faces-fresh-test-of-unity |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Former T.N. Minister Sengottaiyan sets 10-day deadline for AIADMK unity talks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-minister-sengottaiyan-sets-10-day-deadline-for-aiadmk-unity-talks/article70015164.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905115056/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-minister-sengottaiyan-sets-10-day-deadline-for-aiadmk-unity-talks/article70015164.ece |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-11-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> In January 2026, AIADMK formed an alliance with former partner PMK and long-time rival of the [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]-led AMMK.<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pmk-joins-nda-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-eps-confirms-alliance-2847872-2026-01-07</ref><ref>https://newstodaynet.com/2026/01/24/ttv-says-eps-is-like-his-brother/#:~:text=Palaniswami%20have%20put%20past%20disagreements,as%20the%20election%20season%20intensifies.</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===Indian general elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:Lok Sabha.svg|25px]] [[Lok Sabha]] Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|rowspan=3|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|21
|{{Composition bar compact|18|542|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 18
|2.90%
|{{steady}}
|5,480,378
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|24
|{{Composition bar compact|2|529|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 16
|2.36%
|{{decrease}} 0.54%
|4,674,064
|style="background:#FFA07A;"|Opposition
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|12
|{{Composition bar compact|12|541|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 10
|1.69%
|{{decrease}} 0.67%
|3,968,967
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|rowspan=8|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|11
|{{Composition bar compact|11|529|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|1.50%
|{{decrease}} 0.19%
|4,518,649
|style="background:#FFA07A;"|Opposition
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|11
|{{Composition bar compact|11|534|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|1.62%
|{{increase}} 0.12%
|4,470,542
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|10
|{{Composition bar compact|0|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 11
|0.64%
|{{decrease}} 0.98%
|2,130,286
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|23
|{{Composition bar compact|18|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 18
|1.83%
|{{increase}} 1.19%
|6,731,550
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|29
|{{Composition bar compact|10|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 8
|1.93%
|{{increase}} 0.10%
|7,046,953
|style="background:#FFA07A;"|Opposition
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|33
|{{Composition bar compact|0|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 10
|2.19%
|{{increase}} 0.26%
|8,547,014
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|23
|{{Composition bar compact|9|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 9
|1.67%
|{{decrease}} 0.52%
|6,953,591
|rowspan=2 {{partial|Others}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|40
|{{Composition bar compact|37|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 28
|3.31%
|{{increase}} 1.64%
|18,111,579
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|22
|{{Composition bar compact|1|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 36
|1.37%
|{{decrease}} 1.94%
|8,307,345
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|36
|{{Composition bar compact|0|543|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|1.39%
|{{increase}} 0.02%
|8,952,587
|{{lost|Lost}}
|}

===State legislative assembly elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|25px]] [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|6th
|rowspan=3|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|200
|{{Composition bar|130|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 130
|30.36%
|{{steady}}
|5,194,876
|rowspan=3 {{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|7th
|177
|{{Composition bar|129|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|38.75%
|{{increase}} 8.39%
|7,303,010
|-
|[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|8th
|155
|{{Composition bar|132|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
|37.03%
|{{decrease}} 1.72%
|8,030,809
|-
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|9th
|rowspan=7|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|202
|{{Composition bar|29|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 103
|21.77%
|{{decrease}} 15.26%
|5,247,317
|style="background:#FFA07A;"|Opposition
|-
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|10th
|168
|{{Composition bar|164|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 135
|44.39%
|{{increase}} 22.62%
|10,940,966
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|11th
|168
|{{Composition bar|4|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 160
|21.47%
|{{decrease}} 22.92%
|5,831,383
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]]
|141
|{{Composition bar|132|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 128
|31.44%
|{{increase}} 9.97%
|8,815,387
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]
|188
|{{Composition bar|61|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 71
|32.64%
|{{increase}} 1.20%
|10,768,559
|style="background:#FFA07A;"|Opposition
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]]
|165
|{{Composition bar|150|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 89
|38.40%
|{{increase}} 5.76%
|14,150,289
|rowspan=2 {{win|Government}}
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]
|234
|{{Composition bar|136|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 14
|41.06%
|{{increase}} 2.66%
|17,806,490
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|191
|{{Composition bar|66|234|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 70
|33.29%
|{{decrease}} 7.77%
|15,391,055
|style="background:#FFA07A;"|Opposition
|-
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[17th Tamil Nadu Assembly|17th]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|colspan=7 {{TBA}}
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:Emblem of the Government of Puducherry.png|25px]] [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|4th
|rowspan=4|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|21
|{{Composition bar|12|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 12
|27.83%
|{{steady}}
|60,812
|rowspan=2 {{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|27
|{{Composition bar|14|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|30.96%
|{{increase}} 3.13%
|69,873
|-
|[[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|18
|{{Composition bar|0|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 14
|18.60%
|{{decrease}} 12.36%
|45,623
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|7th
|10
|{{Composition bar|6|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 6
|15.75%
|{{decrease}} 2.85%
|47,521
|rowspan=4 style="background:#FFA07A;"|Opposition
|-
|[[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|8th
|rowspan=7|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|13
|{{Composition bar|3|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|18.17%
|{{increase}} 2.42%
|76,337
|-
|[[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|10
|{{Composition bar|6|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
|17.34%
|{{decrease}} 0.83%
|67,792
|-
|[[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|10
|{{Composition bar|3|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|12.53%
|{{decrease}} 4.81%
|57,678
|-
|[[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|20
|{{Composition bar|3|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|12.56%
|{{increase}} 0.03%
|59,926
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|18
|{{Composition bar|3|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|16.04%
|{{increase}} 3.48%
|90,699
|rowspan=3 {{partial|Others}}
|-
|[[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|10
|{{Composition bar|5|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|13.75%
|{{decrease}} 2.29%
|95,960
|-
|[[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[14th Puducherry Assembly|14th]]
|30
|{{Composition bar|4|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|16.82%
|{{increase}} 3.07%
|134,597
|-
|[[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|5
|{{Composition bar|0|30|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4
|4.14%
|{{decrease}} 12.68%
|34,623
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[16th Puducherry Assembly|16th]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|colspan=7 {{TBA}}
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[[File:Seal of Karnataka.svg|25px]] [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|6th
|rowspan=2|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|7
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.18%
|{{steady}}
|22,310
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|7th
|1
|{{Composition bar compact|1|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|0.13%
|{{decrease}} 0.05%
|16,234
|style="background:#FFA07A;"|Opposition
|-
|[[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|9th
|rowspan=6|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|1
|{{Composition bar compact|1|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.18%
|{{increase}} 0.05%
|32,928
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|10th
|4
|{{Composition bar compact|1|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.24%
|{{increase}} 0.06%
|50,696
|style="background:#FFA07A;"|Opposition
|-
|[[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|11th
|13
|{{Composition bar compact|1|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.18%
|{{decrease}} 0.06%
|39,865
|{{win|Government}}
|-
|[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|12th
|2
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|0.07%
|{{decrease}} 0.11%
|16,737
|rowspan=4 {{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|13th
|7
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.03%
|{{decrease}} 0.04%
|9,088
|-
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th]]
|5
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.03%
|{{steady}}
|10,280
|-
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[15th Karnataka Assembly|15th]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|3
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.01%
|{{decrease}} 0.02%
|2,072
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[[File:Government of Kerala Logo.svg|25px]] [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|rowspan=2|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|2
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.02%
|{{steady}}
|2,114
|rowspan=6 {{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|1
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.00%
|{{decrease}} 0.02%
|224
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[12th Kerala Assembly|12th]]
|rowspan=3|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|29
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.12%
|{{increase}} 0.12%
|19,078
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[13th Kerala Assembly|13th]]
|4
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.01%
|{{decrease}} 0.11%
|2,448
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[14th Kerala Assembly|14th]]
|7
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.17%
|{{increase}} 0.16%
|33,440
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[15th Kerala Assembly|15th]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]] and [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|1
|{{Composition bar compact|0|140|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.05%
|{{decrease}} 0.12%
|10,376
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[16th Kerala Assembly|16th]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|colspan=7 {{TBA}}
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[[File:Emblem of Andhra Pradesh before 2014.svg|25px]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|6th
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|9
|{{Composition bar compact|0|294|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.19%
|{{steady}}
|38,691
|rowspan=3 {{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|10th
|rowspan=2|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|2
|{{Composition bar compact|0|294|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.05%
|{{decrease}} 0.14%
|14,251
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|11th
|5
|{{Composition bar compact|0|294|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.02%
|{{decrease}} 0.03%
|7,281
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[[File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg|25px]] [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|10th
|rowspan=2|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|3
|{{Composition bar compact|0|288|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.01%
|{{steady}}
|3,711
|rowspan=2 {{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[12th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|12th]]
|2
|{{Composition bar compact|0|288|{{party color|AIADMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.01%
|{{steady}}
|2,587
|}

==Current office bearers and prominent members==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; background:#E5F4EA"
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Member
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Position in Government
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Party Position
|-
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|
*[[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
*Former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
|[[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]]
|-
|[[A. Thamizhmahan Hussain]]
|
*Former Chairperson of the Tamil Nadu [[Waqf]] Board
|Presidium Chairman
|-
|[[K. P. Munusamy]]
|
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Veppanahalli Assembly constituency|Veppanahalli]]
*Former Minister for Labour of Tamil Nadu
*Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|Deputy General Secretary
|-
|[[Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]]
|
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
*Former Minister for Forest of Tamil Nadu
*Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
|Treasurer
|-
|[[Natham R. Viswanathan]]
|
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
*Former Minister for Electricity, Prohibition and Excise of Tamil Nadu
|Deputy General Secretary
|-
|[[C. Ponnaiyan]]
|
*Former Minister for Finance of Tamil Nadu
*Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|All World M.G.R. Manram Secretary
|-
|[[M. Thambidurai]]
|
*[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
*Former [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law, Justice]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Company Affairs]] of the Republic of India
*Former [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
|Propaganda Secretary
|-
|[[S. P. Velumani]]
|
*[[Chief Whip]] of the Opposition in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
*Former Minister for Municipal Administration, Rural Development and Implementation of Special Programme of Tamil Nadu
|Headquarters Secretary
|-
|[[Pollachi V. Jayaraman]]
|
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
*Former Minister for Food and Co-operation of Tamil Nadu
*Former Deputy [[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]]
|Election Wing Secretary
|-
|[[B. Valarmathi]]
|
*Former Minister for Social Welfare and Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Nutritious Meal Programme of Tamil Nadu
*Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|Women's Wing Secretary
|-
|[[R. B. Udhayakumar]]
|
*[[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly#List of deputy leaders of the opposition|Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
*Former Minister for [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Revenue]] and Disaster Management of Tamil Nadu
|Puratchi Thalaivi Amma Peravai Secretary
|-
|[[Agri S. S. Krishnamurthy]]
|
*Deputy [[Secretary]] of the Opposition in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
*Former Minister for Agriculture of Tamil Nadu
|Agriculture Wing Secretary
|-
|[[P. Venugopal]]
|
*Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Thiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvallur]]
|[https://aiadmkmedicalwing.com/ Medical Wing] Secretary
|-
|[[Vaigaichelvan]]
|
*Former Minister for School Education of Tamil Nadu
*Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
|Literary Wing Secretary
|-
|R. Kamalakannan
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Anna Thozhirsanga Peravai Secretary
|-
|[[Singai G. Ramachandran]]
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|[https://aiadmkstudentwing.in/ Students' Wing] Secretary
|-
|[[N. R. Sivapathi]]
|
*Former Minister for Animal Husbandry of Tamil Nadu
*Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|M.G.R. Youth Wing Secretary
|-
|[[S. T. Chellapandian]]
|
*Former Minister for Labour of Tamil Nadu
*Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
|Trade Wing Secretary
|-
|K. Sankaradas
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Unorganised Drivers' Wing Secretary
|-
|[[R. V. Udayakumar]]
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Arts Wing Secretary
|-
|[[Gayathri Raguram]]
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Deputy Women's Wing Secretary
|-
|[[V. P. B. Paramasivam]]
|
*Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|Youth Camps & Young Girls Camps Secretary
|-
|[[I. S. Inbadurai]]
|
*[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
*Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
|Advocates Wing Secretary
|-
|[[S. Abdul Rahim]]
|
*Former Minister for Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare of Tamil Nadu
*Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Avadi Assembly constituency|Avadi]]
|Minorities Welfare Wing Secretary
|-
|V. V. R. Raj Satyen
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|IT Wing Secretary
|}

==List of party leaders==
===General Secretaries===
{{further|General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:MG Ramachandran 2017 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[M. G. Ramachandran]]''' (1917–1987)
|17 October 1972
|22 June 1978
|rowspan=2|6 years, 316 days
|-
|17 October 1986
|24 December 1987
|-
!2
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]''' (1920–2000)
|23 June 1978
|10 June 1980
|1 year, 353 days
|-
!3
|[[File:Pavushanmugam.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[P. U. Shanmugam]]''' (1924–2007)
|11 June 1980
|13 March 1985
|4 years, 275 days
|-
!4
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[S. Raghavanandam]]''' (1917–1999)
|14 March 1985
|16 October 1986
|1 year, 216 days
|-
!5
|[[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[J. Jayalalithaa]]''' (1948–2016)
|1 January 1988
|5 December 2016
|28 years, 339 days
|-
!Acting
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[V. K. Sasikala]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1954)
|31 December 2016
|17 February 2017
|48 days
|-
!Interim
|rowspan=2|[[File:Palanisamy.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1954)
|11 July 2022
|27 March 2023
|rowspan=2|{{age in years and days|2022|07|11}}
|-
!6
|28 March 2023
|''Incumbent''
|}

===Coordinators===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|[[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
|'''Coordinator [[O. Panneerselvam]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|rowspan=2|21 August 2017
|rowspan=2|23 June 2022
|rowspan=2|4 years, 306 days
|-
|[[File:Palanisamy.jpg|100px]]
|'''Joint Coordinator [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1954)
|}

==Legislative leaders==
===List of cabinet ministers of the Union===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portfolio
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Sathyavani Muthu Rajya Sabha MP.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Sathiavani Muthu]]''' (1923–1999)
|[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Ministry of Social Welfare]]
|rowspan=2|19 August 1979
|rowspan=2|23 December 1979
|rowspan=2|126 days
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] ([[Rajya Sabha]])
|rowspan=2|[[Charan Singh]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
!2
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[Aravinda Bala Pajanor]]''' (1935–2013)
|[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Ministry of Petroleum]], [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
|[[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!3
|[[File:Sedapatti Muthiah.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Sedapatti R. Muthiah]]''' (1945–2022)
|[[Ministry of Surface Transport]]
|rowspan=2|19 March 1998
|8 April 1998
|20 days
|[[Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Periyakulam]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|rowspan=3|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!rowspan=2|4
|rowspan=2|[[File:MThambidurai.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[M. Thambidurai]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1947)
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Company Affairs]]
|rowspan=2|8 April 1999
|1 year, 20 days
|rowspan=2|[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
|[[Ministry of Surface Transport]]
|8 April 1998
|1 year
|}

===List of chief ministers===
====Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu====
{{further|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Ministry
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=3|1
|rowspan=3|[[File:MG Ramachandran 2017 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=3|'''[[M. G. Ramachandran]]''' (1917–1987)
|30 June 1977
|17 February 1980
|rowspan=3|10 years, 65 days
|6th {{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukkottai]]
|[[First Ramachandran ministry|Ramachandran I]]
|-
|9 June 1980
|9 February 1985
|7th {{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
|[[Second Ramachandran ministry|Ramachandran II]]
|-
|10 February 1985
|24 December 1987
|rowspan=3|8th {{small|([[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]])}}
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|[[Third Ramachandran ministry|Ramachandran III]]
|-
!Acting
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]''' (1920–2000)
|24 December 1987
|7 January 1988
|14 days
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|[[Second Nedunchezhiyan ministry|Nedunchezhiyan II]]
|-
!2
|[[File:VNJanaki.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]]''' (1923–1996)
|7 January 1988
|30 January 1988
|23 days
|''did not contest''
|[[Janaki ministry|Janaki]]
|-
!rowspan=6|3
|rowspan=6|[[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=6|'''[[J. Jayalalithaa]]''' (1948–2016)
|24 June 1991
|12 May 1996
|rowspan=6|14 years, 124 days
|10th {{small|([[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]])}}
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
|[[First Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa I]]
|-
|14 May 2001
|21 September 2001
|rowspan=2|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|''did not contest''
|[[Second Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa II]]
|-
|2 March 2002
|12 May 2006
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|[[Third Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa III]]
|-
|16 May 2011
|27 September 2014
|rowspan=2|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|[[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa IV]]
|-
|23 May 2015
|22 May 2016
|rowspan=2|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|[[Fifth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa V]]
|-
|23 May 2016
|5 December 2016
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[Sixth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa VI]]
|-
!rowspan=3|4
|rowspan=3|[[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=3|'''[[O. Panneerselvam]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|21 September 2001
|2 March 2002
|rowspan=3|1 year, 105 days
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
|[[First Panneerselvam ministry|Panneerselvam I]]
|-
|28 September 2014
|23 May 2015
|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]
|[[Second Panneerselvam ministry|Panneerselvam II]]
|-
|6 December 2016
|15 February 2017
|rowspan=2|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[Third Panneerselvam ministry|Panneerselvam III]]
|-
!5
|[[File:Palanisamy.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1954)
|16 February 2017
|6 May 2021
|4 years, 79 days
|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
|[[Palaniswami ministry|Palaniswami]]
|}

====Chief Minister of Puducherry====
{{further|Chief Minister of Puducherry}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Ministry
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[S. Ramassamy]]''' (1939–2017)
|6 March 1974
|28 March 1974
|rowspan=2|1 year, 155 days
|4th {{small|([[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]]
|Ramassamy I
|-
|2 July 1977
|12 November 1978
|5th {{small|([[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|Ramassamy II
|}

===List of deputy chief ministers===
====Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu====
{{further|Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|{{white|Chief Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[O. Panneerselvam]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|21 August 2017
|6 May 2021
|3 years, 258 days
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|}

===List of deputy speakers of the Lok Sabha===
{{further|Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Lok Sabha|{{white|Lok Sabha}}]] {{small|([[Elections in India|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|{{white|Speaker}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:MThambidurai.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[M. Thambidurai]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1947)
|22 January 1985
|27 November 1989
|rowspan=2|9 years, 229 days
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]] {{small|([[1984 Indian general election|1984]])}}
|[[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|[[Balram Jakhar]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|13 August 2014
|25 May 2019
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]] {{small|([[2014 Indian general election|2014]])}}
|[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
|[[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

===List of ministers of state of the Union===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portfolio
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Cabinet Minister
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[R. K. Kumar]]''' (1942–1999)
|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
|19 March 1998
|rowspan=2|22 May 1998
|64 days
|rowspan=2|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] ([[Rajya Sabha]])
|[[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan=4|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]
|rowspan=2|20 March 1998
|63 days
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|-
!rowspan=2|2
|rowspan=2|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[Kadambur R. Janarthanan|Kadambur M. R. Janarthanan]]''' (1929–2020)
|[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
|rowspan=2|8 April 1999
|1 year, 19 days
|rowspan=2|[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]
|22 May 1998
|321 days
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|}

===List of speakers===
====Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly====
{{further|Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[Munu Adhi]]''' (1926–2005)
|6 July 1977
|18 June 1980
|2 years, 348 days
|6th {{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|-
!2
|[[File:K Rajaram.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[K. Rajaram]]''' (1926–2008)
|21 June 1980
|24 February 1985
|4 years, 248 days
|7th {{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|[[Panamarathupatti Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatti]]
|-
!3
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[P. H. Pandian]]''' (1945–2020)
|27 February 1985
|5 February 1989
|3 years, 344 days
|8th {{small|([[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]])}}
|[[Cheranmadevi Assembly constituency|Cheranmadevi]]
|-
!4
|[[File:Sedapatti Muthiah.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Sedapatti R. Muthiah]]''' (1945–2022)
|3 July 1991
|21 May 1996
|4 years, 323 days
|10th {{small|([[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]])}}
|[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]
|-
!5
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[K. Kalimuthu]]''' (1942–2006)
|24 May 2001
|1 February 2006
|4 years, 253 days
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|-
!6
|[[File:D Jayakumar.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[D. Jayakumar]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1960)
|27 May 2011
|29 September 2012
|1 year, 125 days
|rowspan=2|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|-
!rowspan=2|7
|rowspan=2|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[P. Dhanapal]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|10 October 2012
|21 May 2016
|rowspan=2|8 years, 193 days
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]
|-
|3 June 2016
|3 May 2021
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi]]
|}

====Speaker of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly====
{{further|List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''S. Pakkiam''' ''(Unknown)''
|26 March 1974
|28 March 1974
|2 days
|4th {{small|([[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]])}}
|[[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]]
|}

===List of deputy speakers===
====Deputy Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Speaker}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1949)
|6 July 1977
|17 February 1980
|2 years, 226 days
|6th {{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]]
|[[Munu Adhi]]
|-
!2
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[P. H. Pandian]]''' (1945–2020)
|21 June 1980
|15 November 1984
|4 years, 147 days
|7th {{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|[[Cheranmadevi Assembly constituency|Cheranmadevi]]
|[[K. Rajaram]]
|-
!3
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[V. P. Balasubramanian]]''' (1946–2003)
|27 February 1985
|30 January 1988
|2 years, 337 days
|8th {{small|([[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]])}}
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|[[P. H. Pandian]]
|-
!4
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''K. Ponnusamy''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1942)
|3 July 1991
|16 May 1993
|1 year, 317 days
|rowspan=2|10th {{small|([[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]])}}
|[[Marungapuri Assembly constituency|Marungapuri]]
|rowspan=2|[[Sedapatti R. Muthiah]]
|-
!5
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[S. Gandhirajan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|27 October 1993
|13 May 1996
|2 years, 199 days
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|-
!6
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[A. Arunachalam]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1948)
|24 May 2001
|12 May 2006
|4 years, 353 days
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|[[Varahur Assembly constituency|Varahur]]
|[[K. Kalimuthu]]
|-
!7
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[P. Dhanapal]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|27 May 2011
|9 October 2012
|1 year, 135 days
|rowspan=2|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]
|[[D. Jayakumar]]
|-
!rowspan=2|8
|rowspan=2|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[Pollachi V. Jayaraman]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1952)
|29 October 2012
|21 May 2016
|rowspan=2|8 years, 174 days
|[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipettai]]
|rowspan=2|[[P. Dhanapal]]
|-
|3 June 2016
|3 May 2021
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
|}

===List of leaders of the house===
====Leaders of the House in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly====
{{further|List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]]''' (1929–2000)
|4 July 1977
|17 February 1980
|2 years, 228 days
|6th {{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]
|-
!rowspan=3|2
|rowspan=3|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|rowspan=3|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]''' (1920–2000)
|19 June 1980
|15 November 1984
|rowspan=3|12 years, 51 days
|7th {{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|-
|25 February 1985
|6 January 1988
|8th {{small|([[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]])}}
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|-
|1 July 1991
|13 May 1996
|10th {{small|([[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]])}}
|[[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
|-
!3
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[R. M. Veerappan]]''' (1926–2024)
|7 January 1988
|30 January 1988
|23 days
|8th {{small|([[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]])}}
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|-
!4
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[C. Ponnaiyan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1942)
|22 May 2001
|12 May 2006
|4 years, 355 days
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|-
!rowspan=4|5
|rowspan=4|[[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=4|'''[[O. Panneerselvam]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|23 May 2011
|27 November 2014
|rowspan=4|8 years 127 days
|rowspan=2|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|rowspan=4|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
|-
|12 August 2015
|21 May 2016
|-
|25 May 2016
|16 February 2017
|rowspan=2|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|-
|4 January 2018
|3 May 2021
|-
!6
|[[File:Natham Viswanathan.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Natham R. Viswanathan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1949)
|28 November 2014
|11 August 2015
|256 days
|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
|-
!7
|[[File:K.A. Sengottaiyan.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1948)
|17 February 2017
|3 January 2018
|320 days
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|}

====Leader of the House in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[S. Ramassamy]]''' (1939–2017)
|6 March 1974
|28 March 1974
|rowspan=2|1 year, 155 days
|4th {{small|([[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]]
|-
|2 July 1977
|12 November 1978
|5th {{small|([[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|}

===List of leaders of the opposition===
====Leaders of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly====
{{further|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[J. Jayalalithaa]]''' (1948–2016)
|9 February 1989
|1 December 1989
|rowspan=2|5 years, 280 days
|9th {{small|([[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]])}}
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]
|-
|29 May 2006
|14 May 2011
|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]] {{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|-
!2
|[[File:S.R.Radha.jpg|100px]]
|'''S. R. Eradha''' (1934–2020)
|1 December 1989
|19 January 1991
|1 year, 49 days
|9th {{small|([[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]])}}
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|-
!3
|[[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[O. Panneerselvam]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|19 May 2006
|28 May 2006
|9 days
|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]] {{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
|-
!4
|[[File:Palanisamy.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1954)
|11 May 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2021|05|11}}
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]] {{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
|}

====Leaders of the Opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly====
{{further|List of leaders of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''P. K. Loganathan''' (1938–2013)
|16 March 1985
|4 March 1990
|4 years, 353 days
|7th {{small|([[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]])}}
|[[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]]
|-
!2
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''V. M. C. V. Ganapathy''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1960)
|4 July 1991
|13 May 1996
|4 years, 314 days
|9th {{small|([[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]])}}
|[[Neravy T R Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy – T. R. Pattinam]]
|}

===List of deputy leaders of the opposition===
====Deputy Leaders of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elected constituency
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Leader of the Opposition}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1949)
|9 February 1989
|23 July 1990
|1 year, 164 days
|rowspan=2|9th {{small|([[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]])}}
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
----
S. R. Eradha
|-
!rowspan=2|2
|rowspan=2|[[File:K.A. Sengottaiyan.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1948)
|23 June 1990
|19 January 1991
|rowspan=2|189 days
|rowspan=2|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|S. R. Eradha
|-
|19 May 2006
|28 May 2006
|rowspan=2|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]] {{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|-
!rowspan=2|3
|rowspan=2|[[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[O. Panneerselvam]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|29 May 2006
|14 May 2011
|rowspan=2|6 years, 12 days
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|-
|14 June 2021
|11 July 2022
|rowspan=2|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]] {{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]
|rowspan=2|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|-
!4
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[R. B. Udhayakumar]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1973)
|19 July 2022
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2022|07|19}}
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Politics of India]]
*[[Elections in India]]
*[[AIADMK-led Alliance]]
*[[Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Elections in Puducherry]]
*[[List of political parties in India]]
*[[List of political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[List of general secretaries of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|first=M. L.|last=Ahuja|title=Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952–1998|year=1998|publisher=Mittal Publication|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7099-711-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&pg=PA358|ref=Ahuja}}
*{{citation|first=Atul|last=Kohli|title=Democracy and discontent: India's growing crisis of governability|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Canada|isbn=0-521-39692-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_jy1S-77c4C&q=ADMK&pg=PA174|ref=Kohli|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309044226/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_jy1S-77c4C&q=ADMK&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}
*{{citation|author1=Geetha Kamalakshi|author2=Mahendra Singh|title=India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005|year=2006|publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7625-647-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&q=admk&pg=PA413|ref=Mahendra Singh|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309044226/https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&q=admk&pg=PA413|url-status=live}}
*{{citation|author1=Geetha Kamalakshi|author2=Murali|title=Tracing the signs: Voter mobilization and the functionality of ideas in ...|year=2007|location=MI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mb2PDvlu30IC&pg=PA82|ref=Murali|isbn=9780549737612}}
*{{citation|last=Sinha|first=Aseema|title=The regional roots of developmental politics in India: a divided leviathan|year=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=IN, USA|isbn=0-253-34404-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R81Hix0l980C&pg=PA107|ref=Sinha}}
*{{citation|author1=Thirumaavalavan Thol|author2=Meena Kandaswamy|title=Uproot Hindutva: the fiery voice of the liberation panthers|location=Kolkata|isbn=81-85604-79-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfNRO-LtsN4C&q=kumbakonam+stampede&pg=PA14|ref=Thol|year=2004|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309044226/https://books.google.com/books?id=HfNRO-LtsN4C&q=kumbakonam+stampede&pg=PA14|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wyatt |first1=A. K. J. |title=New Alignments in South Indian Politics: The 2001 Assembly Elections in Tamil Nadu |journal=Asian Survey |date=1 October 2002 |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=733–753 |doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.5.733|url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/files/3022152/asian%20survey%20article.pdf }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.jayanetwork.in/Index.asp|title=Jaya Network|publisher=Jaya Network|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107150536/http://www.jayanetwork.in/index.asp|archive-date=7 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite web|url=http://drnamadhumgr.com/mgr/pages/index.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119000347/http://drnamadhumgr.com/mgr/pages/index.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2010|title=Dr. Namathu M.G.R.|publisher=Dr. Namathu M.G.R.|access-date=17 January 2012}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons and category}}

*{{official website}}
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/All-India-Dravidian-Progressive-Federation All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
*{{Internet Archive author|sname=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
*{{GovPubs|All%20India%20Anna%20Dravida%20Munnetra%20Kazhagam|AIADMK}}

{{All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{{Dravidian politics}}
{{National Democratic Alliance}}
{{Political parties in India}}
{{Authority control}}

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Sant (religion)

2026-03-20T08:18:56Z

Manish: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Truth-exemplar in Indian religions}}
{{italic title}}
{{About|teachers and spiritual leaders in Hinduism and Sikhism|other uses|Sant (disambiguation)}}
{{confuse|Saint}}
A '''''sant''''' ({{langx|sa|सन्त्}}; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Sant}}; {{IPA|sa|sɐn̪t̪|}}) is a person revered for their abnormal level of "self, truth, [and] reality" in [[Indian religions]], particularly [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Buddhism]].<ref name=william/>{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=1-17|ps=}} In [[Sikhism]] it is used to describe a being who has attained spiritual enlightenment and divine knowledge and power through union with [[God in Sikhism|God]].<ref name=Khalsa>{{cite book | title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib: English Translation of Sri Guru Granth Sahib | publisher=Hand Made Books (Mandeep Singh) | author=Khalsa, Sant Singh | year=2007 | location=Arizona | pages=12–263}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''sant'' is ultimately derived from [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]] and [[Pali]], where it serves as the present active [[participle]] of the verb "to be" (in {{langx|sa|[[wikt:अस्ति#Sanskrit|अस्ति]]}}; in {{langx|pi|[[wikt:atthi#Pali|atthi]]}}).

"''Sant''" is sometimes translated as "[[saint]]", but this is a [[false cognate]] (there is no [[etymology|etymological]] commonality) as "''sant''" is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] root ''[[Sat (Sanskrit)|sat]]'',{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=3|ps=}} which can mean "truth, reality, essence", while "saint" is derived from the Latin word {{lang|la|sanctus}}, which means "holy, sacred",<ref name=william>William Pinch (1996), Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520200616}}, page 181 footnote 3</ref> derived from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] root ''sak-'', "to sanctify".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Watkins |first1=Calvert |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/indoeurop.html#IR094600 |title=American Heritage Dictionary Indo-European Roots Appendix |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |accessdate=2017-12-04}}</ref> Nevertheless, ''sant'' continues to be [[phono-semantic matching|phono-semantically matched]] as ''saint'' in the present day.

Schomer and McLeod explain ''sant'' as preceptor of ''Sat'' or "truth, reality", in the sense of {{"'}}one who knows the truth' or 'one who has experienced Ultimate Reality', that is a person who has achieved a state of spiritual enlightenment or mystical self-realisation".{{sfnp|Hawley|1987|p=57|ps=}}{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=2|ps=}} William Pinch suggests the best translation of ''sant'' is "truth-exemplar".<ref name=william/>

== Usage ==
''Sant'' differs from ''saint'' not merely in the etymological sense but also in usage. The word is used in various contexts:{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=1-17|ps=}}{{sfnp|Hawley|1987|p=57|ps=}}<ref name=hawleymark>John Hawley and Mark Juergensmeyer (2008), Songs of the Saints of India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195694208}}, pages 2-8</ref>
*In fifteenth- and sixteenth-century India under Islamic rule, it was used generally to describe teachers and poet-scholars who led worshippers and communities the praises of god or goddess within the [[Bhakti movement]] in [[Hinduism]].
*In modern era, the term sometimes describes any holy man or woman who advocates a particular form of spirituality or members of the group that leads a ''[[Sant Mat]]'' (teachings of a spiritual congregation).
*The term is also used in a generic sense and in this respect is similar to the usage of ''saint'' to indicate a morally good person. As such, it has been applied to a wide range of [[guru]]s (not to be confused with [[Sikh gurus]]) and other religious leaders.

== Sikhism ==
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

*In Sikhism, a ''sant'', ''[[brahmgiani]]'', or ''[[bhagat]]'' is any human being that has attained God realization and spiritual communion with God. Sikhs believe that the divine energy of God can be experienced by humans on Earth. This is attained through continual recitation and spiritual internalization of God's name ([[Naam Japo]]/''Naam Simran''). Sikhs commonly utilize [[reality]] as the name of God which cannot be simply uttered by the mouth but must be lived thru truthfullness.
* ''Sants'' can originate from any religion. Figures such as [[Kabir]], [[Ravidas]], [[Namdev]], [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Farid]], [[Bhagat Bhikhan|Bhikkan]] and others are known as ''sants'' or ''bhagats'', despite some being of [[Islam]] or [[Hindu]] faith. Divine knowledge is universal, and their knowledge after obtaining enlightenment through ''Naam Simran'' has been compiled and included in the holy book of Sikhism, the [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]].
* ''Sants'' are holy persons of very exalted status, one of being the ideal human being. As such, Sikhs are encouraged to seek the company and holy congregation of ''sants'' (Sadh-Sangat), learn from them, and attain "santhood" through intensive reading and contemplation of Sikh scripture ([[gurbani]]) and ''Naam Simran''.
* The virtuous life associated with a ''sant'' or a ''brahmgyani'' (one who has a perfect knowledge of God) is strenuously defined in Sikh [[gurbani]], most notably in the ''Sukhmani Sahib'' passage of the [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]]. Sikhism advocates for people of all faiths to realize and become one with God, and attaining union with God is the highest form of spiritual enlightenment.{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=251-267|ps=}}<ref name=Khalsa/>

==Hinduism==
{{Hinduism}}
In [[Hinduism]], a Sant has an important place in the life of a devotee. Hindu [[scriptures]] also tell the importance of a sant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=saint {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/saint |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> According to the [[Hindus|Hindu]] scriptures, worshipers are freed from the disease of birth and death by taking refuge in a true sant and doing devotion according to the scriptures. The identity of the true sant is also stated in the holy scriptures of Hinduism that one who is a true sant will have complete knowledge of all the holy books and will initiate three types of mantras (names) thrice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Identification of a True Sant or Satguru in the World - Jagat Guru Rampal Ji |url=https://www.jagatgururampalji.org/en/gyan-ganga-river-of-knowledge/true-saint-identification/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=www.jagatgururampalji.org |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hindu reform movements]]
* [[List of Hindu gurus and sants]]
* [[Satguru]] (Sadguru)
* [[Satya]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Hawley |editor-first=John Stratton |title=Saints and Virtues |publisher=University of California Press |year=1987 |isbn=9780520061637 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGv2wOUl0pMC}}
* {{citation |title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India |editor1-first=Karine |editor1-last=Schomer |editor2-first=W. H. |editor2-last=McLeod |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1987 |isbn=9788120802773 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Hindu religious leaders| ]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism]]

Chakradharpur

2026-03-18T05:45:54Z

Manish: Improved structure and clarity

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{original research|date=September 2018}}
{{promotional|date=November 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chakradharpur
| native_name = Porahat
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = chakradharpur.
| image_caption = Durga Puja celebrations, Sanjay river, Nakti Dam and bank of Sanjay river
| nickname = City of hills
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7|N|85.63|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Singhbhum]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1890
| founder = British Governor
| named_for = Railway division headquarter of South Eastern Railway
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 24
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 227
| population_total = 56531
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = {{nowrap|[[Official language|Official]]}}<ref name="NCLM52nd">{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 43–44 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |df = dmy-all |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016}}</ref>
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official languages
| demographics2_info2 = {{hlist |[[Angika]] |[[Bengali language|Bengali]] |[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]|[[Ho language|Ho]]| [[Kharia language|Kharia]] | [[Khortha language|Khortha]] | [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] | [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] | [[Magahi language|Magahi]] | [[Maithili language|Maithili]]|[[Mundari language|Mundari]] | [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]] | [[Odia language|Odia]] | [[Santali language|Santali]] |[[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili |url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |work=The Avenue Mail |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 833102
| area_code = 916587
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#JH.E2.80.94Jharkhand|JH]]-06
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:999 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = http://www.jharkhand.gov.in
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Chakradharpur''' is a city in [[West Singhbhum]] district in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. It is the railway divisional headquarters of Chakradharpur (CKP) division of the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]. The city stands at an elevation of 227 metres (745 feet) and has urban area of 10 square kilometres bounded on the east by [[Jamshedpur]] (Tatanagar), on the west by [[Rourkela]] (Odisha), on the north by [[Ranchi]] (state capital of Jharkhand) and on the south by Chaibasa (district town of [[West Singhbhum district]]). Chakradharpur is close to boundaries of two neighbouring states, [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].

Chakradharpur is one of the [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|divisions of Indian Railways]].

==Geography==
Chakradharpur is located at {{Coord|22.7|N|85.63|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Chakradharpur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Chakradharpur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 227&nbsp;metre (745&nbsp;ft). It is covered by mountains on most sides, and the river Sanjay running in the south-eastern periphery. Chakradharpur is believed to have been a quasi-hill station in the mid-1900s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Chakradharpur nagar parishad had a total population of 56,531 of which 28,932 were males and 27,599 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 6,467. The total number of literates in Chakradharpur was 42,940, which constituted 75.9% of the population with male literacy of 81.0% and female literacy of 70.7%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Chakradharpur was 85.8%, of which male literacy rate was 91.6% and female literacy rate was 79.6%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 4,972 and 8,648 respectively. Chakradharpur had 11,472 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Chakradharpur |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=423098 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>

In the 2001 India [[census]], Chakradharpur had a population of 38,352. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. 5,102 persons were in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literates were 27,666 which is 72.1% of the total population. the effective literacy rate was Chakradharpur had an average literacy rate of 56.93%. The effective literacy of 7+ population was 83.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

===Languages===
[[Hindi]] is the official language of the town and also the language of the majority of the people. It is followed by [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Santhali language|Santhali]], [[Munda languages|Mundari]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Urdu]], which are also additional official languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Town level |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = righ
|caption = Languages spoken in Chakradharpur Town (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value1=25.9
|color1 =orange
|label2= [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value2 = 18.5
|color2 =green
|label3 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|value3 = 17.5
|color3 =red
|label4 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value4 = 9.5
|color4 =yellow
|label5 = [[Ho language|Ho]]
|value5 = 7.67
|color5 =brown
|label6 = [[Santali language|Santali]]
|value6 =4.31
|color6 =pink
|label7 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|value7 =3.35
|color7 =blue
|label8 = Others
|value8 = 13.06
|color8 =black
}}

== Residential sections ==
The Chakradharpur subdivision can be divided into three residential sections.

===Village panchayat===
There are many villages within Chakradharpur City, including Joro, Deogaon, danti Toklo, Dukri, Duriyam, Bharniya, Patadih, Janta, Nalita, Heselkuti, Kaida, Kudahatu, Kimirda, Gunja, Sarjamhatu, Roladih, Bagmara, Unchibita, Ramda, Tikarchampi, Jharjhara, hoyohatu, Bindasarjom, Jaipur, Banalata, Jodo, Boddar, Dalki, Ponasi, Godamdipa, Pulkani, Jamtuti, Simidiri, Hathiya, Setahaka, Etor, Kolchokra, Kera, Kansara, Dantibegna, Laudiya, Padampur, Jamid, Silphori, Chainpur, Chelabera, Chirubera, Jantalbera, Gopinathpur, Kendo, Chandri, Simidiri, Baipai, Itihasa, Asantalia, Chandri, Borda, Ulidhi, Burigora, Gulkera, Pokuabera, Pusalota, Jenabera, Guigam, Komal, Roboga, Dhangaon, Tuiyia, Kulitondag. There are many more villages under the Chakradharpur subdivision.

===Nagar Parishad area===
The Nagar Parishad area is divided into 23 wards. Starting with the Purani Basti, the oldest area of Chakradharpur city, the King's Castle is present here. The kings of the Singh Dynasty resided here during the British era. This area witnessed the wars with the Britishers. The city's oldest Durga Puja, said to be started by the king himself, is celebrated here. It's known as the Adi Durga Puja Samity and was established in 1912.

===Railway Colony===
The Railway Colony comprises three wards. It covers the major part of Chakradharpur, located on the northeastern side of the NH-75E. The colony was established during the British era, and is a well planned city. All the railway establishments are present here. There are about 8,000 staff quarters.

The colony is further divided into different colonies such as the East Colony, R.E. Colony, Driver's Colony, Doubling Colony, Loco Colony, Accounts Colony, and Etwari Bazar.

==Transport==
===Roadway===
Chakradharpur (CKP) is well-connected by roads and trains to nearby towns and cities. Tatanagar (Jamshedpur) is the closest, just 85 kilometers away by road and a quick 50-minute train ride. Ranchi, another important city, is about 114 kilometers away and takes around 1 hour and 40 minutes to reach by road. Rourkela is a bit farther, about 200 kilometers away and takes around 3 hours to reach by road. Chaibasa, the nearest town, is only 20 kilometers away and a short 20-minute drive, although there's no direct train service to it from CKP.

Chakradharpur is one of the four divisional headquarters of the [[South Eastern Railway (India)|South Eastern Railway]]. The first rail line on Chakradharpur Division was opened on 22 January 1890 with the laying of the {{convert|72.25|mi|km}} long Purulia-Chakradharpur rail line. The rail network on the main trunk route passing through Chakradharpur division was completed on 18 February 1891 when the Goilkera-Jharsuguda section was opened. With the opening of this section the main line route of [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] (BNR) was completed. The official opening ceremony of the main line from [[Asansol]] to [[Nagpur]], presided over by the [[Viceroy of India]], [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]], was held at Chakradharpur station on 3 March 1891.

It is located on the [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section]] of the [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]]. Chakradharpur division serves the mineral and industrially rich areas of Jharkhand and [[Odisha]]. It is spread over East and West Singhbhum, Saraikela-Kharsawan, Simdega of Jharkhand and Jharsuguda, Keonjhar, Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj districts of Odisha. In this division lies the main corridor of freight and passenger traffic between eastern and western parts of the country. This region is aptly called the Heart of the South Eastern Railway. The development of the rail network in the area presently forming Chakradharpur division dates back to the original of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway, the precursor of the South Eastern Railway. The first rail line in the area serving Chakradharpur division was laid in 1890. Presently Chakradharpur division extends over a length of 741.705 route-km, of which 335.798 route-km are located over the state of Jharkhand and 405.907&nbsp;km. The main line portion of the division extends over the Salgajhari-Jharsuguda portion covering a distance of 270.38&nbsp;km.

In addition to the main line the division has a large number of branch lines covering Tatanagar-Badampahar, Gamharia-Kandra-Chandil, Sini-Kandra, Rajkharswan-Banspani, Padapahar-Bolani-Barbil, Bondamunda-Bimlagarh, Barsuan-Kiriburu and Rourkela-Birmitrapur sections. The importance of the route covered by the division stems from the fact that it serves six major steel plants located in the region: [[Rourkela Steel Plant]]; [[Bhilai Steel Plant]]; [[Durgapur Steel Plant]]; [[Bokaro Steel Plant]]; [[Tata Steel]], [[Jamshedpur]] and [[IISCO Steel Plant]], [[Burnpur]]. It also serves the cement belt of Bilaspur division and the heavy traffic in general merchandise on the Howrah-Mumbai trunk route. The division covers some of the most difficult and picturesque terrains of the South Eastern Railway, passing through the verdant forest of Saranda including the two Saranda tunnels on the main line between Mahadevsal and Posoita stations. The division loads bulk requirement of iron and manganese ores, dolomite, limestone and other raw materials for all major steel plants of the country. Two steel plants, Rourkela steel plant and TISCO at Jamshedpur, are located within the division. It serves the Sponge Iron Plant at Manikui and other ancillary industries spread around the two plants, as well as the cement factories located at Jhinkpani, Rajgangpur, Tatanagar, Dhutra and mini cement plants and sponge-iron manufacturing industries around Rourkela. The main commodities loaded on the division comprise raw material for steel plants, cement and other general merchandise. The Chakradharpur division has 86 stations.

[[Chakradharpur railway station]] is one of the important stations since its foundation. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited here to inspect the facilities during the British Rule, which he mentioned in his book ''Third class in Indian Railways''.

==From the history==
Justice Harihar Mahapatra mentioned his visit to Chakradharpur around 1916, in his book ''My Life, My Work''.

The rich mineral deposits around the Sanjay-Binjay valley was mentioned in the book ''Prehistoric India'' by Panchanan Mitra. The book also tells about the cave paintings and natural belongings of the adjoining region, including facts from Mr. Anderson's collections and their visit during the early 20th century.

The rich presence of the Anglo Indian Community in Chakradharpur Railway Colony was mentioned in the book ''Pagan Love: Anglo Indian Story'' by Mervyn Rupert Welsh. The book also tells about the Burton Lake, which is now a hangout zone.

The Geological Survey of India says there is a rich deposit of a composite batholith of a banded trondhjemitic material intruded by tonalite, granodiorite, granite and alkali-feldspar granite which was metamorphosed and deformed by a F3 event, which they named "Chakradharpur Granite Gneiss".

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] mentioned his visit to Chakradharpur Railway Station in his book ''Third Class in Indian Railways''.

== Notable people==


*[[Sailesh Kumar Bandopadhyay]], Indian activist, Gandhian and recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2010.
*[[Anna Kashfi]], British Indian film actress who had a brief Hollywood career in the 1950s and [[Marlon Brando|Marlon Brando's]] first wife.
*[[Deep Sengupta]], Indian chess player and [[Grandmaster (Chess)|Grandmaster]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131130084251/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C400 South Eastern Railways, Chakradharpur Division]

{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in West Singhbhum district]]

Keerthi Pandiyan

2026-03-17T21:23:18Z

Manish: started a entry - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{infobox person
| name = Keerthi Pandiyan
| image = Keerthi Pandian.jpg
| caption = Keerthi in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|18 February 1992}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|dancer}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ashok Selvan]]|2023}}
| years_active = 2015–present
| father = [[Arun Pandian]]
| relatives = [[Ramya Pandian]] (cousin)
| website = {{URL|keerthipandian.com}}
| alma_mater = [[Chettinad Vidyashram]]
}}
'''Keerthi Pandiyan''' (born 18 February 1992) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]]. After a brief career as a dancer and theatre actress, she made her film acting debut in 2019 with ''[[Thumbaa]]''. She then garnered critical acclaim for her performance in the survival thriller film ''[[Anbirkiniyal]]'' directed by [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]]. She is the daughter of actor and politician [[Arun Pandian]] and the cousin of actress [[Ramya Pandian]].

