Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Inderjit Nikku

2026-05-07T13:59:54Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added info!

{{Short description|Indian singer and actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| birth_date =
| label = FineTone, [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]], FineTouch
| associated_acts =
| website =
| name = Inderjit Nikku
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Inderjit Singh
| alias =
| years_active = 1995–present
| origin = [[Ludhiana]], [[India|Punjab]], India
}}

'''Inderjit singh''', popularly known as '''Nikku''', is an Indian singer and actor associated with [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language music and films.
== Career ==
He has released numerous tracks, including "Kaki Ji", "Panjeban Wali", and "Singh Is King". He sang plenty of hit duet songs in past along with Jaspinder Narula. His music often focuses on Punjabi heritage and romantic folk themes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Punjabi Mania News |title=Pinda Wale: Inderjeet Nikku is coming with his new song |url=https://punjabimania.com/post/pinda-wale-inderjeet-nikku-is-coming-with-his-new-song |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Punjabi Mania |language=en-US}}</ref>

In addition to singing, Nikku has appeared in several Punjabi films:
* ''Munde U.K. De'' (2009) - as Candy
* ''Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi'' (2012)
* ''Dil Pardesi Ho Gaya'' (2013)

== Career Resurgence (2022–Present) ==
In 2022, after a period of professional struggle, Nikku received immense support from the global Punjabi diaspora and fellow artists. He has worked with other performers like [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Gippy Grewal]].<ref name="IE_Diljit">{{cite news |date=2022-08-22 |title=Diljit Dosanjh offers song to Inderjit Nikku after singer shares financial struggles |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/diljit-dosanjh-offers-song-to-inderjit-nikku-after-singer-shares-financial-struggles-8105772/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2026-02-11}}</ref><ref name="HT_Support">{{cite news |date=2022-08-23 |title=Punjabi industry rallies behind Inderjit Nikku after emotional video goes viral |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjabi-industry-rallies-behind-inderjit-nikku-after-emotional-video-goes-viral-101661245058742.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2026-02-11}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable" 0border:
|-
! Year
! Album
! Record label
! Music
|-
|2020
| ''Viah''
| T-Series
| ToNN-E & R GURU
|-
|2018
| ''Canada Wale Gabru''
| MovieBox/Amar Audio
| Gurmeet Singh
|-
|2014
| ''Dil Dharkey''
| MovieBox/[[Speed Records (record label)|Speed Records]]
| Popsy (The Music Machine)
|-
|2012
| ''Singh By Nature''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nannu.info/forum/showthread.php?t=34209 |title=Inderjit Singh on Nannu.info|publisher=Nannu.info |accessdate=22 August 2012}}</ref>
| Amar Audio
| Gurmeet Singh, Tarun Rishi, Tonn E Singh
|-
|2009
| ''Khaalas'' (The Pure)
| [[Speed Records (record label)|Speed Records]]
| [[Honey Singh]]
|-
| 2008
| ''Dhur Ki Baani Aayi''
| PointZero Entertainers
| Tarun Rishi
|-
| 2007
| ''Dil Wich''
| Finetouch, Kamlee Records, Planet Records
| [[Jaidev Kumar]]
|-
|2006
| ''Singh Is King''
| Finetouch
| Gurmeet Singh
|-
|2005
| ''Ek OnKar''
| T-Series
| Tejwant Kittu
|-
|2002
| ''Munde Chum-Chum Sutde Rumaal''
| Venus Records
| Vivek Bakshi, Tejwant Kittu
|-
| 2001
| ''Haye Kamaal''
| Venus Records
| Vivek Bakshi
|-
|2003
| ''Punjebaan Wali''
| Finetouch
| Vivek Bakshi
|-
| 2001
| ''Meri Mehbooba''
| Peritone
| Atul Sharma
|-
| 2000
| ''Haye Saadi Jaan''
| Peritone
| Tejwant Kittu, Atul Sharma
|-
| 1999
| ''Sajna Da Pind Langh Ke''
| Finetone,
| Tejwant Kittu
|-
| 2000
| ''Sohnian Di Baraat''
| Finetone,
| Tejwant Kittu
|-
| 1996
| ''Naseebo Chete Kardi Aa''
| Finetone,
| Tejwant Kittu
|-
| 1998
| ''Haye Oye Rabba Dil Lagda Ei Nai''
| Finetone,
| Tejwant Kittu
|-
| 2000
| ''Akhiyan Jaa Ladiyan''
| Finetone,
| Tejwant Kittu
|-
| 1995
| ''Nasha Jawani Daa''
| Finetone,
| Atul Sharma
|-
| 2020
| ''Bhabhi''
| Finetone,
| Gurmeet Singh <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-new-2020-punjabi-song-bhabhi-sung-by-inderjit-nikku/videoshow/78715312.cms|title = Watch New 2020 Punjabi Song 'Bhabhi' Sung by Inderjit Nikku | Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Filmography==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year
! Album
! Notes
! Record label
! Music

|-
| 2012
| ''[[Carry On Jatta]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cinemapunjabi.com/films/carry-on-jatta | title=Carry On Jatta | accessdate=28 July 2012 | archive-date=11 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711120302/http://www.cinemapunjabi.com/films/carry-on-jatta | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Special appearance
| Speed Records
| Amandeep Singh
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Dil Pardesi Ho Gia]]''<ref name="pp">{{cite web | url=http://www.planetpunjab.com/dil-pardesi-ho-gaya-punjabi-movie | title=Dil Pardesi Ho Gaya starring Inderjit Nikku & Sana Nawaz Khan | publisher=planetpunjab.com | date=9 February 2012 | accessdate=1 May 2012 | author=PlanetPunjab | archive-date=7 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407232127/http://www.planetpunjab.com/dil-pardesi-ho-gaya-punjabi-movie | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| With [[Sana Nawaz]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] {{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
|
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Mere Yaar Kaminey''
| With [[Karan Kundra]], Gaurav Kakkar
|
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Eh Dil Da Mamla''
| With [[Veena Malik]] and [[Mangi Mahal]]
| T-Series
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Bade Changay Ne Mere Yaar Kaminey''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3455214/|title = Bade Changay Ne Mere Yaar Kaminey| website=[[IMDb]] |date = 3 January 2014}}</ref>
| With Karan Kundrra, Gaurav Kakkar
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Attwadi Koun''
| With Kavisha Arora
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nikku, Inderjit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Musicians from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Yuvaraja (film)

2026-05-07T01:20:25Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added a data

{{short description|2001 Indian Kannada-language sports drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yuvaraja
| image = Yuvaraja 2001.jpg

| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| producer = R. Srinivas
| writer = M. S. Ramesh
R. Rajashekhar
(Dialogues)
| screenplay = Puri Jagannath
| narrator = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| story = [[P. A. Arun Prasad]]
| based_on = ''[[Thammudu]]'' (Telugu)
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Lisa Ray]] [[Bhavna Pani]]
| music = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cinematography = K. Datthu
| editing = S. Manohar
| studio = R S Productions
| distributor = Bahar Films
| released = {{Film date|2001|11|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}
'''''Yuvaraja''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[sports drama film]] directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]] and produced by R. Srinivas. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Bhavna Pani]] and [[Lisa Ray]] - with the former debuting as actress and the latter debuting in Kannada. The film was released on 2 November 2001 across theatres in Karnataka. The film finished a 50-day theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2001 Year Round Up - chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/2898-2001-year-round-up.html |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=www.chitraloka.com |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319190708/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/2898-2001-year-round-up.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180617150746/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvaraja-review-kannada-pcltQmjfbbiee.html Sify review]</ref>

The film is a remake of 1999 Telugu movie ''[[Thammudu]]'' which was based on the 1992 Hindi movie ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' which in turn was inspired by the 1979 American film ''[[Breaking Away]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=We list down 7 Bollywood films inspired from Hollywood |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/we-list-down-7-bollywood-films-inspired-from-hollywood-27295.amp}}</ref>

==Plot==
Raju alias Yuvaraja is the youngest son of a family and a careless guy, always going around girls and enjoying with them. His womanizing habits are a source of heartburn for his father. His elder brother Chakri is a kickboxer and his father's favourite son. Janu, Yuvaraja's neighbour, is in love with him, but Raju considers her a good friend only and a source of money and cars to impress girls (Janu's father is a garage owner).

Raju starts going out with Lovely, a rich college girl, and poses as a wealthy millionaire's son to impress her and love her. Lovely falls for his lies and starts loving him. However, she soon finds out that Raju has lied to her and dumps him and insults him in front of his father. Raju's father, tired of his son's antics, kicks him out of the house and shuns him. Raju is now homeless and Jaanu tells him to be more responsible of himself. Later, Chakri is attacked by Rohith, who happens to be Lovely's new boyfriend and his enemy, and his friends and is bedridden, unable to take part in the kickboxing championship. Raju decides to fight for his brother and to redeem himself in his father's eyes by fighting in the championship match against Rohith. Deciding to seek revenge for his brother's accident and to prove himself to his father, Yuvaraja defeats Rohith after a long and bloody boxing match, redeems himself in front of his father's eyes and finally accepts Janu's love. Hence the film ends with a happy ending, and everyone greets Raju as Yuvaraja.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Raju alias Yuvaraja Rathnam
* [[Lisa Ray]] as Lovely
* [[Bhavna Pani]] as Janaki alias Jaanu
* [[Kumar Govind]] as Chakri, Raju's brother
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Vishwanath, Raju's father
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Chakri and Raju's coach
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Kitti, Raju's friend
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Jaanu's father
* [[Balaraj]] as Sakshi Shivanand, Raju's friend
* [[Bullet Prakash]] as Raju's friend
* Dharma as Rohith
* [[Sanketh Kashi]]
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]] as professor
* Badri Narayan
* Sridhar Raj
* [[Niranjan Shetty]]
* Appu Venkatesh
* Rajeev Rathod
* Rocket Vikram
}}

==Production==
The film began its shoot on London on 15 May 2001. This was the first production venture of R. Srinivas who is a silk merchant while also worked as film distributor.<ref>{{cite web |title=SHIVRAJKUMAR & LISA RAY TEAMED |url=http://chitraloka.com/english/action_cut/yuvaraja.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020621194831/http://www.chitraloka.com/english/action_cut/yuvaraja.html |archive-date=21 June 2002 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Three song sequences were shot at London with a particular song featuring Shivarajkumar and Lisa Ray was shot at Hide Park, London Tower, and Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{cite web |title=BEWARE OF MIDDLEMEN |url=http://chitraloka.com/english/cinema_scoop/yuvaraja-torture.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020219221704/http://chitraloka.com/english/cinema_scoop/yuvaraja-torture.html |archive-date=19 February 2002 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref><ref name=yu /> The climax was shot at London for five days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/movienews/yuvaraja.html|title='Yuvaraja' in climax|website=Indiainfo|access-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021007183158/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/movienews/yuvaraja.html|archive-date=7 October 2002}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Ramana Gogula]] and lyrics were written by [[K. Kalyan]]. The song "Missamma Kissamma" is based on "Bangala Kathamulo" from Telugu film ''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]'' (2000). The songs "Chandana Siri" and "Monalisa" are based on "Gunthalakadi" and "Ramachilaka" from Telugu film ''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]'' (2000), respectively. The other three songs were reused from ''Thammudu''. The audio rights were bagged by Akash audio at the cost of 30 lakhs.<ref name="yu">{{cite web |date=29 August 2001 |title='YUVARAJA' A COSTLY VENTURE |url=http://chitraloka.com/english/action_cut/yuvaraja_PROD.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020621194731/http://www.chitraloka.com/english/action_cut/yuvaraja_PROD.html |archive-date=21 June 2002 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Yuvaraja
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|}}
| recorded = 2001
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Akash Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Missamma Kissamma
| all_lyrics = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[Ramana Gogula]], [[Nanditha]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Bangalore Students
| extra2 = Ramana Gogula
| length2 =
| title3 = Monalisa Monalisa
| extra3 = Ramana Gogula, Nanditha
| length3 =
| title4 = Naajooku Naari
| extra4 = Ramana Gogula
| length4 =
| title5 = Chandana Siri
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Look At My Face
| extra6 = Ramana Gogula
| length6 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14741550}}

{{Puri Jagannadh}}

[[Category:2001 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2000s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2001 sports films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:2001 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]

Charles Kamalam Job

2026-04-28T11:05:54Z

Manikmusicscapgk:

{{short description|Indian surgeon}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Charles Kamalam Job
| caption =
| birth_date = 2 November 1923
| birth_place = [[Palliyadi]], [[Kanniyakumari District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date = 28 May 2012
| death_place = [[Vellore]], [[India]]
| organization =

| children = Two
}}

'''Dr. Charles Kamalam Job''' (1923–2012) was a leading Indian medical surgeon. He is considered to be a pioneer of leprosy treatment in the world.<ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/tn-pioneer-of-leprosy-care-dies-478830.html "TN: Pioneer of leprosy care dies"]</ref> His research interests were related to pathology and immunology of leprosy and its transmission. He was the earliest scientist to use the electron microscope in India, particularly for leprosy research, which was installed at the Christian Medical College in 1963. He was awarded the American High Award - Damien-Dutton Award in 1993, for his pathbreaking leprosy research inventions, by American President [[Bill Clinton]].

==Personal life==
Dr. Charles Kamalam Job was born on 2 November 1923 in [[Palliyadi]], Kanyakumari district, to Dr.Charles kamalam and Ponammal as the youngest of 11 children of a devout Christian family. He graduated in science from Travancore in 1942. After a short stint as a school teacher, he obtained an MBBS degree in 1953 from Christian Medical College, Vellore and was appointed as a physician subsequently in the newly-started Schieffelin Leprosy Research Sanatorium at Karigiri. Soon, he became the director of the sanatorium.<ref>[http://leprosyhealth.org/lab-services/ "Profile"]</ref> Until his death, he remained as Scientist Emeritus at Karigiri and in St. Thomas Leprosy Centre and Hospital at Chettupattu.<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Dr-Charles-Kalamlam-Job/6000000009745565517 "Dr. Charles Kamalam Job"]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Job, Charles Kamalam}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Leprologists]]

Uran taluka

2026-04-28T09:16:05Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added a pg

{{Short description|Township in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Uran
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| map_caption = Location of Uran
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.884|N|72.934|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan Division|Konkan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established_title =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Uran]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| governing_body = Panchayat Samiti Uran Raigad
| leader_title = [[Chairperson]]
| leader_name = '''NA'''
| leader_title1 = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name1 = '''Shri. Bhausaheb Andhare'''
| leader_title2 = [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Shrirang Barne]] {{small|([[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maval Constituency]])}}
| leader_title3 = [[Uran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mahesh Baldi]] {{small|([[Uran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pen constituency]])}}
| population_demonym = Uranakar
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400702
| area_code = 02141
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-46, MH-06
| population_total = 160303
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_urban =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1503.61
| population_density_km2 = auto
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Uran taluka''' is a [[subdistrict]]/[[upazila]]/[[tehsil]] in [[Raigad district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके – महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |language=mr |date=27 November 2014 |work=Prahar |access-date=15 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archive-date=22 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815">{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|title=Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district|publisher=Raigad District Collectorate|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080045/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Raigad district==
As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1970 villages, 60 revenue circles and 350 sazzas in Raigad district. The talukas are [[Alibag taluka|Alibag]], [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]], [[Khalapur taluka|Khalapur]], [[Mahad taluka|Mahad]], [[Mangaon taluka|Mangaon]], [[Mhasala taluka|Mhasala]], [[Murud taluka|Murud]], [[Panvel taluka|Panvel]], [[Pen taluka|Pen]], [[Poladpur taluka|Poladpur]], [[Roha taluka|Roha]], [[Shrivardhan taluka|Shrivardhan]], [[Sudhagad-Pali taluka|Sudhagad-Pali]], [[Tala taluka|Tala]] and Uran.<ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815" />

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Uran taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|6.04}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|2.16}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.76}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.73}}
}}

Uran taluka has a population of 160,303 according to the 2011 census. Uran had a literacy rate of 85.69% and a sex ratio of 934 females per 1000 males. 18,784 (11.72%) are under 7 years of age. 69,475 (43.34%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4.47% and 4.76% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Raigad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/822/download/36165/DH_2011_2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Uran taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 82.49 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 8.18 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 3.05 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 6.28 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 82.49% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 8.18% [[Hindi]], 3.05% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district topics}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Raigad district]]

Dhiren Let

2026-04-23T07:29:46Z

Manikmusicscapgk: added a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhiren Let
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1945}}
| birth_place =
| office = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]]
| term_start = 1982
| term_end = 1998
| predecessor = Panchanan Let
| office1 = President of Birbhum Zilla Parishad
| constituency1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start1 = 1998
| term_end1 = 2003
}}

'''Dhiren Let''' is an Indian politician and the former four-time MLA of [[Mayureswar Assembly constituency]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India. He is a member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)). He is a prominent leader of CPI(M) in the district of [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] in West Bengal. He was the Birbhum Zilla Parishad chief from 1998 to 2003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-11-24 |title=CPM goes to court over TMC attacks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cpm-goes-to-court-over-tmc-attacks/articleshow/49900500.cms |access-date=2026-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Dhiren Let belongs to the village of Paruliya in [[Mayureswar|Mayureshwar]], Birbhum, West Bengal. He works as a share cropper. He lives with his wife Sandhya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Pranesh |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Snehamoy |date= |title=For CPM, better Let than never |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/for-cpm-better-let-than-never/cid/1316613 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

In November 2015, before the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], he was attacked by [[Trinamool Congress]] goons and was seriously injured.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He is active leader with the [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|All India Kisan Sabha]] and the [[All India Agricultural Workers Union]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Let, Dhiren}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

K. M. Shivalinge Gowda

2026-04-16T02:36:30Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added new biography!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. M. Shivalinge Gowda
| image = K. M. Shivalinge Gowda (2023).jpg
| caption = K. M. Shivalinge Gowda in 2023
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Arsikere Assembly constituency|Arsikere]]
| term_start = 2004
| predecessor = A. S. Basavraj
| term_end =
| successor =
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (since 2023)
| other_party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (before 2023)
}}

'''K. M. Shivalinge Gowda''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He serves as member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Arsikere Assembly constituency|Arsikere]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsikere Election and Results 2023, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/arsikere-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7795093.html}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=K. M. Shivalinge Gowda joins Congress |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 April 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/shivalinge-gowda-to-join-congress-at-public-meeting-in-arsikere-on-sunday/article66713808.ece/}}</ref>

He was appointed Chairman of Karnataka Housing Board on 26 January 2024.<ref name="34 MLAs appointed as heads to govt.-owned boards and corporations in Karnataka">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=26 January 2024 |title=34 MLAs appointed as heads to govt.-owned boards and corporations in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/34-mlas-appointed-as-heads-to-govt-owned-boards-and-corporations-in-karnataka/article67780204.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731093326/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/34-mlas-appointed-as-heads-to-govt-owned-boards-and-corporations-in-karnataka/article67780204.ece |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="34 MLAs given chairman posts for boards and corps, Haris BDA chairman">{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=34 MLAs given chairman posts for boards and corps, Haris BDA chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/34-mlas-given-chairman-posts-for-boards-and-corporations-haris-bda-chairman/articleshow/107175062.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120154826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/34-mlas-given-chairman-posts-for-boards-and-corporations-haris-bda-chairman/articleshow/107175062.cms |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:K. M. Shivalinge Gowda (2023) 01.jpg|thumb|left|Shivalinge Gowda speaking in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] in 2023]] {{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Hassan district]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}
{{Karnataka-JDS-politician-stub}}

Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:06Z

Manikmusicscapgk: new a data

{{Short description|Former constituency in Odisha legislative assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhubaneswar
| type = SLA
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1951
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Bhubaneswar''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Khordha district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref name="dpaco1951">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Orissa) Order (1951) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |page=5 (210)}}</ref> It was established in 1951 and abolished in 2008. Following 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Bhubaneswar Central Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref>

==Elected members==
Between 1951 & 2008, 14 elections were held till date including 2 bypolls in 1967 & 1996. It was a 2-member constituency in 1951.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

List of members elected from Bhubaneswar constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhubaneswar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bhubaneswar-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Kanhu Mallik
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Satyapriya Mohanty
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Satyapriya Mohanty
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
|{{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
|1967 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]}}
|Subhadra Mahtab
|{{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Satyapriya Mohanty
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Rama Krushna Pati
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Biju Patnaik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|1996 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of [[Biju Patnaik]]}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
!colspan="4"|2009 onwards: See [[Bhubaneswar Central Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar Central]]
|}

==Election results==
===2004===
In 2004 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Sarat Kumar Kar by a margin of 85,897 votes.{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bhubaneswar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
|votes=1,23,671
|percentage=
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sarat Kumar Kar|votes=37,774|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes=85,897
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,78,624|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2000===
In 2000 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Jagannath Mohapatra by a margin of 94,555 votes.{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bhubaneswar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
|votes=1,17,150
|percentage=78.96%
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jagannath Mohapatra|votes=22,595|percentage=15.23%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes=94,555
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,48,372|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Khordha district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Khordha district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Amber Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:14:55Z

Manikmusicscapgk: new a details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amber
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-47-Amber.svg
| mla = [[Prashant Sharma (politician)|Prashant Sharma]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur Rural]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:289646}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 47
}}
'''Amber Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]] district and is one of the eight assembly segments of [[Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan=2 |Party
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Maha Rawal Sangram Singh
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|Kuwar Tej Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}" |
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad|Ram Rajya Parishad]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1954]]^
| Angad Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[Kamla Beniwal]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Hari Shankar S. Shastri
|-
|Shahdeo
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Rawat Man Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Shahdeo
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Shakuntla
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Pushpa
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]^
| R. P. Katariya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Gopi Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Sahadev Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Lal Chand Kataria]]
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Ganga Sahay Sharma
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Naveen Pilania]]
| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Satish Poonia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Prashant Sharma (politician)|Prashant Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Amber<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prashant Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:108914}}
|percentage = 48.04
|change = +8.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satish Poonia
|votes = {{formatnum:99822}}
|percentage = 44.03
|change = -2.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Vinod Jat
|votes = {{formatnum:4326}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raj Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2585}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Om Prakash Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:2202}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1106}}
|percentage = 0.49
|change = -0.35
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9092}}
|percentage = 4.01
|change = -2.65
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:226724}}
|percentage = 78.28
|change = -2.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Amber<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Satish Poonia
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:93132}}
|percentage = 46.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prashant Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:79856}}
|percentage = 40.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Navin Pilaniya
|votes = {{formatnum:15994}}
|percentage = 8.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1678}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13276}}
|percentage = 6.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199484}}
|percentage = 80.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
* Ram partap Katariya (INC) : 30,334 votes
* G.Ram (BJP) : 27,949

=== 1951 ===
* Kr. Tej Singh (RRP) : 10,666 votes. For one of the two members to be elected from Amber.<ref name="byElections1952-95">{{cite web |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
* (Losing candidate) Ram Niwas (INC) : 9,202 <ref name="election1951">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/1951-election-results.html|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 1951|website=Elections in India}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Jaipur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.99|75.88|display=title}}

[[Category:Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Africa–India relations

2026-04-09T03:01:03Z

Manikmusicscapgk:

{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Africa–India|African Union|India}}
{{Multiple images
| total_width = 272
| image1 = Africa (orthographic projection).svg
| image2 = India (orthographic projection).svg
| caption1 = Africa
| caption2 = India
| alt1 =
| alt2 =
}}
'''Africa–India relations''' (also referred to as '''Indo-African relations''' or '''Afro-Indian relations''') are the historical, political, economic, and cultural connections between [[India]] and the [[Africa|African continent]].

Historical relations concerned mainly India and [[East Africa]]. However, in modern days—and with the expansion of diplomatic and commercial representations— India has now developed ties with most of the African nations. Trade between India & Africa stood at US$62.66 billion (2017–18) making India the fourth largest trading partner of Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idcr.cprindia.org/blog/india-africa-brief |title=India-Africa Brief | IDCR |access-date=2015-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614115100/http://idcr.cprindia.org/blog/india-africa-brief |archive-date=2015-06-14 }}</ref>

== Historical background ==
Africa and India are connected by the [[Indian Ocean]]. The geographical proximity between the [[Horn of Africa]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]] has played an important role in the development of the relationship since ancient times.

=== Ancient trade relations ===
[[File:KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Coins of king [[Endybis]], 227–235 AD, with Greek inscriptions. The left one reads {{lang|grc|ΑΞΩΜΙΤΩ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ}}, "King of Axum", and the right one {{lang|grc|ΕΝΔΥΒΙϹ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ}}, "King Endybis".]]
Indo-African relations date back to the Bronze Age period of the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley civilization]], [[Pearl millet]] first domesticated in Africa have been discovered from the site of [[Chanhudaro|Chanhu Daro]] and there is at least one burial of African women from the same site as well, it is thus postulated that Indus valley maritime activities included journey to the horn of Africa and bringing back African crops along with African diaspora to the Indus valley since Pearl millet was cultivated in South Asia since 2nd millennium BC but there is no such evidence from the Near East.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Possehl|first=Gregory L.|date=4 July 2012|title=Were There Commercial Communications between Prehistoric Harappans and African Populations?|journal=Scientific Research|volume=2|pages=169–180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=Ashley|last2=Power|first2=Robert C.|last3=Altmann-Wendling|first3=Victoria|last4=Artzy|first4=Michal|last5=Martin|first5=Mario A. S.|last6=Eisenmann|first6=Stefanie|last7=Hagan|first7=Richard|last8=Salazar-García|first8=Domingo C.|last9=Salmon|first9=Yossi|last10=Yegorov|first10=Dmitry|last11=Milevski|first11=Ianir|date=2020-12-17|title=Exotic foods reveal contact between South Asia and the Near East during the second millennium BCE|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=118|issue=2|article-number=e2014956117|language=en|doi=10.1073/pnas.2014956117|pmid=33419922|pmc=7812755|issn=0027-8424|hdl=10550/76877|hdl-access=free|doi-access=free }}</ref> Black peppercorns were found stuffed in the nostrils of [[Ramesses II]], placed there as part of the [[Mummy|mummification]] rituals shortly after his death in 1213 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephanie Fitzgerald|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8mGcvFkatIC&pg=PT24|title=Ramses II, Egyptian Pharaoh, Warrior, and Builder|date=8 September 2008|publisher=Compass Point Books|isbn=978-0-7565-3836-1|page=88|access-date=29 January 2008}}</ref> In the 2nd century BC the Greek's accounts of Ptolmaic Egypt and its trade relations mention Indian ships making the trip and Greeks began to utilize this knowledge from Indian sailors to conduct maritime activities in the Indian Ocean and conduct business with the Indians directly instead of relying on the middle men, when Romans replaced the Greek administration in Egypt, this began a 400-year period of [[Indo-Roman relations|trade relations]] between the Roman Empire and India.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/csi/pub/source/alex5.htm Greatest emporium in the world] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807082704/http://www.unesco.org/csi/pub/source/alex5.htm|date=2015-08-07}}, CSI, UNESCO.</ref> ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|Periplus Maris Erythraei]]'' (''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea''),—which dates to mid-first century—refers to trade relations between the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] and [[History of India|Ancient India]] around the first millennium. Helped by the [[monsoon]] winds, merchants traded [[cotton]], [[glass bead]]s and other goods in exchange for [[gold]] and [[Ivory carving|soft-carved ivory]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Stearns |first=Peter N. |author2=William Leonard Langer |title=The Encyclopedia of world history |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00stea|url-access=limited |year=2001 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=0-395-65237-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00stea/page/n17 16] }}</ref> The influence of the [[Indian architecture]] on the African kingdom shows the level of trade development between the two civilizations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Curtin |first= Philip |title=Cross-cultural trade in world history |year=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-26931-8 |page=100 }}</ref>

Under [[History of Ptolemaic Egypt|Ptolemaic rule]], Ancient Egypt dispatched two trade delegations to India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/interactions/burstein.html |title=State Formation In Ancient Northeast Africa and the Indian Ocean Trade |access-date=2009-03-21 |work=Stanley M. Burstein - University of California at Los Angeles |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802061307/http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/interactions/burstein.html |archive-date=2012-08-02 }}</ref> The Greek Ptolemaic dynasty and India had developed bilateral trade using the [[Red Sea]] and Indian ports.<ref name=Shaw>Shaw 2003: page 426</ref> Controlling the western and northern end of other trade routes to [[Arabia|Southern Arabia]] and India,<ref name=Potter>Potter 2004: page 20</ref> the Ptolemies had begun to exploit trading opportunities with India prior to the Roman involvement but according to the historian [[Strabo]] the volume of commerce between India and Greece was not comparable to that of later Indian-Roman trade.<ref name=Young>Young 2001: page 19</ref> The ''Periplus Maris Erythraei'' mentions a time when sea trade between India and Egypt did not involve direct sailings.<ref name=Young/> The cargo under these situations was shipped to [[Aden]]:<ref name=Young/>

{{cquote|Eudaimon Arabia was called fortunate, being once a city, when, because ships neither came from India to Egypt nor did those from Egypt dare to go further but only came as far as this place, it received the cargoes from both, just as [[Alexandria]] receives goods brought from outside and from Egypt.}}

The trade started by [[Eudoxus of Cyzicus]] in 130 BCE kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II.5.12.):<ref name=Strabo>{{cite web| title = The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917|url = https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1*.html}}</ref>

{{cquote|"At any rate, when [[Cornelius Gallus|Gallus]] was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the [[Nile]] as far as [[Aswan|Syene]] and the frontiers of [[Kingdom of Aksum]], and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from [[Myos Hormos]] to India, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise."}}

In India, the ports of [[Barbarikon|Barbaricum]] (modern [[Karachi]]), [[Bharuch|Barygaza]], [[Muziris]], [[Korkai]], [[Kaveripattinam]] and [[Arikamedu]] on the southern tip of India were the main centers of this trade. The ''Periplus Maris Erythraei'' describes Greco-Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens, [[topaz]], [[coral]], [[storax]], [[frankincense]], vessels of glass, and silver and gold plate" in exchange for "[[costus]], [[bdellium]], [[boxthorn|lycium]], [[spikenard|nard]], [[turquoise]], [[lapis lazuli]], Seric skins, cotton cloth, [[silk]] yarn, and [[indigo dye|indigo]]".<ref name=Periplus>Periplus Maris Erythraei</ref> In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth.<ref name=Periplus/>

With the establishment of [[History of Roman Egypt|Roman Egypt]], the Romans took over and further developed the already existing trade.<ref name=Shaw/> Roman trade with India played an important role in further developing the Red Sea route. Starting around 100 BCE a route from Roman Egypt to India was established, making use of the Red Sea to cross the [[Arabian Sea]] directly to [[South India|southern India]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Abu Lughod |first=Janet |title=Before European Hegemony: The World System 'A.D. 1250-135 |url=https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul |url-access=limited |year=1989 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul/page/n139 261]–290 }}</ref> Traces of Indian influences are visible in Roman works of silver and ivory, or in Egyptian cotton and silk fabrics.<ref name=Lach>Lach 1994: page 18</ref> The Indian presence in Alexandria may have influenced the culture but little is known about the manner of this influence.<ref name=Lach/> [[Clement of Alexandria]] mentions the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] in his writings and other [[Indian religion]]s find mentions in other texts of the period.<ref name=Lach/>

Blanche D'Souza states that Hindus had, by 1st millennium AD, begun using monsoon-led trade winds to establish trading activities between western parts of India and Mozambique, linking these to other eastern coastal regions of Africa and Arabian peninsula.<ref>Blanche D'Souza (2008), Harnessing the Trade Winds: The Story of the Centuries Old Indian Trade with East Africa, Using the Monsoon Winds, {{ISBN|978-9966712325}}, pp. 12–15 and 110–132</ref><ref>Encyclopedia Americana (1965), Volume 15, pp. 26–32</ref>

=== Medieval period relations ===
Relations attained stronger levels during [[medieval times]] due to the development of [[trade route]]s between the [[Mediterranean]] and [[Asia]], through [[Arabia]] (see also: [[Indo-Mediterranean]]). The [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic conquest of Indian subcontinent]] also further deepened relations with [[Islam in Africa|Islamic states]] in [[North Africa]]. [[Zheng He]], a Chinese admiral met with the [[Malindi]] envoy present in [[Bengal]]. The Malindi traders had brought tribute of [[Giraffe]] for the [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal sultan]], so they gave one to the Chinese as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/peculiar-story-giraffes-medieval-china-180963737/|title=The Peculiar Story of Giraffes in 1400s China|last=Eschner|first=Kat|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> Indian Hindu traders were reportedly present according to the records of [[Vasco da Gama]] in the south eastern African coast of [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2012 |language=English}}</ref>

==== African heritage in India ====
Aside from the aforementioned Aksumite trade with India, the documented presence of Africans in India dates back to the eighth century CE. These was due to [[Indian Ocean slave trade|slave trade in the Indian Ocean]], where non-Muslim enslaved Africans, who were sold to India to mainly to serve as [[eunuch]] bodyguards of high-ranking Muslim officials & their [[Harem|harems]] (quarters for Muslim concubines & enslaved Hindu women) & [[zenana]]s were freed from slavery by their owners and appointed in high offices after converting to Islam. Several Africans played an important role in different Indian dynasties. The first Habshi, of whom there is a historical record, was probably Jamal al-Din Yaqut, royal courtier in the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate of Delhi]], in the north of the sub-continent. [[Siddi|Habshis]] were also reported in the interior of northern India. [[Ibn Battuta]] recalls that at Alapur, the Governor was the Abyssinian Badr. A man whose bravery passed into a proverb. Some of the Africans who rose to positions of considerable importance were: [[Malik Ambar]], [[Malik Sarwar]], [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]], [[Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur|Ibrahim Shah]], Malik Andil, Malik Sandal, Yaqut Dabuli Habshi, Ikhlas Khan, [[Dilawar Khan]], Khavass Khan etc. Many formerly enslaved African Muslims also rose up the ranks to become [[Sultan|Sultans]] in areas like [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]] & [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]. Their role in the History of India is Significant. The Africans, who arrived in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] apart from playing their traditional role as bonded guards and servants, were recruited as the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]'s private bodyguard. The Siddi Risala (African Regiment) was retained until 1948. Other Siddis were elevated to the status of Khanazahs (proteges) and became trusted advisers of the Nizams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karmwar |first1=Manish |title=African Diaspora in India |journal=Diaspora Studies |date=2010 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=69–91|doi=10.1163/09763457-00301005 }}</ref>

===Under the rule of the British Empire===
During the [[British Empire|British colonial rule]] in the Indian Subcontinent and large parts of Africa, the Indian city of [[Mumbai]] was already a center of [[ivory trade]] between [[East Africa]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhacker |first=M. Reda |title=Trade and Empire in Muscat and Zanzibar: Roots of British Domination |url=https://archive.org/details/tradeempiremusca00bhac |url-access=limited |year=1992 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-07997-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/tradeempiremusca00bhac/page/n191 161] }}</ref>

The stay of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in South Africa|Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa]] between 1893 and 1915 remains one of the main events which paved the road to the modern-day political relations.

== Modern-day relations ==

===Political===
The development of modern-day relations has gone through two main periods. During the period of [[colonialism]] and [[liberation wars]], political relations became stronger. At the wake of the [[Cold War]], many African countries joined the [[non-aligned movement]] pioneered by [[Egypt]], [[Ghana]], [[India]],<ref name=crown> {{citeweb|url=https://kalaharireview.com/when-oduduwa-met-rama-1ad952938894|website=kalaharireview.com|title=When Oduduwa Met Rama|author=Ominira-Bluejack, 'Shèun|date=February 12, 2024|accessdate=November 19, 2025}} </ref> [[Indonesia]] and [[Yugoslavia]].

During the years of decolonisation, India exerted considerable political and ideological influence in Africa as a role model and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.<ref name=crown/> But India's ability to develop a broader strategic role in Africa during the 20th century was subject to several constraints. India's influence was limited by financial weakness and inward-looking economic policies. Its commitment to decolonisation through nonviolent means made it relatively reluctant to provide military assistance to national liberation movements. India's role in East Africa was also constrained by the large Indian ethnic population that was often resented by black African nationalists.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Brewster|url= https://www.academia.edu/7992887|title=India's Ocean: the Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership. Retrieved 13 August 2014}}</ref> The most famous case of [[Indophobia]] is the [[ethnic cleansing]] of Indians and other [[South Asian]]s in [[Uganda]] by [[Idi Amin]].<ref>General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda
Hasu H. Patel, Issue: A Journal of Opinion, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Winter, 1972), pp. 12-22 {{doi|10.2307/1166488}}</ref>

The [[India-Africa Forum Summit]], which was held from April 4 to April 8, 2008 in [[New Delhi]], India for the first time, constitutes the basic framework for the relations under the [[South-South Cooperation]] platform.

In July 2019, Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] announced that India would open embassies in 18 African countries. This would result in Indian embassies being located in 47 of 54 African countries. Five new embassies were opened in Rwanda, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Guinea and Burkina Faso in 2018-19,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhury |first1=Dipanjan Roy |title=Budget 2019: India to open 18 new diplomatic missions across Africa |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/budget-2019-india-to-open-18-new-diplomatic-missions-across-africa/articleshow/70093835.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India to open 18 new missions in Africa, including four this fiscal year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/budget/india-to-open-18-new-missions-in-africa-including-four-this-fiscal-year/story-7wJSlTo6ImVJdlk5vvKrPI.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 October 2021 |language=en |date=6 July 2019}}</ref> and eight new embassies were opened in Cameroon,<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief on India - Cameroon Bilateral Relations |url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Cameroon_se_2019.pdf |website=Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=22 February 2022 |date=September 2019}}</ref> Republic of the Congo,<ref>{{cite web |title=India-Republic of Congo (ROC) Relations |url=https://www.eoibrazzaville.gov.in/page/india-republic-of-congo-roc-relations/ |website=Embassy of India, Brazzaville |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> Eritrea,<ref>{{cite web |title=Embassy of India, Asmara |url=http://eoiasmara.gov.in/ |website=Embassy of India, Asmara |access-date=2 October 2022 |quote=Pursuant to the Government of India's decision to open new Missions in 18 African countries, including Eritrea, Embassy of India in Asmara has become functional with effect from August 26, 2019 when Ambassador Shri Subhash Chand assumed the charge of Ambassador of India to the State of Eritrea.}}</ref> Eswatini, Sierra Leone, [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], Togo and Liberia in 2019-20.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DelhiFebruary 22 |first1=Geeta Mohan New |title=India opens new mission in Liberia, fourth in this financial year |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-opens-fourth-embassy-in-liberia-1771817-2021-02-22 |website=India Today |date=22 February 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The other 5 new embassies will be opened in Cape Verde, Chad, Guinea Bissau, Mauritania, and Somalia.

There are numerous of [[Indian diaspora in East Africa|Indians and Africans of Indian descent]] living in Africa, mainly in the eastern and southern coast in places such as [[Mauritius]], [[Kenya]] and [[South Africa]].

There are at least 40,000 Africans in India.

===Business===
Trade between India & Africa has grown exponentially during the past 15 years. Indo-African trade volume reached US$53.3 billion in 2010-11 & US$62 billion in 2011–12. It is US$90 billion by 2015. Moreover, Indian firms are conducting numerous takeovers abroad and are venturing into Africa, such as in June 2008, [[Bharti Airtel]], an Indian telecommunications giant, purchased [[Zain Group|Zain Africa]] for US$9 billion.<ref name=crown/><ref>{{cite news |author=Amitha Rajan |date=9 June 2010 |title=Investors Cheer Bharti's Zain Africa Deal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/06/09/investors-cheer-bharti%E2%80%99s-completion-of-zain-africa-deal/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

As of 2015, India has emerged as Africa's fourth largest trade partner behind China, EU & USA whilst Africa has emerged as India's sixth largest trading partner behind EU, China, UAE, USA & ASEAN. This volume was at a meager US$3 billion in 2001. In November 2012 [[FICCI]] President led a business delegation to Ethiopia to meet the new Prime Minister [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] and reaffirm India's commitment to the growth and development of Africa.

Indian companies have already invested more than US$34 billion in the resource-rich continent as of 2011 & further investments worth US$59.7 billion are in the pipeline. Among the proposals that [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII (Confederation of Indian Industry)]] received from the African nations are 126 agricultural projects worth an investment of $4.74 billion, 177 infrastructure projects worth $34.19 billion, and 34 energy sector plans costing $20.74 billion (337 projects totalling US$59.7 billion). Ex-Prime Minister of India, [[Manmohan Singh|Dr.Manmohan Singh]] while expressing his country's support to Africa, said in an Indo-African trade summit that "Africa possesses all the prerequisites to become a major growth pole of the world in the 21st century. We will work with Africa to enable it to realise this potential". The Indian government has promised to extend loans worth US$5.4 billion (during 2011–14) to several African nations in order to nurture growth in those nations. According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a scholar of India's foreign policy, "the African countries are presently at such a stage of development when India can offer the most appropriate technology at competitive prices".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul Karim|title=India-Africa relations reaching new heights|agency=The Assam Tribune|date=June 4, 2011}}</ref>

===India–Africa Forum Summit===
{{main|Bandung Conference|India–Africa Forum Summit}}

The India–Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) is the official platform for African-Indian relations. The IAFS is held once in every three years. It was first held from April 4 to April 8, 2008 in New Delhi, and was the first such meeting between the heads of state and government of India and 14 countries of Africa chosen by the [[African Union]].

===Indian foreign aid to Africa===
{{see|Indian foreign aid}}
In 2006, India launched its flagship aid initiative in Africa by constructing the $125 million [[Pan-African e-Network project|Pan-African e-Network]], the continent's largest tele-education and telemedicine initiative. The network links 47 African countries with schools and hospitals in India through satellite and fiber-optic links.<ref name="devex2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/news/india-s-foreign-aid-program-catches-up-with-its-global-ambitions-80919|title=India's foreign aid program catches up with its global ambitions|website=www.devex.com|access-date=2016-05-02|date=2013-05-10}}</ref>

At the second India–Africa Forum Summit in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]] in 2011, then Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] expressed India's desire to help African nations with their development needs. Singh announced that India would invest $700 million to establish educational institutions and training programs in several African countries, including [[Uganda]], [[Ghana]], [[Botswana]] and [[Burundi]]. The Prime Minister also announced $5 billion in lines of credit for African nations. India made further commitments to Africa at the [[Third India Africa Forum Summit|third India-Africa Forum Summit]] in 2014.<ref name="devex2" />

India allocated $43 million or 7% of its technical cooperation budget to African countries in 2012–13, a 4% increase over the previous fiscal.<ref name="devex2" /> India budgeted $63 million in aid to African countries in 2014–15, less than 5% of its total foreign aid budget and slightly higher than the previous fiscal.<ref name="devex3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/news/modi-budget-hikes-indian-aid-mum-on-regional-bank-83920|title=Modi budget hikes Indian aid, mum on regional bank|website=www.devex.com|access-date=2016-05-02|date=2014-07-18}}</ref>

== Cultural relations ==

===Africa-lndia Cultural Diplomacy===
{{See also|Soft power of India in Africa}}
{{AI-generated|section=Cultural|date=August 2025}}
Indian cinema has played a significant role in Africa, connecting communities with Indian culture through films that offer insights into social values, fashion, and cuisine, which has become an important aspect of the soft power of India in Africa.<ref>Shehina Fazal, "The 'soft power' of Indian Cinema in Africa," Awaaz Magazine, [https://www.awaazmagazine.com/volume-20/issue-2-volume-20/the-soft-power-of-indian-cinema-in-africa Published online].</ref>

The [[Indian diaspora in Africa]], spanning 46 countries and representing a significant portion of India's total diaspora, plays a crucial role in enhancing bilateral relations and shaping Africa-India cultural connections through substantial investments and involvement in cultural programs and sectors of governance.<ref>Rajneesh Gupta, "Indian Diaspora in Africa: Historical Roots and Current Strength," Global Research Forum on Diaspora and Transnationalism, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170226101415/http://grfdt.com/PublicationDetails.aspx?Type=Articles&TabId=1033 Accessed on August 29, 2024]}}.</ref>

India's cultural diplomacy is also reflected in its spread of Yoga and Ayush practices, with initiatives like the International Day of Yoga strengthening cultural ties and enhancing bilateral relations, exemplifying the [[soft power of India in Africa]].<ref>Amb (Retd) Bhaswati Mukherjee, "India's culture Diplomacy and Soft Power," Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, [https://www.mea.gov.in/distinguished-lectures-detail.htm?855 Accessed on August 29, 2024].</ref>

=== Sports ===
British colonisation gave India and Africa new sporting ties, such as through [[cricket]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Cricket & Colonialism: A Tale of Imperial Power & Influence |url=https://www.thecollector.com/cricket-colonialism-tale/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=TheCollector |language=en}}</ref> The colonial era also saw the Indian sport [[kho kho]] come [[Traditional games of South Africa#Kho-kho|to South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ke Nako! South Africa Goes Kho: Uncovering The History And Future Of Kho Kho In SA |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/ke-nako-south-africa-goes-kho-uncovering-the-history-and-future-of-kho-kho-in-sa-9194153.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==India's foreign relations with African countries==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algeria–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Angola}} [[Angola–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Benin}} [[Benin–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Botswana–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[Burkina Faso–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Burundi}} [[Burundi–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Cameroon–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verde–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Republic–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Chad}} [[Chad–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comoros–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Djibouti–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Equatorial Guinea–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Eritrea–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Eswatini}} [[Eswatini–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopia–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Gabon–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Gambia}} [[Gambia–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinea–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} [[Guinea-Bissau–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[India–Ivory Coast relations]]
* {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[India–Kenya relations]]
* {{flagicon|Lesotho}} [[India–Lesotho relations]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[India–Liberia relations]]
* {{flagicon|Libya}} [[India–Libya relations]]
* {{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[India–Madagascar relations]]
* {{flagicon|Malawi}} [[India–Malawi relations]]
* {{flagicon|Mali}} [[India–Mali relations]]
* {{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[India–Mauritania relations]]
* {{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[India–Mauritius relations]]
* {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[India–Morocco relations]]
* {{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[India–Mozambique relations]]
* {{flagicon|Namibia}} [[India–Namibia relations]]
* {{flagicon|Niger}} [[India–Niger relations]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[India–Nigeria relations]]
* {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[India–Rwanda relations]]
* {{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} [[India–São Tomé and Príncipe relations]]
* {{flagicon|Senegal}} [[India–Senegal relations]]
* {{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[India–Seychelles relations]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[India–Sierra Leone relations]]
* {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[India–Somalia relations]]
* {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[India–South Africa relations]]
* {{flagicon|South Sudan}} [[India–South Sudan relations]]
* {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[India–Sudan relations]]
* {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[India–Tanzania relations]]
* {{flagicon|Togo}} [[India–Togo relations]]
* {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[India–Tunisia relations]]
* {{flagicon|Uganda}} [[India–Uganda relations]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[India–Zambia relations]]
* {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[India–Zimbabwe relations]]
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[Africa–United States relations]]
* [[Africa–Soviet Union relations]]
* [[Foreign relations of the European Union#Africa and the Middle East|Africa–European Union relations]]
* [[France–Africa relations]]
* [[Afro-Asia]]
** [[Sino-African relations|China–Africa relations]]
** [[Japanese foreign policy on Africa|Africa–Japan relations]]
** [[Africa–South Korea relations]]
** [[Africa–North Korea relations]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Siddi]]
* [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa]]
{{commons category}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp 566–580.
* [[Lionel Casson]], ''The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary'' ([[Princeton University Press]], 1989) {{ISBN|0-691-04060-5}}
* [[Shanti Sadiq Ali]], ''The African dispersal in the Deccan: from medieval to modern times'' (Orient Blackswan, 1996) {{ISBN|81-250-0485-8}}
* [[World Review]], "[http://www.worldreview.info/content/india-trades-private-sector-build-economic-ties-africa India trades on private sector to build economic ties with Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913202442/https://worldreview.info/ |date=2019-09-13 }}" [http://www.worldreview.info www.worldreview.info]
* [[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], ''India-Africa relations reaching new heights'', ''The Assam Tribune'', June 4, 2011.
* Arndt Michael (2014) ''Advent of a 'Game Changer'?: India's Economic, Political and Strategic Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1991 until 2014'', in: India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 70 No. 4: 341–357

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170325040819/http://www.focusafrica.gov.in/Focus_Africa_Programme.html Focus Africa]

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{International fora on Africa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Africa-India relations}}
[[Category:India–Africa relations| ]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Africa|India]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India by region]]

K. Subrahmanyam

2026-04-06T04:25:27Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added new article

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1929–2011)}}
{{Tamil name|Krishnaswamy|Subrahmanyam}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Subrahmanyam
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1929|01|19}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2011|02|02|1929|01|19}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| office1 = Director of [[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses]]
| term_end1 = 30 September 1975
| term_start1 = 10 October 1968
| term_end2 = 31 July 1987
| term_start2 = 1 April 1980
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|analyst|civil servant}}
| spouse = Sulochana Subrahmanyam
| children = 4, including [[S. Jaishankar|Jaishankar]] and [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam|Sanjay]]
| education = [[Presidency College, Chennai]] [[London School of Economics]]
| image = K. Subrahmanyam.jpg
| alt = An image of a grey-haired Indian man with glasses
| caption = Subrahmanyam in 2007
}}

'''Krishnaswamy Subrahmanyam''' (19 January 1929 — 2 February 2011) was an Indian international strategic affairs analyst, journalist and former civil servant. Considered a proponent of ''[[Realpolitik]]'', Subrahmanyam was an influential voice in Indian security affairs for a long time. He was most often referred to as the doyen of India's strategic affairs community, and as the premier ideological champion of India's [[nuclear deterrent]].<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite news |first=C. Uday |last=Bhaskar |title=A legend in uniform |work=Frontline |date=19 July 2008 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2515/stories/20080801251503300.htm }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2007/569/569_bharat_karnad.htm |title=Minimum deterrence and the India-US nuclear deal |publisher=Seminar India |date=6 May 2007 |first= Bharat|last= Karnad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1618/16180210.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021124132851/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1618/16180210.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 November 2002 |title=Dreaming India's nuclear future |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=10 September 1999 |first=N |last=Ram |access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> His son [[S Jaishankar]] was appointed India's External Affairs Minister in 2019.

Subrahmanyam was a key figure in framing and influencing Indian security, nuclear policy and in advocating Indian nuclear positions on the global stage, both as a policy work and as a journalist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/ib15.html |title=India and Pakistan: A Post-Election Status Report |publisher=[[Boston University]] |date=10 May 1996 |first1=Amitabh |last1=Mattoo |first2=David |last2=Cortright |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018224445/http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/ib15.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the second director of the New Delhi–based [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]. He is also noted for having steered several [[Government of India|Indian government]] committees and commissions of inquiry, including the [[Kargil Review Committee]] after the [[Kargil War]]. Subrahmanyam was a major advocate of the 2007 [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement]], adding some heft to the [[Manmohan Singh]] government's championing of the deal in the face of much opposition.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/world/asia/10india.html|title= Interests Drive U.S. to Back a Nuclear India |work=The New York Times|date=10 December 2006|first= Somini|last= Sengupta|access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=6997|title= India in Overdrive to Conclude Nuclear Deal|work=The Seoul Times|date=10 January 2007|access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref>

He was afflicted by cancer in his final years, and died of a cardiac arrest at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] in 2011, where he had been hospitalised for lung and cardiac problems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Strategic expert K Subrahmanyam dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/strategic-expert-k-subrahmanyam-dead/articleshow/7412761.cms |website=Times of India |date=2 February 2011 |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Subrahmanyam was born on 19 January 1929 in a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-06 |title=A gentleman Brahmin |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/a-gentleman-brahmin/story-Q3VmCnRKDziamb6xwPdqCN.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and grew up in [[Tiruchirapalli]] and [[Madras]]. Enrolling at [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], he received an MSc in [[Chemistry]] from the [[University of Madras]] in 1950.

==Career overview==
===Civil Services===
During the final year of his MSc studies at [[University of Madras]], Subrahmanyam appeared for the IAS Exam ([[Civil Services Examination|Civil Services Exam]]) held by the UPSC in 1950 and stood first among those who opted for the Indian Administrative Service. He was duly appointed to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in the batch of 1951.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=K+Subrahmanyam|title=Profile|publisher=Indiaclub.com|date=5 August 2006|access-date=25 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526070921/http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=K+Subrahmanyam|archive-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> He was allotted to the administrative cadre of [[Madras Presidency]] and was transferred to the [[Tamil Nadu]] cadre when that state was created in 1956. During the course of his career in the civil service, he served in several remote districts of undivided Madras precinct and [[Tamil Nadu]], as well as in various capacities in [[New Delhi]], including as chairman, [[National Security Council (India)#Joint Intelligence Committee|Joint Intelligence Committee]], as Member, Board of Revenue, Government of Tamil Nadu; Home Secretary, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]; as Additional Secretary, [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]], New Delhi, and as Secretary for Defence Production in the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].

===Strategic Analyst===
In 1965–66, he sought mid-career study leave, and was selected as a [[Rockefeller fellow]] in Strategic Studies at the [[London School of Economics]] in 1966. On returning to India, he was appointed Director of the newly created [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] (IDSA) in New Delhi, a position he held until 1975. He then went on to hold a number of senior positions in the Government before returning as Director of IDSA in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.india-defence.com/reports-1611|title= Major shake-up in India's intelligence apparatus|publisher=India Defence|date=25 March 2006|access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalzero.org/en/who/k-subrahmanyam|title=Profile – K Subrahmanyam|publisher=[[Global Zero]]|access-date=25 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918155325/http://www.globalzero.org/en/who/k-subrahmanyam|archive-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> In 1987, he returned to England as a Visiting Professor and Nehru Fellow at [[St John's College, Cambridge]].<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Between 1974 and 1986, Subrahmanyam served on a number of [[United Nations|UN]] and other multilateral study groups, on issues such as Indian Ocean affairs, disarmament and [[Minimal deterrence|nuclear deterrence]]; he also participated at various [[Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs|Pugwash conferences]] as a senior member.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol2/v2_n1.php|title=The Industrial Revolution and Birth of the Anti-Mercantilist Idea: Epistemic Communities and Global Leadership|publisher=[[Journal of World Systems Research]]|year=1996|access-date=25 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705140426/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol2/v2_n1.php|archive-date=5 July 2008}}</ref>
Subrahmanyam is the author or co-author of fourteen books. These include ''The Liberation War'' (1972) with Mohammed Ayoob about the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], nuclear Myths and Realities (1980), India and the nuclear Challenge (1986), The Second Cold War (1983) and Superpower Rivalry in the Indian Ocean (1989) with Selig S Harrison.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://openlibrary.org/a/OL2663219A/K.-Subrahmanyam|title= Open Library Query|publisher=[[Open Library]]|access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAuT896J0HcC |title=Harrison, Selig S & Subrahmanyam K, Superpower Rivalry in the Indian Ocean: Indian and American perspectives, Oxford University Press USA, 1989| isbn =978-0-19-505497-2 |access-date=29 November 2011|last1=Harrison|first1=Selig S.|last2=Subrahmanyam|first2=K.|date=4 May 1989|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

=== Journalism ===
Subrahmanyam was also well known as a frequent commentator and columnist in several Indian and international newspapers.<ref>Page xxiv, Chellaney, Brahma, "Securing India's future in the new millennium", Orient Blackswan, 1999</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/specialEvents2/idINIndia-36769020081128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204102813/http://in.reuters.com/article/specialEvents2/idINIndia-36769020081128|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2008|title=COLUMN – Attack on Mumbai|publisher=Reuters|date=28 November 2008|first=K|last=Subrahmanyam|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref> After retiring from government service in the late 1980s, he served as consulting editor and policy expert with various Indian publications. These included ''The Tribune'', ''[[The Economic Times]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8386.php|title=India's Nuclear Bomb|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2000|first=George|last=Perkovich|access-date=25 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306065025/http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8386.php|archive-date=6 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Subrahmanyam was on the editorial board of ''The Times of India'' when India conducted the [[Pokhran-II|'Shakti']] nuclear tests in 1998 and the largely centrist paper famously withheld his comments, temporarily, while it condemned the weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080511/edit.htm#1|title=Memories of N-Bomb|work=The Tribune |location=India|date=11 May 2008|first=K|last=Subrahmanyam|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref> Some of his writings in the press have been compiled and published in two volumes.

== Role in Indian nuclear and security policy ==

=== Nuclear doctrine ===

Subrahmanyam was appointed the Convenor of India's first National Security Council Advisory Board (NSCAB), established by the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] government in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asian-affairs.com/India/subrahmanyam.html |title=Subrahmanyam |publisher=Asian-affairs.com |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref> The board drafted India's Draft nuclear doctrine, which governs all policy aspects with regard to usage and deployment of India's nuclear arsenal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pugwash.org/reports/nw/nw7.htm |title=Indian Draft Nuclear Doctrine: Some Reflections |publisher=Pugwash.org |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref> Its most significant aspect was the declared '[[No first use]]' policy, and the consequent directive that India's nuclear weapons would largely be oriented around a [[second strike]] capability. Subrahmanyam had been an old proponent of India adopting a no first use posture, arguing for it right after the [[Pokhran-II|Shakti tests]] in 1998, and even earlier in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/news/india/1998/05/980528-et.htm |date=28 May 1998 |title=A nuclear strategy for India |publisher=Fas.org |access-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224225802/http://www.fas.org/news/india/1998/05/980528-et.htm |archive-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> The nuclear doctrine was adopted by the government of India soon after.<ref>{{cite journal|title=From technology demonstration to assured retaliation: The making of an Indian nuclear doctrine |journal= Strategic Analysis |date=15 July 2008}}</ref>

=== Kargil Review Committee and controversy ===
Subrahmanyam was appointed Chairman of the [[Kargil War|Kargil]] Review Committee in 1999, an inquiry commission set up by the [[Government of India|Indian government]] to analyse perceived Indian intelligence failures with the [[Kargil War]]. The committee's final report (also referred to as the 'Subrahmanyam Report') led to a large-scale restructuring of [[List of Indian Intelligence agencies|Indian Intelligence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.indiamart.com/news-analysis/kargil-subrahmanyam--6975.html |title= Kargil : Subrahmanyam Committee's Report, Security Issues, News Analysis, India News Online|website=news.indiamart.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019174555/http://news.indiamart.com/news-analysis/kargil-subrahmanyam--6975.html |archive-date=19 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000320/ied20064.html|title=Kargil report shows the way}}</ref> It, however, came in for heavy criticism in the Indian media for its perceived avoidance of assigning specific responsibility for failures over detecting the [[Kargil War|Kargil]] intrusions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnzRttnqExUC |title=Pg 56–60 Dixit, JN, "India-Pakistan in War & Peace", Routledge, 2002 |access-date=29 November 2011|isbn=9780203301104 |last1=Dixit |first1=J. N. |date=2 August 2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> The committee was also embroiled in controversy for indicting [[Brigadier]] Surinder Singh of the [[Indian Army]] for his failure to report [[Pakistan Army|enemy]] intrusions in time, and for his subsequent conduct. Many press reports questioned or contradicted this finding and claimed that Singh had in fact issued early warnings that were ignored by senior [[Indian Army|Army]] commanders and, ultimately, higher [[Government of India|government]] functionaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1813/18130410.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010908024051/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1813/18130410.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=8 September 2001 |title=The sacking of a Brigadier |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |access-date=29 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/01/stories/05011344.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104060144/http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/01/stories/05011344.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Scapegoat for the system |location=India |date=1 July 2001 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/16kargil.htm |title=Army's Kargil inquiry indicts Brig Surinder Singh |work=rediff.com |date=16 February 2000 |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref>

In a departure from the norm the final report was published and made publicly available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1722/17220240.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011220052833/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1722/17220240.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 December 2001 |title=The Kargil Story |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |access-date=29 November 2011 }}</ref> Some chapters and all annexures, however, were deemed to contain [[classified information]] by the [[Government of India|government]] and not released. Subrahmanyam later wrote that the annexures contained information on the development of India's [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons programme]] and the roles played by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Ministers]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[P V Narasimha Rao]] and [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V P Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041229/edit.htm#6 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Opinions |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Narasimha Rao and the bomb |date=3 April 2008 | journal=Strategic Analysis | volume=28 | issue=4 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09700160408450162 }}</ref>

=== Task force on strategic developments ===
In November 2005, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] appointed Subrahmanyam to head a special [[Government of India|government]] task force to study 'Global Strategic Developments' over the next decade.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110502491300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013094001/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110502491300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2006 |title=National : Task force constituted |location=India |date=5 November 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref> The Task Force examined various aspects of global trends in strategic affairs and submitted its report to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/presentation/columnisthome/inder-malhotra/china-a-long-view.aspx |title=The Asian Age - Enjoy the difference |access-date=2009-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818075849/http://www.asianage.com/presentation/columnisthome/inder-malhotra/china-a-long-view.aspx |archive-date=18 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2006/09/19/1909india-us-unique.html |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927111330/http://news.indiainfo.com/2006/09/19/1909india-us-unique.html |archive-date=2011-09-27 | title=India-US strategic partnership has unique scope }}</ref> The report has not yet been released in the [[public domain]] and is presumed to have been categorised a [[Classified information|classified]] document.

== Influence on national security and defence policy ==

Subrahmanyam's pioneering policy work is generally accepted to have left a lasting, even if sometimes controversial, impression on Indian strategic thinking and [[Foreign relations of India|foreign policy]]. Its substance is still being debated, even as it is recognised to be firmly located in the [[Pragmatism|pragmatist]] and [[realpolitik]] traditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/engaging-security-the-legacy-of-k-subrahmanyam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302031728/http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/engaging-security-the-legacy-of-k-subrahmanyam/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 March 2011 |title=Engaging Security |date=15 June 2005 |publisher=The Oxonian Review |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/11inter.htm |title='No American can treat India like a pet': Rediff.com India News |publisher=In.rediff.com |date=11 October 2005 |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref> Many of his positions, particularly those he articulated on India's nuclear choices, have often led to Subrahmanyam being dubbed a policy 'hawk' and 'hardliner'.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070806035632/http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/nuclearflashpoint.htm South Asian Journal]}}</ref>

=== Indian Nuclear Programme ===

Subrahmanyam is mostly identified as the premier ideological champion of India's [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] programme and its exercising of the nuclear weapons option—which began with India's first 'peaceful' [[Smiling Buddha]] nuclear test in 1974 and culminated with the 1998 '[[Pokhran-II|Shakti']] series of weapons tests, both in [[Pokhran|Pokhran, Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/ib15.html |title=Global Beat: GRN Publications – India and Pakistan: A Post-Election Status Report |publisher=Bu.edu |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018224445/http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/ib15.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOTZqI5zREoC |title=Cohen, Stephen P, The Idea of Pakistan, Brookings Institution Press, 2002| isbn= 978-0-8157-1501-6 |access-date=29 November 2011|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen P.|date=13 May 2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ciaonet.org/casestudy/ber01/ber01.pdf |title=Columbia Discovery Service |publisher=Ciaonet.org |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/india/nuke/index.html |title=Nuclear Weapons – India Nuclear Forces |publisher=Fas.org |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littlemag.com/vox/nandy.html |title=The Little Magazine – Vox – Ashis Nandy |publisher=Littlemag.com |date=30 January 2002 |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref> His polemics, articulated over five decades, on India's development as a nuclear nation, with civilian and weapons capabilities, have proven both influential and contentious with supporters and detractors alike—of nuclear development and [[nuclear disarmament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1621/16211020.htm |title=Arrogant nuclearism |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |access-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325132353/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1621/16211020.htm |archive-date=25 March 2008}}</ref> His strong views and trenchant criticism of the inherent inequalities of the global [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] and [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty|Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]] regimes are widely known and referenced, as well as being heavily commented on.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC |title=Pg 285–286 Perkovich, George, "India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation", University of California Press, 2002| isbn =978-0-520-23210-5 |access-date=29 November 2011|last1=Perkovich|first1=George|year=2001|publisher=University of California Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/articles/1998/1123india_cohen.aspx |title=Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in South Asia – Brookings Institution |publisher=Brookings.edu |date=23 November 1998 |access-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806132955/http://www.brookings.edu/articles/1998/1123india_cohen.aspx |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> He often used the term '[[nuclear apartheid]]' to decry this situation and routinely lambasted the five established nuclear states for forcing the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] on everyone else while refusing all proposals for [[nuclear disarmament]], including one proposed by India in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_06/Subrahmanyam |title=Elimination or Irrelevance | Arms Control Association |publisher=Armscontrol.org |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOTZqI5zREoC |title=Pg 180–181 Cohen, Stephen.P, Emerging Power India, Brookings Institution Press, 2002 |access-date=29 November 2011|isbn=0815798393 |last1=Cohen |first1=Stephen P. |date=13 May 2004 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref> He also coined the phrase 'nuclear ayatollahs' to refer to the [[First World|western]] non-proliferation lobby that routinely chided India for pursuing a nuclear programme; and later for finalising an accord on [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] co-operation with the US in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pugwashindia.org/print.asp?aid=61 |title=Between the Bomb and the Barter: Publications, American Physical Society, Nuclear Weapons Technology, David Albright, American Nuclear Non-Proliferation Movement, Robert Einho |publisher=Pugwashindia.org |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722045500/http://www.pugwashindia.org/print.asp?aid=61 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Warm-up-to-the-future----/8329/ |title=Warm up to the future |work=The Indian Express |date=12 July 2006 |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref>

The so-called 'Subrahmanyam Formula' was widely used, especially in the mid-1960s and throughout the 1970s, to support India's entry into the nuclear club, despite the country's non-violent [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] origins and [[Foreign relations of India|foreign policy]] roots in [[Nehruvian]] pacifism. The formula did not see any contradiction between striving for socio-economic progress and considering large-scale military development for a [[developing nation]] like India. Indeed, strategic deterrence, in which a small but effective indigenous nuclear arsenal would play a key part, was seen as vital to balancing things out in an unequal world carved up by [[Cold War]] geopolitics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journals/Dec_2008/contents/Rashiduzzaman.htm#_edn2 |title=Indian Strategic Culture and the Indian Nuclear Policy |publisher=Asiaticsociety.org.bd |access-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224200433/http://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journals/Dec_2008/contents/Rashiduzzaman.htm#_edn2 |archive-date=24 December 2011}}</ref> This ingenious and apparently paradoxical stand has been adversely commented upon, being dubbed 'moral exceptionalism' on non-proliferation by several commentators.<ref>{{cite web |author=maruf |url=http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=26083&st=30 |title=Bangladesh Strategic & Development Forum |publisher=Bdsdf.org |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006002654/http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=26083&st=30 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.ideals.uiuc.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/56/India_Defense_Budget.pdf?sequence=1 Unknown]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWAsAAAAYAAJ |title=Page 170, Frey, Karsten, India's nuclear bomb and national security, Routledge, 2006|isbn= 978-0-415-40132-6 |access-date=29 November 2011|last1=Frey|first1=Karsten|year=2006|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Significantly, Subrahmanyam also argued that [[Pakistan]] too should look to develop a limited nuclear programme of its own – to establish its own deterrent against conflict. This was met with great suspicion in [[Pakistan]]i circles, and seen variously as an insult or a challenge. He also concluded in the 90's that India needed only 150-odd warheads to achieve minimum deterrence.<ref>Page 486, Tellis, Ashley J, India's emerging nuclear posture: between recessed deterrent and ready arsenal, United States. Air Force, Rand Corporation, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-8330-2781-8}}</ref> And that this had been achieved by 1990, a point noted by many as a good reference to India's nuclear stockpile.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDC2AAAAIAAJ |title=Page 226, JSTOR, Cambridge University Press, 2005 |access-date=29 November 2011|year=2005 }}</ref>

In 1979, as Chairman of India's [[National Security Council (India)|Joint Intelligence Committee]], Subrahmanyam authored a [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Cabinet]] note arguing for the resumption of India's [[nuclear weapon]]s programme. The programme had been shut down in 1977 by Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] on his assuming office, largely on account of seeking to return to India's pacifist foreign policy roots. Subrahmanyam's note was prompted by [[National Security Council (India)|Indian Intelligence]]'s latest estimates of progress in China and [[Pakistan]]'s nuclear programmes. It was discussed and shot down in a [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Cabinet]] meeting, principally by [[Morarji Desai]] and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], then India's [[External Affairs Minister]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/vajpayee-opposed-nuclear-option-in-79/97729/ |title=Vajpayee Opposed Nuclear Option In '79 |work=The Financial Express |date=20 January 2004 |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref> Ironically, Vajpayee would go on to immediately authorise the [[Pokhran-II|'Shakti']] series of nuclear weapons tests on becoming [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] in March 1998.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC |title=Page 408-419 Perkovich, George, India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation, University of California Press, 2002| isbn= 978-0-520-23210-5 |access-date=29 November 2011|last1=Perkovich|first1=George|year=2001|publisher=University of California Press }}</ref>

=== 1971 Indo-Pakistani War ===

{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}

Subrahmanyam's was an influential voice that argued for India's intervention in solving the serious [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities|1971 crisis]] in [[East Pakistan]]. Early that year, he argued that the growing refugee influx into Eastern India and the mounting humanitarian crisis in the neighbouring country could not be effectively solved without Indian military intervention, mainly because it was precipitated by the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani army's]] involvement.<ref>Page 63-65, Ganguly, Sumit, "Conflict unending: India-Pakistan tensions since 1947", Columbia University Press, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-231-12369-3}}</ref> And that India ignore the crisis only to its own peril. His forthright views attracted controversy – being condemned by the [[Pakistan]]i government as evidence of Indian aggressiveness; attracting attention and comments in the international media, especially in ''[[The Times]]'' and ''[[Newsweek]]''; and being sharply criticised by even [[Indian Army|Army]] Chief [[Sam Manekshaw]], who apparently wanted Subrahmanyam sternly disciplined.<ref name=autogenerated2>Page 311-331, Sisodia, N S; Dutta, Sujit, India and the World: Selected Articles from IDSA Journals, Bibliophile South Asia, 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-86019-50-4}}</ref>

[[United States Secretary of State]] [[Henry Kissinger]] also condemned these policy positions on a short visit to India in July 1971, particularly when Subrahmanyam told Kissinger that he expected him to be more considerate on account of Kissinger's own experience with [[genocide]], having himself escaped the [[Holocaust]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> In spite of these many objections the substance of Subrahmanyam's views swiftly gained ground and led to the [[Government of India|Indian government]]'s examination of various military options. These culminated in India's December 1971 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war with Pakistan]], its victory, and the subsequent creation of [[Bangladesh]].

Later, as head of IDSA, Subrahmanyam was instrumental in helping compile some of the first authoritative reports on the war, in association with some of its key players. He would later write that the 1971 war saw the fledgling IDSA coming into its own as a well-regarded and influential think tank. Quite a bit of his commentary on the messy [[Cold War]] politics that shadowed the entire [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war]] – which included US moral support to [[Pakistan]], its later dispatch of the [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS Enterprise]] to the [[Bay of Bengal]], and tacit [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] support to India – along with his related prescriptions for Indian foreign policy found their way into subsequent Indian military doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cprindia.org/papersupload/1215247694-Sidhu_Nuclear.pdf |access-date=4 May 2009 | title=Unknown}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> He has since stated that the major lesson learnt from this war, on the administrative synergy required – where civilian leadership maintains close co-ordination with Intelligence and a pro-active rapport with military brass – has not been adequately enshrined as a guiding tenet of Indian security policy, which tends, in turn, to gravitate towards powerful political and bureaucratic interests.<ref name=autogenerated4 />

=== India-United States nuclear agreement ===

{{main|Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement}}

In line with his ''[[Realpolitik]]'', Subrahmanyam—once a well-known critic of the US for its earlier [[Cold War]]-influenced foreign policy,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/18/world/in-clinton-india-sees-a-bridegroom.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | title=In Clinton, India Sees a Bridegroom | first=Celia W. | last=Dugger | date=18 March 2000 | access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/27c/519.html |title=K. Subrahmanyam, US Path to Unipolar Hegemony |publisher=Hartford-hwp.com |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA23Df02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020301134215/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/DA23Df02.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=1 March 2002 |title=Asia Times: 'All is well that ends with Powell' |publisher=Atimes.com |date=23 January 2002 |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/news/pakistan/1998/04/wwwhap10.html |title=April 10, 1998 INDIA-PAKISTAN: 'A NEW COLD WAR' ON THE SUBCONTINENT? |publisher=Fas.org |access-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214075952/http://www.fas.org/news/pakistan/1998/04/wwwhap10.html |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> even being dubbed a 'leftist' and 'Soviet sympathiser' on occasion<ref name=autogenerated1 /> —later on became a leading advocate of the Indo-US [[Nuclear power|Nuclear]] accord on civilian [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] co-operation signed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W Bush]] and Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Monsoon%202005/Indo-US%20Relations%20in%20a%20Changing%20World.pdf |access-date=16 April 2009 | title=Unknown}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/oct/13ndeal.htm |title=Nuclear deal still on course: K Subrahmanyam |work=Rediff.com |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samachaar.in/Politics/Stalling_nuclear_deal_will_be_a_historical_mistake_23244/ |title= Samachaar.in|website=www.samachaar.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703125019/http://www.samachaar.in/Politics/Stalling_nuclear_deal_will_be_a_historical_mistake_23244/ |archive-date=3 July 2009}}</ref> He might have also played some formal role in helping the deal along, as press reports indicated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=NLetter&id=5ce0985d-ff2a-40fd-8fa6-7087f96aa057Nucleardealimbroglio_Special&Headline=Whose+interests+is+the+Left+protecting%3f|title=Whose national interests is the Left protecting?- Hindustan Times}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He explained his changed position by stating that there was now tremendous convergence of strategic interest between the two countries, and that India should make use of a great opportunity to work with the US.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pugwashindia.org/article_detail.asp?aid=61|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926025057/http://pugwashindia.org/article_detail.asp?aid=61|title=Between the Bomb and the Barter|archivedate=26 September 2008}}</ref> Many Indian and American commentators have criticised this stand, and also the accord itself.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/05/27/stories/2002052700031000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104062754/http://www.hindu.com/2002/05/27/stories/2002052700031000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=The warped logic of nuclear gambles |location=India |date=27 May 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref>

=== Criticism of government policy ===

Subrahmanyam long argued for revamping India's national security decision-making apparatus, and was also vociferous in his criticism of several [[Government of India|governments']] efforts at tinkering with the system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20001208/ina08035.html|title=Nation's security hotshots are feeling terribly insecure of each other}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiaabroad.com/news/2005/jan/18spec1.htm |title=Does India need a National Security Advisor? |publisher=Indiaabroad.com |date=18 January 2005 |access-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005122038/http://indiaabroad.com/news/2005/jan/18spec1.htm |archive-date=5 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/oct/28karg.htm |title=India's security matters |work=rediff.com |date=28 October 2000 |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref> He was particularly critical of successive [[Government of India|Indian governments']] lackadaisical approach to long-term strategic planning, and their similar attitudes to the creation of specialised positions and resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060224/edit.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Opinions |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shashitharoor.com/books/reasons/reason-chapter.htm |title=Book chapter |access-date=2009-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040502141150/http://www.shashitharoor.com/books/reasons/reason-chapter.htm |archive-date=2 May 2004}}</ref> One noted target of such criticism was his civil service batch mate [[Brajesh Mishra]], who served as both [[National Security Adviser (India)|National Security Adviser]]—when that post was created—and Principal Secretary to Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] from 1998 to 2004. Subrahmanyam repeatedly called for bifurcating both key posts, in commentary sometimes so strong that it even appeared to precipitate a public spat between the two.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20001103/ina03038.html|title=Turf war in security – PM's man set to win}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/LEADER-ARTICLEBROne-Man-Two-Tasks-Brilliant-Diplomacy-vs-Neglected-Security/articleshow/726765.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023220030/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-09/edit-page/27162750_1_nsc-intelligence-agencies-cabinet-rank |url-status=live |archive-date=23 October 2012 |title=LEADER ARTICLE One Man, Two Tasks: Brilliant Diplomacy vs Neglected Security|access-date=29 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 June 2004}}</ref> This bifurcation of posts was finally done by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], in consultation with Subrahmanyam, upon assuming office in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/pmo-awaits-a-few-more-final-touches/|title=PMO awaits a few more final touches|date=29 January 2005}}</ref> However, as mentioned in a book by Sanjaya Baru, it seems that in later years, Subrahmanyam considered that the bifurcation of posts was a correct measure, as both posts are crucial and carried heavy responsibilities. The establishment of a National Defence University by the [[Government of India|government]] is also something he long demanded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mod.nic.in/pressreleases/content.asp?id=192 |access-date=16 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060512020135/http://mod.nic.in/pressreleases/content.asp?id=192|archive-date=2006-05-12 | title=Report on National Defence university Submitted}}</ref> Despite several recommendations, including those from a government committee Subrahmanyam himself chaired, this is yet to be set up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=209|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410081919/http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=209|url-status=dead|title=Prime Minister's Office|archivedate=10 April 2009}}</ref>

Subrahmanyam was critical of Gujarat riots. He said: "Dharma was killed in Gujarat (2002 Riots). Those who failed to protect innocent citizens are guilty of adharma. Rama...would have used his bow against the 'Asura' rulers of Gujarat."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jaishankars-father-said-jawhar-sircar-asks-if-foreign-minister-has-amnesia-101677025313419.html|title=Subramanyam on Guj}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
Subrahmanyam declined the [[Government of India|Indian government]] honour of a [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1999, stating that bureaucrats and journalists should not accept government awards.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2714615.cms|title= Those who said no to top awards|work=The Times of India |location=India|date=20 January 2008|author= TNN|access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> A [[festschrift]] in honour of Subrahmanyam, with essays by Indian and American policy experts, academics and journalists, was published in 2004 to mark his 75th birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/news/vajpayee-opposed-nuclear-option-in-79/97729/|title= Vajpayee Opposed Nuclear Option In '79|work=The Financial Express |date=20 January 2004|author= FE|access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> Always an influential Indian media figure, he was featured in ''[[India Today]]'' magazine's 'High & Mighty' listing in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20060320/powerpeople10.html|title= High & Mighty, 50 Power People in 2006|work= [[India Today]]|date= 20 March 2006|author= IT|access-date= 25 May 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034457/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20060320/powerpeople10.html|archive-date= 24 September 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> The IDSA instituted an annual 'K Subrahmanyam Award' for contributions to Strategic Affairs in 2007<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.webindia123.com/news/ar_showdetails.asp?id=711080649&cat=&n_date=20071108|title= Vice-President to address IDSA's Foundation Day function|publisher=[[WebIndia123]]|date=8 November 2007|author= UNI|access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> and held a memorial lecture in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=The K Subrahmanyam Memorial Lecture by C Raja Mohan on When to Intervene: Using Force Beyond Borders |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW8xPwFE6Ew |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/vW8xPwFE6Ew |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|website=MP-IDSA |access-date=1 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
On 11 November 2005, speaking on the 40th anniversary of IDSA's founding, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] singled out Subrahmanyam for his achievements, saying:
{{cquote|1=Subrahmanyam's incisive writings continue to stimulate and contribute to the thinking of strategic analysis and policy makers in this vital area of national concern. We look forward to many more years of active contribution from this doyen of the strategic community in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/11/11/1111subhramanyam-award.html |title=PM honours K Subrahmanyam with lifetime award |publisher=PTI |date=11 November 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907225906/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/11/11/1111subhramanyam-award.html |archive-date=7 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec01-05/index.htm |title=Tackling Transborder Challenges |publisher=Sainik Samachar |date=11 December 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410010607/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec01-05/index.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>}}

==Personal life==
At an early age, he was married to Sulochana, a lady of his own community and similar family background, in a match arranged by their parents. They had three sons; IAS officer S. Vijay Kumar, Indian diplomat and Foreign Minister (from 2019) [[S. Jaishankar]], historian [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]], and a daughter, Sudha Subrahmanyam.

Subrahmanyam was on board the [[Indian Airlines Flight 421]] on 24 August 1984 when the plane was hijacked to [[Lahore]], Pakistan and onward to [[Dubai]] where all passengers were released without incident.<ref>{{cite web |title=Longest hijack in Indian aviation history by Khalistan activists meets anticlimactic end |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19840915-longest-hijack-in-indian-aviation-history-by-khalistan-activists-meets-anti-climactic-end-803264-1984-09-15 |website=India Today |access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref> Interestingly, the arrested hijackers later claimed in court that it was Subrahmanyam who "planned the entire hijacking to examine nuclear installations in Pakistan."<ref>{{cite web |title=K. Subrahmanyam (1929-2011)- the dean of Indian strategy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/k-subrahmanyam-1929-2011-the-dean-of-indian-strategy/story-GkmGw5WB5HWr3wGBHAXfiL.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=2 February 2011 |access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[International relations]]
* [[Nuclear power in India]]
* [[S. Jaishankar]]
* [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=rkN7trFKvjkC&q=security+beyond+survival Kumaraswamy, P R (2004). ''Security Beyond Survival, Essays in honour of K Subrahmanyam''. SAGE.] {{ISBN|9780761932673}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxuAAAAMAAJ Kargil Review Committee (2000). ''From Surprise to Reckoning: The Kargil Review Committee Report''. SAGE.] {{ISBN|9780761994664}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=lOs6AAAAMAAJ Subrahmanyam, K (1986). "India and the Nuclear Challenge". Lancer and Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses]

== External links ==
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/05spec1.htm The Legend that is K. Subrahmanyam, by BG Verghese].
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110302031728/http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/engaging-security-the-legacy-of-k-subrahmanyam/ Review of Engaging Security: The Legacy of K Subrahmanyam]}}
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041229/edit.htm#6 P V Narasimha Rao and the Bomb, by K Subrahmanyam]
* [http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_06/Subrahmanyam Elimination or Irrelevance, Arms Control Today, 2008]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070712220810/http://www.idsa.in/publications/strategic-analysis/2005/oct/KSubrahmanyam.pdf Partnership in a Balance of Power System, by K Subrahmanyam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410110840/http://mod.nic.in/newadditions/annexb.pdf Recommendations of the Kargil Review Committee]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091205231912/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/CTBT/nuclear_doctrine_aug_17_1999.html Indian Nuclear Doctrine]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subrahmanyam, K.}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses]]
[[Category:Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Hijacking survivors]]

Pogo (TV channel)

2026-03-29T19:20:32Z

Manikmusicscapgk:

{{Short description|Indian television channel}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Pogo
| logo = POGO-logo.png
| logo_size = 250px
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2004|df=y}}
| picture_format = [[16:9]] partially [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] [[SDTV]]
| timeshift_service =
| owner = [[Warner Bros. Discovery India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/pogo-cartoon-network-go-local-with-india-originals-103113.html|title=Pogo & Cartoon Network go local with India Originals|publisher=Exchange4media|first=Tasmayee Laha|last=Roy|date=5 March 2020|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205083157/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/pogo-cartoon-network-go-local-with-india-originals-103113.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{small|([[Warner Bros. Discovery International]])}} (Sale to [[Paramount Skydance]] via [[Disney Star| JioStar]] Pending)
| parent = [[Cartoon Network India|Cartoon Network]]
| country = [[India]]
| area = South Asia
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Hindi
* Tamil
* Telugu
* English
* Kannada
* Malayalam
* Marathi
}}
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| sister_channels = ''See [[List of channels owned by Warner Bros. Discovery India]]''
| website = {{URL|https://www.pogo.tv/ |Pogo TV}}
| terr_serv_1 = [[DVB-T2]] (India)
| terr_chan_1 = Check local frequencies
| availability_note = - Available on all major Indian DTH & Cables.
| online_serv_1 = [[Jio TV]] (India)
| online_chan_1 = Live TV
| online_serv_2 = [[Tata Play]] (India)
| online_chan_2 = Live TV
}}
'''Pogo''' is an Indian [[pay television channel]] owned and operated by [[Warner Bros. Discovery India]] under its International division, as part of [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network India]] as the network's sister channel. It was launched on 1 January 2004.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2003-11-25 |title=Turner International India to launch 24-hour kids' channel, POGO |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/7709_turner-international-india-to-launch-24-hour-kids-channel-pogo |access-date= |website=afaqs! |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625172613/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/7709_turner-international-india-to-launch-24-hour-kids-channel-pogo |url-status=live }}</ref> It broadcasts both animated and live action programming.

==Broadcast==
In India and Sri Lanka, Pogo is available as a 24-hour channel.<ref name=":1" />

A time-based block version is shown in [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thebhutanese.bt/animation-program-ro-ngoedrup-chen-launched/|title=Animation program "Ro-Ngoedrup-Chen" launched|date=24 August 2013|access-date=25 June 2022|work=[[The Bhutanese]]|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527132841/https://thebhutanese.bt/animation-program-ro-ngoedrup-chen-launched/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pogo is available as a block in [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]] on [[Cartoon Network (Pakistan)|Cartoon Network]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In [[Thailand]] Pogo is available as a block on Family Channel 13.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kidscreen.com/2015/03/30/turner-brings-pogo-to-thailand/ | title=Turner takes POGO to Thailand | access-date=30 March 2015 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113320/http://kidscreen.com/2015/03/30/turner-brings-pogo-to-thailand/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
===2004–2010===
[[File:POGO-logo.svg|thumb|left|The first logo, used from 2004 to 2016.]]
Pogo was officially launched on 1 January 2004 in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by Turner International India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaid |first=Sumita |date=2003-11-24 |title=Turner International India to launch 24-hour kids' channel, POGO |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/7709_turner-international-india-to-launch-24-hour-kids-channel-pogo |access-date=2021-01-19 |website=afaqs! |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625172613/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/7709_turner-international-india-to-launch-24-hour-kids-channel-pogo |url-status=live }}</ref> After its launch, the channel primarily broadcast programming from [[Cartoon Network]] and [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] such as ''[[Tweenies]]'', ''[[Beakman's World]]'', ''[[Looney Tunes]]'', and ''[[Scooby-Doo]]''.

The channel aired ''[[Wallace & Gromit]]'', ''[[Mr. Bean: The Animated Series]]'', ''[[Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman]]'', and ''[[Walking with Dinosaurs]]''. during its starting days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-11-25 |title=Turner International India to launch 24-hour kids' channel, POGO |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/7709_turner-international-india-to-launch-24-hour-kids-channel-pogo |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=afaqs! |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625172613/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/7709_turner-international-india-to-launch-24-hour-kids-channel-pogo |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2004 the channel launched ''[[Takeshi's Castle]]'' and premiered ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter movies]]''.<ref name=":0" />

On 1 March 2005, Pogo had ''[[Takeshi's Castle]]'' dubbed over with commentary from Bollywood personality and anchor, [[Jaaved Jaaferi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 February 2005|title=Pogo premiers Japanese game show 'Takeshi's Castle'|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/feb/feb254.htm|access-date=26 May 2022|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526120837/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/feb/feb254.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2005 the channel celebrated its 2nd anniversary by featuring a special programming franchise ‘''Ek Se Bhale Do''’ that included double episodes of the most loved shows and blockbuster movies shown on the channel at that time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=POGO lines up special programming to mark second anniversary - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/kids-news/pogo-lines-up-special-programming-to-mark-second-anniversary-19152.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref> On 2 January 2005, the channel launched an exciting, initiative ''POGO Funtakshari''.<ref name=":0" />

On 6 June 2005, the channel premiered ''[[Shaktimaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Shaktiman' to be aired on POGO |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/shaktiman-be-aired-pogo |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

The channel became 2nd most viewed channel in ratings after its sister channel [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] which was on 1st.<ref name=":0" />

The channel launched [[Tiny TV]] block featuring preschool shows.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-01 |title=Tiny TV makes comeback on POGO |url=https://www.adgully.com/tiny-tv-makes-a-comeback-on-pogo-43582.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004124211/https://www.adgully.com/tiny-tv-makes-a-comeback-on-pogo-43582.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2010–2013===
In 2010, Pogo began focusing more on live action programming than animated series.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2010-12-21 |title=Pogo M.A.D|url=https://www.adgully.com/pogo-launches-pogo-m-a-d-creations-art-curriculum-books-for-kg-to-viiith-std-45335.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2010, the channel premiered ''[[Kumbh Karan]]''.<ref name="deccanherald">{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Desi toons offer infotainment |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/desi-toons-offer-infotainment-2494875 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> And relaunched its preschool featuring block [[Tiny TV]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-01 |title=Tiny TV makes a comeback on POGO |url=https://www.adgully.com/tiny-tv-makes-a-comeback-on-pogo-43582.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004124211/https://www.adgully.com/tiny-tv-makes-a-comeback-on-pogo-43582.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2011, Pogo began to compete with its sister channel [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] in ratings which was leading in viewership at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cartoon Network India - New Generations Research 2012 |url=https://www.slideshare.net/TheHWD/cartoon-network-new-generations-india-2012 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.slideshare.net |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004124212/https://www.slideshare.net/TheHWD/cartoon-network-new-generations-india-2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The channel began airing shows such as ''[[Batman]]'', ''[[The Powerpuff Girls]]'', and more. Pogo acquired the rights of ''[[Chhota Bheem]]'' and subsequently began airing the show, which became hugely successful in India.

In 2012, Pogo became leading kids channel in India by surpassing its sister channel Cartoon Network in ratings and enjoyed to be the No. 1 kids channel in India. ''[[Chhota Bheem]]'' proven to be huge success for Pogo. The channel started airing more local shows including ''Chhota Bheem''.<ref name="deccanherald"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=AnimationXpress |date=2012-05-23 |title=Double-trouble, twin superheroes - 'Kumbh Karan' are back on POGO Catch an exciting line-up of a new movie, new episodes and contest - |url=https://animationxpress.com/broadcast/double-trouble-twin-superheroes-kumbh-karan-are-back-on-pogo-catch-an-exciting-line-up-of-a-new-movie-new-episodes-and-contest/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2013, the Government of Bangladesh banned the broadcast of Pogo in the country, as it was accused of broadcasting there without authorisation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Govt slaps ban on Hindi-dubbed Doraemon telecast|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/02/14/govt-slaps-ban-on-hindi-dubbed-doraemon-telecast|date=14 February 2013|access-date=21 June 2022|work=BDNews24|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526070302/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/02/14/govt-slaps-ban-on-hindi-dubbed-doraemon-telecast|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 6 June 2013, the channel premiered [[Krish, Trish and Baltiboy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=POGO set to premiere all new Desi Shows |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/pogo-set-to-premiere-all-new-desi-toon-110060300110_1.html |access-date=6 June 2013 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=24 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124064356/http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/pogo-set-to-premiere-all-new-desi-toon-110060300110_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Busting the myth of Indian cartoons |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-busting-the-myth-of-indian-cartoons-1530163 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004124211/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-busting-the-myth-of-indian-cartoons-1530163 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2014–2017===
[[File:POGO-logo.png|thumb|left|A variation of Pogo's current logo, used as of 7 November 2016.]]
In 2014, the channel celebrated its 10th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=POGO Amazing Kids Awards 2013 celebrates a decade of recognising the most talented kids across India |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/releases/pogo-amazing-kids-awards-2013-celebrates-decade-of-recognising-the-most-talented-kids |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818123427/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/releases/pogo-amazing-kids-awards-2013-celebrates-decade-of-recognising-the-most-talented-kids |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2014, the channel premiered ''Obbochama-Kun'' and premiered ''Chhota Bheem - Neeli Pahaadi Movie'' on 26 January.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New shows, movies and exciting contests all month long on Cartoon Network & POGO |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/releases/new-shows-movies-and-exciting-contests-all-month-long-cartoon-network-pogo-526 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004124316/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/releases/new-shows-movies-and-exciting-contests-all-month-long-cartoon-network-pogo-526 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, the channel was launched in [[Thailand]] as a block on ''Family Channel 13''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turner takes POGO to Thailand |url=https://kidscreen.com/2015/03/30/turner-brings-pogo-to-thailand/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630124528/https://kidscreen.com/2015/03/30/turner-brings-pogo-to-thailand/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 19 December 2015, the channel premiered [[New Looney Tunes|Wabbit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=POGO launches new series 'Wabbit' - A Looney Toons Production |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/releases/pogo-launches-new-series-wabbit-looney-toons-production-151217 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009090354/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/releases/pogo-launches-new-series-wabbit-looney-toons-production-151217 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2016, Pogo premiered ''[[Yo-kai Watch|Yokai Watch]]'' on 11 January and Tashi on 23 January.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-01-12 |title=Pogo lines up two new international shows in January |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/pogo-lines-up-two-new-international-shows-in-january-160112 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526123850/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/pogo-lines-up-two-new-international-shows-in-january-160112 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Pogo rebranded with a new logo and look and the channel began classic shows from [[Hanna-Barbera]], such as ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'' and ''[[Scooby-Doo]]''. ''[[Grizzy & the Lemmings]]'' started to air on the channel on 2 January, ''[[Oddbods]]'' on 9 January and ''[[Andy Pirki]]'' on 3 December.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pogo Channel Rebrand / Art&Graft |url=https://artandgraft.com/project/pogo-rebrand |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Art&Graft |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-01-03 |title=Pogo welcomes New Year with new shows, movie mania |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/pogo-welcomes-new-year-with-new-shows-movie-mania-170103 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526122344/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/pogo-welcomes-new-year-with-new-shows-movie-mania-170103 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-11-25 |title=Pogo launches indigenous slapstick comedy Andy Pirki |url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/animation/pogo-launches-indigenous-slapstick-comedy-andy-pirki-171125 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814005720/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/animation/pogo-launches-indigenous-slapstick-comedy-andy-pirki-171125 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2018–2021===
In 2018, Pogo started more focus on ''Chhota Bheem'', ''Mighty Raju'', ''[[Tik Tak Tail]]'', etc. and hence stopped some of the international shows.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Pogo broadcast mostly Indian series and some international shows. From 2019 to 2020, the channel shifted its focus to [[Indian animation industry|Indian animation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pogo & Cartoon Network go local with India Originals - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/pogo-cartoon-network-go-local-with-india-originals-103113.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205083157/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/pogo-cartoon-network-go-local-with-india-originals-103113.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pogo TV became the third most watched kids channel across all genres with [[Audience measurement|TRP]] in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barc trp data|title=Barc report. DATA Week 39: Saturday, 26th September 2020 To Friday, 2nd October 2020|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|access-date=5 October 2020|website=barcindia.co.in|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111165652/https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, Pogo stopped all international shows and aired only Indian Animations like ''Chhota Bheem'', ''Dabangg'', ''[[Roll No 21]]'', ''Lambuji Tinguji'' and ''[[Bandbudh Aur Budbak]]''.

Pogo aired an animated movie ''Shaktimaan New TV Special'' on 14 November 2021.<ref>{{Citation|title=Shaktimaan {{!}} New TV Special {{!}} Sunday 14th November, 10 PM {{!}} Pogo TV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrMzQbD2Q5A|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902110247/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrMzQbD2Q5A|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] audio track was added again to Pogo replacing the [[English language|English-language]] audio track on 30 November 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/kids-favourite-pogo-is-now-available-in-telugu/|title=Kids’ favourite POGO is now available in Telugu|date=30 November 2021|access-date=12 July 2022|work=Animation Xpress|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712064826/https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/kids-favourite-pogo-is-now-available-in-telugu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2022–present===
In 2022, Pogo resumed airing international shows such as ''[[Grizzy and the Lemmings]]'', ''[[Mr. Bean: The Animated Series]]'' and ''[[Yo-kai Watch]]''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Grizzy and the Lemmings {{!}} Fun Ke Rang {{!}} Monday - Friday 5.30 PM {{!}} Pogo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVy3n-lMpec |language=en |access-date=2022-05-06 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506162539/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVy3n-lMpec |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mr Bean {{!}} Animated Series {{!}} Monday - Friday 2 PM {{!}} Pogo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OazfYXo7vN0 |language=en |access-date=2022-05-06 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506162539/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OazfYXo7vN0&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Yo-Kai Watch {{!}} New Show {{!}} Monday - Friday 11.15 AM & 6.15 PM {{!}} Pogo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GofIzJAxQE |language=en |access-date=2022-05-26 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526114222/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GofIzJAxQE |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 22 August 2022, ''[[Ekans – Snakes Awake]]'', an original animated series of Cartoon Network (India) was shifted on Pogo TV.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CguBGLVhiGy/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=|title=Ekans ki baat hi kuch aur hai! Stay tuned to see him on POGO TV very soon|language=en|access-date=2022-08-01|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819195516/https://www.instagram.com/p/CguBGLVhiGy/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Logon ke dilon mein baj rahi hai ghanti kyun ki Ekans maar raha hai entry. Aagaya hai naya rakshak ab POGO par.Catch Ekans, 22nd Aug onwards, Mon-Fri at 7pm only on POGO|url=https://www.facebook.com/559496524139265/posts/pfbid02Q9xVJeNNRAh8aPW99Afmf19W2YgzBa6b5WQTqJsG5fjDPyrm3p6JdjiBMgbxtnX3l/?app=fbl|language=en|access-date=21 August 2022|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502230346/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F559496524139265%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02Q9xVJeNNRAh8aPW99Afmf19W2YgzBa6b5WQTqJsG5fjDPyrm3p6JdjiBMgbxtnX3l%2F%3Fapp%3Dfbl|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Logon ke dilon mein baj rahi hai ghanti kyun ki Ekans maar raha hai entry. Aagaya hai naya rakshak ab POGO par. Catch Ekans, 22nd Aug onwards, Mon-Fri at 7pm only on POGO|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Chghll2KFTu/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=|access-date=2022-08-21|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821180036/https://www.instagram.com/p/Chghll2KFTu/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y%3D|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/559496524139265/posts/pfbid02HCyPdGgCQnWF47XXcaHpam1XwZV7gcjC3YKvNKiQcKVDTVkgfDXDN3Kpy1m2i3PLl/?app=fbl|title=Ab adventures ki hogi nahi koi kami! {{!}} Watch Ekans, Mon-Fri, 7 PM exclusively on POGO|language=en|access-date=2022-08-24|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502230328/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F559496524139265%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02HCyPdGgCQnWF47XXcaHpam1XwZV7gcjC3YKvNKiQcKVDTVkgfDXDN3Kpy1m2i3PLl%2F%3Fapp%3Dfbl|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 4 September 2022 the channel premiered its special episode titled ''Ekans: Origin Story''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ekans – Origin Story {{!}} POGO {{!}} Movie – 4th September – 12:30 PM |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tq7-qXSRGmw |language=en |access-date=2022-09-02 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902141105/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=tq7-qXSRGmw |url-status=live }}</ref> The channel also launched an original movie of that series titled ''Ekans: The Mystery Of Three Gems'' on 9 October 2022, at 12:30 PM IST.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ekans: The Mystery Of Three Gems {{!}} POGO {{!}} Movie – 9th October – 12:30 PM |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ehdDXsSYwM |language=en |access-date=2022-10-04 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004082051/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ehdDXsSYwM |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/warner-bros-discovery-celebrates-dussehra-with-new-content-line-up-for-kids-221001|title=Warner Bros. Discovery’s kids’ entertainment channels—Discovery Kids, Cartoon Network, and POGO—are getting into the festive spirit with an action-packed and entertaining content line-up for kids and families to watch together|access-date=2022-10-01|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003162248/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/warner-bros-discovery-celebrates-dussehra-with-new-content-line-up-for-kids-221001|url-status=live}}</ref> The theatrical film of that series titled ''Ekans – Hero Ek Villain Anek'' was launched on the channel on 16 October 2022.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ekans – Hero Ek Villain Anek {{!}} New Movie {{!}} POGO {{!}} 16th October - 12:30 PM|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQIG1C4_Nuc|access-date=2022-10-12|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012095628/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQIG1C4_Nuc&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 December 2022, Pogo launched ''[[Dennis the Menace and Gnasher (2009 TV series)|Dennis the Menace and Gnasher]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dennis The Menace And Gnasher Specials {{!}} New Show {{!}} Saturdays at 11:15 AM {{!}} POGO|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQq69RfNu60|language=en|access-date=2022-11-29|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204051310/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQq69RfNu60&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[Warner Bros. Discovery India]] merger in mid-July 2022 (which made competitor [[Discovery Kids (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Kids]] a sister network to both Pogo and Cartoon Network), on 24 December 2022, ''[[Little Singham]]'' was moved from Discovery Kids to Pogo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Little Singham Starting - 24th December {{!}} Everyday 12.30 PM & 7.15 PM {{!}} New Show {{!}} POGO|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-4FofMzMq4|language=en|access-date=2021-12-03|archive-date=11 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211052202/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-4FofMzMq4|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 March 2023, the channel launched a mini-series ''New Big Picture'' featuring Chhota Bheem.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=POGO launches mini-series ‘New Big Picture’ featuring Chhota Bheem |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/pogo-launches-mini-series-new-big-picture-featuring-chhota-bheem/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=MediaNews4U |language=en-US |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818124329/https://www.medianews4u.com/pogo-launches-mini-series-new-big-picture-featuring-chhota-bheem/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2023, the channel celebrated 15th anniversary of ''Chhota Bheem'' with back-to-back episodes and movies.

On 15 August 2023, the channel celebrated 6th birthday of Little Singham and premiered ''Baby Little Singham'' on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-12 |title=POGO marks Little Singham's 6th anniversary with fresh content for Indian fans |url=https://mediabrief.com/pogo-marks-little-singhams-6th-anniversary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818124329/https://mediabrief.com/pogo-marks-little-singhams-6th-anniversary/ |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 21 October 2023, the channel along with its sister channel [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] premiered the first ever localised version of ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'' animated by two animation Studios based in [[India]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Tom And Jerry cartoon series set in Singapore will debut in August |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/tom-and-jerry-singapore-series-cartoon-network-asia-366536 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116142009/https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/tom-and-jerry-singapore-series-cartoon-network-asia-366536 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WBD UNVEILS NEW ‘TOM AND JERRY’ SERIES SET IN ASIA {{!}} Pressroom |url=https://press.wbd.com/us/media-release/warner-bros/wbd-unveils-new-tom-and-jerry-series-set-asia |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=press.wbd.com |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116142009/https://press.wbd.com/us/media-release/warner-bros/wbd-unveils-new-tom-and-jerry-series-set-asia |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cartoon Network HD+]]
* [[Discovery Kids India|Discovery Kids]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.pogo.tv/ Official website]

{{Cartoon Network}}
{{Warner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pacific}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pogo TV}}
[[Category:Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)]]
[[Category:Boomerang (TV network)]]
[[Category:Pogo (TV channel)]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:Indian animation]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Discovery networks]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Discovery India]]

1947 Mirpur massacre

2026-03-27T13:36:05Z

Manikmusicscapgk: slightly fix citations additionally and updated info for clarity

#REDIRECT [[1947 Jammu massacres#Violence against Hindus and Sikhs in Rajouri and Mirpur]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to section}}
{{R from merge}}
{{R from subtopic}}
}}

[[Category:Persecution of Sikhs]]

Narsimhadeva

2026-03-26T15:58:27Z

Manikmusicscapgk: improve references for clarity per sources

{{Short description|King of Mithila from 1174 to 1227}}
{{Not to be confused|King Narasimha}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Narasimhadeva
| image =
| succession = King of Mithila
| reign = 1174–1227
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Gangadeva]]
| successor = [[Ramasimhadeva]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house = [[Karnata dynasty (Mithila)|Karnata dynasty]]
| father =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| place of last rites =
}}

'''Narasimhadeva''' was the third king of the [[Karnat dynasty]] of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] from 1174 until his death in 1227. Most scholars agree that he came into power around 1174 and succeeded his predecessor, [[Gangadeva]].<ref name=Sinha1974>{{cite journal | title=Decline of the Karnatas of Mithila | author= CPN Sinha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 32| year=1970 | pages=79–84 |jstor = 44141053}}</ref>

== Reign ==
The [[Maithili language|Maithili]] poet, [[Vidyapati]], referred to Narasimhadeva as "Satyavira" to allude to how turbulent his reign was. He was engaged in a conflict with the King of [[Nepal]] who was his kinsmen.
He also showed defiance against [[Tughral Tughan Khan]] of the Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi. Khan responded by carrying out raids in Mithila and capturing Narasimhadeva who was later released in [[Darbhanga]]. He also engaged in a conflict with [[Iwaz Khalji]] who was the Governor of Bengal who undertook an expedition to Mithila and succeeded in compelling the Karnatas to pay tribute.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Vijaykanta |title=Cultural Heritage of Mithila |date=1979 |publisher=Mithila Prakasana |page=58 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108245/page/n79/mode/2up |accessdate=5 August 2020}}</ref>

Due to this, it has been said that Mithila first felt the presence of Muslim invasions during Narasimhadeva 's reign.<ref name =Choudhary1970>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfMuslimRuleInTirhut/page/n39/mode/2up?q=ramasimhadeva |title=History of Muslim rule in Tirhut, 1206-1765, A.D. |last=Choudhary |first=Radhakrishna |date=1970 |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office |page=26 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narsimhadeva}}
[[Category:12th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:13th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:12th-century Nepalese people]]
[[Category:13th-century Nepalese people]]
[[Category:Karnata dynasty]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mithila]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Killing of Tulsiram Prajapati

2026-03-23T12:11:19Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added new entry!