== Early life ==
Keerthi Pandiyan was born on 18 February 1992 in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to actor and politician [[Arun Pandian]], and his wife Vijaya Pandian.<ref name="Nettv4u">{{Cite web |title=Actress Keerthi Pandian |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actress/keerthi-pandian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910062522/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actress/keerthi-pandian |archive-date=10 September 2021 |access-date=10 September 2021 |website=Nettv4u}}</ref> She has two elder sisters named Kavitha Pandian and Kirana Pandian,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=Helen Tamil remake titled Anbirkiniyal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/15/helen-tamil-remake-tiled-anbirkiniyal-22841.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716103008/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/15/helen-tamil-remake-tiled-anbirkiniyal-22841.html |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and a cousin [[Ramya Pandian]], who is also an actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4 contestant Ramya Pandian's profile, photos and everything you need to know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-4-contestant-ramya-pandians-profile-photos-and-everything-you-need-to-know/articleshow/78475005.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222114923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-4-contestant-ramya-pandians-profile-photos-and-everything-you-need-to-know/articleshow/78475005.cms |archive-date=22 December 2020 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Keerthi did her schooling at [[Chettinad Vidyashram]] in Chennai where she also graduated from.<ref name="Nettv4u" />

== Career ==
After graduating, Pandiyan began her career as a dancer in [[ballet]] and [[Salsa (dance)|salsa]], then shifted to theatre acting in 2015. She was also the head director of operations in A&P Groups, a film distribution company owned by her father and worked for films such as ''[[Savaale Samaali]]'' (2015) while simultaneously running her own distribution company in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2021 |title=Keerthi Pandian On Why It's Important To Understand The Business Of Films |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/anbirkiniyal-tamil-movie-keerthi-pandian-on-why-its-important-to-understand-the-business-of-films/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404033027/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/anbirkiniyal-tamil-movie-keerthi-pandian-on-why-its-important-to-understand-the-business-of-films/ |archive-date=4 April 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On Stage |url=https://keerthipandian.com/on-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921180314/https://keerthipandian.com/on-stage/ |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=Keerthi Pandian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A&P Groups |url=https://www.indiamart.com/ap-groups/aboutus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015103510/https://www.indiamart.com/ap-groups/aboutus.html |archive-date=15 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=[[IndiaMART]]}}</ref> Pandiyan initially did not receive many film offers by directors at the start of her appearance in the industry due to [[Discrimination based on skin tone|discrimination towards her skin color]] and her being underweight.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2019 |title=Keerthi Pandian gets emotional on stage, reveals being body shamed! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/keerthi-pandian-emotionally-cries-in-thumbaa-pressmeet--tamil-news-238487 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213056/https://www.indiaglitz.com/keerthi-pandian-emotionally-cries-in-thumbaa-pressmeet--tamil-news-238487 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=18 August 2021 |title=People are more accepting of dark skin tones now: Keerthi Pandian |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/people-are-more-accepting-of-dark-skin-tones-now-keerthi-pandian/articleshow/85403250.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908094201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/people-are-more-accepting-of-dark-skin-tones-now-keerthi-pandian/articleshow/85403250.cms |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=Keerthi Pandian reveals that she was body shamed by directors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthi-pandian-reveals-that-she-was-body-shamed-by-directors/articleshow/69855299.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908094159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthi-pandian-reveals-that-she-was-body-shamed-by-directors/articleshow/69855299.cms |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She even declined others because she felt she did not have meaty roles in them; during auditions, she always introduced herself simply by her first name to avoid the appearance of [[Nepotism#Indian film industry|nepotism]] as Arun Pandiyan's daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=I will outshine as a performer, not just as heroine: Keerthi Pandian |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/02/19/i-will-outshine-as-a-performer-not-just-as-heroine-keerthi-pandian/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921014905/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/02/19/i-will-outshine-as-a-performer-not-just-as-heroine-keerthi-pandian/ |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[News Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2020 |title=Another dad-daughter duo to hit the silver screen |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090220/another-dad-daughter-duo-to-hit-the-silver-screen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930131308/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090220/another-dad-daughter-duo-to-hit-the-silver-screen.html |archive-date=30 September 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2019 |title=Humans are the worst creatures on the planet: Keerthi Pandian |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/23/we-are-the-worst-creatures-in-the-planet-keerthi-pandian-12482.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921003359/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/23/we-are-the-worst-creatures-in-the-planet-keerthi-pandian-12482.html |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Pandiyan was approached by director Harish Ram offering her a lead role in the film ''[[Thumbaa]]'' (2019); she accepted, making her debut film as an actress in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2019 |title=Keerthi Pandian debuts in fantasy adventure |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200219/keerthi-pandian-debuts-in-fantasy-adventure.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213139/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200219/keerthi-pandian-debuts-in-fantasy-adventure.html |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=20 February 2019 |title='Thumbaa' was an instinctive yes, says Keerthi Pandian |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/keerthi-pandian-talks-about-thumbaa/article28133166.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908094157/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/keerthi-pandian-talks-about-thumbaa/article28133166.ece |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2019 |title=Arun Pandian's daughter Keerthi makes her film debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/feb/18/keerthi-pandian-makes-her-film-debut-1940075.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908094157/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/feb/18/keerthi-pandian-makes-her-film-debut-1940075.html |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Pandian later acted in ''[[Anbirkiniyal]]'' (2021), a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]'' (2019), as the main character alongside her father.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2020 |title=Keerthi Pandian signs her second film in Tamil |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/02/08001612/1213875/Keerthi-Pandian-signs-her-second-film-in-Tamil.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404125047/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/02/08001612/1213875/Keerthi-Pandian-signs-her-second-film-in-Tamil.vpf |archive-date=4 April 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=Arun Pandian and daughter Keerthi's film titled Anbirkiniyal |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/02/16002505/1276198/Arun-Pandian-and-daughter-Keerthis-film-titled-Anbirkiniyal.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917091811/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/02/16002505/1276198/Arun-Pandian-and-daughter-Keerthis-film-titled-Anbirkiniyal.vpf |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> She also acted in the comedy miniseries ''Postman'' which was released on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2019 |title=Here's what ZEE5 Original 'Postman' starring Munishkanth and Keerthi Pandian is all about |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-here-s-what-zee5-original-postman-starring-munishkanth-and-keerthi-pandian-is-all-about-2765385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910062037/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-here-s-what-zee5-original-postman-starring-munishkanth-and-keerthi-pandian-is-all-about-2765385 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=10 September 2021 }}</ref> Pandian also won the ''Super daughter award'' by [[Femina (India)|Femina]] which was awarded to her by her father in 2019 after her debut film appearance in ''Thumbaa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Celebrating parents: The Femina Super Daughter Awards 2019 |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/celebrating-parents-the-femina-super-daughter-awards-2019_-141276-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918034157/https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/celebrating-parents-the-femina-super-daughter-awards-2019_-141276-1.html |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2020 |title=Thumbaa actress Keerthi says dance is her first form of meditation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thumbaa-actress-keerthi-says-dance-is-her-first-form-of-meditation/articleshow/75458567.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930131302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thumbaa-actress-keerthi-says-dance-is-her-first-form-of-meditation/articleshow/75458567.cms |archive-date=30 September 2021 |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2023, she appeared in ''[[Kannagi (2023 film)|Kannagi]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2021 |title=First look of Keerthi Pandian's 'Kannagi' out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/aug/17/first-look-of-keerthipandians-kannagiout-2345590.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908094201/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/aug/17/first-look-of-keerthipandians-kannagiout-2345590.html |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and the following year in ''[[Blue Star (film)|Blue Star]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=Blue Star song Railin Oligal featuring Ashok Selvan and Keerthi Pandian shows a blossoming love story |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/13/blue-star-song-railin-oligal-featuring-ashok-selvan-and-keerthi-pandian-shows-a-blossoming-love-stor-47605.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914090440/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/13/blue-star-song-railin-oligal-featuring-ashok-selvan-and-keerthi-pandian-shows-a-blossoming-love-stor-47605.html |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and the much-delayed ''[[Konjam Pesinaal Yenna]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2022 |title=First look of Vinoth Kishan & Keerthi Pandian film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-vinoth-kishan-keerthi-pandian-film/articleshow/91336324.cms |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922095020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-vinoth-kishan-keerthi-pandian-film/articleshow/91336324.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pandiyan's niece Driya portrayed the younger version of her character in ''Anbirkiniyal''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=5 March 2021 |title=Anbirkiniyal Movie Review: A satisfying remake with an extra pinch of drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/mar/05/anbirkiniyal-movie-review-a-satisfying-remake-with-an-extra-pinch-of-drama-23135.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210305093920/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/mar/05/anbirkiniyal-movie-review-a-satisfying-remake-with-an-extra-pinch-of-drama-23135.html |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In early 2020 during the first [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]] period, Pandian developed an interest in farming and helping crops grow for better produce in the future in her gated property.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2021 |title=Keerthi Pandian is excited about learning a new skill in farming |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthi-pandian-is-excited-about-learning-a-new-skill-in-farming/articleshow/83064494.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917091056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthi-pandian-is-excited-about-learning-a-new-skill-in-farming/articleshow/83064494.cms |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2020 |title=Farming keeps 'Thumbaa' actress Keerthi Pandian busy during lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/farming-keeps-thumbaa-actress-keerthi-pandian-busy-during-lockdown/articleshow/75204300.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908095707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/farming-keeps-thumbaa-actress-keerthi-pandian-busy-during-lockdown/articleshow/75204300.cms |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She also knows [[fire eating]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title=Actress Keerthi Pandian performs fire eating with street performers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actress-keerthi-pandian-performs-fire-eating-with-street-performers-watch-video/articleshow/88339794.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127153934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actress-keerthi-pandian-performs-fire-eating-with-street-performers-watch-video/articleshow/88339794.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 13 September 2023,Keerthi Pandiyan married actor [[Ashok Selvan]] in [[Tirunelveli]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=Ashok Selvan, Keerthi Pandian tie the knot in close-knit traditional ceremony. See photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/actors-ashok-selvan-keerthi-pandian-tie-the-knot-close-knit-traditional-ceremony-see-photos-8937686/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914020409/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/actors-ashok-selvan-keerthi-pandian-tie-the-knot-close-knit-traditional-ceremony-see-photos-8937686/ |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=Ashok Selvan and Keerthi Pandian are married. Check out dreamy first official wedding pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ashok-selvan-and-keerthi-pandian-are-married-check-out-dreamy-first-official-wedding-pics-101694580625144.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914020416/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ashok-selvan-and-keerthi-pandian-are-married-check-out-dreamy-first-official-wedding-pics-101694580625144.html |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> They co-starred in ''Blue Star''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2023 |title=Pa Ranjith’s next production, starring Ashok Selvan and Shanthnu, titled ‘Blue Star’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pa-ranjiths-next-production-starring-ashok-selvan-and-shanthnu-titled-blue-star/article66874002.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527114911/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pa-ranjiths-next-production-starring-ashok-selvan-and-shanthnu-titled-blue-star/article66874002.ece |archive-date=27 May 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2019 || ''[[Thumbaa]]'' || Varsha Kumaran ||
|-
|2021 ||''[[Anbirkiniyal]]''|| Anbirkiniyal Sivam (Anbu) ||
|-
|2023 || ''[[Kannagi (2023 film)|Kannagi]]'' || Kannagi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024 || ''[[Blue Star (film)|Blue Star]]'' || Anandhi ||
|-
|''[[Konjam Pesinaal Yenna]]''|| Sanjana ||
|-
|2025 || ''[[Akkenam]]'' || Indira ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Streaming channel
|-
| 2019 ||''Postman'' || Ragini ||[[ZEE5]]
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Film!! Result
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2019
|[[Femina (India)|Femina Awards]]
|Femina Super Daughter
| rowspan="4" |''[[Thumbaa]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=Femina Super Daughter Awards 2019 recognizes and honors prominent parent-daughter duos |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2019/11/femina-super-daughter-awards-2019-recognizes-and-honors-prominent-parent-daughter-duos.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918034927/https://moviegalleri.net/2019/11/femina-super-daughter-awards-2019-recognizes-and-honors-prominent-parent-daughter-duos.html |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=moviegalleri.net}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|Zee Cine Awards Tamil
| rowspan="3" |Best Female Debut
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|
|-
|Vikatan Awards
|
|-
|[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]]
| rowspan="4" |Best Actress Award Tamil
| rowspan="4" |''[[Anbirkiniyal]]''
|{{Nom}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|10833354}}
* [https://keerthipandian.com/ Official site]
{{Commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandian, Keerthi}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Salsa dancers]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]

Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl

2026-03-16T21:51:19Z

Manish: improved formatting per standard format and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{short description|2020 Indian biographical film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl
| image = Gunjan Saxena poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Netflix release poster
| director = Sharan Sharma
| producer = [[Karan Johar]] Hiroo Yash Johar Apoorva Mehta [[Zee Studios]]
| writer = Nikhil Mehrotra Sharan Sharma
| starring = [[Janhvi Kapoor]] [[Pankaj Tripathi]] [[Angad Bedi]]
| music = '''Score:''' John Stewart Eduri '''Songs:''' [[Amit Trivedi]]
| cinematography = [[Manush Nandan]]
| editing = Nitin Baid
| studio = [[Dharma Productions]] [[Zee Studios]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|08|12|ref1=<ref name="release"/>}}
| runtime = 112 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00otgxoti |title=Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl (2020) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130023624/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00otgxoti |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[biographical film|biographical]] [[drama film]], directed by Sharan Sharma and produced under [[Dharma Productions]] and [[Zee Studios]]. The film stars [[Janhvi Kapoor]] as [[Indian Air Force]] pilot [[Gunjan Saxena]], one of the first women to fly in a combat zone, alongside [[Pankaj Tripathi]] and [[Angad Bedi]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/angad-bedi-joins-star-cast-gunjan-saxenas-biopic-kargil-girl/ |title=Angad Bedi joins the star cast of Gunjan Saxena's biopic, Kargil Girl |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 February 2019 |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302152531/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/angad-bedi-joins-star-cast-gunjan-saxenas-biopic-kargil-girl/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] commenced in February 2019 and was wrapped up in October; it was extensively filmed across [[Lucknow]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/janhvi-kapoor-shooting-in-lucknow/articleshow/68095836.cms |title=Janhvi Kapoor shooting in Lucknow |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 February 2019 |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510234239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/janhvi-kapoor-shooting-in-lucknow/articleshow/68095836.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the film was unable to release theatrically and was picked up for distribution by [[Netflix]].<ref name="NX">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/confirmed-janhvi-kapoor-s-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-to-release-on-netflix-watch-her-real-story-in-new-teaser/story-2oQnybA3TZ5hNxfZ7Z0zrJ.html |title=Confirmed: Janhvi Kapoor's Gunjan Saxena The Kargil Girl to release on Netflix, watch her real story in new teaser |date=9 June 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327190544/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/confirmed-janhvi-kapoor-s-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-to-release-on-netflix-watch-her-real-story-in-new-teaser/story-2oQnybA3TZ5hNxfZ7Z0zrJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/janhvi-kapoor-starrer-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-to-release-on-netflix-2660485.html |title=Janhvi Kapoor Starrer Gunjan Saxena The Kargil Girl to Release on Netflix |date=9 June 2020 |website=News18 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820100254/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/janhvi-kapoor-starrer-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-to-release-on-netflix-2660485.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was released globally on 12 August 2020.<ref name="release">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2020 |title=Netflix's Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl to premiere on August 12 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/janhvi-kapoor-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-release-date-6508158/ |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716052020/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/janhvi-kapoor-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-release-date-6508158/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the [[66th Filmfare Awards]], ''Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl'' received 8 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Sharma), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Kapoor) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Tripathi).

== Plot==
Beginning in Lucknow, in 1984, the story begins with young Gunjan Saxena on a flight along with her older brother, Anshuman. Gunjan wants to look out of the airplane window, but Anshuman doesn't let her. A kind air hostess tends to the problem and takes Gunjan to the cockpit. Looking at the cockpit immediately sparks a desire in her mind to become a pilot as she feels enthusiastic about the plane's features.

A few years later, Gunjan is congratulated for her academic excellence with her proud parents, Anup and Kirti, were planning to send her to high school. Gunjan, however wants to drop out of high school to become a pilot. Anshuman, her brother feels that women should not be in the cockpit, but in kitchen making food for the family, but her father strongly disagrees. A firm believer of gender equality, he allows Gunjan to experiment with her desire to become a pilot. Gunjan makes multiple attempts, but these are thwarted by concerns regarding her educational qualifications and high costs, causing her to return home dejected
each time. While her parents differ in their outlook towards her dream, with her mother hoping her daughter would soon be wary and Anup insistent on allowing his daughter to pursue her dreams relentlessly, an advertisement in a newspaper for acceptance into the Indian Air Force provides Gunjan just the right opportunity for making an effort to enter the air force. Anshuman, who is himself serving in the army, completely disapproves and tells Gunjan that the Air Force isn't a place for women. She, however, ignores him, and goes ahead with the formalities, later finding out on the day of the results that she is the only female who got accepted.

During her medical tests, Gunjan learns that she is one centimeter too short and seven kilograms too much for the Air Force requirements. She is devastated by this, but learns that she can take a retest in two weeks, and discusses it with Anup, who asks her not to give up, and together they come up with a workout regime to lose weight. Across the retest, she still falls short on the height criterion, but the officers conclude that the length of her hands and legs would compensate for it, and accept her into the force. However, while Anup and Kirti are unable to contain their pride, Anshuman still remains in denial of his sister's dedication, but Gunjan decides to ignore his reservations and commences training. During her training, she finds herself subjected to several harsh realities and inconveniences due to the male-dominated order of the air force, and contemplates leaving the camp, when a crisis situation causes her to reconsider when, in 1999, the [[Kargil war]] begins, and all Air Force pilots are needed. Gunjan is determined to take part in the war, and despite Anshuman meeting her and dissuading her from participation, disregards his reservations yet again. She finds herself badly needed in a mission and proceeds with it, but is then ordered to abort because the mission is too difficult for her. She reluctantly resigns to the camp. Suddenly, news of army soldiers being heavily wounded in the battle arrives, and it is up to her to save them.

Gunjan and another pilot take separate helicopters and go over to aid the injured soldiers. Back at the camp, army soldiers ask her to abort the mission but regardless of their opinion, she proceeds. Suddenly, as the other helicopter gets shot down from an RPG attack, Gunjan rescues the other pilot and the wounded soldiers and successfully completes a risky maneuver, despite being exposed to bullets herself. After the mission and the war, she earns the respect by her fellow male soldiers and is rewarded with bravery and makes Anshuman and Anup proud.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Janhvi Kapoor]] as [[Gunjan Saxena]], [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] pilot
** Riva Arora as Young Gunjan
*[[Pankaj Tripathi]] as [[Lieutenant Colonel#India|Lieutenant Colonel]] Anup Kumar Saxena, Gunjan's father
*[[Angad Bedi]] as Anshuman Saxena, Gunjan's brother
** Aaryan Arora as Young Anshuman
*[[Ayesha Raza Mishra]] as Kirti Saxena, Gunjan's mother<ref>{{cite news |author=Vineeta Kumar |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/janhvi-kapoor-looks-promising-but-pankaj-tripathi-steals-the-show-in-trailer-of-netflix-film-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-4099680 |title=Janhvi Kapoor Looks Promising But Pankaj Tripathi Steals The Show in Trailer of Netflix Film Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl |date=1 August 2020 |work=India.com |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809065455/https://www.india.com/entertainment/janhvi-kapoor-looks-promising-but-pankaj-tripathi-steals-the-show-in-trailer-of-netflix-film-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-4099680/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Manav Vij]] as Commanding officer Group Captain Gautam Sinha
*[[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as Fight commander officer Dileep Singh
*Chandan K. Anand as Chief Instructor Ashish Ahuja
* Yogendra Vikram Singh as Pilot Montu
*Barbie Rajput as Mannu, Gunjan's friend
*Sharik Khan as Dileep's friend
*[[Rachana Parulkar]] (uncredited role)
}}

== Production ==
Principal photography for the film was commenced in February 2019, with the film being extensively shot at [[Lucknow]].<ref name=":2" /> The film's shooting, despite being continued for three months, came to halt in May 2019, citing the bad weather,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor's Gunjan Saxena biopic shoot called off due to thunderstorm warning in Lucknow |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/janhvi-kapoor-s-gunjan-saxena-biopic-shoot-called-off-due-to-thunderstorm-warning-in-lucknow-1527065-2019-05-17 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=India Today |date=17 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129130755/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/janhvi-kapoor-s-gunjan-saxena-biopic-shoot-called-off-due-to-thunderstorm-warning-in-lucknow-1527065-2019-05-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> but later resumed the same month. The first schedule of the film was completed on 24 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor's Gunjan Saxena biopic shoot cancelled in Lucknow, here's why |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-s-gunjan-saxena-biopic-shoot-cancelled-in-lucknow-here-s-why/story-uyGUFX2YYpj6pRDwrs8KSJ.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |date=17 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130012612/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-s-gunjan-saxena-biopic-shoot-cancelled-in-lucknow-here-s-why/story-uyGUFX2YYpj6pRDwrs8KSJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

While the team planned to shoot few scenes at [[London]] on July, the team planned to change the location to [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2018 |title=Janhvi Kapoor heads to Georgia to shoot for Gunjan Saxena biopic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/most-talked-about-biopics-you-just-cannot-miss/kargil-girl-janhvi-kapoor-heads-to-georgia-to-shoot-for-gunjan-saxena-biopic/photostory/70432748.cms |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814223517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/most-talked-about-biopics-you-just-cannot-miss/kargil-girl-janhvi-kapoor-heads-to-georgia-to-shoot-for-gunjan-saxena-biopic/photostory/70432748.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The team planned to shoot some sequences high altitude regions of Georgia in the north eastern part of the country in a town called [[Stepantsminda|Kazbegi]]. The town is a mountainous area set over 5700 feet above sea level. Both Janhvi Kapoor and Angad Bedi have shot the sequences for maintaining fitness for their roles, being accompanied by coach Brinston Miranda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details about Janhvi Kapoor and Angad Bedi's Georgia schedule for Gunjan Saxena biopic revealed |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-details-about-janhvi-kapoor-and-angad-bedi-s-georgia-schedule-for-gunjan-saxena-biopic-revealed-2771416/amp |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Daily News and Analysis |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129124816/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-details-about-janhvi-kapoor-and-angad-bedi-s-georgia-schedule-for-gunjan-saxena-biopic-revealed-2771416/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> Shooting of the film was wrapped up on 29 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor wraps filming of Gunjan Saxena biopic, shares behind-the-scenes pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-wraps-filming-of-gunjan-saxena-biopic-shares-behind-the-scenes-pics/story-qW4pdKRDmgiD3IN1o9VdXN.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |date=29 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121231207/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-wraps-filming-of-gunjan-saxena-biopic-shares-behind-the-scenes-pics/story-qW4pdKRDmgiD3IN1o9VdXN.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 3 August 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/gunjan-saxena:-the-kargil-girl/b9U0pctR,b4_ |title=Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=3 August 2020 |publisher=Jiosaavn |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808225829/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/gunjan-saxena:-the-kargil-girl/b9U0pctR,b4_ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:24
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[V (2020 film)|V]]
| next_year = 2020
| misc =
{{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|zJRg_0qFbMk|Official Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The film's music was composed by [[Amit Trivedi]] while lyrics were written by [[Kausar Munir]].

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 25:24
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bharat Ki Beti
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]], Arhaan Hussain, Rohan Vaidya, Harshavardhan Gore, Rashi Harmalkar, Shanana Shome, Ahana Goyal
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Asmaan Di Pari
| extra2 = [[Nooran Sisters|Jyoti Nooran]]
| length2 = 3:52
| title3 = Dori Tutt Gaiyaan
| extra3 = [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| length3 = 3:51
| title4 = Dhoom Dhadaka
| extra4 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| length4 = 3:12
| title5 = Rekha O Rekha
| extra5 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| length5 = 3:38
| title6 = Mann Ki Dori
| extra6 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length6 = 3:35
| title7 = Mann Ki Dori
| note7 = Female
| extra7 = [[Palak Muchhal]]
| length7 = 2:56
| all_writing =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| note6 = Male
}}

== Controversies ==

=== Factual inaccuracies ===
Gunjan Saxena’s coursemate Sreevidya Rajan posted on Facebook claiming she was the first woman pilot to fly in Kargil, even before Gunjan came to Srinagar. She said they were both posted at Udhampur, however Rajan was sent to the deployment at Srinagar when the conflict started, and flew missions in the conflict area. Saxena came to Srinagar with the next crew few days later, and they participated in the operations together. Retired Wing Commander Namrita Chandi also said that it was not Gunjan, but Sreevidya Rajan who was the first lady pilot who flew to Kargil, and said that credit was being taken away.
Rajan said she had never claimed credit because of her strong belief in gender equality.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/gunjan-saxenas-iaf-coursemate-sreevidya-rajan-shocked-by-filmmakers-twisting-of-facts/483413/ |title=Gunjan Saxena's IAF coursemate Sreevidya Rajan shocked by filmmakers' 'twisting of facts' |author=Snehesh Alex Philip |date=12 August 2020 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=theprint.in |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124075501/https://theprint.in/india/gunjan-saxenas-iaf-coursemate-sreevidya-rajan-shocked-by-filmmakers-twisting-of-facts/483413/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
She also stated that heroic acts may have been shown as part of cinematic licence.

Replying to the claims, Saxena said that she and Rajan were not stationed together at Srinagar during the Kargil operations, nor did they fly together. During a media interaction arranged by the IAF towards the end of the Kargil conflict, Saxena's name was projected as the first woman to fly for the IAF in a combat zone. She was credited with the same in headlines, articles and the [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/gunjan-saxena-responds-to-sreevidya-rajan-s-claims-of-being-first-female-combat-pilot-never-flew-with-her-at-the-same-time/story-F8Jf8toZEzwghwO9Jn4FGL.html |title=Gunjan Saxena responds to Sreevidya Rajan's claims of being first female combat pilot: 'Never flew with her at the same time' |author=HT Entertainment Desk |date=20 August 2020 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124084719/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/gunjan-saxena-responds-to-sreevidya-rajan-s-claims-of-being-first-female-combat-pilot-never-flew-with-her-at-the-same-time/story-F8Jf8toZEzwghwO9Jn4FGL.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Portrayal of Armed Forces ===
Authorities in the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) wrote a letter to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] over the alleged "undue negative portrayal" of the IAF personnel. Pointing out that IAF was the first branch of [[Indian Armed Forces]] to recruit female officers in the force, the IAF said that they have a gender-neutral workforce and do not propagate gender biases in their service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=Gunjan Saxena speaks about the importance of dreams, thanks IAF for helping her 'realise my dream of flying, serve the nation' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/gunjan-saxena-speaks-about-the-importance-of-dreams-thanks-iaf-for-helping-her-realise-my-dream-of-flying-serve-the-nation/story-4jxNlqF5gF6fmrDTNFcPPO.html |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |quote=The film has not been free of controversy; first, Janhvi Kapoor was at the receiving end of a lot of backlash from fans of late actor Sushant Singh Rajput, over the issue of nepotism, when the trailer of the film was unveiled online. After the release of the film, while several industry figures such as Hrithik Roshan and director Anurag Kashyap were effusive in praise, the Indian Air Force wrote a letter to the Censor Board, Dharma Productions and streaming giant Netflix for portraying "the IAF in an undue negative light". |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819165013/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/gunjan-saxena-speaks-about-the-importance-of-dreams-thanks-iaf-for-helping-her-realise-my-dream-of-flying-serve-the-nation/story-4jxNlqF5gF6fmrDTNFcPPO.html |url-status=live}}</ref> IAF claimed that Johar had agreed to represent it with authenticity and "make all efforts to ensure that the film helps inspire the next generation of IAF Officers."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2020 |title='Karan Johar promised to represent authenticity': IAF pens letter to Censor Board calling 'Gunjan Saxena' misleading |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-karan-johar-promised-to-represent-authenticity-iaf-pens-letter-to-censor-board-calling-gunjan-saxena-misleading-2837386 |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131005558/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-karan-johar-promised-to-represent-authenticity-iaf-pens-letter-to-censor-board-calling-gunjan-saxena-misleading-2837386 |url-status=live}}</ref> Certain scenes and dialogues in the film and its trailer were shown to have projected the IAF in bad light.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF Objects to Its 'Undue Negative Portrayal' in Gunjan Saxena Biopic, Shoots Letter to CBFC |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/iaf-objects-to-its-undue-negative-portrayal-in-gunjan-saxena-biopic-shoots-letter-to-cbfc-2779827.html |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=News18 |date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102191504/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/iaf-objects-to-its-undue-negative-portrayal-in-gunjan-saxena-biopic-shoots-letter-to-cbfc-2779827.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Many ex-army officers expressed similar concerns.<ref name=":0" /> A lady officer and helicopter pilot of the same batch, Wing Commander Namrita Chandi also remarked that the makers had exaggerated the gender conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-slammed-by-retired-wing-commander-namrita-chandi-for-peddling-lies-495635 |title='Gunjan Saxena' slammed by Retired Wing Commander Namrita Chandi for 'peddling lies' - Sentinelassam |website=The Sentinel Assam |date=17 August 2020 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129044813/https://www.sentinelassam.com/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-slammed-by-retired-wing-commander-namrita-chandi-for-peddling-lies-495635 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramani |first=Priya |date=14 August 2020 |title=Gunjan Saxena and sexism in the Indian Air Force |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/gunjan-saxena-and-sexism-in-the-indian-air-force-11597337904499.html |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=Livemint |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815202625/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/gunjan-saxena-and-sexism-in-the-indian-air-force-11597337904499.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Wing Commander Deepa Nailwal also stated the same.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-gunjan-saxena-shows-air-force-in-bad-light-factually-incorrect-squadron-leader-deepa-nailwal/358914 |title='Gunjan Saxena' Film To Make Life More Difficult For Air Force Women, Says Retd. Squadron Leader |website=Outlook India |date=18 August 2020 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927231901/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-gunjan-saxena-shows-air-force-in-bad-light-factually-incorrect-squadron-leader-deepa-nailwal/358914 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defense Ministry]] also raised concerns over the gender disparity shown in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2020 |title=गुंजन सक्सेना में किया गया भारतीय वायुसेना का अपमान? IAF की CBFC को चिट्ठी |trans-title=Did Gunjan Saxena blew IAF's honour? IAF wrote a letter to CBFC |url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/gunjan-saxena-iaf-complaint-to-cbfc-negative-image-jhanvi-tmov-1-1219154.html |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=India Today |language=hi}}</ref>

Defending the portrayal of gender bias in the film, Saxena clarified that the "bias is not at an organizational level", and added that "Since the bias is not at an organizational level, the experiences of different woman officers would be different. To deny it completely speaks of a feudal mindset and undermines the grit of women officers".<ref>{{cite web |last=Saxena |first=Gunjan |date=17 August 2020 |title=Blog: "Won't Let Anyone Take Away My Achievements": Gunjan Saxena On Movie Row |url=https://www.ndtv.com/blog/won-t-let-anyone-take-away-my-achievements-gunjan-saxena-on-movie-row-2280730 |access-date=23 August 2020 |publisher=NDTV |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823024120/https://www.ndtv.com/blog/won-t-let-anyone-take-away-my-achievements-gunjan-saxena-on-movie-row-2280730 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Nepotism ===
Following the [[Death of Sushant Singh Rajput|death of actor Sushant Singh Rajput]], ''Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl'' was subject to a campaign targeted against the film and its producer [[Karan Johar]] for supporting [[Nepotism in Bollywood|nepotism]] by casting [[Janhvi Kapoor]], daughter of actress [[Sridevi]] and producer [[Boney Kapoor]], in the film.<ref name=":0" /> In a teaser poster announcing the film's release date on Netflix, Johar and [[Dharma Productions]] were not mentioned. Commentators believed this was due to the nepotism allegations.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=3 August 2020 |title=Amid Nepotism Outrage, Karan Johar's Name Goes Missing From 'Gunjan Saxena' Poster & Trailer |work=The Times of India |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/amid-nepotism-outrage-karan-johars-name-goes-missing-from-gunjan-saxena-poster-trailer-519443.html |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804052537/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/amid-nepotism-outrage-karan-johars-name-goes-missing-from-gunjan-saxena-poster-trailer-519443.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==

The film was scheduled to release theatrically on 13 March 2020, and was later postponed to 24 April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2020 |title=Janhvi's Gunjan Saxena postponed to April 24 |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-s-angrezi-medium-release-date-is-now-march-13-janhvi-s-gunjan-saxena-postponed-to-april-24/story-Dzll8c0WSYAqjrnn5WGuZL.html |access-date=17 February 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the film's theatrical release was put on hold. The film's digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]]. On 9 June 2020, Netflix released a [[Teaser campaign|teaser video]] introducing Gunjan Saxena and also announcing the film's release date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2020 |title=Janhvi Kapoor starrer Gunjan Saxena The Kargil Girl to premiere on Netflix |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-jahnvi-kapoor-netflix-release-6410689/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609055557/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-jahnvi-kapoor-netflix-release-6410689/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was premiered on the streaming platform on 12 August 2020.<ref name="release"/>

== Critical reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=17|average=6.7|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=28 December 2023}}
The film was received well in review from critics. Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' gave the film 4/5 and wrote "Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl is a deeply moving tale of a feminist father and his feisty daughter. It wages war against patriarchal mind-set and discrimination, and identifies it as a bigger threat to progress than the one we perhaps tackled in 1999".<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl Movie Review: A deeply moving tale of a feminist father and his feisty daughter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl/amp_movie_review/77458279.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424064258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl/amp_movie_review/77458279.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Geetika Mantri of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and wrote "The film makes you uncomfortable and emotional without obnoxious jingoism that’s common in army films".<ref>{{cite web |title='Gunjan Saxena' review: Janhvi Kapoor film shows how men can be bullies or allies |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gunjan-saxena-review-janhvi-kapoor-film-shows-how-men-can-be-bullies-or-allies-130619 |website=[[The News Minute]] |date=12 August 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224063713/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gunjan-saxena-review-janhvi-kapoor-film-shows-how-men-can-be-bullies-or-allies-130619 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film 4 stars out of 5, and found the film to be a "deeply moving account of a remarkable woman's heartbreaks and soaring triumph".<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-movie-review-deeply-moving-account-of-a-remarkable-womans-heartbreaks-and-soaring-triumph-8691011.html Gunjan Saxena movie review: Deeply moving account of a remarkable woman's heartbreaks and soaring triumph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810205616/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-movie-review-deeply-moving-account-of-a-remarkable-womans-heartbreaks-and-soaring-triumph-8691011.html |date=10 August 2020 }} Firstpost</ref>
Stutee Ghosh of ''[[The Quint]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and wrote "The real, steady moments where the film shines are in the emotional scenes, stripped of melodrama. An intensely emotional tale told with restraint, Gunjan Saxena seals a place in our hearts".<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: 'Gunjan Saxena' Gets The Taut Treatment It Deserves |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/gunjan-saxena-janhvi-kapoor-pankaj-tripathi-netflix-full-movie-review |website=[[The Quint]] |date=10 August 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224064423/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/movie-reviews/gunjan-saxena-janhvi-kapoor-pankaj-tripathi-netflix-full-movie-review |url-status=live}}</ref> Pooja Prabbhan of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and wrote "Gunjan Saxena makes for an impressive watch with a storyline which highlights misogyny that triggers feelings of angst".<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunjan Saxena — The Kargil Girl movie review: An impressive, relatable watch |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-an-impressive-relatable-watch |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224073413/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-an-impressive-relatable-watch |url-status=live}}</ref>

Divyanshi Sharma of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote "The Kargil Girl is named as cleverly as it is written. The film is first about Gunjan Saxena’s journey, and then about her contribution to the Kargil War".<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunjan Saxena Movie Review: Pankaj Tripathi helps Janhvi Kapoor soar in an inspiring film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/gunjan-saxena-movie-review-pankaj-tripathi-helps-janhvi-kapoor-soar-in-an-inspiring-film-1710511-2020-08-12 |website=[[India Today]] |date=12 August 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229101844/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/gunjan-saxena-movie-review-pankaj-tripathi-helps-janhvi-kapoor-soar-in-an-inspiring-film-1710511-2020-08-12 |url-status=live}}</ref> Vaibhavi V Risbood of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote "Gunjan Saxena is a film that must be appreciated and acknowledged for telling a story that will inspire us in many ways – to dream a dream, fight for it, and fight against all the odds".<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl Movie Review: Janhvi Kapoor pays an honest tribute despite turbulence |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/gunjan-saxena-kargil-girl-movie-review-janhvi-kapoor-pays-honest-tribute-despite-turbulence-555753?amp |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=11 August 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224065649/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/gunjan-saxena-kargil-girl-movie-review-janhvi-kapoor-pays-honest-tribute-despite-turbulence-555753?amp |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5 lauded Tripathi's performance and praised the film for sparing audience a "spectacle of ungainly chest-thumping" and for presenting "good old touching tale of a girl who dared to break free from her cage and fly away{{snd}}a heroine we can cheer without resorting to a blood-curdling war cry".<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-spry-biopic-flies-light-with-passably-steady-janhvi-kapoor-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2277044 Gunjan Saxena{{snd}}The Kargil Girl Movie Review: Spry Biopic Flies Light With Passably Steady Janhvi Kapoor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828094249/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-spry-biopic-flies-light-with-passably-steady-janhvi-kapoor-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2277044 |date=28 August 2020 }} NDTV</ref> Mayank Shekhar of the [[Mid-Day]] gave the film a rating of 3.5/5.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunjan Saxena Review: Where no (Indian) woman's gone before |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-review-where-no-indian-womans-gone-before-22928260 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |date=10 August 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224072705/https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-review-where-no-indian-womans-gone-before-22928260 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[Zee Media Corporation|Dna India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote "Pankaj Tripathi is the show stealer as a feminist father in Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl".<ref>{{cite web |title='Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl' Review: Janhvi Kapoor's film touches upon feminism like 'rainbow in the sky' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/review-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-review-janhvi-kapoor-s-film-touches-upon-feminism-like-rainbow-in-the-sky-2836907/amp |website=[[Zee Media Corporation|DNA India]] |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224081442/https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/review-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-review-janhvi-kapoor-s-film-touches-upon-feminism-like-rainbow-in-the-sky-2836907/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote "Gunjan Saxena is a well narrated tale of female war hero of India.Despite some minuses, the flick would touch a chord especially with family audience".<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunjan Saxena – The Kargil Girl Movie Review: Gunjan Saxena – The Kargil Girl |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl/critic-review/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 August 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224070601/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl/critic-review/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote "Janhvi Kapoor does get better as she goes along, but performance-wise, she is still clearly a work-in-progress. She was excellent in her small part in Ghost Stories, and going by that, I was expecting more".<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunjan Saxena The Kargil Girl review: Janhvi Kapoor movie doesn't soar |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-janhvi-kapoor-6548470/lite/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 August 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224064956/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-janhvi-kapoor-6548470/lite/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rohan Naahar of ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' stated "Janhvi Kapoor and Pankaj Tripathi’s film is a refreshing change of pace for war films in India, which have forever been defined by whatever JP Dutta does".<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunjan Saxena The Kargil Girl movie review: Janhvi Kapoor busts boys locker room in new Netflix film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-janhvi-kapoor-busts-boys-locker-room-in-empowering-netflix-film/story-edBljYbruRb6EbfpYAY8rN.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 August 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224071147/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-movie-review-janhvi-kapoor-busts-boys-locker-room-in-empowering-netflix-film/story-edBljYbruRb6EbfpYAY8rN_amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kennith Rosario of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Narrated in a tried-and-tested three-act structure, ‘Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl’ makes ordinariness and familiar storytelling its strengths".<ref>{{cite news |title='Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl' review Flying with caution and tepidness |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-review-flying-with-caution-and-tepidness/article32327884.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 August 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227151327/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-review-flying-with-caution-and-tepidness/article32327884.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mike McCahill of ''[[The Guardian]]'' praised Kapoor's portrayal of Saxena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/aug/13/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-review-janhvi-kapoor |title=Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl review – Janhvi Kapoor excels as an Indian Air Force pioneer | The Guardian |website=The Guardian |date=13 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816060346/https://amp.theguardian.com/film/2020/aug/13/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-review-janhvi-kapoor |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="8"| [[66th Filmfare Awards|27 March 2021]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[List of Dharma Productions films|Dharma Productions]], [[Zee Studios]]
| rowspan="8"{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279.html |title=Nominations For The 66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021 |website=Filmfare |date=25 March 2021 |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329154547/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| Sharan Sharma
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Janhvi Kapoor]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Palak Muchhal]] for "Mann Ki Dori"
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]]
| Aditya Kanwar
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
| Ali Merchant
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
| Jayesh Vaishnav
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10350626}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl}}
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian aviation films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Indian war drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force in films]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2020 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films set in Kargil]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Kargil War]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about aviators]]

Khilafat Movement

2026-03-09T19:03:20Z

Manish: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Movement in India (1919–1922)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Islamism sidebar}}
The '''Khilafat movement''' (1919–1922) was a political campaign launched by [[Islam in South Asia|South Asian Muslims]] in [[British Raj|British India]] over British policy against [[Turkey]] and the planned dismemberment of the [[Ottoman Empire]] after [[World War I]] by Allied forces.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Hutchinson | first1=J. | last2=Smith | first2=A. D. | title=Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science | publisher=Routledge | volume=3 | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-415-20112-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NN0m_c8p6fgC&pg=PA926 | access-date=9 February 2023 | page=926|quote=Khilafat movement which was primarily designed to prevent the allied dismemberment of Turkey after World War One.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Ali | first1=A. | last2=Sahni | first2=J. | last3=Sharma | first3=M. | last4=Sharma | first4=P. | last5=Goel | first5=P. | title=IAS Mains General Studies Paper 1: Indian Heritage & Culture, History & Geography of the World & Society | publisher=Arihant Publications (India) | year=2019 | isbn=978-93-241-9210-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABvzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273| page=273}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Vipul | first=S. | title=Longman History & Civics for ICSE 10 | publisher=Pearson Education | year=2009 | isbn=978-81-317-2042-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RX4OiM0MGZUC&pg=PA88 | page=88}}</ref>

Leaders participating in the movement included [[Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji|Ahmad Sagheer Haji Variyami]], Maulana [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]], Maulana [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en&
|title=Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|accessdate=5 December 2013
|archive-date=29 October 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029155508/http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en&
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ajmal e Azam|last=Hussain|first=Intezaar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Hakim Ajmal Khan|last=Andrews|first=C. F.}}</ref>{{fcn|date=September 2025}} and [[Abul Kalam Azad]]<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Khilafat-movement |title=Khilafat movement {{!}} Indian Muslim movement |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=4 January 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208130921/https://www.britannica.com/event/Khilafat-movement |url-status=live }}</ref> who organised the movement to redress the grievances of Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kprpAAAAMAAJ|title=The Cambridge History of India |volume=6|date=1969 |publisher=[[S. Chand Group]]|page=800|quote=The main object of the Khilafat movement was to redress the grievances of Turkey and get for her justice.}}</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] had supported the movement as part of his opposition to the [[British Empire]], and he also advocated for a wider [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]] at the same time.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction|page=29|first=Carl |last=Olson|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2007}}</ref> [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and other Hindu and Congress figures also supported the movement.<ref>{{cite book | last=Inamdar | first=N. R. | title=Political Thought and Leadership of Lokmanya Tilak | publisher=Concept | year=1983 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPLBbZSYXXEC&pg=PA259 | access-date=9 February 2023 | page=259}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Jaffrelot | first=Christophe | title=Sardar and the Swayamsevaks | website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace | date=7 December 2013 | url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2013/12/sardar-and-the-swayamsevaks?lang=en | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923133148/https://carnegieendowment.org/2013/12/07/sardar-and-swayamsevaks-pub-53865 | url-status=live | archive-date=23 September 2020 | access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref>

Generally described as a protest against the sanctions placed on the [[Ottoman Empire]] after the [[First World War]] by the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], the movement is also noted for promoting Hindu–Muslim unity.<ref name="Tejani 2021"/> It ended in 1922 after the end of the non-cooperation movement.<ref name="Bandyopādhyāẏa">{{cite book | last=Bandyopādhyāẏa | first=Ś. | title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India | publisher=Orient Blackswan | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-250-2596-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA304| page=304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah |volume=1|quote=the Khilafat agitation ended in 1922|author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani|first=Ahmad Hasan |last=Dani|publisher=Quaid-i-Azam University|year=1979|page=85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Gail |last=Minault |title=The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1982 |series=Studies in Oriental Culture |volume=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of India|first=Burton |last=Stein|year=2010|page=300|publisher=John Wiley & Sons}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Vogt | first1=K. | last2=Larsen | first2=L. | last3=Moe | first3=C. | title=New Directions in Islamic Thought: Exploring Reform and Muslim Tradition | publisher=Bloomsbury | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-85772-233-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueeKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195| page=195}}</ref>

==Background==
{{main|Ottoman Caliphate}}
Ottoman sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] (1842–1918) launched his [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] program in a bid to protect the Ottoman Empire from Western attack and dismemberment and to crush the democratic opposition at home. He sent an emissary, [[Jamaluddin Afghani]], to India in the late 19th century.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khilafat_Movement|title=Khilafat Movement|website=[[Banglapedia]]|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Society|last1=Ahmed|first1=Sufia|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703113357/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khilafat_Movement|url-status=live}}</ref> The cause of the Ottoman monarch evoked religious passion and sympathy amongst Indian Muslims. Being the caliph, the Ottoman sultan was nominally the supreme religious and political leader of all Sunni Muslims across the world. However, this authority was never actually used.

A large number of Muslim religious leaders began working to spread awareness and develop Muslim participation on behalf of the [[caliphate]]. Muslim religious leader [[Maulana Mehmud Hasan]] attempted to organize a national [[war of independence]] with support from the Ottoman Empire.

[[Abdul Hamid II]] was forced to restore the [[constitutional monarchy]], marking the start of the [[Second Constitutional Era]] by the [[Young Turk Revolution]]. He was succeeded by his brother [[Mehmed V]] (1844–1918) but following the revolution, the real power in the Ottoman Empire lay with the [[Young Turks]]. The movement was a topic in [[Conference of London (February 1920)]]; however, nationalist Arabs saw it as threat of continuation of Turkish dominance of Arab lands.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA125|title=Mahatma Gandhi|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1991|pages=124–26|first=Sankar |last=Ghose|isbn=9788170232056|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051512/https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA125|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Partitioning===
{{further|Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{See also|Occupation of Constantinople|Turkish War of Independence}}
The [[Ottoman Empire]], having sided with the [[Central Powers]] during [[World War I]], suffered a major military defeat. The [[Treaty of Versailles]] (1919) reduced its territorial extent and diminished its political influence but the victorious [[Europe]] powers promised to protect the Ottoman sultan's status as the caliph. However, under the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] (1920), territories such as [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Iraq]] were severed from the empire.

Within Turkey, a progressive, secular nationalist movement arose, known as the [[Turkish national movement]]. During the [[Turkish War of Independence]] (1919–1923), the [[Turkish revolutionaries]], led by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], abolished the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] with the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] (1923). Pursuant to [[Atatürk's Reforms]], the [[Republic of Turkey]] abolished the position of the caliphate in 1924. Atatürk offered the caliphate to [[Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi]], on the condition that he reside outside Turkey; Senussi declined the offer and confirmed his support for [[Abdulmejid II|Abdulmejid]].{{sfn|Özoğlu|2011|p=5; Özoğlu quotes 867.00/1801: [[Mark Lambert Bristol]] on 19 August 1924}} The title was then [[Sharifian Caliphate|claimed]] by [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca]] and [[Hejaz]], leader of the [[Arab Revolt]], but his kingdom was defeated and annexed by [[Ibn Saud]] in 1925.