{{Short description|2005 Indian death in custody}}
{{infobox person|image=|known_for=death in custody}}

'''Tulsiram Prajapati''' was a man, who was killed while in custody at 5 am on 26 December 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prajapati-killing-trial-against-former-gujarat-minister-amit-shah-stayed-502160|title=Prajapati killing: Trial against former Gujarat minister Amit Shah stayed|website=NDTV.com|date=18 October 2012}}</ref> The case is widely believed<ref name=hindu/> to have been an [[encounter killing]] by the [[Gujarat Police]]. DIG [[D.G. Vanzara]] has been in jail for seven years, on charges of having organised this encounter, among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/vanzara-letter-636519.html|title=Gujarat IPS officer Vanzara quits, says his 'god' Modi shielding Amit Shah|date=Sep 3, 2013|publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>

On 8 April 2011, the [[Supreme Court of India]] directed the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to take up the investigation.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Supreme-Court-orders-probe-into-all-fake-encounters-in-Gujarat/article13381810.ece|title=Supreme Court orders probe into all fake encounters in Gujarat|first=J.|last=Venkatesan|date=25 January 2012|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Arrests ==
The case came into prominence in 2012, when the CBI, in its chargesheet, listed Gujarat home minister and leading [[BJP]] politician [[Amit Shah]] as the "kingpin and prime accused"<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Tulsiram Prajapati encounter: CBI names Amit Shah as kingpin
| publisher = Indian Express
| url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tulsiram-prajapati-encounter-cbi-names-amit-shah-as-kingpin/1004520/
| date = Sep 18, 2012
}}</ref> in the case. Amit Shah was arrested in October 2012. Earlier, an unprecedented total of 32 police officers Himanshu Singh Rajawat, Shyamsingh Charan, Ashish Pandya, Yudhvir Singh, Kartar Singh, Narayansingh Chauhan, Jethasingh Solanki, Kanjibhai Kutchi, Vinodkumar Limbachiya Kiransingh Chauhan and Karansingh Sisodiya, Vijaykumar Rathod,<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2018-12-21 |title=Sohrabuddin encounter case: List of all 22 accused acquitted by Delhi HC |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/sohrabuddin-encounter-case-list-of-all-22-accused-acquitted-by-delhi-hc-118122100460_1.html |access-date=2022-05-05}}</ref> including six [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officers including [[D. G. Vanzara|D. G. Vanjara]] and [[Rajkumar Pandian]] of Gujarat cadre and [[Dinesh MN|Dinesh M.N.]] of Rajasthan cadre, had been arrested for the series of "encounter deaths".<ref name=letter>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-modi-was-my-god-amitbhai-usurped-his-eyes-and-ears-/1164159/ | title=Excerpts from Vanzara's letter: Modi was my god - Indian Express| date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Langa |first1=Mahesh |last2=Singh |first2=Vijaita |date=2018-12-20 |title=Gujarat police officer who probed Sohrabuddin Sheik encounter case suspended |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat-police-officer-who-probed-sohrabuddin-sheik-encounter-case-suspended/article25790760.ece |access-date=2022-05-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

According to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], Prajapati was a witness to the encounter death of [[Sohrabuddin Sheikh]] in 2005, and this was why he had to be eliminated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main30.asp?filename=Ne120507Death_by_CS.asp&id=2 |title=Tehelka - The People's Paper |website=www.tehelka.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202081121/http://tehelka.com/story_main30.asp?filename=Ne120507Death_by_CS.asp&id=2 |archive-date=2010-02-02}}</ref>

The encounter killing took place in [[Banaskantha district]]. Vanzara, known to be close to Amit Shah and [[Narendra Modi]], the [[List of chief ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]] at the time, had been transferred there as DIG Border range just 13 days earlier. Shah claimed that the transfer was an administrative move, not connected to the encounter.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = CBI to question Amit Shah again in Prajapati case
| author = Vinay Kumar
| work = The Hindu
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/cbi-to-question-amit-shah-again-in-prajapati-case/article2788919.ece
| date = January 10, 2012
}}</ref>

==Possible involvement in Haren Pandya assassination==
In September 2013, after six years in prison, [[D. G. Vanzara|Vanzara]] who called Modi "my God", became disgruntled,<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&action=translate&sectid=2&contentid=2013090420130904030303562a3d65975&subsite= |title=Ahmedabad Mirror |access-date=2013-10-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606221030/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&action=translate&sectid=2&contentid=2013090420130904030303562a3d65975&subsite= |archive-date=2014-06-06 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = DG Vanzara on Narendra Modi: My 'god' has betrayed me
| author = PTI
| date = Sep 3, 2013
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DG-Vanzara-on-Narendra-Modi-My-god-has-betrayed-me/articleshow/22264684.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130905125006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-03/india/41725953_1_tulsi-prajapati-gujarat-cid-amit-shah
| url-status = live
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| archive-date = September 5, 2013
}}</ref> and apparently claimed a connection between the Tulsiram Prajapati and the unsolved murder of ex-BJP minister [[Haren Pandya]],<ref>
{{cite news
| title = DG Vanzara sings about Haren Pandya murder, says it was political conspiracy: CBI
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-21/india/42271814_1_sadiq-jamal-encounter-case-tulsiram-prajapati
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130924000959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-21/india/42271814_1_sadiq-jamal-encounter-case-tulsiram-prajapati
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = September 24, 2013
| date = September 21, 2013
| work = [[The Times of India]]
|access-date=2013-09-30}}</ref> who was at one time a minister under [[Narendra Modi]]. Pandya was shot dead while out on a morning walk in March 2003, a year after his fallout with Modi. In 2003, it was Vanzara who had originally investigated the Pandya murder.<ref>{{cite news
|title = The Emperor Uncrowned : The rise of Narendra Modi
|author = Vinod K Jose
|publisher = Caravan magazine
|url = http://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor-uncrowned
|date = March 2012
|access-date = 2013-09-30
|archive-date = 2013-10-01
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131001133519/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor-uncrowned
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
Similar claims have also been made by the [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] newspaper,<ref name=dna>
{{cite news
| title = Was it Tulsiram Prajapati who killed Haren Pandya?
| publisher = DNA (newspaper)
| date = August 30, 2011
| url = https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-was-it-tulsiram-prajapati-who-killed-haren-pandya-1581624
|access-date=2013-09-30}}</ref> which has suggested that Sheikh was eliminated because of his links to the political murder of Pandya.

==CBI reconstruction of the case==
The CBI and a team of forensic science experts reconstructed the alleged fake encounter of Tulsi Prajapati by Gujarat police in 2006 at Chhapri village in the district on July 8, 2011. The team headed by Rajendra Singh of the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL), and [[Tirath Das Dogra|T D Dogra]] of Forensic Medicine Department at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), began the reconstruction early morning. The forensic experts and CBI were assisted by state [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] officials. CID was investigating the case before the Supreme Court transferred it to the central agency. The experts obtained crucial data such as the distance between the police vehicle and the car in which Prajapati was travelling, location of Prajapati's body after the encounter as per the CID's FIR, how police officers fired at Prajapati and the distance from which they fired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/cbi-reconstructs-tulsi-prajapati-fake-encounter/|title=CBI reconstructs Tulsi Prajapati fake encounter|date=9 July 2011|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=21 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prajapati, Tulsiram}}
[[Category:December 2006 in India]]
[[Category:2006 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Encounters in India]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in India]]
[[Category:Deaths in police custody in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in the 2000s]]

Sushant Divgikar

2026-03-22T11:59:50Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added new article

{{Short description|Indian model, actor, and TV personality}}
{{Distinguish|Sushant Singh|Sushant Singh Rajput}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sushant Divgikar
| image = Sushant Divgikar.jpg
| caption = Divgikar at the launch party of HYMUS nightclub in Mumbai, 2014
| other names = Rani Ko-HE-Nur (Drag queen persona)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|07|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| height =
| awards =
| years_active = 2006–present
| agent = Parambir Kaur (Mango films and Productions)
| known_for = [[Queer]] representation [[Drag Queen]]
| citizenship = Indian
| education = Masters degree in Industrial and Organisational Psychology from University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| occupation = {{flat list|
*Actor
*singer
*[[VJ (media personality)|VJ]]
*model
*[[drag queen]]
*columnist
}}
}}

'''Sushant Divgikar''', also known as '''Rani Ko-HE-Nur''', (born 2 July 1990)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DLk9nqwon58/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> is an Indian Model, actor, Singer, columnist, Motivational Speaker, [[Drag queen]], Pageant Director, and [[Video jockey]]. In July 2014, they were all crowned [[Mr Gay India|Mr Gay India 2014]]. They represented India at [[Mr Gay World 2014]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai model to represent India at Mr Gay World |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-model-to-represent-india-at-mr-gay-world/15479174 |work=mid-day.com |date=26 July 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sushant Divigak Mr Gay India 2014 |url=http://pink-pages.co.in/news-digest/sushant-divgikar-mr-gay-india-2014/ |work=pink-pages.co.in |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> They won various special awards during Mr Gay World 2014, and have been the only delegate from India to win three sub awards. Divgikar is the first Indian and the first delegate from any country to have won a record 3 individual sub titles and 2 group sub titles at the [[Mr Gay World 2014]] contest.

They participated in the television reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sushant Divgikar reveals Bigg Boss 8 secrets and his life plans for future! |url=http://buddybits.com/sushant-divgikar-reveals-bigg-boss-secrets-and-his-life-plans/ |work=BuddyBits.com |date=4 December 2014 |access-date=6 December 2014 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405232312/http://buddybits.com/sushant-divgikar-reveals-bigg-boss-secrets-and-his-life-plans/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Divgikar, in their [[drag queen]] persona Rani Ko-HE-Nur, created history by becoming the first drag queen in India to participate in a singing reality show and win the golden buzzer, making Rani / Sushant the first contestant from the [[LGBTQ community|LGBTQIA+ community]] to win a golden buzzer and directly enter the top 15 of the reality competition show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]'' in the year 2018. In 2021, under their drag persona, they were announced to be competing in the premiere season of ''[[Queen of the Universe (TV series)|Queen of the Universe]]'', an international singing competition for drag performers. The series premiered on 2 December 2021.

Divgikar has featured in many television shows and has worked with most of the leading broadcasting channels, agencies and production houses, nationally and internationally.

==Early life and background==
Divgikar was born on 2 July 1990 in [[Mumbai]], India,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=Sushant Divgikar: Mumbai has shaped me to become the best version of myself |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/sushant-divgikar-mumbai-has-shaped-me-to-become-the-best-version-of-myself-23272573 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> and was raised in their family home in [[Bandra|Bandra West]]. Divgikar was born to [[Goans|Goan]] [[Konkani people|Konkani]] parents, Pradeep Divgikar and Bharati Divgikar. Their father, Pradeep is a retired Assistant Commissioner, Indian Customs and Central Excise and former President of the Greater Mumbai Amateur Aquatics Association (GMAAA).<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 1998|title=The Divgikars pool in to make a big splash|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980813/22550854p.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015042300/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980813/22550854p.html|archive-date=15 October 2014|access-date=2021-04-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Divgikar started their TV career with UTV Bindass's ''Big Switch'' Season 3 directed by [[Rohit Shetty]]. They then did ''Atyachaar Ka Punchnama'' for UTV Bindass as a host. They were a contestant on Color TV's ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051017052005/http://in.com/entertainment/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-10-17 |title=Entertainment News, Latest Entertainment News, Photos, Videos |website=in.com}}</ref> They participated in Mr Gay World 2014. They were among the top 10 finalists and is the first person in the history of the pageant to have three sub awards – Mister Gay World Congeniality 2014, Mister People's Choice & Mister Gay World Art 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mrgayworld.com/mgw2014-second-round-of-winners/ |title=MGW2014: Second round of winners | Mr Gay World |access-date=27 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903172407/http://mrgayworld.com/mgw2014-second-round-of-winners/ |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They have also worked on TV commercials<ref>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHXN6jGxJ4k2KyPAbKh66sw Commercials</ref> for brands like Maruti Suzuki, [[MTV India]], [[Channel V]] India, Idea mobiles.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjMR-yB5Vic Idea Commercial</ref> Alongside acting and TV, they won several awards and titles between 2011 and 2013.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

In 2015, they were the guest in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[India's Got Talent]]''<ref>[http://colors.in.com/in/indias-got-talent/videos/sushant-divgikar-amazes-the-judges-with-amazing-hunar-igt-10112153-4.html]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} India's Got Talent</ref> and [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]'s ''Style Panga''.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CVNhy-z_dw Style Panga</ref> They were also the guest in the grand finale of &TV's ''Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah''.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kR3aSevgHY Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah</ref> Two documentary films, both based on their life, have been nominated and screened at various national and international festivals.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} Presently, they will soon be seen in an online series ''Love, Life and Screw Ups''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Best-friends-Sushant-and-Diandra-will-act-with-Zeenat-Aman/articleshow/51778215.cms |title=Best friends Sushant and Diandra will act with Zeenat Aman |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Divgikar, both in and out of drag, was listed as one of [[GQ]]'s 50 Most Influential Young Indians of 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/magazine-story/gq-most-influential-young-indians-2018/|title=GQ's 50 Most Influential Young Indians of 2018|website=GQ India|date=5 December 2018|access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Queen of the Universe Contestants at LA DragCon 2022 by dvsross.jpg|thumb|296x296px|[[Queen of the Universe (TV series)|Queen of the Universe]] Contestants at LA DragCon 2022.]]

=== ''Queen of the Universe'' ===
{{see also|Queen of the Universe (TV series)}}
In November 2021, they were announced as one of fourteen contestants on the debut season of ''[[Queen of the Universe (TV series)|Queen of the Universe]]'', an international drag queen singing competition, and a spin-off of ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]''.<ref name="qotu">{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/queen-of-the-universe-season-1-cast/|title=Queen of the Universe cast adds Drag Race, American Idol stars: Meet the queens!|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|last=Nolfi|first=Joey|date=10 November 2021|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#BFBFBF;"| ''Queen of the Universe'' season 1 performances and results
|-
!Week #
!Theme
!Song choice
!Original artist
!Order #
!Result
|-
|2
|This Is Me
|"[[Piya Tu Ab To Aja]]", "[[Laila Main Laila]]"
|[[Asha Bhosle]] & [[R.D. Burman]], [[Ram Sampath]], [[Kalyanji–Anandji]] & [[JAM8]]
|3
|Advanced
|-
|3
|Turn Back Time
|"[[My Heart Will Go On]]"
|[[Celine Dion]]
|6
|Advanced
|-
|4
|Duets
|"Damn That Man"
|[[Grag Queen]] and Rani Ko-HE-Nur
|1
|Advanced
|-bgcolor="lightpink"
|5
|Bad Girls
|"[[Bad Romance]]"
|[[Lady Gaga]]
|2
|Eliminated
|}

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Name !! Role !! Notes !! Ref
|-
| 2012 || ''Atyachaar Ka Punchnama'' || Host ||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
|-
| 2012 || ''Big Switch 3'' || Guest ||
| style="text-align:center;" | {{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]'' || Contestant || Along with [[Sanaya Irani]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]'' || Contestant (Evicted on Day 49)||
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah]]'' || Contestant || Along with [[Sonali Raut]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2015 || ''[[India's Got Talent#Season 6 (2015)|India's Got Talent 6]]'' || Guest || Along with [[Mouni Roy]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2015 || ''Style Panga'' || Host ||
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2016 || ''Box Cricket League 2'' || Contestant || Player in Ahmadabad Express
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2018]]'' || Contestant || Came as Rani Ko He Noor
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellybest.com/news/saregamapa-2018-16th-december-2018-eliminations-rani-kohenur-eliminated|title=Saregamapa 2018 16th December 2018 eliminations: Rani Ko-HE-nur eliminated|website=TellyBest|date=16 December 2018|access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Queen of the Universe (TV series)|Queen of the Universe]]''
| Herself
| Contestant (4th/5th place)
|style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="qotu"/>
|-
|2024
|''[[36 Days (TV series)|36 Days]]''
|Tara aka Tarun
|series on [[SonyLIV]]
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Artist(s)
!Lyrics
!Music
! Ref.
|-
|2021
|"3 Devi"
|Sushant Divgikar & [[Supriya Lohith|Supriyaa Ram]]
|Karthik Saragur, Ashvin A. Matthew
|Dossmode
|<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIqpvVtIWNA|title=3 Devi {{!}} A Love Song for Goddesses @Sushant Divgikar RaniKoHEnur {{!}} Supriyaa Ram {{!}} Dossmode {{!}} Kannada|publisher=Altered Ego Entertainment|date=11 December 2021|access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2017
|''101 India''
|Herself
|Episode: "A Drag Queen Sandwich With Alaska Thunderf**k and Rani Ko-He-Nur"
|<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_O_5vGjmfY|title=A Drag Queen Sandwich With Alaska Thunderf**k and Rani Ko-He-Nur {{!}} Unique Stories From India|publisher=WOWPresents|date=23 November 2017|access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|36 Days
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=36 Days – Tara aka Sushant Divgikr is not just glitz and glamour but also has sparkling secrets – Watch |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/36-days-tara-aka-sushant-divgikr-is-not-just-glitz-and-glamour/2499ec632f616 |access-date=2024-07-13 |via=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Discography==
===Singles===
====Featured singles====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:left;"
! scope="col" style="width:20em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:2em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:6em;" | Album
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"|"Damn That Man" (with Grag Queen)
! scope="row"| 2021
! scope="row" {{n/a|non-album singles}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://talentrecap.com/meet-brazilian-queen-of-the-universe-finalist-grag-queen/|title=Meet Brazilian 'Queen of the Universe' Finalist Grag Queen|work=Talent Recap|first=Jill|last=O'Rourke|date=29 December 2021 |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
*Mr. Gay world India 2014 – Won
*Mr. Congeniality, Mr. Gay world 2014 – Won
*Mr. People's choice, Mr. Gay world 2014 – Won
*Mr. Arts challenge, Mr. Gay world, 2014 – Nominated
*Team sports challenge, Mr. Gay world 2014 – Nominated
*Team Arts challenge, Mr. Gay world 2014 – Nominated
*Mr. Gay world, 2014, Rome – Top 10 Grand Finalist
*Best Anchor in a reality or music and danced based, Indian Television Academy Awards (Atyachaar Ka Punchnama) – Nominated

==Personal life==
Divgikar has an older brother, Karan Divgikar, who works as a flight attendant at Qatar Airways. Divgikar is a certified Psychologist and holds a master's degree in [[Industrial psychology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2015/01/18/11-awesome-things-sushant-divgikar-told-us-about-bigg-boss-8-and-beyond/ |title=11 Awesome Things Sushant Divgikar Told Us About Bigg Boss 8 (And Beyond!) |last=missmalini |date=18 January 2015 |website=MissMalini}}</ref>

In January 2021, Divgikar came out as [[genderfluid]] via an Instagram post, stating their [[preferred pronouns|pronouns]] are "he", "she", and "[[Singular they|they]]".<ref name="indulge">{{Cite web |title=Sushant Divgikar: 'I am Shiv as well as Shakti, I am gender fluid' |last=K |first=Heena |work=indulgexpress.com |date=22 January 2021 |access-date=15 April 2021 |url= https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2021/jan/22/sushant-divgikar-i-am-shiv-as-well-as-shakti-i-am-gender-fluid-31101.html}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mr Gay India]]
* [[Mr India World]]
* [[Prateik Jain]]
* [[Queen of the Universe (TV series)|''Queen of the Universe'' (TV series)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before= {{flagicon|IND}} Nolan Lewis}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mr Gay India]]
|years=2014}}
{{s-aft|after= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anwesh Sahoo]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Bigg Boss 8}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Divgikar, Sushant}}
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian gay actors]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ entertainers]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ models]]
[[Category:Gay models]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Male beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Non-binary models]]
[[Category:Non-binary drag performers]]
[[Category:Indian non-binary actors]]
[[Category:Indian drag queens]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:LGBTQ psychologists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ scientists]]
[[Category:LGBTQ video jockeys]]
[[Category:Non-binary gay people]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:Genderfluid drag performers]]
[[Category:Genderfluid actors]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Dharmajan Bolgatty

2026-03-20T19:54:21Z

Manikmusicscapgk: added info

{{Short description|Indian actor, writer,
producer, comedian and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Dharmajan Bolgatty
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1976}}
| birth_place = [[Mulavukad]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[politician]]|[[film producer]]|[[comedian]]|[[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]]}}
| years_active = 2003{{Endash}}present
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Anuja
| children = 2
| parents = {{ubl|Kumaran|Madhavi}}
}}
'''Dharmajan Bolgatty''' (born 1976)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/OTIzMw==/MTY=/MTA=/Mw==/QUM=|access-date=2021-07-15|website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref> is an Indian [[actor]], [[Film producer|producer]], [[comedian]], [[politician]] and [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]], who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]], television, and stage shows. He began his career as a comedian appearing in [[Sketch comedy|sketch comedies]] on stage, later forayed into such comedic television shows and into films in 2010s.<ref name="filmibeat">{{cite news|title=Dharmajan Bolgatty with his family|url=http://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/dharmajan-bolgatty-with-his-family-022234.html|publisher=[[Filmibeat]]|date=12 August 2014}}</ref> Dharmajan entered active politics in 2021, ahead of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|assembly elections in Kerala]]. He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]] and was the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] candidate in [[Balusseri (State Assembly constituency)|Balusseri constituency]].

==Career==
He appeared in several TV shows and received his breakthrough through the success of the TV comedy show ''Bluff Master'' on [[Asianet Plus]], hosted along with his friend [[Ramesh Pisharody]]. Later they became a popular [[comedy duo]]. Both of them together have wrote script for the comedy show [[Cinemala]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dharmajan elaborates his love: for Pisharody, fish and wife Anooja {{!}} Watch video|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2019/09/28/dharmajan-on-ramesh-pisharody-fish-wife-anooja-movies.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=OnManorama}}</ref> The duo is also known for the Malayalam [[TV shows|TV show]] ''[[Badai Bungalow]]''. He started his [[Malayalam cinema]] career with the film ''[[Paappi Appacha]]'' (2010). He played the role of [[Dileep]]'s driver sidekick. He is mainly seen in comedy roles.

After his full length role in ''[[Paappi Appacha]]'',<ref name="DeccanChronicle">{{cite news|title=It's now or never for Dharmajan Bolgatty|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/301216/its-now-or-never-for-dharmajan-bolgatty.html|publisher=deccanchronicle|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> his roles in ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'', ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' and ''[[Aadu 2]]'' established him as a comedy actor in the Malayalam film industry. He is also announced to become a playback singer.<ref name="deccan chronicle">{{cite news|title=Dharmajan takes new role as playback singer|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/251018/dharmajan-takes-on-new-role-as-a-singer.html|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="times of india">{{cite news|title=Dharmajan lends his voice for Makara Maasa song|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/dharmajan-lends-his-voice-for-makara-maasa-song/articleshow/66364472.cms|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> He is also a businessman and has established fish stores himself.<ref name="matrubhumi">{{cite news|title=Dharmajan to sell fish in Kochi; Kunchacko Boban inaugurates hub|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/dharmajan-to-sell-fish-in-kochi-kunchacko-boban-inaugurates-hub-dharmajan-bolgatty-1.2912528|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=22 December 2018|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222125435/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/dharmajan-to-sell-fish-in-kochi-kunchacko-boban-inaugurates-hub-dharmajan-bolgatty-1.2912528|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="newindian express">{{cite news|title=Not a fishy business|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/nov/05/not-a-fishy-business-1894291.html|publisher=newindianexpress|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> He is also a film producer and produced a film named ''[[Nithyaharitha Nayakan]]'' in 2018.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite news|title=Nithyaharitha Nayakan to release on November 16|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/nov/08/nithyaharitha-nayakan-to-release-on-november-16-1895350.html|publisher=[[New Indian Express]]|date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="cinemaexpress">{{cite news|title=Dharmajan Bolgatty-Vishnu Unnikrishnan's Nithyaharitha Nayakan to be released in November|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/oct/15/dharmajan-bolgatty-vishnu-unnikrishnans-nithyaharitha-nayakan-to-release-in-november-8333.html|publisher=cinemaexpress|date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite news|title=Dharmajan turns producer|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/220318/dharmajan-turns-producer.html|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan in Dharmajan Bolgatty's Nithyaharitha Nayakan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishnu-unnikrishnan-in-dharmajan-bolgattys-nithyaharithanayakan/articleshow/63683379.cms|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=22 December 2018}}</ref>

==Politics==
Dharmajan is a member of [[Indian National Congress]]. He was active in student politics and was a member of [[Kerala Students Union]], the student wing of Congress. He ended his active presence in politics when he became busy in the field of art.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/feb/11/art-my-livelihood-politics-not-for-making-moneydharmajanbolgatty-2262391.html "Art my livelihood, politics not for making money: Dharmajan Bolgatty"].</ref> He entered active politics again in 2021, ahead of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|assembly elections in Kerala]]. In the 2021 assembly election, he represented the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] in [[Balusseri (State Assembly constituency)|Balusseri constituency]]. He failed to the LDF candidate, Sachin Dev for 20000 plus votes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ajithkumar|first=P. k|date=2021-05-02|title=Kerala election results: How actor-politicians fared|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/a-mixed-bag-for-tinsel-town/article34465307.ece|access-date=2021-05-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Personal life==

He was born to Kumaran and Madhavi in the city of Kochi, Kerala. He completed his primary education at Mulavukad High School and later joined [[St. Albert's College]]. He is married to Anuja and has two daughters, Veda and Vyga.<ref name="mangalamvarika.com">{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160301223604/http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/235/21 Article title]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Paappi Appacha]]'' || Kuttappi || Debut film<ref name="malayalasangeetham">{{cite news|title=Dharmajan Bolgatty|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Dharmajan%20Bolgatty|publisher=Malayalasangeetham|date=12 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Pachuvum Kovalanum]]'' || ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2012 || ''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]'' || Antappan ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| ''[[Naughty Professor]]'' || ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| ''[[My Boss]]'' || Hotel waiter ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Theerangal]]'' || ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| ''[[Chapters (film)|Chapters]]'' || ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2013 || ''Ithu Manthramo Thanthramo Kuthanthramo'' || ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| ''[[Isaac Newton S/O Philipose]]'' || ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| ''[[Sound Thoma]]'' || Coconut Climber Kittunni ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| ''Arikil Oral'' || ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2014 || ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]'' || ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| ''Onnum Mindaathe'' || ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| ''Kurutham Kettavan'' || ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham" />
|-
| ''[[Villali Veeran]]'' || Biju Brahmanan ||
|-
| ''Nagara Varidhi Naduvil Njan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2015 || ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu-Oru Bheegara Jeevi Aanu]]''||Captain Cleetus||
|-
| ''[[Jilebi (2015 film)|Jilebi]]''||Tony||
|-
| ''[[Red Alert (2015 film)|High Alert]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Life of Josutty]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' ||Patient||
|-
| ''[[Punchirikku Parasparam]]'' || || Short Film
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2016 || ''[[Kattumakkan]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Pachakkallam'' ||||
|-
| ''Kolamasss'' || ||
|-
|''[[Darvinte Parinamam]]''||Local Guy||
|-
|''Dhanayathra''|| Servant||
|-
|''Angana Thanne Nethave Anjettennam Pinnale''|| ||
|-
|''Aneesya''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Ann Maria Kalippilaanu]]'' || Saabu ||
|-
| ''[[Pretham]]'' || Yeshu ||
|-
| ''[[Welcome to Central Jail]]'' || Sugunan ||
|-
| ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'' || Dasappan ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2017 || ''[[Achayans]]'' || Sudharman ||
|-
| ''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]'' || Danger ||
|-
| ''Chicken Kokkachi'' || ||
|-
|''[[Chunkzz]]''||Athmaram K.T./ Athmavu||
|-
|''Cappuccino''|| Jango ||
|-
| ''[[Aana Alaralodalaral]]'' || Inzamam Imran Khan ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Aana Alaralodalaral movie review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/aana-alaralodalaral/movie-review/62210096.cms |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Punyalan Private Limited ]]''||Advocate Peer Thanish||
|-
|''[[Aadu 2]]''||Captain "Sachin" Clematis||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2018|| ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' || Motta ||
|-
| ''[[Vikadakumaran]]'' || Binu Sebastian ||
|-
| ''[[Shikkari Shambhu]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-04 |title=Vijay Yesudas casts a spell yet again with Shikkari Shambu's song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/vijay-yesudas-casts-a-spell-yet-again-with-shikkari-shambus-song/articleshow/62368299.cms |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Laughing Apartment Near Girinagar (2018)|Laughing Apartment Near Girinagar]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Nithyaharitha Nayakan]]'' || Binuraj || Also producer
|-
|''[[An International Local Story]]''||-||
|-
|''[[Panchavarnathatha]]''||-||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2019 || ''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'' || Godwin ||
|-
| ''[[Sakalakalashala]]'' || || Also singer
|-
| ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]''|| Tinku ||
|-
| ''[[Brother's Day]]'' || Munna ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sudhish |first1=Navamy |title='Brother's Day' review: just another mass entertainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brothers-day-review-just-another-mass-entertainer/article29360288.ece |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=7 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pattabhiraman (film)|Pattabhiraman]]'' || Sunimon ||
|-
| ''[[Margamkali (film)|Margamkali]]'' || Bilal ||
|-
| ''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]'' || Sainu ||
|-
| ''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' || Santhosh ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2020 || ''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
| ''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]'' || Soji ||
|-
| ''[[Al Mallu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2021 || ''[[Krishnankutty Pani Thudangi]]'' || || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Erida (2021 Movie)|Erida]]'' || Servant || Bilingual film
|-
| ''No Way Out'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vidhi (2021 film)|Vidhi: The Verdict]]'' || Maniyan ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Thirimali]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirimali Movie review: Meandering through the path to nowhere |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/01/27/rajiv-shetty-thirimali-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Corona Dhavan]]'' || Sabumon ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreenath Bhasi, Lukman-starrer Corona Javan renamed Corona Dhavan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/10/sreenath-bhasi-lukman-starrer-corona-javan-renamed-corona-dhavan-45479.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''Palayam PC'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=First Look Poster Of Palayam PC Out; Film To Release On January 5 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/first-look-poster-of-palayam-pc-out-film-to-release-on-january-5-8703839.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pavi Caretaker]]'' || Ratheesh ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-15 |title=Dileep-starrer Pavi Care Taker to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/15/dileep-starrer-pavi-care-taker-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Virunnu]]'' || Murali ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-24 |title=Actor Baiju's Striking Makeover For Virunnu Impresses Fans; First-Look Poster Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-baijus-striking-makeover-for-virunnu-impresses-fans-first-look-poster-out-8411173.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Porattu Nadakam (film)|Porattu Nadakam]]'' || Murugan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-14 |title=Saiju Kurup's Porattu Naadakam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/14/saiju-kurups-porattu-naadakam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''A Pan Indian Story'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 October 2025|title=A Pan Indian Story out on OTT: Here's where to enjoy Dharmajan Bolgatty's acclaimed film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/a-pan-indian-story-out-on-ott-heres-where-to-enjoy-dharmajan-bolgattys-acclaimed-film/571d26fce9815 |access-date=10 November 2025|website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ambalamukkile Visheshangal]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-11 |title=Gokul Suresh's Ambalamukkile Visheshangal confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/11/gokul-sureshs-ambalamukkile-visheshangal-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Aadu 3]]'' || Sachin Cleetus ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-20 |title=Aadu 3 box office collection: Jayasurya’s film weathers Dhurandhar 2 tsunami, collects over Rs 12 cr |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/aadu-3-box-office-collection-jayasuryas-film-weathers-dhurandhar-2-tsunami-10592753/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Program !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|2003-2009||''[[Cinemala]]'' ||Various roles||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2004||''Ettu Sundarikalum Njanum''||Script writer||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2004-2009||''Bluffmasters''||Co-host ||[[Asianet Plus]]||
|-
|2006||''5 star Thattukada'' ||Thattukadakkaran||[[Asianet Plus]]||
|-
|2008||''Enganeyundashane''||||[[Jaihind TV]]||
|-
|2013-2016||''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' ||Various roles||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2015||''Cinema chirima''||Himself||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2016||''Flowers TV Awards 2016''||Co-host||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]||
|-
|2017||''Comedy Super Nights'' ||Various roles||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]||
|-
|2018||''Panchavadippalam''|| ||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]||
|-
|2020||[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)|''Bigg Boss'' (Malayalam season 2)]] || Guest || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Episode 7
|-
|rowspan=2|2020-2021||''Start Music Season 2''||Co-Host||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
|''Star Magic''||Mentor|| [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]||
|}

==Awards and nominations ==
; Nominations
*Nomination, [[Asianet Film Awards for Best Supporting Actor]] (''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'')
*Nomination, [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|6th South Indian International Movie Awards for Best Comedian Malayalam]] (''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'')
*Nomination, [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th South Indian International Movie Awards for Best Comedian Malayalam]] (''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'')
*Nomination, [[2nd IIFA Utsavam|2nd IIFA Ultsalvam for performance in a comic role Malayalam]] (''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'')
*Nomination, [[2nd IIFA Utsavam|2nd IIFA Ultsalvam for performance in a comic role Malayalam]] (''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'')
*Nomination, [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|10th South Indian International Movie Awards for Best Comedian Malayalam]] (''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]'')

;Won
*Won, Flowers Gulf Film Awards - Best comedy actor (''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'')
*Won, [[Vanitha Film Awards]] 2017 for Best Comedian (''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'')
*Won, Versatile Performer (TV) - [[Asianet Comedy Awards]] (''[[Badai Bungalow]]'')
*Won, [[Asianet Film Awards]] 2018 - Best comedian (Various films)
*Won, 3rd Anand TV film awards - Best Comedian (various films)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|Darmajanbolgattyofficial}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bolgatty, Dharmajan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian political candidates]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Kulkarni

2026-03-19T16:01:27Z

Manikmusicscapgk: fixed details for accuracy after review

{{Short description|Indian family name}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
'''Kulkarni''' is a [[surname]]. The name "Kulkarni" is a combination of two words (''kula'' and ''karni''). ''Kula'' means "family", and ''Karanika'' means "archivist". Historically, Kulkarni was the title given to the village record keeper.<ref name="Bloch1970">{{cite book|author=J. Bloch|title=Formation of the Marathi Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1noaklDiSOEC&pg=PA318|year=1970|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-2322-8|pages=318–}}</ref>

As per the historian P.J. Marshall, both Kulkarni and [[Deshpande]] were specialized [[scribes]] who "served great households and enhanced other, familiar, administrative mechanisms at their disposal".<ref name="Marshall2005">{{cite book | author = P. J. Marshall | date = 2005 | title = The Eighteenth Century in Indian History: Evolution Or Revolution? | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 69 | isbn = 978-0-19-567814-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WT1uAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

== History ==
Before British rule, the Maharashtra region was divided into many revenue divisions. The medieval equivalent of a county or district was the [[pargana]]. The chief of the pargana was called [[Deshmukh]] and record keepers were called [[Deshpande]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Stewart|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University|location=New York|isbn=978-0521268837|pages=22, xiii|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=%22deshmukh%22+%22deshpande%22+sultanate+pargana&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture - Google Books">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN4nTmnlwsAC&q=deshpande+surname&pg=PA74 | title=Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture | publisher=[[Yoda Press]] | author=Vanita | year=2005 | page=316 | isbn=9788190227254|first=Ruth}}</ref> The lowest administrative unit was the village. Village society in Marathi areas included the Patil or the head of the village, collector of revenue, and Kulkarni, the village record-keeper. These were hereditary positions. The Patil usually came from the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha caste]]. The Kulkarni was usually from literate communities such as Brahmin (mainly from [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2puAAAAMAAJ|title=Maharashtra: society and culture|author=A. Rā Kulakarṇī|publisher=Books & Books|year=2000|page=74|isbn=9788185016580 |quote=However, the rural areas were still dominated by the Deshasthas, another sub-caste of the Brahmins. The Kulkarni generally belonged to the rural-based Deshastha community, even under the Chitpavan rule.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Home, Family and Kinship in Maharashtra|editor1=Irina Glushkova |editor2= Rajendra Vora |publisher=Oxford University Press|page=118|quote= The wada tells us of a story of three generations of a family called Deshpande who belong to the Deshastha Brahmin caste. ....Spread all over Maharashtra as a result of this process, Deshastha Brahmans held, in particular, the office of Kulkarni.}}</ref> and the [[Karhade Brahmin|Karhade]] sub-castes<ref>{{cite book|title=Bombay Teachers and the Cultural Role of Cities|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|year=1973|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBG_QmivOWgC&pg=PA106|page=106|author=Bryan Sharpe}}</ref>) and [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu|CKP]] castes. The Kulkarni operated at the village level but at a pargana level, the recordkeeper had titles such as Deshkulkarni, Deshpande, or [[Nadkarni]] (in [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Deshpande|first1=Arvind M.|title=John Briggs in Maharashtra: A Study of District Administration Under Early British rule|date=1987|publisher=Mittal|location=Delhi|isbn=9780836422504|pages=118–119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79sS_w_bOQYC&q=balutedar+maharashtra&pg=PP15}}</ref><ref name="IWI">{{cite magazine |title=Unknown |magazine=The Illustrated Weekly of India |volume=91 |issue=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Glk6AQAAIAAJ |date=July 1970 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |page=12 |quote=Generally speaking, excepting names such as Kulkarni, Thackerey, Chitnis, Deshmukh, Deshpande, which are common to many communities in Maharashtra, a C.K.P. can be recognised by his surname. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies - Volume 8|page=44|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1969|quote=The accountant of the Village was simply known as 'Kulkarni' and that of the Pargana or smaller areas was called Deshkulkarni, or Deshpande, or Nadkarni (in the Karnatak)...As work required the incumbent to be a literate man, he was generally a [Brahmin] or a [Chandraseniya] Kayastha Prabhu by caste}}</ref><ref name="Tamaskar1978">{{cite book | author = B. G. Tamaskar | date = 1978 | title = The Life and Work of Malik Ambar | publisher = Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli | pages = | url = https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.117961/page/211/mode/2up}}</ref> The Kulkarni [[Saranjamdar|watans]] (land rights) were abolished in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1950.60.pdf|title=The Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watans' (Abolition) Act 1950|publisher=[[Bombay High Court]]|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref>

== Notable Kulkarni ==

=== Saints ===
* [[Dnyaneshwar]]: Pre-sainthood name Dnyandev Kulkarni (1275–1296)
* [[Eknath]]: Pre-sainthood name Eknāth Kulkarni (1533–1599)
* [[Samarth Ramdas]]: Pre-sainthood name Narayan Kulkarni (Thosar) (1608–1681)
* [[Nivruttinath]]: Pre-sainthood name Nivrutti Kulkarni, elder brother and teacher of Dnyaneshwar
* [[Sopan]]: Pre-sainthood name Sopan Kulkarni
* [[Muktabai]]: Pre-sainthood name Mukta Kulkarni
* [[Mahipati]]: Chronicler of many Indian saints, author of the ''Bhaktavijaya'' (1715–1790)

=== Historic figures ===
* [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]] (1650–1716): The third Peshwa, Finance Minister (Amatya) to Emperor (Chhatrapati) Shivaji and Imperial Regent (Hukumat Panah)
* [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi|Parshuram Trimbak Kulkarni]] (1660–1718): Held post of [[Pant Pratinidhi]], the fifth [[Peshwa]] and the founder of [[Aundh State|Aundh]] and [[Vishalgad]] princely states.

=== Entertainment ===
* [[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]]: Marathi film and theater actor
* [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]: Film director
* [[Girish Kulkarni]]: Marathi film actor
* [[Mamta Kulkarni]]: Bollywood actress
* [[Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni]]: Marathi television actress.
* [[Saleel Kulkarni]]: Marathi singer and composer
* [[Sandeep Kulkarni]]: Marathi actor
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]]: Bollywood actress
* [[Sonalee Kulkarni]]: [[Marathi film]] actress
* [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]]: Film Director

=== Literature ===
* [[G. A. Kulkarni]] (1923–1987): Short story writer

=== Sports ===
* [[Nilesh Kulkarni]]: Indian cricketer
* [[Raju Kulkarni]]: Former Indian cricketer
* [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]]: Indian woman cricketer and secretary of the Women's Cricket Association of India
* [[Vineet Kulkarni]]: Indian cricket umpire

=== Professionals ===
* [[Ravi S. Kulkarni]] (born 1942): Indian mathematician
* [[Sudha Murty|Sudha Kulkarni Murty]]: [[Kannada]] writer, Founder of Sudha Murty Foundation and wife of [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]]
* [[Shrinivas Kulkarni|Srinivas Kulkarni]] (born 4 October 1956): US-based astronomer born and raised in India

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Marathi people]]
* [[Deshpande]]
* [[Patwari]]
* [[Patil (title)|Patil]]
* [[Indian honorifics]]
* [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Deshmukh]]
* [[Jagirdar]]
* [[Lambardar]]
* [[Mankari]]
* [[Sarpanch]]
* [[Zaildar]]
* [[Zamindar]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Marathi-language surnames]]

Chachro Raid

2026-03-19T06:49:42Z

Manikmusicscapgk: added a article

{{Short description|1971 war battle in Sindh}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Chachro
| partof = the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| date = 5–10 December 1971 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=5|year1=1971|month2=12|day2=10|year2=1971}})
| place = [[Chachro]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| map_type = Pakistan#Pakistan Sindh
| coordinates = {{coord|25.1115|N|70.2613|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_size = 250px
| map_caption = Location of the battle with geopolitical borders in [[Pakistan]]
| map_label = Chachro
| territory =
| result = Indian victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|India|23px}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan|23px}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|India|army}} Lt Col [[Bhawani Singh]]
}}
| commander2 = Unknown
| units1 = [[Indian Army]]<ref>Gill (2003), p.58</ref>
*11 Infantry Division
:*330 Brigade
:*85 Brigade
:*31 Brigade
17 Grenadiers
[[Para (Special Forces)|10 Para SF]]
| units2 = [[Pakistan Army]]<ref>Gill (2003), p.58</ref>
*33 Infantry Division
:*55 Infantry Brigade (initially)
:*60 Infantry Brigade (following the fall of Chachro and failure of [[Battle of Longewala]])
[[Pakistan Rangers]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 = '''Indian claim:'''

None
| casualties2 = ~3,000 sq miles of territory lost <ref>Gill (2003), p.58</ref>

'''Indian claim:'''

36 killed 22 captured

4,000 sq miles of sandy wastes lost <ref>Praval (2011)</ref>
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
| image = 10 Para (SF) team after capturing Chachro village in Pakistan.jpg
| caption = 10 Para (SF) team after capturing [[Chachro]] town
}}
The '''Battle of Chachro''' involved a division-sized assault and multiple raids by the Indian Armed Forces on the eastern town of [[Chachro Tehsil|Chachro]] in the [[Tharparkar]] district of West Pakistan. The battle resulted in India capturing the town and around 3,000 sq. miles of surrounding sandy wasteland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=John H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2q6SgAACAAJ |title=An Atlas of the 1971 India - Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh |date=2003 |publisher=National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies |pages=58 |language=en}}</ref> While a large area was captured, it had little to no economic or political impact on Pakistan owing to the region's emptiness.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Maj Gen Sukhwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4688VpqB8r8C |title=India's Wars Since Independence The Liberation Of Bangladesh |date=1981 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-60-2 |language=en |quote=The biggest territorial conquest in terms of territory was however in the Naya Chor and Chachro area of the Barmer sector, where two simultaneous thrusts towards Naya Chor and Umarkot had created a salient in the Sind sector of Pakistani territory. Although impressive on maps and in terms of statistics, this was a vast expanse of empty, unproductive sand. Apart from the burden of upkeep of the refugee population of the desert, its continued occupation was embarrassing to the holding troops because of lack of water and an inadequate logistic infrastructure. Much work had to be done in the way of laying a sweetwater pipeline and storage tanks, restoring the railway line to Naya Chor and constructing desert roads with coastly duckboards to maintain the troops deployed there. These facilities, created at considerable expense, had to be abandoned, almost intact, at the time of withdrawal. Militarily, conquest was a prerequisite for an advance into the productive green belt. Since the momentum of the thrust had already fizzled out on reaching its fringes possession of this territory was of no consequence. Economically, it was a drain and certainly no longer cost effective. Its loss had made no dent in Pakistan’s economy, nor affected its political standing in Sind. |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522034726/https://books.google.com/books?id=4688VpqB8r8C |archive-date=22 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
The 10 Para (Special Forces) was raised in 1967 as an offshoot of 9 Para (Special Forces). The unit specializes in [[desert warfare]]. From five months prior to the 1971 war, two teams (Alpha and Charlie) of 10 Para SF were trained intensively to carry out long-range raids, inspired by [[Raid on Sidi Haneish Airfield|British SAS raids of German airfields]] in North Africa during the [[Second World War]].<ref name="News18">{{cite news |last= Paljor|first= Karma|date=15 January 2017|title=The Chachro Raid of 1971 – India's Most Daring Surgical Strike in Pakistan|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/the-chachro-raid-of-1971-indias-most-daring-surgical-strike-in-pakistan-1336153.html|newspaper=News18| access-date= 3 January 2023}}</ref>

==The raid==
The following account of the raid is made entirely from Indian sources.