==Khilafat Movement in the Indian subcontinent==
[[File:Khilafat activists leading a procession.jpg|thumb|Khilafat activists leading a procession]]
Although political activities and popular outcry on behalf of the caliphate emerged across the Muslim world, the most prominent activities took place in India. A prominent Oxford educated Muslim journalist, [[Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar]] had spent four years in prison for advocating resistance to the colonial government and support for the caliphate. At the onset of the [[Turkish War of Independence]], Muslim religious leaders feared for the caliphate, which the European powers were reluctant to protect. To some of the Muslims of India, the prospect of being [[conscripted]] to fight against fellow Muslims in Turkey was anathema.<ref>However, at the same time, note must also be made that in the North Punjab and part of the NWFP, a huge number of Muslims did actively volunteer to serve in the British Indian Army in World War I.</ref> To its founders and followers, the Khilafat was not a religious movement but rather a show of solidarity with their fellow Muslims in Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|first=A. C. |last=Niemeijer|title=The Khilafat movement in India, 1919–1924|url=https://archive.org/details/khilafatmovement0000niem|url-access=registration|year=1972|publisher=Nijhoff|page=[https://archive.org/details/khilafatmovement0000niem/page/84 84]|isbn=9789024713349}}</ref>

Mohammad Ali and his brother [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]] joined with other Muslim leaders such as Pir Ghulam Mujaddid Sarhandi, Sheikh Shaukat Ali Siddiqui, Dr. [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], [[Raees-Ul-Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo]], [[Hasrat Mohani]], [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]], [[Mohammad Farooq Chishti]], [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] and Dr. [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] to form the All India Khilafat Committee. The organisation was based in Lucknow, India at Hathe Shaukat Ali, the compound of Landlord Shaukat Ali Siddiqui. They aimed to build political unity amongst Muslims and use their influence to protect the caliphate. In 1920, they published the Khilafat Manifesto, which called upon the British to protect the caliphate and for Indian Muslims to unite and hold the British accountable for this purpose.<ref>Gail Minault, ''The Khilafat movement'', p. 92</ref> The Khilafat Committee in Bengal included [[Mohammad Akram Khan|Mohmmad Akram Khan]], [[Maniruzzaman Islamabadi|Manruzzaman Islamabadi]], [[Mujibur Rahman Khan]] and [[Chittaranjan Das]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Mohammad_Akram|title=Khan, Mohammad Akram|website=[[Banglapedia]]|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Society|last1=Razzaq|first1=Rana|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706183003/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Mohammad_Akram|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1920 an alliance was made between Khilafat leaders and the [[Indian National Congress]], the largest political party in India and of the nationalist movement.<ref name="Mylonas">{{cite journal |last1=Mylonas |first1=Harris |last2=Tudor |first2=Maya |title=Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |date=11 May 2021 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=109–132|doi-access=free |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-101841 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b54b641e-2ff1-4b3b-be2b-7a6a10bb89ec/files/sms35t927j }}</ref> Congress leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the Khilafat leaders promised to work and fight together for the causes of Khilafat and ''[[Swaraj]]''. Seeking to increase pressure on the colonial government, the Khilafatists became a major part of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] – a nationwide campaign of mass, peaceful [[civil disobedience]]. Some also engaged in a [[protest emigration]] from [[North-West Frontier Province]] to Afghanistan under [[Amanullah Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Clements|first1=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C&pg=PA109|title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia|last2=Adamec|first2=Ludwig W.|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-402-8|language=en}}</ref>

The movement also saw donations by Indians to help in this movement.<ref>{{cite book|title=Women in Gandhi's Mass Movements|first=Bharti |last=Thakur|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|year=2006|page=61}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Selected Subaltern Studies|date=1988 |page=338|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-505289-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEjsQbxIOC0C}}</ref> A committee was also started for sending funds to help Ankara government of Mustafa Kemal.<ref name="Minault 1982">{{cite book | last=Minault | first=G. | title=The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-231-51539-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAW8GreFqjkC&pg=PA137 | access-date=10 July 2023 | page=137}}</ref>

The non-cooperation campaign was at first successful. The programme started with boycott of legislative councils, government schools, colleges and foreign goods, government functions and surrender of titles and distinctions.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Massive protests, strikes and acts of civil disobedience spread across India. Hindus and Muslims joined forces in the campaign, which was initially [[Nonviolent resistance|peaceful]]. Gandhi, the Ali brothers and others were swiftly arrested by the colonial government. Under the flag of Tehrik-e-Khilafat, a Punjab Khilafat deputation comprising Moulana Manzoor Ahmed and Moulana Lutfullah Khan Dankauri took a leading role throughout India, with a particular concentration in the Punjab (Sirsa, Lahore, Haryana etc.). People from villages such as [[Aujla Khurd]] were the main contributors to the cause. {{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Although holding talks with the colonial government and continuing their activities, the Khilafat movement weakened as Muslims were divided between working for the Congress, the Khilafat cause and the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]].<ref>Gail Minault, ''The Khilafat movement'', p. 184</ref>

The Khilafat leadership fragmented on different political lines. [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]] created [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]] with the support of [[Chaudhry Afzal Haq]]. Leaders such as Dr. Ansari, [[Maulana Azad]] and [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] remained strong supporters of Gandhi and the Congress. The Ali brothers joined Muslim League.<ref>Vali Nasr, ''The Shia Revival,'' Norton, (2006), p. 106</ref>

==Challenges to British colonization==
Up to the turn of the 20th century, the British system of political control was effective in Sindh. During the Khilafat movement, however, the British dealt with another major challenge to their rule.<ref name="Cambridge University"/>

The Khilafat movement represented the first occasion on which a major number of Sindhi [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]] came together on a common platform to oppose British policy, and their involvement showed the way in which they were being gradually involved in the issues of the broader Indian Muslim community. Similar to their co-religionists elsewhere, many of these pirs were affected due to the rise in pan-Islamic sentiment and also by the changing awareness of the position of Muslims in South Asia. Their participation in the agitation severely threatened to undermine the position of the British colonial rule in Sindh. Yet, regardless of the significant influence of the pirs and the considerable support which they attracted for the Khilafat cause, the system of control proved its credibility by reducing the threat posed to British rule to one of manageable proportions.<ref name="Cambridge University"/>

The British system of control was seriously threatened by the involvement of Sindhi pirs in the Khilafat movement. The concerns of the movement appealed strongly to a major section of the province's religious leadership as a result of the rise in interest in pan-Islamic issues during the years leading up to 1919. Support for broader Islamic concerns during this period was directly associated with the gradual erosion of the barriers which had isolated the Sindh region from developments taking place.<ref name="Cambridge University">{{cite book | title=Sufi Saints and State Power | chapter=Challenge to the system: the Khilafat movement, 1919–1924 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=31 January 1992 | doi=10.1017/cbo9780511563201.007 | pages=77–100| isbn=978-0-521-40530-0 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
The movement is noted to have played a role in boosting unity among Hindus and Muslims. The [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] supported the movement in response to the [[divide and rule]] strategy by the British.<ref name="Singh Raj">{{cite book | last1=Singh | first1=M. P. | last2=Raj | first2=S. R. | title=The Indian Political System | publisher=Pearson | series=Always learning | year=2012 | isbn=978-81-317-6124-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ij_dTJBc2p8C&pg=PA30 | page=30}}</ref> The period of 1919–1922 is widely seen as the heyday of Hindu-Muslim unity.<ref name="Tejani 2021">{{cite book | last=Tejani | first=S. | title=Indian Secularism: A Social and Intellectual History, 1890–1950 | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2021 | isbn=978-0-253-05832-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7sLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 | page=145}}</ref> [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] had thanked the Congress for its sympathy, and hoped that it would soon gain [[Swaraj]].<ref name="Bryant 1924 p. ">{{cite book | last=Bryant | first=J. F. | title=Gandhi & the Indianisation of the Empire | publisher=J. Hall & Son | year=1924 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9JGAAAAIAAJ | page=204}}</ref>

The movement is described as a milestone in the growth of the [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khimjee |first=Husein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYgGAQAAQBAJ |title=Pakistan: a Legacy of the Indian Khilafat Movement |date=10 September 2013 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4917-0208-6 |language=en}}</ref> and the history of civil disobedience in India. For example, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], who had at the time been a force for Hindu–Muslim unity in the aftermath of the 1916 [[Lucknow Pact]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2017 |title=Pakistan Day: How Gandhi's support for Khilafat Movement made a separate homeland for Indian Muslims inevitable |url=https://nation.com.pk/23-Mar-2017/pakistan-day-how-gandhi-s-support-for-khilafat-movement-made-a-separate-homeland-for-indian-muslims-inevitable |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> left the Congress after his words of caution against the entangling of the secular independence movement with the religious elements of the Khilafat movement were not heeded; later on, he became a key leader of the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2020 |title=The Multiple Facets of Muhammad Ali Jinnah |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/opinion-the-multiple-facets-of-muhammad-ali-jinnah-news-360961 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> Critics, however, argue that the Khilafat movement was not nationalist or anti-imperialist, but rather that its religious rhetoric concealed a weak and uncertain religious agenda.<ref name="Barlas 2019 p. 145">{{cite book | author-link=Asma Barlas |first=Asma |last=Barlas | title=Democracy, Nationalism, And Communalism: The Colonial Legacy In South Asia | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-72324-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7uZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT145 | page=145}}</ref>

Omair Anas, writing for the Turkish outlet ''[[Daily Sabah]]'', noted that "It is impossible to recall Turkey's anti-colonial struggle without mentioning Gandhi's support for the unity and integrity of the then-crumbling Ottoman Empire."<ref name="Anas 2021 z981">{{cite web | last=Anas | first=Omair | title=Turkey in Gandhi's anti-colonial struggle | website=Daily Sabah | date=4 October 2021 | url=https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/turkey-in-gandhis-anti-colonial-struggle}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mohammad Ismail Khan (Indian politician)|Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan]]
*[[Moplah Riots]]
*[[Pakistan Movement]]
*[[Progressive Writers' Movement]]
*[[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]
*[[Maulana Shaukat Ali]]
*[[Nehru Report]]
*[[Chauri Chaura incident]]
*[[All-India Muslim League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAhcJj-ij28C&pg=PA6|title=From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic|last=Özoğlu|first=Hakan|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313379567|language=en}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Rehmat Farrukhabadi|author-link=Rehmat Farrukhabadi|title=Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial (محمد علی جوہر ۱ور مقدمہِ بغاوت) in Urdu|url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en&&pg=PA69|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=21 December 2013|archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224093457/http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en&&pg=PA69|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Minault |first=Gail |title=The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India|url=https://archive.org/details/khilafatmovement0000mina|url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/khilafatmovement0000mina/page/69 69] |year=1982|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231050722}}
* {{cite book|last=Qureshi |first=M. Naeem|title=Pan-Islam in British Indian politics: a study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czKYZPyoyx0C&pg=PA104|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=9004113711}}
* {{cite book |title=Gandhi, Khilafat & The National Movement |first=N. S. |last=Rajaram |publisher=Sahitya Sindhu Prakashan}}{{year missing|date=September 2025}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Protests in British India]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:History of the All-India Muslim League]]
[[Category:Hindu and Islamic interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1922 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Ottoman Empire–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:India–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Interwar India]]
[[Category:Caliphalism]]

Kambar (poet)

2026-03-09T10:17:10Z

Manish: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|12th-century Indian poet of Tamil language}}
{{About|the poet|the lean process method|Kanban}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kambar
| honorific_suffix =
| image = MarinaBeach Kambar statue (close-up) 2Feb2013.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Statue of Kambar at [[Marina Beach]], Chennai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1180}}
| birth_place = [[Therizhandur]] (in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1250|1180}}
| death_place = [[Nattarasankottai]] (in present-day Tamil Nadu, India)
| resting_place =
| occupation = Poet
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[Ramavataram]]'' ''[[Silai Elupatu]]''
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
'''Kambar''', or '''Kamban''' (1180–1250), was an Indian poet. He is the author of the ''[[Ramavataram]]'', popularly known as ''Kambaramayanam'', the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] version of the [[Hindu epic]] [[Ramayana]]. He had also authored several other literary works in Tamil including [[Silaiyezhupathu|''Silai Elupatu'']], ''Kangai Puranam'', ''Sadagopar Antati'' and ''Saraswati Antati''.

==Life==
Kambar was believed to have been born in [[Therazhundur]] (in present day [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://www.google.com.qa/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Tamils/H1aAEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=kammalar+caste+in+tamil&pg=PA184&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|date=2017-08-25|isbn=979-8-216-20821-1|language=en|first=Vijaya|last=Ramaswamy|pages=183}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020-01-22 |title=Kambar ( Kavi Chakravarthy )- Profile and Life History of a Tamil Poet. |url=https://aptinfo.in/profile-and-life-history-of-kambar/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=Aptinfo.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4293 |title=Colas |date=1955}}</ref> He was supported and patronised by [[Sadayappa Vallal]].<ref>India's Communities by Kumar Suresh Singh, Anthropological Survey of India – Ethnology – 1992 – page 4146</ref> He grew up in the [[Chola dynasty|Chola Empire]] during the reign of [[Kulothunga Chola III]]. Having heard of Kamban's talent, Kulothunga summoned him to his court and honoured him with the title ''Kavi Chakravarty'' (''Emperor of poets'').<ref>The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia By Edward Balfour</ref><ref name=":0" /> Kamban was well versed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] languages. His life time is dated to the 12th century CE, after the lifetime of [[Vaishnavite]] philosopher [[Ramanuja]], as the poet refers to the latter in his work.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages|year=1875|url=https://archive.org/details/comparativegramm00caldrich|author=Robert Caldwell|publisher=Trübner, 1875|page=[https://archive.org/details/comparativegramm00caldrich/page/136 136]}}</ref>

There are no clear information of his later whereabouts, with multiple stories in folklore. As per one theory, Kamban spent his last days in [[Nattarasankottai]] near present day [[Sivagangai]]. After having differences with Kulothunga's son, [[Rajaraja III]], he left the Chola kingdom and moved from place to place. When he reached at Nattarasankottai, he decided to stay there and spent his last days there. There is tomb dedicated to him at the location and the annual ''Kamban vizha'' is conducted at this place to felicitate Kambar.<ref name=":0" />

In another story, Kamban was exiled by Kulothunga due to a misunderstanding, and Kulothunga executed Kamban's son Ambigapathy for having a love affair with his daughter. Grief-stricken and enraged at Kulothunga's brutality, Kamban wandered around the Tamil lands and finally entered the service of the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]]. He eventually returned again when invited by the Chola ruler, but this renewed friendship was short-lived, and tensions rose once more. Kulothunga ultimately executed Kamban on the pretext that he had maintained ties with the Chera king and had murdered the youngest prince. Before his death, Kamban cursed the king, declaring that his lineage would come to an end.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raja |first=P. |title=A Treasury of ancient Tamil legends |publisher=National Book Trust |year=2022 |isbn=978-93-5491-025-8 |edition= |location=Delhi |pages=127-143}}</ref>

==Literary works==
[[File:Kamba_Ramyanam_Mandapam_at_The_Ranganathasamy_Temple,_Srirangam.jpg|thumb|Kamba Ramyanam Mandapam at [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|The Ranganathasamy Temple, Srirangam]], where he is believed to have recited the epic]]

* ''[[Kamba Ramayanam]]'' (also called ''Ramavataram''), a retelling of the Indian epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' in Tamil. It consists of 11,000 stanzas.<ref>Legend of Ram By Sanujit Ghose</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2019}}<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/212 212]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> It was accepted into the holy precincts in the presence of [[Nathamuni]].<ref>Rays and Ways of Indian Culture By D. P. Dubey</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2019}}
* ''Saraswati Antati'', literary work of [[Andhadhi|antati]] style in praise of Hindu Goddess [[Saraswati]]
* ''Sadagopar Antati'', antati in praise of Vaishnava Saint [[Nammalvar]]
* ''[[Silaiyezhupathu|Silai Elupatu]]'', work in praise of 11th century CE [[Pallava]] king [[Karunakara Tondaiman]]
* ''Tirukkai Valakkam''
* ''Erelupathu''
* ''Kangai Puranam''
* ''Mangala Vazhthu''

== In popular culture ==
Kamban is portrayed by [[Serukalathur Sama]] in the Tamil-language film [[Ambikapathy (1937 film)|''Ambikapathy'']] (1937). In the film [[Ambikapathy (1957 film)|''Ambikapathy'']] (1957), [[M. K. Radha]] played Kamban.

== See also ==
* [[Kambarmedu, Mayiladuthurai|Kambarmedu]], an archaeological site associated with Kamban

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Ramayana}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kambar}}
[[Category:Chola poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Translators of the Ramayana]]
[[Category:1180 births]]
[[Category:1250 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Writers from Mayiladuthurai district]]

Ek Din Pratidin

2026-03-07T06:24:30Z

Manish: cleaned up intro

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Din Pratidin
| image = Ek Din Pratidin DVD cover.jpeg
| caption = Ek Din Pratidin DVD cover
| director = [[Mrinal Sen]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Mrinal Sen]] (writer) Amalendu Chakraborty (novel)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mamata Shankar]] [[Gita Sen]] [[Sreela Majumdar]] [[Satya Bandhyopadhyay]]
| music = [[B.V. Karanth]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
| editing = [[:en:Gangadhar_Naskar|Gangadhar Naskar]]
| studio = Mrinal Sen Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1979|}}
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
}}

'''''Ek Din Pratidin''''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: এক দিন প্রতিদিন, <abbr>lit</abbr>: "A Day Like Any Other," [[English language|English]] title: "And Quiet Rolls the Dawn") is a 1979 Bengali [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by [[Mrinal Sen]], who also wrote the screenplay based on an [[Amalendu Chakraborty]] novel. Set in contemporary India, the film follows the trauma experienced by a family when the breadwinning daughter fails to return from work. The film spans the period of one evening and night.

The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]] and the [[National Film Award for Best Direction]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=National Awards 1979 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1979/108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913180640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1979/108 |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |access-date=September 13, 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was entered into the [[1980 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1844/year/1980.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Ek Din Pratidin |accessdate=2009-05-26 |work=festival-cannes.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003193700/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1844/year/1980.html |archivedate=3 October 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Plot==
A middle-class family of seven members, with a father (Satya Bandhyopadhyay), mother (Gita Sen), three sisters and two brothers, are economically dependent on the earnings of the sole breadwinner of the family, the oldest daughter, Chinu (Mamata Shankar).

One evening, Chinu fails to return at the regular hour from her work office. At first members of the family assume that she is working overtime and will arrive later. Later, one of her sisters (Sreela Majumdar) goes out to make a phone call to see if she can contact the office, but there is no response. The family begins to worry. And the landlord and several tenants begin to become interested in the case. Some tenants are sympathetic to the family, others, including the landlord, are more critical. The oldest son goes to the police station to lodge a complaint and then to the morgue to see if the recently deceased bodies include his sister, he is sickened by the experience. The family also make a trip to the hospital to see if a recently injured lady is their Chinu and are relieved that she is not. Soon after, Chinu returns home but is surprised by the coldness of the family’s response and then an altercation breaks out between the family and the landlord.

== Cast ==
* [[Gita Sen]] as the mother
* [[Satya Bandhyopadhyay]] as the father
* [[Mamata Shankar]] as Chinu the oldest daughter
* [[Sreela Majumdar]] as Minu, the second oldest daughter
* [[Kaushik Sen]]
* Nalini Banerjee
* Arun Mukherjee
* Umanath Bhattacharya
* [[Biplab Chatterjee]]

== Themes ==
Film historian [[Shoma A. Chatterji|Shoma A Chatterji]], writes, regarding the relationship between the family and Chinu, that underneath the events of the film lie the “unresolved attitude towards a working daughter who cannot be treated in the same manner as a working son.” In the film’s long night that value is laid bare and examined by the filmmakers. For Chinu, she writes, economic possibilities lead not to freedom but to a burden that she cannot escape from. Chinu’s earnings are “usurped to fulfil the needs of the family, for the good-for-nothing older brother's pocket money and for the younger sister's education.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma A. |author-link=Shoma A. Chatterji |date=May 15, 2021 |title=Mrinal Sen's Chinu: The absent protagonist |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/mrinal-sens-chinu-the-absent-protagonist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515033028/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/mrinal-sens-chinu-the-absent-protagonist |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Direction]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Editing]]-Gangadhar Naskar

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0079098|title=Ek Din Pratidin}}
*[http://www.boloji.com/cinema/quietrolls.htm A review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324142106/http://www.boloji.com/cinema/quietrolls.htm |date=24 March 2011 }}

{{Mrinal Sen}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mrinal Sen]]
[[Category:1979 drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing National Award]]
[[Category:1979 Bengali-language films]]

{{1970s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Damul

2026-03-03T23:51:07Z

Manish: fix article further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|1985 Indian film by Prakash Jha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Damul
| image = Damul poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Prakash Jha]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/retrospective-of-prakash-jha-movies-in-fiji/660991/ |title=Retrospective of Prakash Jha movies in Fiji this week - Indian Express |access-date=28 April 2012 |archive-date=9 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409005716/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/retrospective-of-prakash-jha-movies-in-fiji/660991 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| writer = Shaiwal
| starring = [[Annu Kapoor]] [[Sreela Majumdar]] [[Manohar Singh]] [[Deepti Naval]] Ranjan Kamath Pyare Mohan Sahay
| music = [[Raghunath Seth]]
|cinematography = Rajen Kothari
| producer = [[Prakash Jha]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theviewspaper.net/the-demise-of-parallel-cinema/ |title=The Demise of Parallel Cinema |access-date=28 April 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064457/http://theviewspaper.net/the-demise-of-parallel-cinema/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1984|12|31|df=yes}}
| runtime = 106 min
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|12|l}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vM9hpEAmc9z5q4VLGNDWLM/8216For-filmmakers-politics-is-risky8217.html|title='For film-makers politics is risky'|last=Sharma|first=Sanjukta|work=Mint|date=4 June 2010|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''Damul''' ({{langx|en|italic=yes|Bonded until Death}}) is a 1985 Indian Hindi-language film directed by [[Prakash Jha]], based on the story ''[[Kalasutra|Kaalsootra]]'', by Shaiwal, a native of [[Gaya district]] of Bihar,<ref>[http://passionforcinema.com/prakash-jha-hrishikesh-mukharjee-cried-after-watching-my-film/ Interview Part I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905040319/http://passionforcinema.com/prakash-jha-hrishikesh-mukharjee-cried-after-watching-my-film/ |date=5 September 2008 }} passionforcinema.com.</ref> starring [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Sreela Majumdar]], [[Manohar Singh]], [[Deepti Naval]], Ranjan Kamath and Pyare Mohan Sahay in lead roles.

==Plot==
The story is about a bonded labourer who is forced to steal for his landlord, to whom he is bonded until death. Set in rural [[Bihar]] of 1984, the film focuses on the caste politics and the oppression of the lower castes in the region, through bonded labour. The film also highlights the issue of heavy migration of the poor villagers of Bihar to richer states like [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] in search of livelihood.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zX4GY37rG8kC&pg=PA66&dq=Prakash+Jha&sig=ACfU3U0VH3L9S9rYt814G_FFcjweiDL1Tg ''Damul''] ''One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography'', by Shampa Banerjee, Anil Srivastava. Taylor & Francis, 1988. {{ISBN|0-8240-9483-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8240-9483-6}}. ''Page 66''</ref>

==Awards==
* 1984: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]
* 1985: [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]]

==International acclaim==
Damul was invited for both the competition and participation sections at the [[Montreal]], [[Chicago]] and [[Moscow]] film festivals.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0088986|Damul}}
* [http://www.prakashjhaproductions.com/damul.html Damul at Prakash Jha Productions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914054417/http://prakashjhaproductions.com/damul.html |date=14 September 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928105542/http://www.prakashjha.net/ Prakash Jha's Homepage]

{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prakash Jha]]
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bihar]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about internal migration]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films about labor relations]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films about Indian slavery]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Vaira (film)

2026-03-03T21:36:33Z

Manish: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaira
| image = Vaira 2017 Indian film poster.jpeg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Navarasan]]
| producer = Dharmashree Manjunath. N
| writer = [[Navarasan]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Navarasan]] Priyanka Malnad [[Tabla Nani]] 
| music = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cinematography = Nithin
| editing = Mahesh Reddy
| studio = Geetha Entertainments
| distributor = Geetha Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|10|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vaira''''' is a 2017 [[suspense]] [[thriller film]] that was written and directed by [[Navarasan]], who also starred alongside Priyanka Malnad and [[Tabla Nani]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/oct/05/vaira-is-an-entertainer-dont-go-by-a-rating-appeals-actor-director-navarasan-1666877.html|title=Vaira is an entertainer, don't go by rating, appeals actor director Navarasan|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=5 October 2017|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621053423/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/oct/05/vaira-is-an-entertainer-dont-go-by-a-rating-appeals-actor-director-navarasan-1666877.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=18 September 2017|title=Navarasan returns with 'Vaira'|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/navarasan-returns-with-vaira/articleshow/60736343.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919013641/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/navarasan-returns-with-vaira/articleshow/60736343.cms|archive-date=2017-09-19|access-date=2020-08-04|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref> The music was scored by [[Ravi Basrur]] and the cinematographer was Naveen, with editing by Mahesh Reddy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/nov/26/radhika-kumaraswamy-will-be-seen-as-a-doctor-and-ghost-in-damayanti-director-navarasan-2067228.html|title=Radhika Kumaraswamy will be seen as a doctor and ghost in 'Damayanti': Director Navarasan|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=26 November 2019|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620095742/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/nov/26/radhika-kumaraswamy-will-be-seen-as-a-doctor-and-ghost-in-damayanti-director-navarasan-2067228.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around the assignment of a fashion photographer who travels to [[Madikeri]], there he meets a local girl, and falls in love with her. The investigation also leads to a haunted house. However, during his stay at [[Madikeri]], he encounters a series of supernatural incidents and attempts to solve the mystery around them. The film is said to be inspired by real life incidents.

==Cast==
* [[Navarasan]]
* Priyanka Malnad
* [[Tabla Nani]]
* Kempegowda

==Soundtrack==
The music is scored by [[Ravi Basrur]]. The soundtrack was released on 9 August 2017, and featured 2 tracks. The lyrics were written by Kinnal.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/vaira/movie-review/60971420.cms|title=Vaira Movie Review|newspaper=[[Times Of India]]|date=6 October 2017|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009093323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/vaira/movie-review/60971420.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Preethiya Mullu
| lyrics1 = Kinnal
| extra1 = [[Santhosh Venky]]
| length1 = 03:27
| title2 = Manasaare Indu
| lyrics2 = Kinnal
| extra2 = [[Santhosh Venky]]
| length2 = 03:33
}}

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film at 3/5 stars, stating that it "can be a good one-time-watch for fans of horror, given that there has been a slump in recent times."<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist|}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|9252032}}
* {{Official website|https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/vaira/ET00061135}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:2017 horror films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]

Neer Dose

2026-03-03T21:30:33Z

Manish: created basic article basic info

{{About|the Kannada film|the dish|Neer dosa}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neer Dose
| image = 2016 Kannada film Neer Dose poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vijaya Prasad]]
| producer = S. Prasanna S. Shashikala Balaji
| screenplay = Vijaya Prasad
| story = Vijaya Prasad
| starring = [[Jaggesh]] [[Hariprriya]] [[Suman Ranganathan]] [[H. G. Dattatreya]]
| music = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cinematography = Sugnaan
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Skkandda Entertainment
| distributor = C K Cine Creations
| released = {{film date|2016|9|2}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Neer Dose''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[black comedy film]] produced by T. Goswami and Shashikala Balaji, written and directed by [[Vijaya Prasad]]. It stars [[Jaggesh]] and [[Hariprriya]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Hariprriya-gets-into-Ramyas-Shoes-for-Neer-Dose/2015/09/08/article3015611.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119050049/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Hariprriya-gets-into-Ramyas-Shoes-for-Neer-Dose/2015/09/08/article3015611.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2015|title=Hariprriya gets into Ramya's Shoes for Neer Dose|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref> alongside [[Suman Ranganathan]] and [[H. G. Dattatreya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Suman Ranganathan is now in Neer Dose| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-28/news-interviews/38098553_1_jaggesh-and-ramya-neer-dose-sidlingu| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424142719/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-28/news-interviews/38098553_1_jaggesh-and-ramya-neer-dose-sidlingu| url-status=dead| archive-date=24 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 March 2013}}</ref> It was one of the most highly acclaimed films of 2016.<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/index.php|title=Karnataka News: Bangalore, Mangalore, Mysore, Local News Online|date=19 July 2019|website=NewsKarnataka}}</ref>

==Premise==
{{more plot|date=May 2025}}
The plot revolves around the lives of four characters — Jaggesh Kumar, a [[crematorium]] van driver; Dattatreya, a retired man and Jaggesh Kumar's close friend; Kumudha, a [[sex worker]]; and Sharada Mani, a [[Dairy cattle|milk stall]] owner. It also tells the story of how they met, their individual backstories and the role [[Neer dosa|Neer Dose]] played in their life.

==Cast==
* [[Jaggesh]] as Jaggesh Kumar
* [[Hariprriya]] as Kumudha
* [[Suman Ranganathan]] as Sharadha Mani
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]] as Dattatreya

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| all_music = [[Anoop Seelin]]
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|title1= Sapura Kati
| note1 =
|length1=3:46
|lyrics1= Arasu Anthare
| writer1 =
|extra1= Ananya Bhagath
|title2= Hogi Baa Belake
| note2 =
|length2=3:54
|lyrics2= [[Vijaya Prasad]]
| writer2 =
|extra2= [[Gangubai Hangal]], [[Anoop Seelin]]
|title3= Nanna Pedde Preethisu
| note3 =
|length3=3:49
|lyrics3= Vijaya Prasad
| writer3 =
|extra3= Siddharth Belmannu, Samanvitha Sharma
|title4= Neer Dose
| note4 =
|length4=4:01
|lyrics4= Vijaya Prasad
| writer4 =
|extra4= [[L. N. Shastry]], Sunitha Murali
| total_length = 15:30
}}

== Production ==
Backed by the technical team of Vijaya Prasad's ''[[Sidlingu]]'', the film began production in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/87564.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028052907/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/87564.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2012|title='Neer Dosa' Launched|accessdate=25 October 2012}}</ref> Production was delayed by the unavailability of actress [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] following her election as a [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Mandya]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnataka-bypoll-results-congress-win-bangalore-rural-lok-sabha-seat-leads-in-mandya/416750-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827144037/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnataka-bypoll-results-congress-win-bangalore-rural-lok-sabha-seat-leads-in-mandya/416750-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-27|date=2013-08-24|newspaper=News18|access-date=2016-10-11|title=Congress wins Karnataka by-polls by heavy margin}}</ref> One of the film's producers, Ashu, approached [[Jaggesh]] to sort out the issue and complete the movie. In response, Jaggesh composed a series of tweets directed at Ramya in which he criticized her lack of availability for filming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-29/news-interviews/43494459_1_neer-dose-ramya-dil-ka-raja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031185717/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-29/news-interviews/43494459_1_neer-dose-ramya-dil-ka-raja|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-31|website=[[The Times of India]]|title=Ramya and Jaggesh engage in a war of words|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/jaggesh-wages-twitter-war-on-ramya-123509.html|title=Jaggesh Wages Twitter War With Ramya|date=2013-10-28|newspaper=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref> Production resumed in June 2015 after Ramya arrived<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/ramya-neer-dose-103075.html|title=Ramya out of Neer Dose|date=2013-01-30|newspaper=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-24/news-interviews/37980764_1_neer-dose-actress-bhavana-ramya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328144305/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-24/news-interviews/37980764_1_neer-dose-actress-bhavana-ramya|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-03-28|website=[[The Times of India]]|title=Bhavana no longer a part of Neer Dose|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/ramya-back-neer-dose-103312.html|title=Ramya back in Neer Dose?|date=2013-02-07|newspaper=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref> and other production issues were resolved.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/ramya-files-complaint-against-photographers-for-releasing-her-neer-dose-look/|title=Ramya files complaint against photographers for releasing her Neer Dose look|access-date=2016-10-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[http://sandalwoodking.com/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=7661&start=100 Neer Dose to begin from 4 March]</ref>

== Release ==
''Neer Dose'' was released on September 2, 2016 in 120 theatres, coinciding with [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesh Chaturdashi]]. The trailer and music received over 1,900,000 views on social media.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

''Neer Dose'' received an [[Central Board of Film Certification#Certificates and censorship|A certification]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], citing its many double entendre one-liners.

=== Home media ===
The satellite and digital rights of the film were sold to [[Colors Kannada]] and [[Voot]]. The film made its digital streaming in Voot on 31 March 2022.

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Neer Dose'' received mixed reviews from critics.

Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "This film is meant for those who like their conversations with a fair share of innuendo and the typical regressive fare when it comes to portraying women. The film has many food references, starting from the title itself, but be warned that these are masked with many sexual references, so you need a stomach that's strong enough to digest those."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Neer-Dose/movie-review/53993219.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907042755/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Neer-Dose/movie-review/53993219.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-09-07|title=Neer Dose Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Neer Dose|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Jaggesh and Dattanna, the two fine actors are yet again at their best performances and a treat while they make it look very natural. Hariprriya as Kumuda is the real change over for the actress, who has pulled it with ace marks. Irrespective of how 'Neer Dose' turns out to be at the end of the day before the box office, Hariprriya's effortless acting will be an everlasting remark in her career. No wonder, even if she manages to win an award or two for this daring one."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/040916/neer-dose-movie-review-sex-for-thought-a-dish-not-all-can-digest.html|title=Neer Dose movie review: 'Sex' for thought, a dish not all can digest!|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=4 September 2016 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=3053796}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neer Dose}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Seelin]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijaya Prasad]]

Umaanilayam

2026-03-03T21:13:53Z

Manish: further cleaned up content as per guidelines and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Umaanilayam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Cochin Haneefa]]
| screenplay = Cochin Haneefa
| starring = [[Shankar Panicker|Shankar]] [[Manochithra]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] [[Shanavas]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]] [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]]
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Hemnag Productions
| distributor = Hemnag Productions
| released = {{Film date|1984|4|4|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Umaanilayam''''' is a 1984 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Joshiy]]. The film stars [[Shankar Panicker|Shankar]], [[Manochithra]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] and [[Shanavas]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1627|title=Umaanilayam|access-date=2014-10-06|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3923|title=Umaanilayam|access-date=2014-10-06|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/uma-nilayam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009215622/http://spicyonion.com/title/uma-nilayam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 October 2014|title=Umaanilayam|access-date=2014-10-06|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Shankar Panicker|Shankar]] as Vinu
*[[Manochithra]] as Geetha
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Uma
*[[Shanavas]] as Raju
*[[Jose (actor)|Jose]] as Rajan
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Gopy
*[[Silk Smitha]]
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Jagathnadha Varma
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Rocky
*P.K. Abraham as Shiva Shankara Pilla
*[[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravi Kumar]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Madhumazhapozhiyum" (Sayoojya Piyoosha) || [[S. Janaki]], [[Unni Menon]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Penne Neeyen" || [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jairam]], Unni Menon || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 3 || "Radhe Ninte Krishnan" || P. Jayachandran, Vani Jairam || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 4 || "Thottunokkiyal" || S. Janaki, P. Jayachandran || Poovachal Khader ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0360126|Uma Nilayam}}

{{Joshiy}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Sundara Travels

2026-03-03T04:39:31Z

Manish: New

{{More plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sundara Travels.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Thaha]]
| writer = Govind Padman Mahesh Mithra
| starring = [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] [[Radha (Sundara Travels actress)|Radha]] [[Vadivelu]]
| producer = S. V. Thangaraj
| music = Bharani
| editing = P. C. Mohanan
| studio = Yuvasree Creations
| cinematography = Selva R.
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2002|8|30}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| language = Tamil
| country = India
}}

'''''Sundara Travels''''' is a 2002 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Thaha]]. The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Radha (Sundara Travels actress)|Radha]], and [[Vadivelu]]. [[P. Vasu|Vasu]], [[Sabitha Anand]], and [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] appear in supporting roles. Written by Govind Padman and Mahesh Mithra, it is a remake of their Malayalam film ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'' (2001). The music was composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]], with editing done by P. C. Mohanan. The film released on 30 August 2002.

== Plot ==
Gopikrishna ([[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]) owns and drives an old bus which was received as compensation for his father's road accident. Gopi now faces many consequences due to the bus's pathetic condition. He had sold many valuable things to maintain the bus, and his friend Azhagu ([[Vadivelu]]) was his only companion and the bus's cleaner. A mouse had eaten Azhagu's passport and spoiled his chances of going abroad. Some part of the film's comedy involves Azhagu running behind the mouse for revenge. A live TV show in which Gopi insults the City Traffic Commissioner ([[Vinu Chakravarthy]]) lands him in more trouble when the latter commands Gopi to leave the city with the bus. His other friends, lawyers, and well-wishers try to help him with a bank loan to convert his bus into a [[food truck]]. The plot took a turn when a girl named Vasanthi ([[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]]) enters the bus as a nomad, but she was actually Gayathri, the daughter of an influential and politically powerful minister ([[P. Vasu]]) in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. Her father forced her to join politics, which made her leave home. Initially, Gayathri declines to leave the bus, despite Azhagu's and Gopi's constant efforts. The police traces her and takes her back to her father's custody. Her father was making arrangements for her marriage with someone else. Meanwhile, Gopi realised that he could not live without Gayathri. Gopi and Azhagu secretly enter her house, and finally, all ends well as he wins over Gayathri's father.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Gopikrishna
*[[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]] as Gayathri / Vasanthi
**[[Sanusha]] as young Gayathri
*[[Vadivelu]] as Azhagu
*[[P. Vasu]] as Santhanam, Gayathri's father
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Lakshmi, Gayathri's mother
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as City Traffic Commissioner Veerappan
*[[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as TV Reporter
*[[Manivannan]] as Mahendran
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Krishnan Pillai
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Moneylender
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Parotta Master Kasi
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Police Inspector
*[[Bala Singh]] as Politician
*[[Bonda Mani]] as Groom
}}

== Production ==
The film's shooting commenced at Kodaikanal, and held at locations in Kerala and Thenkasi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 July 2002 |title=Sundara Travels |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/stravel.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826055319/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/stravel.asp |archive-date=26 August 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundhra Travels (2002) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/sundhra-travels-songs-T0000961 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219033217/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/sundhra-travels-songs-T0000961 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunthara Travels Tamil Film Audio Cassette |url=https://mossymart.com/product/sunthara-travels-tamil-film-audio-cassette/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006005339/https://mossymart.com/product/sunthara-travels-tamil-film-audio-cassette/ |archive-date=6 October 2024 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref> The song "Kannum Kannum" was later reused as "Ding Ding" in the Telugu film ''Siva Rama Raju''.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

{{track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 28:14
| title1 = Adada Oorkulathil
| extra1 = [[Swarnalatha]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| length1 = 4:51
| title2 = Nee Sandhanam Poosiya
| extra2 = [[P. Jayachandran]]
| lyrics2 = Newton
| length2 = 5:09
| title3 = Sundara Travels
| extra3 = Tippu
| lyrics3 = [[Snehan]]
| length3 = 3:40
| title4 = En Nenjukkul Veesiya
| extra4 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| lyrics4 = Newton
| length4 = 5:09
| title5 = Malligai Poovukku
| extra5 = P. Jayachandran
| lyrics5 = Pa. Vijay
| length5 = 4:52
| title6 = Kannum Kannum
| extra6 = Krishnaraj
| lyrics6 = Snehan
| length6 = 4:33
}}

== Critical reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "‘Sundara Travels' originally made in Malayalam as 'ee Parakkum Thaliga' was scripted and directed by [[Thaha]] and was a success in [[Kerala]]. So were its versions in Telugu and Kannada. Thaha directs the Tamil version, and probably to go with the so called ‘nativity’ factor, it is comedy that’s a bit too loud for comfort".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=6 September 2002 |title=Sundhara Travels |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov208.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040214155123/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov208.asp |archive-date=14 February 2004 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The director starts off very well but loses steam midway and presents something predictable".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=6 September 2002 |title=Sundara Travels |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/06/stories/2002090601410201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630011008/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/06/stories/2002090601410201.htm |archive-date=30 June 2003 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Thaha}}

[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 comedy films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharani (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

R. Rajagopala Tondaiman

2026-02-24T23:59:29Z

Manish:

{{Short description|Indian socialite (born 1957)}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajah Rajagopala Tondaiman
| image = Rajagopalatondaiman.jpg
| image_upright = 1
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{b-da|6 September 1957}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruchirapalli]], [[Madras State]], India
| other_names = Rajah, RRR Tondaiman
| known_for =
| education =
| employer = Royal Pudukottai Sports Club, Tamil Nadu Shooting Association
| occupation = Socialite
| title = Titular [[King|Rajah]] of [[Pudukkottai]]
| term = 1992-incumbent
| height =
| spouse = [[Sarubala Tondaiman]]
| children = [[Prithviraj Tondaiman]]
Radha Niranjani Rajayee
| signature =
| website =
| resting_place =
}}

'''Sri Brahdamba Dasa Rajah Rajagopala Tondaiman Bahadur''', popularly known as '''Rajah Rajagopala Tondaiman''', is an Indian socialite and the present head of the royal house of Pudukkottai. He is a shotgun shooter and is married to politician [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|AMMK Organising Secretary]] Tmt. [[Sarubala Tondaiman]].

== Early life ==

Rajagopala Tondaiman was born on 6 September 1957 to Prince Radhakrishna Tondaiman, the younger brother of Rajah [[Rajagopala Tondaiman]], and his wife, Mathusri Raja Srimathi Rani Rema Devi Rajammani Bayi Sahib. Rajagopal finished his schooling and college at Trichy. He was adopted at an early age by his uncle and the last [[Pudukottai (Princley state)|Maharajah of Pudukottai]], Maharajah Rajagopala Tondaiman.<ref name=requiem>S. J. Micheal Collins, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181744/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/01/22011343/1059263/Requiem-for-Tamil-Nadu-royalty.vpf "Requiem for Tamil Nadu royalty"], ''DT Next'', 22 January 2018.</ref>

== Public life ==
Rajagopala Tondaiman became the titular Rajah of Pudukkottai upon the death of his uncle Rajagopala Tondaiman on 16 January 1997.<ref name=requiem/> The position is ceremonial and heads some family-owned trusts, a patron of a few clubs and hereditary trustee of temples.

He is a [[Skeet shooting|skeet shooter]]<ref name=shooting>Rahul Ravikumar [https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2016/oct/13/this-shooter-is-right-on-target-1527305.html "This shooter is right on target"], ''The New Indian Express'', 13 October 2016.</ref> and is the president of the Royal Pudukkottai Sports Club, which trains shooters in Trap, Double Trap and Skeet Events and Vice President of the [[National Rifle Association of India|Tamil Nadu Shooting Association]]. He is a Convenor for the Movement for the Restoration of Vedic Wisdom.

== Family ==
He is married to Rani [[Sarubala Tondaiman]], who is the organising secretary of [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam]], former mayor of [[Tiruchirappalli]] and the treasurer of Royal Pudukottai Sports Club.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/sarubala-files-nomination-in-tiruchi/article5875852.ece "Sarubala files nomination in Tiruchi"], ''The Hindu'', 5 April 2014, updated 21 May 2016.</ref> The couple have a son, [[Prithviraj Tondaiman|R. Prithviraj Tondaiman]], who is an International Trap Shooter and the Secretary of Royal Pudukottai Sports Club,<ref name=shooting/> and a daughter, Radha Niranjani, who is also a national trap shooter and the Joint Treasurer of Royal Pudukottai Sports Club.<ref>K. Ezhilarasan, [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/apr/14/young-daughter-of-ammk-candidate-elderly-mother-of-vck-chief-turn-campaigners-in-tiruchy-1964055.html "Young daughter of AMMK candidate, elderly mother of VCK chief turn campaigners in Tiruchy"], ''The New Indian Express'', 14 April 2019.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tondaiman, R. Rajagopala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

Nathrao Neralkar

2026-02-24T07:51:59Z

Manish: created basic biography and citations...

{{Short description|Indian Hindustani musician (1935–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nathrao Neralkar
| image = Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award-2014 to Shri Nath Neralkar, in the field of Hindustani vocal music.jpg
| caption = Neralkar (left) receiving the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] from then Indian President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] (right) in October 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|11|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nanded]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British India]] (in present-day [[Maharashtra, India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|3|28|1935|11|16|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Musician|music teacher}}
| known_for = Hindustani vocal music
| children = 3
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
}}

'''[[Pandit]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Renowned vocalist Pandit Neralkar passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/renowned-vocalist-pandit-neralkar-passes-away/articleshow/81740957.cms |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2021 |title=Pandit Neralkar: End of a musical phase |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/aurangabad/pandit-neralkar-end-of-a-musical-phase/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=[[Lokmat Times]]}}</ref> Nathrao Neralkar''' (16 November 1935 – 28 March 2021) was an Indian [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] vocal musician and music teacher from the state of [[Maharashtra]]. He was conferred with [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], India's highest award in arts, for the year 2014.

== Personal life ==
Nathrao Neralkar was born on 16 November 1935 in [[Nanded]], [[Hyderabad State]] (in present-day [[Maharashtra]]). He had two sons and a daughter.<ref name=":0" />

== Hindustani music ==
Neralkar was a commended vocal artist in [[Hindustani classical music]]. He established a music school "Anant Sangeet Mahavidyalaya".<ref name=":0" /> In 1973, he started teaching music at Saraswati Bhuvan College in [[Aurangabad]] and eventually became the head of the music department and retired in 1995.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards ==
Neralkar was conferred with [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], India's highest award in arts,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2019 |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award to UoH professor |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/sangeet-natak-akademi-award-to-uoh-professor/article28614913.ece |access-date=4 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> by the [[Government of India]] for the year 2014 for his contributions to Hindustani music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2015 |title=President gives away Sangeet Natak Akademi awards, fellowships |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/president-gives-away-sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-fellowships/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210220121/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/president-gives-away-sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-fellowships/ |archive-date=10 December 2016 |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Neralkar died on 28 March 2021 due to [[cardiac arrest]] in Aurangabad following an illness due to an accident at his house 10 days earlier.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neralkar, Nathrao}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Nanded]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]

Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-23T00:52:43Z

Manish: Created First Page Added Tags

{{Short description|Protected area in Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Girnar 1.jpg
| map = India Gujarat#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Junagadh district, Gujarat, India
| nearest_city = Junagadh
| governing_body = Gujarat Forest Department
| established = 2008
| area = 178.8 km²
| website =
| elevation =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|25|N|70|30|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in the [[Junagadh district]] of [[Gujarat]], India. Nestled within the [[Girnar hills]], it serves as a crucial habitat for several endangered species, most notably the [[Asiatic lion]]. The sanctuary was officially declared a protected area in 2008 to preserve its rich biodiversity and unique ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-28 |title=New lion safari route started in Girnar wildlife sanctuary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/new-lion-safari-route-started-in-girnar-wildlife-sanctuary/articleshow/80485473.cms |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sirur |first=Simrin |date=2021-04-25 |title=From bare hills to thriving home for Asiatic Lion — how Girnar scripted a green makeover |url=https://theprint.in/india/from-bare-hills-to-thriving-home-for-asiatic-lion-how-girnar-scripted-a-green-makeover/643470/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-28 |title=Gujarat: Lion safaris begin at Girnar sanctuary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-lion-safaris-begin-at-girnar-sanctuary-7164408/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Biodiversity ==
The sanctuary is home to a variety of flora and fauna. Key species include:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-16 |title='Gir sanctuary in Gujarat sees stable spotted deer, sambar count' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gir-sanctuary-in-gujarat-sees-stable-spotted-deer-sambar-count/articleshow/104453233.cms |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

* [[Asiatic lion]]
* [[Leopard]]
* [[Sambar deer]]
* [[Spotted deer]]
* [[Nilgai]] (blue bull)
* [[Wild boar]]
* Various species of birds

== History ==
The Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary has historical significance as it was once a hunting reserve of the Junagadh State during the rule of the Babi Nawabs. Recognizing its ecological importance, the area was designated as a wildlife sanctuary in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=From 94% in 2000 to 83% in 2020: CEPT varsity study highlights decline in vegetation in Gujarat's Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary over 2 decades |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/from-94-in-2000-to-83-in-2020-cept-varsity-study-highlights-decline-in-vegetation-in-gujarats-girnar-wildlife-sanctuary-over-2-decades-9688463/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat: Group of lions walk into Junagarh city, sent back to Gir Sanctuary |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/gujarat-group-of-lions-walk-into-junagarh-city-sent-back-to-gir-sanctuary20190914155340/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== Accessibility ==
The sanctuary is easily accessible from nearby cities:

* '''By Bus''': Regular buses connect Junagadh to major cities in Gujarat. Local buses and taxis operate from Junagadh to the sanctuary.
* '''By Train''': [[Junagadh Junction railway station]] is the nearest railhead, with connections to cities like [[Ahmedabad]], [[Rajkot]], and [[Surat]].
* '''By Taxi''': Taxis can be hired from Junagadh or nearby cities for convenience.

== Best time to visit ==
The ideal time to visit the sanctuary is during the winter months, from November to March. The sanctuary remains closed from mid-June to mid-October due to the monsoon season.

== Conservation efforts ==
Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary plays a pivotal role in the conservation of the Asiatic lion. Safari rides are available for visitors to observe the wildlife in their natural habitat. The sanctuary's efforts are part of a broader initiative to protect Gujarat's unique biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ram |first1=Mohan |last2=Sahu |first2=Aradhana |last3=Srivastava |first3=Nityanand |last4=Jhala |first4=Lahar |last5=Zala |first5=Yashpal |last6=Venkataraman |first6=Meena |date=2025-01-01 |title=Successful satellite population management: Girnar wildlife sanctuary as a habitat for Asiatic lions |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=57 |article-number=e03384 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03384 |bibcode=2025GEcoC..5703384R |issn=2351-9894|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Gir National Park]]
* [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]
* [[Protected areas of India]]
* [[Uparkot Fort]]
* [[Damodar Kund]]
* [[Mahabat Maqbara]]
* [[Jain temples, Girnar|Jain Temples on Girnar Hill]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.gujarattourism.com Official Gujarat Tourism Website]

Komolika

2026-02-18T11:39:02Z

Manish: started new page

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Komolika
| series = [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
| image =
| caption =
| first = 22 November 2001
| last = 28 February 2008
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| portrayer = [[Urvashi Dholakia]] (2001–2008)
| occupation = Business woman
| spouse = Anurag Basu (ex-husband)
| gender = Female
| family = Uma Majumdar (Mother) Ronit Majumdar (Uncle)
| children = 0
| nationality = Indian
}}

'''Komolika Majumdar'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/urvashi-dholakia-komolika-was-all-about-power-and-i-loved-playing-every-bit-of-that-character/articleshow/76982253.cms|title=Urvashi Dholakia: Komolika was all about power and I loved playing every bit of that character|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref> is a fictional character from the Indian television series [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]], created by [[Ekta Kapoor]]. She is known for her glamorous style and malevolent schemes. The character has been portrayed by [[Urvashi Dholakia]] in the original series (2001–2008).

==Awards and recognition==

===Original series===

'''[[Indian Telly Awards]]'''
* [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]] (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awardsbyindianshows.weebly.com/indian-telly-awards.html|title=Indian Telly Awards - My Site|publisher=weebly.com |accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref>

'''[[Gold Awards]]'''
* [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role]] (2007){{fact|date=October 2024}}

'''Golden Glory Awards'''
* Most Iconic TV Character (2022)<ref name=GGA>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/dr-aishwarya-selvaraj-bags-brands-impact-golden-glory-award-2021-121122700451_1.html|title=Dr Aishwarya Selvaraj bags Brands Impact Golden Glory Award - 2021|publisher=business-standard.com|accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref>

'''''[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]'''''
* Best Actress in Negative Role (2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2020)<ref name=ITAA>{{cite web|url=http://awardsbyindianshows.weebly.com/indian-television-academy-awards.html|title=Indian Television Academy Awards|publisher=weebly.com |accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref>
* ITA Milestone Award (2020,2025)<ref>[https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-20th-ita-awards-2020/ The 20th ITA Awards 2020]</ref><ref>[https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-25th-ita-awards-2025/]</ref>

==Legacy==

As a fashion icon, Komolika's glamorous style has had a lasting impact on beauty and fashion trends in India. Her bold choices influenced viewers' perceptions of style, prompting a surge in interest in dramatic makeup and high-fashion outfits. Many fans continue to seek inspiration from her looks, demonstrating how a fictional character can shape real-world fashion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/komolika-urvashi-dholakia-kasautii-zindagii-kay-villain-bindi-saree-blouses-hairstyle-throwback-thursday-lifest-1082767-2017-11-09|title=#ThrowbackThursday: When Urvashi Dholakia as Komolika created ripples in the fashion world|publisher=indiatoday.in|accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref>

'''''Multifaceted Villainy'''''

Unlike standard villains, Komolika was a complex character whose motivations were deeply rooted in themes of love and jealousy. This emotional depth made her relatable, allowing viewers to see her as more than just a typical antagonist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestsofindiantelevision.weebly.com/complex-antagonist.html|title=Complex Antagonist - TOP INDIAN TELEVISION SHOWS}}</ref>

'''''Iconic Style'''''

Komolika's bold makeup and stylish outfits established her as a fashion trendsetter, influencing the portrayal of vamps on Indian television. Many fans began to adopt her distinctive look, solidifying her status as a style icon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestsofindiantelevision.weebly.com/iconic-style.html|title=Iconic Style - TOP INDIAN TELEVISION SHOWS}}</ref>

'''''Memorable Dialogues'''''

Her character is renowned for striking lines and a dramatic delivery that enhanced her appeal, making her an unforgettable presence in the series. These memorable catchphrases contributed significantly to her character's legacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestsofindiantelevision.weebly.com/catchphrases-and-dialogues.html|title=Catchphrases and Dialogues - TOP INDIAN TELEVISION SHOWS}}</ref>

'''''Cultural Impact'''''

As a vamp, Komolika subverted traditional portrayals of women on Indian TV, often embodying a form of empowerment that was uniquely her own. Her character sparked important conversations about the complexities of female representation in media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestsofindiantelevision.weebly.com/cultural-impact.html|title=Cultural Impact - TOP INDIAN TELEVISION SHOWS}}</ref>

'''''Soundtrack'''''

Komolika's character BGM "Nikka" sang by [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] was a hit among Indian Television Watchers and till date has an impact on Social Media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sunidhi-chauhan-reveals-she-was-the-voice-behind-komolikas-iconic-nikka-chant-which-i-did-not-know-was-popular/articleshow/126089277.cms|title=Sunidhi Chauhan reveals she was the voice behind Komolika's iconic "Nikka" chant: 'Which I did not know was popular'|publisher=The Times of India|accessdate=16 February 2026|archive-url=https://archive.today/20260216205351/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sunidhi-chauhan-reveals-she-was-the-voice-behind-komolikas-iconic-nikka-chant-which-i-did-not-know-was-popular/articleshow/126089277.cms |archive-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Female characters in television]]
[[Category:Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
[[Category:Television characters introduced in 2001]]
[[Category:Fictional businesspeople]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from the 21st century]]
[[Category:Drama television characters]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people]]
[[Category:Fictional housewives]]

History of Bengal

2026-02-10T22:16:19Z

Manish: minor update

{{short description|None}}
{{About|the history of [[Bengal]] prior to the [[partition of India]] in 1947|the history of the Indian subcontinent|History of India|focus on modern Indian Bengal|History of West Bengal|focus on modern Bangladesh|History of Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2019}}
{{History of Bengal}}
{{History of South Asia}}
The '''history of Bengal''' is intertwined with the history of the broader [[Indian subcontinent]] and the surrounding regions of [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It includes modern-day [[Bangladesh]] and the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[West Bengal]], and [[Assam]]'s [[Karimganj district]], located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, at the [[Apex (geometry)|apex]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]] and dominated by the [[Fertility (soil)|fertile]] [[Ganges delta]]. The region was known to the [[ancient Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] as ''[[Gangaridai]]'', a powerful kingdom whose war elephant forces led the withdrawal of [[Alexander the Great]] from India. Some historians have identified Gangaridai with other parts of India. The [[Ganges River|Ganges]] and the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] [[List of rivers in India|rivers]] act as a geographic marker of the region, but also connects the region to the broader Indian subcontinent.<ref name="gutenberg-e.org">{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Bin |year=2008 |title=Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan |url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/pdf/yang-chapter2.pdf |publisher=Columbia University Press |page= |isbn=978-0-231-14254-0 |access-date=18 January 2016 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928122045/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/pdf/yang-chapter2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengal, at times, has played an important role in the [[History of India|history of the Indian subcontinent]].

The area's early history featured a succession of [[List of Indian monarchs|Indian empires]], internal squabbling, and a tussle between [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] for dominance. Ancient Bengal was the site of several major [[Janapada]]s (kingdoms), while the earliest cities date back to the [[Vedic period]]. A [[thalassocracy]] and an [[entrepôt]] of the historic [[Silk Road]],<ref name="gutenberg-e.org"/> ancient Bengal had strong trade links with [[Persia]], [[Arabia]] and the Mediterranean that focused on its lucrative cotton [[muslin]] textiles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/37449|title=Silk Road and Muslin Road|work=The Independent|location=Dhaka|access-date=12 July 2016|archive-date=19 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019171803/http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/37449|url-status=live}}</ref> The region was a part of several ancient pan-Indian empires, including the [[Mauryans]] and [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]]. It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms. The citadel of [[Gauda (city)|Gauda]] served as capital of the [[Gauda Kingdom]], the Buddhist [[Pala Empire]] (eighth to 11th century), the Hindu [[Sena dynasty|Sena Empire]] (11th–12th century) and the Hindu [[Deva dynasty|Deva Empire]] (12th-13th century). This era saw the development of [[Bengali language]], [[Bengali alphabet|script]], [[Bengali literature|literature]], [[Bengali music|music]], [[Indian art|art]] and [[Architecture of Bengal|architecture]].

The [[Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent]] absorbed Bengal into the medieval Islamic and [[Persianate society|Persianate]] worlds.<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |title=Bengal |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180854/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |url-status=live }}</ref> Between the 1204 and 1352, Bengal was a province of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Eaton1996">{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA32 |date=31 July 1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |page=32}}</ref> This era saw the introduction of the [[History of the taka|taka]] as monetary currency, which has endured into the modern era. An independent [[Bengal Sultanate]] was formed in 1346 and ruled the region for two centuries, during which [[Islam]] was the state religion.<ref name="Lewis2011">{{cite book |author=David Lewis |author-link=David Lewis (academic) |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA44 |date=31 October 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=44 |isbn=978-1-139-50257-3 |quote=In 1346 ... what became known as the Bengal Sultanate began and continued for almost two centuries.}}</ref><ref name="Hussain2003">{{cite book |author=Syed Ejaz Hussain |year=2003 |title=The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (A.D. 1205–1576) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFyd95ECLwkC |publisher=Manohar |page=325 |isbn=978-81-7304-482-3 |quote=The rulers of the Sultanate Bengal are often blamed for promoting Islam as state sponsored religion.}}</ref> The ruling elite also turned Bengal into the easternmost haven of [[Indo-Persian culture]].<ref name="iranicaonline.org"/> The Sultans exerted influence in the [[Arakan]] region of Southeast Asia, where Buddhist kings copied the sultanate's governance, currency and fashion. A relationship with [[Ming China]] flourished under the sultanate.<ref name="ElizaldeJianlang2017">{{cite book |author1=María Dolores Elizalde |author2=Wang Jianlang |title=China's Development from a Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |date=6 November 2017 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-0417-2 |pages=57–73}}</ref>

The Bengal Sultanate was notable for its Hindu aristocracy, including the rise of [[Raja Ganesha]] and his son [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] as usurpers. Hindus served in the royal administration as prime ministers and poets. Under the patronage of Sultans like [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], Bengali literature began replacing the strong influence of Sanskrit in the region. Hindu [[principalities]] included the [[Mallabhum|Kingdom of Mallabhum]], [[Bhurshut|Kingdom of Bhurshut]] and [[Kingdom of Tripura]]; and the realm of powerful Hindu [[Raja]]s such as [[Pratapaditya]], [[Kedar Ray]] and [[Raja Sitaram Ray]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Isa_Khan |title=Isa Khan |website=Banglapedia |access-date=27 March 2016 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328192142/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Isa_Khan |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the decline of the sultanate, Bengal came under the suzerainty of the [[Mughal Empire]], as its wealthiest province. Under the Mughals, [[Bengal Subah]] rose to global prominence in industries such as [[textile manufacturing]] and [[shipbuilding]],<ref name="rayA" /> its economy in the 18th century exceeding in size any of [[Europe]]'s empires.<ref name="harrison">{{cite book|title=Developing cultures: case studies|author=[[Lawrence Harrison (academic)|Lawrence E. Harrison]], [[Peter L. Berger]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2006|page=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB0oAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9780415952798|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111743/https://books.google.com/books?id=RB0oAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> This growth of manufacturing has been seen as a form of [[proto-industrialization]], similar to that in western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Bengal's capital [[Dhaka]] is said to have contained over a million people.<ref name="star">{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284|title=Which India is claiming to have been colonised?|work=The Daily Star|type=Opinion|date=31 July 2015|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328220449/https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284|url-status=live}}</ref>

The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire led to quasi-independent states under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]], subsequent to the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]], and finally the conquest by the [[British East India Company]].

The East India Company took control of the region from the late 18th century. The company consolidated their hold on the region following the battles of [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757 and [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764 and by 1793 took complete control of the region. Capital amassed from Bengal by the East India Company was invested in various industries such as [[Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution|textile manufacturing]] in [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] during the initial stages of the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="tong"/><ref name="esposito"/><ref name="ray"/><ref name="sengupta"/> Company policies in Bengal also led to the [[deindustrialization]] of the Bengali textile industry during Company rule.<ref name="tong"/><ref name="ray"/> [[Kolkata]] (or Calcutta) served for many years as the capital of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British controlled territories in India]]. The early and prolonged exposure to the British colonial administration resulted in the expansion of Western-style education, culminating in development of science, institutional education, and social reforms in the region, including what became known as the [[Bengali Renaissance]]. A hotbed of the [[Indian independence movement]] through the early 20th century, [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Bengal was partitioned]] during [[Indian Independence Act 1947|India's independence]] in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal—a state of India—and [[East Bengal]]—a part of the newly created [[Dominion of Pakistan]] that later became the independent nation of [[Bangladesh]] in 1971.

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names of Bengal}}

The exact origin of the word ''Bangla'' is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe ''Bang/Banga'' that settled in the area around the year 1000 BCE.<ref name="congress" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Helal Uddin |year=2012 |chapter=History |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929104319/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History |url-status=live }}</ref> Other accounts speculate that the name is derived from ''Venga'' (''Bôngo''), which came from the [[Austroasiatic]] word "Bonga" meaning the Sun-god. According to the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Puranas]] and the [[Harivamsha]], Vanga was one of the adopted sons of King Vali who founded the [[Vanga Kingdom]]. The earliest reference to "Vangala" (''Bangala'') has been traced in the Nesari plates (805 CE) of [[Rashtrakuta]] [[Govinda III]] which speak of [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]] as the king of "Vangala". The records of [[Rajendra Chola I]] of the [[Chola dynasty]], who invaded Bengal in the 11th century, use the term ''Vangaladesa''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |year=2000 |title=India: A History |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220 220] |isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 |quote=In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=J. |last2=Haig |first2=T. Wolseley |last3=Dodwell |first3=H. H. |year=1934 |editor-last=Dodwell |editor-first=H. H. |editor-link=H. H. Dodwell |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA145 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=145 |quote="[Rājendra Chola I], after conquering eastern Bengal (Vangāladesa)," |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111744/https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281 |publisher=New Age International |page=281 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111745/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term ''Bangalah'' is one of the precursors to the modern terms ''Bengal'' and ''Bangla''.<ref name="Ahmed2004">{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |date=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA23 |publisher=APH Publishing |page=23 |isbn=978-8176484695 |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206161602/https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>"But the most important development of this period was that the country for the first time received a name, ie Bangalah." [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal Banglapedia: Islam, Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723091245/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal |date=23 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D.C. |author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar |year=1971 |orig-year=First published 1960 |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC |edition=2nd |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=139 |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0 |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206161603/https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Bangalah'' was the most widely used term for Bengal during the medieval and early modern periods. The [[Sultan of Bengal]] was styled as the ''[[Shah]] of Bangalah''. The Mughal province of Bengal was termed ''Subah-i-Bangalah''.
An interesting theory of the origin of the name is provided by ''[[Abu'l-Fazl]]'' in his ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]''. According to him, "[T]he original name of Bengal was Bung, and the suffix ''"al"'' came to be added to it from the fact that the ancient rajahs of this land raised mounds of earth 10 feet high and 20 in breadth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al". From this suffix added to the Bung, the name Bengal arose and gained currency".<ref>Land of Two Rivers, [[Nitish Sengupta]]</ref>

==Prehistory ==
[[File:মহাস্থানগড় (39).jpg|thumb|Remnants of the city wall in [[Mahasthangarh]], one of the oldest urban settlements in Bengal]]
[[Stone Age]] tools found in the region indicate human habitation for over 20,000 years.<ref name="Bharadwaj2003">{{cite book |last=Bharadwaj |first=G |editor=Majumdar, RC |year=2003 |chapter=The Ancient Period |title=History of Bengal |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corp}}</ref> Remnants of [[Copper Age]] settlements, including pit dwellings, date back 4,000 years.<ref name="Bharadwaj2003"/> Bengal was settled by [[Rigvedic tribes|Indo-Aryans]], [[Tibeto-Burman]]s, [[Dravidian people|Dravidians]] and [[Austroasiatic]]s in consecutive waves of migration.<ref name="congress">{{cite book |last=Blood |first=Peter R. |year=1989 |chapter=Early History, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202 |chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/4.htm |editor1-last=Heitzman |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Worden |editor2-first=Robert |title=Bangladesh: A Country Study |url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/ |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |page=4 |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622211513/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/21.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bharadwaj2003" /> [[Archaeology|Archaeological evidence]] confirms that by the second millennium BCE, the Bengal delta was inhabited by rice-cultivating communities, with people living in systemically-aligned housing and producing pottery.<ref name="google5">{{cite book|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760|author=Eaton, R.M.|date=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520205079|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111746/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC|url-status=live}}</ref> Rivers such as the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra]] were used for transport while maritime trade flourished in the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="google5"/>

==Iron Age==
The [[Iron Age]] saw the development of [[coin]]age, metal weapons, agriculture and [[irrigation]].<ref name="google5"/> Large urban settlements formed in the middle of the [[first millennium BCE]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=David |author-link=David Lewis (academic) |date=2011 |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=42 |isbn=978-1139502573}}</ref> when the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture dominated the northern part of Indian subcontinent.<ref name="PierisRaven2010">{{cite book |last1=Pieris |first1=Sita |last2=Raven |first2=Ellen |date=2010 |title=ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index |volume=Three |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCL8pjd0JVMC&pg=PA116 |publisher=Brill |page=116 |isbn=978-9004191488}}</ref> [[Alexander Cunningham]], the founder of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], identified the archaeological site of [[Mahasthangarh]] as the capital of the [[Pundra Kingdom]] mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alam |first=Shafiqul |year=2012 |chapter=Mahasthan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahasthan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210618/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahasthan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Suchandra |year=2012 |chapter=Pundravardhana |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pundravardhana |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-date=23 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623150622/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pundravardhana |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Early literary and geographic accounts ===
The ancient Bengal region features prominently in legendary history of India, Sri Lanka, Siam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Burma, Nepal, Tibet, China and Malaya. According to the Indian epic ''Mahabharata'', the Vanga Kingdom was located in Bengal. Vanga was described as a thalassocracy with colonies in Southeast Asia. According to Sri Lankan history, the first king of Sri Lanka was [[Prince Vijaya]] who led a fleet from India to conquer the island of [[Lanka]]. Prince Vijaya's ancestral home was Bengal.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Lanka/History#ref388477 |title=Sri Lanka – History |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=14 February 1966 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121233550/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Lanka/History#ref388477 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[Greco-Roman world]], accounts of the [[Gangaridai]] Kingdom are considered by historians to have referred to Bengal. At the time of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of India, the collective might of the [[Gangaridai]]/[[Nanda Empire]] deterred the Greek army. The Gangaridai army was stated to have a [[war elephant]] cavalry of 6000 elephants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-greece/ancient-greeks-facts-homer-troy-achilles-aristotle-thucydides/ |title=Facts about the Ancient Greeks: who was Homer, which gods did the ancient Greeks believe in, what was life like in Ancient Greece? |publisher=History Extra |date=23 August 2018 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232748/https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-greece/ancient-greeks-facts-homer-troy-achilles-aristotle-thucydides/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The archaeological sites of [[Wari-Bateshwar]] and [[Chandraketugarh]] are linked to the Gangaridai kingdom.
In [[Ptolemy's world map]], the emporium of Sounagoura ([[Sonargaon]]) was located in Bengal.<ref name="google1">{{cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |date=2006 |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA6 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=6 |isbn=978-0199775071}}</ref> Roman geographers also noted the existence of a large [[natural harbour]] in southeastern Bengal, corresponding to the present-day [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]] region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=La Boda |first3=Sharon |date=1994 |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA186 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=186 |isbn=978-1884964046}}</ref>

=== Bengal in Vedic period ===
{{main|Vedic Period}}

Ancient Bengal was often divided between various kingdoms in [[Vedic Period]]. At times, the region was unified into a single realm; while it was also ruled by pan-Indian empires.

[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|[[Vedic Period]] [[Mahajanapadas|Kingdoms]] in Bengal]]
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|Bengal and kingdoms in c. 500 BCE]]

====Ancient geopolitical divisions====
[[File:Ancient Political Divisions.jpg|thumb|A map showing some of the ancient geopolitical divisions in Bengal]]
The following table lists the geopolitical divisions of ancient Bengal. The table includes a list of corresponding modern regions, which formed the core areas of the geopolitical units. The territories of the geopolitical divisions expanded and receded through the centuries.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ancient region !! Modern region
|-
| [[Pundravardhana]] || [[Rajshahi Division]] and [[Rangpur Division]] in Bangladesh; [[Malda division]] of [[West Bengal]] in India
|-
| [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] || [[Dhaka Division]] and [[Barisal Division]] in Bangladesh
|-
| [[Tirabhukti]] || [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] area of India and Nepal
|-
| [[Suhma]] || [[Burdwan division]], Medinipur division and Presidency division of West Bengal in India
|-
| [[Rarh region|Radha]] || Location unclear; probable location in southern West Bengal and parts of Jharkhand of India
|-
| [[Samatata]] || [[Dhaka Division]], Barisal Division and [[Chittagong Division]] in Bangladesh
|-
| [[Harikela]] || [[Sylhet Division]], Chittagong Division, Dhaka Division and Barisal Division in Bangladesh
|-
| [[Pragjyotisha Kingdom|Pragjyotisha]] || [[Karimganj district]] of [[Barak Valley]] region of [[Assam]] in India; Sylhet Division and Dhaka Division in Bangladesh
|}

=== Bengal under Magadha empires ===
{{see also|Magadha|Magadha Empire}}
[[File:Magadha Expansion 1.gif|thumb|Bengal under Magadha dynesties]]

==== Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE) ====
{{main|Nanda Empire}}

The Nanda empire under [[Mahapadma Nanda]] extended to its peak. Mahapadma Nanda started imperial conquest of [[Bharatvarsh]]. He invaded and defeated local kingdoms of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=H. C. |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |year=1988 |orig-year=1967 |chapter=India in the Age of the Nandas |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |edition=Second |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11 |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=19–20 |isbn=978-81-208-0466-1 |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145952/https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Nanda empire appears to have stretched from present-day [[Punjab]] in the west to [[Odisha]] and [[Bengal]] in the east.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |author-link=Johannes Bronkhorst |year=2011 |title=Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BaX58-E5-3MC&pg=PA17 |publisher=BRILL |page=12 |isbn=978-90-04-20140-8 }}</ref>
According to the Jain tradition, the Nanda minister subjugated the entire country up to the coastal areas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=H. C. |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |year=1988 |orig-year=1967 |chapter=India in the Age of the Nandas |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |edition=Second |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11 |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=17 |isbn=978-81-208-0466-1 |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145952/https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Mauryan Empire (c. 322 – 185 BCE) ====
{{main|Maurya Empire}}

The [[Mauryan Empire]] unified most of the Indian subcontinent into one state for the first time and was one of the largest empires in subcontinental history.<ref name="Peter_2006">{{cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D. |title=East–West Orientation of Historical Empires |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |date=December 2006 |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=223 |url=http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381 |access-date=12 September 2016 |issn=1076-156X |archive-date=20 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520161830/http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381 |url-status=live }}</ref> The empire was established by [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. Under Mauryan rule, the economic system benefited from the creation of a single efficient system of finance, administration, and security. The reign of [[Ashoka]] ushered an era of social harmony, religious transformation, and expansion of the sciences and of knowledge. Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist missionaries to various parts of Asia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=H. |last2=Rothermund |first2=D. |author1-link=Hermann Kulke |author2-link=Dietmar Rothermund |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 1986 |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&pg=PA67 |edition=4th |publisher=Routledge |page=67 |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0}}</ref> The Mauryans built the [[Grand Trunk Road]], one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads connecting the Indian subcontinent with Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://roadsandkingdoms.com/2016/dinner-on-the-grand-trunk-road/ |title=Dinner on the Grand Trunk Road |last=Bhandari |first=Shirin |date=5 January 2016 |publisher=Roads & Kingdoms |language=en-US |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415081342/https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2016/dinner-on-the-grand-trunk-road/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A passage from Pliny suggests that the "Palibothri" or the rulers of [[Pataliputra]], held dominion over the entire region along the [[Ganges River]]. Chinese traveler [[Hiuen Tsang]] observed stupas attributed to Ashoka in various locations, including [[Tamralipti]] and [[Karnasuvarna]] in West Bengal, [[Samataṭa]] in East Bengal, and [[Pundravardhana]] in North Bengal (currently in [[Bangladesh]]), indicating the widespread influence of the Mauryan Empire during Ashoka's reign.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory0000rayc/page/275/mode/1up|title=Political history of ancient India : from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty|last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hemchandra|date=1996|publisher=Delhi; New York : Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|page=275|isbn=978-0-19-563789-2|quote=A passage of Pliny clearly suggests that the "Palibothri," i.e., the rulers of Pataliputra, dominated the whole tract along the Ganges. That the Magadhan kings retained their hold on Bengal as late as the time of Aśoka is suggested by the testimony of the Divyavadāna and of Hiuen Tsang who saw Stupas of that monarch near Tamralipti and Karnasuvarna (in West Bengal), in Samataṭa (East Bengal) as well as in Pundravardhana (North Bengal).}}</ref> During Ashoka's time, Tamralipta served as the principal port of the Gupta Empire, facilitating communication between [[Ceylon]] (modern Sri Lanka) and Magadha. [[Ashoka]] is known to have visited Bengal, and he likely traveled to Tamralipta on at least one occasion. According to the Ceylonese chronicle, the Mahavamsa, Ashoka visited Tamralipta when [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahendra]] and [[Sanghamitta]] embarked on their voyage to [[Sinhala Kingdom|Sinhala]], carrying a holy branch of the [[Bodhi tree]]. This event occurred during the reign of the pious King [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura|Devanampriya Tissa of Ceylon]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461127/page/n13/mode/1up|title=Life In Ancient Bengal Before The Rise Of The Palas|last=Chakrobarty|first=Ashim Kumar|pages=14|quote=A large number of monasteries had been established in different parts of Bengal (Samatata, Pundravardhana, Tamralipta etc.) during the time of Asoka. This is known from Hiuen Tasng who had seen them when he visited Bengal... In Asoka's time [[Tamralipta]] was the chief port of the Mauryan empire and the communication between Ceylon and Magadha was maintained through Tamralipta. Asoka paid his visit to Bengal and at least once he came to Tamralipta. From the Ceylonese chronicle, the Mahavamsa, we come to know how Asoka visited Tamralipta on the occasion of the voyage of Mahendra and Sanghamitra with the holy branch of the Bodhi tree to Sinhala (modern Srilanka) at the time of the rule of the pious king Devanampriya Tissa of Ceylon .}}</ref>
[[File:Mahasthan inscription.jpg|thumb|The Mauryan period Mahasthan inscription in [[Brahmi]], recording a land grant.<ref name="SH">{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=Hirananda |title=Epigraphia Indica vol.21 |date=1931 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9580/page/n119 83]–89 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9580}}</ref>]]
The [[Mahasthangarh|Mahasthangarh inscription]] is an important piece of evidence that supports the presence of Mauryan rule in Bengal. Mahasthangarh, located in present-day [[Bogra District]] in Bangladesh, was an ancient city known as Pundranagara. The site holds great historical significance as one of the earliest urban centers in Bengal. The inscription, discovered at Mahasthangarh, is written in [[Brahmi script]], which was widely used during the Mauryan period.<ref name = "Hossain 3">Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, pp. 56–65.</ref> The Mauryans, had their capital in Pāțaliputra, created two major bases in the [[Mahasthangarh|east-Mahasthan]] and [[Bangarh]].<ref name="2023 MAHA">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0e1EAAAQBAJ|title=Mahasthan Record Revisited: Querying the Empire from a Regional Perspective|last=Majumdar|first=Susmita Basu|date=9 June 2023|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-90518-2|language=en}}</ref>

==== Shunga Empire and Kanva dynasty (c. 185 – 28 BCE) ====
{{main|Shunga Empire|Kanva dynasty}}

Ancient Bengal was often ruled by dynasties based in the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] region, such as the [[Shunga dynasty]] and [[Kanva dynasty]].

== Classical Bengal ==

===Gupta Empire===
{{main|Gupta Empire}}

[[File:Chandraketugarth, bengala occ.le,nascita di siddharta, I sec ac.-III sec dc.JPG|thumb|A sculpture of ancient Bengal found in [[Chandraketugarh]]]]
The [[Gupta Empire]] is regarded as a [[golden age]] in subcontinental history. It was marked by extensive scientific and cultural advancements that crystallised the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCINDIA/GUPTA.HTM |title=The Age of the Guptas and After |date=6 June 1999 |publisher=Washington State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981206001744/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCINDIA/GUPTA.HTM |archive-date=6 December 1998 |access-date=16 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Hindu numeral system, a positional numeral system, originated during Gupta rule and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ore|first=Oystein |title=Number Theory and Its History|url=https://archive.org/details/numbertheoryitsh0000orey|url-access=registration|year=1988|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-65620-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/numbertheoryitsh0000orey/page/19 19]}}</ref> The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavours in the empire.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty |title=Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=30 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330100325/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Bengal]] was an important province of the [[Gupta Empire]]. The discovery of Gupta era coins across [[Bengal]] point to a monetised economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gupta_Rule |title=Gupta Rule |website=Banglapedia |date=5 May 2014 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307034414/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gupta_Rule |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Gauda kingdom===
{{main|Gauda kingdom}}

King [[Shashanka]] is considered by some scholars to be the pioneering king of a unified Bengali state. Shashanka established a kingdom in the citadel of Gauda. His reign lasted between 590 and 625. The [[Bengali calendar]] traces its origin to Shashanka's reign.

===Varman dynasty===
{{main|Varman dynasty}}

The [[Varman dynasty]] of [[Kamarupa]] ruled parts of [[North Bengal]] and the Sylhet region. The area was a melting pot of the [[Bengali-Assamese languages]].

===Khadga dynasty===
{{main|Khadga dynasty}}

The [[Khadga dynasty]] was a Buddhist dynasty of eastern Bengal. One of the legacies of the dynasty is its gold coinage inscribed with the names of rulers such as Rajabhata.

===Pala Empire===
{{main|Pala Empire}}

[[File:Ruins of Somapura Mahavihara, May 2017 30.jpg|thumb|300px|The ruins of the [[Somapura Mahavihara]], once the largest monastery in the Indian subcontinent and now a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
The [[Pala Empire]] (750–1120 CE) was a Bengali empire and the last Buddhist imperial power on the Indian subcontinent. The Palas were followers of the [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] schools of Buddhism. [[Gopala I]] (750–770) was its first ruler. He came to power in 750 through an election by chieftains in [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauḍa]]. Gopala reigned from about 750–770 and consolidated his position by extending his control over all of Bengal.

The Pala dynasty lasted for four centuries and ushered in a period of stability and prosperity in Bengal. They created many temples and works of art as well as supported the important [[ancient higher-learning institutions]] of [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramashila]]. The [[Somapura Mahavihara]] built by [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Emperor Dharmapala]] is the greatest Buddhist monastery in the Indian subcontinent.

The empire reached its peak under Emperor Dharmapala (770–810) and [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]] (810–850). Dharmapala extended the empire into the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. According to Pala copperplate inscriptions, his successor Devapala exterminated the Utkalas, invade the [[Kamarupa Kingdom]] of Assam, shattered the pride of the [[Huna people]] and humbled the lords of [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] and the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].

===Chandra dynasty===
{{main|Chandra dynasty}}

[[File:Shalvan Vihara, February 2014 2.jpg|thumb|left|The archaeological site of [[Mainamati]] was a religious center used by the Chandra dynasty.]]
The [[Chandra dynasty]] ruled southeastern Bengal and [[Arakan]] between the 10t CE.<ref name="TopichLeitich2013">{{cite book|author1=William J. Topich|author2=Keith A. Leitich|title=The History of Myanmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIuaa5yKv-sC&pg=PA17|date=9 January 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35725-1|pages=17–22}}</ref> The dynasty was powerful enough to withstand the Pala Empire to the northwest. The Chandra kingdom covered the [[Harikela]] region, which was known as the Kingdom of Ruhmi to [[Arab people|Arab traders]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Harikela |title=Harikela |website=Banglapedia |date=5 May 2014 |access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125332/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Harikela |url-status=live }}</ref> The dynasty's realm was a bridge between India and Southeast Asia. During this period, the port of [[Chittagong]] developed banking and shipping industries.<ref name="RingWatson2012">{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Noelle Watson|author3=Paul Schellinger|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA189|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-63979-1|page=186}}</ref> The last ruler of the Chandra Dynasty, [[Govindachandra (Chandra dynasty)|Govindachandra]], was defeated by the south Indian Emperor Rajendra Chola I of the maritime Chola dynasty in the 11th century.<ref>Encyclopaedia of North-East India by T. Raatan p.143</ref>

===Sena Empire===
{{main|Sena dynasty}}

[[File:Bengala, epoca pala-sena, vishnu vasudeva, xii sec.JPG|thumb|150px|A sculpture of the Hindu deity Vishnu from the Sena period]]
The Pala dynasty was replaced by the resurgent Hindu [[Sena dynasty]] which hailed from south India; they and their feudatories are referred to in history books as the "Kannada kings". In contrast to the Pala dynasty who championed Buddhism, the Sena dynasty were staunchly Hindu. They brought about a revival of Hinduism and cultivated [[Sanskrit literature]] in eastern India. They succeeded in bringing Bengal under one ruler during the 12th century. [[Vijaya Sena]], second ruler of the dynasty, defeated the last Pala emperor, [[Madanapala (Pala dynasty)|Madanapala]], and established his reign formally. [[Ballala Sena]], third ruler of the dynasty, was a scholar and philosopher king. He is said to have invited Brahmins from both south India and north India to settle in Bengal, and aid the resurgence of Hinduism in his kingdom. He married a [[Western Chalukya]] princess and concentrated on building his empire eastwards, establishing his rule over nearly all of Bengal and large areas of lower Assam. Ballala Sena made [[Nabadwip]] his capital.<ref>Nadia' Jillar Purakirti by Archaeological Survey of India, West Bengal, 1975</ref>

The fourth Sena king, [[Lakshmana Sena]], son of Ballala Sena, was the greatest king of his line. He expanded the empire beyond Bengal into [[Bihar]], Assam, Odisha and likely [[Varanasi]]. Lakshmana was later defeated by the nomadic Turkic Muslims and fled to eastern Bengal, where he ruled few more years. It is proposed by some Bengali authors that [[Jayadeva]], the famous Sanskrit poet and author of [[Gita Govinda]], was one of the ''Pancharatnas'' or "five Gems" of the court of Lakshmana Sena.

===Deva dynasty===
{{main|Deva dynasty}}

The [[Deva dynasty]] was a Hindu dynasty of medieval Bengal that ruled over eastern Bengal after the collapse of Sena Empire. The capital of this dynasty was [[Bikrampur]] in present-day [[Munshiganj District]] of Bangladesh. The inscriptional evidences show that his kingdom was extended up to the present-day [[Comilla District|Comilla]]–[[Noakhali district|Noakhali]]–[[Chittagong District|Chittagong]] region. A later ruler of the dynasty ''Ariraja-Danuja-Madhava'' Dasharatha-Deva extended his kingdom to cover much of East Bengal.<ref>Roy, Niharranjan (1993). ''Bangalir Itihas: Adiparba'' Calcutta: Dey's Publishing, {{ISBN|81-7079-270-3}}, pp.408–9</ref> The Deva dynasty endured after Muslim conquests but eventually died out.

== Islamic Era ==

=== Ghurids ===
{{Main article|Ghurid invasion of Bengal}}
The Ghurid invasion of Bengal in 1202 was a military campaign of the [[Ghurid dynasty]] led by [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji|Muhammad Bhakhtiyar Khalji]] against the [[Sena dynasty]]. Bakhtiyar Khalji emerged victorious in the campaign and subsequently annexed [[Nabadwip]], a significant portion of the territory controlled by the Sena Dynasty. Following their defeat, [[Lakshmana Sena]], the ruler of the Sena dynasty, retreated to the southeastern region of Bengal.

=== Khalijis of Bengal ===
{{Main article|Khalji dynasty (Bengal)}}
The Khalji dynasty was a Turko-Afghan dynasty which was the first independent Muslim Bengali State it lasted between 1204–1231 and was eventually annexed by the Delhi Sultanate.

===Delhi Sultanate (1204–1352)===
{{See also|Delhi Sultanate}}
The Islamic conquest of Bengal began with the capture of [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gauda]] from the Sena dynasty in 1204. Led by [[Bakhtiar Khilji]], an army of several thousand horsemen from the [[Ghurids]] overwhelmed Bengali Hindu forces during a blitzkrieg campaign. After victory, the Delhi Sultanate maintained a strong vigil on Bengal. Coins were inscribed in gold with the Sanskrit inscription ''Gaudiya Vijaye'', meaning "On the conquest of Gauda (Bengal)". Several governors of Delhi in Bengal attempted to break away and create an independent state. But the Delhi Sultanate managed to suppress Bengal's Muslim separatists for a century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|year=1996|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA32|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20507-9|pages=32–34}}</ref> Gradually, eastern Bengal was absorbed into Muslim rule by the 14th century, such as through the [[Conquest of Sylhet]]. [[Sufi]]s played a role in the Islamic absorption of Bengal. During the [[Tughluq dynasty]], the [[taka]] was introduced as the imperial currency.<ref>{{cite news |author=Shoaib Daniyal |url=https://scroll.in/article/821406/demonetisation-lessons-how-tughlaqs-unplanned-currency-change-in-14th-century-india-led-to-chaos |title=History revisited: How Tughlaq's currency change led to chaos in 14th century India |work=Scroll.in |date=15 November 2016 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215114508/https://scroll.in/article/821406/demonetisation-lessons-how-tughlaqs-unplanned-currency-change-in-14th-century-india-led-to-chaos |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Small sultanates (1338–1352)===
{{See also|Mubarak Shahi Dynasty}}
During the middle of the 14th century, three break away sultanates emerged in the Delhi Sultanate's province of Bengal. These included a realm led by [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]] (and later his son) in [[Sonargaon]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah |title=Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah |website=Banglapedia |date=5 May 2014 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702003354/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah |url-status=live }}</ref> a realm led by [[Alauddin Ali Shah]] in Gauda (also called [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Alauddin_Ali_Shah |title=Alauddin Ali Shah |website=Banglapedia |date=5 May 2014 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232939/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Alauddin_Ali_Shah |url-status=live }}</ref> and a realm led by [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] in [[Satgaon]]. The Moroccan traveller [[Ibn Battuta]] visited Sonargaon during the reign of Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah. Ibn Battuta also visited the Sufi leader [[Shah Jalal]] in Sylhet, who had earlier defeated the Hindu ruler Govinda.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbSmtQEACAAJ&q=ibn+battuta+bengal |title=In Bengal – Muhammad Ibn Battuta |year=2018 |access-date=26 January 2019 |isbn=9781986693011 |last1=Battuta |first1=Muhammad Ibn |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409130048/https://books.google.com/books?id=TbSmtQEACAAJ&q=ibn%20battuta%20bengal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=J. Wise |year=1873 |title=Note on Sháh Jalál, the patron saint of Silhaț |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CboIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PG280 |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=280–281 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409125900/https://books.google.com/books?id=CboIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PG280 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576) ==
{{Main|Bengal Sultanate}}

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="[[Adina Mosque]]">
Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 08.jpg|The Adina Mosque was India's largest mosque.
Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 07.jpg|Ruins of the prayer hall
Adina Masjid Badshah Ki Takht 2.jpg|The Sultan's upper floor gallery
Adina Mosque central mihrab on large basalt wall.jpg|Central mihrab
Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 11.jpg|Exterior design
</gallery>

=== Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1414 and 1435–1487) ===
{{See also|Ilyas Shahi dynasty}}
In 1352, Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah unified the three small sultanates in Bengal into a single government. Ilyas Shah proclaimed himself as the "Shah of Bangalah". His son [[Sikandar Shah]] defeated the Sultan of Delhi and secured recognition of Bengal's sovereignty after the [[Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War]]. The largest mosque in India was built in Bengal to project the new sultanate's imperial ambitions. The sultans advanced civic institutions and became more responsive and "native" in their outlook. Considerable architectural projects were undertaken which induced the influence of [[Persian architecture]], [[Arab architecture]] and Byzantine architecture in Bengal. The dynasty was a promoter of [[Indo-Persian culture]]. One of the sultans, [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]], kept a correspondence with the renowned Persian poet [[Hafez]].

The early Bengal Sultanate was notable for its diplomatic relationships. Embassies were sent to [[Ming China]] during the reign of [[Emperor Yongle]]. China responded by sending envoys, including the [[Treasure voyages]]; and mediating in regional disputes. There are also records of the sultans' relations with Egypt, Herat and some kingdoms in Africa.

The Ilyas Shahi Dynasty was interrupted in 1414 by a native uprising but was restored by [[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] in 1433.

=== Hindu-Muslim usurpers (1414–1435) ===
The Ilyas Shahi reign was interrupted by an uprising orchestrated by the sultan's premier [[Raja Ganesha]], a Hindu aristocrat. Ganesha installed his son Jadu to the throne but his son was influenced to convert to Islam {{citation needed|date=July 2020}} by the court's Sufi clergy. Jadu took the title of [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]. His reign saw native Bengali elements promoted in the court's culture. Bengali influences were incorporated into the kingdom's architecture. The [[Bengal Sultanate-Jaunpur Sultanate War]] ended after mediation from China and the Timurids. Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah also pursued the [[Reconquest of Arakan]] to reinstall Arakan's king to the throne after he had been deposed by Burmese forces.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

=== Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538) ===
{{See also|Hussain Shahi dynasty}}
[[File:Hussain Shahis of Bengal.png|thumb|right|250px|Map of the Hussain Shahi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate]]
[[File:India in 1525 Joppen.jpg|thumb|Bengal Sultanate and the neighbouring kingdoms (1525 CE)]]
[[File:Chaitanya's Life and Teachings p28.png|thumb|A Hindu revival movement led by [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] emerged during the Hussain Shahi dynasty.]]
The Bengal Sultanate's territory reached its greatest extent under [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], founder of the Hussain Shahi dynasty. The dynasty is regarded by several historians as a golden age in which a syncretic Bengali culture evolved including elements of Muslim and Hindu traditions. For example, the Muslim sultan promoted the translation of Sanskrit epics like the ''[[Ramayana]]'' into the [[Bengali language]]. The promotion of [[Bengali literature]] under the dynasty led to Bengali replacing the strong influence of Sanskrit in the region.

=== Suri interruption (1539–1564) ===
{{See also|Suri Empire}}
In the 16th century, the Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] was forced to take shelter in Persia as the conqueror [[Sher Shah Suri]] rampaged through the subcontinent. Bengal was brought the control of the short-lived [[Suri Empire]].

=== Karrani dynasty (1564–1576) ===
{{See also|Karrani dynasty}}
An Afghan dynasty was the last royal house of the Bengal Sultanate. The capital of the dynasty was [[Sonargaon]]. The dynasty also ruled parts of Bihar and Orissa. Its eastern boundary was formed by the Brahmaputra River.

== Mughal Period ==
{{Main|Mughal Empire|Bengal Subah}}

The Mughal absorption of Bengal began with the [[Battle of Ghaghra]] in 1529, in which the Mughal army was led by the first Mughal emperor [[Babur]]. The second Mughal emperor Humayun occupied the Bengali capital [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gaur]] for six months.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 April 2014 |title=Humayun |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Humayun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622123946/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Humayun |archive-date=22 June 2020 |access-date=26 January 2019 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The [[Battle of Tukaroi]] oversaw a similar fate for the Bengal Sultanate with Mughal victory and parts of Bengal was annexed by the Mughals and some other parts were annexed by the [[Koch dynasty|Koch Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Acharyya |first1=N.N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7cKAQAAIAAJ |title=The History of Medieval Assam, from the Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Century |date=1966 |publisher=Omsons Publ. |location=New Delhi |page=205}}</ref> Following the collapse of the Bengal Sultanate in the [[Battle of Raj Mahal]] in 1576, the Bengal region was brought under Mughal control as the [[Bengal Subah]].

=== Baro-Bhuyans (1576–1610) ===
{{main|Baro-Bhuyan}}

A confederation of twelve [[zamindar]] families resisted the expansion of the Mughal Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries. The zamindars included Muslims and Hindus. They were led by [[Isa Khan of Bengal]]. Many prominent figures like the [[Bengali Hindu]] jessore king [[Pratapaditya]] rose up and carved their own kingdoms within the Bhati. The Baro-Bhuyans defeated the Mughal navy during several engagements in Bengal's rivers. Eventually, the Mughals subdued the zamindar rebellion and brought all of Bengal under imperial control.[[File:Akbar prays after Bengal victory.jpg|thumb|A Mughal miniature showing emperor Akbar rejoicing upon the Mughal conquest of Bengal]]
====Subedar period (1574–1727)====
Subedars were the Mughal viceroys in Bengal. The Bengal Subah was part of a larger prosperous empire and shaped by imperial policies of pluralistic government. The Mughals built the provincial capital in [[Dhaka]] in 1610 with fortifications, gardens, tombs, palaces and mosques. Dhaka was also named in honour of [[Emperor Jahangir]] as [[Jahangirnagar]]. [[Shaista Khan]]'s conquest of Chittagong in 1666 defeated the (Burmese) Kingdom of Arakan and reestablished Bengali control of the port city. The Chittagong Hill Tracts frontier region was made a tributary state of Mughal Bengal and a treaty was signed with the [[Chakma people|Chakma Circle]] in 1713.

Members of the imperial family were often appointed to the position of Subedar. Raja [[Man Singh I]], the [[Rajput]] ruler of [[Kingdom of Amber]] was the only Hindu subedar. One subedar was Prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], who was the son of Emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. During the struggle for succession with his brothers Prince [[Aurangazeb]], Prince Dara Shikoh and Prince Murad Baksh, Prince Shuja proclaimed himself as the Mughal Emperor in Bengal. He was eventually defeated by the army of Aurangazeb.

====Bengal in the Mughal economy====
[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|250px|A Bengali woman in [[Dhaka]] clad in fine Dhaka [[muslin]], 18th century]]
{{Further|Muslin trade in Bengal|Economy of the Mughal Empire}}
Under the Mughal Empire, Bengal was an affluent province with a Muslim majority and Hindu minority. According to economic historian Indrajit Ray, it was globally prominent in industries such as textile manufacturing and shipbuilding.<ref name="rayA">{{cite book |author=Indrajit Ray |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |publisher=Routledge |pages=57, 90, 174 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116112335/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref> The capital Dhaka had a population exceeding a million people, and with an estimated 80,000 skilled textile weavers. It was an exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, [[saltpetre]], and agricultural and industrial produce.<ref name="star"/>

Bengali farmers and agriculturalists were quick to adapt to profitable new crops between 1600 and 1650. [[Bengali people|Bengali]] agriculturalists rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal as a major silk-producing region of the world.<ref name="richards">[[John F. Richards]] (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190 ''The Mughal Empire'', page 190], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref>

Under Mughal rule, Bengal was a center of the worldwide [[muslin]] and silk trades. During the Mughal era, the most important center of cotton production was Bengal, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka, leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets such as Central Asia.<ref>Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 ''The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760'', page 202] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204143956/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 |date=4 December 2022 }}, [[University of California Press]]</ref> Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks.<ref name="Prakash">[[Om Prakash (historian)|Om Prakash]], "[http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 Empire, Mughal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE%7B%7B%21%7D%7DCX3447600139&v=2.1&it=r&asid=6b597320 |date=18 November 2022 }}", ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', edited by [[John J. McCusker]], vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, ''World History in Context''. Retrieved 3 August 2017</ref> From Bengal, saltpetre was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in [[Indonesia]], raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan.<ref name="richards95">[[John F. Richards]] (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA202 ''The Mughal Empire'', page 202], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref>

Bengal had a large shipbuilding industry. Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in thirteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771.<ref name="ray174">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |publisher=Routledge |page=174 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1}}</ref>

== Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1772) ==
{{Main article|Nawabs of Bengal}}

By the 18th century, Mughal Bengal became a de-facto independent country under the nominal rule of the [[Nawabs of Bengal]]. The subedar was elevated to the status of a hereditary Nawab Nazim. The Nawabs maintained ''de facto'' control of Bengal while minting coins in the name of the emperor in Delhi.
[[File:Map of the Nawabs of Bengal.jpg|thumb|The Map of Bengal under the de-facto independent rulers known as the Nawabs of Bengal.]]

=== Nasiri dynasty (1717–1740) ===
The dynasty was founded by the first Nawab of Bengal [[Murshid Quli Khan]]. Its other rulers included [[Sarfaraz Khan]] and [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]].

=== Afsar dynasty (1740–1757) ===
The dynasty was founded by [[Alivardi Khan]]. His grandson and successor [[Siraj-ud-daulah]] was the last independent Nawab of Bengal due to his defeat to British forces at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Najafi dynasty Nawabs continued to rule as semi-independent till 1772 after which British East India Company took complete control of this former Mughal province.

Nawab Alivardi Khan took the throne after a bloody [[Battle of Giria|Battle at Giria]], killing [[Sarfaraz Khan]] and usurping power.

=== Maratha Invasions ===
{{See also|Maratha invasions of Bengal}}
The resurgent [[Maratha Confederacy]] emerging from [[Maharashtra]] quickly repulsed the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and subjugated them to the confines of [[Delhi]]. It was during this period they were at the doorsteps of the independent [[Bengal Subah]], particularly Orissa. They conducted raids within Bengal and plundered cities and villages and caused widespread devastation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirti N |first=Chaudhuri |title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660-1760 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521031592 |pages=253}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=P.J |first=Marshall |title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521028226 |pages=73}}</ref> The Marathas initially succeeded against the Bengali forces at the [[Battle of Jaipur]] however, throughout all of their attempts the Marathas were never able to succeed in occupying Orissa or any part of Bengal without being kicked out by Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] shortly after.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

The raids lasted almost yearly between 1742 and 1751. Nawab Alivardi Khan fought the Maratha forces many times for the safeguarding of Orissa. The Bengali forces and [[Bargis]] (Marathas) fought face to face on many occasions such as the [[First Battle of Katwa]], [[Second Battle of Katwa]], Battle of Birbhum, First Battle of Midnapur, Second Battle of Midnapur and the Battle of Burdwanwhere [[Alivardi Khan]] repelled all their attacks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 |isbn=9780143416784 |pages=158–163}}</ref>

During their raids, the Marathas killed close to 400,000 people in western Bengal and Bihar. This devastated Bengal's economy, as many of the people killed in the Maratha raids included merchants, textile weavers, silk winders, and [[mulberry]] cultivators.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book |author=P. J. Marshall |author-link=P. J. Marshall |title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-02822-6 |pages=72–73 |orig-year=First published 1987}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri253">{{cite book |author=Kirti N. Chaudhuri |author-link=Kirti N. Chaudhuri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xt7Fgzq9e8C&pg=PA253 |title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-03159-2 |page=253 |orig-year=First published 1978}}</ref> The [[Cossimbazar factory]] reported in 1742, for example, that the Marathas burnt down many of the houses along with weavers' looms.<ref name="Chaudhuri253" /> The plundering has been considered to be among the deadliest massacres in Indian history.<ref name="Davies">{{cite book |author=C. C. Davies |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |title-link=The New Cambridge Modern History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1957 |isbn=978-0-521-04545-2 |editor=J. O. Lindsay |editor-link=J. O. Lindsay |volume=VII |page=555 |chapter=Chapter XXIII: Rivalries in India |access-date=29 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ejh1RnNDt4C&pg=PG555 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423154207/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ejh1RnNDt4C&pg=PG555 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

However due to their relentless attacks and raids the Nawab would be more partial towards signing the treaty eventually agreeing to cede [[Odisha|Orissa]] to the [[Maratha Confederacy]] to ensure peace for both states.<ref name=":0" />

===Hindu states===
<gallery mode="packed" caption="[[Kantajew Temple]]" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180">
Kantajew Temple-front.jpg|Front of the temple
Kantajew Temple-Terracotta (পোড়ামাটির ফলক).jpg|Terracotta river scene
Kantajew Temple-Terracotta 4.jpg|Terracotta [[Kalki]]
Kantanagar Mandir 7.jpg|Temple pillar
</gallery>
There were several Hindu states established in and around Bengal during the medieval and early modern periods. These kingdoms contributed a lot to the economic and cultural landscape of Bengal. Extensive land reclamation in forested and marshy areas were carried out and intrastate trade as well as commerce were highly encouraged. These kingdoms also helped introduce new music, painting, dancing and sculpture into Bengali art-forms as well as many temples were constructed during this period. Militarily, they served as bulwarks against Portuguese and Burmese attacks.
These states includes the principalities of [[Maharaja]] [[Pratapaditya|Pratap Aditya]] of Jessore, [[Raja Sitaram Ray]] of [[Burdwan]], Raja [[Krishnachandra Roy]] of [[Nadia Raj]] and [[Mallabhum|Kingdom of Mallabhum]]. The [[Bhurishrestha|Kingdom of Bhurshut]] was a medieval Hindu kingdom spread across what is now Howrah and Hooghly in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. Maharaja [[Rudranarayan]] consolidated the dynasty and expanded the kingdom and converted it into one of the most powerful Hindu kingdom of the time. His wife [[Maharani]] [[Bhavashankari]] defeated the [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] resurgence in Bengal<ref>Ghosh, ''Paschimbanger Sanskriti'', Volume II, pp. 224</ref> and her reign brought power, prosperity and grandeur to [[Bhurishrestha Rajya|Bhurishrestha Kingdom]]. Their son, Maharaja [[Pratapnarayan]], patronised literature and art, trade & commerce, as well as welfare of his subjects. Afterwards, Maharaja [[Naranarayan of Bhurishrestha|Naranarayan]] maintained the integrity and sovereignty of the kingdom by diplomatically averting the occupation of the kingdom by the Mughal forces. His son, Maharaja [[Lakshminarayan of Bhurishrestha|Lakshminarayan]], failed to maintain the sovereignty of the kingdom due to sabotage from within. The [[Koch dynasty|Koch Bihar Kingdom]] in the northern Bengal, flourished during the period of 16th and the 17th centuries as well as weathered the Mughals and survived till the advent of the British.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Colonial Economy in North Bengal: 1833–1933|last=Ghosh|first=Dr. Sujit|publisher=Paschimbanga Anchalik Itihas O Loksanskriti Charcha Kendra|year=2016|isbn=978-81-926316-6-0|location=Kolkata|page=101}}</ref> The [[Bardhaman Raj|Burdwan Raj]] founded by [[Sangam Rai Kapoor|Maharaja Sangam Rai Kapoor]] was a ''[[zamindar]]i'' estate that flourished from about 1657 to 1955, first under the Mughals and then under the British in the province of Bengal in British-India. At the peak of its prosperity in the 18th century, the estate extended to around {{convert|5000|sqmi|km2|-3}} of territory<ref>Imperial Gazetteer of India, New Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908–1931), Vol. 9, p. 102</ref> and even up to the early 20th century paid an annual revenue to the government in excess of 3,300,000 [[rupee]]s.