The teams of 10 Para SF were given the objective of striking Pakistani positions 80 km inside, hitting [[supply lines]] and creating confusion.<ref name="News18" />
The raid began on the night of 5 December, with the Alpha team advancing quietly through the night towards Chachro. However, they were spotted by a Pakistani [[Outpost (military)|outpost]] in the morning and came under attack, and were forced to take cover. To break the impasse, [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Nihal Singh took a jeep and charged at high speed at the Pakistani post, firing the mounted [[light machine gun]]. This allowed the rest of the team to also attack, with 18 machine guns firing in unison, causing the Pakistani defenders to flee.<ref name="Week" /><ref name="News18" />

Next, on the night of 7 December, the raiders moved to capture the wing headquarters of the [[Pakistan Rangers]] in Chachro. The Alpha team took covering positions, while the Charlie team moved in for the offensive. By first light, Chachro was captured. In the raid, 17 Rangers were killed, and 12 were captured alive. The post and the prisoners were handed over to the [[Rajput Regiment|20 Rajput Battalion]] which had linked up.<ref name="News18"/><ref name="Week"/>

After that, the team crept towards Virawah, reaching it close to midnight. They attacked the Ranger camp there, resulting in the Rangers at Virawah also abandoning the post and fleeing. The unit then proceeded towards the [[tehsil]] headquarters of [[Nagarparkar Tehsil|Nagarparkar]] and captured it as well before the daybreak of 8 December. After the arrival of the regular infantry, the prisoners were handed over. Thereafter, the unit was tasked with destroying an [[ammunition dump]] at [[Islamkot Tehsil|Islamkot]]. However, on arrival, it found the place to be empty. While heading back towards India, it spotted a Pakistani convoy at Lumio and ambushed it, killing 20 Pakistani soldiers and taking others prisoners.<ref name="News18"/><ref name="Week">{{cite news |last= Prasannan|first= R|date= 12 December 2021|title=The Army's surgical strike of 1971|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2021/12/04/the-army-surgical-strike-of-1971.html|newspaper=The Week| access-date= 3 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="DNA"/>

==Result==
By the end of the war, India captured an area of about 13,000 sq km of Sindh up to [[Umerkot]].<ref name="DNA"/><ref name="DJ">{{cite book|author=Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IzfAAAAMAAJ|title=Defence Journal|publisher=Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal|year=1999|isbn=|pages=26}}</ref> India continued to hold the captured territory until 22 December 1972 and handed it over to Pakistan after the [[Simla Agreement|Shimla Pact]] of 1972. During this time, an Indian sub-post office was opened at Chachro and allotted a [[Postal Index Number]].<ref name="Vadophil">{{cite book|author=Prashant H. Pandya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4esMBAAAQBAJ|title=Vadophil: Issue No. 139|publisher=Baroda Philatelic Society|year=2014|isbn=|page=}}</ref>

10 Para SF was conferred the [[Battle honour#Battle and theatre honours in India|Battle Honour]] 'Chachro 1971', and received 10 gallantry awards including a [[Mahavir Chakra]] awarded to its commanding officer Lt Col [[Bhawani Singh]].<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |last= Karthikeyan|first= Ananth|date=16 December 2018|title=The Desert Raids of the 1971 War|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-the-desert-raids-of-the-1971-war-2696445|newspaper=DNA| access-date= 3 January 2023}}</ref>

The Chachro Raid was the first long-distance raid across desert terrain undertaken by the Indian Army, and became a benchmark for future operations of a similar nature.<ref name="Katoch">{{cite book|author=Lt Gen Prakash Katoch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPG3DwAAQBAJ|title=Special Operations Case Studies|publisher=Lancer Publishers|year=2019|isbn=9781940988474|pages=182}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Battle of Chamb#Other|India-Pakistan battles]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chachro 1971}}
[[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Military raids]]
[[Category:Tharparkar District]]
[[Category:History of Sindh (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Military history of Sindh]]
[[Category:Desert warfare]]

Ram Chandra Rai

2026-03-15T04:02:34Z

Manikmusicscapgk: starting basic post added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ram Chandra Rai
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1941
| birth_place = Kursaha, [[Samastipur]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date = 2023
| death_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| other_names =
| years_active =
| known_for = Member of Constituent Assembly
| notable_works =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
}}

'''Ram Chandra Rai''' (1941–2023) was an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He won four times from the [[Mohiuddinnagar Assembly constituency|Mohiuddinnagar assembly constituency]] in 1980, 1990, 1995 and 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohiuddinnagar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/mohiuddinnagar.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-BR95.pdf|title=Bihar state assembly election results in 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006090146/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-BR95.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2000/STAI_REPORT_LA-BR-2000.pdf|title=Bihar state assembly election results in 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065823/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2000/STAI_REPORT_LA-BR-2000.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010 }}</ref> He died in 2023 at the age of 82.<ref name="jagran">{{Cite web |title=Bihar News: पूर्व मंत्री रामचंद्र राय का पटना में निधन, 82 वर्ष की उम्र में ली अतिंम सांस; CM नीतीश ने जताया शोक - Bihar News Former minister Ramchandra Rai passed away in Patna breathed his last at the age of 82 CM Nitish expressed grief |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/samastipur-bihar-news-former-minister-ramchandra-rai-passed-away-in-patna-breathed-his-last-at-the-age-of-82-cm-nitish-expressed-grief-23612736.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Biography==
Ramchandra Rai was born in a [[Yadavs in Bihar|Yadav]] ([[Ahir]]) family in Kursaha village of [[Samastipur district]] of Bihar.<ref name="jagran" /> His father Ramswaroop Rai was a farmer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Chandra Roy(Independent(IND)):Constituency- Mohiuddinnagar(SAMASTIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=922 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Rai was a famous advocate of Samastipur. In 1980, he contested the assembly elections from Mohiuddinnagar for the first time on a Congress ticket and won.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar : पूर्व मंत्री के निधन से सियासी गलियारे में शोक की लहर, CM नीतीश ने जताया दुख, राजकीय सम्मान के साथ होगा अंतिम संस्कार |url=https://kashishnews.com/news/cm-nitish-expressed-grief-over-the-demise-of-former-minister-ramchandra-rai-241137 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=kashishnews.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mohiuddinnagar Assembly constituency|Mohiuddinnagar assembly constituency]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Ram Chandra}}
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

S. Sreesanth

2026-03-11T23:33:24Z

Manikmusicscapgk: further cleaned up details for accuracy also and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Indian name|Sreesanth|Shanthakumaran}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = S. Sreesanth
| image = Sreesanth 1.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| country = India
| fullname = Shanthakumaran Nair Sreesanth
| nickname = Sree, Gopu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|6|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/on-this-day-february-6-1983-birth-of-india-fast-bowler-s-sreesanth-3393308.html|title=On this day: February 6 1983 - Birth of India Fast Bowler S Sreesanth|work=[[News 18]]|date=6 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/happy-birthday-sreesanth-top-six-controversies-from-spot-fixing-harbhajan-singh-s-slap-to-the-hilarious-dance-1442837/amp|title=Happy Birthday Sreesanth:Top six controversies from spot fixing, Harbhajan Singh's slap to the Hillorios dance|work=[[ABP Live]]}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kothamangalam]], [[Kerala]], India
| heightft = 5
| heightinch = 11
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm fast-medium
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| family = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]] (brother-in-law)
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2005–2011
| testdebutdate = 1 March
| testdebutyear = 2006
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 253
| lasttestdate = 18 August
| lasttestyear = 2011
| lasttestagainst = England
| odidebutdate = 25 October
| odidebutyear = 2005
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 162
| lastodidate = 2 April
| lastodiyear = 2011
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka
| odishirt = 36
| T20Idebutdate = 1 December
| T20Idebutyear = 2006
| T20Idebutagainst = South Africa
| T20Icap = 10
| lastT20Idate = 1 February
| lastT20Iyear = 2008
| lastT20Iagainst = Australia
| club1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| year1 = 2002/03-2021/22
| club2 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| year2 = 2008–2010
| club3 = [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]]
| year3 = 2009
| club4 = [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]
| year4 = 2011
| club5 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year5 = 2013
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 27
| runs1 = 284
| bat avg1 = 10.40
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 35
| deliveries1 = 5,419
| wickets1 = 87
| bowl avg1 = 37.59
| fivefor1 = 3
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 5/40
| catches/stumpings1 = 5/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 53
| runs2 = 44
| bat avg2 = 4.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 10[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 2,476
| wickets2 = 75
| bowl avg2 = 33.44
| fivefor2 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 6/55
| catches/stumpings2 = 7/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 10
| runs3 = 20
| bat avg3 = 20.00
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 19*
| deliveries3 = 204
| wickets3 = 7
| bowl avg3 = 41.14
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 2/12
| catches/stumpings3 = 2/–
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 74
| runs4 = 680
| bat avg4 = 9.71
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 35
| deliveries4 = 13,182
| wickets4 = 213
| bowl avg4 = 35.92
| fivefor4 = 6
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/40
| catches/stumpings4 = 16/–
|medaltemplates= 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 India-Bangladesh-Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 South Africa]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2008 Asia Cup|2008 Pakistan]]|}}
| date = 22 February
| year = 2021
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/sreesanth-34274 ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Shanthakumaran Nair Sreesanth''' ({{audio|Shantakumaran_Sreesanth.ogg|pronunciation}}, born 6 February 1983) is an Indian former [[cricket]]er and film actor who played all formats of the game for his country. He is a right-arm fast-medium-pace bowler and a right-handed tail-ender batsman. In [[first class cricket]], he played for [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]. In the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) he played for the [[Rajasthan Royals]]. He became the first [[Kerala]] [[Ranji trophy|Ranji]] player to play [[Twenty20 cricket]] for India. Sreesanth was initially banned for life after [[2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case|spot-fixing in the 2013 IPL]], however, the ban was reduced to seven years in August 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27424760/sreesanth-ban-reduced-seven-years-end-september-2020 |title=Sreesanth's ban reduced to seven years, to end in September 2020 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref>
In 2018, he participated in the popular reality show, ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)|Bigg Boss]]'' and became the runner up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sreesanth-gets-evicted-bigg-boss-12-salman-khan-5516166/|title=Sreesanth is the first runner-up of Bigg Boss 12|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 December 2018}}</ref> In 2020 he was selected for the [[Kerala cricket team]] and resumed his career in national cricket. In March 2022, Sreesanth announced his retirement from domestic cricket. Sreesanth was a member of the Indian team that won both the [[2007 T20 World Cup]] and the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]], where in the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final|2007 final]], he took the winning catch.

==Personal life==
Sreesanth was born on 6 February 1983 to Santhakumaran Nair and Savithri Devi. He has an elder brother and two elder sisters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/prayers-answered-sreesanths-parents/220842/ |title=Prayers answered: Sreesanth's parents |work=The Indian Express|date=2007-09-25 |access-date=2013-05-16}}</ref> His brother Dipu Santhan owns a music company in Kochi and his eldest sister Nivedita is a television actress in Kerala. Sreesanth's elder sister Divya married [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], a famous South Indian playback singer.

On 12 December 2013, Sreesanth married his girlfriend Bhuvneshwari Kumari of Jaipur's Shekhawat family at [[Guruvayur temple|Guruvayur Sri Krishna temple]] in [[Kerala]]. Bhuvneshwari Kumari aka Nain Shekhawat is the daughter of Hirendra Singh Shekhawat and Muktha Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/218149-s-sreesanth-ties-the-knot-with-jaipur-princess-in-kerala |title=S Sreesanth ties the knot with Jaipur princess in Kerala |publisher=NDTV |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref>

==Early years==
Sreesanth initially was a [[Leg spin|leg-spinner]] in his childhood, modelling his action on India's leading Test wicket-taker [[Anil Kumble]], who was to become his Test captain. However, his habit of bowling yorkers led him to convert to fast bowling, after being encouraged by his elder brother.<ref name=early>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/238422.html It takes one to tango]</ref> Following in the footsteps of fellow Kerala [[fast bowler]] [[Tinu Yohannan]], who earned selection to the [[National Cricket Academy]] in 2000, Sreesanth was selected for the [[MRF Pace Foundation]] in [[Chennai]]. He made his first-class debut against [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] in the 2002–03 domestic season, claiming 22 wickets in seven matches in [[Ranji Trophy]]<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_KERALA.html 2002–03 Ranji trophy statistics]</ref> and winning selection for [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] in the [[Duleep Trophy]] squad in the same season.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/221991.html Putting Kerala on the cricket map]</ref>

He was selected for India-A side in a tour match against the visiting [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] side at [[Rajkot]]. He claimed one wicket in twelve overs after being restricted with a [[hamstring]] injury. He also missed five [[Ranji Trophy]] games in that season, although he still travelled with the side for away games. This led to rumours that an astrologer had convinced him to take a break from competition to preserve his longevity in the sport, which Sreesanth categorically denied, maintaining that he was training only to regain his fitness.<ref name=early/>

In November 2004, Sreesanth entered the record books when he took a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] against [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] in a Ranji Trophy game.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It takes one to tango|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/it-takes-one-to-tango-238422|access-date=2021-08-06|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He was selected to represent India B in the [[Challenger Trophy]] in October 2005, a domestic limited-overs tournament.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR_2005-06_IND-B-SQUAD.html Challenger Trophy, 2005–06: India B squad]</ref> He performed impressively in that tournament, earning the [[Man of the Series]] award and being the leading wicket taker (7) with the third best bowling average.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/STATS/IND_LOCAL_CHLNGR_AVS_BOWL_BEST_AVS.html Challenger Trophy, 2005–06: Bowling Averages]</ref> This led to his selection to Indian team for the home ODI series against [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]].<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/221967.html Sreesanth in, Laxman out]</ref>

==ODI career==
Sreesanth was given the new ball<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/222792.html Sreesanth to be given the new ball]</ref> in the first ODI against [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in [[Nagpur]]. After being punished early by [[Kumar Sangakkara]] and [[Sanath Jayasuriya]], Sreesanth returned to claim his first two ODI wickets at the end of the match.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/223055.html India wrap up comprehensive win]</ref> He was left out of the team and was later recalled for the fourth, fifth and sixth ODIs as coach [[Greg Chappell]] tinkered with the line-up. He was retained in the squad<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/indvrsa/content/story/225581.html No changes to Indian squad]</ref> but did not play in the 5 match series against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], but played all five matches in the tour to Pakistan, recording a haul of 4/58 in the fifth ODI against [[Pakistani cricket team]] in [[Karachi]]. A good home series against the [[England cricket team|England]] in April 2006, in which he claimed 10 wickets at an average of 16.3, including a career best 6/55 in the final match at [[Indore]] (in which he was awarded the man of the match award [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/244404.html]),<ref>[https://archive.today/20120715103828/http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=12020;class=odiplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=2005-10-25;start=2005-10-25;enddefault=2006-05-28;end=2006-05-28;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype ODIs – Innings by innings list]</ref> led to him subsequently being awarded a [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] contract, in the C-grade in May.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/246204.html Sreesanth and Raina offered Group C contracts]</ref>

His disappointing economy rate led him to be left out of the [[ICC Champions Trophy]] squad of 14, with the beneficiary being [[R. P. Singh]]. He made an unexpected come back to the blue squad due to the injury to [[Ajit Agarkar]] later in the tournament. He was also out of the Indian ODI team for the [[England cricket team|England tour]].

In the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]], Sreesanth was selected due to injury to [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]. He was expensive in the first game going wicketless at 53 runs in 5 overs. He was selected in the [[2011 Cricket World Cup Final|final]] where he gave away 52 runs in 8 wicketless overs.

==Test career==
[[Image:Sreesanth_on_the_sets_of_KBC_10.jpg|left|upright|Sreesanth at an event in 2012.|thumb]]
Sreesanth was selected for his first Test squad in the home series against England in March 2006, in place of [[Zaheer Khan]]. He claimed 4/95 in his debut appearance in the 1st Test in [[Nagpur]], where he opened the bowling with [[Irfan Pathan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T1_01-05MAR2006.html|title=1st Test, Nagpur, Mar 1 - 5 2006, England tour of India|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=1 March 2006|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> He was ruled out of the second Test in [[Mohali]] due to illness, but recovered and captured five wickets as well as a 29* with the bat in the Third Test in [[Mumbai]]. With the axing of [[Irfan Pathan|Pathan]], Sreesanth became India's leading pace bowler on the tour of the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]. He missed the second Test due to an injury but managed to claim his best match figures of 5/72 in the 4th Test in [[Kingston, Jamaica]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120715041313/http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=12020;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=2005-10-25;start=2005-10-25;enddefault=2006-05-28;end=2006-05-28;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype Tests – Innings by innings list]</ref>
[[Image:Sreesanth 1.jpg|thumb|right|Sreesanth playing for India against [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] in 2011.]]
Sreesanth's most significant performance to date in Test cricket was his role in the first Test of India's 2006 tour to South Africa at [[Johannesburg]]. After losing the limited-overs series 4–0, Sreesanth produced a spell of 5–40 in a display of pace and swing bowling to help dismiss South Africa for just 84 runs, leading to the first Indian win on South African soil, for which he was named man of the match. Again, Sreesanth's emotional antics, which have led him to be regarded by some commentators as eccentric, were frequently noted. He was fined after breaching the [[International Cricket Council]]'s advertising logo policy, and also for "conduct contrary to the spirit of the game" for sending off [[Hashim Amla]] after dismissing him.<ref>{{cite web|title= 2006: Penalties imposed on players for breaches of ICC Code of Conduct|url= http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/2006.html|publisher= [[International Cricket Council]]|access-date= 2007-01-30|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070220095818/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/2006.html|archive-date= 20 February 2007}}</ref> He was also involved in a highly publicised confrontation while batting against paceman [[André Nel]]. Nel delivered a series of fast balls at Sreesanth's upper body and after Sreesanth ungainly evaded one delivery, taunted him by gesturing to his chest, indicating that he felt Sreesanth was lacking in courage. On the next ball, Sreesanth gave him the charge and hit the ball straight over the bowler's head into the stands for a six. He then whirled his bat in enthusiasm and danced down the wicket, making fun of Nel and performing a dance.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/aug/01/thespin.cricket | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Lawrence | last=Booth | title=Sweeties; and Sreesanth | date=1 August 2007}}</ref> Later, Sreesanth said that he would not repeat anything of the sort, since he could be suspended for violating the code of conduct.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thatscricket.oneindia.in/news/2006/12/22/2212sreesanth-nel-duel.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721151945/http://thatscricket.oneindia.in/news/2006/12/22/2212sreesanth-nel-duel.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2012 |title=I will not do anything silly, assures Sreesanth – Thatscricket |work=Oneindia |date=2006-12-22 |access-date=2013-05-16 }}</ref> Even though he went unpunished for the Nel incident, he was fined 30% of the match fee for running towards [[Hashim Amla]] after picking up his wicket, and wearing a branded garment under the jersey.

Sreesanth courted controversy once again during the fourth day of the second test of India's 2007 tour to England at [[Trent Bridge]]. He was fined half of his match fee for deliberately shoulder barging England captain [[Michael Vaughan]] whilst walking back to his mark. He also bowled a beamer at batsman [[Kevin Pietersen]], which the latter had to take drastic action to avoid. Sreesanth however did immediately apologise afterwards. After the match he said that the ball had slipped from his hand. Soon afterwards, he bowled a no-ball where he overstepped the crease by roughly {{convert|2|ft|m}}, leading to speculation it was deliberate; the delivery was a bouncer to [[Paul Collingwood]]. Former England captain [[Michael Atherton]] called for Sreesanth to be banned for the Pietersen beamer, saying that Sreesanth could not control his on-pitch emotions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/engvind/content/story/304509.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170253/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/engvind/content/story/304509.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |title=ESPNcricinfo - When jelly bean turned bitter pill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/engvind/content/story/305193.html|title = Prasad shows faith in Sreesanth's ability}}</ref>

After leaving out of the Indian team for about a year and half, Sreesanth was called back to play the home Test series against Sri Lanka in November 2009. Sreesanth played the second Test in Kanpur and picked up five wickets in the first innings, which helped India win the match by an innings and 144 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/26/live-updates-india-sri-lanka-second-test-day-3.htm |title=Five-star Sreesanth puts India in sight of victory |publisher=Rediff.com Sports |date=2009-11-26 |access-date=2013-05-16}}</ref> Sreesanth was awarded the Man of the Match for taking six wickets in the match.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606121843/http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/Sreesanth-bags-man-of-the-match-award/480648/H1-Article1-480691.aspx Sreesanth bags man of the match award]. Hindustan Times (27 November 2009). Retrieved 2013-12-23.</ref> After the match, Indian captain [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] praised him as one of the best bowlers of [[reverse swing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/27/sreesanth-is-one-of-the-best-bowlers-of-reverse-swing-says-ms-dhoni.htm |title=Sreesanth one of the best in reverse swing: Dhoni |publisher=Rediff.com Sports |date=2009-11-27 |access-date=2013-05-16}}</ref>

==2007 ICC World Twenty20==
In September 2007, Sreesanth joined the Indian team in South Africa for the inaugural [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|ICC T-20 world cup]] following his omission for the one-day series in England. Although his performance in the tournament lacked consistency, Sreesanth managed breakthroughs at critical junctures that were vital to his team's success. During the semifinal match against Australia which India won, Sreesanth got the vital wickets of the Australian openers [[Adam Gilchrist]] and [[Matthew Hayden]]. The latter proved to be decisive in turning the match round in India's favour. His spell of 2-12 was named as the third-best T20I bowling performance of the year by ESPNcricinfo voters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/awards/content/story/334026.html|title=Readers' picks|date=30 January 2008}}</ref> In the final against rivals Pakistan, he performed slightly expensively. However, with Pakistan on the verge of winning, he took the tournament-winning catch of [[Misbah-ul-Haq|Misbah-Ul-Haq]] while standing on [[Fielding (cricket)|fine leg]].

==English county cricket ==
{{Expand section|date=September 2022}}
In August 2009, Sreesanth signed a deal to play for [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]] for the remainder of the English season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sreesanth joins Warwickshire |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sreesanth-joins-warwickshire-416519 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 October 2023 |date=27 July 2009}}</ref> He played five matches and took 13 wickets including a five-for against [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Records - County Championship Division One, 2009 - Warwickshire |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/averages-batting-bowling-by-team/county-championship-division-one-2009-4860?team=1479 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yorkshire v Warwickshire, Scarborough, August 26 - 29, 2009 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/county-championship-division-one-2009-382410/yorkshire-vs-warwickshire-382966/full-scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref>

==Indian Premier League==
Sreesanth associated with the [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. In the inaugural edition of the IPL in 2008, Sreesanth became the second leading wicket taker in the tournament after Sohail Tanveer, claiming 18 wickets. Sreesanth appeared only in the second half of the 2009 edition of the IPL. He could not play the initial matches of the season owing to a stress fracture. He left Kings XI Punjab after the [[2010 Indian Premier League]] and signed for [[Kochi IPL Team|Kochi]] for the [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011 competition]]. He signed for Rajasthan royals for the [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012 competition]]. But he didn't play in 2012 due to injuries. With his spot-fixing controversy coming into light during the [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013 IPL competition]], Rajasthan Royals terminated his contract.<ref>{{cite news |title= Royals suspends contracts of trio |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/story/636950.html?CMP=chrome |publisher= ESPNcricinfo |date= 2013-05-20 |access-date= 2013-05-20}}</ref>

===Altercation with Harbhajan Singh===
On 25 April 2008, following the victory of his [[Kings XI Punjab]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] over the [[Mumbai Indians]] at [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]], Sreesanth was slapped under his eye by [[Harbhajan Singh]], the captain of Mumbai. The incident came to light as Sreesanth was caught by TV cameras sobbing inconsolably on the field before the presentation ceremony. Sreesanth later downplayed the incident, saying he had no complaints against Harbhajan who was "like an elder brother" to him. Harbhajan's team had lost their third consecutive match when he apparently reacted violently to Sreesanth approaching him and saying "hard luck". The IPL banned Harbhajan from the remainder of the tournament and prohibited him from collecting his salary after finding him guilty. The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] launched a separate investigation into the incident and decided to ban Harbhajan for five ODIs, deeming him to have broken the code of conduct in his national contract.<ref>{{cite news| title = Kings XI Punjab v Mumbai Indians| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/current/match/335991.html| publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]]| date = 24 April 2008| access-date = 2008-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = Bhajji slaps, Sree sobs | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080426/jsp/frontpage/story_9191426.jsp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429221046/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080426/jsp/frontpage/story_9191426.jsp| url-status=dead| archive-date=29 April 2008| work = [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]| date = 24 April 2008| access-date = 2008-04-25| location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = Bhajji 'slaps' Sreesanth, makes him cry | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bhajji_slaps_Sreesanth_makes_him_cry/articleshow/2983882.cms| work = [[The Times of India]]| date = 24 April 2008| access-date = 2008-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = Match results – Indian Premier League, 2007/08 | url = http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/series/313494.html| publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]]| date = 24 April 2008| access-date = 2008-04-25}}</ref>
In Australia earlier that year, Sreesanth stated that he would maintain an aggressive attitude on the cricket field, "Sreesanth's way is to be aggressive. Sreesanth will always remain Sreesanth."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23104817-11088,00.html|title=Shanth Sreesanth vows he won't back down|date=25 January 2008|work=Herald Sun|access-date=2009-01-31|archive-date=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121230133532/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/sreesanth-vows-he-wont-back-down/story-e6frf9if-1111115394688|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Spot fixing allegation and arrest===
{{main|2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case}}
On 16 May 2013, the Delhi police arrested Sreesanth and two of his Rajasthan Royals teammates, [[Ajit Chandila]] and [[Ankeet Chavan]] from Mumbai, on charges of spot-fixing during [[2013 Indian Premier League|IPL 6]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/police-detain-rajasthan-royals-players/62510|title=Police detain three Rajasthan Royals players|publisher=Wisden India|date=16 May 2013|access-date=2013-05-16|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615100315/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/police-detain-rajasthan-royals-players/62510|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2013/news/207838-sreesanth-two-other-rajasthan-royals-players-arrested-for-spot-fixing-report Sreesanth, two other Rajasthan Royals' players arrested for spot-fixing]</ref> Jiju Janardhan, another key figure accused of spot-fixing, is reported to be Sreesanth's cousin and an under-22 Gujarat player.<ref name=indiatoday1>{{cite web|title=Who is Jiju Janardhanan?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-6/story/who-is-jiju-janardhanan-163279-2013-05-15|work=India Today|date=16 May 2013 |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> On 17 May 2013, Sreesanth confessed to spot-fixing, according to police.<ref>{{cite news |title= Sreesanth confesses to spot-fixing, more arrests likely |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Cricket/T20/chunk-ht-ui-t20-spotfixing/Sreesanth-confesses-to-spot-fixing-more-arrests-likely/SP-Article10-1061661.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130517162213/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Cricket/T20/Chunk-HT-UI-T20-SpotFixing/Sreesanth-confesses-to-spot-fixing-more-arrests-likely/SP-Article10-1061661.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 17 May 2013 | work= Hindustan Times|date= 2013-05-17 |access-date= 2013-05-17}}</ref> However, Sreesanth has always maintained that he is innocent and that he was forced to sign confession statements.

Police reported that Sreesanth was drunk at the time of his arrest and thought he was being arrested for being drunk. When the Delhi police team intercepted him, he was reportedly accompanied with a woman in a SUV outside a five-star hotel in [[Carter Road Promenade]], Mumbai.<ref name=indiatoday>{{cite news|title=Sreesanth threw tantrums when police came to arrest him|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/spot-fixing-hits-ipl-6/news/Sreesanth-threw-tantrums-when-police-came-to-arrest-him/articleshow/20139338.cms|access-date=20 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 May 2013|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Sreesanth, and the two other players accused of spot fixing had their [[Rajasthan Royals]] contracts suspended while their inquiries were pending.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/spot-fixing-rajasthan-royals-suspends-contracts-of-sreesanth-ajit-chandila-and-ankeet-chavan-pending-369250|title=Spot-fixing: Rajasthan Royals suspends contracts of Sreesanth, Ajit Chandila and Ankeet Chavan pending inquiry.On June 10, 2013 Sreesanth and others get bail and court slams Delhi Police for invoking MCOCA ."There is no reason for believing that the accused are guilty under the Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act (MCOCA) at this stage," Additional Sessions Judge Vinay Kumar Khanna said. The court said there is prima facie "no sufficient material" against the accused to establish their "nexus" with organised crime syndicate.|publisher=NDTV|date= 20 May 2013 |access-date= 2013-05-20}}</ref> On 13 September 2013, Sreesanth and [[Ankeet Chavan]] were banned for life by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]'s disciplinary committee.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sreesanth and Chavan banned for life for IPL spot fixing|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sreesanth-and-ankeet-chavan-banned-for-life-210903-2013-09-12|access-date=13 September 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=13 September 2013}}</ref>

In July 2015, he was acquitted in the spot-fixing case.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sreesanth-opens-up-on-spotfixing-case/article7474587.ece?w=ma446 I wouldn't wish my fate even on my enemies: Sreesanth]</ref>

On 18 October 2017, Kerala High Court restored the life ban on Sreesanth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21058713/kerala-high-court-restores-sreesanth-life-ban |title=Kerala High Court restores Sreesanth's life ban|date=18 October 2017 |access-date=20 October 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In March 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India]] "set aside" the life ban imposed on him by the BCCI. The apex court of the country asked the BCCI to "reconsider" and "revisit" the length of any fresh ban.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supreme Court sets aside life ban on Sreesanth in IPL spot-fixing case|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/supreme-court-sets-aside-life-ban-on-sreesanth-in-ipl-spot-fixing-case-1178181|access-date=2020-12-30|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=15 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Following which the BCCI reduced his ban to 7 years, which meant that he could play all forms of the game from 13 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=M|first=Rasesh|date=August 20, 2019|title=BCCI Ombudsman reduces S Sreesanth's life ban to 7 years, can play all forms of cricket from 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/s-sreesanth-life-ban-reduced-to-7-years-back-to-all-form-of-cricket-september-2020-bcci-ombudsman-1582732-2019-08-20|access-date=2020-12-30|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

===Other T20 leagues===

In Legends League Cricket Sreesanth is playing for Gujarat Giants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat Giants Squad - Legends League Cricket, 2023 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/legends-league-cricket-2023-24-1408606/gujarat-giants-squad-1409072/series-squads |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Comeback after ban ==
Since the life ban imposed on him, it had been reduced to a seven-years ban, Sreesanth had talked about doing "everything possible to get back on the field".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Wriddhaayan|title=Sreesanth gets candid on comeback, Kohli and Kerala|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/sreesanth-interview-bcci-ban-reduced-cricket-return-goals-fitness-india-ipl/article29229478.ece|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Sportstar|date=23 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The ban officially ended on 13 September 2020. Sreesanth was selected in the [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala Team]] for the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] and [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sreesanth in Kerala team for Syed Mushtaq Ali Tournament – Mysuru Today|url=https://citytoday.news/sreesanth-in-kerala-team-for-syed-mushtaq-ali-tournament/|access-date=2020-12-30|language=en-US|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404185507/https://citytoday.news/sreesanth-in-kerala-team-for-syed-mushtaq-ali-tournament/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He played the first match after his ban in the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-12|title=Watch: Sreesanth takes his first wicket in 7 years for Kerala|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/sreesanth-first-wicket-7-years-kerala-watch-7143003/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> On 9 March 2022, Sreesanth announced his retirement from domestic cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sreesanth retires from Indian domestic cricket|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sreesanth-retires-from-indian-domestic-cricket-1304534|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Sreesanth announces retirement from India domestic cricket |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121390/sreesanth-announces-retirement-from-india-domestic-cricket |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=CricBuzz|date=9 March 2022 }}</ref>

==Incidents ==
Sreesanth is noted for his exuberant and emotional behaviour, especially whilst appealing for and celebrating wickets. He has been warned several times for indiscipline both on and off the cricket field, and frequently fined for violating the player conduct guidelines of the [[International Cricket Council]]. In October 2009, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] issued a final warning to Sreesanth that any repetition of his code of conduct violations might result in drastic actions such as a ban from domestic cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/13/bcci-issues-final-warning-to-errant-sreesanth.htm |title=BCCI issues 'final warning' to errant Sreesanth |publisher=Rediff.com Sports |date=2009-10-13 |access-date=2013-05-16}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[Kerala Cricket Association]] also issued a final warning over repeated violations of their code of conduct after Sreesanth failed to turn up at the Kerala [[Ranji Trophy]] team camp in [[Kannur]].<ref name=kerala-ndtv>{{cite web|title=Sreesanth gets 'final warning' from Kerala Board|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/113951-sreesanth-gets-final-warning-from-kerala-board|work=NDTV Sports|publisher=NDTV|access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>

In November 2009, however, after more than 18 months of omission from the national team, Sreesanth was recalled to the Test squad for the first two matches against Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/10/sreesanth-zaheer-recalled-for-sri-lanka-tests.htm |title=Sreesanth, Zaheer recalled for Sri Lanka Tests |publisher=Rediff.com Cricket |date=2009-11-10 |access-date=2013-05-16}}</ref> He replaced [[Ishant Sharma]] for the second Test in Kanpur, where his five wicket haul in the first innings of the match earned him the Man of the Match award and helped India to win the Test match by an innings and 144 runs.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

==Name==

===Correct name===
In the English-language media, Sreesanth's full name has been the source of some confusion. He has been variously referred to as "Sree Sreesanth",<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fsport%2F2007%2F07%2F15%2Fscindi115.xml |title=Middle-order quartet aim to help India again |access-date=12 October 2007 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153414/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fsport%2F2007%2F07%2F15%2Fscindi115.xml |url-status=live }}</ref> "Sri Sreesanth",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/cricket/sport/story/237793.html|title=Sreesanth, Chavan handed life bans}}</ref> "Shantha Sreesanth".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fsport%2F2007%2F07%2F31%2Fscbrig131.xml |title=India have stood up to England's bullying |access-date=12 October 2007 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153421/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fsport%2F2007%2F07%2F31%2Fscbrig131.xml |url-status=live }}</ref> and "Shanthakumaran Sreesanth".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fsport%2F2007%2F06%2F12%2Fucrup12.xml |title=India name squad for England tour |access-date=12 October 2007 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153409/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fsport%2F2007%2F06%2F12%2Fucrup12.xml |url-status=live }}</ref> He has also stated in the past that he wished to be known as "Sree Santh".<ref>[http://cricket.indiatimes.com/Sree_Santh_widens_the_gap/articleshow/2218600.cms Sree Santh widens the gap]</ref>
In September 2007, Sreesanth said that his name was just "Sreesanth" and that the other variations were incorrect:
<blockquote>"It's Sreesanth. There is no Shanthakumaran Sreesanth, there is no S. Sreesanth. There was this function recently where they called me Sree Sreesanth, then Sree, and finally S Sreesanth. It's just Sreesanth."<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/ideaexchange/fullstory.php?content_id=215329 ‘Problem was I took South Africa to England . . . Twenty20 is won in one or two overs . . . Don't care if it's Nel or Lara, why should we be scared?’]</ref></blockquote>

===Decision and cancellation of name change===
When his form slumped in 2006, Sreesanth had tried to change his luck by changing his name to '''Sreesunth''', on numerological advice. He later stated that he was not going to change the name due to sentimental reasons. The word 'santh' in his name is derived from his father's name Santhakumaran Nair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldstory.php?storyid=88526|title = For Sreesunth, a season of opportunities}}</ref>

==Film career==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
!Notes!!Ref.
|-
|2017 ||''[[Aksar 2]]'' || Gaurav ||Hindi
| ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/S-Sreesanth-to-star-in-Aksar-2/articleshow/53128158.cms|title=Sreesanth stars in Aksar 2|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2017 ||''[[Team 5]]''|| Akhil ||Malayalam
| ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Sreesanth-does-his-own-bike-stunts-for-multilingual/articleshow/54378034.cms |title=Sreesanth does his own bike stunts |work=The Times of India|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2019||''[[Cabaret (2019 film)|Cabaret]]'' || Chetta Don ||Hindi
|Released on [[ZEE5]]||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pooja Bhatt On Digital Release Of Cabaret Starring Richa Chadha: 'Glad, Though It's Delayed'|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pooja-bhatt-on-digital-release-of-cabaret-starring-richa-chadha-glad-though-its-delayed-1972112|access-date=2021-04-16|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|2019||''[[Kempe Gowda 2]]''|| Deshmukh ||Kannada
|{{Won|[[17th Santosham Film Awards]] - Best Villain - Kannada}}||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelivemirror.com/sreeshant-acting-debut-kempegowda-2/ |title=S Sreesanth on his debut Kannada movie Kempegowda 2 |work=The Live Mirror|date=August 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2022||''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]''|| Mohammed Mobi || Tamil ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-cricketer-sreesanth-play-mohammed-mobi-vignesh-shivans-romantic-film-1017962|title=Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal: Cricketer Sreesanth to play Mohammed Mobi in Vignesh Shivan's romantic film|date=9 February 2022|access-date=31 March 2022|website=Pinkvilla|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170956/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kaathu-vaakula-rendu-kaadhal-cricketer-sreesanth-play-mohammed-mobi-vignesh-shivans-romantic-film-1017962|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television career==
In 2008, he participated in the reality show ''[[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (TV series)|Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena]]'' along with [[Surveen Chawla]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/colors-to-air-ek-khiladi-ek-haseena-from-sept-26/142426.shtml|title=Colors to air Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena from Sept 26|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923200629/http://www.merinews.com/article/colors-to-air-ek-khiladi-ek-haseena-from-sept-26/142426.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014, Sreesanth participated in the dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' in its [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|seventh season]]. He survived for 5 weeks until he got eliminated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-7-elimination-s-sreesanth-evicted-from-the-show/|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7 elimination: S Sreesanth evicted from the show!|work=bollywoodlife.com|date=10 July 2014|access-date=11 July 2014}}</ref>

In 2018, Sreesanth participated as a celebrity contestant in the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)|twelfth season]] of ''[[Bigg Boss]],'' the Indian version of the [[reality TV]] show ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-12-contestant-s-sreesanth-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-former-cricketers-sreesanth/articleshow/65872574.cms|title=Bigg Boss 12 contestant S Sreesanth: All you need to know about the former cricketer|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sreesanth-bigg-not-bothered-about-people-perceptions-5361121/|title=Bigg Boss 12 contestant Sreesanth: Not bothered about people's perceptions about my past|date=17 September 2018}}</ref> where he finished as the runner up of the show.<ref name="sree bigg boss">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-12-dipika-kakar-celebrates-win-with-sreesanth-as-karanvir-bohra-hosts-other-contestants/story-maaHWtvA8Tue9cFlWQMYUL.html Bigg Boss 12: Dipika Kakar celebrates win with Sreesanth as Karanvir Bohra hosts other contestants]</ref> His stay in the house was highly controversial and he ended up as the most controversial contestant of the season and one of the most controversial contestants of the show in general. While he formed close friendships with fellow housemates including season winner [[Dipika Kakar]] and Shivashish Mishra,<ref name="sree bigg boss"/> he frequently engaged in ugly fights with most of the other housemates and even guests including [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Season 11]] contestant [[Vikas Gupta (producer)|Vikas Gupta]] and threatened to leave the house 299 times.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/bigg-boss-12-grand-finale-salman-khan-reveals-number-times-sreesanth-threatened-leave-house-435796 |title=Bigg Boss 12 Grand Finale: Salman Khan REVEALS the number of times Sreesanth threatened to leave house |access-date=4 January 2019 |archive-date=5 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105042949/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/bigg-boss-12-grand-finale-salman-khan-reveals-number-times-sreesanth-threatened-leave-house-435796 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Shows !! Role !! Channel !! Language!! Notes
|-
|2008 || ''[[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (TV series)|Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena]]'' || rowspan=2|Contestant || rowspan=2|[[Colors TV]] || rowspan=2|Hindi||Along with [[Surveen Chawla]]
|-
|2014 || ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]'' || Eliminated 5th week
|-
|rowspan=2|2015||''Vismayaravu''||Co-Host||rowspan=2|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||Rowspan=4|Malayalam||
|-
|''Star Challenge''||Host||Game show
|-
|2016||''Dare the fear''||Judge (finale)||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Game show
|-
|2017||''[[D 4 Dance]]''||Celebrity Judge||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Reality show
|-
|2018 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)|Bigg Boss 12]]'' || rowspan=2|Contestant || rowspan=2|[[Colors TV]] ||rowspan=2|Hindi
|Runner Up
|-
|2019 || ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]'' ||Eliminated 3rd Week
|-
|Rowspan=2|2021||''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer season 2]]''||Celebrity Judge||Flowers TV||rowspan=5|Malayalam||Reality show
|-
|''[[Udan Panam|Udan Panam 3.0]]''||Contestant||rowspan=3|Mazhavil Manorama||Game show
|-
|2022||''Panam Tharum Padam'' || Contestant||Game show
|-
|2022||''Super Kudumbam''||Judge||Game show
|-
|2022–2023
| ''[[Dancing Stars (Indian TV series)|Dancing Stars]]'' ||Judge||Asianet ||Reality Show
|}

==Political career==
On 25 March 2016, Sreesanth joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite web|title=Cricketer Sreesanth Joins BJP As Party Eyes Young Voters in Kerala|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cricketer-sreesanth-set-to-join-bjp-tonight-may-contest-from-kerala-1290669| publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref> He contested and lost the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram constituency]]. He secured a total of 34,764 votes but lost the election to [[V. S. Sivakumar]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by 11,710 votes.<ref name="HT_Election">{{cite news |title=Kerala poll stumps Sreesanth, ex-cricketer loses in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/kerala-poll-googly-stumps-sreesanth-ex-cricketer-trails-in-thiruvananthapuram/story-JBp645Sdwkt9Fys7yLaCVJ.html |access-date=10 June 2018 |work=Hindustan Times|date=20 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|S. Sreesanth}}
* {{cricinfo|id=34274}}
* {{Instagram|sreesanthnair36}}

{{Navboxes
|title= India squads
|bg= #0077FF
|fg= white
|bordercolor=#ff8800
|list1=
{{India Squad 2007 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2007 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{India Squad 2011 Cricket World Cup}}
}}

{{Bigg Boss}}
{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreesanth, Shanthakumaran}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kochi]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Kerala cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Warwickshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate cricketers in England]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Kochi Tuskers Kerala cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]
[[Category:India Red cricketers]]
[[Category:India Blue cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Cricketers banned for corruption]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Kerala]]
[[category:Kothamangalam]]

Piletocera exuvialis

2026-03-11T22:10:12Z

Manikmusicscapgk: starting initial bio needs work

{{Short description|Species of moth}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Piletocera exuvialis
| authority = ([[Pieter Cornelius Tobias Snellen|Snellen]], 1890)
| synonyms =
*''Diplotyla exuvialis'' Snellen, 1890
}}

'''''Piletocera exuvialis''''' is a [[moth]] in the family [[Crambidae]]. It was described by Snellen in 1890. It is found in [[India]] ([[Sikkim]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globiz.pyraloidea.org/Pages/Reports/TaxonReport.aspx |title=global Pyraloidea database |publisher=Globiz.pyraloidea.org |date= |accessdate=2014-07-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q19598629}}

[[Category:Piletocera|exuvialis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1890]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pieter Cornelius Tobias Snellen]]

{{Piletocera-stub}}

Mangaladevi Temple

2026-03-11T02:34:49Z

Manikmusicscapgk:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Mangaladevi Temple
| image = Mangaladevi Temple Mangalore 2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The flag pole of Mangaladevi temple
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|12.8491|N|74.8432|E|region:IN-KN|format=dec|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| elevation_m =
| deity =Mangaladevi
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals = [[Mangalore Dasara|Dasara]]
| architecture = [[Kerala architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 9th Century AD
| creator =
| website = {{URL|mangaladevitemple.com}}
|locale=[[Bolar|Bolar, Mangalore]]}}
[[File:Mangaladevi Temple Mangalore 6.jpg|thumb|Mangaladevi Temple Inside view]]

The '''Mangaladevi Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Bolar (Location)|Bolara]] in the city of [[Mangaluru]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. It is situated about three kilometres southwest of the city centre. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu goddess [[Shakti]] in the form of [[Mangaladevi]], the presiding deity from whom the city derives its name.

The temple is of significant antiquity and is believed to have been built during the 9th century by Kundavarman, the most noted king of the [[Alupa dynasty]], under the patronage of [[Matsyendranath]]. As per another legend, the temple is believed to have been built by [[Parashurama]], one of the ten [[avatar]]s of Hindu god [[Vishnu]] and later expanded by Kundavarman.

The presiding deity, Mangaladevi in the central shrine is in a seated posture. There are shrines around the sanctum for other deities.

In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by trustees. The temple is open daily from 6{{nbsp}}a.m. to 1{{nbsp}}pm and 4{{nbsp}}pm to 8:30{{nbsp}}pm.

==Etymology==
Mangaluru was named after the Hindu deity [[Mangaladevi]], the presiding deity of the temple<ref>{{cite book
|last=Kameshwar|first=G.|publisher=Rupa & Co.|title=Tulu tales: a soota chronicle|isbn=978-81-291-0427-4|year=2004|page=8}}</ref> According to local legend, a princess from [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] named Parimala or Premaladevi renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of [[Matsyendranath]], the founder of the [[Nath]] tradition. Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her ''Mangaladevi''.<ref name="Kudva1972">{{cite book|author=Venkataraya Narayan Kudva|title=History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats|page=260|year=1972|publisher=Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha}}</ref> The city got its name from the temple.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Temple India|year=1981|publisher=Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra|page=160}}</ref>

==Legend==
[[File:Mangaladevi temple Mangalore3.jpg|200x200px|left|thumb|Image of Gomukai, the water spout from the sanctum at Kadri temple]]
The temple dates back to the ninth century when Kundavarman, the most famous king of the [[Alupa dynasty]], was ruling [[Tulu Nadu]]. During this period, there were two holy saints of the [[Nath]] cult, [[Machindranath]] and [[Gorakhnath]], who came from [[Nepal]]. They reached Mangaluru, crossing the river [[Nethravathi]]. The place where they crossed the river came to be known as Gorakdandi. They chose a place near the banks of the Netravathi which was once the centre of activities of the sage [[Kapila]]. The ruling king met the two saints. Pleased with the humility and virtues of the king, they informed him that his kingdom needed to be sanctified with a temple for Mangaladevi. From their own mother he heard the story of Vihasini and Andasura, [[Parashurama]] and the temple built by them. The two saints took the king to the sites where all these historical events had taken place. They asked the king to dig the place and relieve the [[lingam]] and the dharapatra symbolising Mangaladevi and install them in a shrine along with [[Nagaraja]] for providing protection. Kundavarman built grand shrine to Mangaladevi was built on the hallowed place with the guidance of the sages. Even today the two temples of [[Mangaladevi]] and [[Kadri, Mangalore]] have maintained their connection. The hermits of Kadri Yogirajmutt visit Mangaladevi temple on the first days of Kadri temple festival and offer prayer and silk clothes.<ref name=Swami>{{cite book|title=A Pilgrimage to Western Ghats Temples - Karnataka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MX02CgAAQBAJ&q=mangala+devi+temple&pg=PT87|last=Atmashraddhananda|first=Swami|publisher=Lulu Press, Inc|year=2015|isbn=9781312918191|pages=87–88}}</ref>

As per another legend, the temple is believed to have been built by [[Parashurama]], one of the ten [[avatar]]s of Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. During the passage of time, the temple was covered by vegetation and was restored by Kundavarma of Alupa dynasty during the 9th century.<ref name=Swami/> There are also views that the temple was built by [[Ballal]] family of Attavar to commemorate a Malabar Princess.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QswOAAAAQAAJ&q=mangala+devi+temple&pg=PA234|page=234|last=Sewell|first=Robert |publisher=E. Keys|year=1882}}</ref>

==The Temple==
The temple is built in [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala style architecture]], which is common in all temples in the South Indian state of [[Kerala]] and [[Western Ghat]]. The temple has a two storeyed [[gopura]] or a gateway tower, with the upper storey having wooden trails covering the ''Kottupura'' (a hall of drum beating during festivals). A rectangular wall around the temple, called ''Kshetra-Madilluka'' pierced by the gateways, encloses all the shrines of the temple. The metal plated flagpost or ''[[Dwajasthamba]]'' is located axial to the temple tower leading to the central sanctum. The central shrine called ''Garbhagudi'' houses the image of the presiding deity. It is on an elevated platform with a single door reached through a flight of five steps. Either sides of the doors have images of guardian deities called [[Dvarapala]]kas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Heritage of Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC&q=kerala+temple+architecture&pg=PA139|page=139|publisher=DC Books|location=Kerala, India|isbn=9788126419036|year=2008}}</ref>

The central shrine has a circular plan with the base built of granite, superstructure built of laterite and conical roof made of terrocata tile supported from inside by a wooden structure. The central shrine is at a lower elevation, with a shrine of Nagar, the snake god, in the elevation. Mangaladevi is depicted in sitting posture as Dharapatra. There is a small [[Linga]] to the left of the icon.<ref>{{cite news|title=In the lap of the Western Ghats|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/look-at-temples-in-dakshin-kannada-district/article7180658.ece|last=R.|first=Krishnamurthy|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 May 2015|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Kamli-Kyouk Phyu|editor=Subodh Kapoor|page=3963|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|year=2002|isbn=9788177552577|volume=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYN0n0pzlpcC&q=kerala+temple+architecture&pg=PA3963}}</ref> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by hereditary trustees. The temple is open daily from 6{{nbsp}}a.m. to 10{{nbsp}}am, noon to 1{{nbsp}}pm and 4{{nbsp}}pm to 8{{nbsp}}pm.

==Festivals==
[[File:chariot of mangaladevi temple.jpg|200x200px|thumb|right|Chariot of Mangaladevi]]
[[Navaratri]] (Dussera) is the time for special [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s performed on all nine days. On the seventh day, Goddess Mangaladevi is worshipped as Chandika (or Marikamaba), on the eighth day the goddess is worshipped as Maha Saraswathi. On the ninth day which is also known as [[Mahanavami]] the goddess is worshipped as Vagdevi, goddess for speech, Aayudha puja is performed. All weapons and tools are worshipped, as the day marks the slaying of the cruel demons by the goddess [[Durga]], and Chandika yaaga are also performed on this day. A large number of devotees participate in the [[Rathothsava]] on the tenth day, which is celebrated as [[Mangalore Dasara|Dasara]]. The decorated goddess is mounted on the grand chariot and pulled with thick ropes in a procession that goes to Marnamikatte, where the goddess and the [[Prosopis cineraria|Shami tree (''Prosopis cineraria'')]] are worshipped.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rathotsava at Mangaladevi draws large crowd|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=117146|newspaper=Mangalorean|date=21 March 2009|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227114838/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=117146|archive-date=27 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
Image:Mangaladevi Temple entrance, Mangaladevi, Mangalore.jpg|Mangaladevi Temple entrance, Mangaladevi, Mangaluru
Image:Pandeshwar Road, Mangaladevi, Mangalore.jpg|Pandeshwar Road, Mangaladevi, Mangaluru
Image:Marnamikatte Road, Mangaladevi, Mangalore.jpg|Marnamikatte Road, Mangaladevi, Mangaluru
</gallery>

==See also==
[[Mangala Devi Kannagi Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mangaladevi Temple}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mangalore]]

Samuel Aby

2026-03-05T19:25:24Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added new pg

{{Short description|Indian music composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Samuel Aby
| image = Samuel_Aby.jpg
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* [[Composer|Film composer]]
* Record Producer
* Instrumentalist
* Singer
}}
| years_active = 2015–present
| spouse = Angel Mary Joseph
| genre = {{hlist||[[Filmi]]|[[Film score]]|[[Electronic music]]|[[World music]]|[[Orchestral music]]}}
}}

'''Samuel Aby''' is an Indian music composer and music director from [[Kerala]], India. He made his debut with the 2019 film [[Kakshi: Amminippilla|''Kakshi: Amminippilla'']] starring [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shareef |first=Fathima |date=20 April 2019 |title=New kid on the block |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/200419/new-kid-on-the-block-9.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ayyathan |first=Dinjith |title=O.P.160/18 Kakshi: Amminippilla |date=2019-07-05 |type=Comedy, Drama, Family |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8934918/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |others=Asif Ali, Ahamed Siddique, Fara Shibla |publisher=Zarah Films}}</ref> His second film was [[Manoharam (2019 film)|''Manoharam'']] starring [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Sadik |first=Anvar |title=Manoharam |date=2019-10-18 |type=Comedy, Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9906644/?ref_=nm_flmg_t_5_com |access-date=2024-02-26 |others=Vineeth Sreenivasan, Aparna Das, Basil Joseph |publisher=chakkalakal Films}}</ref> His song "Uyyaram Payyaram" from the film ''Kakshi Amminippilla'' was written by [[Manu Manjith]], and went viral.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-22 |title="Uyyaram Payyaram" song from 'Kakshi Amminippilla' goes viral on the internet! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/uyyaram-payyaram-song-from-kakshi-amminippilla-goes-viral-on-the-internet/articleshow/69445377.cms |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=2022-06-27 |title=കല്യാണവീട്ടിലെ വൈറൽ പാട്ട് പിറന്ന കഥ കേൾക്കണോ? 'ഉയ്യാരം പായ്യര'ത്തിന്‍റെ പിറവിയുമായി സംവിധായകൻ {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/the-director-tells-the-story-of-viral-wedding-song-uyyaram-payyaram-from-kakshi-amminippilla-1036878 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Youths at wedding house shake a leg on 'Uyyaram Payyaram', Minister shares video |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=844703&u= |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=rasheed |title=കല്യാണക്കലവറയിലെ ഉയ്യാരം പയ്യാരം, അതുക്കും മീതെ, അതിന്റെ സിനിമാക്കഥ! |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/web-exclusive-magazine/how-does-uyyaram-payyaram-song-from-kakshi-amminippilla-go-viral-by-kp-rasheed-re1dvv |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=അരക്കോടി കാഴ്ചക്കാരെ നേടി 'ഉയ്യാരം പയ്യാരം'; വൈറൽ പാട്ടൊരുക്കിയത് ഇവർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2021/03/31/team-behind-Kakshi-Amminippilla-viral-song-uyyaram-payyaram.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=hyrunneesa |title=ഇന്‍സ്റ്റഗ്രാം റീല്‍സില്‍ വൈറലായി 'ഉയ്യാരം പയ്യാരം...'; കാണുമ്പോള്‍ സന്തോഷമെന്ന് പാട്ടുകാരന്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/music/uyyaram-payyaram-song-goes-viral-in-instagram-reels-qqsckn |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Score
!Songs
!Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[Kakshi: Amminippilla|''Kakshi Amminippilla'']]
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
| rowspan="4" |Malayalam
|2 Songs
|-
|[[Manoharam (2019 film)|''Manoharam'']]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|1 song Ee Maathra Ninne Feat. Rzee
|-
|2021
|''Better Half''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|[[Karikku]] Fliq Web Series
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''Uschool''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|1 song "Kannalla Kannalla"
|-
|''Goujii Gammath''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Tulu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Masthu Shades Unnai Raa]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Telugu
|''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Masthu Shades Unnai Ra Telugu Movie Review {{!}} Abhinav Gomatam |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/masthu-shades-unnai-ra-telugu-movie-review.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Masthu Shades Unnai Ra gets clean U certficate [sic] |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/masthu-shades-unnai-ra-gets-clean-u-certficate.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>''
|-
|''[[Bharathanatyam (2024 film)|Bharathanatyam]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-14 |title=Saiju Kurup's next film titled 'Bharathanatyam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/saiju-kurups-next-film-titled-bharathanatyam/articleshow/108496564.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
|''[[Anpodu Kanmani (2025 film)|Anpodu Kanmani]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-24 |title='വടക്ക് ദിക്കിലൊരു': അർജുൻ അശോകൻ ചിത്രം ‘അൻപോടു കൺമണി'യിലെ ആദ്യ വിഡിയോ ഗാനം പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/anpodu-kanmani-movie-song-out-270380 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=The Cue |date=2024-10-24 |title='വടക്ക് ദിക്കിലൊരു': വിനീത് ശ്രീനിവാസനും സിത്താരയും പാടിയ ‘അൻപോടു കൺമണി'യിലെ ആദ്യ ഗാനം പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.thecue.in/videos/entertainment/film-news/anpodu-kanmani-movie-song-released |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Cue |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Watch: Naanam Melle Melle Song From Arjun Ashokan's Anpodu Kanmani Is A Melodious Number! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/naanam-melle-melle-song-from-arjun-ashokans-anpodu-kanmani-is-a-melodious-number-article-117688350 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/watch-naanam-melle-melle-song-from-arjun-ashokans-anpodu-kanmani-is-a-melodious-number/ar-AA1y3Fan |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-13 |title=‘Ra Shalabhangalayi Nammal’: Soulful song from Arjun Ashokan's ‘Anpodu Kanmani’ released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ra-shalabhangalayi-nammal-soulful-song-from-arjun-ashokans-anpodu-kanmani-released/articleshow/117192784.cms |access-date=2025-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Watch: New Single Raa Shalabhangalayi Nammal From Arjun Ashokan's Anpodu Kanmani Released |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-new-single-raa-shalabhangalayi-nammal-from-arjun-ashokan-film-anpodu-kanmani-released-article-117123994 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title=It's a wrap for Arjun Ashokan's 'Anpodu Kanmani' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/arjun-ashokans-anpodu-kanmani-shoot-completed-latest-news/articleshow/107236501.cms |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-01-31 |title=Film crew transforms set into dream home for family in Kannur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-crew-transforms-set-into-dream-home-for-family-in-kannur/article67796761.ece |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title=അര്‍ജുന്‍ അശോകന്‍റെ 'അന്‍പോട് കണ്‍മണി' ഷെഡ്യൂള്‍ പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/anbodu-kanmani-malayalam-movie-schedule-wrapped-arjun-ashokan-nsn-s6dach |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>''
|-
|''[[Rippan Swamy]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-13 |title=Vijay Raghavendra’s 'Rippen Swaamy' clears censorship formalities, eyes January release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Dec/13/vijay-raghavendras-rippen-swaamy-clears-censorship-formalities-eyes-january-release |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-08 |title='Rippen Swaamy' Cleared For Release, Set To Hit Screens In January |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/rippen-swaamy-cleared-for-release-set-to-hit-screens-in-january-article-116115226 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|''Ayel''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Malayalam
|''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/ayel/movieshow/99244001.cms |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-04 |title=Ann Augustine to headline 'Ayel' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ann-augustine-to-headline-ayel/articleshow/99237926.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>''
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10286687}}
{{improve categories|date=March 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aby, Samuel}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kollam]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Dhumketu (2025 film)

2026-03-04T00:10:42Z

Manikmusicscapgk: added new entry

{{Short description|2025 Bengali romantic thriller film by Kaushik Ganguly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhumketu
| image = Dhumketu (2025 film).jpeg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| writer = Kaushik Ganguly
| screenplay = Kaushik Ganguly
| story = Kaushik Ganguly
| producer = Rana Sarkar [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Subhashree Ganguly]] [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
| cinematography = Soumik Halder
| editing = Subhajit Singha
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anupam Roy]] [[Nilayan Chatterjee]] [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] '''Background score:''' [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| studio = Dag Creative Media Dev Entertainment Ventures
| distributor = SSR Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|08|14}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Dev's long-delayed film, directed by Kaushik Ganguly, set for Independence Day release |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/devs-long-delayed-film-directed-by-kaushik-ganguly-set-for-independence-day-release/cid/2101479 |website=The Telegraph India |date=1 August 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025 |ref=Telegraph-Dhumketu}}</ref>
| country = India
| runtime = 131 minutes
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = {{INR|4-6 crore}}<ref name="Acharya">{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title=My goal is to position Bengali films where comparisons don't exist: Dev |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/my-goal-is-to-position-bengali-films-where-comparisons-dont-exist-dev-623663?fbclid=IwY2xjawMSfN9leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHrWlJ_GqGW8YtK766gsSUKHhjTTbhHZ4lUXzMdpmTrwd78RCT8hlswppsJFq_aem_8G9zJijXTY6-r0UmxErjIA |access-date=20 August 2025 |work=www.millenniumpost.in |date=19 August 2025 |language=en |quote=Today, ‘Dhumketu’, a film with a budget of Rs 4 crore, has stood strong against films from Bollywood and the South made with Rs 350-Rs 400 crore budgets.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-29 |title=‘১২:১ মানুষ চেনাল! এই শিক্ষা যথেষ্ট, আমার কোনও অভিযোগ নেই’, স্ক্রিনিং কমিটির বৈঠক নিয়ে দেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-dev-is-not-supporting-screening-committees-all-isues-dgtl/cid/1657409 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230053227/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-dev-is-not-supporting-screening-committees-all-isues-dgtl/cid/1657409 |archive-date=2025-12-30 |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|28.07 crore}}{{efn|In India, including West Bengal, the net income is calculated by subtracting GST from the gross income of the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=How is BOX OFFICE collection calculated? Discover the mathematics behind the movie magic |url=https://www.etnownews.com/entertainment/how-is-box-office-collection-calculated-discover-the-mathematics-behind-the-movie-magic-article-151759284 |access-date=18 August 2025 |work=www.etnownews.com}}</ref> The net income of the film is 8.69 crores, resulting in a gross income of almost 9.74 crores, including 18% GST.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title=দ্বিতীয় সপ্তাহেও বক্স অফিসে বাজিমার ‘দেশু’র! ২২ দিনে কত কোটি আয় হল 'ধূমকেতু'র? source|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-and-subhashree-ganguly-s-dhumketu-s-3rd-week-box-office-collection-31757163613118.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103054617/https://www.msn.com/bn-in/entertainment/topstories/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B0/ar-AA1M0N4E |archive-date=3 January 2026 |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Shishir |title=Placing order for salty popcorn along with movie ticket online may result in 12-18% GST |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/placing-order-for-salty-popcorn-along-with-online-movie-ticket-may-result-in-12-18-gst/article69043339.ece |access-date=18 August 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=30 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=বক্স অফিসে ১০ কোটি পার রঘু ডাকাতের! মেগাস্টার দেব ধরা ছোঁয়ার বাইরে, ফের প্রমাণিত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-dev-starrer-raghu-dakat-crosses-10-cr-says-producer-mahendra-soni-31759862045940.html |access-date=13 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103030003/https://www.msn.com/bn-in/entertainment/topstories/raghu-dakat-bo-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%81%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%A4/ar-AA1O3qvr |archive-date=3 January 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 October 2025 |language=bn |quote=খাদান- ২৬ কোটি টাকা}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dhumketu''''' ({{IPA|bn|dʱum.ke.tu}} {{Translation|'''''The Shooting Star'''''}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Romantic thriller|romantic thriller film]] written and directed by [[Kaushik Ganguly]]. Produced by Rana Sarkar and [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] under the banners of Dag Creative Media and Dev Entertainment Ventures respectively, this film stars Dev himself alongside [[Subhashree Ganguly]] in lead roles,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-06 |title=This is how Abar Proloy-director Raj Chakraborty tackles the question of bringing Dev and Subhashree back on the big screen |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/this-is-how-abar-proloy-director-raj-chakraborty-tackles-the-question-of-bringing-dev-and-subhashree-back-on-the-big-screen/bf7b1dc8c7662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611055121/https://www.ottplay.com/news/this-is-how-abar-proloy-director-raj-chakraborty-tackles-the-question-of-bringing-dev-and-subhashree-back-on-the-big-screen/bf7b1dc8c7662 |archive-date=2025-06-11 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |quote=Koushik Ganguly made ''Dhumketu'' with Dev and Subhashree in 2016. The producer of the film Rana Sarkar said that the film is stalled because Dev did not do the dubbing.}}</ref> with [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] and [[Rudranil Ghosh]] assuming supporting roles and [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] in a special appearance. This movie follows Bhanu, a man long thought dead, who returns to his hometown on the eve of a suicide mission.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Zinia |date=2017-04-11 |title=I need to make two films a year to enjoy mangsho-bhaat on Sundays: Kaushik Ganguly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/i-need-to-make-two-films-a-year-to-enjoy-mangsho-bhaat-on-sundays-kaushik-ganguly/articleshow/58110146.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608193212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/i-need-to-make-two-films-a-year-to-enjoy-mangsho-bhaat-on-sundays-kaushik-ganguly/articleshow/58110146.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-01-16 |title=Dev sheds off his star image in ''Dhumketu'': Rudranil |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/dev-sheds-off-his-star-image-in-dhumketu-rudranil/details |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609142551/https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/dev-sheds-off-his-star-image-in-dhumketu-rudranil/details |archive-date=2025-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=India Blooms |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-25 |title=কমেনি অস্থিরতা ও উন্মাদনা, রুদ্রনীলের এহেন অবস্থার কারণ কী? 'এত বছর পরেও..' |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/rudranil-ghosh-reacts-on-dev-dhumketu-bengali-film-release-9304606 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617132758/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bengali-ace-actor-anup-kumar-birthday-here-unknown-story-on-him-9371697 |archive-date=2025-06-17 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=[[Indian Express]] |language=bn}}</ref>

The film was announced in September 2015, marking the comeback of Dev and Subhashree as a leading pair in their sixth collaboration after ''[[Khoka 420]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=2015-12-28 |title=In the Script, a turnaround |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/in-the-script-a-turnaround/articleshow/50359646.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608185740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/in-the-script-a-turnaround/articleshow/50359646.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Kaushik Ganguly scored another coup of sorts by getting Dev and Subhashree to play star-crossed lovers in ‘Dhumketu’. The scripting these onscreen reunions are hopeful of box-office success. “Dev-Subhashree’s on-screen chemistry remains, despite the four-year gap,” Kaushik says.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2016-01-01 |title=Tolly films to watch out for in 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/tolly-films-to-watch-out-for-in-2016/articleshow/50404798.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608191951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/Tolly-films-to-watch-out-for-in-2016/photostory/50404604.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Principal photography|Principal Photography]] commenced in October 2015 and wrapped by in January 2017. Major parts of the film are shot in [[Nainital]], with a few sequences filmed in [[Kolkata]] and [[Alipurduar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2015-11-17 |title=মেরি পেয়ারি বহেনিয়া.. |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-celebrates-bhaiphota-dgtl-1.242980 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316204357/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-celebrates-bhaiphota-dgtl-1.242980 |archive-date=2021-03-16 |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2017-01-12 |title=Why are directors banning mobile phones on sets? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/why-are-directors-banning-mobile-phones-on-sets/articleshow/49626451.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608192256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/why-are-directors-banning-mobile-phones-on-sets/articleshow/49626451.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=On Wednesday , the cast and crew of Kaushik Ganguly's Dhumketu had to hand their phones over before going on the floors to shoot.}}</ref> The soundtrack of the film is composed by [[Anupam Roy]], and [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] provided its score. The cinematography of the film is handled by Soumik Halder, while Subhajit Singha edited the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-13 |title=Dhumketu: Will Dev-Subhashree's magnum opus ever release? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhumketu-will-dev-subhashrees-magnum-opus-ever-release/de01e551fb324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612051343/https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhumketu-will-dev-subhashrees-magnum-opus-ever-release/de01e551fb324 |archive-date=2025-06-12 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |quote=The first look of Dev in heavy prosthetic makeup went viral. In the photo, Dev appears as a septuagenarian. And suddenly, it got shelved.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Acharya |first=Anindita |date=2015-12-25 |title=Box office is more important than critical acclaim: Dev |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/box-office-is-more-important-than-critical-acclaim-dev/story-8qfrGb7hnntIetv28mVoEJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928144909/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/box-office-is-more-important-than-critical-acclaim-dev/story-8qfrGb7hnntIetv28mVoEJ.html |archive-date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Dhumketu'' was initially planned for release on 7 October 2016, on the occasion of [[Durga Puja]], but was postponed due to unfinished post-production work.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Zinia |date=2017-01-12 |title=Dhumketu will not release this Puja anymore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dhumketu-will-not-release-this-puja-anymore/articleshow/53477022.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608183333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dhumketu-will-not-release-this-puja-anymore/articleshow/53477022.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Kaushik Ganguly said, "There are a lot of films this Puja and it might lead to some amount of confusion for the audience."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Jaya |date=2017-12-19 |title=I'm not trying to play safe here: Dev |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/im-not-trying-to-play-safe-here-dev/articleshow/62130496.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608192830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/im-not-trying-to-play-safe-here-dev/articleshow/62130496.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After a languishment in [[production hell]] for five years, it was later theatrically released on 14 August 2025, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|Independence day]] weekend. The film received positive reviews from the critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Zinia |date=2018-02-27 |title=Dev and Rana Sarkar patch up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-and-rana-sarkar-patch-up/articleshow/63094310.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608181751/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-and-rana-sarkar-patch-up/articleshow/63094310.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-04 |title=Here's how Dev and Rana Sarkar patched up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/heres-how-dev-and-rana-sarkar-patched-up/articleshow/63155976.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608182541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/heres-how-dev-and-rana-sarkar-patched-up/articleshow/63155976.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-26 |title=Dev and Subhasree Ganguly starrer 'Dhumketu' finally gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-and-subhasree-ganguly-starrer-dhumketu-finally-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/63081640.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608181520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-and-subhasree-ganguly-starrer-dhumketu-finally-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/63081640.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Grossing over 9.74 crore, it emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2025|highest grossing Bengali film of 2025]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|second highest grossing Bengali film of all time]], surpassing Dev's previous film ''[[Khadaan]]'' (2024).<ref>https://boxofficewala.in/movie/dhumketu-collection-worldwide/</ref>

== Plot ==
In 2015, Jogesh is kidnapped by an extremist group and is forced to keep one of their allies in his shelter. Later he finds out that this ally is none other than his childhood friend Bhanu.

Years ago, on the day of his father's retirement from school, Bhanu's younger brother Rabi had been killed in a forested area. However, the police closed the case without a proper investigation, telling his father to ensure Bhanu is safe because the killers are after him. Bhanu escapes to Mohangunj, his ancestral homem to Guwahati with the help of a tea estate manager, his father's friend; only to be reported dead in newspapers later on. His father was kidnapped and brutally tortured after Bhanu escaped the area.

Bhanu later joined an extremist group after escaping from home. Four years after he was reported dead, he is sent on a mission in the hills to perform a blast with suicide bombs at a prestigious high-profile rally; which means this is also his last mission. However, he insists on staying at his friend Jogesh's house and surveying the area; only to meet his family for one last time. He tells Jogesh not to ask a single question regarding his sudden disappearance and return. He takes the disguise of Indranath Khasnobis and becomes his father's morning walk partner. He later delivers him 25 lakh rupees, all of his savings to his father with the help of Jogesh, who worked at the post office.

Later on, he meets his wife Rupa, mother and his daughter Titli, whom he didn't even know of as Rupa was expecting two months after Bhanu left home. Jogesh tells him about Rupa's second marriage on the 28th, the same day when he is supposed to perform the blast, hearing which he is left shattered. He reminiscences all his memories with Rupa and meets her fiance Anindya, asking him to take good care of her and giving him a part of his savings too; for the well-being of Rupa and Titli. He also sends 5 lakh rupees to the tea estate manager out of gratitude.

Later on, he kills a politician's son, who had committed the murder of his brother and a corrupt police officer at Mohangunj police station, who had helped to cover up the case. Amidst curfew imposed on Mohangunj, the final date arrives, by which he meets everyone close to him in disguise of the old man Indranath Khasnobis, and leaves Mohangunj.

The final scene shows intercuts between Rupa and Anindya's marriage and the high-profile rally. The blast takes place at the rally, and Bhanu apparently dies.

== Cast ==
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Bhanu Singha / Indranath Khasnobis<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-09 |title=Dev Express |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-express/cid/1421005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619050108/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-express/cid/1421005 |archive-date=2025-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
* [[Subhashree Ganguly]] as Rupa, Bhanu's wife<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-10 |title=দেবের 'শুভ' দিওয়ালি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/photogallery/picture-gallery-of-dev-and-subhashree-of-diwali-celebration-dgtl-1.237518 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707133328/https://www.anandabazar.com/photogallery/picture-gallery-of-dev-and-subhashree-of-diwali-celebration-dgtl-1.237518 |archive-date=2025-07-07 |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>
* [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] as Chief, leader of an extremist group
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Jogesh Chandra Sharma, Bhanu's childhood friend<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=পুজোতেই শহরে আছড়ে পড়বে 'ধূমকেতু'! কী বলছেন রানা-রুদ্র? |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/is-dhumketu-set-to-be-released-during-durga-puja-this-year-what-are--producer-rana-sarkar-and-actor-rudranil-ghosh-regarding-this/tid/152534 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617133334/https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/is-dhumketu-set-to-be-released-during-durga-puja-this-year-what-are--producer-rana-sarkar-and-actor-rudranil-ghosh-regarding-this/tid/152534 |archive-date=2025-06-17 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Wall |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dulal Lahiri]] as Surjo Singha, Bhanu's father
* [[Alokananda Roy]] as Bhanu's mother
* Masood Akhtar as Police inspector

=== Cameo appearance ===
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Anindya Mitra, Rupa's second husband

== Production ==
=== Development ===
When [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] had done a cameo in [[Kaushik Ganguly]]'s directorial ''[[Jackpot (2009 film)|Jackpot]]'' (2009),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-12-11 |title=Hitting a jackpot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hitting-a-jackpot/articleshow/3819151.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831155442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hitting-a-jackpot/articleshow/3819151.cms |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Reportedly, Dev has now danced to "Jibone Ki Pabo Na Bhulechhi Se Bhabona" in Kaushik Ganguly's Jackpot.}}</ref> both of them showed their interests to work with each other later.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2025-03-07 |title=Dev-Subhashree's 'Dhumketu' to clash with Rakhee Gulzar's 'Aamar Boss'? |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/dev-subhashrees-dhumketu-to-clash-with-rakhee-gulzars-aamar-boss-601502 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611054844/https://www.millenniumpost.in/pageview_candidate.html?id=614382 |archive-date=2025-06-11 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> Ganguly needed a film with scope for Dev's stardom but would remain Ganguly's film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2025-03-07 |title=Dev-Subhashree's 'Dhumketu' to clash with Rakhee Gulzar's 'Aamar Boss'? |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/dev-subhashrees-dhumketu-to-clash-with-rakhee-gulzars-aamar-boss-601502 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611054844/https://www.millenniumpost.in/pageview_candidate.html?id=614382 |archive-date=2025-06-11 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> He wanted something Dev could not refuse. In 2012, there were reports of their collaboration on a [[Gangster film|gangster drama]] and early reports indicated that the film would be based on [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]]'s neorealist [[Mexico|Mexican]] film ''[[Amores perros]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=দ্য ওয়ালের খবরেই শিলমোহর, অগস্টেই আসছে 'ধূমকেতু', জানিয়ে দিলেন দেবও |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/long-awaited-film-dhumketu-by-kaushik-ganguly-starrer-dev-and-subhashree-ganguly-going-to-release-on-14-august-/tid/161291 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617134027/https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/long-awaited-film-dhumketu-by-kaushik-ganguly-starrer-dev-and-subhashree-ganguly-going-to-release-on-14-august-/tid/161291 |archive-date=2025-06-17 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Wall |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> It was proved to be a rumour and later in December 2014, Ganguly disclosed about his maiden collaboration with Dev.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2015-01-12 |title=Kaushik Ganguly's ''Dhumketu'' to have Roaring Star Dev as hero |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kaushik-gangulys-dhumketu-to-have-dev-as-hero/articleshow/47840595.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608181040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kaushik-gangulys-dhumketu-to-have-dev-as-hero/articleshow/47840595.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Dev says, "Kaushik Da is one of our finest filmmakers and it's an honour to work with him. I'm really excited about th ly excited about this film because I'll get to learn so much from him."}}</ref> Dev revealed that he agreed "blindly" to star in the film without even listening to the story or his character. He revealed in an interview about Ganguly's choice that "when the master calls for the student you just say “yes”."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-15 |title=Has the humble hero of Tollywood rubbed people the wrong way? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/has-the-humble-hero-of-tollywood-rubbed-people-the-wrong-way/articleshow/61088076.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608191723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/has-the-humble-hero-of-tollywood-rubbed-people-the-wrong-way/articleshow/61088076.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Some time before the film released, he refused to dub for Kaushik Ganguly's Dhumketu despite offering to produce the film under his banner.}}</ref>

Ganguly revealed the concept of the film to be based on his own [[Television film|telefilm]] ''Ulka'' (2001), which was under the production of [[Colors Bangla|ETV Bangla]]. He wanted to present a realistic Dev, which he saw in ''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]'' (2010) and ''[[Buno Haansh]]'' (2014), without his style elements and larger-than-life image. According to him, the two months long kidnapping of K. Doraiswamy, an executive of the [[Indian Oil Corporation]], inspired Ganguly to make the telefilm. The film was initially titled as ''Ulka Patan'' ({{Translation|''Meteor fall''}}), while Dev later suggested to change it as ''Dhumketu'', which was ultimately finalised.<ref name=":1" />

=== Pre-production ===
Ganguly had met Dev ten months prior to the announcement and narrated a one-liner, which the latter requested to develop.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-13 |title=Dev: Upcoming films of the Roaring Star you can't afford to miss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-upcoming-films-of-the-tollywood-hunk-you-cant-afford-to-miss/photostory/68391119.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608194000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-upcoming-films-of-the-tollywood-hunk-you-cant-afford-to-miss/photostory/68391119.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After completing the development in early-February 2015, Ganguly met Dev again later that month and narrated the subject.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-10-17 |title=Turned down by a Bengali director as too big and tall as hero 10 yrs back: Dev {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/turned-down-by-a-bengali-director-as-too-big-and-tall-as-hero-10-yrs-back-dev/details |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609143323/https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/turned-down-by-a-bengali-director-as-too-big-and-tall-as-hero-10-yrs-back-dev/details |archive-date=2025-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=India Blooms |language=en}}</ref> Ganguly himself wrote the film's script dialogues. Dev made his debut as a producer with the film and launched his production house Dev Entertainment Ventures, while Rana Sarkar of Dag Creative Media also joined the team as its co-producer.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=877033152400678912 |user=idevadhikari |title=Dhumketu first look revealed |author=[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] |date=2017-06-20 |access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dil Se Devians |date=2025-05-11 |title=Dhumketu, Uri, Dangal, 3 Idiots, Omkara makeup artist Vikram Gaikwad dies |url=https://www.facebook.com/DilSeDevians/posts/condolence-message-for-vikram-gaikwad-the-world-of-cinema-has-lost-a-true-magici/680337831406111/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612053040/https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FDilSeDevians%2Fposts%2Fcondolence-message-for-vikram-gaikwad-the-world-of-cinema-has-lost-a-true-magici%2F680337831406111%2F |archive-date=2025-06-12 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=via [[Facebook]]}}</ref>

The same month, Soumik Halder was announced as cinematographer, in his third collaboration with Ganguly after working on ''[[Khaad]]'' (2014) and ''[[Chotoder Chobi]]'' (2014). [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] was confirmed to compose the background score, in his third consecutive film with the director after ''[[Apur Panchali]]'' (2013), ''Khaad'' and ''Chotoder Chobi''. Judo Ramu and [[Rocky Rajesh]] were hired to design some action sequences in the film.<ref name=":1" /> A [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held on 28 September 2015 at the office of Dag Creative Media in [[Kolkata]] with the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-28 |title=দেব-দেবী... আবার |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/after-separation-dev-and-subhashree-going-to-share-screen-again-in-upcoming-movie-dhumketu-1.214693 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707132524/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/after-separation-dev-and-subhashree-going-to-share-screen-again-in-upcoming-movie-dhumketu-1.214693 |archive-date=2025-07-07 |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn }}</ref>

Dev played two distinct roles in the film: the 80-year-old Bhanu Singha, and the 30-year-old version of him. He reportedly gained 30 kg and weighed 98 kg to play the older role, and then lost the weight to play the younger one.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2025-03-07 |title=Dev-Subhashree's 'Dhumketu' to clash with Rakhee Gulzar's 'Aamar Boss'? |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/dev-subhashrees-dhumketu-to-clash-with-rakhee-gulzars-aamar-boss-601502 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611054844/https://www.millenniumpost.in/pageview_candidate.html?id=614382 |archive-date=2025-06-11 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> Dev also was asked to sport a clean-shaven look like a part of his role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2018-08-29 |title=Extreme makeovers: How Bengali actors transformed for their film roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/extreme-makeovers-how-bengali-actors-transformed-for-their-film-roles/photostory/64948101.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608193710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/extreme-makeovers-how-bengali-actors-transformed-for-their-film-roles/photostory/64948101.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Subhashree Ganguly]] successfully auditioned for the leading female role in the project and was signed on to make her reunion with Dev two years after ''[[Khoka 420]]'' (2013), marking their fifth collaboration as a pair.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-10-05 |title=Happy films are not hero-centric any more: Subhasree |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/happy-films-are-not-hero-centric-any-more-subhasree/details |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609144325/https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/happy-films-are-not-hero-centric-any-more-subhasree/details |archive-date=2025-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=India Blooms |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-19 |title=Breaking news: Subhashree to play a courtesan in Pavel's Rosogolla |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/breaking-news-subhasree-to-play-a-courtesan-in-pavels-rosogolla/articleshow/62555028.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608190341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/breaking-news-subhasree-to-play-a-courtesan-in-pavels-rosogolla/articleshow/62555028.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Subhashree is part of Kaushik Ganguly’s yet-unreleased ''Dhumketu''.}}</ref> [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] was cast for an important role in the film, which was later revealed to be a mentor-like.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2017-01-12 |title=Chiranjeet to play Dev's mentor in Dhumketu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chiranjeet-to-play-devs-mentor-in-dhumketu/articleshow/50612685.cms |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote="I adore Deepak Da (Chiranjeet) as an actor and I am happy that he will be part of my film. He plays a professor and a physical trainer, who is quite a rebel" says Kaushik Ganguly.}}</ref> For an important role, [[Rudranil Ghosh]] was cast and [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] was reported to have a cameo in the film.

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] of the film commenced on 26 October 2015 with its [[Kolkata]] schedule and continued for 4 days.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=658572674940071940 |user=idevadhikari |title=''Dhumketu'' filming starts |author=[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] |date=2015-10-26 |access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref> The second schedule was expected to begin on 5 November in [[Nainital]], while it was halted as Federation of Cine Technicians and Workers of Eastern India (FCTWEI) had asked its members as well as the technicians not to work in the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=2015-11-02 |title=Cine union issues make Nainital schedule of Dev's debut production uncertain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cine-union-issues-make-nainital-schedule-of-devs-debut-production-uncertain/articleshow/49628848.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608182927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cine-union-issues-make-nainital-schedule-of-devs-debut-production-uncertain/articleshow/49628848.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Trade tussle nixes Bengali film's UK shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/trade-tussle-nixes-bengali-films-uk-shoot/articleshow/59292900.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707122458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/trade-tussle-nixes-bengali-films-uk-shoot/amp_articleshow/59292900.cms |archive-date=2025-07-07 |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Problems had cropped up before Dev and Subhashree’s Nainital shoot for Kaushik Ganguly’s ''Dhumketu'' as also when Dev was supposed to shoot in Turkey for ''Love Express''.}}</ref> Aparna Ghatak, the General Secretary of the association, claimed that Rana Sarkar informed about the shooting by sending a mail on 1 November 2015 (4 days before the filming would begin), whereas it was a violation of their rules as the regulation states that informing about an outdoor shooting is necessary to be done at least 15 days before.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Sankha |date=2021-08-26 |title=Will Subhashree share the screen with Dev in future? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/will-subhashree-share-the-screen-with-dev-in-future/articleshow/85654438.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608190709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/will-subhashree-share-the-screen-with-dev-in-future/articleshow/85654438.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Incidentally, in Kaushik Ganguly’s ‘Dhumketu’, Dev and Subhashree had paired up. Though the film was completed in 2016 it’s still to be released and fans are eagerly waiting to see onscreen chemistry between the two. However, the producer of ‘Dhumketu’ had revealed earlier in February that after five long years, they are trying to release the film soon.}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Besides, the shooting was halted because Sarkar resigned his membership with Eastern India Motion Pictures Association (EIMPA), as he didn't paid several artists from the set of his TV production [[Byomkesh (2014 TV series)|''Byomkesh'']] (2014-15), also without abiding by the rules by the association.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Zinia |last2=Ghosh Chowdhury |first2=Soumodeep |date=2017-01-12 |title=Actors go unpaid on Byomkesh TV sets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/actors-go-unpaid-on-byomkesh-tv-sets/articleshow/49700132.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608184911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/actors-go-unpaid-on-byomkesh-tv-sets/articleshow/49700132.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote="I might choose to stop work on projects like ''Dhumketu''. I'm no cheat-fund company and expect better treatment by the governing bodies in the industry" Rana rued.}}</ref> Normalcy prevailed later when he renewed his membership and the filming began from the aforementioned date.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=2017-01-12 |title=Cine union problems of ''Dhumketu'' resolved |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/cine-union-problems-of-dhumketu-resolved/articleshow/49643935.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608175808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/cine-union-problems-of-dhumketu-resolved/articleshow/49643935.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=After multiple calls between EIMPA and the film's producer, a consensus was reached.}}</ref>

On 11 November 2015, the song "Gaane Gaane" was shot at Khoorpatal, Nainital.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qghXfQ0JlPc |title=Dhumketu {{!}} Exclusive Shooting Coverage {{!}} Dev {{!}} Subhashree |date=2015-11-11 |last=Tolly Time |access-date=2025-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608180206/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qghXfQ0JlPc |archive-date=2025-06-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-08 |title=Breathtaking stills from ''Dhumketu'' shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/breathtaking-stills-from-dhumketu-shooting/photostory/51312472.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608180611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/microsite_v2/website-housing,path=search.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Subhashree looked stunning as she posed against the beautiful locales of Shimla, where she shot for Kaushik Ganguly's Dhumketu.}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Dhumketu (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack of the film has been primarily composed by [[Anupam Roy]], with additional compositions by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] and [[Nilayan Chatterjee]]; the film marks Anupam's fifth collaboration with Ganguly after [[Rang Milanti|''Rang Milanti'']] (2011), [[Laptop (2012 film)|''Laptop'']] (2012), ''[[Drishtikone]]'' (2018) and ''[[Ajogyo]]'' (2024), and sixth collaboration with Dev after ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' (2016), ''[[Chaamp]]'' (2017), ''[[Sanjhbati]]'' (2019), ''[[Projapati]]'' (2022) and ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'' (2023), while Nilayan collaborated with the latter for the fifth time after ''[[Kishmish]]'' (2022), [[Kachher Manush|''Kachher Manush'']] (2022), ''[[Bagha Jatin (2023 film)|Bagha Jatin]]'' (2023) and ''[[Khadaan]]'' (2024). Dasgupta also provided its original score, in his collaborations for the eleventh time with both Ganguly and Dev, with the former after working on ''[[Apur Panchali]]'' (2013), ''[[Khaad]]'' (2014), ''[[Chotoder Chobi]]'' (2015), ''[[Bastu-Shaap]]'' (2015), ''[[Cinemawala]]'' (2016), ''[[Chhaya O Chhobi]]'' (2017), ''[[Kishore Kumar Junior]]'' (2018), ''[[Bijoya]]'' (2019), ''[[Lantrani]]'' (2024) and ''[[Ajogyo]]'' (2024), and with latter on ''[[Le Chakka]]'' (2010), ''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]'' (2010), ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]'' (2013), ''[[Yoddha: The Warrior|Yoddha]]'' (2014), ''[[Shudhu Tomari Jonyo]]'' (2015), ''[[Kelor Kirti]]'' (2016), ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' (2016), ''[[Chaamp]]'' (2017), ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]'' (2017) and ''[[Kabir (film)|Kabir]]'' (2018). The lyrics have been penned by Anupam and Nilayan themselves for their respective compositions, while Ritam Sen wrote for the rest.

The soundtrack preceded with seven tracks: "Gaane Gaane" was the first to be released on 7 July 2025,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |date=8 July 2025 |title=The first song from Dhumketu is a melodious, romantic duet by Arijit Singh and Shreya Ghoshal |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-first-song-from-dhumketu-is-a-melodious-romantic-duet-by-arijit-singh-and-shreya-ghoshal/1529957 |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]]}}</ref> which was followed by "Maa" on 24 July 2025,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |date=26 July 2025 |title=The second song from Dhumketu captures the everlasting bond of love between mother and child |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-second-song-from-dhumketu-captures-the-everlasting-bond-of-love-between-mother-and-child/2000210 |access-date=17 August 2025}}</ref> "Hobe Na Dekha?" on 1 August 2025,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |date=1 August 2025 |title=Hobe na dekha, a melancholic number from Dhumketu, points to an unfulfilled romance |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bollywood/hobe-na-dekha--a-melancholic-number-from-dhumketu--points-to-an-unfulfilled-romance/2000336 |access-date=17 August 2025}}</ref> "Smriti Phatoley" on 19 August 2025,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |date=19 August 2025 |title=Dev's portrayal of an old man captivates fans in a haunting song of separation and heartbreak from Dhumketu |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/dev-s-portrayal-of-an-old-man-captivates-fans-in-a-haunting-song-of-separation-and-heartbreak-from-dhumketu/2000663 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]]}}</ref> "Nei Kono Dewa Newa" on 26 August 2025, and "Gaane Gaane{{En dash}}Reprise" on 11 December 2025.

== Release ==
The film was initially announced for its release on 7 October 2016, coinciding with [[Durga Puja]];<ref>{{Cite news |last=Acharya |first=Anindita |date=2016-10-19 |title=High-octane Bengali releases this Christmas |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/high-octane-bengali-releases-this-christmas/story-PyEuQv3vGdDzZk5Iqqy9lO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708114727/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/high-octane-bengali-releases-this-christmas/story-PyEuQv3vGdDzZk5Iqqy9lO.html |archive-date=2025-07-08 |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us }}</ref> however it was later postponed to avoid clashing with another Dev starrer ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' (2016), and scheduled for its release on 23 December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-20 |title='ধূমকেতু' নিয়ে প্রচণ্ড উত্তেজিত প্রযোজক দেব |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/dev-in-excitement-shared-his-first-produced-films-still/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709112416/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/dev-in-excitement-shared-his-first-produced-films-still/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was again postponed and went into [[production limbo]] for five years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-06 |title=Rana Sarkar is miffed with Dev for refusing to dub for ''Dhumketu'' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/-rana-sarkar-is-miffed-with-dev-for-refusing-to-dub-for-dhumketu/articleshow/59939563.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608184133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/-rana-sarkar-is-miffed-with-dev-for-refusing-to-dub-for-dhumketu/articleshow/59939563.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |pages= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Pritha |date=2021-02-14 |title=এবার কি সত্যিই মুক্তি পাবে দেব-শুভশ্রীর ধূমকেতু? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-subhasree-starrer-dhumketu-to-release-soon-tweets-producer/80902214.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709105357/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-subhasree-starrer-dhumketu-to-release-soon-tweets-producer/80902214.cms |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-23 |title=Producer takes a dig at Dev |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/producer-takes-a-dig-at-dev/articleshow/59204598.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608185403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/producer-takes-a-dig-at-dev/articleshow/59204598.cms |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After amendments between the producer and the lead actors, the film was later released on 14 August 2025, on the occasion of [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Sampita |date=2022-03-27 |title=Dev & Subhashree: কিশমিশের পর‌ই মুক্তি পাবে দেব-শুভশ্রীর ধূমকেতু? মিলল বড় ইঙ্গিত |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-and-subhashree-starrer-dhumketu-film-will-finally-release-rana-sarkar-give-hint/90471763.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709105638/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-and-subhashree-starrer-dhumketu-film-will-finally-release-rana-sarkar-give-hint/90471763.cms |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Sneha |date=2024-12-20 |title=দেব-শুভশ্রীর 'ধুমকেতু' রিলিজ়ের শর্ত কী? প্রযোজকের ফেসবুক পোস্টে জল্পনা শুরু ইন্ডাস্ট্রিতে |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dhumketu-producer-shared-his-vision-to-release-the-film/200330162.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709110227/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dhumketu-producer-shared-his-vision-to-release-the-film/200330162.cms |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Sneha |date=2025-03-04 |title=শেষমেশ মুক্তি পাচ্ছে বহু প্রতিক্ষিত 'ধুমকেতু', এই সময় অনলাইনকে আর কী জানালেন প্রযোজক? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/this-is-what-producer-rana-sarkar-said-about-the-release-of-dhumketu/200352594.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709110518/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/this-is-what-producer-rana-sarkar-said-about-the-release-of-dhumketu/200352594.cms |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The teaser of the film was dropped on 23 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2025-06-23 |title=Dhumketu teaser release: Dev- Subhashree chemistry back on screen after 12 years |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Jun/23/dhumketu-teaser-release-dev-subhashree-chemistry-back-on-screen-after-12-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712123753/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertagids&topUrl=www.indulgexpress.com&gdpr=0&gdpr_consent=&gpp=&gpp_sid=-1 |archive-date=2025-07-12 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=[[Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Sneha |date=2025-06-23 |title='ন'বছর তাকে তুলে রাখা ছিল 'ধূমকেতু', টিজ়ার প্রকাশে স্বস্তির হাসি কৌশিক, রুদ্রনীল, চিরঞ্জিতের মুখে |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-and-subhashree-ganguly-starrer-much-awaited-bengali-film-dhumketu-teaser-releases-director-kaushik-ganguly-actors-rudranil-ghosh-and-chiranjeet-chakraborty-speaks-their-heart-out/200386997.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709110627/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-and-subhashree-ganguly-starrer-much-awaited-bengali-film-dhumketu-teaser-releases-director-kaushik-ganguly-actors-rudranil-ghosh-and-chiranjeet-chakraborty-speaks-their-heart-out/200386997.cms |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Snigdha |date=2025-06-23 |title=পাহাড়ের কোলে শুভশ্রীর ঠোঁটে ঠোঁট ডোবালেন দেব! জুটির গোপন রোম্যান্স এবার প্রকাশ্যে |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/51508/teaser-out-of-bengali-movie-dhumketu-which-starring-dev-and-subhashree-ganguly |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709111517/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/51508/teaser_out_of_bengali_movie_dhumketu_which_starring_dev_and_subhashree_ganguly%C2%A0 |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=en}}</ref> The trailer was released on 4 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhanja |first=Sandipta |date=2025-05-26 |title=ফের পর্দায় দেব-শুভশ্রীর রোম্যান্স, 'ধূমকেতু'র রিলিজ নিয়ে কী বললেন রুক্মিণী? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/rukmini-maitra-reacts-to-dev-subhashrees-dhumketu-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709113613/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/rukmini-maitra-reacts-to-dev-subhashrees-dhumketu-release/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhanja |first=Sandipta |date=2025-05-04 |title=একদশক পর দেবের সঙ্গে ছবি, দর্শকদের উন্মাদনার পারদ কতটা? পরীক্ষা নেবেন শুভশ্রী! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/subhashree-ganguly-reacts-to-dev-starrer-dhumketu-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709114310/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/subhashree-ganguly-reacts-to-dev-starrer-dhumketu-release/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On 13 August 2025, the director Kaushik Ganguly along with Dev and Subhasree, visited the [[Boro Maa Kali Temple, Naihati]] as a part of their promotional campaign and to seek blessings for the success of ''Dhumketu''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-13 |title=বড়মা সাক্ষী! লাল পাঞ্জাবি-শাড়িতে পাশাপাশি দেব-শুভশ্রী, আশীর্বাদ চাইতে গিয়ে গল্পে মজলেন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/subhashree-ganguly-and-dev-went-to-naihati-kali-mandir-and-worship-goddess-for-movie-dhumketu-success-dgtl/cid/1625381 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-13 |title=শাড়ি-পাঞ্জাবিতে রংমিলান্তি, নৈহাটির বড়মায়ের মন্দিরে একসঙ্গে দেব-শুভশ্রী...|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/dev-subhashree-ganguly-visit-boro-maa-mandir-in-naihati-before-release-of-dhumketu-604757 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=bn}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Dhumketu'' crossed over {{INR|2.18}} crore on its opening day, which is the highest first day box office for an Indian Bengali film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhumketu Box Office Collection: 'ধূমকেতু' মুক্তির পরই রেকর্ড ব্যবসা, প্রথমদিনে কত আয় করল দেব-শুভশ্রীর ছবি? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-subhashree-ganguly-starrer-dhumketu-first-day-box-office-approx-210-crore-9662607 |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=15 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> It crossed {{INR|5.20}} on the second day and became the fastest Bengali film to enter the {{INR|5 crore}} club in Bengali cinema.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title='ধূমকেতু' জ্বরে কাঁপছে বাংলা! দেব-শুভশ্রীর ছবি দ্বিতীয় দিনে কত কোটি আয় করল? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-and-subhashree-ganguly-starring-dhumketu-2nd-day-box-office-collection-31755281675408.html |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 August 2025 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It crossed {{INR|10.16}} crore at the end of four days and became the fastest Bengali film to enter into the {{INR|10}} crore club in Bengali cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev, Subhashree Ganguly's 'Dhumketu' earns Rs 10.16 crore at box office in 4 days |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-subhashree-gangulys-dhumketu-earns-rs-10-16-crore-at-box-office-in-four-days/cid/2118554 |access-date=18 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=29 August 2025}}</ref> It crossed over {{INR|21.36}} crore at the end of eight days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev and Subhashree Ganguly's Bengali film 'Dhumketu' earns Rs 21.36 crore in two weeks |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-and-subhashree-gangulys-dhumketu-earns-over-rs-21-36-crore-in-two-weeks/cid/2120321 |access-date=29 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "Despite its long delay, the film retains a freshness in look and feel, aided by its scenic locations, crisp editing and organic performances. While there are nuanced takes on themes of patriotism and insurgency, the focus largely remains on human relationships." He praised Kaushik Ganguly's screenplay, Dev's performance, Rudranil's performance and chemistry with Dev, an unforced sense of nostalgia and the emotional music but bemoaned the prosthetics, excessive background score and the always not necessary presence of songs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Kaushik Ganguly's 'Dhumketu' rides on Dev-Subhashree's chemistry and a strong message |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-subhashrees-chemistry-kaushik-gangulys-screenplay-work-in-favour-of-long-delayed-film/cid/2118107#goog_rewarded |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 August 2025}}</ref> Sampali Moulik of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film and highlighted "Watching the film instills a sense of nostalgia in your mind, which makes you feel - Life can rewrite the meolody of old love." She praised the cinematography, screenplay, Dev's dialogues and performance, Rudranil's acting, the nostalgic chemistry between Dev-Subhashree and the songs but bemoaned the occasional mask like appearance of the prosthetic.<ref>{{cite news |last1=মৌলিক |first1=শম্পালী |title=দেব-শুভশ্রীর প্রেম-যন্ত্রণা থেকে অনস্ক্রিন চুমু! পাহাড়ি প্রেক্ষাপটে লার্জার দ্যান লাইফ 'ধূমকেতু' |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/dev-subhashree-starrer-dhumketu-review/ |access-date=15 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=14 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

Kasturi Kundu of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reviewed the film opined "Dhumketu is a strange nostalgic juxtaposition of love, separation and friendship." She praised the nostalgia evoking portrayal and performance of Dev, his chemistry with Subhasree, the bromance between Dev and Rudranil and the short cameo of Chiranjeet Chakraborty.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |title=Dhumketu Review: দেব-শুভশ্রীর অসমাপ্ত প্রেমকাহিনি! হাসি-কান্না-প্রেমের নির্যাসে কেমন হল 'ধূমকেতু'? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/dev-subhashree-ganguly-starrer-dhumketu-review-is-here-9662359 |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=15 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Shatakshi Ganguly of ''IWMBuzz'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and noted "''Dhumketu'' doesn’t hustle to engrave or dazzle. It moves at its own muted pace, darting on time lost and the convoluted pull of coming back." She praised the cinematography, Dev's performance and natural body language in his old age role, his chemistry with Subhashree and Rudranil, and Anupam's music but bemoaned the storytelling for not being very smooth between the present and past flashbacks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Shatakshi |title=Dhumketu Review: A Strong, Nuanced Take On Conflict & Connection |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/dhumketu-review-a-strong-nuanced-take-on-conflict-connection/2025/08/14 |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=IWMbuzz |date=14 August 2025}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Arshi of ''Filmydrip'' reviewed the film and wrote "The story has been represented very well due to which you will feel complete connectivity with all the characters and along with that when the pair of Dev and Subhashree comes in front, the audience becomes completely crazy about the film. A good story, along with that a pair liked by the audience and then the good work of the makers, the best film has been made which is successful in casting its magic on the audience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arshi |date=2025-08-15 |title=Dhumketu Review: बंगाल में वार 2 और कूली को मात देती फिल्म, रिकॉर्ड ब्रेकिंग हाउसफुल परफॉर्मेंस - Filmydrip.com |url=https://filmydrip.com/dhumketu-review-hindi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819194450/https://filmydrip.com/dhumketu-review-hindi/ |archive-date=2025-08-19 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Filmydrip |language=en-US}}</ref>

Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Dhumketu'' is a rewarding cinematic experience for those who appreciate character-driven storytelling set in evocative landscapes. Despite its imperfections, it leaves a lasting impression." She applauded the cinematography, the camaderie between Dev and Rudranil and Dev-Subhashree's palpable chemistry but bemoaned the uneven script.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Dhumketu Movie Review: A slow-burn emotional thriller with compelling performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/dhumketu/movie-review/123332029.cms |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=16 August 2025}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Avik of ''The Watchlist Diaries'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and quoted "The film flips between past and present a lot of times in the first half. But in the second half, this flip becomes less and the pace drops, which may bore you. There’s a dream sequence featuring an avalanche, it’s shot so beautifully that it will be hard to believe that it’s from a 10-year-old movie." He further appreciated Dev and Rudranil's method acting in their respective styles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avik |date=2025-08-16 |title=Dhumketu Review – 10 Years in Limbo, Epic or Flop? |url=https://thewatchlistdiaries.com/dhumketu-review-a-decade-in-waiting/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=The Watchlist Diaries |language=en-GB |quote=During the promotions, Dev promised everyone that while watching Dhumketu, it would never feel like a ten-year-old film. The scenes are very colourful and fresh as needed.}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref>

Susmita Dey of ''[[Ei Samay]]'' reviewed the film on a positive note, quoting "Kaushik Ganguly wisely didn't treat the story as a political thriller set in the context of [[Northeast India]] and [[North Bengal]] in the shadow of films like ''[[Dil Se..|Dil Se]]'' (1998). Rather, if it had belonged to the genre, the absence of this ideological construction process would've undoubtedly left a big gap".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Susmita |date=2025-08-15 |title=কৌশিক গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়ের ছিমছাম, নির্মেদ সার্থকনামা ছবি, কেমন হলো 'ধূমকেতু'? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-and-subhashree-ganguly-film-dhumketu-movie-review/200404982.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819200417/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-and-subhashree-ganguly-film-dhumketu-movie-review/200404982.cms |archive-date=2025-08-19 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref>

== Future ==
At the end of the film, the title card reads 'A Story Unfinished...', hinting at a sequel. The director in various post-release interviews teased ''Dhumketu 2''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Priyanka |title='Dhumketu was my reward for making Cinemawala' — Director Kaushik Ganguly decodes the success of Dhumketu |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/-dhumketu-was-my-reward-for-making-cinemawala----director-kaushik-ganguly-decodes-the-success-of-dhumketu/2000693 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=6376792}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Dag Creative Media films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kaushik Ganguly]]
[[Category:2020s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2020s political thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 action drama films]]
[[Category:2025 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2025 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 musical films]]
[[Category:Films about arms trafficking]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about elections]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anupam Roy]]
[[Category:Films set in 2016]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films set in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Films shot in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Films set in the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Northeast Indian films]]
[[Category:Dev Entertainment Ventures films]]
[[Category:Thriller films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Spy films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]

Uru (boat)

2026-03-03T17:37:05Z

Manikmusicscapgk: general fixed structure to improve readability also and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Type of boat from Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{For|disambiguation|Uru (disambiguation){{!}}Uru}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Uru.jpg|thumbnail|Uru is a boat with an ancient design]]
[[File:Sd11-boom.JPG|thumb|200px|right|This [[Boom (ship)|boom]] had been originally built in Beypore, Kerala, India]]
'''Uru''', also known as '''Fat Boat''' in English, is a type of [[dhow]] made in [[Beypore]], [[Kerala]], in the [[Malabar Coast|southwestern coast]] of [[India]].

This type of boat has been used by the [[Arab]]s since ancient times as trading vessels, and even now, ''uru''s are being manufactured and exported to Arab nations from Beypore. These boats used to be built of several types of wood, the main one being [[teak]]. The teak was taken from [[Nilambur]] forests in earlier times, but now imported [[teak|Malaysian teak]] is used. A couple of [[Shipyard|boat-building yards]] can still be found near the Beypore port.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amartya.de/beypore1.htm|title=Ship building in Beypore|website=amartya.de|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051616/http://www.amartya.de/beypore1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
The art of uru making in Beypore, on the northern coast of Kerala, is as old as the beginnings of India’s maritime trade with [[Mesopotamia]]. Islands dotting the [[Chaliyar river]] have continued the tradition for over a millennium.

In the 1970’s, the uru ship building industry faced declining sales and was forced to stop construction in the 1980’s due to a lack of demand. The boat building industry in Beypore relied heavily on [[teak]] wood which was sourced from the Nilambur forest in Kerala. Deforestation and increased government protections on the Nilambur forest resulted in a dwindling supply and increased costs, forcing ship building yards in Beypore to source their teak from Malaysia instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-boatmakers-of-beypore/article4884192.ece|title=The boat-makers of Beypore|newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 July 2013|access-date=17 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Additionally, strict import and export laws on wood made it difficult to supply the spare parts needed to maintain and repair urus abroad. Despite their impressive build quality, the many wooden and handcrafted components on uru boats deteriorated at faster rates than similar parts on modern metal boats and needed more frequent repairs and servicing At the same time, there was increasing availability of affordable metal dhows, which were built much faster using modern techniques as opposed to the urus which still relied on traditional and indigenous building techniques.<ref>Kunhamu Tk, E.V. Anoop, and Sandra Gopakumar Gopakumar, “The Wood Legacy of Kallai: Lessons for the Future - Researchgate,” Research Gate, October 2011, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316522236_THE_WOOD_LEGACY_OF_KALLAI_LESSONS_FOR_THE_FUTURE.</ref> These factors helped contribute to a decades-long pause in the construction of urus.

The Beypore ship yards produced very few urus for decades but saw a resurgence in popularity in the 2010’s as the Persian Gulf became a major market for Urus. While Urus were previously built for trade and shipping, the boats being built in the 2010’s were almost entirely constructed as luxury yachts for the wealthy. Qatar became a major market for Urus in 2011 after the [[Qatari Royal Family]] began commissioning Urus and since then, at least one Uru has left Beypore for Qatar each year. Puzhakkara Rameshan, a chief carpenter who has worked on multiple Urus destined for Qatar observed that, “Now many of the craftsmen are back to building Uru. Since 2011 our company has worked on two or three Urus simultaneously. In connection with the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 Football World Cup]] in Qatar, we have already received a few orders from the country.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-20 |title=THE ART OF URU MAKING, THE LARGEST HANDCRAFT IN THE WORLD |url=https://spaindustrialdesign.wordpress.com/2020/12/20/the-art-of-uru-making-the-largest-handcraft-in-the-world/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Design Research |language=en-GB}}</ref> The uru construction industry's resurgence is mainly attributed to centuries of trade between Western India and the Middle East. Although urus come from Beypore in the state of Kerala, they were usually sold to Persian Gulf countries as merchant vessels, thus holding historical and cultural significance in the region. As these countries grew in wealth, there was a desire to reconnect with their traditions and heritage, resulting in an increased demand for urus outfitted with modern amenities for luxury cruising. This underscores the impact that economic prosperity in the gulf had on the shipbuilding community of Beypore.<ref> {{Cite web |last=John |first=Haritha |date=2018-04-30 |title=The urus of Kerala’s Beypore: These traditional boats find a home with wealthy Qataris |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/urus-kerala-s-beypore-these-traditional-boats-find-home-wealthy-qataris-80446 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Construction==
As an art passed down through generations, uru-making is an undocumented practice. There are no build plans, sketches, drawings, or blueprints that the makers refer to. From conception to completion, it is all in the mind of the master carpenter of a yard, who assigns work to his assistants on a daily basis, so as to keep the secrecy that shrouds the technology intact.