===Immigration===
Bengal received many immigrants from West Asia, Central Asia, the Horn of Africa and North India during the sultanate and Mughal periods. Many came as refugees due to the [[Mongol invasions and conquests]]. Others found Bengal's fertile land suitable for economic production and commerce. The Arabs were among the earliest settlers, especially in coastal areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Arabs,_The |title=Arabs, The |website=Banglapedia |date=17 June 2014 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064846/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Arabs,_The |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Persian people|Persians]] settled in Bengal to become clerics, missionaries, lawyers, teachers, soldiers, administrators and poets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iranians,_The |title=Iranians, The |website=Banglapedia |date=8 June 2014 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011005/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iranians,_The |url-status=live }}</ref> An [[Armenians in Bangladesh|Armenian]] community from the [[Safavid Empire]] migrated to the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenians,_The |title=Armenians, The |website=Banglapedia |date=17 June 2014 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140831/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenians,_The |url-status=live }}</ref> There were also many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Turks,_The |title=Turks, The |website=Banglapedia |date=31 December 2014 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203182119/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Turks,_The |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] were the earliest Europeans to settle in Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Portuguese,_The |title=Portuguese, The |website=Banglapedia |date=9 February 2015 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425132827/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Portuguese,_The |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many [[Rakhine people|Arakanese]] escaped persecution in Burma and settled in southern Bengal during the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rakhain,_The |title=Rakhain, The |website=Banglapedia |date=8 March 2015 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119011018/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rakhain,_The |url-status=live }}</ref> Many [[Meitei people|Manipuris]] settled in eastern Bengal during the 18th century after fleeing from conflict-ridden areas in Assam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Manipuri,_The |title=Manipuri, The |website=Banglapedia |date=2 March 2015 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308022703/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Manipuri,_The |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Marwari people|Marwari]] community continues to be influential in West Bengal's economic sectors. The Marwaris migrated from [[Rajasthan]] in western India. In Bangladesh, a [[Nizari Ismaili]] community with diverse origins continues to play a significant role in economic sectors.

==European Settlements in Bengal==
[[File:Dutch VOC ships in Chittagong or Arakan.jpg|thumb|European ships in Chittagong, 1702]]

===Portuguese Chittagong (1528–1666)===
The first European colonial settlement in Bengal was the [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong]]. The settlement was established after the [[Bengal Sultanate]] granted permission to embassies from [[Portuguese India]] for the creation of a trading post. The Portuguese settlers in Chittagong included [[bureaucrat]]s, [[merchant]]s, [[soldier]]s, [[sailor]]s, [[Missionary|missionaries]], [[History of slavery|slave trade]]rs and [[pirate]]s. They controlled the [[port of Chittagong]] and forced all [[merchant ship]]s to acquire a Portuguese trade licence. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] was established in Bengal by the Portuguese in Chittagong, when the first [[Vicar Apostolic]] was appointed in the port city.

The Portuguese eventually came under the protection of the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] as the Bengal Sultanate lost control of the Chittagong region. In 1666, the Mughal conquest of Chittagong resulted in the expulsion of Portuguese and Arakanese forces in the port city. The Portuguese also migrated to other parts of Bengal, including [[Bandel]] and Dhaka.

The Portuguese brought with them exotic fruits, flowers and plants, which quickly became part of Bengali life: [[potato]], [[Cashew|cashew nut]], [[Chili pepper|chilli]], [[papaya]], [[pineapple]], [[Carambola]] ([[Averrhoa carambola]]), [[guava]], [[Alphonso mango]] (named after [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]) and [[tomato]]e, among others, showing their zeal for agri-horticulture. Even the Krishna Kali flower ([[Mirabilis jalapa]]) plant, with its varied colours, was a gift of the Portuguese. From their arrival, the Portuguese married local women, as a result, many Portuguese words like janala, almari, verandah, chabi, balti, perek, alpin, toalia came into the Bengali vocabulary. They also developed a great interest in the [[Bengali language]]. The first printed book in [[prose]] in Bengali was by a Portuguese, as was the first [[Bengali grammar]] and [[dictionary]]: [[Manuel da Assumpção]] took on this monumental task, it was the first step to standardising and printing in the Bangla language, which slowly helped break the hegemony of the Persian language.<ref>{{citation |title=The Portuguese |publisher=Banglapedia |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Portuguese,_The |access-date=21 May 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425132827/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Portuguese,_The |url-status=live }}</ref> Till today most [[Bangladeshi Christian]]s have [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] [[surnames]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rahim |first=AK |date=25 January 2014 |title=Você fala Bangla?|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/2014/jan/25/voc%25C3%25AA-fala-bangla |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref>

===Dutch settlements (1610–1824)===
{{Main|Dutch Bengal}}

[[File:Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg|thumb|Flag of the Dutch East India Company]]
The [[Dutch East India Company]] operated a directorate in Bengal for nearly two centuries. The directorate later became a colony of the [[Dutch Empire]] in 1725. Dutch territories in Bengal were ceded to Britain by the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]]. Dutch settlements in Bengal included the [[Dutch settlement in Rajshahi]], the main Dutch port in Baliapal, as well as factories in [[Chhapra]] ([[saltpetre]]), Dhaka (muslin), [[Balasore]], Patna, [[Cossimbazar]], Malda, [[Mirzapur, Bardhaman|Mirzapur]], [[Murshidabad]], Rajmahal and Sherpur.

Bengal once accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, particularly in terms of silk and [[muslin]] goods.<ref>Om Prakash, "Empire, Mughal", History of World Trade Since 1450, edited by John J. McCusker, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, World History in Context</ref>

===Early English settlements (1600s)===
The [[East India Company]] established its first settlements in Bengal around [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]] during the 1630s.<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=English |title=English |website=Banglapedia |date=8 June 2014 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808073434/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=English |url-status=live }}</ref> It received an official permission to trade from Mughal viceroy [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] in 1651.<ref name="banglapedia1" /> In 1689, the company attempted to take Chittagong and make it the headquarters of their Bengal trade but the English expedition found the port heavily defended.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Osmany |first1=Shireen Hasan |last2=Mazid |first2=Muhammad Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Chittagong Port |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Port |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209212533/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Port |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V10_315.gif | title=Imperial Gazetteer of India | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Hunter, William Wilson | author-link=William Wilson Hunter | year=1908 | location=Oxford, UK | pages=308, 309 | access-date=20 February 2021 | archive-date=8 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308012437/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V10_315.gif | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1696, the English built [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] on the bank of the [[Hooghly River]]. Fort William served as the British headquarters in India for centuries. The area around Fort William eventually grew into the city of Calcutta. English factories were established throughout Bengal. The port in Fort William became one of the most important British naval bases in Asia from where expeditions were sent to China and Southeast Asia. The English language began to be used for commerce and government in Bengal.<ref name="banglapedia1" />

===French settlements (1692–1952)===
The [[French India|French establishments in India]] included colonies and factories in Bengal. After permission from Mughal viceroy [[Shaista Khan]] in 1692, the French set up a settlement in [[Chandernagore]]. The French also had a large presence in Dhaka, where a neighbourhood called [[Farashganj]] developed in the [[Old Dhaka|old city]]. One of the notable properties of the French included the land of the [[Ahsan Manzil]], where the French administrative building was located. The property was sold to Bengali aristocrats, who exchanged the property several times until it became the property of the [[Dhaka Nawab Family]]. The French built a garden in [[Tejgaon Thana|Tejgaon]]. Cossimbazar and Balasore also hosted French factories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=French,_The |title=French, The |website=Banglapedia |date=5 May 2014 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122043923/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=French,_The |url-status=live }}</ref>

The French took the side of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah during the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Eventually, the French presence in Bengal was only restricted to the colony of Chandernagore, which was administered by the governor in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. After India's independence in 1947, a referendum in Chandernagore gave a mandate to end colonial rule. The French transferred sovereignty in 1952. In 1955, Chandernagore became part of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

===Danish settlements (1625–1845)===
The first settlement of the [[Danish East India Company]] in Bengal was established in Pipli in 1625. The Danish company later gained permission from Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] to establish a trading post in [[Serampore]] in 1755. The first representative of the Danish crown was appointed in 1770. The town was named Fredericknagore. The Danish also operated colonies on the Nicobar Islands in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Territories in Bengal and the Bay of Bengal were part of [[Danish India]] until 1845, when Danish colonies were ceded to Britain.

===Austrian settlement (1700s)===
The [[Ostend Company]] of the [[Austrian Empire]] operated a settlement in [[Bankipur (Bengal)|Bankipur]], Bengal during the 18th century.

===British East India Company (1772–1858)===
[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Clive]] conferring with [[Mir Jafar]], the Bengali traitor who betrayed the last independent Nawab]]
When the [[East India Company]] began strengthening the defences at Fort William (Calcutta), the Nawab, [[Siraj Ud Daulah]], at the encouragement of the French, attacked. Under the leadership of [[Robert Clive]], British troops and their local allies captured Chandernagore in March 1757 and seriously defeated the Nawab on 23 June 1757 at the [[Battle of Plassey]], when the Nawab's soldiers betrayed him. The Nawab was assassinated in Murshidabad, and the British installed their own Nawab for Bengal and extended their direct control in the south. Chandernagore was restored to the French in 1763. The Bengalis attempted to regain their territories in 1765 in alliance with the Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]], but were defeated again at the [[Battle of Buxar]] (1765). As part of the treaty with the British East India Company, East India Company was given the right to collect taxes from the province. Thus, the company became imperial tax collector, while the local Mughal Emperor appointed Nawabs continued to govern the province. In 1772 this arrangement of local rule was abolished and East India Company took complete control of the province. The center of Indian culture and trade shifted from Delhi to Calcutta when the Mughal Empire fell.

Capital amassed from Bengal by the East India Company was invested in various industries such as [[Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution|textile manufacturing]] in [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] during the initial stages of the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="tong">{{cite book |last=Tong |first=Junie T. |year=2016 |title=Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |publisher=CRC Press |page=151 |isbn=978-1-317-13522-7}}</ref><ref name="esposito">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John L. Esposito |encyclopedia=The Islamic World: Past and Present |title=Great Britain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |access-date= |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=1 |page=174 |isbn=978-0-19-516520-3 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111739/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ray">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |publisher=Routledge |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111751/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sengupta">Shombit Sengupta, [http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/ Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801120317/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/ |date=1 August 2017 }}, ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', 8 February 2010</ref> Company policies in Bengal also led to the [[deindustrialization]] of the Bengali textile industry during Company rule.<ref name="tong"/><ref name="ray"/>

During the period of Company rule, a devastating [[Famine in India|famine]] occurred [[Bengal famine of 1770|1770]], which killed millions. The famine devastated the region as well as the economy of the East India Company, forcing them to rely on subsidies from the British government, an act which would contribute to the [[American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Willem van Schendel|title=A History of Bangladesh|date=12 February 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780511997419|page=57}}</ref>

===British crown rule (1858–1947)===
{{See also|British Empire|British Raj|Bengal Presidency}}
[[File:Victoria Memorial Kolkata at night.jpg|thumb|The [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] flanked by [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral]] in Kolkata, India. The city was the former British capital of India.]]
The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] replaced rule by the Company with the direct control of Bengal by the British Crown. Fort William continued to be the capital of [[British India|British-held territories in India]]. The [[Governor of Bengal]] was concurrently the [[Governor-General of India]] for many years. In 1877, when [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] took the title of "[[Empress of India]]", the British declared Calcutta the capital of the [[British Raj]]. The colonial capital developed in Calcutta's municipality, which served as the [[capital of India]] for decades. A centre of rice cultivation and the world's main source of [[jute]] fibre; Bengal was one of India's largest industrial centers. From the 1850s, industry was centered around the capital Calcutta. The railway was created in Britain in 1825. It was introduced in the United States in 1833, Germany in 1835, Italy in 1839, France in 1844 and Spain in 1848. The British government introduced the railway to Bengal in 1854.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway | title=Railway | website=Banglapedia | access-date=21 January 2019 | archive-date=10 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143242/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway | url-status=live }}</ref> Several rail companies were established in Bengal during the 19th century, including the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] and [[Assam Bengal Railway]]. The largest seaport in British Bengal was the [[Port of Calcutta]], one of the busiest ports in the erstwhile [[British Empire]]. The [[Calcutta Stock Exchange]] was established in 1908. Other ports in Bengal included the [[Port of Narayanganj]], the [[Port of Chittagong]] and the [[Port of Dhaka]]. Bengali ports were often [[free trade]] ports which welcomed ships from across the world. There was extensive shipping with [[British Burma]]. Two universities were established in Bengal during British rule, including the [[University of Calcutta]] and the [[University of Dhaka|University of Dacca]]. Numerous colleges and schools were established in each district. Most of the Bengali population nevertheless remained dependent on agriculture, and despite Bengali social and political leaders playing a major role in Indian political and intellectual activity, the province included some very undeveloped districts.
[[File:Bengalpresidency 1858.jpg|thumb|center|800px|{{center|At its greatest extent, the Bengal Presidency covered north and north-east India, as well as [[Burma]], Singapore and [[Penang]].}}]]
The Bengal Presidency had the highest gross domestic product in British India.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.daily-sun.com/home/printnews/218795 | title=Reimagining the Colonial Bengal Presidency Template (Part I) | work=Daily Sun | access-date=21 January 2019 | archive-date=2 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202195430/https://www.daily-sun.com/home/printnews/218795 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bengal hosted the most advanced cultural centers in British India.<ref name="Minahan2012">{{cite book|author=James B. Minahan|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT56|date=30 August 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-660-7|page=56}}</ref> A cosmopolitan, eclectic cultural atmosphere took shape. There were many [[anglophile]]s, including the [[Naib Nazim of Dhaka]]. A Portuguese missionary published the first book on [[Bengali grammar]]. A Hindu scholar produced a Bengali translation of the Quran. However, Bengalis were also divided by religion due to the political situation in the rest of India.

====Bengal renaissance====
{{Main|Bengali Renaissance}}

[[File:Rabindranath Tagore portrait (4).jpg|thumb|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s influence on Bengali and Indian literature has been compared to Shakespeare's influence in the English-speaking world. Tagore was the first Asian Nobel laureate in 1913.]]
The Bengal renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the 19th and early 20th centuries in the region of Bengal in [[undivided India]] during the period of British rule. Historian [[Nitish Sengupta]] describes it as having started with reformer and humanitarian [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] (1775–1833), and ended with Asia's first Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941).<ref>{{cite book |author=Nitish Sengupta |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |year=2001 |title=History of the Bengali-speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |page=211 |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6 |quote=The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775-1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941).}}</ref> This flowering of religious and social reformers, scholars, and writers is described by historian [[David Kopf]] as "one of the most creative periods in Indian history".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kopf |first=David |author-link=David Kopf |date=December 1994 |title=Amiya P. Sen. Hindu Revivalism in Bengal 1872 |type=Book review |journal=American Historical Review |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=1741–1742 |doi=10.2307/2168519 |jstor=2168519}}</ref>

====Bengal Legislative Council (1862–1947)====
The [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] was the principal lawmaking body in the province. It was created by the [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] and reformed under the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]], the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]], the [[Government of India Act 1919]] and the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. Initially an advisory council with mostly European members, native Bengali representation gradually increased in the early 20th century. In 1935, it became the [[upper house]] of the provincial legislature alongside the lower house in the Bengal Legislative Assembly. The Governor of Bengal, who was concurrently the Governor-General of India, often sat on the council.

====Eastern Bengal and Assam (1905–1912)====
{{See also|Partition of Bengal (1905)}}
[[File:All India Muslim league conference 1906 attendees in Dhaka.jpg|thumb|The All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dacca, 1906]]
The British government argued that Bengal, being India's most populous province, was too large and difficult to govern. Bengal was divided by the British rulers for administrative purposes in 1905 into an overwhelmingly Hindu west (including present-day Bihar and Odisha) and a predominantly Muslim east (including [[Assam]]). Hindu – Muslim conflict became stronger through this partition. While Hindu Indians disagreed with the partition saying it was a way of dividing a Bengal which is united by language and history, Muslims supported it by saying it was a big step forward for Muslim society where Muslims will be majority and they can freely practice their religion as well as their culture. But owing to strong Hindu agitation, the British reunited East and West Bengal in 1912, and made [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Orissa]] a separate province

The short lived province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] provided impetus to a growing movement for [[self-determination]] among British-Indian Muslim subjects. The [[All India Muslim League]] was created during a conference on [[liberal education]] hosted by the [[Nawab of Dhaka]] in Eastern Bengal and Assam. The [[Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council]] was the lawmaking body of the province.

====Rebel activities====
Bengal played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]] (including the [[Pakistan movement]]), in which [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary groups]] such as {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Anushilan Samiti]]|italic=no}} and [[Jugantar]] were dominant. Bengalis also played a notable role in the Indian independence movement. Many of the early proponents of independence, and subsequent leaders in movement were Bengalis. Some notable freedom fighters from Bengal were [[Chittaranjan Das]], [[Surendranath Banerjee]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Prafulla Chaki]], [[Bagha Jatin]], [[Khudiram Bose]], [[Surya Sen]], [[Benoy Basu|Binoy]]–[[Badal Gupta|Badal]]–[[Dinesh Gupta|Dinesh]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Batukeshwar Dutt]], [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], [[Rashbehari Bose]], [[M.N. Roy]], [[Muzaffar Ahmad|Muzaffar Ahmed]] and many more. Some of these leaders, such as Netaji, did not subscribe to the view that non-violent civil disobedience was the only way to achieve Indian Independence, and allied with Japan to fight against the British. During the Second World War Netaji escaped to Germany from house arrest in India and there he founded the Indian Legion an army to fight against the British Government, but the turning of the war compelled him to come to South-East Asia and there he became the co-founder and leader of the [[Indian National Army]] (distinct from the army of British India) that challenged British forces in several parts of India. He was also the head of state of a parallel regime named 'The Provisional Government of Free India' or [[Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind]], that was recognised and supported by the [[Axis power]]s. Bengal was also the fostering ground for several prominent revolutionary movements like the [[Indigo revolt]] and the [[Chittagong armoury raid]]. A large number of Bengalis died in the independence struggle and many were exiled in [[Cellular Jail]], the much dreaded prison located in [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]].

====Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937–1947)====
[[File:Bengal PMs.png|thumb|The [[Prime Minister of Bengal|Prime Ministers of Bengal]]]]
The [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]] was British India's largest legislature. It was created by the [[Government of India Act 1935]] as the lower house of the provincial parliament. The assembly was elected on the basis of the so-called "separate electorate" system created by the [[Communal Award]]. Seats were reserved for different religious, social and professional communities. Major parties in the assembly included the [[All India Muslim League]], the [[Krishak Praja Party|Farmers and Tenants Party]], the [[Indian National Congress]], the [[Swaraj Party]] and the [[Hindu Mahasabha]]. The [[Prime Minister of Bengal]] was a member of the assembly.

====Second World War====
Bengal was used as a base for [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] during [[World War II]]. Bengal was strategically important during the [[Burma Campaign]] and Allied assistance to the [[Republic of China]] to fight off the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese invasions]]. The Imperial Japanese Air Force bombed Chittagong in April and May 1942; and Calcutta in December 1942. The Japanese aborted a planned invasion of Bengal from Burma. The [[Ledo Road]] was constructed between Bengal and China through Allied controlled areas in northern Burma to supply the forces led by [[Chiang Kai Shek]]. Units of the [[United States Armed Forces]] were stationed in [[Chittagong Airfield]] during the [[Burma Campaign 1944-1945]].<ref name="Maurer, Maurer 1983">Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. {{ISBN|0-89201-092-4}}</ref> Commonwealth forces included troops from Britain, India, Australia and New Zealand.

The [[Bengal famine of 1943]] occurred during World War II and caused the death of an estimated 2.1–3 million people.

====Partition of Bengal (1947)====
{{Main|Partition of Bengal (1947)}}

The partition of Bengal in 1947 left a deep impact on the people of Bengal. The breakdown of [[Hindu-Muslim unity]] caused the All India Muslim League to demand the partition of India in line with the [[Lahore Resolution]], which called for Bengal to be included in a Muslim-majority homeland. Hindu nationalists in Bengal were determined to make Hindu-majority districts a part of the Indian dominion. A majority of members in the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted to keep Bengal undivided. The Prime Minister of Bengal, supported by Hindu and Muslim politicians, proposed a [[United Bengal]] as a sovereign state. However, the Indian National Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha on one side and the Muslim League on the other forced the British viceroy [[Earl Mountbatten]] to partition Bengal along religious lines. As a result, Bengal was divided into the state of [[West Bengal]] of India and the province of [[East Bengal]] under Pakistan, renamed [[East Pakistan]] in 1955. The Sylhet region in Assam joined East Bengal after a referendum on 6 July 1947.

==Post-partition and contemporary era==
===[[West Bengal]] (India)===
{{Main|History of West Bengal}}

===[[Bangladesh]]===
{{Main|History of East Pakistan|History of Bangladesh (1971-present)}}

==See also==
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[Bengalis]]

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Groups in [[West Bengal]] (Population: 10 crores [[Bengal|West Bengalis]]) (2021)
|label1 = [[Bengali Hindus]]|color1 = red
|value1 = 63.5
|label2 = [[Bengali Muslims]]|color2 = Green
|value2 = 23
|label3 = [[Bengalis|Different ethnic Hindus]]|color3 = orange
|value3 = 7.5
|label4 = [[Bengalis|Non-Bengali Muslims]]|color4 = white
|value4 = 4
|label5 = [[Sikhs|Punjabi Sikhs]]|color5 = yellow
|value5 = 1
|label6 = [[Sarnaism|Santali origin]]|color6 = blue
|value6 = 1
}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Groups among the [[Bengalis]] of [[West Bengal]] (Percentage: 86.5% [[Bengalis]] of [[Bengal|West Bengal]]) (2021)
|label1 = [[Bengalis|Pakistani East Bengali Refugee (from 14 August 1947 to present) Bengali Hindus]]|color1 = pink
|value1 = 15
|label2 = [[Bengali Muslims|West Bengali Native Bengali Muslims]]|color2 = Green
|value2 = 23
|label3 = [[Bengali Hindus|West Bengali Native Bengali Hindus]]|color3 = red
|value3 = 48.5
|label4 = [[Bengalis|Migrant Non-Bengalis]]|color4 = White
|value4 = 11.5
|label5 = [[Sikhs|Punjabi Sikhs]]|color5 = yellow
|value5 = 1
|label6 = [[Sarnaism|Santali origin]]|color6 = blue
|value6 = 1
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mandal |first=Mahitosh |date=2022 |title=Dalit Resistance during the Bengal Renaissance: Five Anti-Caste Thinkers from Colonial Bengal, India |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–30 |doi=10.26812/caste.v3i1.367 |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96 |access-date=19 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809123730/https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book|last=Salim|first=Gulam Hussain|author2=tr. from Persian|author3=Abdus Salam|title=Riyazu-s-Salatin: History of Bengal|url=https://archive.org/stream/bibliothecaindi02indigoog#page/n6/mode/1up|year=1902|publisher=Asiatic Society, Baptist Mission Press}}
* [[R.C. Majumdar|Majumdar, R. C.]] ''The History of Bengal'' {{ISBN|81-7646-237-3}}
* {{cite book | author=Amiya Sen | title= Hindu Revivalism in Bengal 1872–1905: Some Essays in Interpretation | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1993 }}
* Abdul Momin Chowdhury (1967) Dynastic History of Bengal, c. 750–1200 A.D, Dacca: The Asiatic Society of Pakistan, 1967, Pages: 310, ASIN: B0006FFATA
* Iftekhar Iqbal (2010) The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943, Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, Palgrave Macmillan, Pages: 288, {{ISBN|0230231837}}
* M. Mufakharul Islam (edited) (2004) Socio-Economic History of Bangladesh: essays in memory of Professor Shafiqur Rahman, 1st Edition, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, {{oclc|156800811}}
* M. Mufakharul Islam (2007), Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study, Cambridge South Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press, Pages: 300, {{ISBN|0521049857}}
* Meghna Guhathakurta & Willem van Schendel (Edited) (2013) The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics (The World Readers), Duke University Press Books, Pages: 568, {{ISBN|0822353040}}
* Sirajul Islam (edited) (1997) History of Bangladesh 1704–1971 (Three Volumes: Vol 1: Political History, Vol 2: Economic History Vol 3: Social and Cultural History), 2nd Edition (Revised New Edition), The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Pages: 1846, {{ISBN|9845123376}}
* Sirajul Islam (Chief Editor) (2003) Banglapedia: A National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh.(10 Vols. Set), (written by 1300 scholars & 22 editors) The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Pages: 4840, {{ISBN|9843205855}}
* Samares Kar: ''The Millennia Long Migration into Bengal: Rich Genetic Material and Enormous Promise in the Face of Chaos, Corruption, and Criminalization''. In: ''Spaces & Flows: An International Journal of Urban & Extra Urban Studies''. Vol. 2 Issue 2, 2012, S. 129–143 ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268037570_The_Millennia_Long_Migration_into_Bengal_Rich_Genetic_Material_and_Enormous_Promise_in_the_Face_of_Chaos_Corruption_and_Criminalization Fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121033716/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/268037570_The_Millennia_Long_Migration_into_Bengal_Rich_Genetic_Material_and_Enormous_Promise_in_the_Face_of_Chaos_Corruption_and_Criminalization |date=21 November 2015 }} see ''[[ResearchGate]] Network'').
* Dr. Sujit Ghosh, (2016) ''Colonial Economy in North Bengal: 1833–1933'', Kolkata: Paschimbanga Anchalik Itihas O Loksanskriti Charcha Kendra, {{ISBN|978-81-926316-6-0}}
* Om Prakash (1985), ''The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal 1630–1720'', Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-69105-447-6}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.historyofbengal.com/ History of Bengal]

{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Bengal}}
[[Category:History of Bengal| ]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Bangladesh by location|*]]
[[Category:History of India by location]]

Kumaravel Premkumar

2026-02-05T04:32:02Z

Manish: started biography

{{short description|Indian long jumper}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Kumaravel Premkumar
| image = Kumaravel Premkumar.jpg
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|02|06}}
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| spouse = Neelofar
| children =
| weight =
| website =
| club = St. Joseph's Sports Academy
| country = India
| sport = Track & Field
| event = [[Long jump]]
| collegeteam =
| coach =Jamie Nieto
| pb = '''Long jump (outdoor)''': 8.09 (New Delhi 2013) '''Long jump (indoor)''': 7.92 (Doha 2016)
| medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2013 Asian Athletics Championships|2013 Pune]]|Long jump}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2012 Asian junior Athletics Championships|2012 Colombo]]|Long jump}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Indoor Athletics Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2012 Hangzhou]]|Long jump}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2016 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2016 Doha]]|Long jump}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Athletics Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2016 South Asian Athletics Championships|2016 Guwathti]]|Long jump}}
}}

'''Kumaravel Premkumar''' (born 2 June 1993) is an Indian [[long jump]]er from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is the [[List of Indian records in athletics|national record-holder]] in both the indoor and outdoor long jump. He won a bronze medal at the [[2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships]] and a silver at the [[2013 Asian Athletics Championships]].

==Early life and education==
Premkumar was born on 6 February 1993 in Kumbakonam, [[Thanjavur]], Tamil Nadu. He was one year old when his father died, after which he was raised by his mother, Uma Rani. His mother worked in a [[Trichy-Tanjore Diocese|local]] church to provide for the family.<ref name="India Today">{{cite journal | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20120917-rural-rockstars-kumaravel-premkumar-759713-2012-09-07 | title=Rural Rockstars: Kumaravel Premkumar | author=Kumaraswami, Lakshmi | journal=[[India Today]]| date=8 September 2012}}</ref> He attended [[St.Antony's Higher Secondary School (Thanjavur)|St. Antony's School, Thanjavur]] where physical education teacher Suresh recognised Premkumar's potential and encouraged him to pursue athletics. As a teenager in 2010, Premkumar moved to Chennai to train under coach P. Nagarajan. He joined [[Pachaiyappa's College]] Higher Secondary School, and was coached by Nagarajan at the Prime Sports Academy. He passed [[Higher Secondary Examination]] in 2012.<ref name="Personal">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennais-Olympics-hopefuls-Kumaravel-Premkumar/articleshow/15322402.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130809134630/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-02/chennai/32999949_1_national-record-national-camp-odd-jobs | url-status=live | archive-date=9 August 2013 | title=Chennai's Olympics hopefuls: Kumaravel Premkumar | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 August 2012 | agency=Times News Network | access-date=9 August 2013 | author=Hardy, James | location=Chennai}}</ref>

==Sporting career==
[[File:Kumaravel Premkumar long jump progression.png|left|thumb|300px|Premkumar's seasons' best distances (in metres)]]
Premkumar trains with coach P. Nagarajan at St. Joseph's Sports Academy, Chennai. He represented the academy at the 84th Senior State Athletics Championship held in [[Coimbatore]] in May 2011, and won a gold medal with a jump of {{convert|7.75|m|ft}}.<ref name="Senior State Athletics Championship">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/record-double-for-suriya/article2040641.ece | title=Record double for Suriya | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=23 May 2011 | accessdate=9 August 2013 | location=Chennai}}</ref> He represented Tamil Nadu at the South Zone Junior Athletics Championship held in Chennai in August 2011. He set a new national junior record with {{convert|7.52|m|ft}} and won gold.<ref name="South Zone Junior Athletics Championship">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/premkumar-jessy-steal-the-limelight/article3799701.ece | title=Premkumar, Jessy steal the limelight | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai | date=21 August 2012 | accessdate=9 August 2013}}</ref>

Premkumar participated in the [[2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships]] that took place in [[Hangzhou]], China. He won a bronze medal and set the national indoor record with a {{convert|7.62|m|ft|adj=on}} jump. The previous record was held by Maha Singh, who jumped {{convert|7.49|m|ft}} at the [[2006 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships]] in [[Pattaya]], [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://post.jagran.com/Kumaravel-Premkumar-wins-bronze-in-Asian-Indoor-Athletics-1329588081 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062646/http://post.jagran.com/Kumaravel-Premkumar-wins-bronze-in-Asian-Indoor-Athletics-1329588081 | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2016 | title=Kumaravel Premkumar wins bronze in Asian Indoor Athletics | date=18 February 2012 | accessdate=11 August 2013 | publisher=Jagran Prakashan}}</ref> Premkumar was the only Indian to win a medal at the championships.<ref name="Personal" /> He competed in the [[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics|2012 World Junior Championships]] in [[Barcelona]], Spain and finished 16th in the [[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's long jump#Qualification|qualification round]] with the best jump of {{convert|7.38|m|ft}}, which was not sufficient to qualify him for the final.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.all-athletics.com/node/594970?results=by-event&event=10229617 | title=Barcelona IAAF World Junior Championships – Competition Results – Men's Long Jump | publisher=All-athletics.com | accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref> He set his personal best of {{convert|8|m|ft}} at the National Inter-State Championships in Chennai in June 2013.<ref name="AFI">{{cite news | url=http://www.indianathletics.in/news.php | title=Prem Kumar and Sudha Singh provides the silver-lining on the third day | date=5 July 2013 | accessdate=11 August 2013 | publisher=[[Athletics Federation of India]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805030606/http://www.indianathletics.in/news.php | archive-date=5 August 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A month after the championships, Premkumar won a silver medal at the [[2013 Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Pune]] with the best jump of {{convert|7.92|m|ft}}.<ref name="AFI" /><ref>{{cite news | url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/athletics/210346-sudha-singh-fails-to-win-gold-india-slip-to-6th-in-asian-athletics-championships | title=Sudha Singh fails to win gold, India slip to 6th in Asian Athletics Championships | date=5 July 2013 | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | accessdate=11 August 2013 | location=[[Pune]] | publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

Premkumar failed to qualify for the [[2013 World Championships in Athletics|2013 World Championships]] because his {{convert|8.12|m|ft|adj=on}} jump (more than the [[Qualifying standards in athletics|'B' qualifying standard]] for the championships) at a meet in the [[United States Olympic Training Center]] in [[Chula Vista, California]], was [[Wind assistance|wind assisted]] beyond the 2 metres per second permissible limit, cancelling out the [[List of Indian records in athletics|national record]] and the qualifying effort.<ref name="2013 World Championships">{{cite news | url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/athletics/211114-heartbreak-for-long-jumper-prem-kumar-wind-assisted-812-metres-will-not-count | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130811154932/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/athletics/211114-heartbreak-for-long-jumper-prem-kumar-wind-assisted-812-metres-will-not-count | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 August 2013 | title=Heartbreak for long jumper Prem Kumar, wind-assisted 8.12 metres will not count | date=20 July 2013 | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | accessdate=11 August 2013 | publisher=[[NDTV]] }}</ref><ref name="National Record">{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/premkumar-jumps-8.09-m-breaks-nineyearold-long-jump-mark/1151611/ | title=Premkumar jumps 8.09 m, breaks nine-year-old long jump mark | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=6 August 2013 | accessdate=13 August 2013 | author=Selvaraj, Jonathan | location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> At the 79th Railways Athletic Championships in [[New Delhi]], he represented [[Integral Coach Factory]] team. He won the gold and cleared a distance of {{convert|8.09|m|ft}} in the men's long jump final to erase a nine-year-old national record of {{convert|8.08|m|ft}}, set by [[Amritpal Singh (track and field)|Amritpal Singh]] in 2002 at the 10th Federation Cup Athletics Championships in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/prem-kumar-leaps-to-a-new-mark/article4994010.ece | title=Prem Kumar leaps to a new mark | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=6 August 2013 | accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Singh's Record">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/17/stories/2004031707572000.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040703105255/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/17/stories/2004031707572000.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 July 2004 | title=Amritpal betters Yohannan record | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=16 March 2004 | accessdate=13 August 2013 | author=Mohan, K. P. | location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> Premkumar was declared best athlete of the championships for his record-breaking performance, and was awarded with the [[Josip Broz Tito|Marshal Tito]] Cup.<ref name="RailNews">{{cite news | url=http://www.railnews.co.in/?p=12844 | title=Prem Kumar adjudged Best Athlete in Rlys Championships, subject to dope test clearance | date=9 August 2013 | accessdate=13 August 2013 | location=[[New Delhi]] | publisher=[[Indian Railways|RailNews]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*{{Portal-inline|Athletics}}
*[[Sports in Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{World Athletics||name=Kumaravel Prem Kumar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Premkumar, Kumaravel}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Indian men long jumpers]]
[[Category:Athletes from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]

Beary

2026-01-31T14:47:33Z

Manish: clean up

{{Short description|Indian ethnic group}}
{{About|the ethnic group|their language|Beary language|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Byari|the 2011 film|Byari (film)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{original research|date=July 2016}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bearys
|languages =[[Beary language|Beary]]
| image =
| population = 950,000+<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm Newspaper: The Hindu, Saturday, 13 Oct 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014083001/http://hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm |date=14 October 2007 }}</ref>
| popplace = [[Tulunadu]], [[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikmagalur]] district, [[Kodagu]], [[Hassan district]], [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Persian Gulf States]]
| related = [[Nawayath]], [[Malabar Muslims|Mappilas]], [[Labbay]]
| religions = [[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]
}}
{{Islam}}
{{Islam in India}}
The '''Beary''' (also known as '''Byari''') are a community concentrated along the southwest [[coast of India]], mostly in the [[Mangalore district]] of the [[south India]]n state of [[Karnataka]].

The Beary community of [[Tulunadu]] is among the earliest [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[inhabitants]] of [[India]], with a clear history of more than 950 years.<ref>[[Ahmed Noori]], [[Maikala]], Preface to 1st edition (1960)</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''Beary'' is said{{by whom|date=September 2023}} to be derived from the [[Tulu language|Tulu]] word ''Byara'', which means trade or business. Since the major portion of the community was involved in business activities, particularly trading, the local Tulu-speaking majority called them as Beary or Byari.<ref>Ahmed Noori, Maikala p.17 (1960)</ref>

Another popular theory is that the word ''Beary'' comes from [[Arabic]] word ''Bahar'' (Arabic: بحر). ''Bahar'' means ''ocean'' and ''Bahri'' (Arabic: بحري) means ''sailor or navigator''. It is said{{by whom|date=September 2023}} that the Beary community had trade relations with Arab businessmen travelling to Coastal [[South India]], especially the coastline of [[Tulunadu]] [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]]. Inscriptions have been found in [[Barkur]] that prove Arab trade links with [[Tulunadu]].{{cn|date=September 2023}}

A third theory says that the word ''Beary'' is derived from the root word ''Malabar''. The Islamic [[Da'ee]], [[Malik bin Deenar]], had arrived on the coast of Malabar during the 7th century with a group of Da'ees, or Islamic propagators. A member from his group, Habeeb bin Malik travelled through Tulunadu and preached Islam. He had also built Mosques in [[Kasaragod Town|Kasaragod]], [[Mangalore]] and [[Barkur]].<ref name="Ahmed Noori p.11">Ahmed Noori, Maikala, II edition, p.11 (1997)</ref>

===Other sources===
[[Ahmed Noori]], a journalist and himself a member of the Beary community, claimed that there are several documents available which suggest that at least 90 years prior to the invasion of [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] in [[North India]], [[Hadhrami people|Hadhrami]] and [[Persians|Persian]] Muslim businessmen were thriving in the [[South India]]. This would prove that Islam was prevalent in South India much before [[Muslim conquest of India|Muslim conquerors]] came to North India.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

Noori disputes the claim that the first Muslims came to India along with [[Alauddin Khalji]] between 1296 and 1316 AD and points out that according to historian [[Henry Miers Elliot]], writing in 1867, the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 CE. Noori also notes that [[Hugh George Rawlinson]] (1913) claimed the first [[Hadhrami people|Hadhrami Muslims]] settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century and that Bartholomew also has similar things to say about the early Muslim settlers in India, while J. Sturrock (1894) said that [[Parsis|Parsi]] and Hadhrami businessmen settled in different places of the [[Malabar coast]] during the 7th century. Noori has quoted these and other sources to validate his argument that the Arab and other settlers came to India much before the Arab, Turk and [[Afghans|Afghan]] conquerors came to North India.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

==Language==
{{Main|Beary language}}

The language spoken by Beary community is [[Beary language|Beary]] base (language).<ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tulu-nadus-bashe-byari-language-and-its-struggle-identity-102414 Beary Language's Struggle for Identity]</ref>
While the [[Nawayath]] Muslims of Uttara Kannada speak a dialect of [[Konkani language|Konkani]], and the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] Muslims of Kerala speak [[Malayalam]] ([[Mappila Malayalam]]), [[Beary language]] is made of [[Tulu language|Tulu]] phonology and grammar with [[Malayalam]] idioms. Due to the trading role of the community, the language acquired loan words from other languages of [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and also from Perso-Arabic sources.
This language is traditionally recognized as a dialect of Malayalam because of the similarities with [[Old Malayalam]].
The language uses [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] and [[Kannada script|Kannada]] scripts for writing.<ref name="Upadhyaya, U. Padmanabha 1996">Upadhyaya, U. Padmanabha. Coastal Karnataka: Studies in Folkloristic and Linguistic Traditions of Dakshina Kannada Region of the Western Coast of India. Udupi: Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Samshodhana Kendra, 1996.P- '''ix''' . {{ISBN|81-86668-06-3}} .
First All India Conference of Dravidian Linguistics, Thiruvananthapuram, 1973</ref>

==World Beary Convention==
In April 2006, The World Beary Convention was held in Dubai ''World Beary Sammelana & Chammana 2006''.<ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=20850&n_tit=Dubai%3A+World+Beary+Convention+Held World Beary Sammelana & Chammana 2006 – convention]</ref> A similar event was held in 2010.<ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=75007 Dubai : World Beary Convention Kicks off in Style – 2010]</ref>

==Ornaments==
The beary women have a love of ornaments and use them on occasions such as ''Mangila'', ''Sunnat Mangila'', ''Appate Mangila'', ''Birnd'', ''Moilanji'' and other social gatherings. There were different types of ornaments used by the Beary community in past which is at the verge of vanishing today due to the cultural invasion and urbanisation. These ornaments are made out of mainly gold and silver and used for the ornamentation of head, ears, neck, waist, wrist, fingers and feet. Beary research scholars are of the opinion that Beary ornaments were largely influenced by Jain ornament patterns. The ornament storage box used by Bearys was made out of brass and other metals was also used by Jain community and was called ''Kharjana'' by both Bearys and Jains.<ref>Ichlangod B.M., Tulunada Muslimaru – Byari Samskruti p.76 (1997)</ref>{{qn|date=September 2023}}

==Cuisine==
[[File:Neer Dosa.jpg|thumb|Poo-pole and pinde]]
[[File:Vodu-Pole on Mannudo-Vodu..jpg|thumb|Vodu-Pole on Mannudo-Vodu]]
[[File:Chekkero-Appa Prepared in Thondhur..jpg|thumb|Chekkero-Appa prepared in Thondhur]]

Beary cuisine is highly influenced by the South Indian cuisine. Just like Mangalorean cuisine it uses a lot of [[coconut]], [[curry leaves]], ginger, chilli and spices like pepper and cardamom. Beary cuisine includes a type of [[biryani]] which is very different from types made elsewhere. Rice preparations, both fresh and dry fish, meat and eggs feature in Beary daily menus.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

== Beary literature ==
The Beary Sahitya Academy is an association of [[Beary language|Beary]]-speaking people located mainly in Tulu Nadu, which includes the coastal districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi in Karnataka state and Kasaragod in Kerala state.{{cn|date=September 2023}} In 2022, the foundation-laying ceremony for the construction of a new building for Karnataka Beary Sahitya Academy at Thokkottu was held.
<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/foundation-laid-for-beary-academys-new-building/articleshow/88676468.cms|title=Foundation laid for Beary Academy's new building |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 January 2022 }}</ref>

==Beary organisations==
'''Karnataka Beary Sahithya Academy'''

With the establishment of Karnataka Beary Sahithya Academy, the language got formal recognition and academic status from the government of Karnataka. This led to a boom in Beary literary and cultural activities and a script was developed for the language in 2020.

The main motive of the Academy is to reckon the rich culture and heritage of Bearys and to cultivate and motivate the emerging young talents in the Beary community. By creating awareness of Beary culture, language and literature, the Academy aims to accomplish its goal in overall development of Beary language to build a healthy society.

In 2022, the foundation-laying ceremony for the construction of a new building for Karnataka Beary Sahitya Academy at Thokkottu was held.
<ref name=":0" />

===Bearys Welfare Association===
In 2010, the Bearys Welfare Association, based in [[Bengaluru]], distributed 80 scholarships for the needy.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/82714/80-students-get-scholarships-bearys.html Bearys Welfare Association's Scholarship Drive]</ref>

===Bearys Welfare Forum===
The Bearys Welfare Forum (BWF) of [[Abu Dhabi]] is an association of Beary [[expatriate]]s in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates.<ref>[https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/how-an-abu-dhabi-community-group-helps-people-get-married-1.737860 How an Abu Dhabi community group helps people get married.]</ref> It was established in 2004 with an intention of working for all sections of the society. It has helped the victims of [[Communal riot]]s in [[Mangalore]] by providing medical assistance and other aids.{{cn|date=September 2023}} It The BWF has organised several [[mass marriage]] ceremonies in [[Mangalore]].<ref>Anupama monthly, March 2008, page 28</ref><ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=62550 Bearys Welfare Forum, Abu Dhabi organizes Mass Wedding Ceremony at Mangaluru.]</ref><ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=271078 Bearys Welfare Forum Abu Dhabi organizes 5th mass marriage ceremony.]</ref>

===Bearys Cultural Forum===
Bearys Cultural Forum, in the United Arab Emirates, was constituted to provide education to the people of the coastal parts of the State of Karnataka. BCF's main objective is to promote, educate and create social, cultural and educational awareness amongst the Bearys and the population of the coastal Karnataka State and the UAE. The BCF regularly conducts cultural, sports, talent search, educational activities, Career Guidance Seminars, Iftar Party, etc. every year. BCF also provides educational scholarships to students for pursuing their higher studies in the field of Medicines, Engineering, Pharmacy, Business, Nursing, Journalism, Dentistry, etc.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

In April 2012, 'Chammana 2012' hosted by Bearys Cultural Forum, [[Dubai]], at the Radisson Blue Hotel, Dubai, attracted more than 1,200 people to its programme.<ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=135778 Bearys Cultural Forum Hosts Magnificent 'Chammana 2012']</ref>

In August 2018, BCF distributed scholarship to the downtrodden community.<ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=524623 Dubai Bearys Cultural Forum distributes scholarships to nearly 500 students.]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other sources==
*Bearys of the coast, Article in ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' 12 December 1997 by B.M. Hanif.
*Muslims in Dakshina Kannada: a historical study up to 1947 and survey of recent developments, Author Wahab Doddamane, A. Green Words publication. Mangalore, 1993.

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Iranian diaspora in Asia]]
[[Category:Hadhrami diaspora]]
[[Category:Arab diaspora in India]]

Crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir

2026-01-31T06:47:10Z

Manish: adjust details for consistency

{{Short description|Methods employed by Indian forces to manage riots and protests in Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
[[File:Police in Kashmir confronting violent protestors December 2018.jpg|275px|thumb|Police in Kashmir confronting violent protesters in December 2018]]
[[Crowd control]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is a [[public security]] practice to prevent and manage violent [[riot]]s. It is enforced by police forces through laws preventing [[unlawful assembly]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/section-144-imposed-in-pulwama/306321.html|title=Section 144 imposed in Pulwama|date=16 December 2018|work=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> as well as using [[Riot control#Riot control agent (RCA)|riot control agents]] such as [[tear gas]], [[chili grenade]]s, and [[Pellet (air gun)|pellet]] guns ([[riot shotgun]]s that fire pellet cartridges).<ref name=":5" />

In 2010, India instituted the use of pellet guns to control protestors violently clashing with the police. The use of pellet cartridges was criticized by several NGOs due to the grievous and lethal injuries they cause. The government in 2016 formed a committee to look into alternative riot control agents. The army recommended to the committee that [[non-lethal weapon]]s – including [[pepper-spray projectile|pepper gun]]s, [[Long Range Acoustic Device|long range acoustic device]]s, and [[chili grenade]]s – replace pellet guns.<ref name="ArmyBacks" /> Based on the committee's report, the use of these alternative riot control agents were initiated against violent crowds. However, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] clarified in 2017, that "if these measures prove to be ineffective in dispersing of rioters, use of pellet guns may be resorted to".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=50527&lsno=16|title=Unstarred Question No. 4185|date=28 March 2017|access-date=18 March 2019|publisher=Parliament of India: Lok Sabha}}</ref> In a 2018 report, the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] called on both India and Pakistan to investigate the abuse of rights in the regions administered by them.

As a part of the graded response to violent protests, Indian police forces have used [[plastic bullet]]s before [[pellet gun]]s. The security forces have multiple options for enforcing crowd control such as tear smoke shells, PAVA shells, rubber bullets fired from gas guns, plastic bullets, and pellet guns before finally resorting to opening fire with [[live ammunition]] against [[Stone pelting in Kashmir|stone pelting]] protestors during violent clashes.