There are multiple groups of people that work together in order to construct an uru, including Odayis, Mappila Khalasis, Burmakkar and agents. These titles correspond to the roles that people play in the construction of an Uru. Odayis manage the technical matters and take on the role of mesteris or master shipbuilders. Only a handful of mesteris exist today and they are the only people who know how to build an entire Uru while the rest of the shipbuilders are only skilled at specific tasks. There are fears that this knowledge could one day die out as it passed down orally from one generation to the next and there has been very little scientific study of the shipbuilding process.<ref> {{Cite web |last=Mankada |first=Shameerali |date=2018-04-05 |title=SHIP (URU) BUILDING IN BEYPORE |url=https://shameeralimankada.wordpress.com/2018/04/05/ship-uru-building-in-beypore/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=SHAMEERALI |language=en}}</ref>
There are no printed sketches or instructions, so any revival process would be extremely difficult if the mesteris die out. The Mappilla Khalasis are the second highest ranking members on an uru building yard and perform manual labor. They are also responsible for launching the uru once it has been completed, an important moment which is celebrated by the entire community with songs and rituals as it often takes years to complete a single boat. The Burmakkar are skilled metal workers who are responsible for creating the nails used in the construction, and the anchor and chain. Agents, a newer group in the uru construction industry, act as brokers between the mesteris and customers.

==See also==
*[[Pattamar]]
*[[Kattumaram]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Uru}}
*[http://www.siffs.org/books/indianboatdesign.pdf The Origins and Ethnological Significance of Indian Boat Designs]
*[http://www.sevenoceans.com/Ships/ShipsByType/Pattamar.htm Pattamar]
*[http://www.webalice.it/cherini/Oceano/Indiano.html Vele dell’Oceano Indiano e dell’Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103212250/http://www.webalice.it/cherini/Oceano/Indiano.html |date=3 November 2014 }}
*[https://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2010/07/blog-post_6997.html Old Photos of Bombay]
{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Sailing Vessels and Rigs}}

[[Category:Boat types]]
[[Category:History of Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Dhow types]]
[[Category:Economy of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tall ships]]

Marigold (2024 film)

2026-03-03T12:12:19Z

Manikmusicscapgk: done

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Marigold
| image = Marigold (2024 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Raghavendra Naik
| writer = Raghu Niduvalli (dialogues)
| screenplay = Raghavendra Naik
| story = Raghavendra Naik
| based_on =
| producer = Raghuvardhan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Diganth Manchale]]
*[[Sangeetha Sringeri]]
*Yash Shetty
*Cockroach Sudhi
*Sampath Maitreya
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = K. S. Chandrasekar
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| music = Veer Samarth
| studio = R.V. Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|4|5}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Marigold ''''' ({{Translation|Selling gold}})<ref name="year">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-diganth-plays-the-lead-in-raghavendra-m-nayaks-debut-directorial-marigold/articleshow/73521569.cms|title=Exclusive! Diganth plays the lead in Raghavendra M Nayak's debut directorial 'Marigold'|first=Chethan|last=K.|date=22 January 2020|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by Raghavendra Naik and starring [[Diganth Manchale]], [[Sangeetha Sringeri]], Yash Shetty, Cockroach Sudhi and Sampath Maitreya.

The film was released on 5 April 2024 to positive reviews.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Diganth Manchale]] as Krishna
*[[Sangeetha Sringeri]] as Sonu
*Yash Shetty as Gilki
*Cockroach Sudhi as Sudhi
*Sampath Maitreya as Police Constable
*[[Vajrang Shetty]]
*[[Bala Rajwadi]] as Police Inspector
*Mahantesh Hiremath as Krishna's follower in jail
*[[Sundeep Malani]]
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in 2020.<ref name="year"/>

== Music ==
The film has songs composed by Veer Samarth.<ref>{{cite web |title=I Am The King (Full Song) - MariGold |url=https://api.jiosaavn.com/song/i-am-the-king/XQkhfUBWcWA |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=8 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sihi Jena Male (Full Song) - MariGold |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/sihi-jena-male/RFoqXTVXD0E |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MariGold Theme (From "MariGold") |url=https://gaana.com/album/marigold-theme-from-marigold |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=19 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = I Am The King
| length1 = 2:47
| lyrics1 = Rohith Hallikhed, [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra1 = Veer Samarth, Rohith Hallikhed
| title2 = Sihi Jena Male
| length2 = 4:15
| lyrics2 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra2 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| title3 = Marigold Theme
| length3 = 1:49
| lyrics3 = {{mdash}}
| extra3 = {{mdash}}
| total_length = 8:51
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "''Marigold'' is a thrilling ride with a meaningful lesson, perfect for a night out at the movies".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/marigold/movie-review/109086241.cms|title=Marigold Movie Review : Marigold review: Marigold: A Thrilling Tale of Quick Money|work=The Times of India|last=Hamsapriya|access-date=15 May 2024|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814005540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/marigold/movie-review/109086241.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A Sharadhaa from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "''Marigold'' could appeal to those who enjoy films with a mix of comedy, suspense, and thrills. Its dialogues, engaging narrative, good performances, and the opportunity to see Diganth in a new light make it a worthy watch for viewers seeking a fresh experience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/08/marigold-movie-review-a-fresh-take-on-the-crime-thriller-genre|title='Marigold' movie review: A fresh take on the crime thriller genre|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=8 April 2024|website=Cinema Express|access-date=15 May 2024|archive-date=15 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515075245/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/08/marigold-movie-review-a-fresh-take-on-the-crime-thriller-genre|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Is money the only solution for all our needs? Watch ''Marigold'' to know the answer -- especially, if you are a Diganth fan!".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/oru-thavaru-seidhal-review-a-refreshing-political-crime-drama-that-wins-your-heart-review-109052826|title=Marigold Review: Diganth Delivers A Film Worth Its Weight In Gold For Fans|date=5 April 2024|website=Times Now|access-date=15 May 2024|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814005533/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/oru-thavaru-seidhal-review-a-refreshing-political-crime-drama-that-wins-your-heart-review-109052826|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15722720}}

[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T06:40:45Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Senchal WLS.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Entrance to the Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary, Darjeeling
| image_size =
| map = India West Bengal#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of [[West Bengal]]
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Darjeeling District]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.9938|N|88.2652|E|region:IN-WB|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area = {{Cvt|38.6|km2}}
| established = {{start date and age|1915}}
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| url =
}}

'''Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary''' was set up in 1915 in the [[Darjeeling District]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

== History ==
Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1915.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Krishnan |first=S. |title=Conservation Landscapes and Human Well-Being: Sustainable Development in the Eastern Himalayas |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=978-1-003-08359-7 |editor-last=Krishnan |editor-first=S. |edition=1 |pages=26 |chapter=Human well-being in conservation landscapes |doi=10.4324/9781003083597-1 |editor-last2=Devy |editor-first2=S. |editor-last3=Mohanty |editor-first3=N.}}</ref>

==Geography==
Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary covers an area of {{Cvt|38.6|km2}}.<ref name=":0" /> The elevation ranges from {{Cvt|1500|to|2600|m}}.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

==Ecology==
Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary consists of natural and human-made forests. Oak is the most represented, followed by Kapasi, Katus, Kawla, Champ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wildlife Wing :: Directorate of Forests Government of West Bengal|url=http://www.wildbengal.com/senchal-wls.php |access-date=2021-06-28|website=Wild Bengal}}</ref>

In 2022, a [[Satyr tragopan]] was sighted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rare bird sighted at Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary after 170 years |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/rare-bird-sighted-at-senchal-wildlife-sanctuary-after-170-years/cid/1861571 |access-date=2023-07-23 |work=Telegraph India |author=Sinha, A. |date=2022}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Darjeeling's first cycle-only trail was opened in the park in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marsh |first=S. |date=2017 |title=Darjeeling’s new Himalayan cycle trail |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/feb/21/darjeeling-india-new-bike-trail-senchal-wildlife-park |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=This Cycling Trail Is In One Of India's Oldest Protected Areas|newspaper=Outlook India|date=2022|author=OT Staff|access-date=2023-07-23|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/a-cycling-trail-is-in-one-of-india-s-oldest-protected-areas-news-200098}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wildbengal.com/senchal-wls.php Senchal Game Sanctuary] at ''wildbengal.com'' (West Bengal Wildlife Sanctuaries)

{{Protected areas of West Bengal}}
{{Darjeeling}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1915]]
[[Category:1915 establishments in British India]]

{{Darjeeling-geo-stub}}
{{India-protected-area-stub}}

Krishnanagar Debnath High School

2026-02-21T07:20:57Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added a stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Krishnanagar Debnath High School
| native_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| address =
| city = Krishnanagar
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 741101
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.4109847|N|88.4938219|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| established = {{Start date|1873}}
| founder =
| closed =
| school_board =
| oversight =
| principal =
| staff =
| faculty =
| grades =
| gender =
| age_range =
| enrolment =
| language =
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| colours =
| teams = 
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Krishnanagar Debnath High School''' is Higher Secondary school of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
Debnath High School was established in 1873<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/krishnagar-debnath-high-school/19101902211|title=Krishnagar Debnath High School Nadia, West Bengal|website=icbse.com|access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> by a local educationist Debnath Mallick, a teacher of [[C.M.S St. John's High School]] of [[Krishnagar]]. It was known as Goari Hindu School at first. This school started with only 3 teachers and 30 students. Zamindar Brindaban Sarkar and businessman Rameswar Kundu donated lands and money for the development of the school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.krishnagardebnathhighschool.com/|title=HISTORY OF KRISHNAGAR DEBNATH HIGH SCHOOL|access-date=16 November 2018|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116131858/http://www.krishnagardebnathhighschool.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], eminent Bengali writer
* Hemendra Prosad Ghosh, former editor of the Basumati

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnanagar Debnath High School}}
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1873]]
[[Category:Krishnanagar]]
[[Category:1873 establishments in British India]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Tales of Courage (film)

2026-02-19T20:34:23Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Tales of Courage
|image = File:Tales_of_Courage_Film_Poster.jpeg
|alt =
|caption = Poster
|director = [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|producer = [[Films Division of India]]
|writer =
|screenplay =
|story =
|starring =
|music = Aribam Syam Sharma '''Sound:''' Aribam Arun Mahesh Sharma
|cinematography = Girish Padhiar
|editing = Gajendra Singh
|studio = [[Films Division of India]]
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|1986}}
|runtime = 20 minutes
|country = India
|language = English

}}

'''''Tales of Courage''''' is a 1986 [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri]] [[documentary film]] directed by [[Aribam Syam Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/tales-of-courage|title=TALES OF COURAGE | Films Division|access-date=16 December 2021|website=filmsdivision.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/aribam-syam-sharma|title=Aribam Syam Sharma | IFFR|access-date=16 December 2021|website=iffr.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/ABKD/info|title=Tales of Courage (Aribam Syam Sharma) – Info View - Indiancine.ma|access-date=16 December 2021|website=indiancine.ma}}</ref> It was produced by [[Films Division of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Classic/write/Documentary_Films_In_Manipur_1.php|title=SHORT AND DOCUMENTARY FILMS IN MANIPUR - Part 1 - 1970-1989|author=Salam Rajesh|access-date=16 December 2021|website=e-pao.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/entertainment/watch-special-package-of-films-on-northeast-on-youtube|title=Watch Special Package Of Films On Northeast On YouTube
|access-date=16 December 2021|website=www.guwahatiplus.com}}</ref> The film was screened at the 2nd Manipur International Documentary, Short and Animation Film Festival, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2010/08/mfdc-documentary-film-fest-opens/?amp|title=MFDC documentary film fest opens|access-date=16 December 2021|website=kanglaonline.com}}</ref>

The film was among the selected special package of films under the title ''Colours of North East'', organised by [[Films Division]] in November 2021 as a part of ''Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav'' celebration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1775822|title=Films Division presents "Colours of North-East" to showcase culture and history of North-East Region of India|access-date=16 December 2021|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/11/29/films-division-represents-colours-of-north-east-exhibiting-rich-cultural-heritage-of-northeast/|title=Films Division Represents "Colours Of North East" Exhibiting Rich Cultural Heritage Of Northeast India|access-date=16 December 2021|website=www.northeasttoday.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1578138}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yl_A40wODI|title=Tales of Courage|date=27 November 2021|publisher=Films Division|accessdate=22 December 2021|via=YouTube}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aribam Syam Sharma]]
[[Category:Meitei-language films]]
[[Category:1986 English-language films]]

{{India-film-stub}}

Fortune India 500

2026-02-12T05:42:09Z

Manikmusicscapgk: brief reworked page and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Ranking of the top 500 corporations in India}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Fortune India'' 500}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{| style="float:right" width=auto
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; width:100%"
|-
!colspan=3|''Fortune India'' 500
|-
! colspan="3" |Top 10 companies on the list (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortune 500: India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500?year=2023 |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!Rank
!Company
!Total revenue (in '''billion ₹''')
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|1}} {{steady}}
|[[Reliance Industries]]|| align="right" | 9202.74
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|2}} {{up}}
|[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|| align="right" | 8720.93
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|3}} {{down}}
|[[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]]|| align="right" | 7924.27
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|4}} {{steady}}
|[[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]]|| align="right" | 6389.65
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|5}} {{up}}
|[[Bharat Petroleum|Bharat Petroleum Corporation]]|| align="right" | 4778.55
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|6}} {{down}}
|[[State Bank of India]]|| align="right" | 4733.78
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|7}} {{steady}}
|[[Tata Motors]]|| align="right" | 3573.17
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|8}} {{steady}}
|[[Tata Steel]]|| align="right" | 2483.74
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|9}} {{up}}
|[[Tata Consultancy Services]]|| align="right" | 2289.07
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|10}} {{down}}
|[[Hindalco Industries]]|| align="right" | 2212.68
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" |[http://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500 ''Fortune India'' official website]
|}
|}
The '''''Fortune India'' 500''' is a ranking of the top 500 [[corporation]]s in [[India]] compiled on the basis of latest sales and gross revenue figures. The list is published annually by ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-fortune-ranks-top-20-companies-in-india/20111214.htm |title=The top 20 companies in India — Rediff.com Business |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120185835/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-fortune-ranks-top-20-companies-in-india/20111214.htm |archive-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''''Fortune India''''' is ''Fortune''{{'s}} sixth international edition following local editions for China, Turkey, Korea, Indonesia as well as a special edition for Greece.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/press-release/first-fortune-india-500-list-declared-ioc-toplist_504264.html| title=Fortune 6th international edition| work=Fortune| access-date=9 December 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217093407/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/press-release/first-fortune-india-500-list-declared-ioc-toplist_504264.html| archive-date=17 December 2010| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/117/ARTICLE/6713/2010-09-27.html |title=Fortune launches Indian edition |publisher=Medianewsline.com |date=27 September 2010 |access-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906161853/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/117/ARTICLE/6713/2010-09-27.html |archive-date=6 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Fortune India'' is published monthly in English, through a licence agreement between [[Time Inc.]], the publisher of ''Fortune'' (US) and [[Kolkata]]-based [[ABP Group]], one of India's largest media companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39539 |title='Fortune India' launches today; Bates 141 roped in as creative agency |publisher=Exchange4media.com |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811233826/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39539 |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=37252 |title=MIB nod to Indian edition of 'Fortune' magazine |publisher=Exchnge4media.com |date=16 February 2010 |access-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811233749/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=37252 |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first issue of ''Fortune India'' was published in September 2010 with Dibyendra Nath Mukerjea as the editor and Pavan Varshnei as the president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.campaignindia.in/article/fortune-india-makes-its-debut/412797|title=Fortune India makes its debut|website=Campaign India|access-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032318/https://www.campaignindia.in/article/fortune-india-makes-its-debut/412797|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/fortune-india-hitsstands-finally/109894/on |title=Fortune India hits the stands, finally |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115021507/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/fortune-india-hitsstands-finally/109894/on |archive-date=15 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2011, the publication celebrated its first anniversary with a double issue.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/31975_Fortune-India-celebrates-first-anniversary-with-double-issue|title = Fortune India celebrates first anniversary with double issue|date = 21 October 2011|access-date = 21 August 2013|website = afaqs.com|publisher = afaqs!|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130823002204/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/31975_Fortune-India-celebrates-first-anniversary-with-double-issue|archive-date = 23 August 2013|url-status = live}}</ref>

The ''Fortune India'' 500 list ranks publicly traded companies by their annual audited total income for the financial year ending on or before 30 June. The list has been published in its current form since 2010, and also includes financial corporations and service providers, leading by revenue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-30-biggest-companies/20111222.htm |title=India's 30 biggest companies — Rediff.com Business |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=22 December 2011 |access-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121044103/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-30-biggest-companies/20111222.htm |archive-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==

=== 2023's Fortune India 500 list ===
[[Reliance Industries]] has held the top spot for five consecutive years, while [[Indian Oil Corporation]] has moved up to second place and [[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]] has dropped to third place. Tamil Nadu is the fastest growing state in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortune 500: India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500?year=2023 |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2021 list ===
[[Reliance Industries]] retained at the top spot for three successive years, whilst [[State Bank of India]] climbed up to second place and Indian Oil Corporation fell to third place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortune India 500: 2021 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-listing?year=2021 |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>

=== 2020 list ===
[[Reliance Industries Limited|Reliance Industries]] continued on top place in the 2020 ''Fortune India'' 500 rankings, while [[Indian Oil Corporation]] and [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|Oil & Natural Gas Corporation]] were second and third respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500?year=2020 |title=India's largest corporations |website=Fortune India |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
Reliance Industries was ranked 96th in the ''Global'' ''Fortune'' 500 list, and the top 7 positioned companies in the Indian list made it to the global ''Fortune'' 500 list.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/global500/2020/search/?fg500_country=India |title=Fortune Global 500 2020|website=Fortune |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

=== 2019 list ===
Reliance Industries exchanged positions with Indian Oil Corporation for the top place in the 2019 ''Fortune India'' 500 rankings, while Oil & Natural Gas Corporation continued on the third position.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500?year=2019 |title=India's largest corporations |website=Fortune India |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

=== 2018 list ===
Indian Oil Corporation continued on top place in the 2018 ''Fortune India'' 500 rankings, while Reliance Industries and Oil & Natural Gas Corporation was second and third respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500|title=Fortune India 500 Ranking |website=Fortune India|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>

=== 2017 list ===
Indian Oil Corporation topped the 2017 ''Fortune India'' 500 rankings, and Reliance Industries was listed second. The next three places were taken by State Bank of India, [[Tata Motors]], and [[Rajesh Exports]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500?year=2017 | title=Fortune India 500 2017 | work=Fortune | access-date=31 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201006/http://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500?year=2017 | archive-date=31 January 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2011 list ===
Indian Oil Corporation, Reliance Industries and [[Bharat Petroleum Corporation]] dominate the list in the second year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://seekingalpha.com/article/314573-accessing-india-s-top-fortune-500-companies-with-etfs | title=Fortune India 500 second year list | work=Fortune | date=18 December 2011 | access-date=18 December 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218235313/http://seekingalpha.com/article/314573-accessing-india-s-top-fortune-500-companies-with-etfs | archive-date=18 December 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] (#1 media, #256 overall), [[Sun TV Network]] (#2, #347), [[HT Media]] (#3, #383), [[Network 18]] (#4, #413) and [[Dish TV]] (#5, #437) are in the list of media companies in the ''Fortune India'' 500 roster of India's largest corporations.<ref>{{cite web |author=Media TV Print Media Radio Ooh Mediaah! |url=http://www.mxmindia.com/2011/12/dish-tv-makes-it-to-fortune-india-500-4-media-biggies-exit-list/ |title=Dish TV makes it to Fortune India 500, 4 biggies exit list |date=13 December 2011 |publisher=MxM India |access-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502125046/http://www.mxmindia.com/2011/12/dish-tv-makes-it-to-fortune-india-500-4-media-biggies-exit-list/ |archive-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Tata Consultancy Services]] (#1 IT, #20 overall), [[Wipro]] (#2, #25), [[Infosys]] (#3, #27), [[HCL Technologies Limited]] (#4, #49), [[Mahindra Satyam|Satyam Computer Services]] (#5, #153) and [[Tech Mahindra]] (#6, #161) are the top IT companies in the list.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mphasis.com/pdfs/FortuneRanking.pdf | title=Fortune India 500 complete list | work=Fortune India | access-date=18 December 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103114638/http://mphasis.com/pdfs/FortuneRanking.pdf | archive-date=3 January 2012 }}</ref>

==== 2011 breakdown by city ====
This is a ranking of the top ten cities, with the most global 500 companies.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.adgully.com/media/print/fortune-india-500-2011-rankings-unveiled.html |title=India 500 2011: City |work=Fortune India |access-date=14 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615220317/http://www.adgully.com/media/print/fortune-india-500-2011-rankings-unveiled.html |archive-date=15 June 2012 |url-status=dead}} Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a city" box. {{dead link|date=May 2022}}</ref>
{| wikitable class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Rank!!Cities!!Biggest companies of India
|-
| 1 ||style="text-align: left;"| [[Mumbai]] ||177
|-
| 2 ||style="text-align: left;"| [[Delhi NCR]]|| 111
|-
| 3 ||style="text-align: left;"| [[Kolkata]]|| 38
|-
| 4 ||style="text-align: left;"| [[Chennai]]|| 34
|-
| 5 ||style="text-align: left;"| [[Bangalore]]|| 25
|-
| 6 ||style="text-align: left;"| [[Pune]]|| 25
|-
| 7 ||style="text-align: left;"| [[Kochi]]|| 24
|-
| 8 ||style="text-align: left;"| [[Ahmedabad]]||19
|-
| 9 ||style="text-align: left;"| [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]|| 17
|-
| 10 ||style="text-align: left;"| [[Trivandrum]]|| 13
|}

=== 2010 list ===
[[Indian Oil Corporation]] topped the inaugural ''Fortune India'' 500 rankings, and Reliance Industries was listed second. The next three places were taken by State Bank of India, [[Bharat Petroleum]] and [[Hindustan Petroleum]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/press-release/first-fortune-india-500-list-declared-ioc-toplist_504264.html | title=Fortune India 500 | work=Fortune | access-date=9 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217093407/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/press-release/first-fortune-india-500-list-declared-ioc-toplist_504264.html | archive-date=17 December 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]]
*[[Fortune Global 500|''Fortune Global'' 500]]
*[[List of largest companies in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fortuneindia.com ''Fortune India'']
* {{cite web |title=''Fortune India'' 500 list, 2017 |url=http://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500?year=2017 |access-date=13 May 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805020703/https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500?year=2017 |archive-date=5 August 2020}}
* {{cite web |title=''Fortune India'' 500 list, 2016 |url=http://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500?year=2016 |access-date=13 May 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201025/http://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500?year=2016 |archive-date=31 January 2018}}

[[Category:Companies of India]]
[[Category:Lists of companies by revenue]]

Madhya Pradesh Legislative Council

2026-02-07T17:21:25Z

Manikmusicscapgk: stub

{{Short description|Defunct upper house in India}}
The '''Madhya Pradesh Legislative Council''' was the proposed upper house of the Legislature of the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It was to be formed after the passage of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]<ref name=sra1956>{{cite web |url=http://www.liiofindia.org/in/legis/cen/num_act/sra1956250/ |title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 |access-date=2022-11-17}}</ref> with 72 seats.<ref name=lca1957>{{cite web |url=http://www.liiofindia.org/in/legis/cen/num_act/lca1957219/ |title=Legislative Councils Act, 1957 |access-date=2022-11-17 |quote=The total number of seats in the Legislative Council for the State of Madhya Pradesh to be constituted under section 33 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (37 of 1956.), shall be increased from 72 as fixed by sub-section (2) of that section to 90.}}</ref> This was later increased to 90 seats after the passage of the ''Legislative Councils Act, 1957''.<ref name=lca1957/><ref>{{cite book |title=Legislative Council in State Legislatures |author=Verinder Grover |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |year=1989 |pages=35 |isbn=9788171001934 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C |access-date=2022-11-17}}</ref> But the Council never came into effect as it was not given a date of notification by the president.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventh-amendment-act-1956 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429074314/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventh-amendment-act-1956 |archive-date=2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=www.india.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

Before the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] made promises to re-create the Legislative Council.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakshu |first1=Roy |title=Bengal wants Upper House back: how states have Councils |url=https://prsindia.org/articles-by-prs-team/bengal-wants-upper-house-back-how-states-have-councils |access-date=21 Dec 2023 |work=PRS legislative research |date=May 20, 2021}}</ref>

In 2019, there were demands for re-creation of the Legislative Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-madhya-pradesh-may-get-a-second-house-why-do-some-states-have-vidhan-parishads-5913149/ |title=Madhya Pradesh wants Legislative Council: what it entails |date=19 August 2019|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1956 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Defunct upper houses in India]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir

2026-02-06T00:23:40Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added new info

{{short description|Hindu temple under construction in Vrindavan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir
| image = Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir (VCM) Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Render of plans for the temple
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27.567776|77.644932|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mathura]]
| location = [[Vrindavan]]
| elevation_m = 2213
| deity = [[Radha Krishna]]
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Nagara architecture]] and [[Modern architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = December 2028
| creator = [[ISKCON]] (International Society for Krishna Consciousness)
| website = {{URL|https://vcm.org.in/}}
}}
'''Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in early stages of construction at [[Vrindavan]], [[Mathura]], [[India]]. As planned, it will be the tallest religious monument in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bdcnetwork.com/world%E2%80%99s-tallest-religious-building-under-construction|title= The world's tallest religious building is under construction|publisher= bdcnetwork.com|date= 7 December 2016|access-date= 7 December 2016|archive-date= 3 July 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180703163842/https://www.bdcnetwork.com/world%E2%80%99s-tallest-religious-building-under-construction|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/india-tallest-religious-skyscraper-duplicate-2/index.html|title= Indian temple will be the world's tallest religious skyscraper|publisher= cnn.com |date=22 November 2016 |access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> The temple has been planned by the followers of [[Srila Prabhupada]]. The planned effort includes the temple rising to a height of about {{convert|700|ft|m|order=flip}} or 75 floors and a built-up area of {{convert|50000|sqm|sqft}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iskconbangalore.org/vrindavan-spiritual-capital |title=Vrindavan Spiritual Capital of India, Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir |access-date=3 April 2014 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070608/https://www.iskconbangalore.org/vrindavan-spiritual-capital |url-status=dead }}</ref> The project is set in {{convert|642|acre|ha|order=flip}} of land and includes {{convert|12|acre|ha|order=flip}} set aside for parking and a helipad.<ref name="autogenerated1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140316105823/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iskcon-to-build-worlds-tallest-temple-at-mathura-from-today/458198-3-242.html ISKCON to build world's tallest temple at Mathura from today]</ref>

==History==
[[File:SP in a lecture in front of Rupa Goswami samadhi.jpg|thumb|left|Srila Prabhupada in a lecture in front of Rupa Goswami Samadhi]]
In 1972, [[Srila Prabhupada]], the founder and Acharya of [[ISKCON]] spoke about the principle of Yukta Vairāgya right in front of the Bhajan Kutir (a simple and austere dwelling of an ascetic primarily intended to perform his spiritual activities like chanting Krishna's names, writing and teaching) of Sri Rupa Goswami (see picture) to his dozen or more western disciples who were accompanying him on a visit to Vrindavan, India. He said:

{{Blockquote|Just like we have got a tendency to construct a skyscraper building. As in your country, you do. So you should not attached to the skyscraper building, but you can utilize the tendency by constructing a big temple like skyscraper for Krishna. In this way, you have to purify your material activities.|source=Srila Prabhupada's lecture in Vrindavan, 29 October 1972<ref>[http://www.vcm.org.in/our-phylosophy.html Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir]</ref>}}

Inspired by this vision and statement of Srila Prabhupada, the devotees of ISKCON Bangalore, who strictly adhere to prabhupadas instructions conceived the Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir project to build a skyscraper temple for Lord Krishna.

The foundation stone laying ceremony of Chandrodaya temple in Mathura district was held on 16 March 2014, on the eve of [[Holi]].<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/70storey-skyscraper-temple-for-lord-krishna-in-vrindavan/article5788634.ece 70-storey skyscraper temple for Lord Krishna in Vrindavan | Business Line]</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir.jpg|Under construction in 2025
File:South Block View From Backside.jpg|South Block View From Backside
File:Top View of Upcoming South Block.jpg|Top View of Upcoming South Block
File:The South Block's top view from the east side.png|The South Block's top view from the east side
File:South Block View From West Side.png|South Block View From West Side
File:CU (13).png|South Block
File:North View of South Block.png|South Block top view
File:South Block View From Backside.jpg|South Block backside view
</gallery>

== Current status==

* 2025 Sep: Expected completion is in 2028.<ref>[https://rwdi.com/en_ca/projects/vrindavan-chandrodaya-mandir Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir project], rwdi.com, accessed 17 feb 2025.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.vcm.org.in/ Official website of Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir]

{{ISKCON}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh |state=expanded}}

[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness temples]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mathura]]
[[Category:Vrindavan]]

Ramkeli Mela

2026-02-05T18:18:56Z

Manikmusicscapgk: starting first entry more to come

{{Short description|Pilgrimage in Hinduism}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Ramkeli Mela
| native_name = রামকেলি মেলা
| native_name_lang = bn
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| status = active
| genre = Fair, Religious gathering
| frequency = Every years
| prev = 2022
| next = 2025
| venue =
| location = Ramkeli, [[Malda district]], [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8894498|88.1287061|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| participants =
| attendance =
| area =
| budget =
| activity =
| sponsor =
| website =
}}
'''Ramkeli Mela'''{{sfn|Mitra|1969|pp=8 and 10}} ({{langx|bn|রামকেলি মেলা}}) is a [[pilgrimage]] and [[fair]] of [[Hinduism]]. On the occasion of this fair, devout Hindus come to Ramkeli.<ref name="anandabazar1"/> Generally the Ramkeli fair is organized every year at Ramkeli. Ramkeli is known as the ''Gupto Vrindavan''{{sfn|Mitra|1969|p=8}} (Secret Vrindavan), an important pilgrimage site for the [[Vaishnavism]].{{sfn|Mitra|1969|p=10}}

The fair starts every year on [[Joishtho]] [[Sankranti]] of [[Bengali calendars|Bengali calendar]],<ref name="millenniumpost"/> and lasts for 7 days.<ref name="anandabazar1"/> It is the largest fair and religious gathering in [[Malda district]] and one of the largest in [[West Bengal]].

==History==
[[Rupa Goswami]] and [[Sanatana Goswami]], known as Mahavaishnavas, were included in the cabinet of Gauda ruler [[Alauddin Husain Shah|Husain Shah]]. They established the Madanmohan Temple at Ramkeli in 1509. During his journey to [[Vrindavan]], [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] met two Mahavaishnavas Rupa Goswami and Sanatan Goswami. On 15 June 1515, he met on Jaishtha Sankranti under the [[Mitragyna parvifolia|Kelikdamba]] (''Mitragyna parvifolia'') and [[Diospyros montana|Tamal]] (''Diospyros montana'') trees adjacent to the Madanamohan temple at Ramkeli village.{{sfn|Mitra|1969|p=8}} Festivals or fairs have been held at Ramkeli for more than 500 years to celebrate this meeting of Mahaprabhu and Rupa-Sanatan.<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |title=পয়লা দিনেই সরগরম মালদহের প্রাচীন রামকেলি মেলা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/north-bengal/historical-ramkeli-fair-begins-1.628637 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=27 October 2023 |location=Malda |language=bn |date=15 Jun 2017}}</ref><ref name="Get-Bengal1">{{cite web |title=Ramkeli – the Vaishnava heartland of Bengal famous for devotional fair |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/ramkeli-the-vaishnava-heartland-of-bengal-famous-for-devotional-fair |website=www.getbengal.com |publisher=Get Bengal |access-date=27 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="bongodorshon1">{{cite web |title=চৈতন্যদেব ও গৌড়ের সুলতান হোসেন শাহ্‌র স্মৃতি বহন করছে মালদার রামকেলি |url=https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/ramkeli-in-malda-carries-the-memory-of-chaitanyadev-and-sultan-hossain-shah-of-gour |website=www.bongodorshon.com |publisher=Bongodorshon |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="bangla-hindustantimes1">{{cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Anamika |title=রামকেলি মহোৎসব: রয়েছে কোন মাহাত্ম্য, প্রচলিত কাহিনি কী ? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/ramkeli-utsav-2022-know-its-significance-31655111047077.html |website=bangla.hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustantimes Bangla |access-date=27 October 2023 |language=bn |date=13 June 2022}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Dates and Location==
[[File:Ramkeli the temporary home of Lord Sri Chaitanya 21.jpg|250px|thumb|right|alt=Ramkeli is famous for being the temporary home of Lord Sri Chaitanya, the great religious reformer of Bengal, where he had stayed for a few days on his way to Brindaban|Madanmohan Jiu temple, where [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] met Rupa Goswami and Sanatana Goswami. The fair is organized around this temple.]]
===Dates===
The fair is usually held on June 15 to mark the arrival of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] on Joishtho Sankranti at Ramkeli.{{sfn|Mitra|1969|p=8}}<ref name="millenniumpost">{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Avijit |title=Ramkeli Mela to start in Gour on June 15 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/ramkeli-mela-to-start-in-gour-on-june-15-522167 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |publisher=MillenniumPost |access-date=27 October 2023 |date=14 June 2023}}</ref> According to tradition, the ''Mahat Utsaba'' (grand festival) lasts for three days, and the fair lasts for 7 days.<ref name="anandabazar1"/>

===Location===
The Ramkeli Mela is held at Ramkeli village,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramkeli, Malda District, India |url=https://malda.gov.in/tourist-place/ramkeli/ |website=malda.gov.in |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> which belongs to the area of the medieval Bengal capital city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauḍa]]{{sfn|Mitra|1969|p=8}} and is close to the [[Bangladesh–India border|India–Bangladesh international border]].<ref name="bongodorshon1"/> The site belongs to [[Malda district]] of West Bengal. The fair is organized around the [[Ramkeli Madanmohan Jiu Mondir|Madanmohan temple]].<ref name="bongodorshon1"/>

==Rituals==
===Kirtan===
The kirtan festival starts from the first day of the fair, and continues till the third day. This festival is attended by devout Hindus of the [[Vaishnavism]]. Vaishnavas and Vaishnavees attend the kirtan festival. A large number of ''Akhara'' are also constructed for the Vaishnavas and Vaishnavees throughout Ramkeli village.<ref name="anandabazar1"/>

===Maternal Pinda===
Generally in Hinduism the [[Pinda (riceball)|pindas]] is offered to paternal lineages. But, in the Ramkeli Mela there is a tradition of Maternal Pinda, and offer pindas to maternal lineages by women. Women devotees from [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]] attend the fair, and they offer pindas to maternal lineages. Pindas are offered to maternal lineages runs from 5 am to 12 pm.<ref name="bongodorshon1"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |editor-first=Ashok |editor-last=Mitra |editor-link=Ashok Mitra |title=পশ্চিমবঙ্গের পূজা-পার্বণ ও মেলা |trans-title=Puja-parbans and fairs of West Bengal |edition=First |url=https://ia601503.us.archive.org/7/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.336858/2015.336858.Pashchim-Banger.pdf |year=1969 |orig-year=1958 |language=bn |volume=1}}

[[Category:Fairs in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourism in West Bengal]]

Ravi Tripathi

2026-02-05T04:44:49Z

Manikmusicscapgk: add intro further and improved wording to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{advert|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ravi K. Tripathi
| image = Ravi K Tripathi.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Pratapgarh, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/pratapgarh-9663148.html|title=बड़े परदे पर थिरकेंगे सिंगर रवि|date=14 September 2012|publisher=Jagran}}</ref>
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| alias =
| origin =
| genre = [[Bollywood]]
| years_active = 2006–present
| label = [[Times Music]], Fountain Music Company, WorldWide Records
| associated_acts = [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| website = {{URL|www.ravitripathi.com}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Ravi K. Tripathi''' is an Indian [[playback singer]], composer and music director. He competed on the television music reality show ''[[Indian Idol]]'' in season 2 in 2006. He was the only Indian artist to have been invited to perform and represent India at the closing ceremony of the [[Asian games 2010|2010 Asian Games]], in [[Guangzhou]], China.<ref name=TOI>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-enjoyed-singing-in-Chinese-Ravi-Tripathi/articleshow/19489351.cms?from=mdr |title=I enjoyed singing in Chinese: Ravi K. Tripathi |newspaper=Times of India|date=11 April 2013 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tzanelli|first=Rodanthi|date= 2016|title= Mobility, Modernity and the Slum: The Real and Virtual Journeys of 'Slumdog Millionaire'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R75mCgAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317438182 }}</ref><ref name=HT>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/jai-ho-to-mesmerise-audience-at-asian-games-in-china/story-2mn4CnK2Ve1I7KNvEG2FvI.html |title=Jai Ho to mesmerise audience at Asian Games in China |publisher=HT|date=14 November 2010 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name=ET>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-14/news/27621184_1_indian-flavour-closing-ceremonies-operation-centre-ravi-k-tripathi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216142854/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-14/news/27621184_1_indian-flavour-closing-ceremonies-operation-centre-ravi-k-tripathi|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2016|title=Indian flavour in Asian Games closing ceremony|newspaper=Economic Times|date=14 November 2010|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1051214/asp/calcutta/story_5599015.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927102145/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051214/asp/calcutta/story_5599015.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2013|title=Ravi K. Tripathi, whom Sonu found below par, edged past Kshitij, thanks to the audience favour for the Mumbai man.|date=14 December 2005|newspaper=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/pratapgarh/Pratapgarh-26304-10|title=मुख्य अतिथि पार्श्व गायक रवि त्रिपाठी ने कहा कि महोत्सव तो बहुत सारे होते हैं लेकिन महाकाल महोत्सव में लोक उत्सव होता है।|date=14 March 2013|publisher=Amar Ujala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/pratapgarh/Pratapgarh-21391-10|title=रवि का अभिनय में भी दिखेगा जलवा|date=5 October 2012|publisher=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2005, Tripathi participated in the second season of Indian music reality show ''[[Indian Idol]]'' and was the top finalist. He hosted the singing reality show ''Close Up Performer''<ref name=NDTV/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/20amey.htm|title=Swing to Chandni Chowk To China's music|publisher=|date=27 December 2008|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-indian-idol-2-the-first-look-9380|title='Indian Idol 2':The first look|publisher=DNA India|date=11 November 2005|accessdate=}}</ref> on [[Doordarshan]] in 2008. His first solo album, ''Baatain'', was released on 26 February 2009 by [[Times Music]] and received a positive response.<ref name=BTN>{{cite web|url=http://m.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/mumbai/other-news/-/articleshow/6985407.cms|title=रवि झलकेंगे एशियाड क्लोजिंग सेरिमनी में|publisher=Nav Bharat Times | newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=25 November 2010}}</ref> In that same year, he made his [[Bollywood]] debut with the song "India Se Aaya Tera Dost" from the film ''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]''.

In 2010, Tripathi was invited to perform at the closing ceremony of the [[2010 Asian Games|Asian Games]] held in Guangzhou, China, the only Indian singer after [[K S Chithra]] to have entertained a Chinese audience. His second album, ''Sri Siddhivinayak Morya'', was released in 2009 by Worldwide Records.<ref name=SSV>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/ravi-tripathi-releases-ganpati-album/|title=Ravi K. Tripathi releases Ganpati album|date=1 October 2010|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> He has also lent his voice to some TV shows including [[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]].<ref name=HT1>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/china-hums-to-lucknow-singer-s-tune/story-GOX4IoEdiFlpbRfCoHXIzO.html |title=China hums to Lucknow singer's tune |publisher=हिन्दुस्तान टाईम्स|date=15 November 2010 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name=NDTV>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lucknow-boy-to-sing-ar-rahmans-jai-ho-at-asian-games-closing-ceremony-439208?site=full|title=Lucknow boy to sing AR Rahman's 'Jai Ho' at Asian Games' closing ceremony|publisher=NDTV|date=14 November 2010|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.com/news/india/spectacular-fireworks-end-16th-asian-games-353235.html|title=Spectacular fireworks end 16th Asian Games|publisher=IBN Live|date=27 November 2010|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jammu-singer-gets-asiad-invite-with-proper-chinese-visa-86010-2010-11-22|title=Jammu singer gets Asiad invite with ' proper' Chinese visa|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=23 November 2010|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=Samay>{{cite web|url=http://www.samaylive.com/sports-news-in-hindi/104094/www.samaylive.com/cricket/world-cup-2011/international-team.html|title=एशियार्इ खेल में गूंजेगा 'जय हो...' |publisher=Sahara Samay|date=14 November 2010|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dainiktribuneonline.com/2010/11/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5/|title=अदभुत आतिशबाजी के साथ ग्वांग्झू ने कहा अलविदा|publisher=Dainik Tribune|date=28 November 2010|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/eastward-ho-3/|title=Eastward Ho|publisher=Indian Express|date=24 November 2010|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNMUM192494|title=Crooning for Asian Games closing ceremony|publisher=DNA India|date=11 November 2010|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/2010/11/101125_ravi_pkp.shtml|title=रवि त्रिपाठी ग्वांगजो एशियाई खेलों के समापन समारोह में गाना गाएंगे.|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=25 November 2010}}</ref>

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year
!width=140| Show
!width=140| Role
!width=140| Channel
|-
|2006
|[[Indian Idol]] (season 2)
|Participant (Top 6 finalist)
|[[Sony TV]]
|-
|2008
|[[Doordarshan|Close-up Performer]]
|Host
|[[Doordarshan]]
|}

=== Discography ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Film/Album !! Note
|-
| 2009 || "India se aya tera dost" || ''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]'' ||singer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/chandni-chowk-to-china-is-entertaining-ians-music-review_100135431.html|title='Chandni Chowk To China' is entertaining|publisher=Thai Indian|date=27 December 2008|accessdate=|archive-date=16 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216041114/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/chandni-chowk-to-china-is-entertaining-ians-music-review_100135431.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|
|Red Affair
|Music director
|-
|2017
|
|Red Signal
|Music director and singer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dabangdunia.co/news/entertainment/30682.html|title='रेड सिग्नल' को कैलाश ने दी आवाज|publisher=Dabang Duniya|date=25 January 2016|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinenews.co.in/singer-kailash-kher-sings-for-hindi-film-red-signal%E2%80%8F/|title=Ravi K Tripathi makes debut as a music director|date=24 January 2016|publisher=cinenews.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|
|Laajwanti Online
|Music director
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
|-
| 2013 || Boji ayee hmaar angna|| Kishan (male lead) || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/pratapgarh-9663148.html|title=बड़े परदे पर थिरकेंगे सिंगर रवि|publisher=Dainik Jagran|date=14 September 2012|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=AU>{{cite web|url=http://amarujala.com//news/pratapgarh/Pratapgarh-21391-10/|title=रवि का अभिनय में भी दिखेगा जलवा |publisher=Amar Ujala|date=5 October 2012|accessdate=}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and recognition==
*In November 2016, he received Uttar Pradesh Ratan Award by [[Shivpal Singh Yadav]] for his contribution to the music industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/kushinagar/kushinagar-festiwal-finished#.WX4uQPYSkas.whatsapp|title=गायक रवि त्रिपाठी आदि को उत्तर प्रदेश रत्न सम्मान से सम्मानित किया।|publisher=Amarujala|date=14 November 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ravitripathi.com/?page_id=9 Print media news articles]
*[http://www.hungama.com/artist/ravi-tripathi/1593816/ Ravi K. Tripathi at Hungama.com]
*[https://music.apple.com/it/artist/ravi-tripathi/290296733?l=en iTunes profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Ravi K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Musicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Lehara

2026-02-04T17:42:55Z

Manikmusicscapgk: made

{{See also|Ostinato#Indian classical music}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Lehara
|native_name = लेहरा
|native_name_lang = 
|other_name = Nehra; Nehra West; Nehra East
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_alt =
|image_seal =
|seal_alt =
|image_shield =
|shield_alt =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Bihar#India#Asia#Earth
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|coordinates = {{Coord|26.148880841920764|N|86.10276956725744|E|display=inline,title}}
|coor_pinpoint =
|coordinates_footnotes =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|established_title =
|established_date =
|founder =
|seat_type =
|seat =
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
|governing_body = *[[Nehra East]],
*[[Nehra West]]
|leader_party =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|unit_pref = Metric


|area_footnotes =
|area_urban_footnotes = 
|area_rural_footnotes = 
|area_metro_footnotes = 
|area_note =
|area_water_percent =
|area_rank =
|area_blank1_title =
|area_blank2_title =

|area_total_km2 =
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_rural_km2 =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_blank1_km2 =
|area_blank2_km2 =

|area_total_ha =
|area_land_ha =
|area_water_ha =
|area_urban_ha =
|area_rural_ha =
|area_metro_ha =
|area_blank1_ha =
|area_blank2_ha =
|length_km =
|width_km =
|dimensions_footnotes =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|population_footnotes =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_total = 17373<ref>https://www.cencus2011.co.i/data/village/227122-lehara-bihar.html {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_note =
|population_demonym =
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|timezone1_DST =
|utc_offset1_DST =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pin Code]]
|postal_code = 847233
|area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
|area_code = 06272
|area_codes = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| registration_plate = BR-07
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Darbhanga Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga Rural]]
|website = {{URL|darbhanga.bih.nic.in}}
|module =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Lehara,''' also known as '''Nehra''', is a large village and significant commercial hub situated in the [[Manigachhi Assembly constituency|Manigachhi]] block of [[Darbhanga district]] in the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref name="BiharPrasad">{{cite book|author1=India. superintendent of census operations, Bihar|author2=Sjivraj Deo Prasad|title=District census handbook, Bihar|year=1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFwjAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Govt. of Bihar|pages=141, 173, 56}}</ref>

== Governance ==
The village is administratively divided into two distinct [[Gram Panchayats]] to facilitate local governance:

*[[Nehra East]] (Nehra Purvi): This panchayat manages the eastern section and recently underwent development with the construction of a new [[Panchayat Sarkar Bhawan]].

*[[Nehra West]] (Nehra Pashchimi): This covers the western administrative area and manages separate state and central development schemes.

== Geography and demographics ==
*Location & Administration: It falls under the [[Manigachhi Assembly constituency]] and is part of the [[Darbhanga division]].

*Postal Code: The Pincode for Nehra is 847233.

*Connectivity: The village is approachable by all-weather roads and has its own police station, the Nehra Police Station.<ref>https://darbhanga.nic.in/whoswho/sho-nehra-op-2/</ref>

== Political significance ==
Nehra gained national media attention for being the "village of sons-in-law" (Sasural) to two prominent [[Members of Parliament]] (MP):

*[[Gopal Jee Thakur]]: Current [[BJP]] MP from [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]

*[[Kirti Azad]]: Former Darbhanga MP and current [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] MP from [[West Bengal]].
== Economy and infrastructure ==
*[[Agriculture]]: The primary occupation remains agriculture, with a focus on local produce.
*[[Education]]: The village is an educational center for the block, housing High School Nehra and several primary schools like P.S. Nehra.
*[[Banking]]: The village is well-served by major financial institutions, including branches of [[Punjab National Bank]] and [[State Bank of India]].

== History ==
The history of Nehra is deeply intertwined with the broader history of the [[Mithila region]] and the influence of the [[Darbhanga Raj]]. While formal [[archaeological]] excavations are limited, the village's historical identity is defined by its [[landownership]] patterns and educational foundations.

=== Zamindari Era & Darbhanga Raj ===
During the [[British Raj]], Nehra was an integral part of the [[Darbhanga Raj]], one of the largest [[zamindari]] estates in India.

*Estate Influence: Much of the village's early [[infrastructure]] and land distribution were managed under the patronage of the [[Maharaja of Darbhanga]].

*Rajokhar Pokhar: This historic pond, central to the village, is believed to have been excavated during the reign of the [[royal family]] to serve as a [[perennial]] water source for the community and [[religious]] [[rituals]].

=== Pre-Independence educational growth ===
Unlike many surrounding rural areas, Nehra established itself as a center for learning well before 1947.

*[[High School Nehra]] (1949): Founded just after [[independence]], this institution was the result of local [[philanthropic]] efforts and [[land]] donations from prominent village families aimed at modernizing the region through [[education]].

*Scholarly Tradition: The village has a long history of producing [[scholars]] in [[Maithili Language|Maithili]] and [[Sanskrit]], contributing to the intellectual movement of [[Mithilanchal]].

=== Political evolution ===
Nehra’s history is unique due to its high-profile matrimonial connections, which shifted its status from a quiet agrarian village to a politically significant "VIP Village."

*The "Sasural" Legacy: The village gained national fame as the marital home for leaders like [[Kirti Azad]] (former MP and [[1983 World Cup winner]]) and [[Gopal Jee Thakur]]. This status historically accelerated local [[Community development|development]] projects, such as [[electrified]] [[railway lines]] and paved [[roads]].

=== Administrative transition ===
Originally a single administrative block, the village was eventually split into [[Nehra East]] and [[Nehra West]] to manage its growing population and the complex logistics of the [[Manigachhi Assembly constituency|Manigachhi]] Block.
== Education ==
Nehra serves as an educational hub for the [[Manigachhi Assembly constituency|Manigachhi block]], with several long-standing [[government]] and private institutions.

=== Higher education ===
The village is home to a significant constituent college of [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] (LNMU):

*Jayanand College ([[J.N. College, Nehra]]): A government-funded co-educational institution established to provide [[undergraduate]] courses in [[Commerce]], [[Science]] and [[Arts]]. It serves a large student population from Nehra and surrounding villages.

=== Secondary and senior secondary schools ===
There are separate large-scale government high schools for boys and girls:

*[[High School Nehra]]: Established in 1949, it is one of the oldest schools in the district, offering grades 9 to 12. It features a government building, a playground, and a library with over 700 books.

*[[Project Girls High School Nehra]]: Founded in 1985, it provides dedicated secondary education (grades 9–12) for female students.

=== Primary and middle schools ===
The village has a network of schools serving younger students, often categorized by locality:

*M.S. Nehra Girls: A government middle school (Grades 1–8) established in 1950.

*M.S. Nehra Balak: A central cluster school that oversees approximately 15 other small schools in the area.

*Primary School (P.S.) Nehra: A co-educational government primary school (Grades 1–5).

*Locality-based Schools: There are several smaller units like NPS Nehra (Yadav Tol) and Ps Rajwara Tole Nehra.

=== Private institutions ===
Several private schools offer English-medium education.

== J. N. College, Nehra: History ==
The history of higher education in Nehra is synonymous with
Jayanand College (often abbreviated as J.N. College), which transformed the village into a regional academic hub.

=== Foundation and early history ===
*Establishment: Jayanand College was founded in 1970 through the collective efforts of local [[Visionary|visionaries]] and [[philanthropists]] who wanted to provide higher education to the [[rural]] youth of the Manigachhi block.

*Naming: The college was named in honour of [[Pt. Jayanand Jha]], a respected figure in the region.

*University Affiliation: Initially started as a private initiative, it later became a [[Constituent]] Unit of [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University|Lalit Narayan Mithila University (LNMU), Darbhanga]]. This transition allowed the college to receive government funding and follow a standardised curriculum. [[J.N. College Nehra]] Official Website.

=== Growth and academic expansion ===
*[[Diversification (marketing strategy)|Diversification]]: While it began with a focus on [[Liberal Arts]], the college expanded to include a full Science Faculty, offering [[undergraduate degrees]] (B.A., B.Com and B.Sc. Honours) in subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Botany, and Zoology.

*Catering to the Hinterland: Historically, the college served as the primary destination for students from nearby villages like Raghopur, Haripur, Bishanpur, Paithan Kabai, and Manigachhi, who previously had to travel to [[Darbhanga|Darbhanga city]] for higher studies.

=== Political and social impact ===
*Student Politics: Given the village’s reputation for political awareness, the college has been a breeding ground for local [[leadership]] and student activism within the [[Mithila region]].

*Modernisation: In recent decades, the college has integrated vocational elements and improved its infrastructure, including a dedicated library and laboratory facilities to meet the standards set by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).
== Culture ==
Nehra is deeply rooted in the [[Mithilanchal|Mithila cultural]] heritage, known for its blend of traditional religious practices and a unique social reputation within the district.

The village is known for its traditional celebrations, particularly the [[Chhath]] festival held at the local Rajokhar Pokhar, which attracts devotees from across the [[Mithila region|Mithilanchal region]].

=== Regional identity===
*The "Paris of Mithilanchal": Locally, Nehra is often affectionately referred to as the “Paris of Mithilanchal”, a nickname that reflects its status as a well-developed, bustling village with urban-like amenities and a vibrant local market.

*Social Connectivity The village holds a unique social status as the Sasural (matrimonial home) of multiple high-profile [[political leaders]], leading to its reputation as a well-connected and politically aware community.
=== Religious landmarks ===
The village is home to several significant [[religious]] sites that serve as centers for communal gatherings:

*Rajokhar Pokhar: A large local pond central to the village's identity. It is the primary site for the [[Chhath Puja]] festival, where thousands of devotees gather to offer prayers to the [[Sun God]].

*[[Temples]]: Notable local shrines include the Mahavir Sthan, and several Shiva and Durga temples located within the Nehra West and East administrative areas.

=== Festivals and traditions ===
*Mithila Traditions: Residents participate in traditional [[Mithila folk festivals]] such as [[Sama Chakeva]] (celebrating brother-sister bonds) and [[Madhushravani]].

*[[Art and Craft]]: Like much of the Darbhanga district, the village is influenced by [[Mithila Painting|Mithila (Madhubani) painting]] and local handicrafts such as [[Sikki-Mauni]] (grass-weaving) and [[clay-toy]] making.

*[[Cuisine]]: Traditional [[Maithil]] food is a staple, with local specialties including [[Makhana]] (fox nuts), varieties of river [[fish]], and unique vegetable preparations like [[Tarua]] (vegetable fritters).

=== Annual fairs ===
Annual fairs (Melas) are common during major festivals like [[Kartik Purnima]], [[Rama Navami]], [[Janmashtami]] and [[Durga Puja]], serving as both religious events and vital social-commercial hubs for the surrounding smaller hamlets.
== See also ==

* [[List of villages in Darbhanga district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Darbhanga-geo-stub}}

List of Bengali films of 2020

2026-01-14T09:35:15Z

Manikmusicscapgk: minor adjust lead also and updated info per standard format

#REDIRECT [[List of Bengali films]]

Metre

2025-12-24T09:04:45Z

Manikmusicscapgk: improved article also as per guidelines

{{Short description|SI unit of length}}
{{About|the unit of length|other uses of "metre" or "meter"|Meter (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox unit
| name = metre
| image = Metric standards Rijksmuseum.jpg
| caption = Historical replicas of metric standards, including an iron metre
| standard = [[SI]]
| quantity = [[length]]
| symbol = m<ref>
{{cite web
| url=https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/meter.html
| title=Base unit definitions: Meter
| publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]
| access-date=2010-09-28
}}</ref>
| units1 = [[imperial units|Imperial]]/[[US customary units|US]] units
| inunits1 = {{unbulleted list
| ≈ {{val|1.0936|u=[[Yard|yd]]}}
| ≈ {{val|3.2808|u=[[Foot (unit)|ft]]}}
| ≈ {{val|39.37|u=[[Inch|in]]}}
}}
| units2 = Nautical units
| inunits2 = ≈ {{val|0.00053996|u=[[nautical mile|nmi]]}}
}}

The '''metre''' (or '''meter''' in [[American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er|US spelling]]; symbol: '''m''') is the [[SI base unit|base unit]] of [[length]] in the [[International System of Units]] (SI). Since 2019, the metre has been defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of {{sfrac|{{val|299792458}}}} of a [[second]], where the second is defined by a [[Caesium standard|hyperfine transition frequency of caesium]].<ref name="SIBrochure9thEd">
{{citation
|author=International Bureau of Weights and Measures
|author-link=International Bureau of Weights and Measures
|title=The International System of Units (SI)
|date=20 May 2019
|url=https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018184555/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9.pdf/fcf090b2-04e6-88cc-1149-c3e029ad8232
|url-status=live
|edition=9th
|isbn=978-92-822-2272-0
|archive-date=18 October 2021
}}</ref>

The metre was originally defined in 1791 by the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|French National Assembly]] as one ten-millionth of the distance from the [[equator]] to the [[North Pole]] along a [[great circle]] through Paris, setting {{val|10,000|u=km}} as that quarter of the [[Earth's circumference|Earth's polar circumference]].

In 1799, the metre was redefined in terms of a prototype metre bar. The bar used was changed in 1889, and in 1960 the metre was redefined in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of [[krypton-86]]. The current definition was adopted in 1983 and modified slightly in 2002 to clarify that the metre is a measure of [[proper length]]. From 1983 until 2019, the metre was formally defined as the length of the path travelled by [[light]] in vacuum in {{sfrac|1|{{val|299792458}}}} of a [[second]]. After the [[2019 revision of the SI]], this definition was rephrased to include the definition of a second in terms of the caesium frequency {{math|Δ''ν''Cs}}. This series of amendments did not alter the size of the metre significantly – modern measurements of the Earth's polar circumference give a figure of {{val|40007.863|u=km}}.{{cn|reason=need a source for this figure and a clarification of whether it's an average, or is for the great circle through Paris, and for true comparison we'd want that specific quarter of that specific great circle|date=December 2025}}

== Spelling ==
''Metre'' is the standard spelling of the metric unit for length in nearly all English-speaking nations, the exceptions being the United States<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.330-2019.pdf
|title=The International System of Units (SI) – NIST
|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]
|location=US
|date=26 March 2008
|quote=The spelling of English words is in accordance with the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual, which follows Webster's Third New International Dictionary rather than the Oxford Dictionary. Thus the spellings 'meter', 'liter', 'deka', and 'cesium' are used rather than 'metre', 'litre', 'deca', and 'caesium' as in the original BIPM English text.
}}</ref><ref>The most recent official brochure about the International System of Units (SI), written in French by the ''{{lang|fr|Bureau international des poids et mesures}}'', [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] (BIPM) uses the spelling ''metre''; an English translation, included to make the SI standard more widely accessible also uses the spelling ''metre'' ([[#bipm2006|BIPM, 2006]], p. 130''ff''). However, in 2008 the U.S. English translation published by the U.S. [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) chose to use the spelling ''meter'' in accordance with the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual. The Metric Conversion Act of 1975 gives the Secretary of Commerce of the US the responsibility of interpreting or modifying the SI for use in the US. The Secretary of Commerce delegated this authority to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ([[#turner|Turner]]). In 2008, NIST published the US version ([[#taylor2008a|Taylor and Thompson, 2008a]]) of the English text of the eighth edition of the BIPM publication ''{{lang|fr|Le Système international d'unités}} (SI)'' (BIPM, 2006). In the NIST publication, the spellings "meter", "liter" and "deka" are used rather than "metre", "litre" and "deca" as in the original BIPM English text ([[#taylor2008a|Taylor and Thompson (2008a), p. iii]]). The Director of the NIST officially recognised this publication, together with [[#taylor2008b|Taylor and Thompson (2008b)]], as the "legal interpretation" of the SI for the United States ([[#turner|Turner]]). Thus, the spelling ''metre'' is referred to as the "international spelling"; the spelling ''meter'', as the "American spelling".</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.metricationmatters.com/docs/Spelling_metre_or_meter.pdf
|title=Spelling metre or meter
|first=Pat |last=Naughtin
|website=Metrication Matters
|year=2008
|access-date=2017-03-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011100154/http://www.metricationmatters.com/docs/Spelling_metre_or_meter.pdf
|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://grammarist.com/spelling/meter-metre/
|title=Meter vs. metre
|website=Grammarist
|date=21 February 2011
|access-date=2017-03-12
}}</ref> and the Philippines<ref>The Philippines uses [[Philippine English|English]] as an official language and this largely follows American English since the country became a colony of the United States. While the law that converted the country to use the [[metric system]] uses ''metre'' ([[#PH-BatasPambansa8|Batas Pambansa Blg. 8]]) following the SI spelling, in actual practice, ''meter'' is used in government and everyday commerce, as evidenced by laws (''kilometer'', [[#PH-RA7160|Republic Act No. 7160]]), Supreme Court decisions (''meter'', [[#PH-GR185240|G.R. No. 185240]]), and national standards (''centimeter'', [[#PH-PNSBAFS181-2016|PNS/BAFS 181:2016]]).</ref> which use ''meter''.

Measuring devices (such as [[ammeter]], [[speedometer]]) are spelled "-meter" in all variants of English.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/results.asp?searchword=ammeter
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703210011/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/results.asp?searchword=ammeter
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 July 2013
|title=Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
|year=2008
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
|access-date=2012-09-19
}}, s.v. ammeter, meter, parking meter, speedometer.</ref> The suffix "-meter" has the same Greek origin as the unit of length.<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
|title=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
|edition=3rd
|year=1992
|location=Boston
|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]
}}, s.v. meter.</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=-meter – definition of -meter in English
|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/-meter
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426153254/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/-meter
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=26 April 2017
|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries
}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The etymological roots of ''metre'' can be traced to the Greek verb {{lang|grc|μετρέω}} ({{transliteration|engvar=gb|grc|metreo}}) ((I) measure, count or compare)<ref>{{LSJ|metre/w|μετρέω|ref}}.</ref> and noun {{lang|grc|μέτρον}} ({{transliteration|engvar=gb|grc|metron}}) (a measure),<ref>{{LSJ|me/tron|μέτρον|shortref}}.</ref> which were used for physical measurement, for poetic metre and by extension for moderation or avoiding extremism (as in "be measured in your response"). This range of uses is also found in Latin ({{lang|la|metior, mensura}}), French ({{lang|fr|mètre, mesure}}), English and other languages. The Greek word is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root ''[[wikt:*meh₁-|*meh₁-]]'' 'to measure'. {{efn|The motto {{lang|grc|ΜΕΤΡΩ ΧΡΩ}} ({{transliteration|engvar=gb|grc|metro chro}}) on the seal of the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] (BIPM) was approved by [[Adolphe Hirsch]] on 11 July 1875 and may be translated as "Keep the measure"; it thus calls for both measurement and moderation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=History – The BIPM 150 |url=https://thebipm150.org/history/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=}}</ref>}} In English, the use of the word ''metre'' (for the French unit {{lang|fr|mètre}}) began at least as early as 1797.<ref name="Oxford">[[Oxford English Dictionary]], Clarendon Press 2nd ed. 1989, vol. IX p. 697 col. 3.</ref>

== History of definition ==
{{excerpt|History of the metre}}

== SI prefixed forms of metre ==
{{Main|Orders of magnitude (length)}}

[[SI prefix]]es can be used to denote decimal multiples and submultiples of the metre, as shown in the table below. Long distances are usually expressed in km, [[astronomical unit]]s ({{convert|1|au|km|0|disp=out}}), [[light-year]]s ({{convert|1|ly|au e12km|sigfig=2|disp=out|abbr=unit}}), or [[parsec]]s ({{convert|1|pc|au e12km|disp=out|abbr=unit}}), rather than in Mm or larger multiples. "30 cm", "30 m", and "300 m" are more common than "3 dm", "3 dam", and "3 hm", respectively.

The terms ''[[micron]]'' and ''[[millimicron]]'' have been used instead of ''micrometre'' (μm) and ''nanometre'' (nm), respectively, but this practice is discouraged.<ref>[[#taylor2008b|Taylor & Thompson 2003, p. 11.]]</ref>

{{SI multiples
| unit=metre
| symbol=m
| xd=[[decimetre]]
| xda=[[decametre]]
| xc=[[centimetre]]
| xh=[[hectometre]]
| xm=[[millimetre]]
| xk=[[kilometre]]
| xmc=[[micrometre]]
| xn=[[nanometre]]
| xp=[[picometre]]
| xf=[[femtometre]]
}}

== Equivalents in other units ==
{| class=wikitable style="margin:0 auto;"
|-
! colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"|Metric unit expressed in non-SI units
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"|Non-SI unit expressed in metric units
|-
| 1 metre ||≈ ||style="text-align:right;"|1.0936 ||[[yard]]||
| 1 yard||= ||style="text-align:right;"|0.9144 ||metre
|-
| 1 metre ||≈ ||style="text-align:right;"|39.370 ||[[inch]]es||
| 1 inch||= ||style="text-align:right;"|0.0254 ||metre
|-
| 1 [[centimetre]] ||≈ ||style="text-align:right;"|{{val|0.39370}} ||inch||
| 1 inch||= ||style="text-align:right;"|2.54 ||centimetres
|-
| 1 [[millimetre]] ||≈ ||style="text-align:right;"|{{val|0.039370}} ||inch||
| 1 inch||= ||style="text-align:right;"|25.4 ||millimetres
|-
| 1 metre ||= ||style="text-align:right;"|10{{sup|10}}||[[ångström]]||
| 1 ångström||= ||style="text-align:right;"|10{{sup|−10}} ||metre
|-
| 1 [[nanometre]] ||= ||style="text-align:right;"|10||ångström||
| 1 ångström||= ||style="text-align:right;"|100 ||[[picometre]]s
|}
Within this table, "inch" and "yard" mean "international inch" and "international yard"<ref>[[#AstinKaro1959|Astin & Karo 1959]].</ref> respectively, though approximate conversions in the left column hold for both international and survey units.
: "≈" means "is approximately equal to";
: "=" means "is exactly equal to".

One metre is exactly equivalent to {{sfrac|5 000|127}} inches and to {{sfrac|1 250|1 143}} yards.


A simple [[mnemonic]] to assist with conversion is "three 3s": 1 metre is nearly equivalent to 3 [[Foot (unit)|feet]] {{frac|3|3|8}} inches. This gives an overestimate of 0.125 mm.

The ancient Egyptian [[cubit]] was about 0.5 m (surviving rods are 523–529 mm).<ref>Arnold Dieter (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DU04vCP_TFAC ''Building in Egypt: pharaonic stone masonry'']. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-506350-9}}. p.251.</ref> Scottish and English definitions of the [[ell]] (2 cubits) were 941 mm (0.941 m) and 1143 mm (1.143 m) respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7441&startset=10747969&query=ELL&fhit=ell&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit |title=Dictionary of the Scots Language |access-date=2011-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321184808/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7441&startset=10747969&query=ELL&fhit=ell&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit |archive-date=2012-03-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BHnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA221 |title=The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge |publisher=Charles Knight |pages=221–22 |date=1840-06-06 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The ancient Parisian ''toise'' (fathom) was slightly shorter than 2 m and was standardised at exactly 2 m in the [[mesures usuelles]] system, such that 1 m was exactly {{frac|1|2}} toise.<ref name=H&H>{{cite web |url = https://archive.org/details/outlinesofevolut00halluoft/page/66 |title = Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system |first1 = William |last1 = Hallock |first2 = Herbert T |last2 = Wade |publisher = The Macmillan Company |year = 1906 |pages = 66–69|location = London}}</ref> The Russian [[verst]] was 1.0668 km.{{sfn|Cardarelli|2004}} The [[Scandinavian mile|Swedish mil]] was 10.688 km, but was changed to 10 km when Sweden converted to metric units.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://snl.no/mil |title=Mil |encyclopedia=Store norske leksikon |first=Knut |last=Hofstad |access-date=2019-10-18 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|metre}}
* [[ISO 1]]{{spaced ndash}}standard reference temperature for length measurements
* [[Metric prefix]]
* [[Metrication]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Cited bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Anchor|Alder2002}}{{cite book |title=The Measure of All Things : The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World |first=Ken |last=Alder |year=2002 |publisher=Free Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-1675-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/measureofallthin00alde }}
* {{Anchor|AstinKaro1959}}Astin, A. V. & Karo, H. Arnold, (1959), [https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf ''Refinement of values for the yard and the pound''], Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59–5442, Filed, 30 June 1959)
* {{Anchor|BarbrowJudson1976}}{{cite book | title=Weights and Measures Standards of the United States, a brief history | first=Lewis V. | last=Judson | others=Derived from a prior work by Louis A. Fisher (1905) | editor-first=Louis E. | editor-last=Barbrow | publisher=[[US Department of Commerce]], [[National Bureau of Standards]] | location=US | date=1976-10-01 | orig-year=1963 | id=NBS Special Publication 447; NIST SP 447; 003-003-01654-3 | lccn=76-600055 | doi=10.6028/NBS.SP.447}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bigourdan |first=Guillaume |url=https://archive.org/details/lesystmemtri00bigo|title=Le système métrique des poids et mesures; son établissement et sa propagation graduelle, avec l'histoire des opérations qui ont servi à déterminer le mètre et le kilogramme |trans-title=The metric system of weights and measures; its establishment and gradual propagation, with the history of the operations which served to determine the meter and the kilogram |date=1901 |publisher=Gauthier-Villars |location=Paris}}
* {{cite EB1911|first1=Alexander Ross |last1=Clarke |author1-link=Alexander Ross Clarke |first2=Friedrich Robert |last2=Helmert |author2-link=Friedrich Robert Helmert |date=1911b |wstitle=Earth, Figure of the|volume=8|pages=801–813}}
* {{Anchor|Guedj2001}}{{cite book |title=La Mesure du Monde |trans-title=The Measure of the World |first=Denis |last=Guedj |translator-first=Art |translator-last=Goldhammer |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=2001}}
* {{Anchor|Cardarelli2003}}{{cite book |title=Encydopaedia of scientific units, weights, and measures: their SI equivalences and origins |last=Cardarelli |first=François |year=2003 |publisher=Springer-Verlag London Limited |isbn=978-1-85233-682-0 |chapter=Chapter 2: The International system of Units |chapter-url=https://www.francoiscardarelli.ca/PDF_Files/ESU_Sample_Chapter_Section_1_2.pdf#page=6 |at=Table 2.1, p. 5 |quote=Data from Giacomo, P., Du platine à la lumière [From platinum to light], ''Bull. Bur. Nat. Metrologie'', '''102''' (1995) 5–14. |access-date=2017-01-26 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card }}
* {{cite book |last=Cardarelli |first=F. |year=2004 |title=Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins |publisher=Springer |edition=2nd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card/page/120 120]–124 |isbn=1-85233-682-X |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card |url-access=registration}}
* {{anchor|nistmetre}}[https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/meter.html ''Historical context of the SI: Meter'']. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
* {{Anchor|NIST2011}}National Institute of Standards and Technology. (27 June 2011). ''[https://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp50/primary-frequency-standards.cfm NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock]''. Author.
* {{Anchor|NPL2010}}National Physical Laboratory. (25 March 2010). ''[http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/time-frequency/optical-frequency-standards-and-metrology/research/iodine-stabilised-lasers Iodine-Stabilised Lasers]''. Author.
* {{Anchor|NRC2010}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/projects/inms/si-length.html |publisher=National Research Council Canada |title=Maintaining the SI unit of length |date=5 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204014454/http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/projects/inms/si-length.html |archive-date=4 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Anchor|PH-BatasPambansa8}}Republic of the Philippines. (2 December 1978). ''[http://www.chanrobles.com/bataspambansabilang8.htm Batas Pambansa Blg. 8: An Act Defining the Metric System and its Units, Providing for its Implementation and for Other Purposes]''. Author.
* {{Anchor|PH-RA7160}}Republic of the Philippines. (10 October 1991). ''[https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1991/10oct/19911010-RA-7160-CCA.pdf Republic Act No. 7160: The Local Government Code of the Philippines]''. Author.
* {{Anchor|PH-GR185240}} Supreme Court of the Philippines (Second Division). (20 January 2010). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180427202441/http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/january2010/185240.htm G.R. No. 185240]''. Author.
* {{Anchor|taylor2008a}}Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (Eds.). (2008a). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171120061639/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2016/12/07/sp330.pdf ''The International System of Units (SI)'']. United States version of the English text of the eighth edition (2006) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures publication ''Le Système International d' Unités (SI)'' (Special Publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
* {{Anchor|taylor2008b}}Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (2008b). [https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf ''Guide for the Use of the International System of Units''] (Special Publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
* {{Anchor|turner}}Turner, J. (deputy director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology). (16 May 2008). [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/metric/upload/FRN_Vol_73_No_96_16May2008_SI_Interpretation.pdf "Interpretation of the International System of Units (the Metric System of Measurement) for the United States"]. ''Federal Register'' Vol. 73, No. 96, p.{{nbsp}}28432–28433.
* {{Anchor|Zagar1999}}Zagar, B.G. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VXQdq0B3tnUC&pg=PT164#PPT160,M1 Laser interferometer displacement sensors] in J.G. Webster (ed.). ''The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook''. CRC Press. {{ISBN|0-8493-8347-1}}.
{{refend}}

{{SI units}}
{{SI units of length}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Metre| ]]
[[Category:SI base units]]
[[Category:Units of length]]
[[Category:1790s introductions]]

Buddha Temple, Perunjeri

2025-12-22T07:14:34Z

Manikmusicscapgk: added a place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
[[File:Perunjeribuddhatemple.jpg|thumb|Buddha Temple, Perunjeri]]
The '''Buddha Temple''' is a temple dedicated to [[Buddha]], at Perunjeri, [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>[https://www.tagavalaatruppadai.in/temple-detail.php?temp_id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZl8jhyy&tag1=%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%20%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D பெருஞ்சேரி புத்தர் கோயில், தமிழிணையம், தமிழர் தகவலாற்றுப்படை]</ref>

==Location==
The temple is one of the [[List of Buddhist temples in India|Buddha temples in Tamil Nadu]], and is located at [[Perunchery|Perunjeri]] in [[Mayiladuthurai]]-[[Thiruvarur]] road at a distance of 0.5 km in Sundrappanchavadi-Kilianur road.<ref name="dinamani">[https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kathir/2012/jan/22/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-15047.html புத்தர் இன்னும் சிரித்துக்கொண்டிருக்கிறார், தினமணி, 20 செப்டம்பர் 2012]</ref>

==Statue==
The Buddha statue in this temple is 5' and 3 inch height. In the pedestal of the statue, a not so clear Tamil inscription is found. Earlier this statue was found at a distance of one furlong from this place.<ref>மயிலை சீனி. வேங்கடசாமி, பௌத்தமும் தமிழும், திருநெல்வேலி தென்னிந்திய சைவ சித்தாந்த நூற்பதிப்புக்கழகம், சென்னை, 1957, ப.46</ref> The usual iconographical features such as coiled her, flame atop the head, elongated ears and upper garment are found in this statue.<ref>C.Minakshi, "Buddhism in South India", South Indian Studies-II (Ed.R.Nagaswamy, Society for Archaeological, Historical Research, Madras, 1979, p.115</ref>

==Rishi==
Earlier, this temple was called as Rishi Temple.<ref name="dinamani"/><ref>Census of India 1961, Vol IX, Tamilnadu Par XI-D, Temples of Tamil Nadu, Vol VII (i) Thanjavur, Director of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry, 1971, p.434</ref>

== Worship ==
This temple is under worship now.<ref>[https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/962752 டெல்டா மாவட்டங்களில் பராமரிப்பின்றி புத்தர் சிலைகள், தினமலர், 27 ஏப்ரல் 2014]</ref> Locals light lamp in this temple.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8R_kvmoJI5U YouTube Video - The Oldest Buddha Statue In Beautiful Village]
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Buddhist temples in India| ]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Salempur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T23:07:56Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Salempur {{Small|UP-71}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Salempur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Salempur Lok Sabha constituency
|reservation=None
|established=1952
|party=[[Samajwadi Party]]
|mp=[[Ramashankar Rajbhar]]
|latest_election_year=[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|state=[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons=[[Bhatpar Rani Assembly constituency|Bhatpar Rani]] [[Salempur Assembly constituency|Salempur]] [[Belthara Road Assembly constituency|Belthara Road]] [[Sikanderpur Assembly constituency|Sikanderpur]] [[Bansdih Assembly constituency|Bansdih]]
}}
'''[[Salempur, Uttar Pradesh|Salempur]] (71) Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh|Deoria district of Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]].

It is one of the constituencies (tehsils) in Deoria. Its infrastructure and facility are not growing enough fast.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Salempur Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/071_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-71-Salempur|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|340
|[[Bhatpar Rani Assembly constituency|Bhatpar Rani]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|Sabha Kushwaha
|{{party name with color|BJP|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|BJP}}
|-
|341
|[[Salempur Assembly constituency|Salempur]] (SC)
|Vijay Laxmi Gautam
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|357
|[[Belthara Road Assembly constituency|Belthara Road]] (SC)
| rowspan="3" |[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|Hansu Ram
|{{party name with color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
|-
|359
|[[Sikanderpur Assembly constituency|Sikanderpur]]
|Jiyauddin Rizvi
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|362
|[[Bansdih Assembly constituency|Bansdih]]
|Ketakee Singh
|{{party name with color|BJP}}
|{{party name with color|BJP}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salempur (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/salempur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bishwanath Roy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Vishwanath Pandey
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Tarkeshwar Pandey]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Ram Naresh Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Nagina Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hari Kewal Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|Harivansh Sahay
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Hari Kewal Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|Babban Rajbhar
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Hari Kewal Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Ramashankar Rajbhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ravindra Kushwaha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Salempur lok sabha constituency general election result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2471.htm |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|[[Ramashankar Rajbhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Salempur, Uttar Pradesh|Salempur]]<ref name="Salempur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Salempur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/salempur |access-date=16 June 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616140737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/salempur |archive-date=16 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Salempur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Salempur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2471.htm |access-date=16 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616140830/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2471.htm |archive-date=16 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Salempur election results 2024: Ramashankar Rajbhar from SP wins">{{cite news |title=Salempur election results 2024: Ramashankar Rajbhar from SP wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/salempur-election-results-2024-uttar-pradesh-salempur-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-ravindar-kushawaha-bjp-ramashankar-rajbhar-sp-bhim-rajbhar-bsp/articleshow/110674115.cms |access-date=16 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616140804/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/salempur-election-results-2024-uttar-pradesh-salempur-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-ravindar-kushawaha-bjp-ramashankar-rajbhar-sp-bhim-rajbhar-bsp/articleshow/110674115.cms |archive-date=16 June 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ramashankar Rajbhar]]
|votes = 40,54,72
|percentage = 44.20
|change = {{increase}}44.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =[[Ravindra Kushwaha]]
|party =Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =4,01,899
|percentage =43.81
|change ={{decrease}}6.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhim Rajbhar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 80,599
|percentage = 8.79
|change = {{decrease}}29.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,549
|percentage = 0.82
|change = {{decrease}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,573
|percentage = 0.38
|change ={{decrease}}11.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 917,362
|percentage = 51.25
|change = {{decrease}}4.18
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Salempur, Uttar Pradesh|Salempur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ravindra Kushwaha]]
|votes = 4,67,940
|percentage = 50.72
|change = +4.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[R. S. Kushwaha]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,55,325
|percentage = 38.52
|change = +19.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajaram
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|votes = 33,568
|percentage = 3.64
|change = -4.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1950)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 27,363
|percentage = 2.97
|change = -1.93
}}
{{Election box candidate|
| party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
| candidate = Sunil Kumar Pandey
| votes = 6,276
| percentage = 0.68
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,809
|percentage = 0.85
|change = -0.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,12,615
|percentage = 12.20
|change = -14.99
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,24,101
|percentage = 55.43
|change = +3.93
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +4.83
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Salempur, Uttar Pradesh|Salempur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ravindra Kushwaha]]
|votes = 3,92,213
|percentage = 45.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravi Shanker Singh (Pappu)
|votes = 1,59,871
|percentage = 18.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Haribansh Sahai Kushwaha
|votes = 1,59,688
|percentage = 18.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Om Prakash Rajbhar]]
|votes = 66,084
|percentage = 7.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Bhola Pandey
|votes = 41,890
|percentage = 4.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 8,322
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,32,342
|percentage = 27.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,55,776
|percentage = 51.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Salempur, Uttar Pradesh|Salempur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Ramashankar Rajbhar]]
|votes = 175,088
|percentage = 27.6%
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dr. Bhola Pandey]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 156,783
|percentage = 24.7%
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Hari Kewal Prasad ]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 135,414
|percentage = 21.3%
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ravishankar Singh "pappu"]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 89,612
|percentage = 14.1%
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate|
| party = [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| candidate = Fate Bahadur
| votes = 16,240
| percentage = 2.6%
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Izhar
|votes = 10,958
|percentage = 1.7%
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,305
|percentage = 2.9%
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,35,226
|percentage = 39.2%
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ballia district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/salempur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Salempur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Azamgarh division topics}}

{{Coord|26.3|83.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deoria district]]
[[Category:Ballia district]]

S. S. Palanimanickam

2025-12-20T21:40:33Z

Manikmusicscapgk: general enhance references as per guidelines also and corrected details based on references

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|image =File:The Minister of State (Revenue), Shri. S.S. Palanimanickam inaugurating the three day workshop for Prasar Bharati PTCs of Tamil Nadu, organised by AIR & DD, in Chennai on November 12, 2008.jpg
|imagesize = 150px |
| name = S. S. Palanimanickam
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1950|8|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Nattani village, [[Pudukkottai]], [[Madras State]] (Now [[Tamil Nadu]])
| residence = [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| constituency1 = [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]],<ref name=nic /> [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[K. Parasuraman]]
| successor = [[S. Murasoli]]
| constituency =
| term1 = 10 May 1996 — 16 May 2014
| predecessor1 = K. Thulasi Vandaayar
| successor1 = [[K. Parasuraman]]
| office2 = [[Minister (government)|Minister of State for Finance]]
| term_start2 = 22 May 2004
| term_end2 = 21 March 2013
| primeminister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| 1blankname2 = Finance Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[P. Chidambaram]]

| party =[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| spouse = P. Maheswari
| father = S. Subbaiya
| children = 1 daughter
| alma_mater = [[Madras Law College]]
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=284
}}

'''S. S. Palanimanickam''' (born 15 August 1950) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was a member of the [[17th Lok Sabha]]<ref name=nic>{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile - Shri S. S. Palanimanickam|url=http://www.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=284|publisher=National Informatics Center|accessdate=4 April 2011}}</ref> of India. He represented the [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]] constituency of [[Tamil Nadu]] from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party. He was the Thanjavur district secretary of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai Corner|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?282764|newspaper=Outlook|location=Chennai|last=Iyengar|first=Pushpa|accessdate=30 November 2013|date=26 October 2012}}</ref>

He had been a member of parliament for five times, winning five continuous elections starting 1996. He was also the minister of state in the ministry of finance from 2004 to March 2012 when the DMK pulled out of the ruling UPA coalition government.
Internal rivalry in the DMK party emerged between [[T. R. Baalu]] and [[S.S. Palanimanickam]] in 2012, when T. R. Baalu initiated a survey for railway lines in Thanjavur district<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/party-feuds-give-me-sleepless-nights-says-karunanidhi-517938.html | title=Party feuds give me sleepless nights, says Karunanidhi | publisher=News 18 | date=22 October 2012 | accessdate=31 May 2019}}</ref> and [[T. R. Baalu]] wished to contest from [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]] in [[2014 Indian general election]] and the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] controversially denied Palanimanickam a ticket however Baalu lost the elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/baalus-nomination-pushes-feud-to-the-fore/article5771142.ece | title=Baalu's nomination pushes feud to the fore | publisher=The Hindu | work=G. Srinivasan | date=11 March 2014 | accessdate=31 May 2019| last1=Srinivasan | first1=G. }}</ref> However Palanimanickam was given the party ticket in the [[2019 Indian general election]] and was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]] again.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/palanimanickam-stages-a-strong-comeback/article27243822.ece | title=Veteran stages a strong comeback | newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 May 2019 | accessdate=31 May 2019| last1=Venkatasubramanian | first1=V. }}</ref>

==Career as a politician==
Palanimanickam joined the DMK during the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi agitation of 1965]] through his father Subbiah was a staunch Congress party worker and an aide of [[R Venkataraman]] and [[G K Moopanar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dad-s-the-word/story-ucm9wtYeMTIqpk2UeGIZrN.html | title=Dad's the word | publisher=Hindustan Times | work=Kumkum Chadha | date=30 August 2009 | accessdate=18 April 2018}}</ref> General-Secretary, All India Peace and Solidarity, Tamil Nadu Unit; His interest are toward working for the upliftment of weaker sections of the society and has special interests in rural education and upliftment of the rural youth. He led a delegation of students to the then [[U.S.S.R.]] for attending youth festival, attended [[UN General Assembly]] in 2001-02 in New York, attended [[SAARC]] Parliamentarians Conference in [[Bangladesh]], visited [[Egypt]] and South Africa as member of Indian Parliamentary Delegation during 13th Lok Sabha, visited Arab Countries as member of Peace Delegation in 2004.<ref name=nic /> In 2012, S. S. Palanimanickam signed a [[Tax Information Exchange Agreement]] with [[Monaco]], being the 9th TIEA signed by India.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-monaco-ink-tax-information-exchange-agreement/articleshow/15318741.cms|title = India-Monaco Tax Information Exchange Agreement|newspaper = The Economic Times|date = 1 August 2012|access-date = 7 October 2018}}</ref>

==Elections contested and positions held==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width=50|Year
!width=100|Constituency
!width=70|Result
!width=70|Vote percentage
!width=150|Opposition Candidate
!width=70|Opposition Party
!width=70|Opposition vote percentage
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=98FB98|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]||rowspan=6|[[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]] ||Won|| 58.8||K. Thulasaya Vandayar||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||28.58<ref name="LS1996">{{cite web|title=Statistical report on General elections, 1996 to the 11th Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|page=397|year=1996|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=10 November 2013}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=98FB98|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]||Won|| 51.81||L. Ganesan||[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]||44.11<ref name="LS1998">{{cite web|title=Statistical report on General elections, 1998 to the 12th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |year=1998 |page=236 |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=98FB98|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]||Won|| 45.39||K.Thangamuthu||[[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]||40.31<ref name="LS1999">{{cite web|title=Statistical report on General elections, 1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |year=1999 |page=228 |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=98FB98|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]||Won|| 56.58||K.Thangamuthu||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]||39.77<ref name="LS2004">{{cite web|title=Statistical report on General elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|year=2004|page=296|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=10 November 2013}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=98FB98|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]||Won|| 50.55||Durai Balakrishnan||[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]||37.95<ref name="LS2009">{{cite web|title=Statistical report on General elections, 2009 to the 15th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |year=2009 |page=136 |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archivedate=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=98FB98|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]||Won|| 55.6||N. R. Natarajan ||[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC]]||20.9
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Positions Held<ref name=nic />
|-
| 1996
| Elected to 11th Lok Sabha
|-
| 1996-97
| Member, Committee on Transport and Tourism Member Railway Convention Committee Member Zonal Railways Users Consultative Committee, Ministry of Railways Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Communications
|-
| 1996-98
| Member, Select Committee on the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Bill, 1996
|-
| 1997-98
| Member, Joint Committee on the Empowerment of Women
|-
| 1998
| Re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
|-
| 1998-99
| Member Committee on Industry Member Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions Member Consultative Committee, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas Member Zonal Railway Users Consultative Committee, Ministry of Railways
|-
| 1999
| Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (3rd term)
|-
| 1999–2000
| Chairman, Committee on Agriculture Member Committee of Privileges Member, Joint Committee on Patents (Second Amendment) Bill, 1999
|-
| 1999–2004
| Member, General Purposes Committee
|-
| 2000–2004
| Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Civil Aviation
|-
| 2004
| Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (4th term)
|-
| 2009
| Re-elected to 15th Lok Sabha (5th term)
|-
| 2004–2012
| [[Union Minister of State]], Finance Literary Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments President, Tamil Centre, Thanjavur (for more than ten years) District Secreatary of D.M.K.
|}

==Controversies==
In February 2012, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] lodged strong protest with [[Central Vigilance Commission|CVC]] on the "dirty tricks" of certain Income Tax officials to intimidate crucial witnesses in the [[2G spectrum case]] allegedly at the behest of Minister of State (Finance) [[SS Palanimanickam]]. [[Subramanian Swamy|Dr. Swamy]], one of the petitioners in the case, said he would approach Supreme Court on this matter.<ref name="DMK’s MoS sought to derail 2G probe ">{{cite news | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/44600-dmks-mos-sought-to-derail-2g-probe.html | title=DMK's MoS sought to derail 2G probe|newspaper=The Daily Pioneer | date=22 February 2012 | accessdate=21 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="DMK minister harassing 2G witnesses, Swamy writes to PM">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DMK-minister-harassing-2G-witnesses-Swamy-writes-to-PM/articleshow/11984033.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224162534/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-22/india/31086362_1_spectrum-case-2g-party-president-subramanian-swamy | url-status=live | archive-date=24 February 2012 | title=DMK minister harassing 2G witnesses, Swamy writes to PM |date=22 Feb 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref>

Internal rivalry in the DMK party emerged between Baalu and [[S.S. Palanimanickam]], the MP from Thanjavur constituency and the district secretary of the DMK in Thanjavur. During October 2012, Palanimackam came out open in the media to criticize his senior colleague for showing undue interest in Thanjavur, while he could have done it was his Sriperumbudur constituency. He accused Baalu for bringing all the railways schemes to Thanjavur to get the seat in Thanjavur for 2014 general elections.<ref>{{cite news|title=Palanimanickam's tirade shocks DMK leadership|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palanimanickams-tirade-shocks-dmk-leadership/article4019760.ece|work=The Hindu|last=B.|first=Kolappan|date=22 October 2012|accessdate=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="open">{{cite news|title=Palanimanickam's spat with Baalu comes out in open|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/palanimanickams-spat-with-baalu-comes-out-in-open/article4018356.ece|work=The Hindu|last=G.|first=Srirnivasan|location=Thanjavur|date=21 October 2012|accessdate=10 November 2013}}</ref> Referring to the internal conflict, the party leader Karunanidhi came out in the open stating "When I go to sleep, such factional feuds engulf me and make me sleepless". Baalu being the Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Railways, initiated the survey for the {{convert|47|km|mi|abbr=on}} Thanjavur-Pattukottai railway line and the {{convert|42|km|mi|abbr=on}} Mannargudi-Pattukottai rail project, which is believed to have created the conflict.<ref>{{cite news|title=Party feuds give sleepless nights: Karunanidhi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/party-feuds-give-sleepless-nights-karunanidhi-283016|work=NDTV|location=Chennai|date=22 October 2012|accessdate=10 November 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=284 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palanimanickam, S. S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thanjavur district]]

Hemiphyllodactylus jnana

2025-12-16T04:00:56Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added a stub

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Bangalore slender gecko (Hemiphyllodactylus jnana).jpg
| status =
| genus = Hemiphyllodactylus
| species = jnana
| authority = Khandekar, Giri, Ramakrishnan, & Karanth, 2019
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Hemiphyllodactylus jnana''''' is a species of [[gecko]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemiphyllodactylus|species=jnana}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q63951980}}

[[Category:Hemiphyllodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2019]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Gekkonidae-stub}}

1934 in India

2025-12-02T10:48:59Z

Manikmusicscapgk: minor reworked layout for consistency and improved wording per sources

{{short description|none}} 
{{more citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{Year in India|1934}}
Events in the year '''1934 in India'''.

==Incumbents==
* [[Emperor of India]] – [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]
* Viceroy of India – [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|The Earl of Willingdon]]

==Events==
* National income - {{INR}}22,775 million
* 15 January – The 8.0 {{M|w}} [[1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake|Nepal–Bihar earthquake]] shakes the [[Himalayas]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''Extreme''), leaving 6,000–10,700 dead.
* 25 February - [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visits [[Udupi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-14 |title=Mahatma Gandhi’s only visit to Udupi was on February 25, 1934 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mahatma-gandhis-only-visit-to-udupi-was-on-february-25-1934/article7543596.ece |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 7 April – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] suspended his campaign of civil disobedience.
* July – The Communist Party of India is declared unlawful.<ref name="WPCleanerAuto1">''Everyman's Dictionary of Dates''; 6th ed. J. M. Dent, 1971; p. 263</ref>
* September – Gandhi is successful in forcing the hand of the caste Hindus in favour of the depressed classes in the scheme of representation.<ref name="WPCleanerAuto1" />
* G. Edward Lewis discovers 'man-like ape' fossils in Northern India. They are named ''[[Ramapithecus]]'' and ''[[Sugrivapithecus]]'', after [[Rama]] and [[Sugriva]].
* Unsuccessful attempts on the life of Sir John Anderson, Governor of Bengal.
* Protection was granted to the steel industry till 31 March 1941 subject to preference for English steel under the Ottawa agreement.
* Formation of [[Congress Socialist Party]]

==Law==
* 54-hour week passed.<ref name="WPCleanerAuto1" />
* [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934|Reserve Bank of India Act]] passed
* The graduates of Dehra Dun Academy could, by a new law, get the Governor-General's commission in the army and the Navy.
*Sugarcane Act
*Indian Aircraft Act
*Petroleum Act
*Dock Labourers Act

==Births==
*7 January – [[Jamila Massey]], actress and writer.
*9 January – [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[playback singer]] (died [[2008 in India|2008]]).
*22 January
** [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]], [[filmmaker]], [[film producer|producer]], [[screen writer]], [[film editing|editor]] and actor (died [[2004 in India|2004]]).
** [[Sugathakumari]], poet and activist (died [[2020 in India|2020]])
*2 February – [[Haripal Kaushik]], field hockey player and commentator (died [[2018 in India|2018]])
*27 February – [[Manoj Das]], writer (died [[2021 in India|2021]])
*15 March – [[Kanshi Ram]], politician and founder of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (died [[2006 in India|2006]]).
*21 March
** [[Ved Mehta]], writer (died [[2021 in the United States]])
** [[Buta Singh]], politician, [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] (1986–1989), [[List of governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]] (2004–2006) and Chairman of [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes|NCSC]] (died [[2021 in India|2021]])
*29 March – [[Shahryar Khan]], Pakistani diplomat and politician (died [[2024 in Pakistan|2024]])
*31 March – [[Kamala Surayya]], poet and author (died [[2009 in India|2009]])
*24 April – [[Jayakanthan]], [[writer]], [[essayist]], [[journalist]], [[pamphleteer]], [[filmmaker|film-maker]] and [[critic]] (died [[2015 in India|2015]]).
*16 May – [[Leela Nambudiripad]], children's writer (died [[2021 in India|2021]])
*19 May – [[Ruskin Bond]], children's writer.
*24 May – [[M. S. Valiathan]], cardiac surgeon (died [[2024 in India|2024]])
*31 May – [[Bhagwatikumar Sharma]], author and journalist (died [[2018 in India|2018]])
*1 June – [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]], Indian director (died [[2017 in India|2017]])
*16 June – [[Kumari Kamala]], dancer and actress
*23 June – [[Virbhadra Singh]], Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh
*12 July – [[May Routh]], Indian-born British-American costume designer (died [[2022 in the United States|2022]])
*21 July – [[Chandu Borde]], cricketer.
*8 August – [[Sudakshina Sarma]], Ammamese singer (died [[2023 in India|2023]])
*4 November – [[Vijaya Mehta]], theatre and film director and actress.
*5 November – [[Rashid Byramji]], horse trainer (died [[2022 in India|2022]])
*18 November – [[C. N. Balakrishnan]], Indian politician (died [[2018]])
*6 December – [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], actress and dancer (died [[1981 in India|1981]])

===Full date unknown===
*[[Kedarnath Singh]], poet. (died [[2018]])
*[[J. P. S. Uberoi]], sociologist (died [[2024]])

== Death ==

* [[C. Sankaran Nair]], former [[Indian National Congress]] president (b.1857)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=Explained: The story of Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair, who took on the British in their own courts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/chettur-sankaran-nair-lawyer-british-movie-7390007/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1934}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1934 In India}}
[[Category:1934 in India| ]]
[[Category:1934 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 20th century in India]]
[[Category:1934 in Asia]]
[[Category:1930s in India]]

A. P. Venkateswaran

2025-11-25T05:30:51Z

Manikmusicscapgk: added info

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox office holder
| name = A. P. Venkateswaran
| office = [[ Foreign Secretary of India ]]
| term = 1 April 1986 - 20 January 1987
| predecessor = [[ Romesh Bhandari ]]
| successor = K P S Menon Jr.
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 2 June 1930
| birth_place = [[Brahmapur, Odisha]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|9|2|1930|8|2}}
| death_place = Bangalore, [[India]]
| restingplace = Wilson Garden Crematorium, Bangalore<ref name="Manorama Online" />
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Diplomat
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Usha
| children = Kalpana
| parents = [[A. S. Panchapakesa Ayyar]] Vedanayaki Ammal
| website = 
| awards = Fellowship – [[Harvard University]]
}}
'''Ayilam Panchapakesha Venkateswaran''' (2 August 1930 – 2 September 2014) was an Indian diplomat, former [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]<ref name="Former Foreign Secretary A P Venkateswaran passes away">{{cite news | url=http://uniindia.net/eng/displaytopstory.php?sid=MS%2046&ngsystemtask=3325weare24olym54hrt56u6755uwere21stories03 | title=Former Foreign Secretary A P Venkateswaran passes away | publisher=United News of India | date=4 September 2014 | accessdate=4 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904194916/http://uniindia.net/eng/displaytopstory.php?sid=MS%2046&ngsystemtask=3325weare24olym54hrt56u6755uwere21stories03 | archive-date=4 September 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref> and former chairman of Asia Centre, [[Bangalore]],<ref name="Asia Centre">{{cite web | url=http://www.whatisindia.com/asiacentre/asiacentre.html | title=Asia Centre | publisher=Asia Centre | work=website | date=2014 | accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> rated by many as one of the most efficient foreign secretaries of India.<ref name="Former foreign secretary Venkateswaran cremated in Bangalore" /> The circumstances in which he resigned from the [[Indian Foreign Service]] made news at that time<ref name="History repeats itself, says former foreign secy">{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/history-repeats-itself-says-former-foreign-secy/1175758/ | title=History repeats itself, says former foreign secy | date=29 September 2013 | accessdate=4 September 2014 | author=Express News Service}}</ref> and drew widespread comments in the media.<ref name="Indian Administration">{{cite book | title=Indian Administration | publisher=Orient Blackswan | author=S. R. Maheswari | date=1 January 2001 | page=237 of 666 pages | isbn=978-8125019886}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi Actions Stir Strong Criticism">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/08/world/gandhi-actions-stir-strong-criticism.html | title=Gandhi Actions Stir Strong Criticism | work=The New York Times| date=8 February 1987 | accessdate=4 September 2014 | author=Steven R Weisman}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|author=Archis Mohan | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100526/jsp/nation/story_12488958.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528034400/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100526/jsp/nation/story_12488958.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 May 2010 | title=Manmohan waltzes where many predecessors slipped | work=The Telegraph| date=26 May 2010 | accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Associated_Press1">{{cite news | url=https://apnews.com/b04990d06a6b53e1e2cd9c9625c01a0f | title=Foreign Seretary Quits aAfter Gandhi Embarrasses Him in Public <nowiki>[sic]</nowiki> | publisher=Associated Press | date=20 January 1987 | accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="The Making of India's Foreign Policy">{{cite book | url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1040461 | title=The Making of India's Foreign Policy | publisher=Allied Publishers | author=Jayanta Bandyopadhyaya | year=2003 | page=270 of 310 pages | isbn=9788177644029}}</ref>

==Life sketch==
{{quotebox|align = right|qalign = center|width=21em|''The summary removal of the Foreign Secretary, A. P. Venkateswaran, in the shabbiest manner imaginable, has....'', '''wrote [[Inder Malhotra]] in The Times of India''', ''sent shock waves through the entire edifice of the government, shattered the morale of the bureaucracy and aroused the gravest misgivings about the future patterns of the government in New Delhi''<ref name="Indian Administration" /><ref name="Political Commentary: Bashing the Bureaucracy">{{cite journal | title=Political Commentary: Bashing the Bureaucracy | author=Inder Malhotra | journal=The Times of India | date= 22 January 1987}}</ref>}}

A. P. Venkateswaran comes from a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family with roots in a small [[Palakkadu]] hamlet of Ayilam, in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]]. His father, [[A. S. Panchapakesa Ayyar]] was a former [[Madras High Court]] judge<ref name="Manorama Online" /> turned civil servant and Venkateswaran was born at [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]], while his father was staying in [[Odisha]] with his mother, Vedanayaki Ammal.<ref name="Manorama Online">{{cite web | url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=17502121&programId=1073753763&channelId=-1073751706&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=11 | title=Manorama Online | publisher=Manorama Online | format=web article | date=4 September 2014 | accessdate=4 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904202704/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=17502121&programId=1073753763&channelId=-1073751706&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=11 | archive-date=4 September 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Venkateswaran was good at studies and he secured three post graduate degrees in Science, Economics, and Political Science from the [[Madras Christian College]]<ref name="Madras Christian College - Some Outstanding Alumni of the College">{{cite web | url=http://www.mcc.edu.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=340&Itemid=237 | title=Madras Christian College – Some Outstanding Alumni of the College | publisher=Madras Christian College | work=website | date=2014 | accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> before joining [[Indian Foreign Service]] on 2 April 1952, at the age of 22.<ref name="Manorama Online" /><ref name="Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/former-foreign-secretary-ap-venkateswaran-died-1409730805-1 | title=Profile | publisher=Jagaranrosh.com | date=3 September 2014 | accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> After joining the service, Venkateswaran continued his studies at Oxford on International Law (1952–53) and at the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies, London (1953–54).<ref name="A._P._Venkateswaran">[[:de:A|A. P. Venkateswaran]], Retrieved 4 September 2014{{circular reference|date=September 2014}}</ref>

Venkateswaran was married to Usha and the couple had a daughter, Kalpana, who is settled in the US. He died on 2 September 2014, at Bangalore, succumbing to a cardiac arrest.<ref name="Former Foreign Secretary A P Venkateswaran passes away" /><ref name="Former Foreign Secretary A P Venkateswaran's body cremated ">{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-foreign-secretary-a-p-venkateswarans-body-cremated/articleshow/41616197.cms | title=Former Foreign Secretary A P Venkateswaran's body cremated | work=The Economic Times| date=3 September 2014 | accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> His mortal remains were cremated at Wilson Garden Crematorium in the city.<ref name="Manorama Online" />

Venkateswaran was a Fellow of the ''Center for Industrial Affairs'' at [[Harvard University]] from 1974 to 1975.<ref name="A._P._Venkateswaran" /> He has also written several articles on international politics in journals and magazines.<ref name="Articles">{{cite web | url=http://www.sarantakos.com/kosovo/ks18law.html | title=NATO and International Law | publisher=Sarantakos.com | date=7 May 1999 | accessdate=4 September 2014 | author=Raju G. C. Thomas}}</ref>

==Controversy==
[[File:Rajiv Gandhi (1987).jpg|thumb|240px|[[Rajiv Gandhi]] (1987)]]
One year after he assumed office as the Foreign Secretary of India, Venkateswaran made a public statement that the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] operations in Sri Lanka was a mistake, a statement which appeared to have irked [[Rajiv Gandhi]], then Prime Minister of India. Weeks later, when asked by a [[Pakistani]] journalist about the impending Pakistan visit for the [[SAARC]] summit, announced earlier by Venkateswaran, Rajiv Gandhi replied with the now famous words,<ref name="History repeats itself, says former foreign secy" /> <blockquote>''Soon, you will be talking to a new foreign secretary''</blockquote>

The declaration generated much publicity and had no precedence where the termination of service of a Class I civil services officer being announced at a press conference.<ref name="Indian Administration" /> Venkateswaran, present at the press conference,<ref name="Former foreign secretary Venkateswaran cremated in Bangalore">{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870215-rajiv-gandhis-most-insensitive-blunder-ap-venkateswaran-removal-as-foreign-secretary-798506-1987-02-14 | title=Former foreign secretary Venkateswaran cremated in Bangalore | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=4 September 2014 | access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref> sent the letter of his resignation to the Prime Minister's office immediately.<ref name="Manorama Online" /> The incident attracted worldwide media interest.<ref name="History repeats itself, says former foreign secy" /><ref name="Gandhi Actions Stir Strong Criticism" /><ref name="Associated Press">{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/b04990d06a6b53e1e2cd9c9625c01a0f | title=Associated Press | publisher=Associated Press | date=20 January 1987 | accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="An avoidable blunder">{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870215-rajiv-gandhis-most-insensitive-blunder-ap-venkateswaran-removal-as-foreign-secretary-798506-1987-02-14 | title=An avoidable blunder | publisher=India Today | date=15 February 1987 | access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref> Years later, Venkateswaran commented that the decision to send IPKF to Sri Lanka was a mistake which finally led to the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref name="I am not sure if Prabhakaran ordered Rajiv’s assassination">{{cite web | url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main21.asp?filename=Ne110406_I_am.asp | title=I am not sure if Prabhakaran ordered Rajiv's assassination | publisher=Tehelka | date=4 November 2006 | accessdate=4 September 2014 | author=P. C. Vinoj Kumar | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904200724/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main21.asp?filename=Ne110406_I_am.asp | archivedate=4 September 2014}}</ref>

==Positions==
Venkateswaran has served in the Indian foreign offices across the globe, except in South American continent,<ref name="Manorama Online" /> and was the Indian Ambassador in the [[Ambassador of India to United States of America|US]], China and Syria.<ref name="Manorama Online" /> After his Embassy stints, he served as the Indian representative in the United Nations before returning to India, in 1986, when he was made the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]], the highest job in the [[Indian Foreign Service]], during [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s term as the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]].<ref name="Manorama Online" />

'''Career sketch'''<ref name="Profile" /><ref name="A._P._Venkateswaran" />

{| border="1" class="wikitable"
! Office
! Position
! Tenure
|-
! Embassy in [[Prague]]
| Officer
| 1955–1957
|-
! New York Consulate
| Consul
| 1957–1959
|-
! Embassy – [[Addis Ababa]]
| Secretary of Legation – First Class
| 1959–1962
|-
! [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], New Delhi
| Deputy Secretary
| 1962–1964
|-
! Embassy – Moscow
| Secretary of Legation – First Class
| 1964–1967
|-
! Consulate – [[Bonn]]
| Consul
| 1967–1969
|-
! Indian High Commission – [[Fiji]]
| High Commissioner
| 1969–1971
|-
! Center for Industrial Affairs – [[Harvard University]]
| Fellow
| 1974–1975
|-
! Embassy – Washington DC
| Ambassador (correction: Venkateshwaran was only chargé d'affaires (acting ambassador) in Washington)
| 1975–1977
|-
! Embassy – [[Damascus]]
| Ambassador
| 1977–1980
|-
! United Nations
| Representative
| 1980–1982
|-
! Embassy – Beijing
| Ambassador
| 1982–1986
|-
! Government of India
| Foreign Secretary
| 1986–1987
|}

Venkateswaran resigned from Indian Government service in 1987 after which he founded [https://asiacentrebangalore.org/ Asia Centre Bangalore, ''a think tank of diplomats and intellectuals, based in Bangalore.''