==Background==
India and Pakistan have fought three [[Kashmir conflict|wars in Kashmir]] during [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|1947–1948]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and the [[Kargil War]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm|title=Indo-Pakistan War of 1965|website=Global Security|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233204/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm|archive-date=30 December 2018|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html|title=A brief history of the Kashmir conflict|date=24 September 2001|work=The Telegraph|access-date=30 December 2018|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> In 27 years, between 1990 and 2017, [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] claimed a total of 41,000 lives (14,000 civilians, 5,000 security personnel and 22,000 militants) according to government figures made available in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-anatomy-of-kashmir-militancy-in-numbers/story-UncrzPTGhN22Uf1HHe64JJ.html|title=41,000 deaths in 27 years: The anatomy of Kashmir militancy in numbers|last1=Jacob|first1=Jayanth|last2=Naqshbandi|first2=Aurangzeb|date=25 September 2017|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504154945/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-anatomy-of-kashmir-militancy-in-numbers/story-UncrzPTGhN22Uf1HHe64JJ.html|archive-date=4 May 2018|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

In February 2010, the [[Special director general of police|Special Director General]] (SDGP) of [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) N K Tripathi stated that since the militancy related activities have declined in the region, "a new form of gunless terrorism in the shape of stone-pelting has emerged in Kashmir", "It is being funded by Pakistan and its agencies through [[over ground worker]]s (sympathizers of militants) and [[hawala]] channels" with an objective to disturb the [[Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir|peace in Kashmir]] and India. He added that "There are a large number of instances of unprovoked stone-pelting by hostile mobs on CRPF that has left 1500 [[Private (rank)|jawans]] injured and close to 400 vehicles damaged in the last one-and-a-half year" (2009–10).<ref name="GunlessTerror">{{cite news |title=Now 'gunless terror' stalks JK - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/Now--gunless-terror--stalks-JK/575058 |access-date=5 April 2019 |work=archive.indianexpress.com |date=3 February 2010}}</ref>

In June 2018, the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] issued the UN's first-ever report on human rights conditions in Kashmir. Because both Pakistan and India excluded UN investigators from their territories, the report was based on public domain information and research by local and international human rights groups. United Nations human rights officials through the report had asked both India and Pakistan to investigate the abuse of rights in the regions administered by them.<ref name="NYT_UNHR">{{cite news|author=Cumming-Bruce, Nick|date=14 June 2018|access-date=20 March 2019|title=Top U.N. Rights Official Seeks Inquiry on Kashmir Abuses|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/14/world/asia/kashmir-un-human-rights.html|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The report asked for numerous human rights corrections on both sides, and asked Pakistan to stop misusing anti-terror legislation. India rejected the report, which asked for urgent repeal of the 1990 [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]] under which its security forces have immunity.<ref>{{cite news|title=India rejects UN report on rights violations in Kashmir, calls it 'fallacious, motivated'|author=Jacob, Jayanth and Hussain, Ashiq|date=15 June 2018|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-rejects-un-report-on-rights-violations-in-kashmir-calls-it-fallacious-motivated/story-WR0yfxcibx8JtyEW0ledLL.html|access-date=5 March 2019|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Pakistan refutes UN allegations that it supports Kashmiri militants.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/why-the-kashmir-conflict-is-not-just-an-india-pakistan-border-dispute|title=Why the Kashmir conflict is not just an India-Pakistan border dispute|author=Zutshi, Chitralekha|date= 5 March 2019|access-date=8 March 2019|publisher=The Conversation via NewsHour Productions LLC}}</ref>

Indian security forces have been criticized for using excessive force to control protests in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/02/22/indian-troops-martyr-kashmiri-youth-in-sopore/|title=Indian troops martyr Kashmiri youth in Sopore {{!}} Pakistan Today|date=22 February 2019|website=[[Pakistan Today]]|access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/view/avoiding-war-between-india-and-pakistan-over-kashmir|title=Avoiding Catastrophic Conflict in South Asia|date=28 February 2019|website=BloombergQuint|access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=http://kashmirwatch.com/negating-battle-of-hatred/|title=Negating Battle of Hatred|last=Editor|date=23 February 2019|website=KashmirWatch|language=en-US|access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref> The Pakistani military has supported the militant groups [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and have been seen by observers as the "main impediment to a final peace".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/why-the-war-between-india-and-pakistan-for-kashmir-burns-on|title=Why the War for Kashmir Burns On|author=Filkins, Dexter|date=28 February 2019|access-date=19 March 2019|magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref>

According to data accessed by ''[[The Times of India]]'' in 2016, Jammu and Kashmir saw at least a three-year{{Nbsp}}peak in riots, totaling 2897{{Nbsp}}rioting incidents.<ref name=":13" /> According to [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer, K. Durga Prasad, the director-general of the CRPF during 2016, there were 47{{Nbsp}}incidents of grenade attacks and 43{{Nbsp}}petrol or [[acid attack]]s on CRPF personnel in the region, as well as 142{{Nbsp}}incidents of [[Stone pelting in Kashmir|stone pelting]] reported on CRPF camps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pava-shell-as-substitute-for-pellet-gun-not-the-solution-we-need-something-else-director-general-crpf-at-farewell-presser-4546125/|title=PAVA shell as substitute for pellet gun not the solution, we need something else: CRPF DG at farewell presser|date=27 February 2017|website=The Indian Express|others=Express Web Desk|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/jammu-and-kashmir/story/kashmir-valley-stone-pelting-pellet-guns-crpf-962928-2017-02-27|title=Kashmir: Pellet guns with deflectors, CRPF's new jugaad for stone-pelters|last=Kaur|first=Kamaljit|date=27 February 2017|website=India Today|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> Rioting fell to 732{{Nbsp}}incidents in the valley in 2018, with 51{{Nbsp}}protesters being killed during clashes and 37{{Nbsp}}protesters being killed during encounters.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/riots-on-streets-down-rioting-during-encounters-up-in-valley/articleshow/67294824.cms|title=Riots on streets down, rioting during encounters up in Valley - Times of India|last=Singh|first=Aarti Tikoo|date=29 December 2018|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229115511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//india/riots-on-streets-down-rioting-during-encounters-up-in-valley/articleshow/67294824.cms|archive-date=29 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

== Legal provisions ==
Orders banning mass gatherings are legally enacted through Section{{Nbsp}}144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Code of Criminal Procedure, 1989, the state act for Jammu and Kashmir, not the central [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]] for India).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/prohibitory-orders-imposed-in-kashmir-valley/articleshow/63578559.cms|title=Prohibitory orders imposed in Kashmir Valley|last=PTI|date=2 April 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref><ref>Law Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir (2010). ''[http://www.jklaw.nic.in/jammu_kashmir_acts.pdf Alphabetical List of State Acts as on July 2010].'' National Informatic Centre (NIC).</ref> [[Curfew]]s are also enacted by [[District collector (India)|district magistrates]] through Section{{Nbsp}}144.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.greaterkashmir.com/epaperpdf/832013/832013-md-hr-1.pdf|title=Government to Clamp Curfews Today|last=Yusuf|first=Shabir|date=7 March 2013|work=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> In 2016 [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest|Kashmir unrest]] after the [[killing of Burhan Wani]], a curfew was enforced in the Kashmir valley. The curfew lasted for over 60{{Nbsp}}days, the longest in the history of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/kashmir-curfew-completes-60-days-longest-ever-in-history/227790.html|title=Curfew completes 60 days, longest ever in history|last=Yusuf|first=Shabir Ibn|date=6 September 2016|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> In 2016 and 2017, a total of 168{{Nbsp}}curfews and restrictions have been imposed in Jammu and Kashmir with [[Anantnag district]] seeing the most restrictions being imposed, a total of 51{{Nbsp}}times.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/168-curfews-imposed-in-9-districts-of-kashmir-in-2016-2017-mehbooba-mufti/articleshow/62622615.cms|title=168 curfews imposed in 9 districts of Kashmir in 2016, 2017: Mehbooba Mufti|last=PTI|date=23 January 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

== Standard operating procedures ==
The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] set up a task force in September 2010 to recommend [[standard operating procedure]]s to provide guidelines for crowd and riot control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=83915|title=SOP Being Finalised to Deal with Public Agitation|date=15 May 2012|website=Public Information Bureau|publisher=National Informatics Centre, India|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> The [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]] (BPRD) in India laid out these guidelines in their report, "Standard Operating Procedures to deal with public agitations with non-lethal measures".<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/327234413/Standard-operating-procedures-to-deal-with-public-agitations-with-non-lethal-measures|title=Standard operating procedures to deal with public agitations with non-lethal measures|last=Bureau of Police Research and Development|date=2011|via=Scribd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227095239/https://www.scribd.com/document/327234413/Standard-operating-procedures-to-deal-with-public-agitations-with-non-lethal-measures|archive-date=27 December 2018|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/us-based-rights-group-accuse-india-of-excessive-use-of-force-obstructing-access-to-medical-care-in-valley-4415175/|title=US-based rights group accuse India of excessive use of force, obstructing access to medical care in Valley|last=Masood|first=Bashaarat|date=7 December 2016|website=The Indian Express|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> The equipment listed includes [[taser]]s, [[Smoke grenade|dye grenades]], [[stink bomb]]s, [[water cannon]]s, regular [[tear gas]] shells and [[plastic bullet]]s for mob dispersal.<ref name="crowd dispersal Report">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20110627-civil-unrest-in-kashmir-tear-gas-shell-baba-ramdev-eviction-746533-2011-06-17|title=Police should use non-lethal means for crowd dispersal: Report|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=17 June 2011|website=India Today|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> [[Pellet gun]]s were not part of the BPRD's list of "non-lethal" equipment under these standard operating procedures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/kashmir-pellet-guns-bprd|title=RTI Revelation: Pellet Guns Not Standard Procedure For Crowd Control|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=10 August 2016|website=The Wire|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>

In August 2016, the director general of CRPF, IPS officer, [[Rajiv Rai Bhatnagar|R. R. Bhatnagar]], had stated that a multi-step graded mechanism is followed by the CRPF for dealing with crowds. "The first weapon used to disperse the crowds, be it near an encounter site or anywhere else, is the tear smoke munitions. The next in the list are chili bombs, followed by pump action guns. Preventing collateral damage is our priority. We do not want civilians getting injured during counter-insurgency operations."<ref name="HT_teargas2018">{{cite news |title=Chilli bombs to tear gas, CRPF looks at alternatives to pellet guns in Kashmir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-chilli-bombs-to-tear-gas-crpf-looks-at-less-lethal-ways-to-quell-mob-violence-in-kashmir/story-M3wFKd9OzGaDqt7RPXuv6J.html |access-date=28 December 2018 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=25 April 2018 }}</ref>

In 2017, following the [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest|2016–17{{Nbsp}}Kashmir unrest]], the Ministry of Home Affairs set up another expert panel to review usage of pellet guns and suggest replacements.<ref name="Plastic Bullet DH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/plastic-bullet-replace-pellets-711359.html|title=Plastic Bullet to replace the pellets in Kashmir valley|last=Ray|first=Kalyan|date=4 January 2019|website=Deccan Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104231100/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/plastic-bullet-replace-pellets-711359.html|archive-date=2019-01-04|url-status=dead|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> The panel suggested recommendations based on the [[United Nations]] Peacekeeping Pre-deployment Training (PDT) Standards report of 2015. Plastic bullets were deployed following this, adding to the list of non-lethal alternatives for security forces in the region.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-plastic-bullets-pellet-guns-un-peacekeeping-972172-2017-04-18|title=Using plastic bullets in Kashmir drawn from UN peacekeeping standards for crowd control|last=Kaur|first=Kamaljit|date=18 April 2017|website=India Today|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

== Equipment ==
During the Kashmir Unrest from 8 July to 11 August 2016, when more than 1000 violent incidents occurred,<ref name="NDTV8Aug16" /> the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) said they used fourteen types of "less lethal and non-lethal" equipment for controlling crowds, including [[oleoresin]] grenades and electric shells with a total of 8,650 tear-smoke shells and around 2,671{{Nbsp}}plastic pellets being used.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/1.3-million-pellets-used-in-32-days-CRPF-tells-HC/article14577711.ece|title=1.3 million pellets used in 32 days, CRPF tells HC|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=19 August 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 December 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the same year, the CRPF used around 3000 pellet{{Nbsp}}cartridges in 32{{Nbsp}}days during riots.<ref name=":8" /> [[Slingshot]]s were also used, with stones or glass marbles being used as projectiles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/06/kashmir-conflict-anger-indian-police/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103446/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/06/kashmir-conflict-anger-indian-police/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2018|title=Conflict in Kashmir Takes a Grim Toll on Unwitting Victims|last=Abouzeid|first=Rania|date=5 June 2018|website=National Geographic Magazine|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>

In mid-2018, the CRPF placed orders for non-lethal riot control equipment such as 300,000{{Nbsp}}[[rubber bullet]]s and 200,000{{Nbsp}}tear gas shells as well as [[chili grenade]]s and dye-marker grenades.<ref name="NewsX">{{cite news |title=Anti-Sterlite protests: After Kashmir, police fire rubber bullets in Thoothukudi for the first time |url=https://www.newsxind.com/national/anti-sterlite-protests-after-kashmir-police-fires-rubber-bullets-in-thoothukudi-for-the-first-time |access-date=16 March 2019 |work=NewsX IND |date=23 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/focus-on-non-lethal-ammo-ahead-of-valley-summer/cid/1343652|title=Focus on non-lethal ammo ahead of Valley summer|last=Siddiqui|first=Imran Ahmed|date=1 May 2018|website=Telegraph India|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> In December 2018, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] (JKP) invited bids from makers and dealers for procurement of new pepper-ball launching systems and anti-riot [[gas mask]]s. The pepper-ball launching systems fire projectiles from 'forced compliance weapons', similar to [[paintball guns]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/jammu-and-kashmir-police-to-get-new-non-lethal-pepper-ball-launching-systems-riot-control-gas-masks/307693.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir police to get new non-lethal pepper-ball launching systems, riot-control gas masks|last=PTI|date=28 December 2018|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228130249/https://greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/jammu-and-kashmir-police-to-get-new-non-lethal-pepper-ball-launching-systems-riot-control-gas-masks/307693.html|archive-date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/j-k-police-to-get-non-lethal-riot-control-equipment-118122800700_1.html|title=J&K police to get non-lethal riot control equipment|last=IANS|date=28 December 2018|work=Business Standard India|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, over 500 female CRPF personnel have also been deployed to deal with female stone pelters among other things.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/crpf-deploys-500-women-commandoes-in-kashmir-to-deal-with-female-stone-pelters/articleshow/64817096.cms|title=CRPF deploys 500 women commandoes in Kashmir to deal with female stone pelters|last=Chauhan|first=Neeraj|date=1 July 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref>

== Pellet guns ==
[[File:Police Protesters Clash after Eid Prayers in Kashmir 2 Sept 2017 29.jpg|thumb|A policeman holding a pellet shotgun during a clash with violent protesters after Eid Prayers in Kashmir on 2017-09-02|alt=]]
Pellet guns are a form of [[pump-action]] [[riot shotgun]]s that fire metal pellets,<ref name=":0" /> also called [[Shotgun shell#Birdshot|birdshot]]. Pellets are small metal pieces, round or irregular in shape. One pellet cartridge contains around 500{{Nbsp}}pellets.<ref name=":1" /> They are manufactured at the Ordinance Factory in [[Ichapore]].<ref name=":1" />

Pellet guns are used by Indian police forces (CRPF and the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]) as a less-lethal defensive crowd control measure against violent, [[Stone pelting in Kashmir|stone pelting]] mobs in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kashmir-violence-what-are-pellet-guns-and-why-are-they-so-lethal-2913917/|title=What are pellet guns and why are they so lethal?|last=Akhzer|first=Adil|date=22 July 2016|website=The Indian Express|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://amnesty.org.in/six-things-know-pellet-shotguns-kashmir/|title=Six Things You Should Know About Pellet Shotguns In Kashmir|date=1 February 2018|website=Amnesty International India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223025949/https://amnesty.org.in/six-things-know-pellet-shotguns-kashmir/|archive-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="nyt2016"/> These were introduced by the central government following the [[2010 Kashmir unrest|2010{{Nbsp}}Kashmir unrest]] in which over 100{{Nbsp}}protesters were killed in police firing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/What-are-pellet-guns-and-why-are-they-lethal/article14501024.ece|title=What are pellet guns and why are they lethal?|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=21 July 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 December 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Since July–August 2016, more than 1000 violent incidents took place in Jammu and Kashmir in which more than 3,329 security passengers and 5,000 protestors were injured.<ref name="NDTV8Aug16">{{cite news |title=Over 3,000 Security Personnel Injured In Kashmir Violence: State Police |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/over-3-300-security-personnel-injured-in-kashmir-violence-1441434 |access-date=13 April 2019 |work=NDTV.com |date=8 August 2016}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir police used pellet guns for the first time on crowds on 14 August 2010, when a mob of around 3000{{Nbsp}}people tried to overrun a [[Rashtriya Rifles]] base in [[Sopore]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/JampK-police-for-the-first-time-use-non-lethal-weapon-for-crowd-control/article16131974.ece|title=J&K police for the first time use non-lethal weapon for crowd control|last=PTI|date=14 August 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 December 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In July 2016, protests began in Kashmir after senior separatist militant [[Burhan Wani]] was killed by the security forces. Violent mobs numbering thousands of local residents came out in the streets on a daily basis, attacking the security forces with stones. The mobs did not have an obvious leader and consisted mostly of young boys. Lack of a clear leader further complicated the crowd control measures.<ref name="Reuters_replace">{{cite news |title=India to replace some pellet guns with chili-filled shells in Kashmir |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-pellet-chilli-rajnathsingh/india-to-replace-some-pellet-guns-with-chilli-filled-shells-in-kashmir-idINKCN11B10W |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123164738/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-pellet-chilli-rajnathsingh/india-to-replace-some-pellet-guns-with-chilli-filled-shells-in-kashmir-idINKCN11B10W |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=20 January 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 September 2016 }}</ref> ''Reuters'' reported a senior police officer stating that the police were often forced to deploy non-lethal pellet guns at a close range in self defence from attacks by violent mobs.<ref name="ReutersAlternatives22July2016" />

===Casualties===
Since July 2016, thousands of people in Jammu and Kashmir have suffered pellet wounds,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/6221-pellet-gun-injuries-reported-in-unrest-after-burhan-killing-jk-govt/articleshow/62641050.cms|title=6,221 pellet-gun injuries reported in unrest after Burhan killing: J&K govt|last=PTI|date=24 January 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> hundreds sustained eye injuries,<ref name=":2" /> and at least 14{{Nbsp}}people have died due to pellet injuries.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46368231|title=Injured baby refuels India pellet gun row|date=28 November 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://amnesty.org.in/losing-sight-kashmir-impact-pellet-firing-shotguns/|title=Losing Sight in Kashmir: The Impact of Pellet-Firing Shotguns|website=Amnesty International India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225081915/https://amnesty.org.in/losing-sight-kashmir-impact-pellet-firing-shotguns/|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/longform/pellet-gun-victims-kashmir/|title=Pellet Gun Victims in Kashmir on the Devastating Consequences of the 'Non-Lethal' Weapon|last=Perrigo|first=Billy|date=6 September 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> At least 16{{Nbsp}}personnel from [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] have also suffered pellet injuries.<ref name=":3" /> More than 570 patients with mutilated retinas or severed optic nerves entered [[SMHS Hospital]] in [[Srinagar]] after their eyes were hit with pellets. 27 protestors were struck by pellets in both eyes. Dr. Natarajan and his team came to help on the request of the [[Adhik Kadam]] who is a social worker working since 1997 in Jammu and Kashmir runs a local Non Profit organization [[Borderless World Foundation]]<ref name=NYTBarry>{{cite news|title=An Epidemic of 'Dead Eyes' in Kashmir as India Uses Pellet Guns on Protesters|author=Barry, Ellen|date=28 August 2016|access-date=17 March 2019|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/29/world/asia/pellet-guns-used-in-kashmir-protests-cause-dead-eyes-epidemic.html|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

One of the youngest pellet gun victims is a 19-month-old{{Nbsp}}child, Heeba Jan, who suffered injuries in 2018 when she and her mother were caught in the middle of a violent clash while escaping from tear gas near their house.<ref name=":4" /> Local residents had attempted to interrupt an ongoing gunfight between armed militants inside a house and police forces, and when the police tried to stop the residents, a violent clash ensued and tear gas and pellet guns were deployed.<ref name="Heeba_NDTV">{{cite news |title=19-Month-Old, Kashmir's Youngest Pellet Survivor, Needs Several Surgeries |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/19-month-old-kashmirs-youngest-pellet-survivor-needs-several-surgeries-1957244 |access-date=20 January 2019 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=3 December 2018}}</ref> Another young victim, 15-year-old Insha Malik (Insha Ahmed), sustained eye injuries observing protests from her house in [[Shopian]].<ref name="ReutersAlternatives22July2016" />

=== Response ===
Pellet guns have been criticised for the injuries they cause especially when the pellets hit the eyes of protesters causing partial blindness.<ref name="nyt2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/29/world/asia/pellet-guns-used-in-kashmir-protests-cause-dead-eyes-epidemic.html|title=An Epidemic of 'Dead Eyes' in Kashmir as India Uses Pellet Guns on Protesters|last=Barry|first=Ellen|date=28 August 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=25 December 2018|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/paramilitary-scouts-for-non-lethal-alternatives-after-criticism-over-pellet-guns/story-lBEf5XmjrV1f2mhtAipHNM.html|title=Paramilitary readies 'non-lethal' alternatives after criticism over pellet guns|last=Javaid|first=Azaan|date=1 October 2018|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> Hospitals are overwhelmed with treating the victims during the periods of intense protests. According to the president of Doctors Association Kashmir:<ref name=":6"/>
{{blockquote|quote=The pellet guns have been a horrific nightmare. Calling the pellet gun non-lethal is a dangerous fallacy. Even after the surgeries, we cannot remove all the pellets from the bodies. They are like ticking time bombs inside a person.}}
Protests have been held to ban or replace pellet guns with less harmful ammunitions.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pellet-guns-blind-too-many-protesters-so-india-seeks-a-new-nonlethal-weapon/2016/08/30/47d14b3e-6e11-11e6-993f-73c693a89820_story.html|title=Pellet guns blind too many protesters, so India seeks a new nonlethal weapon|last=Lakshmi|first=Rama|date=31 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=[[Fred Ryan]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0190-8286|oclc=2269358|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Reuters_replace" />

According to [[Amnesty International India]], pellet guns are not officially in use anywhere else in India.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/6221-people-suffered-pellet-gun-injuries-in-jammu-and-kashmir-in-the-seven-months-after-burhan-wanis-death-4318831.html|title=6,221 people suffered pellet-gun injuries in Jammu and Kashmir in the seven months after Burhan Wani's death|last=PTI|date=25 January 2018|website=Firstpost|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> In July 2016, Amnesty International asked the government to ban the usage of pellet guns and seek less harmful devices.<ref name="ReutersAlternatives22July2016">{{cite news |title=India to consider alternatives to pellet gun use in Kashmir - Rajnath Singh |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-pellet-guns/india-to-consider-alternatives-to-pellet-gun-use-in-kashmir-rajnath-singh-idINKCN10123S |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630083735/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-pellet-guns/india-to-consider-alternatives-to-pellet-gun-use-in-kashmir-rajnath-singh-idINKCN10123S |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=20 January 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=22 July 2016 }}</ref> The [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] called the pellet guns "one of most dangerous weapons used against protesters".<ref name="GK_2019_UNseeks">{{cite news |title=UN seeks international inquiry into Kashmir rights abuses |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/un-seeks-international-inquiry-into-kashmir-rights-abuses/288089.html |access-date=28 January 2019 |publisher=Greater Kashmir |date=15 June 2018}}</ref> In August 2016, Kashmiri doctors and medical workers wore a white gauze patch over one eye to protest the use of pellet guns and a recent killing in Srinagar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kashmiri doctors and medical workers wear bandages on their eyes as a mark of protest against the use of pellet guns and recent killings in Srinagar, Indian-controlled Kashmir|date=31 August 2016|access-date=19 March 2019|url=http://pakistannewsviews.com/kashmir-paradise-breaks-heart/kashmiri-doctors-and-medical-workers-wear-bandages-on-their-eyes-as-a-mark-of-protest-against-the-use-of-pellet-guns-and-recent-killings-in-srinagar-indian-controlled-kashmir/|publisher=Pakistan News Views}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Responding to a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] in the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] the CRPF stated that the "pellet guns were introduced in 2010 as an accepted weapon of riot control". and added that "In case this (pellet shotgun) is withdrawn, the CRPF would have no recourse in extreme situations but to open fire with rifles, which may cause more fatalities."<ref name=":8" />

A senior security official in Kashmir told ''The Washington Post'':<ref name=":6" />

{{blockquote|quote=There is an orchestrated campaign against pellet guns precisely because it is doing the work of effectively controlling the violent mob protests. When there is a determined militant crowd hurling sharp stones at us and [they] break our helmets, shields and bones, then we need to act. Tear-gas shells are not very effective because protesters use wet cloth to cover their eyes and are back in action in two minutes.}}

In July 2016, [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Home Minister of India]], while responding to questions related to the increase in violent incidents in Kashmir, stated that a panel to study and recommend the alternatives to pellet guns would be established.<ref name="ReutersAlternatives22July2016" />

=== Replacements ===
Various replacements for pellet guns have been suggested, such as [[chili grenade]]s, dye-marker filled grenades, tear [[smoke grenade]]s, [[stun grenade]]s, PAVA ([[Pelargonic acid vanillylamide|Pelargonic Acid Vanillyl Amide]]/ [[Nonivamide]]) shells, long-range [[Long-range acoustic device|acoustic device]]s, and shock batons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/9-alternatives-to-pellet-guns/listshow/53881995.cms|title=9 alternatives to pellet guns|date=27 August 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> It has also been suggested that the pellets could be made from polymer, soft plastic, rubber, or paper.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Pellet-guns-are-here-to-stay-committee-suggests-alternatives/article14620019.ece|title=Pellet guns are here to stay; committee suggests alternatives|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=29 August 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 December 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In July 2016, a seven-member expert committee headed by [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer [[T. V. S. N. Prasad]], a joint secretary in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], looked into the alternatives to pellet guns.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/home-top/story/7-member-committee-on-pellet-guns-to-submit-its-report-in-2-months-331529-2016-07-26|title=Kashmir unrest: 7-member committee on pellet guns to submit its report in 2 months|last=Sandu|first=Kamaljit Kaur|date=26 July 2016|website=India Today|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> To the committee, the Indian Army advocated the mediation of crowd control with [[pepper-spray projectile|pepper gun]]s, acoustic devices, and chili grenades.<ref name="ArmyBacks">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-exclusive-army-backs-pepper-over-pellets-in-kashmir/story-Vvc2Y3zkcuISfxxKk7pWrJ.html|title=Army backs pepper shots, chilli grenades over pellet guns in Kashmir|date=15 August 2016|access-date=18 March 2019|author=Singh, Rahul|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The committee submitted its report to [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] and IAS officer [[Rajiv Mehrishi]] in September 2016.

The first batch of around 1,000{{Nbsp}}chili-filled grenades were dispatched to the Kashmir valley in late 2016.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Chilli-filled-grenades-to-replace-pellet-guns-in-JampK/article14621960.ece|title=Chilli-filled grenades to replace pellet guns in J&K|date=4 September 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 December 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chilli-filled-pava-shells-expert-panel-s-top-choice-to-replace-pellet-guns/story-3K6a0Kq2s1ALF9vGQejfvO.html|title=Chilli-filled 'Pava shells' seen as alternative to pellet guns|last=HT Correspondent|date=25 August 2016|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> Various other replacements have been tried, such as pepper balls, oleoresin capsicum grenades, CONDOR rubber pellets, and FN303{{Nbsp}}guns in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kashmir-pellet-guns-chilli-based-shells-burhan-wani-killing-mehbooba-mufti-3011541/|title=Kashmir unrest: From pellet guns to chilli shells, the full story|date=3 September 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, a [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) workshop in Tekanpur Academy modified pellet guns with deflectors to minimize injuries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/crpfs-new-deflector-fitted-guns-to-become-operational-to-minimise-injuries/articleshow/57375970.cms|title=CRPF's new 'deflector' fitted guns to become operational to minimise injuries|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=13 July 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

==Other crowd control equipment==
Since 2017, as a part of a graded response to violent protests, Indian security forces have used plastic bullets before employing pellet guns. They have multiple options for enforcing crowd control, such as tear smoke shells, PAVA shells, rubber bullets fired from gas guns, plastic bullets and pellet guns, before finally resorting to opening fire.<ref name="PAVA shell" />

=== Tear gas ===
[[File:Police Protesters Clash after Eid Prayers in Kashmir 2 Sept 2017 8.jpg|thumb|A policeman holding a tear gas gun during clashes with protesters after [[Eid prayers]] in Kashmir on 2018-09-02]]
Tear-gas shells are commonly used as crowd and riot control equipment in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sporadic-clashes-stone-pelting-reported-as-kashmir-celebrates-eid/story-NHxX5wKhJCpE6O2WyyKgKL.html|title=Police fire tear gas to control clashes, stone pelting as Kashmir celebrates Eid|last=Hussain|first=Ashiq|date=26 June 2017|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

In June 2010, Tufail Ahmed Mattoo died after a tear gas canister struck him on the head.<ref name="crowd dispersal Report" /> The death of Mattoo by the tear gas canister led to mob violence and resulted in the death of more than 100{{Nbsp}}people. Following the incident, a committee was set up to decide the [[standard operating procedure]]s to be followed for dispersing "unlawful assemblies with minimum force and collateral damage". The committee's report on "the standard operating procedures to deal with public agitations with non-lethal means" stated that the effectiveness of tear gas is limited in open areas and is also determined by the wind conditions. The report also concluded that "[p]eople have learned protective tricks like the use of wet cloth to counter it. Experienced rioters do not take it seriously. The shells are either smothered with a wet gunny bag or thrown back at the police".<ref name="crowd dispersal Report" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/02/12/tear-gas-in-kashmir/|title=Tear gas in Kashmir|last=Stern|first=Jeffrey|date=12 February 2010|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

In August 2016, Irfan Ahmad, 18, was killed in the [[Nowhatta]] after being hit on the left side of his chest by a tear gas shell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kashmir-unrest-teen-boy-dies-after-being-hit-by-tear-gas-shell/story-83XWaiIEABZQrmR1tR8ZsI.html|title=Kashmir unrest: Teen boy dies after being hit by tear gas shell|last=Hussain|first=Ashiq|date=21 August 2016|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> The following month, an elderly man inside his home died of cardiac arrest during tear gas shelling in the [[Kulgam district]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/day-61-kulgam-man-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-amid-teargas-shelling/227907.html|title=DAY 61: Kulgam man dies of cardiac arrest amid teargas shelling|last1=Gul|first1=Khalid|date=8 September 2018|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=28 December 2018|last2=Bashir|first2=Abid}}</ref>

The CRPF have employed several methods to reduce the collateral losses and civilian casualties from crowd control measures. After several rounds of internal testing to identify crowd control weapons that can avoid causing grievous injuries to protestors, the government introduced soft-nosed shells. During its deployment, the plastic of the shell easily melts, releasing a gas that assists in dispersing the crowd. This mechanism renders the soft-nosed shells incapable of inflicting fatal injuries. According to CRPF officers, there also have been advancements in tear smoke munitions which have made it possible to increase the use of these munitions as compared to other weapons used in crowd control. Since the summer of 2018, CRPF have been using chili bombs and soft-nosed tear gas shells.<ref name="HT_teargas2018" />

=== Plastic bullets ===
[[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory]] under the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) developed [[plastic bullet]]s as an alternative to pellet guns for crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir. According to the director of the laboratory, plastic bullets are 500{{Nbsp}}times less lethal than pellets. The plastic bullets can be fired from the same rifles by changing the magazine.<ref name="Plastic Bullet DH" /> They can be fired from [[AK-47]] and [[INSAS rifle]]s commonly used by the security forces in the region.<ref name="PAVA shell">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-sends-1-lakh-plastic-bullets-chilli-filled-pava-shells-to-kashmir-valley/story-FvGHCLM1U8S9A7drB439EP.html|title=Centre sends 1 lakh plastic bullets, chilli-filled PAVA shells to Kashmir Valley|last=Ahuja|first=Rajesh|date=20 June 2017|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> According to CRPF officials, the plastic bullets can be fired only in single-shot mode and not in [[Burst mode (weapons)|burst mode]].<ref name="PAVA shell" /> Additionally, plastic bullets can be used only on one person at a time, in contrast to pellet guns which can cover a larger area and reach multiple persons.<ref name="Plastic Bullet DH" /> 21,000{{Nbsp}}rounds of plastic bullets were sent to Kashmir in 2018 for riot control.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/crpf-sends-21000-less-lethal-plastic-bullets-to-kashmir/articleshow/60988863.cms|title=CRPF sends 21000 "less lethal" plastic bullets to Kashmir|date=14 July 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=4 January 2019|agency=PTI}}</ref> Usage of plastic bullets is based on the list of non lethal weapons that are approved by the [[United Nations peacekeeping]] standards for crowd control.<ref name=":12" />

=== Chili grenades ===
{{Main|Chili grenade}}
Indian military scientists from [[DRDO]] developed chili grenades for use as [[stun grenade]]s against terrorists.<ref name=BBCHail /> In 2009, DRDO stated that the chili grenades would use [[bhut jolokia]], one of the world's hottest chili powders, to control rioters and in counter-insurgency operations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8119591.stm|title=India plans hot chilli grenades|date=25 June 2009|work=BBC|access-date=31 December 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117153050/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8119591.stm|archive-date=17 November 2018}}</ref> [[BBC]] reported bhut Jholokia to be 1,000 times stronger than other variants of chili. The scientists claimed that chili grenades could be adapted into "civilian variants" for crowd control in a way similar to [[pepper spray]].<ref name=BBCHail>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8584988.stm|title=India scientists hail 'multi-purpose' chillis|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|date=24 March 2010|work=BBC|access-date=31 December 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107143213/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8584988.stm|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> The chili grenades use [[Naga Morich|naga chili]] apart from bhut jolokia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-exclusive-army-backs-pepper-over-pellets-in-kashmir/story-Vvc2Y3zkcuISfxxKk7pWrJ.html|title=Army backs pepper shots, chilli grenades over pellet guns in Kashmir|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=15 August 2016|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630052855/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-exclusive-army-backs-pepper-over-pellets-in-kashmir/story-Vvc2Y3zkcuISfxxKk7pWrJ.html|archive-date=30 June 2018|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

In 2016, the [[Border Security Force]] gave a demonstration to the media of chili-filled shells. The shells were a stronger irritant than pepper spray and tear gas.<ref name=WaPo2016>{{cite news|title=Pellet guns blind too many protesters, so India seeks a new nonlethal weapon|author=Lakshmi, Rama|date=31 August 2016|access-date=19 March 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pellet-guns-blind-too-many-protesters-so-india-seeks-a-new-nonlethal-weapon/2016/08/30/47d14b3e-6e11-11e6-993f-73c693a89820_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Rifles and pump-action guns are capable of firing these shells, and the guns can be assembled on police vehicles.<ref name=WaPo2016 /> In 2016, the first batch of 1,000{{Nbsp}}chili-filled grenades was sent to the [[Kashmir Valley]] for use in crowd control.<ref name=":10" />

=== Water cannon ===
[[Water cannon]]s have been used in Jammu and Kashmir to disperse violent stone-pelting crowds.<ref name=TheNational>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/india-forces-use-tear-gas-and-water-cannons-to-stop-kashmir-students-protesting-1.13365|title=India forces use tear gas and water cannons to stop Kashmir students protesting|last=Associated Press|date=24 April 2017|website=The National|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref> These have their own limitations, such as low range, limitations of refilling, and inability of the water cannon-mounted trucks to access small lanes.<ref name=":9" /> An {{convert|8000|L|adj=on}} water tank can be emptied by the water cannon in eight minutes and refilling it may not be possible during a riot.<ref name="crowd dispersal Report" />

Water cannons with dyed purple water were used on a teachers' protest of July 2018 in [[Srinagar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/18/pictures-day-18-july-2018/indian-police-fire-jet-dyed-water-water-cannon-kashmiri-government/|title=Pictures of the Day: 18 July 2018|last=Nazir|first=Yawar|date=18 July 2018|work=The Telegraph|access-date=31 December 2018|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

===Live rounds===
Firing in the air has often been used to disperse crowds.<ref name=TheNational /> [[Ammunition|Live rounds]] have reportedly also been used by security forces against protestors during violent clashes, leading to civilian deaths.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2017/04/unrest-in-kashmir-surges-once-more/524412/|title=Unrest in Kashmir Surges Once More|last=Taylor|first=Alan|date=26 April 2017|website=The Atlantic|language=en|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

On 19 July 2016, the Indian army opened fire on protestors who were defying a [[curfew]] and throwing stones. Three people were killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-unrest-protests-flare-3-killed-as-army-opens-fire-330067-2016-07-19|title=Kashmir unrest: Protests flare, 3 killed as army opens fire|date=19 July 2016|website=India Today|agency=Reuters|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> On 15 December 2018, [[Counterinsurgency|counterinsurgency operations]] were carried out against militants in Sirnoo village in [[Pulwama]], Kashmir.<ref name="NDTV_Sirnoo">{{cite news |title=7 Dead In Firing By Forces In Clashes After Encounter In J&K's Pulwama |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/6-dead-in-firing-by-security-forces-in-clashes-after-pulwama-encounter-1963013 |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=NDTV.com |date=15 December 2018}}</ref> Three militants and a soldier were killed in the gunfight that ensued. Civilian protestors who gathered at the site violently clashed with the Indian forces, in which seven civilians died with bullet wounds and several others were wounded with pellet injuries.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/15/world/asia/india-kashmir-protest.html|title=Seven Civilians Killed as Indian Police Fire on Kashmir Protesters|agency=Reuters|date=15 December 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* Bukhari, Mannan (2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=43ZJCgAAQBAJ&q=pellet+guns+kashmir Kashmir - Scars of Pellet Gun: The Brutal Face of Suppression].'' Partridge Publishing. {{ISBN|9781482850062}}
*[[Bureau of Police Research and Development]], Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (2011). ''[https://www.scribd.com/document/327234413/Standard-operating-procedures-to-deal-with-public-agitations-with-non-lethal-measures Standard Operating Procedures to deal with public agitations with non-lethal measures].'' Accessed via Scribd on 27 December 2018. Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20181227095239/https://www.scribd.com/document/327234413/Standard-operating-procedures-to-deal-with-public-agitations-with-non-lethal-measures link].
*Bureau of Police Research and Development. ''[http://www.bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/201704071029428052382STUDYREPORT27.03.2017-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf Study Report on Development and Testing of Effective Non-lethal Weapons/ Technologies and Tactics for Countering Public Agitation with Minimum Force].''
*Kriti M Shah (April 2017). [https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/ORF_SpecialReport_34_CivilProtests.pdf Dealing with Violent Civil Protests in India]. [[Observer Research Foundation]]

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}

[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Riot control]]

Parvathy Jayaram

2026-01-29T17:53:52Z

Manish:

{{short description|Indian actress and classical dancer (born 1970)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parvathy Jayaram
| image = Parvathi actress.jpg
| caption = Parvathy in 2010
| birth_name = Ashwathy Kurup
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|04|07}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvalla]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| years_active = 1986–1993
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Jayaram]]|1992}}
| children = 2, including [[Kalidas Jayaram]]
| relatives = [[Shobana]] (cousin)
}}

'''Ashwathy Kurup''' (born 7 April 1970<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayaram-has-the-sweetest-birthday-wish-for-wifey-parvathy-check-it-out/articleshow/81945385.cms |title=Jayaram has the sweetest birthday wish for wifey Parvathy; check it out |work=The Times of India |date=7 April 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref>), better known by her [[stage name]] '''Parvathy''', is an Indian former actress, costume designer and [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]], who has appeared in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]]s.<ref name=PJ3>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-148779 |title=സിനിമ എത്രയോ ദൂരെ ജീവിതം തൊട്ടടുത്തും |author=മധു.കെ.മേനോന്‍ |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=11 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303192910/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-148779 |archive-date=3 March 2011 |language=ml}}</ref>

Parvathy was a popular actress in Malayalam cinema during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Her first film was directed by [[Lenin Rajendran]], but was shelved and never released. She was introduced to the industry by actor-director [[Balachandra Menon]] through ''[[Vivahithare Ithile]]'' in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.topmovierankings.com/blogs/five-famous-actresses-introduced-by-balachandra-menon |title=Five famous actresses introduced by Balachandra Menon |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007083246/https://topmovierankings.com/blogs/five-famous-actresses-introduced-by-balachandra-menon |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her notable works include ''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]'' (1987), ''[[Thoovanathumbikal]]'' (1987), ''[[Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu]]'' (1988), ''[[Aparan (film)|Aparan]]'' (1988), ''[[Vadakkunokkiyantram]]'' (1989), ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' (1988), ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'' (1989), ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]] (1989)'', ''[[Artham]]'' (1989), ''[[Utharam]]'' (1989), ''[[Jagratha]]'' (1989), ''[[Dr. Pasupathy]]'' (1990), ''[[Akkare Akkare Akkare]]'' (1990) ''[[Souhrudam]]'' (1991) and ''[[Kamaladalam]]'' (1992).

Parvathy married film actor [[Jayaram]] who was her co-star in many films on 7 September 1992 at Town Hall, [[Ernakulam]]. After marriage, Parvathy effectively quit acting in films by her own will.<ref name=PJ1>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/how-male-superstars-have-an-uninterrupted-run-wonders-parvathy-jayaram_126602.html |title=How male superstars have an uninterrupted run, wonders Parvathy Jayaram |date=20 January 2013 |website=india.com |access-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924151817/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/how-male-superstars-have-an-uninterrupted-run-wonders-parvathy-jayaram_126602.html |archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/parvathy-nazriya-five-malayalam-heroines-who-should-make-comeback-62848 |work=The News Minute |accessdate=25 May 2021 |date=30 May 2017 |title=From Parvathy to Nazriya, five Malayalam heroines who should make a comeback}}</ref> She now lives with her family in [[Chennai]]. The couple have two children, [[Kalidas Jayaram]] and Malavika Jayaram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Malavika and Navaneeth's star-studded wedding reception |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jayarams-daughter-malavika-jayarams-wedding-reception-1.9529691 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Ashwathy Kurup was born as second among three children to Ramachandra Kurup and Padma Bai in [[Thiruvalla]], in an affluent [[Nair]] sub-caste of landlords.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2014 |title=I contemplated going in for a name change during the shoot of Uttama Villain: Parvathy Nair |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-contemplated-going-in-for-a-name-change-during-the-shoot-of-uttama-villain-parvathy-nair/articleshow/36353899.cms |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her father is from [[Champakulam]], [[Alappuzha]] and her mother from [[Kaviyoor]], [[Thiruvalla]].{{citation needed|date= December 2022}} She has an elder sister Jyothi and a younger sister Deepthi (deceased).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/former-actress-parvathy-jayaram-remembers-her-younger-sister-deepthi-on-her-25th-death-anniversary/articleshow/83035610.cms |title=സിനിമയിൽ സജീവമാകും മുമ്പ് ദീപ്തി പോയി; സഹോദരിയുടെ ഓ‍ർമ്മകളുമായി പാർ‍വതി |website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref> [[Shobana|Shobhana Chandrakumar Pillai]] is her cousin. She had her primary education at Devaswom Board Higher Secondary School, Thiruvalla. Her mother was a maths teacher at the same school she studied at.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katha Ithuvare with Parvathy |date=29 May 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FkFg-9s1LM |publisher=Mazhavil Manorama |access-date=9 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324214416/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FkFg-9s1LM |archive-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> She pursued a Pre-degree from [[NSS Hindu College, Changanassery]]. This was where she was discovered by director [[Lenin Rajendran]], who cast her as the lead in a film that was shelved and was never released. She then acted in her first movie ''[[Vivahitare Itihile]]'' (1986), directed by [[Balachandra Menon]] at the age of 16.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

Parvathy met her future husband [[Jayaram]] on the set of ''[[Aparan (film)|Aparan]]'', at [[Udaya Studio]] in [[Alappuzha]], in 1988. After her marriage on 7 September 1992, Parvathy stopped acting and later said that she has no regrets. "One spouse has to sacrifice their career, otherwise, it will be difficult to bring up the children properly. If there is a good salary earned by the husband, why should the wife work?"<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article337986.ece?service=print |title=He is an instant story-maker: Parvathy |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202701/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article337986.ece?service=print |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=PJ2>{{cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/parvathy-jayaram-love-story-malayalam-celebrity-couple-actors-kalidas-jayaram-movies-films-1.3985840 |title=പ്രിയപ്പെട്ട പാര്‍വതി; ഞാന്‍ കലാഭവനിലെ മിമിക്രി ആര്‍ട്ടിസ്റ്റാണ്, പേര് ജയറാം |publisher=Mathrubhumi.com |date=25 July 2019 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

The couple have two children, Kalidas Jayaram (born 1993) and Malavika (born 1996).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Kalidasan-starts-shooting-on-Jayarams-birthday/articleshow/45490829.cms |title=Kalidasan starts shooting on Jayaram's birthday |website=The Times of India |date=12 December 2014 |access-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207071210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Kalidasan-starts-shooting-on-Jayarams-birthday/articleshow/45490829.cms |archive-date=7 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malavika-jayaram-daughter-of-actors-jayaram-and-parvathy-enters-the-fashion-world/article29921179.ece |title=Malavika Jayaram, daughter of actors Jayaram and Parvathy, enters the fashion world |work=The Hindu |date=8 November 2019 |access-date=2 March 2020 |last1=Kumar |first1=Pk Ajith}}</ref> [[Kalidas Jayaram]] won the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] for his work in the film ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'' (2003), in which he acted in along with his father, Jayaram.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> Currently, she resides in [[Valasaravakkam]], Tamil Nadu with her family.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

== Filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Vivahitare Itihile]]'' || Manju || [[Balachandra Menon]] || Voiced by [[Bhagyalakshmi]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Amrutham Gamaya]]'' || Sreedevi ||[[T.Hariharan|T. Hariharan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1987 ||''[[Ezhuthappurangal]]'' || Seetha ||[[Sibi Malayil]] ||
|-
|''[[Jaalakam]]'' ||Latha ||Harikumar ||
|-
|''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]'' || Unnimaya ||[[Bharathan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Thoovanathumbikal]]'' || Radha ||[[P. Padmarajan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Thaniyavarthanam]]'' ||Sreedharan's lover ||[[Sibi Malayil]] || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Oru Maymasa Pulariyil]]''||||V. R. Gopinath ||
|-
| ''Mizhiyithalil Kanneerumayi''|| -||Prakash Kolleri ||
|-
| rowspan="15" | 1988 || ''[[Abkari]]'' ||Sharadha||[[I. V. Sasi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aranyakam]]'' || Shailaja ||[[T.Hariharan]] ||
|-
|''[[Dinarathrangal]]'' || Treesa ||[[Joshi (director)|Joshi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vaishali (film)|Vaishali]]''|| Shantha || [[Bharathan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Witness (1988 film)|Witness]]''|| Indu R Nair ||[[Viji Thampi]] ||
|-
| ''[[1921 (Malayalam film)|1921]]'' ||Aasiya ||[[I. V. Sasi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aparan (film)|Aparan]]'' || Sindhu||[[P. Padmarajan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu]]'' ||Hajiyar's third wife ||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]] || Cameo
|-
| ''Ashokante Aswathikuttikku'' || Aswathi ||Vijayan Karott ||
|-
| ''Mrithunjayam'' ||Sabeena ||Paul Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Kudumbapuranam]]''|| Rama ||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]] ||
|-
| ''[[Sangham (1988 film)|Sangham]]'' ||Aswathy ||[[Joshi (director)|Joshi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ulsavapittennu]]'' ||Karthika ||[[Bharath Gopi]] ||
|-
| ''Oozham''||Seetha || [[Hari Kumar (director)|Harikumar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Poovukkul Boogambam]]'' || Shanthi ||[[Thiagarajan]] ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie
|-
| rowspan="19" | 1989|| ''[[Douthyam]]''|| Biji ||Anil ||
|-
| ''[[Adharvam]]''||Usha ||[[Dennis Joseph]] ||
|-
| ''[[Artham]]'' || Geetha ||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]] ||
|-
| ''[[Jagratha]]'' || Aswathy ||[[K. Madhu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Carnival (1989 film)|Carnival]]'' ||Gouri ||[[P. G. Vishwambharan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Njangalude Kochu Doctor]]'' ||Ayisha ||[[Balachandra Menon]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]''|| Devi ||[[Sibi Malayil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Mudra (1989 film)|Mudra]]'' || Sarala ||[[Sibi Malayil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]''|| Kunjulekshmi ||[[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]] ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Karukkal]]''|| Sridevi ||[[Thampi Kannanthanam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Swagatham (1989 film)|Swagatham]]'' ||Veni ||[[Venu Nagavalli]] ||
|-
| ''[[Utharam]]''|| Shyamala Menon || [[V. K. Pavithran]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vadakku Nooki Yanthram]]''|| Shobha ||[[Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vachanam]]'' || ||[[Lenin Rajendran]] ||
|-
|''[[Devadas (1989 film)|Devadas]]'' || Parvathi||Cross Belt Mani ||
|-
|''Anagha'' || Nalini / Mini || PRS Babu || Double role
|-
| ''[[Varnam (1989 film)|Varnam]]'' || Revathy ||Ashokan ||
|-
| ''[[Pradeshika Varthakal]]''|| Mallika ||[[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]] ||
|-
| ''[[Adhipan]]''||Radhika ||[[K. Madhu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1990 || ''[[Akkare Akkare Akkare]]''|| Sethulakshmi ||[[Priyadarshan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Dr. Pasupathy]]''|| Ammukkutty ||[[Shaji Kailas]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kuruppinte Kanakku Pustakom]]'' || Beena ||[[Balachandra Menon]] ||
|-
| ''[[Maalayogam]]'' ||Rema ||[[Sibi Malayil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Orukkam]]''|| Kausalya ||[[K. Madhu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Pavakkoothu]]''|| Sumithra||K. Sreekuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Purappadu (1990 film)|Purappadu]]'' ||Mallika || Jeasey ||
|-
| ''[[Radha Madhavam]]''||Ammu || Suresh Unnithan ||
|-
| ''[[Saandhram]]'' || Indulekha ||Ashokan -Thaha ||
|-
| ''[[Subhayathra]]''|| Arundhati ||[[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]] ||
|-
| ''[[Thalayanamanthram]]''|| Shailaja ||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vyooham (1990 film)|Vyooham]]''|| Tessy ||[[Sangeeth Sivan]] ||
|-
| ''Noottonnu Raavukal'' ||Malati ||Sasi Mohan ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1991 || ''[[Amina Tailors]]'' || Amina ||Sajan ||
|-
| ''[[Souhrudam]]'' || Sridevi ||[[Shaji Kailas]] ||
|-
| ''[[Abhayam (1991 film)|Abhayam]]'' ||Lakshmi ||Sivan ||
|-
| ''[[Apoorvam Chilar]]'' ||Annie || Kala Adoor ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1992 || ''[[Kunukkitta Kozhi]]''|| Indu ||[[Viji Thampi]]||
|-
|''[[Soorya Gayathri]]'' || Sreelakshmi ||Anil ||
|-
| ''[[Kamaladalam]]''|| Sumangala ||[[Sibi Malayil]] ||
|-
| ''Gowri'' || ||Sivaprasad ||
|-
| ''[[Kizhakkan Pathrose]]''||Molly|| T. S. Suresh Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Valayam (film)|Valayam]]'' || Seetha||[[Sibi Malayil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kavacham (1992 film)|Kavacham]]'' || Customs officer||[[K. Madhu]] ||
|-
| ''Dhanurvedham'' || ||Alleppy Ranganath ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1993 || ''[[Ghoshayaathra]]'' ||Nazeema ||G. S. Vijayan ||
|-
| ''Oru Neenda Yathra'' || Parvathi ||Murali Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Chenkol]]'' || Devi ||Sibi Malayil ||Archive footage from Kireedam
|}

==As costume designer==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2023}}
For Jayaram and Actresses of the respective movies;
* 2005 {{endash}} ''[[Finger Print]]''
* 2005 {{endash}} ''[[Sarkar Dada]]''
* 2006 {{endash}} ''[[Madhuchandralekha]]''
* 2009 {{endash}} ''[[My Big Father]]''

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Show
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1990s || ''Kumilakal'' || Actress|| [[DD Malayalam]] || TV Serial
|-
| 1990s || ''Mohangal'' || Actress || DD Malayalam || TV Serial
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran]]'' || Contestant|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Reality show
|-
| 2023 || ''Ente amma superaa'' || Guest || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]] || Reality show
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0664104}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parvathi}}
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]

Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)

2026-01-27T20:21:40Z

Manish: expand article per sources and corrected details

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Sanjay Singh (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|03|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| education = Diploma in Mining Engineering
| profession = {{hlist|Politician|activist}}
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP)
| otherparty = [[Samajwadi Party]] (until 2007)
| spouse = Anita Singh
| children = 2
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 28 January 2018
| predecessor = [[Karan Singh]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi|Delhi]]
| website = {{URL|sanjaysingh.org.in}}

}}

'''Sanjay Singh''' (born 22 March 1972) is an Indian politician, activist, national spokesman for [[Aam Aadmi Party]], a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Delhi]].

He was active with [[Arvind Kejriwal]] in his campaigns from the [[Right To Information]] campaign in 2006 to the [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|IAC movement]] led by social activist [[Anna Hazare]].

==Career ==

=== Activism ===
He formed the Azad Samaj Seva Samiti in [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lucknow]] in 1994. He claims to have worked towards providing employment opportunities to the poor.

He has been a fellow companion of socialist leader Raghu Thakur of the Democratic Socialist Party and participated in various welfare and socialist conferences and movements along with him. Singh also proffered his services for disaster relief operations in [[Gujarat]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Nepal]].

=== Aam Aadmi Party ===
Singh is a founder member of Aam Aadmi Party. During Delhi 2020 elections he was made the campaign in-charge along with Pankaj Gupta who was made the campaign director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-26 |title=AAP appoints Sanjay Singh in-charge for Delhi assembly polls, Pankaj Gupta is campaign director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aap-appoints-sanjay-singh-in-charge-for-delhi-asembly-polls-pankaj-gupta-takes-charge-of-campaign-director-6030641/ |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Career as MP ===
In January 2018, Singh was elected as a Member of Parliament in [[Rajya Sabha]] from Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajya Sabha: AAP makes an entry into Rajya Sabha with three MPS | India News - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 January 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aap-makes-an-entry-into-rajya-sabha-with-three-mps/articleshow/62416813.cms}}</ref>

His career as an MP has been marked with several controversies often due to his penchant for creating a nuisance or due to his convictions and court cases. On the passing of [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|the 2020 Indian agriculture acts]] in the Rajya Sabha, Sanjay Singh along with seven other members were suspended from the [[Rajya Sabha]] for their unruly behavior in the house for tearing documents, breaking mics and heckling the [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=Derek O'Brien, 7 other Opposition MPS suspended over Rajya Sabha ruckus on farm bills |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/derek-obrien-7-other-opposition-mps-suspended-over-rajya-sabha-ruckus-on-farm-bills-2311133.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Motion seeking suspension of MPS, who intimidated deputy chair Harivansh, likely in Rajya Sabha tomorrow |url=http://businessworld.in/article/Motion-seeking-suspension-of-MPs-who-intimidated-deputy-chair-Harivansh-likely-in-Rajya-Sabha-tomorrow/20-09-2020-322734}}</ref> Three years later, in 2023, he was again suspended from Rajya Sabha for entire monsoon session by Vice President [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] due to 'repeatedly violating the directions of the chair'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-24 |title=AAP MP Sanjay Singh suspended from Rajya Sabha for entire monsoon session |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/aap-mp-sanjay-singh-suspended-from-rajya-sabha-for-entire-monsoon-session-11690184486329.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

Singh raised concerns related to child deaths, child trafficking, stringent punishments for sexual abuse of children amongst others in parliament. He was felicitated with the PGC Award by [[UNICEF|UNICEF India]] in 2020 for his efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/9-mps-receive-awards-for-their-role-in-parliament-in-advancing-child-rights-unicef/1951706| title=9 MPs receive awards for their role in Parliament in advancing child rights: UNICEF}}</ref>

Singh was elected again as a Member of Parliament in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=Jailed AAP leader Sanjay Singh takes oath as Rajya Sabha MP for 2nd term |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jailed-aap-leader-sanjay-singh-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-mp-for-2nd-term-9223159/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Cases ===

In 2016, he accused [[Bikram Singh Majithia]], the then Revenue Minister for Punjab, for being a "drug dealer".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=Defamation case: AAP MP Sanjay Singh says he stands by statement against Majithia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/defamation-case-aap-mp-sanjay-singh-says-he-stands-by-statement-against-majithia-8242684/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In turn, Majithia filed a defamation suit against him, Arvind Kejriwal and [[Ashish Khetan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Majithia files defamation suit against Kejriwal, two others |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/bikran-singh-majithia-files-defamation-suit-against-arvind-kejriwal-aap-drug-abuse-punjab-sanjay-singh/story-Ph2a2pptL51xJZ6nNl1diJ.html}}</ref> Later, AAP president [[Arvind Kejriwal]] apologised to Majithia for his party's slander against him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Kejriwal Apologises to Bikram Majithia as Defamation Cases Take a Toll on AAP, Arun Jaitley Next? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/arvind-kejriwal-apologises-to-punjab-leader-bikram-majithia-for-defaming-him-with-unfounded-allegations-1690323.html}}</ref> As of 2022, Singh admitted in the court that he stands by his statement.<ref name=":0" />

In 2019, he received a notice from Ahmedabad Court for his allegations during the [[Rafale deal controversy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-17 |title=AAP leader Sanjay Singh receives court notice in a defamation case over his allegations in Rafale deal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sanjay-singh-aap-rafale-deal-5406205/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, Singh was slapped by a woman worker of the AAP as the party did not allow her to raise a voice against corruption during ticket distribution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP's Sanjay Singh Slapped By Woman Party Worker During Roadshow |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/aap-leader-sanjay-singh-slapped-by-woman-who-alleges-corruption-in-party-1676501 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In January 2023, a special court in [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]] of Uttar Pradesh convicted him and sentenced 3 months of jail term in a 2001 case. He is currently out on bail.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP MP Sanjay Singh Gets 3 Months In Jail Over 2001 Protest In UP Town |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aap-mp-sanjay-singh-gets-3-months-in-jail-over-2001-protest-in-up-town-3684044 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==== Delhi Liquor Scam ====
{{Main article|Delhi liquor scam}}
He is also an accomplice in the Delhi Liquor scam alongside [[Manish Sisodia]] and Arvind Kejriwal. He has been named in the chargesheet filed by ED in the court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=AAP's Sisodia and Sanjay Singh, KCR daughter named in ED chargesheet in liquor policy case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aaps-sisodia-and-sanjay-singh-kcr-daughter-named-in-ed-chargesheet-in-liquor-policy-case-8335588/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In October 2023, he was arrested by the ED for the scam, was lodged in [[Tihar Jail]] and was given a bail in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=AAP MP Sanjay Singh walks out of jail, says time to give a reply to BJP |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/aap-mp-sanjay-singh-walks-out-of-tihar-jail-after-nearly-6-months-607035/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
==Election History==
===Rajya Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Position
! colspan="2" |Party
! Constituency
! From
! To
! Tenure
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1st Term)
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2"|[[National Capital Territory of Delhi|N.C.T. Delhi]]
| 28 January 2018
| 27 January 2024
| '''{{ayd|2018|1|28|2024|1|27}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2nd Term)
| 28 January 2024
| 27 January 2030
| '''{{ayd|2024|1|28}}'''
|}

==See also==
* [[Jan Lokpal Bill|Jan Lokpal Bill 2011]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.ceodelhi.nic.in/PDFFolder/Affidavit/2.1-FSanjay%20Singh%2070305909074103P.pdf Election affidavit for Rajya Sabha]
{{s-start}}
{{S-par|in-rs}}
{{Rajya Sabha succession box
| state= Delhi
| before= ?
| after=
| years= 28 January 2018 – }}
{{S-ppo-aap}}
{{s-new | party}}
{{s-ttl | title = Member of Political Affairs Committee of [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] | years = 2012 – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-new | party}}
{{s-ttl | title = Member of National Executive Committee of [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] | years = ? – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party|Sanjay Singh=Sanjay Singh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Aam Aadmi Party]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]

Ibrahim Balyawi

2026-01-19T23:37:09Z

Manish: started new article - done

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1887–1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Muhammad Ibrahim Balyawi
| image = Ibrahim Balyawi.jpg
| birth_date = 1887
| birth_place = Qazipura, [[Ballia district]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1967|12|27|1887}}
| death_place = [[Deoband]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| resting_place = [[Qasmi cemetery]], Deoband
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| awards =
| teacher =[[Saeed Ahmad Sandwipi]]
| students = [[Sharif Hasan Deobandi]], [[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]]
| office1 = 6th Principal, [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1967
| predecessor1 = [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]
| successor2 = [[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]]
| religion = Islam
| honorific_prefix = [[Allamah]], Maulana
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
|disciple_of = [[Wasiullah Fatehpuri]]
}}
'''Muhammad Ibrahim Balyawi''' (1887–1967), also spelt as '''Muhammad Ibrahim Balliavi''', was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Sunni Muslim scholar who served as the 6th Principal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He spent almost 50 years instructing [[Hadith]], [[Logic in Islamic philosophy|Mantiq]], [[Islamic philosophy]], and other subjects at Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khalid Hossain |first=Abul Fayez Muhammad |title=[[Islami Bishwakosh]] |publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] |year=2005 |isbn=984-06-0955-6 |volume=4 |location=Dhaka |pages=708–709 |language=bn |chapter=Ibrahim Balyawi |author-link=A F M Khalid Hossain |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbissokos/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%20%E0%A7%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%20%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1/page/n715}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |publisher=[[Faculty of Theology, Aligarh Muslim University|Faculty of Sunni Theology, Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live |pages=139–142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Mazharul Islam Osman |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/26343/bikhyato100-olama-mashayekher-chhatro-jibon |title=Student Life Of 100 Famous Scholars |publisher=Baad Comprint and Publications |year=2015 |location=Bangladesh |pages=94–96 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Muhammad Ibrahim Balyawi was born in 1304 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]] (1887 [[Anno Domini|AD]]) at Qazipura, [[Ballia district|Ballia]]. His family came to [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] from the [[Jhang district]] of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]], then settled in Ballia. His father, Abdur Rahim, was an alumnus of Darul Uloom Jaunpur.{{sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=72}}{{sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=587}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Adrawi|first=Asir|author-link=Asir Adrawi|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|url=https://archive.org/details/Tazkira-Mashaheer-i-Hind-Karwan-i-Rafta/page/n7/mode/1up?view=theater|page=7|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |edition=First |date=1994|language=ur}}</ref>

He received his elementary education in Persian and Arabic from Jamiluddin Naginavi in Jaunpur, read books on [[Logic in Islamic philosophy|logic]] from Farooq Ahmad Chirayakoti and Hidayatullah Khan Rampuri, and studied theology from [[Abd-al-Ghaffar Mauvi|Abdul Ghaffar Mauwi]].{{sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=72}}{{sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=587}}

He enrolled at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1325 AH (1907 AD) and graduated from there in 1327 AH (1909 AD). At the Deoband seminary, his teachers included [[Mahmood Hasan Deobandi]] and [[Azizur Rahman Usmani]].{{sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=72}}

== Career ==
After graduation, Balyawi was first appointed as a teacher at Madrasa Alia Fatehpuri, Delhi. Then he spent some time as a teacher at Umri Kalan, Moradabad.{{sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=72}}{{sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=587}} In 1331 AH, he was appointed as a teacher at Darul Uloom Deoband and remained there until 1339 AH.{{sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=72}}

Between 1340 AH and 1343 AH, he held the position of principal in [[Darul Uloom Mau]] and Madrasa Imdadia Darbhanga. He returned to Darul Uloom Deoband in 1343 AH as a teacher and resigned from there in 1362 AH. After that, he served as principal at [[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin]], Madrasa Alia Fathpuri, Delhi, and [[Darul Uloom Hathazari|Hathazari Madrasa]], respectively.{{sfn|Rizwi|1981|pp=72–73}}<ref name="Miftahi">{{cite book |last=Miftahi|first=Zafeeruddin|author-link=Zafeeruddin Miftahi|title=Mashaheer-e-Ulama-e-Darul Uloom Deoband|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/mashaheer-e-ulama-e-darul-uloom-deoband-mohammad-zafeeruddin-ebooks|publisher=Daftar Ijalas-e-Sad Sala|location= [[Deoband]]|edition=first|year=1980|pages=70–71|language=ur}}</ref>

In 1366 AH, he was appointed as a teacher at Darul Uloom for the third time at [[Qari Muhammad Tayyib]]'s recommendation and with the approval of the Majlis-e-Shura (the advisory committee of Darul Uloom).<ref name="Miftahi"></ref> In 1377 AH (1957 AD), after the demise of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], he was promoted to principal and held this position until his death, i.e., in 1387 AH (1967 AD).{{sfn|Qasmi|2020|pp=588, 751}}

He took the oath of [[Bay'ah]] at the hand of his student, [[Wasiullah Fatehpuri]] in Sufism, and became his authorised disciple.{{sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=587}}

== Literary works ==
Balyawi's books include:{{sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=74}}{{sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=589}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sajjad Husain Qasmi |first=Maulana |date=2018 |title=Services of Ulama-e Deoband in the realm of Hadith science |url=https://dud.edu.in/images/pdf/Microsoft_Word_-_5_Mufti_Sajjad_Sb_Reseach_31-36_P._6__Edited_Final__1_.pdf |journal=Voice of Darul Uloom |series=3 |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Waqf]] |publication-place=India |page=30 |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309112137/https://dud.edu.in/images/pdf/Microsoft_Word_-_5_Mufti_Sajjad_Sb_Reseach_31-36_P._6__Edited_Final__1_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Hadiyyat al-Ahwadhi'' (a commentary on [[Jami' al-Tirmidhi]]) - unfinished
* ''Risala-e-Musafaha'' (a booklet on shaking hands in Islam)
* ''Risala-e-Tarāweeh'' (a booklet on [[Tarawih]])
* ''Anwar-ul-Hikmah'' (a booklet in Islamic philosophy)
* ''Ziya-un-Nujoom'' (a footnote on ''Sullam-ul-Uloom'')

== Death ==
Balyawi died on Wednesday, 24 [[Ramadan]] 1387 AH (27 December 1967) in [[Deoband]] and was buried in [[Qasmi cemetery]].<ref name="Bukhari">{{cite book |last=Bukhari|first=Akbar Shah|title= Akabir Ulama-e-Deoband|url=https://archive.org/details/AkabirUlamaEDeobandByHafizMuhammadAkbarShahBukhari/page/n94/mode/1up?view=theater|publisher=Idara-e-Islamiat|location= [[Lahore]]|edition=|year=1999|pages=187–189|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Banuri">{{cite book |last=Banuri|first=Muhammad Yusuf|author-link=Yusuf Banuri|title= Yad-e-Raftagāñ|url=https://archive.org/details/20210127_20210127_1742/page/n50/mode/1up?view=theater|publisher=Maktaba Bayyinat, [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]]|location= [[Allama Banuri Town|Banuri town, Karachi]]|edition=|year=2020|pages=50–51|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Hilal">{{cite journal|editor-last1=Azmi |editor-first1=Habibur Rahman Qasmi|editor1-link=Habibur Rahman Azami (scholar, born 1941)|title=Shaikh al-Mantiq wa al-Falsafah Hazrat Allamah Muhammad Ibrahim Balyawi, by Fuzailurrahman Hilal Usmani|url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/articles/tmp/1391926936%2006-Shaikhul%20Mantiq%20wal_MDU_02_February_10.htm|journal=[[Monthly Darul Uloom]]|publisher=Darul Uloom Deoband|location=[[Deoband]]|date=February 2010|volume=94|issue=2|pages=42–47|language=ur}}</ref><ref name=":Burhan">{{Cite magazine |date=January 1968 |editor-last=Akbarabadi |editor-first=Saeed Ahmad |editor-link=Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi |title=Nazarāt |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/burhan-shumara-number-001-saeed-ahmad-akbarabadi-magazines-51 |journal=Monthly Burhan |language=ur |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Nadwatul Musannifeen]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=2–4 |access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref>

[[File:The_Inscription_on_the_grave_of_Allāma_Muḥammad_Ibrahim_Balyawi.jpg|thumb|Inscription on Muhammad Ibrahim Balyawi's grave in the [[Mazar-e-Qasmi|Qasmi Cemetery]] in Deoband]]

==See also==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |author1-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |translator= Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi |volume= 2 |title=History of Dar al Ulum Deoband |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/2VolumeBookOnTheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband/HistoryOfTheDarulUloomDeoband-VolumeTwo1981/page/n84/mode/1up |date=1981 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |location=Darul Uloom Deoband |edition=1st|pages=72–74|chapter=Allamah Muhammad Ibrahim Balliavi|language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=3rd|date= October 2020 |location=India |language=ur|oclc=1345466013}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Bigyanvi|first=Mohammad Imran Qasmi|title=Tazkira-e-Allamah Muhammad Ibrahim Sahab Balyawi|url=https://archive.org/details/tazkira-allama-muhammad-ibrahim-balyawi|date=March 2003|publisher=Farid Book Depot (Pvt.) Limited|location=[[Daryaganj]], Delhi|language=ur}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Balyawi, Muhammad Ibrahim}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Principals of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]
[[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar

2026-01-13T17:46:43Z

Manish: put up a entry w/ infobox...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox church
| name = New Jerusalem Church
| fullname = Tranquebar Lutheran Church
| image = New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar 1.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| imagealt =
| landscape =
| caption =
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position = t
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| coordinates = {{coord|11.0271658|79.8542758|region:IND|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| osgraw = 
| osgridref = 
| location = [[Tranquebar]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church|TELC]]
| tradition = [[Lutheran]] [[Pietism]]
| membership =
| website =
| former name =
| bull date =
| consecrated date = 11 October 1718
| people =
| status =
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| style = [[Danish architecture|Danish]]
| years built = 1717–1718
| groundbreaking = 9 February 1717
| completed date = 11 October 1718
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| bishop = Johnson Gnanabaranam
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The '''New Jerusalem Church''' ({{langx|ta|புதிய எருசலேம் தேவாலயம், தரங்கம்பாடி}}) was built in 1718 by the Royal Danish missionary [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]] in the coastal town of [[Tranquebar]], India, which was at that time a [[Danish India]] colony.<ref name=Hindu-2006>{{cite news|title=New Jerusalem Church rededicated|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-jerusalem-church-rededicated/article3102831.ece|accessdate=24 August 2015|issue=Tamil Nadu|publisher=The Hindu|date=10 July 2006}}</ref> The church is located on King Street,<ref name=TripAdvisor>{{cite web|title=New Jerusalem Church founded in 1718 AD|url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g1119849-d601070-i31254583-The_Bungalow_on_the_Beach-Tharangambadi_Tamil_Nadu.html|website=Trip Advisor|accessdate=24 August 2015|date=24 July 2015}}</ref> and church services are conducted every Sunday.<ref name=Jayanth>{{cite web|last1=Jayanth|first1=Joseph|title=1718 church in Tranquebar|url=http://www.potofthots.com/2012/11/1718-church-in-tranquebar.html|website=Pot of Thots|accessdate=24 August 2015|date=2 November 2012}}</ref> The church, along with other buildings of the [[Tranquebar Mission]], was damaged during the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami of 2004]], and were renovated at a cost of INR 7 million, and re-consecrated in 2006.<ref name=Hindu-2006 /><ref name=Frank />

==History==
In 1620, the village of Tranquebar was acquired for the Danish Crown, by the Danish Admiral [[Ove Gjedde]], by signing an agreement with the [[Raghunatha Nayak]] of the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Tanjore Nayak Kingdom]] on behalf of the King of Denmark.<ref name=Frontline>{{cite journal|last1=Moorthy|first1=M|title=Danish flavour|journal=Frontline|date=24 October 2009|volume=26|issue=22|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|accessdate=25 August 2015}}</ref>

===Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar (1707)===
In 1707, [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] helped establish the Jerusalem Church at Tranquebar for the Lutheran congregation, as the existing Zion Church was reluctant to accept native worshippers. The Tamil converts also did not want to worship in the European [[Zion Church, Tharangambadi|Zion Church]], as they had negative opinions about their lifestyle and morals.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Starting from 1 October 1706, Ziegenbalg organised the Tamil congregation on Sundays at his house, which was used as a school on other days. The services were held in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] which was the [[lingua franca]] at that time. Governor Hassius donated 20000 bricks towards the cause of raising the new church at Tranquebar, and also allotted land at the Sollingar quarter of the colony. The foundation for the Jerusalem Church was laid on 14 June 1707. The church was named as ''Jerusalem Church'', after the [[Francke Foundations]] in [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Halle]] which was considered as the New Jerusalem. The registers of the church commenced on 12 May 1707, and indicate most of the congregation were servants of Europeans, former converts from [[Roman Catholicism]], many children and women. In general, the congregation represented the lowest of Tamil society at that time. Gradually, the congregation increased, and within a year of consecration a need for a larger church was realised. A tsunami stuck Tranquebar on 27 November 1715, destroying the city walls and many buildings. Even though the Jerusalem Church was undamaged, that it was close to the sea made it vulnerable. Hence, there was an urgent need to raise another church in Tranquebar.<ref name=Jeyaraj />

===New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar (1718)===
[[File:Foundation Stone in Danish (1717), New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar.JPG|thumb|right|Foundation Stone in Danish (1717), New Jerusalem Church]]
Within a year, the 1707 Jerusalem Church was filled to capacity, with many people being forced to stand near the windows and doors of the church, for the lack of space. Appeals for funds were made to Johann Georg von Holstein the privy counsellor to [[Frederick IV of Denmark|King Frederick IV]] in October 1713, and to the [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)]] London. The widow of Commissioner Heinrich Bonsack (died 1711) sold her house and garden, which was on the right side of the missionaries garden, to the [[Tranquebar Mission]]. Further after the return of Ziegenbalg from Europe, Governor C B Lundegaard sold the empty land between the houses of the missionaries for 100 royal dollars. Then, the mission had a large land for building the church.

On 9 February 1717, Governor [[Christian Brun]] laid the foundations of the New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar. A copper plate Danish inscription to this effect was placed. Further, the governor also gave duty-free status for the materials used for building the church and also appointed to two master artisans to oversee the work. The New Jerusalem Church was consecrated on 11 October 1718, the birthday of [[Frederick IV of Denmark|King Frederick IV]]. Danish pastors Jonas Smit and Jacob Clementin took part in the consecration services. The sermons during the consecration were preached in Tamil and Portuguese.<ref name=Jeyaraj /><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Tranquebar — A piece of Denmark on the coast of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-the-danish-history-and-coastal-charms-of-tharangambadi-or-tranquebar-near-puducherry-in-tamil-nadu/cid/1870111 |access-date=26 September 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=15 June 2022}}</ref>

==Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg==
[[File:Ziegenbalg.png|thumb|left|Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg (1682–1719)]]
[[File:Ziegenbalg Leaving Tranquebar (p.170) - Copy.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ziegenbalg Leaving Tranquebar (p. 170, 1890), London Missionary Society<ref name=LMS>{{cite journal|title=Ziegenbalg Leaving Tranquebar|journal=Chronicles of the London Missionary Society|date=1890|url=https://archive.org/details/chroniclelondon00unkngoog|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref>]]
{{main article|Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg}}
[[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] was the first [[Protestant]] missionary to land in India, sent as a royal missionary by [[Frederick IV of Denmark|King Frederick IV]], from the Kingdom of [[Denmark]]. Ziegenbalg landed at Tranquebar, then part of [[Danish India]] colony of the [[Danish East India Company]], on 9 July 1707. Ziegenbalg attended the local school, sat amongst the village children, and learnt [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. He set up a Tamil seminary in 1707, and preached Christianity to the villagers. In 1711, he convinced the [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Martin Luther University]] at [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]] to start scholarly study into the Tamil language.

In 1715, he translated the [[Bible]] into Tamil and helped set up India's first printing press at Tranquebar, with Tamil being the first Indian language to be printed. Ziegenbalg championed the cause of women's education and for abolition of caste system, and gained the respect of the local people.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Ziegenbalg established the very first school for girls in India at Tranquebar in 1707. In 1713, in a letter written to Johann Georg von Holstein the privy counsellor to [[Frederick IV of Denmark|King Frederick IV]], Ziegenbalg mentions 47 students in the Tamil school, 20 pupils in the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] school, and 15 pupils in the [[Danish language|Danish]] school, with the students of the Tamil and Portuguese schools being provided free tuitions, boarding, lodging and food. Between 1717 and 1718, he helped establish the New Jerusalem Church at Tranquebar for the use of the native people, conducting services in Tamil. Ziegenbalg died on 23 February 1719, aged 37, and is buried in the New Jerusalem Church.<ref name=Hindu-2006 /><ref name=Jeyaraj /><ref name=Fenger>{{cite book|last1=Fenger|first1=Johannes Ferdinand|title=History of the Tranquebar Mission worked out from the Original Papers|date=1863|publisher=Evangelical Lutheran Mission Press|location=Tranquebar, British India|edition=Francke, Emil|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftranque00fengrich|accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Hindu-Saqaf>{{cite news|last1=Saqaf|first1=Syed Muthahar|title=Tercentenary of Tranquebar Mission|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tercentenary-of-tranquebar-mission/article3100867.ece|accessdate=25 August 2015|issue=Tamil Nadu|publisher=The Hindu|date=6 July 2006}}</ref><ref name=Muthiah>{{cite news|last1=Muthiah|first1=S|title=The legacy that Ziegenbalg left|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232261.ece|accessdate=26 August 2015|issue=Sunday Magazine|publisher=The Hindu|date=2 July 2006}}</ref><ref name=Shantz>{{cite book|last1=Shantz|first1=Douglas H|title=An Introduction to German Pietism: Protestant Renewal at the Dawn of Modern Europe|date=6 March 2013|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, Maryland|isbn=978-1421408804|pages=520|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ST4kjIT7nsC&q=jerusalem+church+tranquebar&pg=PT192|accessdate=25 August 2015}}</ref>

==Church records==
The church records of the New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar from 1707 to 1888 are preserved at the [[Danish National Archives]] in Copenhagen. The records are initially in German, then in English during the British period.<ref name=Ramanujam>{{cite web|last1=Ramanujam|first1=P S|title=Zion Church Register and Census|url=http://www.tharangampadi.dk/Zion%20Church.html|website=Tharangampadi|accessdate=24 August 2015|date=2 July 2009}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The New Jerusalem Church at Tranquebar is built in the [[Architecture of Denmark|Danish architecture]] style, incorporating few Indian elements in the design.<ref name=INTACH>{{cite book|title=Tranquebar: Heritage Walk Map|publisher=INTACH|location=Pondicherry|url=http://www.intachpondicherry.org/flipbook/pdf/Tranquebar_Heritage_walk_Map.pdf|accessdate=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Jeevan>{{cite web|last1=Jeevan|title=The New Jerusalem Church – Tranquebar|url=http://jeevansworld.blogspot.com.au/2012/09/the-new-jerusalem-church-tranquebar.html|website=Jeevan's World|accessdate=25 August 2015|date=21 September 2012}}</ref> The church carries the royal monogram of [[Frederick IV of Denmark]], with the year of consecration 1718 written below the monogram.

<gallery mode=packed heights=200px>
File:Royal Monogram of Frederick IV of Denmark, New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar.JPG|Royal Monogram of Frederick IV of Denmark, New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar
File:Frederik IV (monogram).JPG|Royal Monogram of [[Frederick IV of Denmark]]
</gallery>

The church is built in the shape of a cross, with teak wood from the [[Jaffna]] [[Dutch Ceylon]]. The glass windows were worked on by artisans from [[Nagapattinam]]. The stones used in construction were quarried from the [[Dutch East India Company|Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC)]] colony of [[Sadras]], 70 km south of [[Madras]], and shipped by boats to Tranquebar. The windows are divided into two, the lower part made of wood and the upper part having glass. The roof of the church was strengthened using lime and mortar. The church had a pulpit and baptism font. However, due to lack of funds, the church did not have a church bell, organ, altar table or chandeliers.

The baptism font has a pictorial motif by Pastor Jonas Smit, depicting a [[Brahmin]] bathing in a river, emerging clean thereafter. The altar of the church is facing east, just like in Hindu temples, where the holiest place was in the east. The building has been studied by many Danish architects, and is found to incorporate both European and Indian features.<ref name=Jeyaraj>{{cite book|last1=Jeyaraj|first1=Daniel|title=Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, the Father of Modern Protestant Mission: An Indian Assessment|date=2006|publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (ISPCK)|location=Delhi, India|isbn=8172149204|pages=151–154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZYAOyJ-6SMC&q=jerusalem+church+tranquebar&pg=PA147|accessdate=25 August 2015}}</ref>

==Memorial stones==
The church has many memorial stones within and outside the church building. There are inscriptions in English for Rt. Rev. Dr. Johannes Sandegren (20 November 1883 to 15 November 1962) Third Bishop of Tranquebar, Rev. J M N Schwarz (died 21 June 1887), A M Ruhde (died 1856), and Carl Christian V Gotting (16 June 1768 to 16 February 1858) Lt. Col. in the Danish Army. There are also inscriptions in Tamil, German and Danish.<ref name=Mani>{{cite web|last1=Mani|first1=S|title=Tranquebar Fort & Beach|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BR_3HBmXux4|website=You Tube|accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=News7 Tamil|title=Rich history of Tharangambadi and the remnants of Danish influence|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dr4Kez-X53k|website=Youtube|accessdate=1 October 2015|date=1 January 2015}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode=packed perrow="3">
File:Rev. Augustus Frederick Cammerer, New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar.JPG|Rev. A F Cammerer
File:Sophia Fredrica Cordes (d. 2 December 1847) and D S Cammerer (d. 8 May 1874), New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar.JPG|S F Cordes (1847) and D S Cammerer (1874)
File:Charlotta Louisa Koefoed (d. 1 December 1841), Fredrika Louisa Humfrays (d. 26 April 1854) and Maria Eliza Koefoed (15 March 1876), New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar.JPG|Koefoed
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" mode=packed perrow="4">
File:J H Kistenmacher (d. 1722), New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar.JPG|J H Kistenmacher (d. 1722)
File:J C L Ziegenbalg (d. 1719), New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar.JPG|J C L Ziegenbalg (d. 1719)
</gallery>

==Re-consecration==
The New Jerusalem Church at Tranquebar was re-consecrated by Rt. Rev. Margot Kassmann, Bishop of the [[Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover]], Germany on 9 July 2006, on the eve of the 300th anniversary of landing of [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]] on 9 July 1706, and establishment of the [[Tranquebar Mission]]. The event was organised by the [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church|Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church (TELC)]], with many international delegates from USA, France, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, etc. in attendance. The function was presided by Rt. Rev. T Aruldoss, Bishop of TELC, with Rt. Rev. Mark Hanson, President, Lutheran World Federation (LWF) giving thanks. The re-consecration was attended by nearly 10000 people.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

To mark the occasion, a printing technology institute was inaugurated at the same place where Ziegenbalg started the first [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] printing press. A souvenir detailing the services rendered by Ziegenbalg was also released. The local villagers of Tranquebar made a request for a memorial to be for Ziegenbalg on this occasion.<ref name=Hindu-2006 /><ref name=Frank>{{cite news|last1=Imhoff|first1=Frank|title=Tamil Lutherans Rededicate Tranquebar Mission Church in India|url=http://archive.wfn.org/2006/07/msg00180.html|accessdate=24 August 2015|publisher=Worldwide Faith News|date=19 July 2006}}</ref>

India Post also released a special stamp to mark the occasion, with a portrait of Ziegenbalg and the New Jerusalem Church in the background. The stamp was released in Madras, on 10 December 2006 by the then Union Minister [[Dayanidhi Maran]].<ref name=Maran-Hindu>{{cite news|title=Stamp on Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg released|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/stamp-on-bartholomaeus-ziegenbalg-released/article3032329.ece|accessdate=31 August 2015|issue=Chennai|publisher=The Hindu|date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=Sinha>{{cite web|last1=Sinha|first1=Aniruddha|title=A commemorative postage stamp on Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg, the German Theologist & Scholar|url=http://www.istampgallery.com/bartholomaeus-ziegenbalg-india-stamp/|website=iStamp Gallery|accessdate=31 August 2015|date=2015}}</ref><ref name=Thirumalai>{{cite journal|last1=Isaiah|first1=Sudhir|last2=Thirumalai|first2=M S|title=Three Hundred Years of Evangelization in India – The First Missionary to India: Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg|journal=Globeserve|date=1 June 2007|url=http://www.globeserve.org/three-hundred-years-of-evangelization-in-india-the-first-missionary-to-india-bartholomaeus-ziegenbalg/|accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Stamps>{{cite web|title=Stamps 2006|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2006.aspx|website=India Post|accessdate=31 August 2015|date=28 August 2015}}</ref>

==Dateline==
* 1706, 9 July, [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]] and [[Heinrich Plütschau]] arrive at Tranquebar
* 1707, 14 June, Corner stone for first Lutheran Mission, Jerusalem Church laid
* 1707, 14 August, Jerusalem Church consecrated
* 1707, 5 September, First Tamil person baptised, first Tamil school started for natives
* 1716, 23 October, First seminary started by Ziegenbalg
* 1717, 9 February, Foundation laid for the New Jerusalem Church
* 1718, 11 October, New Jerusalem Church consecrated
* 1719, 23 February, Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg dies aged 37, buried at the New Jerusalem Church
* 1720, 19 March, J E Grundler dies, buried at the New Jerusalem Church
* 1733, 28 December, Rev. Aaron, the first Tamil pastor, is ordained
* 1921, 8 March, Rt. Rev. Dr. Ernst Heuman ordained as first Bishop of Tranquebar
* 1928, 12 February, Rt. Rev. Dr. David Bexell ordained as second Bishop of Tranquebar
* 1934, 14 February, Rt. Rev. Dr. [[Johannes Sandegren]] ordained as third Bishop of Tranquebar
* 1956, 14 February, Rt. Rev. Dr. Rajah Bushanam Manikam ordained as fourth Bishop of Tranquebar
* 1967, 14 January, Rt. Rev. Dr. A Carl Gustav Diehl ordained as fifth Bishop of Tranquebar
* 1972, 14 January, Rt. Rev. A John Satyanadhan ordained as Sixth Bishop of Tranquebar
* 1975, 14 January, Rt. Rev. Lasarus Easter Raj ordained as Seventh Bishop of Tranquebar
* 1978, 14 January, Rt. Rev. Dr. Jayseelan Jacob ordained as Eighth Bishop of Tranquebar
* 1993, 14 January, Rt. Rev. Dr. Jubilee Gnanabaranam Johnson ordained as Ninth Bishop of Tranquebar
* 1999, 14 January, Rt. Rev. Dr. Thaveedu Aruldoss ordained as Tenth Bishop of Tranquebar
* 2006 8 July, Re-consecration of the renovated New Jerusalem Church by Rt. Rev. Margot Kassmann
* 2006 9 July, Celebration of 300 years of the [[Tranquebar Mission]]<ref name=Jayanth />

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="250px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar.jpg|New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar (1904) from Rev. Frank Penny's Book 'The Church in Madras - Vol. I'<ref name=PennyI>{{cite book|last1=Penny|first1=Frank|title=The Church in Madras : being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Volume I|date=1904|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/thechurchinmadra01pennuoft|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref>
File:Danish Church, Tranquebar.jpg|New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar (2009)
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Denmark|Germany|India}}
* [[Danish East India Company]]
* [[Danish India]]
* [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]]
* [[Tranquebar Mission]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar}}
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Churches in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lutheranism in India|India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1718]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Churches in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Havilland Le Mesurier (civil servant)

2025-12-29T03:19:54Z

Manish: started a entry

{{Short description|British administrator in India}}
'''Sir Havilland Le Mesurier''', KCIE, CSI (22 June 1866 – 7 April 1931) was a British administrator in India.

== Biography ==
The son of E. A. Le Mesurier of Genoa, Havilland Le Mesurier was educated at [[Rugby School]] and [[Balliol College, Oxford]]. He entered the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1884 or 1886, and was assistant commissioner in Assam. In 1892, he became assistant magistrate and collector in Bengal, and was promoted to joint magistrate and deputy collector in 1893, and magistrate and collector in 1897.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 1931 |title=Sir H. Le Mesurier |pages=12 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Who's Who|id=212791|type=was|title=le Mesurier, Sir Havilland}}</ref>

He was transferred to Eastern Bengal and Assam as Commissioner of the Dacca Division in 1906, and became Chief Secretary to the Government of Eastern Bengal in 1909. In 1912, he became Chief Secretary to the Government of Bihar and Orissa. In 1916, he was promoted to Commissioner of Orissa, and he was a member of the Executive Council from 1917 until 1922, when he retired. He also acted as Governor of Bihar and Orissa Province for a period.

Le Mesurier was appointed CIE in 1903, CSI in 1910, and knighted KCIE on his retirement in 1922.

== Family ==
Le Mesurier married May Stuart Hopkins, daughter of John Arthur Hopkins, ICS, in 1893; they had three sons, two of whom were killed in the First World War.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]

List of Janya ragas

2025-12-28T02:31:04Z

Manish: minor enhance lead based on references and updated info for clarity

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Melakarta.katapayadi.sankhya.72 correction for no 41-47-53-59-65-71 da2-instead-of-da3.png|alt=|thumb|Melakarta Ragas]]
'''[[Janya]] ragas''' are [[Carnatic music]] [[ragas]] derived from the fundamental set of 72 ragas called ''[[Melakarta]]'' ragas, by the permutation and combination of the various ascending and descending notes. The process of deriving ''janya ragas'' from the parent ''melakartas'' is complex and leads to an open mathematical possibility of around thirty thousand ragas. Though limited by the necessity of the existence of individual ''swaroopas'' (unique identities) for the ''janya'' ragas, a list is never comprehensive or exhaustive. Thus the list below is open to additions or corrections. Moreover, some musicians experiment and use new scales, leading to new ''janya'' ragas. The 72 ''Melakarta'' ragas are numbered according to the ancient Indian system for numerical notation — the ''[[Katapayadi system]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=The "ka-Ta-pa-ya" scheme and its application to mELAkarta raagas of Carnatic Music|url=http://rksanka.tripod.com/music/katapaya.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first = Anand | last = Raman|title=The Ancient Katapayadi Formula and the Modern Hashing Method|citeseerx = 10.1.1.18.9659 }}</ref>

The ''melakartas'' are listed by numbers 1-72, with corresponding ''[[Asampurna Melakarta|asampoorna melakarta]]'' names<ref name="md">''Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar Keerthanaigal'' by Vainika Vidwan A. Sundaram Iyer (part 2 section II and III), Published 1989, Music Books Publishers, Mylapore, Chennai</ref> and scales listed just below (if different, in bold). Under those musical scales are the ''janyas'' associated with each ''melakarta''. If the raga has multiple scales in the same ''janya'', these are given below the main scale. Other ''janya'' ragas that are either not associated with a ''melakarta'' or whose scales are not yet added in this list, are listed at [[#Other janyas|the bottom]].

== Scales ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
{|class="wikitable"
!Raga Name !! Ascending Scale (ārohanam) !! Descending Scale (avarohanam)
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Kanakangi"
|'''1 [[Kanakangi|Kanakāngi (Janaka raga)]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''[[Kanakambari|Kanakāmbari]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kanakatodi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D1|S'}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mādhavapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Karnataka Shuddha Saveri|Karnātaka Shuddha Sāveri]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Latantapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Lavangi(Raga created by [[M. Balamuralikrishna]])'' || {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Megha'' || {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|N1|D1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rishabhavilāsa''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|R1|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sarvashree''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|M1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Mukhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Tatillatika''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vāgeeshwari''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|M1|P|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Ratnangi"
|'''2 [[Ratnangi|Ratnāngi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Phenadhyuti'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ganamukhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ratnavarāli''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N2|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Revati (raga)|Revati]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shreemani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shreemati''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Svadhya]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Ganamurti"
|'''3 [[Ganamurti|Gānamūrti]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Gānasāmavarāli'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhinnapanchamam''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nādharanjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poorvavarāli''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sāmavarāli''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G1|R1|G1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Vanaspati "
|'''4 [[Vanaspati (Raga)|Vanaspati]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Bhānumati'''|| {{svaraC|N2|S|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rasāli''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vanāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vittalapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Manavati"
|'''5 [[Manavati|Mānavati]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Manoranjani'''||{{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ghanashyāmalā''|| {{svaraC|S|G1|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|N3|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kunjari''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Tanarupi"
|'''6 [[Tanarupi|Tānarūpi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Tanukeerti'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|N3|P|M1|G1|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Senavati"
|'''7 [[Senavati|Senāvati]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Senāgrani'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|R1|M1|G2|M1|P|N1|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhogi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chitthakarshani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Navarasa Mālā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sindhu Gowri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|M1|G2|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Hanumatodi"
|'''8 [[Hanumatodi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Janatodi'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Ahiri|Āhiri]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|S|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}} ''(Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|R2|G2|}} / {{svaraC| G3|D2|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Amrita Dhanyāsi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Asaveri|Asāveri]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|S|P|D1|M1|P|R1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}} ''(Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|R2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Bhānuchandrika''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhadratodi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Bhupalam|Bhoopālam]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chandrikatodi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Deshikatodi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dhanyāsi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Divyamālati''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ghanta''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}} ''(Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|R2|D2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Kalāsāveri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kanakasāveri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nāgavarāli''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Prabhupriya''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Punnāgatodi''|| {{svaraC|N1|S|R1|G2|M1|P|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|P|M1|G2|R1|S|N2|D1|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Punnagavarali]]''|| {{svaraC|N2|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|N2|abbr=no}} ''(Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|R2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Shravanamallika''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sowjanya''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shuddha Seemantini''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shuddha Todi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhubhairavi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|G2|P|D1|N2|S|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|N2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|R2|G3|M2|D2|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Srimati''
|{{svaraC|S|G2|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} (Anya swara : {{svaraC|D2|abbr=no}})
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Swarnamalli''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Dhenuka "
|'''9 [[Dhenuka (raga)|Dhenukā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Dhunibhinnashadjam'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|R1|P|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhinnashadjam''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|R1|P|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mohananāta''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|P|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D1|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Udayaravichandrika''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vasanthatodi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Natakapriya"
|'''10 [[Natakapriya|Nātakapriyā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Natābharanam'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Alankārapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhāgyashabari''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Deeparamu''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gunāvati''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S|D2|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hindoladeshikam''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|R1|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|N2|D2|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kanakadri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mātangakāmini''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nātyadhārana''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Niranjana''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shānthabhāshini''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shivashakti''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Kokilapriya"
|'''11 [[Kokilapriya|Kokilapriyā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Kokilāravam'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Bhimsen (raga)|Bhimsen]] (Raga created by Mahesh Mahadev)''
|{{svaraC|S|3=G2|4=M1|6=P|7=N3|8=S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhakthirasa (Raga created by Rishabh Jagadeesh)''
|{{svaraC|S|3=G2|4=M1|6=P|7=N3|8=S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chitramani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jnānachintāmani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kowmāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shuddha Lalitha''|| {{svaraC|S|P|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|S|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vardhani'' || {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vasantamalli''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vasantanārāyani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Rupavati"
|'''12 [[Rupavati|Rūpavati]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rowpyanaka''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shyāmakalyāni''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G2|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D3|N3|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Gayakapriya"
|'''13 [[Gayakapriya|Gāyakapriyā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Geya Hejjajji'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|G3|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hejjajji''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kalākānti''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kalkada''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|N1|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kalpanadhārini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Vakulabharanam"
|'''14 [[Vakulabharanam|Vakuḷābharaṇam]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Ahiri|Āhiri]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|S|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}} ''(Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|R2|G2|}} / {{svaraC|G3|D2|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|'''Vātee Vasantabhairavi'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Amudhasurabhi''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Devipriya''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kalindaja''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kuvalayabharanam''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mukthipradayini (Raga created by Mahesh Mahadev)''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bharatiya Samagana Sabha |url=http://archive.org/details/saamagana-indian-classical-music-magazine-july-2018 |title=Saamagana Indian Classical Music Magazine July 2018 - India's Monthly Classical Music Magazine |date=2018-07-09}}</ref>
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|P|D1|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sallapa''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Soma'' || {{svaraC|S|R1|P|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sūryā'' || {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shuddha Kāmbhoji''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|R1|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vasantabhairavi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vasanta Mukhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vijayollāsini''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Mayamalavagowla"
|'''15 [[Mayamalavagowla|Māyāmāḻavagouḻai]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ardhradesi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhāvini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bibhās {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Bowli]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bowli Rāmakriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chāruvardhani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chāyagowla''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chandrachooda''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Deshyagowla''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Devaranji''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|P|D1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ekakshari'' || {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|P|M1|R1|G3|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ghanasindhu''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Gowla]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|R1|G3|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gowlipantu''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|D1|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gowri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gummakāmbhoji''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gundakriya'' || {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gurjari''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|N3|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jaganmohini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kalyānakesari''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kannadabangāla''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|G3|M1|D1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Karnātaka Sāranga''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Lalitā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Lalitapanchamam''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mālavakurinji''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mālavapanchamam''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mārgadesi'' || {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|R1|G3|D1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Malahari]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mallikavasantam''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mangalakaishiki'' || {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|G3|D1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Manolayam'' || {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Maruva''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|G3|M1|G3|R1|S|R1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mechabowli''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Megharanjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nadanamakriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|N3|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pādi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pharaju (Paras) {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poornalalita'' || {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poorvi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poorvikavasanta''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|D|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pratāpadhanyāsi''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pratāparanjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Puranirmai''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rāmakali''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rāmakriya''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Revagupti]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rukhmāmbari''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sāmantadeepara''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sāranga Nāta''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|S|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Saveri|Sāveri]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Salanganāta''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Satyāvati''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|R1|G3|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|N3|P|D1|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sindhu Rāmakriya''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|R1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Surasindhu''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|R1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Tārakagowla''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Takka''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|S|G3|M1|G3|P|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ushāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vishārada''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Chakravakam "
|'''16 [[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravākam]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Toyavegavāhini'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Āhir Bhairavi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|N2|D2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhakthapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R1|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhujāngini''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bindhumālini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|R1|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|S|D2|P|G3|M1|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chakranārāyani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ghoshini''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Guhapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|P|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|S|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kalāvati''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G3|S|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kokilā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Malayamarutam|Malayamārutam]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mukthāngi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|N2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mukundamālini''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poornapanchamam'' || {{svaraC|P|M1|S|R1|S|M1|P|D2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|N2|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pravritti''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rāgamanjari''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rasikaranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rudra Panchami''
|{{svaraC|S|G3|M1|5=D2|6=N2|7=S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|5=M1|6=G3|7=R1|8=S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Samya'' (Raga created by Mahesh Mahadev)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=Samya - A Raga created by Mahesh Mahadev |url=https://maheshmahadev.com/samya-raga/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521104041/https://maheshmahadev.com/samya-raga/ |archive-date=21 May 2024 }}</ref>
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}}|| {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}||
|-
|''Shree Nabhomārgini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shyāmali''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Subhāshini''|| {{svaraC|S|D2|N2|D|R1|G3|M1|P|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|M1|G3|R1|S|N2|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Valaji]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Veenadhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vegavāhini''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D2|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Suryakantam"
|'''17 [[Suryakantam|Sūryakāntam]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Chāyāvathi'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhairavam''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Haridarpa''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jayasamvardhani''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jeevantikā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kusumamāruta''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|G3|M1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nāgachooḍāmani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rohini''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|M2|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sāmakannada''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|G2|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sowrāshtram''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Gowla''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Supradeepam''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Vasantha (raga)|Vasanthā]]''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Hatakambari"
|'''18 [[Hatakambari|Hātakāmbari]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Jayashuddhamālavi'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hamsanantini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kallola''|| {{svaraC|S|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Simhala''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|N3|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Jhankaradhvani"
|'''19 [[Jhankaradhvani|Jhankāradhvani]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Jhankārabhramari'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|D1|P|D1|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|D1|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|D1|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G|M1|P|D1|N1|D1|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|D1|S|abbr=no}}|| {{svaraC|S|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} 
{{svaraC|S|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} 
{{svaraC|S|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} 
{{svaraC|S|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|G|R2|S|abbr=no}} 
{{svaraC|D1|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhārati''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chittaranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jalmika''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G1|M1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G1|S|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Lalitabhairavi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poornalalita''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|M1|P|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|R2|M1|P|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|R2|M1|P|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M1|P|S|abbr=no}}|| {{svaraC|S|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} 
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Natabhairavi"
|'''20 [[Natabhairavi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Nārērētigowla'''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M1|N2|D1|M1|N2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|M1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Abheri (Dikshitar School)'' || {{svaraC|S|M1|G2|M1|P|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Anandabhairavi]]'' || {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G3|D1|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Amrithavāhini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Bhairavi (ragam)|Bhairavi]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|D2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Bhuvanagāndhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chapagantarva''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D1|M1|G2|R2|S|N2|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Darbari Kanada|Darbāri Kānada]]''|| {{svaraC|N2|S|R2|G2|R2|S|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|N2|P|M1|P|G2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Devakriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dhanashree''|| {{svaraC|N2|S|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dharmaprakāshini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dilipika Vasantha''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Divyagāndhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gopikāvasantam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|P|N2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Hindolam]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hindolavasanta''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|D2|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Indughantarava''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|P|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|N2|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jayanthashrī''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jingaḷa''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|D1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Jaunpuri (raga)|Jaunpuri]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kātyāyani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}}||{{svaraC|S'|D1|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kanakavasantham''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kshanika''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mānji''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|P|M1|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mahati'' cf. Mela 28&43 (Mahathi) || {{svaraC|S|G2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Malkosh / [[Malkauns]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|mArgahindOLaM||{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nāgagāndhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Navarathna Vilāsam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nīlamati''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nīlaveni''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poornashađjam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|N2|N2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rājarājeshwari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Saramati|Sāramati]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sāranga Kāpi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|P|M1|R1|P|R1|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sharadapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shree Navarasachandrika''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sindhu Dhanyāsi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shuddha Desi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|R2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shuddha Sālavi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sukumāri''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sushama (Raga created by [[M. Balamuralikrishna]])''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sutradhāri''|| (Also 27) {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S|D1|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Tarkshika''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|R2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Udayaravichandrika|Udayarāga]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vasantavarāli''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Keeravani"
|'''21 [[Keeravani|Kīravāṇi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Keeranāvali'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Aymmukhan''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhānupriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Beethovanapriya'' ''(invented by [[Ramesh Vinayakam]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEJn3FtVYLQ Abhishek Raghuram - Thiruvarul - Rupakam -Raga Beethovanapriya - Invented by Ramesh Vinayakam - YouTube]</ref>)''|| {{svaraC|'G2|'P|'N3|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|P|M2|P|R2|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chandrika''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gaganabhoopālam''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S|N3|D1|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hamsapancama''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N3|D1|N3|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hamsavāhini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jayashree''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kadaram (Chandrakosh, [[Chandrakauns]], Chandrakaush)''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Kalyanavasantam|Kalyāna Vasantam]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kusumāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G2|M1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mādhavi''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|S|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mishramanolayam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|D1|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Priyadarshani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rishipriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sāmapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shrothasvini''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vasanthamanohari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Kharaharapriya"
|'''22 [[Kharaharapriya|Kharaharapriyā]]'''||{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''[[Sri Ragam|Shree]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|D2|N2|P|M1|R2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Andolika|Andolikā]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Abheri]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Abhogi]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ādi Kāpi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Āryamati''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|D2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Agnikopa''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bālachandrika''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Basant Bahār {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|P|G3|M2|N3|D1|N3|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|R2|S|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Bageshri]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|P|D2|G2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhagavatapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhagavathpriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|R2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Bhimpalasi]] {Hindustani} ''|| {{svaraC|N2|S|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Brindavani_Sarang|Brindāvana Sāranga]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''[[Brindavani_Sarang|Brindāvani]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Chakrapradipta''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chittaranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Darbar (Raga)|Darbar]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|R2|S|N2|S|D2|P|M1|R2|G2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dayavati''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Devāmruthavarshani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|N2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Deva Manohari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dhanakāpi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S|abbr=no}} (Varies) || {{svaraC|S|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dilipika''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gowla Kannada''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Gara (raga)|Gāra]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|G2|R2|S|N3|S|N2|D2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G3|D1|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Hamsa ābheri''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|P|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Haridasapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|P|M1|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Harinārāyani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hindustāni Kāpi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|M1|D2|P|G2|R2|S|N2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G3|D1|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Huseni''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|N3|D2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|D1|abbr=no}}) {{svaraC|S|N3|S|P|D2|M1|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|Jatādhāri|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jayamanohari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jayanārāyani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jayanthasena''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Jog (raga)|Jog]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G3|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Kanadā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Kāpi]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G3|D1|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Kāpijingala''|| {{svaraC|S|N2|S|R2|G2|M1|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|M1|G2|R2|S|N2|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kalānidhi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|S|P|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kalika''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kannadagowla''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Karnātaka Hindolam''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Karnātaka Kāpi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Karnātaka Devagāndhari''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Karnaranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kowmodaki''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kowshika''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Lalitamanohari''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mādhavamanohari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mālavashree''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Māyapradeeptam''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Madhyamarāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Madhyamavathi|Madhyamāvathi]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mahānandhi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mandāmari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|S|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mangalāvathi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Manirangu''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Manjari''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Manohari''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Manorama''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Maruvadhanyāsi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|D2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mishramanolayam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|D1|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mishra shivaranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|R1|G3|M1|M2|D1|N2|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''[[Malhar]] or Miyān ki Malhār {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|P|M1|P|N2|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|P|G2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''[[Mukhari|Mukhāri]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|D1|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Nādachintāmani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|N2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nādatārangini''|| {{svaraC|S|P|M1|R2|G2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nādavarangini''|| {{svaraC|S|P|M1|N2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nāgari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nāgavalli''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nāyaki''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N2|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nigamagāmini''|| {{svaraC|M1|G2|S|G2|M1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|M1|G2|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nirmalāngi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Omkāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Panchamam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|D2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Phalamanjari''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Phalaranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Pilu (raga)|Pilu]](peelu) {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|N3|S|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|N3|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G3|D1|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Poornakalānidhi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pushpalathika''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ratipatipriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Reethigowla]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M1|N2|D2|M1|N2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|M1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rudrapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Sahana (raga)|Sahāna]] (Original)''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|G2|R2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''[[Salaga Bhairavi|Sālagabhairavi]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sārang {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Saindhavi''|| {{svaraC|N2|D2|N2|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|N2|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sangrama''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|D2|N2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sankrāndanapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sarvachoodāmani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|D2|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shivapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Shivaranjani]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shree Manohari''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shree Manoranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Shreeranjani]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Siddhasena''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|P|M1|R2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Bangāla''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Bhairavi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Shuddha Dhanyasi|Suddha Dhanyāsi]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Hindolam (Varamu)''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Manohari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Velāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sugunabhooshani''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|D2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Swarabhooshani''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Swarakalānidhi''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Swararanjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Tavamukhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vajrakānti''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Gourimanohari"
|'''23 [[Gourimanohari]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Gowrivelāvali'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G1|G2|S|R2|M1|M1|P|D2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|M1|G1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gowrishankar''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hamsadeepika''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hrudkamali''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Lavanthika''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sundaramanohari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Patdeep|Patdīp]] {Hindustani}''
|{{svaraC|N3|S|G2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|P|G2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Thyagaraja Mangalam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vasantashree (Amba Manohari)''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Velāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D2|N3|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|M1|P|D2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N3|S|abbr=no}}|| {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Varunapriya"
|'''24 [[Varunapriya|Varuṇapriyā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Veeravasantham'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Mararanjani"
|'''25 [[Mararanjani|Māraranjani]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Sharāvathi'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|N1|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Devasalaga''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kesari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|M1|D1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|Gayakamandini
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|S|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rājathilaka''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Charukesi"
|'''26 [[Charukesi|Chārukesi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Tarangini'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D1|N2|D1|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D1|N2|D1|P|D1|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|D1|P|G3|R2|S|G3|M1|R2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chirswaroopi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Māravi''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poorvadhanyāsi''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shiva Manohari''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shukrajyothi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|D1|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ushābharanam''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D1|P|M1|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Sarasangi"
|'''27 [[Sarasangi|Sarasāngi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Sowrasenā'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Haripriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Srirangapriya''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S| abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kamalā Manohari''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Madhulika''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nalinakānthi''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|R2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Neelamani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Salavi''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sarasānana''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Saraseeruha''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D1|N1|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|M1|G3|R2|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Simhavāhini''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Surasena''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|S|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sutradhāri''|| (Also 20) {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vasanthi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Harikambhoji"
|'''28 [[Harikambhoji|Harikāmbhōji]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Harikedāragowla'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ambhojini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Andhali''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Aparoopam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|M1|G3|R2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bālahamsa''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R2|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Bahudari|Bahudāri]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chāyalagakhamās''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chāyatārangini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chandrahasitham''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dasharatipriya''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dayaranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Desh (raga)|Desh]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Deshākshi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Deshkār {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dwaithachintāmani''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S|N2|D2|M1|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N2|D2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Jaijaivanti|Dwijāvanthi /Jujāvanthi]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|G3|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|M1|R2|G2|R2|S|N2|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G2|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Eeshamanohari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Eeshaivaridhi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gāndhāralola''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Gara (raga)|Gāra]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|G2|R2|S|N3|S|N2|D2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G2|D1|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Gavati {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|M1|P|G3|M1|R2|N2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Guhamanohari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Guharanjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|S|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hamsaroopini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Haridasapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|P|M1|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Harikedāram''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|S|D2|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Harini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|S|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Harithapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hemasāranga''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Jaijaiwanti]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|D2|N2|R2|S|R2|G3|M1|P|M1|G3|M1|G3|R2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|D2|M1|G3|M1|R2|G2|R2|S|N3|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G2|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Jaithshree''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jana Sammodhini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jayarāma''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Jhinjhoti|Jhinjoti]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|D2|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|N2|D2|P|D2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jujahuli''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Kambhoji|Kāmbhoji]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|N3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Kāpi Nārāyani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Khamaj|Khamāj]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''[[Khamas (raga)|Kamās]]''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Karnātaka Behāg''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|D2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Karnātaka Devagāndhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Karnātaka Khamās''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Kedaragaula|Kedāragowla]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Keshavapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|S|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|S|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kokiladhwani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kokilavarāli''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|P|M1|G3|R2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kunthalavarāli''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|P|D2|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mālavi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|N2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Madhurakokila''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Mahati|Mahathi]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mahuri''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|G3|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|R2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Manjupriya''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Manoharam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mattakokila''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|P|D2|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|N2|D2|P|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Meghana''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Mohanam]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nādavalli''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Nagasvaravali|Nāgaswarāvali]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nārāyanagowla''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nārāyani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Nattakurinji|Nāttai Kurinji]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|N2|D2|N2|P|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|N2|D2|N2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|M1|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N2|D2|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N2|D2|M1|G3|M1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nāttai Nārāyani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nandhkowns {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|S|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Narani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Navarasa Kalānidhi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|S|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Navarasa kannada]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Neela''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pārsi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Parameshwarapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pashupathipriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|M1|P|R2|M1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poornakāmbhoji''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pratāpa Nāttai''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pratāpavarāli''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pravalajyoti''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rāgapanjaramu''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rāgavinodini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Rageshree|Rāgeshree]]'' || {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D2|N2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N2|D2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N2|D2|N3|D2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*{rarely}'' : {{svaraC|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Ravi Chandrikā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sāvithri''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Sahana (raga)|Sahāna]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|S|D2|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|M1|R2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Saraswathi Manohari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|N2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sathvamanjari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|N2|D2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shakunthala''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shankaraharigowla''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shenchukāmbhoji''|| {{svaraC|S|P|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chenjurutti''|| {{svaraC|D2|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|N2|D2|P|D2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Shiva Kāmbhoji''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Surutti]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shyāmā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|S|R2|P|M1|D2|D2|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Simhavikrama''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|R2|M1|P|D2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sindhu Kannada''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sindhu Surutti''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S|S|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Khamās''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Varāli''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddhatarangini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sumanapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|S|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''{{not a typo|Suposhini}}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|S|M1|P|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R2|M1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suvarnakriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Swarāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Swaravedi''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Tilakavathi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Tilang]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N3|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Umābharanam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vaishnavi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Veenavadini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vivardhani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Yadukulakamboji|Yadukula Kāmbhoji]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Dheerasankarabharanam"
|'''29 [[Dheerasankarabharanam|Dhīraśankarābharaṇam]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ānandharoopa''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Arabhi|Ārabhi]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Atana|Atāna]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|G2|N2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Bangāla''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|M1|R2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|R2|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Begada''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Behāg (Carnatic adaptation)''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N3|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M2|N2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Behāg Deshikam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Bihag]]'' {Original/Hindustani}
|{{svaraC|N3|S|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|P|G3|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''[[Bilahari]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Buddhamanohari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|S|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Buddharanjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chāyā''|| {{svaraC|S|P|M1|P|D2|P|N3|R2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|P|D2|P|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chāyashankarābharanam''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Devagandhari#In Carnatic music|Devagāndhāri]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Dharmalakhi''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dhurvanki''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Durga (raga)|Durga]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|D2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gajagowri''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|G3|M1|N3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Garudadhvani]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gowdamalhār''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Hamsadhwani]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hamsavinodhini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hemant'' {Hindustani}|| {{svaraC|N3|S|D2|N3|S|G3|G3|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Jana Ranjani]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Julavu''|| {{svaraC|P|D2|N3|S|R2|G3|M1|P|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|M1|G3|R2|S|N3|D2|P|M1|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kamaripriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M1|M1|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kannada''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|S|D2|P|M1|G3|M1|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Kathanakuthuhalam]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|D2|N3|G3|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kaushikadhwani / Bhinna shadaj {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Kedaram]]''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kokilabhāshani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kolahalam''|| {{svaraC|S|P|M1|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kurinji''|| {{svaraC|S|N3|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|N3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kusumavichithra''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|R2|G3|M1|P|N3|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|N3|D2|M1|G3|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kutuhala''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|N3|D2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Lahari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mānd {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}}||{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|R1|G2|M2|D1|N2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Māyadravila''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|P|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mohanadhwani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nāgabhooshani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nāgadhwani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|S|M1|G3|M1|P|N3|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|N3|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nārāyanadeshākshi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|G3|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Navaroj''|| {{svaraC|P|D2|N3|S|R2|G3|M1|P|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|M1|G1|R3|S|N2|D2|P|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Neelāmbari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|R2|G3|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|N2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''[[Niroshta]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pahādi {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|P|D2|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|N3|D2|P|G3|M1|G3|R2|S|N3|D2|P|D2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|R1|G2|M2|D1|N2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''[[Poornachandrika]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|R2|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poornagowla''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|N3|D2|N3|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|N3|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poorvagowla''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|R2|G3|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rathnabhooshani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Reetuvilāsa''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sāranga Mallār''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|R2|S|N3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shankara''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|G3|P|R2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Shankara (raga)|Shankara]]'' {Hindustani}|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|N3|D2|S'|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|G3|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shankaraharigowla''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shankaramohana''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|N3|D2|S|N3|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shankari''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sindhu''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M1|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sindhu Mandāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|G3|M1|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Mālavi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|N3|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Sārang''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Shuddha Saveri|Suddha Sāveri]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Vasantha''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|N3|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suranandini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suraranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|R2|M1|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Tāndavam''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vallabhi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|N3|D2|P|M1|P|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vasanthamalai''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vedhāndhagamana''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Veerapratāpa''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vilāsini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Naganandini"
|'''30 [[Naganandini|Nāganandini]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Nāgabharanam'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gambheeravani''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|M1|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|R2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Lalithagāndharva''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sāmanta''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|N3|D3|P|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Yagapriya"
|'''31 [[Yagapriya|Yāgapriyā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Kalāvathi'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Damarugapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Desharanjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|M1|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Deshyathodi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kalāhamsa''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Niranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|M1|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Prathāpahamsi''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N1|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G3|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Ragavardhini"
|'''32 [[Ragavardhini|Rāgavardhini]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Rāgachoodāmani'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|R3|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Amudagāndhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dhowmya''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hindoladarbār''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ramyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sāmantajingala''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|D1|N2|P|M1|G3|M1|R3|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Gangeyabhushani"
|'''33 [[Gangeyabhushani|Gāngeyabhuśani]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Gangātarangini'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|M1|G3|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Vagadheeswari"
|'''34 [[Vagadheeswari|Vāgadhīśvari]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Amarasindhu'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Bhogachāyā Nāttai'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|R3|G3|M1|P|N2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|S|N2|P|M1|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhānumanjari''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R3|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chāyanāttai''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Maghathi''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Drāvida Kalāvati''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mohanāngi''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G3|P|D2|P|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Murali''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sharadabharana''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|M1|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|P|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vikhavathi''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Shulini"
|'''35 [[Shulini|Śūlini]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Shailadeshākshhi'''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|S|N3|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suryavasantham''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dheerahindolam''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ganavaridhi''|| {{svaraC|S|M1|R3|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|M1|R3|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|N2|P|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S'|D2|N3|P|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shokavarāli''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|D2|N3|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D2|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Chalanata"
|'''36 [[Chalanata|Chalanāṭṭai]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Devanāttai''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Gambhiranata|Gambheeranāṭṭai]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ganaranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|M1|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M1|P|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Nata (raga)|Nāṭṭai]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Salagam"
|'''37 [[Salagam|Sālagam]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Sowgandhini'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhogasāveri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M2|D1|N1|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Jalarnavam"
|'''38 [[Jalarnavam|Jalārnavam]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Jaganmohinam'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jaganmohana''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Jhalavarali"
|'''39 [[Jhalavarali|Jhālavarāḷi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Dhālivarāli'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhoopālapanchamam''|| {{svaraC|S|G1|R1|G1|P|M2|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|D1|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Godari''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|R1|M2|G1|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jālasugandhi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Janāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N3|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Karunāmritavarshini''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N3|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kokilapanchamam''|| {{svaraC|S|G1|R1|G1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Varali|Varāli]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G1|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Navaneetam"
|'''40 [[Navaneetam|Navanītam]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Nabhomani'''|| {{svaraC|S|G1|R1|G1|M2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Pavani "
|'''41 [[Pavani (ragam)|Pāvani]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Kumbhini'''|| {{svaraC|S|G1|R1|G1|M2|P|N3|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chandrajyothi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Prabhāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|P|M2|R1|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poornalalitha''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M2|G1|R1|M2|P|N3|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poornapanchamam'' || (See 15, 16) {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D2|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Raghupriya"
|'''42 [[Raghupriya|Raghupriyā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Ravi Kriyā'''|| {{svaraC|S|G1|R1|G1|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gāndharva''|| {{svaraC|M2|P|D3|N3|S|R1|G1|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|R1|S|N3|P|M2|P|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gomathi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D3|N3|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|P|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Raghuleela''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|R1|P|M2|G1|M2|P|M2|R1|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|N3|P|M2|G1|M2|R1|M2|G1|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Gavambhodi"
|'''43 [[Gavambhodi|Ghavāmbhodi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Geervāni'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kanchanabowli''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mahathi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mechagāndhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G3|M1|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suvarnadeepakam''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vijayabhooshāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Bhavapriya"
|'''44 [[Bhavapriya|Bhavapriyā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Bhavāni''' || {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|D1|N2|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S|N2|D1|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Bhavāni'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kanchanāvathi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Shubhapantuvarali"
|'''45 [[Shubhapantuvarali|Śubhapantuvarāḷi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Shivapanthuvarāli'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Arunāngi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M2|P|N3|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|R1|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bandhuvarāli''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|S|N3|D1|P|M2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D1|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhānudhanyāsi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|N3|D1|N3|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|N3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhānukeeravāni''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chāyaranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dhowreyani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Todi (raga)|Hindusthāni Todi]]''|| {{svaraC|N3|R1|G2|M2|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jālakesari''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kumudhachandrikā''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mahānandhini''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|G2|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Multani (raga)|Multani]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Parpathi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shekharachandrikā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Shadvidamargini"
|'''46 [[Shadvidamargini|Śadvidamārgini]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Sthavarājam'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ganahemāvati''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Indhudhanyāsi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|D2|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shreekānti''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Teevravāhini''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G2|R1|G2|M2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|Vaishalini
|{{svaraC|R1|G2|M2|D2|N2|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|N2|D2|M2|G2|R1|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Suvarnangi"
|'''47 [[Suvarnangi|Suvarnāngi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Sowveeram'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Abhiru''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|R1|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M2|G2|R1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rathikā''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|G2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vijayashree''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Divyamani"
|'''48 [[Divyamani|Divyamaṇi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Jeevanthikā'''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Deshamukhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|D3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D3|N3|D3|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dundubi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jeevanthini''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Gāndhāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|N3|S|N3|P|M2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Dhavalambari"
|'''49 [[Dhavalambari|Dhavaḻāmbari]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Dhavalāngam'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Abhirāmam''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M2|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhinnapauarali''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|P|D1|N1|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dharmini''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sudharmini''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M2|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Namanarayani"
|'''50 [[Namanarayani|Nāmanārāyaṇi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Nāmadeshi'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Narmada''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Swaramanjari''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Kamavardhini"
|'''51 [[Kamavardhini|Panthuvarāli (Kāmavardhini)]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Kāshirāmakriyā'''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mandāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''ādhi Panchama''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|N3|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Basant (raga)|Basant]] /Vasant {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|M2|N3|D1|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M1|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Basant Bahār {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|P|G3|M2|N3|D1|N3|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|R2|S|N2|D2|P|M1|G2|M1|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhogavasantha''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Deepakam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D1|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|N3|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gamakapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|N3|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gamanapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|N3|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hamsanārāyani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Indumathi''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kamalāptapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kumudhakriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Māruthi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ponni''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Prathāpa''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Puriya Dhanashree]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|N3|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|P|N3|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|R1|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|M2|R1|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Tāndavapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Ramapriya"
|'''52 [[Ramapriya|Rāmapriyā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Ramāmanohari'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chintaramani''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hamsagamini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Lokaranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|M2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Meghashyāmala''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Namoveenapaani (creation by Siri Girish)''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Patalāmbari''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Raktimārgini''|| {{svaraC|S|P|M2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rasavinodini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Reethi Chandrikā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Seemantinipriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sukhakari''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|S|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|S|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vedhaswaroopi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|N3|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Gamanashrama"
|'''53 [[Gamanashrama|Gamanāśrama]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Gamakakriyā'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Alankāri''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|D2|N3|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Bhatiyar|Bhatiyār]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|D2|P|D2|M2|P|G3|M2|D2|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|R1|N3|D2|P|M2|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M1|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Dvigāndhārabhooshani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|G3|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G2|G3|G2|R1|S|D2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Hamsanandi|Hamsānandi]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mechakāngi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Padmakalyāni''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poorvi Kalyāni''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sharabadhvāja''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Sohini]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vaishaka''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|N3|P|M2|G3|M2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Vishwambari"
|'''54 [[Vishwambari|Viśvambari]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Vamshavathi'''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hemāngi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|D3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D3|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pooshakalyāni''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sharadhyuthi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|D3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddhakriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|M2|M2|P|D3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D3|P|M2|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sundarāngi''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|G3|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vijayavasantham''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Shamalangi"
|'''55 [[Shamalangi|Śāmaḻāngi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Shyāmalam'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Deshāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|D1|N1|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vijayamālavi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Shanmukhapriya"
|'''56 [[Shanmukhapriya|Śanmukhapriyā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Chāmaram'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhāshini''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chintāmani''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|R2|G2|M2|G2|R2|G2|P|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dhanakari''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Garigadya''|| {{svaraC|N2|S|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gopikathilakam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kokilanandhi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rājeshwari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M1|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Samudrapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shanmukhi (Trimoorti)''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M2|G2|R1|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sumanasaranjani'' || {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vasukari''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Simhendramadhyamam"
|'''57 [[Simhendramadhyamam]]'''(Sumadhyuti)|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|-
|''Ānandavalli''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ghantana''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jayachoodāmani''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pranavapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sarvāngi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|G2|S|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Seshanādam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sunādapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Urmikā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vijayasaraswathi''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Hemavati "
|'''58 [[Hemavati (ragam)|Hemavati]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Deshisimhāravam'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chandrarekhā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hamsabhramari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hemāmbari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hemapriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kshemakari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Madhukowns''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|N2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shakthiroopini''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Simhārava''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M2|R2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vijayasāranga''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vijayashrāngi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Yāgini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Dharmavati"
|'''59 [[Dharmavati]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Dhāmavathi'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Sri Tyagaraja]]'' ''(Raga created by Mahesh Mahadev)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Arun |date=2023-01-19 |title=Sri Tyagaraja - a New Raga in Carnatic Music by Mahesh Mahadev |url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/bengaluru/sri-tyagaraja-a-new-raga-in-carnatic-music-by-mahesh-mahadev/19012023 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=News Karnataka |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|6=N3|7=S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|4=P|5=M2|6=G2|7=R2|8=S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gowrikriya''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|N3|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Karmukhāvati''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Karpoora Bharani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M2|P|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Lalitasimharavam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Madhumālti'' {Hindustani}|| {{svaraC|N3|S|G2|M2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M1|abbr=no}})
|-
|''[[Madhuvanti|Madhuvanthi]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|G2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Moharanjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Ranjani]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Varada''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vijayanāgari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vishveshwarapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Neetimati"
|'''60 [[Neetimati|Nītimati]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Nisshadham'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Amarasenapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Deshyagānavaridhi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|S|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Hamsanadam|Hamsanādam]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|N3|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S|N3|D3|P|M2|R2|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kaikavashi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nuthanachandrikā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D3|N3|P|M2|G2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rathnasāranga''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Kantamani"
|'''61 [[Kantamani|Kāntāmani]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Kunthalam'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kanakakusumāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shruthiranjani''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N1|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|N1|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Rishabhapriya"
|'''62 [[Rishabhapriya|Riśabhapriyā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Rathipriyā'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gopriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Poornasāveri''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rathnabhānu''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|N2|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Suddha Sāranga''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}}||{{svaraC|S'|D1|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Latangi"
|'''63 [[Latangi|Latāngi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Geethapriyā'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chitrachandrika''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|R2|G3|M2|P|N3|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hamsalatha''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kananapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|M2|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|N3|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Karunākari''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|P|D1|N3|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Lalithāngi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ramani''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rathnakānthi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Raviswaroopini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sajjananandhi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Skandamanorama''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Vachaspati "
|'''64 [[Vachaspati (ragam)|Vāchaspati]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Bhooshāvathi'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhagavataranjana''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhogeeshwari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|N2|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhooshāvali''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dwigāndhārabhooshani''|| {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|G3|G2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G2|G3|G2|R1|S|D2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gaganamohini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Gurupriya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hrdhini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mangalakari''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|P|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mukthidāyini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nādhabrahma''|| {{svaraC|S|P|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pranavākāri''|| {{svaraC|P|N2|D2|N2|S|R2|G3|M2|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|P|M2|G3|R2|S|N2|D2|N2|P|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Saraswathi''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shivaranjani (Original)''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|D2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|D2|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Triveni''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Utthari''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Kalyani "
|'''65 [[Kalyani (rāga)|Mechakalyāni]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Shānthakalyāni'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Amritha Kalyani]] (Raga created by Mahesh Mahadev)<ref name=":0" />''
|{{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|6=N3|7=S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Amritha Behāg''|| {{svaraC|S|M2|G3|P|N3|S|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|D2|N3|D2|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Aprameya''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G3|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Bhoopkalyāni''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Bhoopali|Bhoopāli]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chandrakāntha''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|N3|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Hameer]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|S|G3|M1|D2|N3|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|N3|P|G3|M1|D2|M2|P|D2|P|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M1|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Hameer Kalyāni {carnatic interpretation of Kedar}''|| {{svaraC|S|P|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|S|P|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|S|P|M2|N3|D2|S|N3|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|P|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|P|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|M1|G3|P|M1|R2|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|M1|G3|R2|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|M2|G|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|G3|M1|G3|R2|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|G3|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M1|N2|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Hamsakalyāni''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kalyānadāyini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kannadamaruva''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Kedar (raga)|Ked''ār'']] {Hindustani}''
|{{svaraC|S|}} *{{svaraC|M1|}}({{svaraC|G3|}}){{svaraC|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|P|}} *{{svaraC|M1|S|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M1|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Kowmoda''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Kunthalashreekānti''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Mohanakalyani|Mohana Kalyāni]]''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Mrgānandhana''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|D2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Nada Kalyani]] (Raga created by Mahesh Mahadev)<ref name=":0" />''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nāndhakalyāni''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G3|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Pramodhini''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rajasadhaka (Raga created by Mahesh Mahadev)<ref name=":0" />''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}}
|{{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sāranga''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|R2|S|P|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|P|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|R2|G3|M1|R2|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|S|D2|P|M2|R2|G3|M1|R2|S'|abbr=no}} {{svaraC|S|N3|D2|P|M2|R2|G3|M1|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M1|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Sāranga Tārangini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shilangi''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}}|| {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shuddha Sārang {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|N3|S|R2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|P|M1|R2|S|N3|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M1|abbr=no}})
|-
|''Suddha Koshala''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Shyām Kalyān {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|N3|S|R2|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|P|D2|P|G3|M1|P|G3|M1|R2|S|N3|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M1|abbr=no}})
|-
|''[[Sunadavinodini|Sunādavinodini]] / [[Hindol]] of Hindustani''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-

|''Swayambhooshwara Rāga''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|P|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vandanadhārini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vivāhapriyā <ref name="vivahapriya_Doubt"> The notes of Vivahapriya raga are theoretically same as Saranga Tarangini, are we missing something?)</ref>''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Yamunakalyani|Yamuna Kalyāni]] / [[Yaman Kalyan]] {Hindustani}''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|M1|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}} (''Anya swara*'' : {{svaraC|M1|abbr=no}})
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Chitrambari"
|'''66 [[Chitrambari|Chitrāmbari]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Chaturāngini'''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|N3|P|G3|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''[[Amritavarshini]]''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Chitrasindhu''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Churnikavinodhini''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|N3|P|M2|G3|R2|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Vijayakoshalam''|| {{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Sucharitra"
|'''67 [[Sucharitra|Sucharitrā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D1|N1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Santhāna Manjari'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D1|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N1|D1|P|M2|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Jyoti swarupini"
|'''68 [[Jyoti swarupini|Jyothisvarūpiṇi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Jyothi'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Deepavarāli''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|M2|P|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Jyothishmathi''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M2|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Rāmagiri''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|M2|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D1|N2|D1|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Dhatuvardani"
|'''69 [[Dhatuvardani|Dhātuvardhani]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Dhowtha Panchamam'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|N3|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|R3|G3|M2|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Dhwithiyapanchamam''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|N3|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|R3|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Sumukham''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|M2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|M2|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Tavapriyā''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D1|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Nasikabhushani"
|'''70 [[Nasikabhushani|Nāsikābhūśaṇi]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Nāsāmani'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|S|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Marakathagowla''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Thilakamandāri''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|M2|P|D2|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Kosalam"
|'''71 [[Kosalam|Kōsalam]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Kusumākaram'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ayodhya''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M2|G3|M2|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-style="background-color:#ebebeb;" id="Rasikapriya"
|'''72 [[Rasikapriya|Rasikapriyā]]'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|'''Rasamanjari'''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Hamsagiri''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|D3|N3|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Ishtārangini''|| {{svaraC|S|R3|M2|P|N3|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|N3|D3|P|M2|G3|R3|S|abbr=no}}
|-
|''Nāgagiri''|| {{svaraC|S|G3|M2|P|D2|P|S'|abbr=no}} || {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M2|G3|S|abbr=no}}
|}

==Other janyas==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*āṣaḍhakannaḍa
*bhāvya
*bhuvana manōhari
*dēshalam/dēśalam
*dēshikakhamāj/dēśikakhamāj
*dēshikasencuruṭi/dēśikasencuraṭi
*dēshya keeravāṇi/dēśya keeravāṇi
*gaṅgādhāriṇi
*harihamsa
*harikalyāṇi
*Harisaraswati
*Hindustāni bhairavi - uses all 12 notes
*Hindustāni gāndhāri
*Jālini
*Kamalāmanōhari
*Kannaḍa kāmbhōji/kannaḍa kāmbōdhi
*Karnāṭaka nāṭṭai
*karṇashravya/karṇaśravya
*Khaṇḍe
*Koṇḍamalahari
*Lāvaṇi
*Māṇikya
*Madhumādhavi
*Maitrabhāvini
*Manōllāsini
*Mishra khamāj/Miśra khamāj
*Mishra māṇḍ/Miśra māṇḍ
*Mishra tilang/Miśra tilaṅg - S G3 M1 P N3 S - S N3 P M1 G3 R2 S
*Mukundabhairavam
*Mukundamaṇirangu
*Mukundanandini
*Mukundashree/mukundaśrī
*Mukundavasanta
*Mukundavasantini
*Namoveenapaani/namōveeṇāpāṇi - Aro: S G3 M2 D2 N2 S, Ava: S N2 D2 M2 G3 R1 S (Creation by Siri Girish at the age of 12)
*Navakānti
*Parvatavardhini/parvatavardhani
*Padmashree/padmaśrī
*Pancabhoota
*Pancagata
*Poorṇavasanta
*Rāgadhwani
*[[Ragini raga]]
*Rājahamsini
*Rājalahari (Scale introduced by Maestro [[Ilaiyaraaja]])
*Rājkowns/rājakauns
*Rāyagowla/rāyagaula
*Rojuvana
*Rudrabharaṇam
*Sampoorṇam
*Sanga
*Sarvānanda
*Sarvashakti
*Savitā
*Shiva kalyāṇam
*Shree chintāmaṇi
*Shreekāntimati
*Shubhakalyāṇi
*Siddhēśvara
*Shuddha cintāmaṇi
*Vasavanti/vāsavanti
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
* [[List of film songs based on ragas]]
* [[List of composers who created ragas]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.karnatik.com/janyalist.shtml karnATik.com: Raaga Janya list]
* [http://carnatica.net/sangeet/handbook.htm Carnatica.net: Music Handbook]

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janya ragas}}
[[Category:Janya ragas| ]]
[[Category:India music-related lists]]

Bhatt Kirat

2025-12-25T11:26:37Z

Manish: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Contributor of Guru Granth Sahib}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = Bhatt
| name = Kirat
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = Unknown date
| birth_place = [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], [[Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] ({{small|Present-day [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]], [[Punjab]], [[India]]}})
| death_date = 13 April 1634
| death_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] ({{small|Present-day [[Punjab]], [[India]]}})
| native_name =
| religion = Sikhism
| known_for = * Contributor of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]
* Jathedar of [[Akal Sena]]
* Martyrdom in Battle of Amritsar (1634)
| relations = * [[Bhatt Bhika|Bhatt Bhikha]] (father)
* [[Bhatt Mathura]] (brother)
| children = * Bhai Bohath (son)
* Bhai Keso Singh Shaheed (grandson)
* Bhai Narbud Singh Shaheed (great-grandson)
* Bhai Hari Singh Shaheed (grandson)
* Bhai Tara Singh Shaheed (great-grandson)
* Bhai Seva Singh Shaheed (great-grandson)
* Bhai Deva Singh Shaheed (great-grandson)
* Bhai Desa Singh Shaheed (grandson)
| title =
}}
'''Bhatt Kirat''' was a [[Brahmin]] bard in the court of [[Guru Arjan]], whose eight hymns are present in [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the holy book of [[Sikh]]s.<ref>Page cxx, The Ādi-Granth, Or: The Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs, Ernst Trumpp, W.H. Allen, 1877</ref><ref>Page 36, The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries), H. S. Singha, Hemkunt Press, 2000 </ref><ref>Page 8, The Sikh Review, Volume 55, Issues 1-6, Sikh Cultural Centre, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/scriptures/sri-guru-granth-sahib-and-guru-gobind-singhs-bani/bhatt-bani thesikhencyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223064219/http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/scriptures/sri-guru-granth-sahib-and-guru-gobind-singhs-bani/bhatt-bani |date=23 December 2015 }}: BHATT BANI</ref> The title [[Bhatt]] is given to learned Brahmins.

==Early life==
Kirat was born, in [[Sultanpur Lodhi]] to [[Bhatt Bhika]], in a [[Gaur Brahmin]] family (of Kaushish gotra) and he was brother of [[Bhatt Mathura]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dilagīra |first=Harajindara Siṅgha |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhreferenceboo0000dila/page/71/mode/1up?q=Bhatt |title=The Sikh Reference Book |date=1997 |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |isbn=978-0-9695964-2-4|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> His father's ancestors settled in Sultanpur from [[Ladwa]] village near [[Kurukshetra]] city (present day [[Haryana]]).{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==Battle of Amritsar (1634)==
Bhai Kirat being tired of Mughal oppression, joined the sixth guru, [[Guru Hargobind]] to fight against the [[Mughal Empire]]. He contributed and fought valiantly in [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)|Battle of Amritsar]] and killed Lahore’s Subedar Murtza Khan but because of heavy injury and blood loss, he attained martyrdom on the battlefield.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Dalbir Singh |title=Sikhism: Origin and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&q=Gaur |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Limited |year=1988 |pages=122}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikh-stub}}
{{Writers of Guru Granth Sahib}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh Bhagats]]

Chhattisgarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

2025-12-24T20:51:01Z

Manish: Created New Info And Citations

{{Short description|Quasi-judicial body in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Chhattisgarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
| native_name =
| established = 1986
| jurisdiction = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| location = Chhattisgarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, Address : Chhattisgarh State Consumer Commission New Bus Stand Pandri Raipur 492001.<ref name="cg ref1">{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh State Consumer Commission |url=http://cgscdrc.cg.nic.in/ContactUs.html |website=Chhattisgarh State Consumer Commission |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref>
| appealsto =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of age (whichever is earlier)
| website = http://cgscdrc.cg.nic.in/
| chiefjudgetitle = President, Chhattisgarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
| chiefjudgename = Hon'ble Mr. Justice Chandra Bhushan Bajpai
| chiefjudgename2 =
}}

'''Chhattisgarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission''' is an [[autonomous]], [[statutory]] and [[constitution]]al institution formed as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body in [[Chhattisgarh]] under Section 24-B of the [[Consumer Protection Act, 1986]] to protect the rights of [[consumer]]s. It is a system of [[Alternative dispute resolution|alternate dispute resolution]] between conflicting parties during the process of [[trade]]. The president of the States Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission is appointed by the [[State governments of India|state government]] in consultation with the [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of state [[High courts of India|high court]].

== History and objective ==

Chhattisgarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission was formed to promote and protect the rights of consumers as per the Consumer Protection Act 1986.<ref name="scd ref17">{{cite news |title=Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Meaning and Key Features |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/meaning-and-features-of-consumer-protection-act-2019-1578557665-1 |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=Jagranjosh |date=23 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="scd ref15">{{cite news |title=Consumer commission vacancies: SC warns of imposing exemplary costs on state govts for non-compliance {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/consumer-commission-vacancies-sc-warns-of-imposing-exemplary-costs-on-state-govts-for-non-compliance/articleshow/87631508.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=10 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref8">{{cite news |title=No chambers or even staff washrooms — bleak state of India's consumer courts reaches SC |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/no-chambers-or-even-staff-washrooms-bleak-state-of-indias-consumer-courts-reaches-sc/780705/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=14 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref5">{{cite news |title=Consumer cases in district levels drop 26% in 2020 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/consumer-cases-in-district-levels-drop-26-in-2020/article37902841.ece |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=8 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Following shall be the composition of Chhattisgarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission:<ref name="scd ref3">{{cite news |title=The Role Of Consumer Dispute Redressal Agencies - Academike |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/consumer-dispute-redrsal-agencies/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=lawctopus.com |date=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="scd ref9">{{cite news |title=Consumer Protection Act and Medical Profession - Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies |url=https://www.medindia.net/indian_health_act/consumer_protection_act_and_medical_profession_consumer_disputes_redressal_agencies.htm |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=medindia.net}}</ref>

# President and
# Not less than two members and not more than that prescribed in State Act.

President will be appointed by state Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of state High Court. The eligibility for president is that he should be serving or served as Judge in any High Court. Members should be of 1. Not less than 35 years of age and 2. recognised university bachelor's degree 3. With good ability, integrity and standing and with proficient experience of 10 years and expertise knowledge in subjects of [[accountancy]], [[law]], [[commerce]], [[economics]], industry, administration and public affairs and problem solving ability in same.

Also not more than fifty percent of members of committee should be from judicial background.

Hon'ble Mr. Hon'ble Mr. Justice Chandra Bhushan Bajpai is the President of Chhattisgarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission and will serve a period of five years from date of appointment.

== Levels and jurisdiction ==

Chhattisgarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission was formed for promoting and protecting the rights of consumers through three levels with the below mentioned jurisdiction:<ref name="scd ref2">{{cite news |title=Government notifies new rules for consumer commissions; national body's jurisdiction enhanced |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/government-notifies-new-rules-for-consumer-commissions-national-bodys-jurisdiction-enhanced/articleshow/88596171.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref1">{{cite news |title=District Consumer Forum is now District Commission; will hear cases of value up to ₹1 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/district-consumer-forum-is-now-district-commission-will-hear-cases-of-value-up-to-1-crore/story-13pfET9A7TCnpHPkchnZ1O.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=16 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref6">{{cite news |title=NCDRC's ambit widened for faster disposal of plaints {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ncdrcs-ambit-widened-for-faster-disposal-of-plaints/articleshow/88603193.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=31 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref10">{{cite news |title=Central govt notifies new rules for enhancing consumer protection |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/central-govt-notifies-new-rules-for-enhancing-consumer-protection-121123100116_1.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
* '''District Commission''' (earlier referred to as '''District Forum''') can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is up to ₹1 crore (Earlier limit was ₹20 lakh).<ref name="cg ref2">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh doctor directed to pay Rs 20 lakhs for medical neglect |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/dec/21/chhattisgarh-doctor-directed-to-pay-rs-20-lakhsfor-medical-neglect-2398028.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=21 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="cg ref4">{{cite news |last1=Bagri |first1=Rashmi |title=Candidates Aged 45 Yrs Or Above Eligible To Head District Consumer Forum If Other Qualifications Are Met: Chhattisgarh High Court Clarifies |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/chhattisgarh-high-court-president-district-consumer-commission-qualification-45-years-upper-age-191527 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=9 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''State Commission''' can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is more than ₹1 crore but less than ₹10 crores ( earlier limit was between ₹20 lakh and ₹1 crore).
* '''National Commission''' can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is more than 10 crores.

== Filing complaints ==
{{main|E-Daakhil}}

Chhattisgarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission laid down below process of filing and resolving complaints:<ref name="scd ref11">{{cite news |title=New rules for consumer commissions: Government issues notification - All you need to know |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-new-rules-for-consumer-commissions-government-issues-notification-all-you-need-to-know-174930 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Zee Business |date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref4">{{cite news |title=The State Commission, Under Consumer Protection Act |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/stco.htm |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref name="scd ref14">{{cite news |title=Be it defective saree or tawa, consumers getting speedy justice via e-Daakhil: CCPA |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/be-it-defective-saree-or-tawa-consumers-getting-speedy-justice-via-e-daakhil-ccpa/articleshow/87926927.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=26 November 2021}}</ref>

Complaints can be filed electronically and examination of disputing parties is done through video-conferencing, which includes hearing and/or examination through any other mode. The time period for resolving dispute in case the complaint does not require analysis and testing of product quality is 3 months from the date of receipt of notice by the opposite party. However, if the complaint requires analysis or testing of product quality the time limit for resolving dispute is within 5 months. Complaints can be filed using [[E-Daakhil]] portal.

== Penalties and imprisonment ==
* Manufacturers and Service providers are made punishable as a criminal offence for giving misleading information or for wrong advertisement of product.
* Punishment may include fine of Rs 10 lakhs or imprisonment for 2 years or both.

== Investigative agency ==
* Violation of consumer rights or unfair trade practices is investigated by the Investigation wing headed by Director-General level position in [[Central Consumer Protection Authority]] (CCPA).

==Important terms==

Following are the important terms in Chhattisgarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission:<ref name="scd ref7">{{cite news |title=Changes in India's Consumer Protection Act 2019 |url=https://www.lawyer-monthly.com/2020/01/changes-in-indias-consumer-protection-act-2019/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Lawyer Monthly {{!}} Legal News Magazine |date=31 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="scd ref13">{{cite news |title=State Commission Under Consumer Protection Act - Composition and Powers {{!}} Law column |url=https://www.lawcolumn.in/state-commission-under-consumer-protection-act-composition-and-powers/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=lawcolumn.in |date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref16">{{cite news |title=National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission - NCDRC |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/calendars-causelists/NCDRC.htm |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref>
* As per the act "Goods" means anything purchased by consumers either in retail or wholesale from retailers or wholesalers. They can either be produced or manufactured.
* As per the act "services" means those which are in the form of "[[transport]], [[telephone]], [[electricity]], [[housing]], [[banking]], [[insurance]], [[medical treatment]] etc".
* As per the act consumer means " any person who buys any goods or hires or avails any services for a consideration which has already been paid or promised or partly paid and partly promised or under any system of deferred payment".
* Person includes anyone buying goods, either through online system or direct or offline, by way of teleshopping, or through mode of electronic includes direct selling or in a [[multi-level marketing]].
* Consumer does not include person buying or availing goods or services for resale or for any other commercial purpose.
* For the purpose of commission the terms are referred in [[Consumer Protection Act, 2019|Consumer Protection Act'2019]].

== Challenges ==
* The district, state and national level commissions face challenges of understaffing or non fulfillment of vacancies in time.<ref name="scd ref12">{{cite news |title=4 of 28 state consumer bodies at full strength, SC told, court says 'completely unacceptable' |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/only-4-of-28-state-consumer-bodies-at-full-strength-sc-says-completely-unacceptable/714835/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=16 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref5" /><ref name="scd ref18">{{cite journal |title=THREE TIER MECHANISM OF CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR FUNCTIONING |journal=ResearchGate |date=2017 |volume=4 |issue=4 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349412457 |access-date=31 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* The report prepared by senior advocate on the directions of [[Supreme Court of India]] found out many shortcomings in the offices of district and state consumer redressal bodies in many states of India. These include absence of storage rooms for case files, lack of member chambers for convenience of members hearing complaints, non availability of court rooms and washrooms in selective cases.<ref name="scd ref8" />

== See also ==
* [[National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]]
* [[Odisha State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission|Odisha State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://cgscdrc.cg.nic.in/ Official Website]


[[Category:Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions of India]]

Kali Bari, Shimla

2025-12-02T19:55:13Z

Manish:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Shimla, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Kali Bari Temple
|native_name = '''काली बाड़ी मंदिर'''
|religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
|deity = [[Goddess Kali]]
|district = [[Shimla]]
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|location = Bantony Hill, Shimla
|established = 1845
|founded_by = Ram Charan Brahamchari
|image = Kali Bari Shimla, Himacha Pradesh, India - panoramio.jpg
|caption = Kali Bari temple outside uphill view
|architecture_style = [[Deula]]
|map_type = India Himachal Pradesh
|map_caption = Location of Kali Bari Temple in Himachal Pradesh
|coordinates = {{coord|31.105975|77.166813|display=inline, title}}}}

'''Kali Bari Mandir''' is a [[Hindu temple]] situated on Bantony Hill, [[Shimla]]. The temple is dedicated to fearsome reincarnation of [[Kali|Goddess Kali]], known as Shyamala, after which the Shimla city might have been named. The goddess is believed to have existed near [[Jakhoo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shimmying in umbrella land: A weekend in Shimla|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/planing-a-trip-to-unwind-from-your-daily-grind-visit-shimla-the-land-of-umbrellas/story-cyIobjWXtiLwHztY5wjPkN.html|access-date=2020-06-08|website=hindustantimes.com|date=16 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Kali Bari temple was originally built in 1823 by a [[Bengali Brahmin]] Ram Charan Brahamchari in the vicinity of [[Rothney Castle, Shimla|Rothney Castle]] on [[Jakhoo|Jakhoo Hill]]. That's why it resembles the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=कालीबाड़ी मंदिर हॉल में महिलाओं ने खेली सिंदूर की होली|url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/sindoor-holi-in-kalibari-temple-shimla|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> It is one of the ancient temples of the city and features a unique [[Hindu architecture|Hindu-style architecture]] along with blue coloured wooden idol of goddess Kali. Later, the [[British people|British]] shifted the location of the temple to Bantony Hill. The temple trust formed in 1902 mainly consists of [[Bengalis|Bengali]] members.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-15|title=Shimla Kali Bari temple all set for 'Durga Puja'|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/shimla-kali-bari-temple-all-set-for-durga-puja-1502696673.html|access-date=2020-06-08|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref>

== View ==
The temple is located in the city center. Shimla's Old Bus Stand, [[Army Training Command|ARTRAC]], [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]], [[Railway Board Building]], [[Shimla railway station|Shimla Railway Station]], [[Shri Hanuman Jakhu (Statue)|Shri Hanuman Jakhu]] can be seen from the temple premises. The temple attracts a lot of tourists and devotees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hindi News; Latest Hindi News, Breaking Hindi News Live, Hindi Samachar (हिंदी समाचार), Hindi News Paper Today|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh|state=Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Temples_in_Shimla]]