==See also==
* [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]
* [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]]

{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=50em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.sangam.org/Analysis.htm | title=List of Articles on India – Sri Lanka relationship | publisher=Sangam.org | accessdate=4 September 2014}}
* {{cite book | url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1040461 | title=The Making of India's Foreign Policy | publisher=Allied Publishers | author=Jayanta Bandyopadhyay | author-link=Jayanta Bandyopadhyay | year=2003 | page=270 of 310 pages | isbn=9788177644029}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Romesh Bhandari]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Foreign Secretary of India]]|years=1986 - 1987}}
{{s-aft|after=[[K. P. S. Menon Jr.]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkateswaran, A. P.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]
[[Category:Malayali Brahmins]]
[[Category:Foreign secretaries of India]]
[[category:Ambassadors of India to Syria]]
[[category:Ambassadors of India to China]]
[[category:Ambassadors of India to the United States]]
[[category:High commissioners of India to Fiji]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations]]

Chapara

2025-11-22T02:57:56Z

Manikmusicscapgk: added a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chapara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.771690|N|84.185694|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Meliaputti
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.30
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7741
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 532216
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP30 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Srikakulam
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pathapatnam]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Chapara''' is a village in [[Srikakulam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Meliaputti [[mandal]] of [[Palakonda revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/water-scarcity-looms-large-over-srikakulam-district-522432|title=Water scarcity looms large over Srikakulam district|date=19 April 2019|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Srikakulam district]]

{{Srikakulam-geo-stub}}

List of accolades received by Bajirao Mastani

2025-11-13T22:45:45Z

Manikmusicscapgk: made

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Bajirao Mastani''}}
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Swarn Kamal Award to the Film Maker Shri Sanjay Leela Bhansali for the Best Direction for Bajirao Mastani, at the 63rd National Film Awards Function, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|300px|''Bajirao Mastani'' won a total of seven [[National Film Awards]] at the [[63rd National Film Awards]] including the [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] for [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]].]]

{{Infobox awards list
| title = List of accolades received by ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| film = y
| total_width =
| image1 =
| alt1 =
| caption =
| wins = 79
| nominations = 150
| awards =
}}
''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' is a 2015 Indian [[Epic film|epic]] [[historical romance]] film directed and scored by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]. It was a co-production between Bhansali Productions and [[Eros International]].<ref name="bh">{{cite web|title=Bajirao Mastani (2015)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/526719|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504183329/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/526719|archive-date=4 May 2016}}</ref> The film stars [[Ranveer Singh]] as [[Bajirao I]], [[Deepika Padukone]] as [[Mastani]], and [[Priyanka Chopra]] as [[Kashibai]]. [[Tanvi Azmi]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Vaibbhav Tatwawdi]] and [[Milind Soman]] playing supporting roles.<ref name="bh"/> The screenplay was written by Prakash R. Kapadia, and the cinematography provided by [[Sudeep Chatterjee]].<ref name="bh"/> Based on the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] novel ''[[Rau (novel)|Raau]]'' by [[Nagnath S. Inamdar]], the film narrates the story of the [[Maratha]] [[Peshwa]] Bajirao and his second wife Mastani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bajirao Mastani review: This gloriously epic Priyanka, Deepika and Ranveer-starrer is the best film of 2015|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bajirao-mastani-review-this-is-the-best-film-of-2015-2550464.html|author=Jha, Subhash K|publisher=Firstpost|date=19 October 2015|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408221423/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bajirao-mastani-review-this-is-the-best-film-of-2015-2550464.html|archive-date=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bajirao Mastani review by Anupama Chopra: Soaring, searing, sumptuous|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bajirao-mastani-review-by-anupama-chopra-soaring-searing-sumptuous/story-gZmskukJnTmbRtcS15D3XK.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|author=Chopra, Anupama|date=22 December 2015|access-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116085552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bajirao-mastani-review-by-anupama-chopra-soaring-searing-sumptuous/story-gZmskukJnTmbRtcS15D3XK.html|archive-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>

Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|1.25|b}}, the film was released on 18 December 2015 to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|title=What are the budgets of Dilwale and Bajirao Mastaani and how will they share 5000 screens?|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1640|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=9 December 2015|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083531/http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1640|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=I feel on top of world with Bajirao Mastani response: Ranveer Singh|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-feel-on-top-of-world-with-bajirao-mastani-response-ranveer-singh/|author=[[Press Trust of India]]|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 December 2015|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206075407/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-feel-on-top-of-world-with-bajirao-mastani-response-ranveer-singh/|archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> As of May 2016, ''Bajirao Mastani'' has grossed over {{INRConvert|3.6|b}} at the box-office, becoming one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films of all time]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood's Top Worldwide Grossers|url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/bollywoods-top-worldwide-grossers/|publisher=Koimoi|date=18 May 2016|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522171152/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/bollywoods-top-worldwide-grossers/|archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Bajirao Mastani' Outscores 'Dilwale' As Fourth-Highest Hindi Grosser In India |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2016/01/03/bajirao-mastani-outscores-dilwale-as-third-highest-hindi-grosser-in-india/#6f01426d7865 |author=Groves, Don |work=[[Forbes]] |date=3 January 2016 |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427022303/http://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2016/01/03/bajirao-mastani-outscores-dilwale-as-third-highest-hindi-grosser-in-india/ |archive-date=27 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for Bhansali's direction and music, the performances of Chopra and Singh, its cinematography, art direction, and costume design.

At the [[63rd National Film Awards]], ''Bajirao Mastani'' received seven awards including [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] for Bhansali, [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Azmi, [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] for Chatterjee, and [[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]. It received the most nominations at the [[61st Filmfare Awards]] with fourteen. ''Bajirao Mastani'' went on to win more awards than any other film at the ceremony with nine<ref>{{cite news|title=Filmfare Awards 2016: Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan, Dilwale and Bajirao Mastani among top nominees|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/filmfare-awards-2016-shah-rukh-khan-salman-khan-dilwale-bajirao-mastani-among-top-nominees-1537865|work=[[International Business Times]]|author=Varma, Arjun|date=14 January 2016|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408082533/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/filmfare-awards-2016-shah-rukh-khan-salman-khan-dilwale-bajirao-mastani-among-top-nominees-1537865|archive-date=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Bajirao Mastani' Dominates Filmfare Awards|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/bajirao-mastani-dominates-filmfare-awards-1201682086/|author=Frater, Patrick|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=18 January 2016|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504151921/http://variety.com/2016/film/asia/bajirao-mastani-dominates-filmfare-awards-1201682086/|archive-date=4 May 2016}}</ref> including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Bhansali, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Singh, and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Chopra. The film received thirteen nominations at the 2015 [[Producers Guild Film Awards]] including [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]], and [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]] for both Chopra, and Padukone. It won nine awards, the most at the ceremony, including [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Bhansali, [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor]] for Singh, and [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actress]] for Azmi. ''Bajirao Mastani'' received thirteen nominations at the 22nd [[Screen Awards]] including [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]], and [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Bhansali, and won seven including [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Singh, and [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Chopra. The film also won a leading thirteen awards (from seventeen nominations) at the [[17th IIFA Awards]] including [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Bhansali, [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Singh, and [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Chopra.

==Awards and Nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of Ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipients
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" | [[Asian Film Awards]]
| rowspan="5" | [[10th Asian Film Awards|17 March 2016]]
| [[Asian Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite web|title=10th Asian Film Awards Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/nominees-and-winners/10th-afa-nominees/|publisher=[[Asian Film Awards]]|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522173334/http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/nominees-and-winners/10th-afa-nominees/|archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Best Editing
| {{sort|Pandey|Rajesh G. Pandey}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Original Music
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Costume Design
| {{sort|Modi|Anju Modi}}, [[Maxima Basu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Visual Effects
| {{sort|Sutar|Prasad Sutar}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="14" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="14" | [[61st Filmfare Awards|16 January 2016]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="14" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominations for the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html|work=Filmfare|date=11 January 2016|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315031252/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html|archive-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Full list of winners of the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html|work=Filmfare|date=15 January 2016|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165017/http://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html|archive-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite episode|title=61st Filmfare Awards|series=Filmfare Awards|network=SET India|date=7 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Singh|[[Ranveer Singh]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Padukone|[[Deepika Padukone]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Azmi|[[Tanvi Azmi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
| {{sort|Dhatrak|Saloni Dhatrak}}, Sriram Iyengar, Sujeet Sawant
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{sort|Modi|Anju Modi}}, [[Maxima Basu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
| {{sort|Kaushal|Sham Kaushal}}
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| {{sort|Maharaj|[[Pandit Birju Maharaj]]}} (for song "[[Mohe Rang Do Laal]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|D'Souza|[[Remo D'Souza]]}} (for song "Pinga")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Acharya|[[Ganesh Acharya]]}} (for song "Malhari")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10"| [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="10"| 6 April 2016
| [[GiMA Award for Best Film Album|Best Film Album]]
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"|<ref>{{cite web|title=GIMA: Film Nominees 2016|url=http://www.gima.co.in/film-nominations.php|access-date=30 March 2016|publisher=[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330063435/http://www.gima.co.in/film-nominations.php|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gima.co.in/film-award.php|title=GIMA: Film Music Winners 2016|publisher=Global Indian Music Academy Awards|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412084441/http://www.gima.co.in/film-award.php|archive-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Film Song|Best Film Song]]
| "Pinga"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Singh|[[Arijit Singh]]}} (for song "Aayat")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[GiMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "[[Mohe Rang Do Laal]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Duo/Group Song|Best Duo/Group Song]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}}, [[Vaishali Mhade]] (for song "Pinga")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| {{sort|Balhara|[[Sanchit Balhara]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Engineer – Film Album|Best Engineer – Film Album]]
| {{sort|Gajjar|[[Tanay Gajjar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Music Arranger and Programmer|Best Music Arranger and Programmer]]
| {{sort|Shail-Pritesh|Shail–Pritesh}}, Nitin Shankar (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
| rowspan="4"| 11–21 August 2016
|Best Film
|''Bajirao Mastani''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iffm.com.au/iffm2016/winners.html|title=Indian Film Festival Melbourne Awards 2016 Winners|publisher=[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]|access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111113214/http://www.iffm.com.au/iffm2016/winners.html|archive-date=11 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iffm.com.au/iffm2016/nominees.html|title=Indian Film Festival Melbourne Awards 2016 Nominees|publisher=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne|access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111113205/http://www.iffm.com.au/iffm2016/nominees.html|archive-date=11 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/2016-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-announces-iffm-awards-nominees/|title=2016 Indian Film Festival Of Melbourne Announces IFFM Awards Nominees|work=[[Filmink]]|access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112155445/https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/2016-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-announces-iffm-awards-nominees/|archive-date=12 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|{{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
|{{sort|Singh|[[Ranveer Singh]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|{{sort|Padukone|[[Deepika Padukone]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="17" scope="row" | [[IIFA Awards|International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="17" | [[17th IIFA Awards|26 June 2016]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="17" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations 2016 - IIFA|url=http://www.iifa.com/nominations-2016/|publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]|access-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527170146/http://www.iifa.com/nominations-2016/|archive-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=IIFA Awards 2016: The Complete List of Winners|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/iifa-awards-2016-the-complete-list-of-winners-1262131.html|publisher=News18|date=26 June 2016|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Check out which movie won big at IIFA 2016 Technical awards|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-check-out-which-movie-won-big-at-iifa-2016-technical-awards-2227758|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=25 June 2016|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Singh|[[Ranveer Singh]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Padukone|[[Deepika Padukone]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Azmi|[[Tanvi Azmi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| {{sort|Chatterjee|[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
| {{sort|Dhatrak|Saloni Dhatrak}}, Sriram Iyengar, Sujeet Sawant
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{sort|Modi|Anju Modi}}, [[Maxima Basu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| {{sort|Sanchit Balhara|[[Sanchit Balhara]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| {{sort|D'Souza|[[Remo D'Souza]]}} (for song "Pinga")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
| {{sort|Sutar|Prasad Sutar}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| {{sort|Samal|Nihar Ranjan Samal}}, Bishwadeep Chaterjee
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]]
| {{sort|Gajjar|[[Tanay Gajjar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
| {{sort|Kaushal|Sham Kaushal}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="19" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="19" | [[8th Mirchi Music Awards|29 February 2016]]
| Album of the Year
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="19" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Mirchi Music Awards 2015 Nominations|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/|publisher=[[Mirchi Music Awards]]|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330062839/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=8th Mirchi Music Awards: Complete list of winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/8th-Mirchi-Music-Awards-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/51196008.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 March 2016 |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419213201/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/8th-Mirchi-Music-Awards-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/51196008.cms |archive-date=19 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Song of the Year
| "[[Deewani Mastani]]"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Best Raag Inspired Song
| "Albela Sajan"
| {{won}}
|-
| "Aaj Ibaadat"
| {{nom}}
|-
| "[[Mohe Rang Do Laal]]"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Music Composer of the Year
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}} (for song "Aayat")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Lyricist of the Year
| {{sort|Siddharth-Garima|Siddharth–Garima}}, Nasir Faraaz, Ganesh Chandanshive (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Male Vocalist of the Year
| {{sort|Singh|[[Arijit Singh]]}} (for song "Aayat")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Female Vocalist of the Year
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}}, [[Vaishali Mhade]] (for song "Pinga")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "[[Mohe Rang Do Laal]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year
| {{sort|Made|[[Vaishali Mhade]]}} (for song "Pinga")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Dev|Payal Dev}} (for song "Ab Tohe Jane Na Doongi")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of the Year]]
| {{sort|Puranik|Shreyas Puranik}} (for song "Gajanana")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| {{sort|Sanchit Balhara|[[Sanchit Balhara]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Song Producer (Programming and Arranging)
| {{sort|Shail-Pritesh|Shail–Pritesh}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Song Engineer (Recording and Mixing)
| {{sort|Gajjar|[[Tanay Gajjar]]}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Gajjar|[[Tanay Gajjar]]}} (for song "Aayat")
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="7" | [[63rd National Film Awards|3 May 2016]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
| {{sort|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]|Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Winners of 63rd National Film Awards 2015 |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=28 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007194418/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{sort|Azmi|[[Tanvi Azmi]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| {{sort|Chatterjee|[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]] {{•}}{{small|[[Sound design|Sound Designer]]}}
| {{sort|Chatterjee|Biswadeep Chatterjee}}
| {{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]] {{•}}{{small|[[Re-recording (filmmaking)|Re-recordist of the Final Mixed Track]]}}
| {{sort|Jose|[[Justin Jose]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
| {{sort|Iyengar|Shriram Iyengar}}, Saloni Dhatrak and Sujeet Sawant
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| {{sort|D'Souza|[[Remo D'Souza]]}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="13" | [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="13" |22 December 2015
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for 11th Renault Sony Guild Awards|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9444|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=21 December 2015|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330050155/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9444|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title='Bajirao Mastani' wins big at Renault Sony Guild Awards|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/519184/bajirao-mastani-wins-big-renault.html|author=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=23 December 2015|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522180159/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/519184/bajirao-mastani-wins-big-renault.html|archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| {{sort|Singh|[[Ranveer Singh]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Padukone|[[Deepika Padukone]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| {{sort|Azmi|[[Tanvi Azmi]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
| {{sort|Azmi|[[Tanvi Azmi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Dialogue
| {{sort|Kapadia|Prakash R. Kapadia}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| {{sort|Chatterjee|[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Art Direction
| {{sort|Dhatrak|Saloni Dhatrak}}, Sriram Iyengar, Sujeet Sawant
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| {{sort|Samal|Nihar Ranjan Samal}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{sort|Modi|Anju Modi}}, [[Maxima Basu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Choreography
| {{sort|D'Souza|[[Remo D'Souza]]}} (for song "Pinga")
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="13" | [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="13" |8 January 2016
| [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 22nd Annual Star Screen Awards 2015|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9544|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=8 January 2015|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330050107/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9544|archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=22 Star Screen Awards|url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/star-screen-awards/7050/main-awards-ceremony/1000082990|publisher=Hotstar|access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite episode|title=22nd Annual Star Screen Awards|series=Screen Awards|network=STAR India|date=31 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Singh|[[Ranveer Singh]]}}
| {{won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] for ''[[Piku]]''.}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)|Best Actor (Popular Choice)]]
| {{sort|Singh|[[Ranveer Singh]]}}
| {{nom}}{{efn|Also for ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]].''}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{nom}}{{efn|Also for ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''.}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]
| {{sort|Padukone|[[Deepika Padukone]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Female]]
| {{sort|Azmi|[[Tanvi Azmi]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| {{sort|Chatterjee|[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| {{sort|Dhatrak|Saloni Dhatrak}}, Sriram Iyengar, Sujeet Sawant
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Costume Design
| {{sort|Modi|Anju Modi}}, [[Maxima Basu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
| {{sort|Sutar|Prasad Sutar}}
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="18" scope="row" | [[Times of India Film Awards]]
| rowspan="18" | 18 March 2016
| Best Film
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="18" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=TOIFA Awards 2016: Parineeti Chopra-Riteish Deshmukh to host event, SRK, Varun Dhawan to perform; list of nominees|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/toifa-awards-2016-parineeti-chopra-riteish-deshmukh-host-event-srk-varun-dhawan-perform-list-670113|author=Mehta, Ankita|work=International Business Times|date=10 March 2016|access-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311130132/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/toifa-awards-2016-parineeti-chopra-riteish-deshmukh-host-event-srk-varun-dhawan-perform-list-670113|archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=TOIFA 2016: 'Bajirao Mastani' Bags 6 Awards, Celebs Have a Rocking Night|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/toifa-bajirao-mastani-bags-awards-celebs-have-a-rocking-night/article_eb9c4f64-efba-11e5-a9e0-53e3fd5c3197.html|work=India-West|date=21 March 2016|access-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522181810/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/toifa-bajirao-mastani-bags-awards-celebs-have-a-rocking-night/article_eb9c4f64-efba-11e5-a9e0-53e3fd5c3197.html|archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title='Bajirao Mastani' wins big at TOIFA technical awards |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bajirao-Mastani-wins-big-at-TOIFA-technical-awards/articleshow/51451916.cms |author=Indo-Asian News Service |work=The Times of India |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318224244/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bajirao-Mastani-wins-big-at-TOIFA-technical-awards/articleshow/51451916.cms |archive-date=18 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| {{sort|Singh|[[Ranveer Singh]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|{{sort|Padukone|[[Deepika Padukone]]}}
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|Best Supporting Actress
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Azmi|[[Tanvi Azmi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Jodi
| {{sort|Singh|[[Ranveer Singh]]}}, {{sort|Padukone|[[Deepika Padukone]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Music Composer
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}} (for song "Aayat")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer Male
| {{sort|Singh|[[Arijit Singh]]}} (for song "Aayat")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Best Playback Singer Female
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "Pinga")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "[[Mohe Rang Do Laal]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Album
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Song of the Year
| "[[Deewani Mastani]]"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| {{sort|Chatterjee|[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Art Direction
| {{sort|Dhatrak|Saloni Dhatrak}}, Sriram Iyengar, Sujeet Sawant
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Costume Design
| {{sort|Modi|Anju Modi}}, [[Maxima Basu]]
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="29" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="29" | 20 February 2016
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="29" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Zee Cine Awards: Complete List of Winners|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-complete-list-of-winners-1279607|publisher=[[NDTV]]|author=Prashar, Chandni|date=21 February 2016|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302151730/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-complete-list-of-winners-1279607|archive-date=2 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Zee Cine Awards 2016: Here are the nominations for the jury awards|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-here-are-the-nominations-for-the-jury-awards-2178867|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=18 February 2016|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522181239/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-here-are-the-nominations-for-the-jury-awards-2178867|archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Zee Cine Award Nominations|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/voting/|publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]|access-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208060742/http://www.zeecineawards.com/voting/|archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title='Bajirao Mastani' sweeps Zee Cine Awards 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bajirao-Mastani-sweeps-Zee-Cine-Awards-2016/articleshow/51277282.cms |work=The Times of India |author=Press Trust of India |date=6 March 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607063242/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bajirao-Mastani-sweeps-Zee-Cine-Awards-2016/articleshow/51277282.cms |archive-date= 7 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
| {{sort|Singh|[[Ranveer Singh]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Padukone|[[Deepika Padukone]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Film|Critics Award for Best Film]]
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Critics Award for Best Director
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male|Critics Award for Best Actor – Male]]
| {{sort|Singh|[[Ranveer Singh]]}}
| {{won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] for ''[[Piku]]''.}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Critics Award for Best Actor – Female]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Padukone|[[Deepika Padukone]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
| {{sort|Azmi|[[Tanvi Azmi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| {{sort|Tatwawdi|[[Vaibbhav Tatwawdi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Turaz|[[A. M. Turaz]]}} (for song "Aayat")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Siddharth — Garima|Siddharth–Garima}} (for song "[[Mohe Rang Do Laal]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
| {{sort|Dadlani|[[Vishal Dadlani]]}} (for song "Malhaari")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}}, [[Vaishali Mhade]] (for song "Pinga")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "[[Mohe Rang Do Laal]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| {{sort|D'Souza|[[Remo D'Souza]]}} (for song "Pinga")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|D'Souza|[[Remo D'Souza]]}} (for song "[[Deewani Mastani]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Acharya|[[Ganesh Acharya]]}} (for song "Malhari")
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Maharaj|[[Pandit Birju Maharaj]]}} (for song "[[Mohe Rang Do Laal]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| {{sort|Chatterjee|[[Sudeep Chatterjee]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| {{sort|Sanchit Balhara|[[Sanchit Balhara]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Special Effects
| {{sort|Sutar|Prasad Sutar}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Art Direction
| {{sort|Dhatrak|Saloni Dhatrak}}, Sriram Iyengar, Sujeet Sawant
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| {{sort|Samal|Nihar Ranjan Samal}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Action
| {{sort|Kaushal|Sham Kaushal}}
| {{won}}
|-
!| South African International Film Festival
| 2017
| Best Actress
| Deepika Padukone
|{{Won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|title='Bajirao Mastani' dominates RapidLion Awards 2017 in South Africa|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/599070/bajirao-mastani-dominates-rapidlion-awards.html|access-date=5 March 2017|work=Deccan Herald|date=2 March 2017}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2015]]

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3735246/awards Accolades for ''Bajirao Mastani''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajirao Mastani}}
[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film]]

Azizur Rahman Bijnori

2025-11-12T22:21:46Z

Manikmusicscapgk: new a details...

{{Short description|Indian mufti and writer (d. 2004)}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Mawlana]], [[Mufti]]
| name = Azizur Rahman Bijnori
| native_name = {{langx|ur|عزیز الرحمن بجنوری}}
| birth_date = 1927
| birth_place = [[Nehtaur]], Bijnor district, [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], British India
| death_date = 21 September 2004
| death_place = Nehtaur, Bijnor district, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Islamic scholar, jurist (mufti), teacher, author
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| children = 6, including Ubaidur Rahman Bijnori and Abidur Rahman Mazahiri
}}

'''Azizur Rahman Bijnori''' (1927 – 21 September 2004) was an Indian Islamic scholar, jurist, teacher, and author associated with the [[Deobandi]] movement.
He studied at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] under [[Hussain Ahmed Madani]], later taught in [[Bijnor]], and established the madrasa ''Madīnat al-ʿUlūm''.
He wrote extensively, with works including ''Anfās-i Qudsiyya'', ''Tadhkira Shaykh al-Hind'', ''Tadhkira Mashāʼikh Deoband'', ''Tārīkh al-Aḥkām'', and ''Tafsīr Taqrīr al-Qurʾān''.

== Early life and education ==
Azizur Rahman Bijnori was born in January 1927 in [[Nehtaur]], Bijnor district.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bijnori |first=Azizur Rahman |title=Tadhkira-e-Dair-o-Haram (Khudnawisht Sawānih Faqīh al-Millat Mawlānā Muftī ʿAzīzur Rahmān Bijnōrī) |date=February 2005 |publisher=Madani Dar-ut-Talīf |editor-last=Bijnori |editor-first=Ubaidur Rahman |edition=1st |location=Bijnor |language=ur |trans-title=Tadhkira-e-Dair-o-Haram (Autobiography of Mufti Azizur Rahman Bijnori) |chapter=Kuch Apne Bāre Mein |trans-chapter=Something About Myself|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/a-bite-from-tadhkira-e-dair-o-haram-1|ol=OL60331414M|pages=21–22}}</ref> His father was ʿAbd al-Rahman and his grandfather was Ḥusain Bakhsh. His great-grandfather Ḥāfiẓullāh was killed during the 1857 uprising. Originally from [[Mandawar, Uttar Pradesh|Mandawar]], the family later resided in Tarkola village where his grandfather was raised by a Sayyid household.{{Sfn|Bijnori|2005|p=22}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=ar-Raḥmān |first=Fuyūz̤ |url= |title=Mashāhīr ʻulamāʾ |publisher=Frontier Publishing Company |year=1992 |edition=1st |volume=2 |location=Lahore |pages=126–128 |language=ur |chapter=Maulana Mufti Azizur Rahman Bijnori |oclc=1049273257 |chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/mashaheer-e-ulama-part-002-qari-fuyuzur-rahman-ebooks#157}}</ref>

Bijnori began his schooling in Nehtaur and Bijnor, excelling in mathematics and other subjects.
After working in various forms of manual labour, he was appointed as a primary-school teacher in Mahmoodpur village.{{Sfn|Bijnori|2005|pp=23–24}}

In 1949 he resigned from government service to pursue advanced studies in Persian and Arabic under Hamid Hasan Gangohi (father of [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farooque |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9zXAAAAMAAJ&q=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B9%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C |title=Hayat-e-Mahmood (Biography of Faqih al-Ummat Mufti Mahmood Hasan Gangohi, Grand Mufti of India, Darul Uloom Deoband) |publisher=Maktaba Mahmoodiya |year=1998 |location=[[Meerut]] |page=79 |language=ur}}</ref>). In 1951–52 he enrolled in [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and graduated from there in 1954 (1373 AH). His teachers included [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]], Bashir Ahmad Khan, Jaleel Ahmad Kairanawi, [[Fakhrul Hasan Moradabadi]], and [[Mirajul Haq Deobandi]].{{Sfn|Bijnori|2005|pp=25–27}}{{Sfn|ar-Raḥmān|1992|pp=126–127}}

He also trained in ''fatwa'' writing under [[Mahdi Hasan Shahjahanpuri]] and studied traditional medicine under Syed Maḥfūẓ ʿAlī Deobandi. After completing his studies, he pledged spiritual allegiance (''bayʿat'') to Hussain Ahmad Madani, and in 1955 he was granted authorisation to take disciples, becoming his khalifa.{{Sfn|Bijnori|2005|p=27}}{{Sfn|ar-Raḥmān|1992|pp=126–127}}

== Career ==
After completing his advanced studies at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], Bijnori initially taught at Madrasa Rahmaniyya in Bijnor.{{Sfn|ar-Raḥmān|1992|p=127}} He subsequently returned to his hometown and briefly practiced traditional medicine. In September 1957, on the advice of his teacher [[Hussain Ahmed Madani]], he accepted the position of deputy superintendent at the Muslim orphanage in Bijnor, receiving a modest salary.{{Sfn|Bijnori|2005|pp=27–28}}

In the late 1950s, Bijnori noted the limited provision of Arabic religious education in Bijnor, where only a few institutions such as the Muslim orphanage school, Muslim Inter College, and Madrasa Rahimiyya were functioning. In 1958 he established ''Madīnat al-ʿUlūm'', initially operating from rented rooms near Qazi Pārah mosque. The madrasa was moved to the Murdgan area in 1967, and in 1968 land was acquired for a permanent campus.{{Sfn|Bijnori|2005|pp=28–29}}

Alongside his teaching, Bijnori engaged in issuing legal opinions (''fatwas'') and continued writing.
He also founded a small publishing initiative named ''Madani Dar-ut-Talīf'', through which many of his works were produced.{{Sfn|Mansoorpuri|2020|p=629}}{{Sfn|Bijnori|2005|pp=26–27}}

==Literary works==
Azizur Rahman wrote extensively on biography, history, and Qurʾanic studies. His works include:{{Sfn|ar-Raḥmān|1992|pp=127–128}}{{Sfn|Bijnori|2005|pp=30–31}}
* ''Sīrat-e Khayr al-ʿIbād'' (Urdu translation of ''[[Zad al-Ma'ad|Zād al-Maʿād]]'')
* ''Hayāt Imām Aʿẓam Abū Ḥanīfa'' (biography of [[Abu Hanifa]])
* ''Tadhkira Shaykh al-Hind'' (tadhkira of [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]])
* ''Tadhkira Shaykh al-Hind'' (tadhkira of [[Mahmood Hasan Deobandi]])
* ''Anfās-i Qudsiyya'' ([[Tezkire|tadhkira]] of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]])
* ''Tadhkira Mashāʼikh Deoband'' (tadhkira of Deobandi scholars and saints)
* ''Hayāt-e-Maulana Muhammad Yūsuf'' (biography of [[Yusuf Kandhlawi]])
* ''Anwār al-Bāri'' (a commentary on [[Sahih al-Bukhari]])
* ''Tārīkh al-Aḥkām'' (a history of Islamic rulings)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tijarwi |first=Mohammad Mushtaq |title=Fuzalā'-e-Deoband kī Qur'ānī Khidmat |publisher=Brown Publications |year=2020 |isbn=978-93-90167-31-9 |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=145|language=ur |trans-title=The Qur’anic Services of the Graduates of Deoband |chapter=Mufti Azizur Rahman Bijnori |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/TOOBAA-fuzla-e-deoband-ki-qurani-khidmat/page/145/mode/1up}}</ref>
* ''Tafsīr Taqrīr al-Qurʾān'' (written in a daʿwah-oriented style, 1986){{Sfn|Tijarwi|2020|p=147}}
* ''Taqsīrāt fī Tafhīm'' (a critique of [[Abul A'la Maududi]]'s ''[[Tafhim-ul-Quran|Tafhīm al-Qurʾān]]''){{Sfn|Tijarwi|2020|p=150}}
* ''Tafsīr-i Rashīdiī'' (Qur’anic commentary of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi; first compiled by Muhammad Mazhar Hasan Muradabadi, re-edited by Azizur Rahman Bijnori)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangohī |first=Rashīd Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWE9AAAAIAAJ |title=Tafsīr-i Rashidī: jis men̲ ḥaz̤rat qaddasa sirruhu al-ʻazīzke qalam se Qurān pāk kī bis sūraton̲ kī muk̲h̲talif-i āyāt par maʻrakat al-ārāʼ tafsīr hae ... |date=1970 |publisher=Maktabah-yi ʻIbādīyyah |language=ur |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangohi |first=Rashid Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tafseer-e-rasheedi-maulana-rasheed-ahamad-gangohi-ebooks#8 |title=Tafseer e Rasheedi |editor-last=Moradabadi |editor-first=Muhammad Mazhar Hasan |edition=2nd |page=8 |language=ur |editor-last2=Bijnori |editor-first2=Azizur Rahman |via=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]}}</ref>
* ''Seerat-e-Mubarak Risalat Ma’ab'' (Urdu translation of ''Rawdat al-Ahbab'', a work of seerah by Sayyid Jamal Husaini)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Narang|first1=Gopi Chand|author-link1=Gopi Chand Narang|last2=Hanfi |first2=Muzaffar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/wazahati-kitabiyat-volume-001-gopi-chand-narang-muzaffar-hanfi-ebooks#241 |title=Wazāhati Kitābiyyāt |publisher=Taraqqi-e-Urdu Bureau |year=1980 |volume=1 |page=262 |language=ur |trans-title=Descriptive bibliography}}</ref>
* ''Madhhab-e-Mukhtār'' (Urdu translation of [[Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi]]'s ''Bahr al-fawa´id/ Ma´ani al-akhbar'')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Islahi |first=Hifzur Rahman |url=https://archive.org/details/mohamed_rahman2007_hotmail_20180201/page/388/mode/1up |title=Dawr al-Hind fī Nashr al-Turāth al-ʿArabī |publisher=[[Ministry of Media (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Media]], Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia |year=2011 |isbn=978-9960-612-88-1 |page=388 |language=ar |trans-title=The Role of India in the Dissemination of the Arab-Islamic Heritage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=mazhab-e-mukhtar tarjuma mani-ul-akhbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mazhab-e-mukhtar-tarjuma-mani-ul-akhbar-ebooks |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Azizur Rahman died on 21 September 2004 in Bijnor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mansoorpuri |first=Salman |author-link=Salman Mansoorpuri |url= |title=Zikr-e-Raftagan |date=April 2020 |publisher=Markaz-e-Nshr-o-Tahqīq |edition=2nd |location=Lalbagh, [[Moradabad]] |page=629 |chapter=Mufti Azizur Rahman Bijnori |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/1_20240124_20240124_1615/%D8%B0%DA%A9%D8%B1%20%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA%201/page/629/mode/1up}}</ref>

==Views==
In his work ''Tadhkira Shaykh al-Hind'', Bijnori questioned the commonly held view that [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] was founded by [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]]. He argued, citing early accounts, that its founding was initiated collectively by scholars including [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]], [[Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi]], [[Mahtab Ali Deobandi]], and [[Fazl-e-Haque Deobandi]], while Nanautawi was at that time in Meerut.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Iqbal Hasan |title=Shaikh al-Hind Mawlānā Maḥmūd Ḥasan: Ḥayāt aur ʿIlmī Kārnāme |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=1973 |edition=1st |location=Aligarh |pages=105–107 |language=ur |trans-title=Shaikhul Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan: Life and Scholarly Contributions |chapter=Qiyām-e-Darul Uloom Deoband |trans-chapter=Establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband |chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shaikh-ul-hind-maulana-mahmood-hasan-hayat-aur-ilmi-karname-iqbal-hasan-khan-ebooks#105}}</ref>

===On cloning===
During a seminar of the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)|Islamic Fiqh Academy]], Bijnori expressed his opinion on the issue of human cloning. He stated that the Qurʾan describes the natural process of human creation through a man and a woman, and this system cannot be replaced. He argued that cloning would eliminate the role of the father, disrupt family life, and abolish lineage. Quoting verses of the [[Qurʾan]] (23:12–16; 7:189; 30:21; 49:13; 30:30), he described cloning as a change in Allah’s creation and compared it to painting or imitating living beings, which is prohibited in Islamic teachings. He further remarked that experiments of artificial reproduction are against Qurʾanic injunctions and attributed such innovations to Jewish (''Banī Isrāʾīlī'') influence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bijnori |first=Azizur Rahman |author-link= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVBiDwAAQBAJ&dq=Azizur+Rahman+Bijnori&pg=PA59 |title=الاستنساخ على ضوء الشريعة |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |isbn=978-2-7451-6061-4 |editor-last=Qasmi |editor-first=Mujahidul Islam |editor-link=Mujahidul Islam Qasmi |location=[[Beirut, Lebanon]] |pages=59–63 |language=en |trans-title=Cloning in the light of Shariah}}</ref>

===On the use of the Internet===
Bijnori was among the scholars who permitted the use of the Internet and other modern systems of communication for religious purposes. He, along with other ulama, considered it permissible to employ such means for the defense of Islam and dissemination of its teachings, provided that it did not involve anything prohibited by the Sharia.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url= |title=استخدام الإنترنت ووسائل الاتصال الحديثة للأغراض الدينية |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |isbn=978-2-7451-6261-8 |editor-last=Miftahi |editor-first=Zafeeruddin |editor-link=Zafeeruddin Miftahi |location=Beirut, Lebanon |language=en |translator-last=Khan |translator-first=Ibrahim |trans-title=Use of Internet and Other Modern Systems of Communication for Religious Purposes |chapter=Using Internet and other advanced means for religious purposes |editor-last2=Sambhali |editor-first2=Burhanuddin |editor-last3=Qasmi |editor-first3=Badrul Hasan |editor-last4=Rahmani |editor-first4=Khalid Saifullah |editor-link4=Khalid Saifullah Rahmani |editor-last5=Bastawi |editor-first5=Ateeque Ahmad |editor-link5=Ateeque Ahmad Bastawi |editor-last6=As'adi |editor-first6=Obaidullah |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rx9LDwAAQBAJ&dq=Azizur+Rahman+Bijnori&pg=PA46|pages=46–47}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.rekhta.org/publishers/idara-madni-daruttaleef-bijnor/ebooks Idāra Madani Dar-ut-Tālīf's books on Rekhta]
* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/mufti-azizurrahman/ebooks Bijnori's Id on Rekhta]
* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/mufti-azeezur-rahman/ebooks Bijnori's second Id on Rekhta]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijnori, Azizur Rahman}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]

Tsogtsalu

2025-11-08T07:21:10Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Added data

{{Short description|Indian border checkpost in Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
__NOTOC__
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tsogstalu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = Pasture and border outpost
| image_skyline = File:Chang-Chenmo (Scottish Geographical Magazine 1909).png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Cheng Chenmo River near Tsogtsalu
| etymology =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh
| coordinates = {{Coord|34.2678|78.7421 |format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_ft = 14760
| elevation_footnotes = {{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=832}}
| population_total =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = Union territory
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| website = 
}}
'''Tsogtsalu'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Tsogatsalu'''{{sfnp|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971|p=201}} and '''Tsogstsalu'''.{{sfnp|Johri, Chinese Invasion of Ladakh|1969|p=119}}}} or '''Tsolu'''{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=832}} is a pasture, traditional campsite, and [[Indian Military]]'s base in the [[Ladakh]] union territory of India, in the [[Chang Chenmo Valley]] close to [[Line of Actual Control|India's LAC border]] with [[Tibet]]. It is located at the confluence of the '''Rimdi Chu''' river that flows north from [[Marsemik La]] and the west-flowing [[Chang Chenmo River]].

==History==

During the [[British Raj]], this was a halting spot for travellers to Central Asia via the 'Chang Chenmo route', passing through [[Aksai Chin]].

==Military post==

After Indian independence, a border outpost was established here by a border police party headed by Captain [[Karam Singh]]. It continues to serve as a base for India's border forces.

A Formation Ammunition Storage Facility (FASF) is being established over an area of {{Convert|24.2|ha|m2|abbr=on}} at Tsogtsalu within the [[Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary]] for the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-11-07 |title=Wildlife panel clears 13 defence, paramilitary projects in Ladakh, Arunachal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/wildlife-panel-clears-13-defence-paramilitary-projects-in-ladakh-arunachal/article70252661.ece |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:Changchenmo-Valley-map-Survey-of-India-1916.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 1: Changchenmo Valley and its branch valleys (Survey of India, 1916)]]
[[File:Changchenmo-Valley-map-by-US-Army-Map-Service.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 2: Changchenmo Valley and its branch valleys (US [[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1955)]]

==Transport==

Within India, it is reachable by the "Marsimik La Road" from [[Phobrang]] via [[Marsimik La]].<ref name=etau2>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jul/22/india-boosts-road-links-to-lac-standoff-points-2479299.html India boosts road links to LAC standoff points], Indian
Express, 2nd July 2023.</ref><ref name=etau4>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/forbidden-zones-in-ladakh-to-soon-welcome-tourists/articleshow/100512677.cms Forbidden zones in Ladakh to soon welcome tourists], Times of India, 26 May 2023.</ref><ref name=IE>{{cite news |title=Amid Doklam standoff, MHA asks BRO to build stand-alone road for access to vantage points |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 August 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mha-asks-bro-to-build-stand-alone-road-for-access-to-vantage-points-4809356/}}</ref> An additional route the 55 km long from the west along the Changchenmo valley is under construction.<ref name="etau1">{{Cite news |last=Vishnoi |first=Anubhuti |date=2023-08-03 |title=Over 20 Strategic Roads Close to LAC have Year-end Deadline |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/epaper/delhicapital/2023/aug/03/et-poli/over-20-strategic-roads-close-to-lac-have-year-end-deadline/articleshow/102366166.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kongka Pass]]
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]
* [[India-China Border Roads]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}
* {{citation |editor=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3188 |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials|1962}}}}
* {{citation |last=Johri |first=Sitaram |title=Chinese Invasion of Ladakh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJs9AAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Himalaya Publications |ref={{sfnref|Johri, Chinese Invasion of Ladakh|1969}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hoffmann |first=Steven A. |title=India and the China Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSRwC5_EPUC |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |ISBN=978-0-520-06537-6 |ref={{sfnref|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990}}}}
* {{citation |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |title=India's China War |publisher=Pantheon Books |year=1970 |ISBN=978-0-394-47051-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaschinawar0000maxw |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Maxwell, India's China War|1970}}}}
* {{citation |first=B. N. |last=Mullik |title=My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3408 |via=archive.org |year=1971 |publisher=Allied Publishers |ref={{sfnref|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |ref={{sfnref|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015}}}}

==External links==

* [https://twitter.com/itbp_official/status/921656686263201792 Remembering supreme sacrifice of martyrs of CRPF on this day at Hot springs, Ladakh in 1959] - ITBP Twitter

[[Category:Chang Chenmo Valley]]

Bairagi

2025-10-27T16:33:11Z

Manikmusicscapgk: minor expand layout for consistency additionally and improved wording for accuracy

{{wikt|vairagi|vairagya|वैराग्य||sa:वैरागी|hi:बैरागी}}
'''Bairagi''' or '''Vairagi''' may refer to:
*[[Vairagya]], asceticism in Indian religions
**[[Sannyasa]], renunciation in Hinduism
***[[Celibate Ascetics (Vairagi)]], in the Vaishnava sect of Hinduism
****[[Bairagi (caste)]], a section of Hindus Brahmins
**[[Bairagi (Ascetics)|Bairagi (ascetics)]], a generic term for Hindu ascetics
**[[Swami (Bairagi)|Swami]], a term for Hindu ascetics, also a surname of the Bairagi caste
* [[Bairagi (raga)]], an Indian classical raga

;People
* [[Bairagi Jena]], Indian politician, a Member of Parliament from Odisha
* [[Bairagi Dwibedy]], Indian politician, a Member of Parliament from Odisha
*[[Banda Bairagi]] or Banda Singh, name of the Sikh warrior when he was a vairagi
*[[Balkavi Bairagi]], Indian poet and lyricist in Hindi and Malvi
*[[Chand Ram Bairagi]], Indian athlete
*[[Hathiram Bhavaji]], a Hindu devotee at Tirupati, India
*[[Nanua Bairagi]], Indian mystic
*[[Ram Prasad Bairagi]], Indian freedom fighter

==See also==
*''[[Vairagyam]]'', 1987 Indian film directed by K. Vijayan
*''[[Vairagya Shatakam]]'', a work of Sanskrit poetry from ancient India
*[[Lohgarh, Banda Bairagi]], capital of Banda Bairagi or Banda Singh
*[[Bairagia]], a village in Bhola District of Bangladesh

{{disambiguation}}

Gadaipur, Mehrauli

2025-10-26T09:25:51Z

Manikmusicscapgk: added new post

{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gadaipur
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.4892|77.1499|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Delhi]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110030
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = MCD
}}

'''Gadaipur''' is a village in the [[DLF (company)|DLF Farm]] area of the [[South Delhi district]] in UT of [[Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Gadai Pur Population - South Delhi, Delhi |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/64062-gadai-pur-delhi.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mehrauli]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

Criminal procedure

2025-10-17T23:03:16Z

Manikmusicscapgk: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Adjudication process in criminal law}}
{{redirect|Criminal case|game|Criminal Case (video game)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
{{Criminal procedure (trial)}}
{{Rights}}
'''Criminal procedure''' is the [[adjudication]] process of the [[criminal law]]. While criminal procedure differs dramatically by jurisdiction, the process generally begins with a formal [[criminal charge]] with the person on trial either being free on [[bail]] or [[incarcerated]], and results in the [[Conviction (law)|conviction]] or [[acquittal]] of the [[defendant]]. Criminal procedure can be either in form of inquisitorial or adversarial criminal procedure.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Antonino |first1=Galati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOAm0AEACAAJ |title=Diritto processuale penale |last2=Tranchina |first2=Giovanni |last3=Zappalà |first3=Vincenzo |date=2023 |publisher=Giuffrè |isbn=978-88-288-5157-8 |language=it}}</ref>

==Basic rights==
Currently, in many countries with a democratic system and the rule of law, criminal procedure puts the [[Legal burden of proof|burden of proof]] on the [[prosecution]] – that is, it is up to the prosecution to prove that the defendant is guilty beyond any reasonable doubt, as opposed to having the defence prove that they are innocent, and any doubt is resolved in favor of the defendant. This provision, known as the [[presumption of innocence]], is required, for example, in the 46 countries that are members of the [[Council of Europe]], under Article 6 of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], and it is included in other human rights documents.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights – Right to a fair trial (criminal limb) |url=https://rm.coe.int/1680304c4e |publisher=Council of Europe |page=10}}</ref> However, in practice, it operates somewhat differently in different countries. These basic rights also include the right of the defendant to know the offence for which they have been arrested or charged, and the right to appear before a judicial official within a specified time after arrest. Many jurisdictions also allow the defendant the right to legal [[counsel]] and provide any defendant who cannot afford their own [[lawyer]] with a lawyer paid for at the public expense.

==Difference between criminal and civil cases==
Countries using the [[common law]] tend to make a clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures. For example, an English [[Criminal law|criminal court]] may force a convicted accused to pay a fine to the Crown as punishment for the crime, and sometimes to pay the [[legal costs]] of the [[prosecution]], but does not normally order the convicted accused to pay any compensation to the victim of the crime. The victim must pursue their claim for [[Damages|compensation]] in a civil, not a criminal, action.<ref name = "law1"/> In countries using the [[Civil law (legal system)|continental civil law system]], such as [[France]] and [[Italy]], the victim of a crime (known as the "injured party") may be awarded [[damages]] by a criminal court [[judge]].

The standards of proof are higher in a [[criminal action]] than in a civil one since the loser risks not only financial penalties but also being sent to [[prison]] (or, in some countries, execution). In [[English law]], the prosecution must prove the guilt of a criminal "beyond reasonable doubt", while the [[plaintiff]] in a [[civil action]] is required to prove his case "on the balance of probabilities".<ref name = "law1"/> "Beyond reasonable doubt" is not defined for the jury which decides the verdict, but it has been said by appeal courts that proving guilt beyond reasonable doubt requires the prosecution to exclude any reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence: ''Plomp v. R''. In a [[civil case]], however, the court simply weighs the evidence and decides what is most probable.

Criminal and [[civil procedure]] are different. Although some systems, including the [[England|English]], allow a private citizen to bring a [[criminal prosecution]] against another [[citizen]], criminal actions are nearly always started by the [[State (law)|state]]. [[Civil action]]s, on the other hand, are usually started by [[individual]]s.

In Anglo-American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases, the state) is called the '''prosecution''', but the party bringing a civil action is the '''plaintiff'''. In a civil action the other party is known as the '''defendant'''. In a criminal case, the private party may be known as the ''defendant'' or the ''accused''. A criminal case in the [[United States]] against a person named Ms. Sanchez would be entitled ''United States v.'' (short for ''versus'', or against) ''Sanchez'' if initiated by the federal government; if brought by a state, the case would typically be called ''State v. Sanchez'' or ''People v. Sanchez.'' In the United Kingdom, the criminal case would be styled ''R.'' (short for Rex or Regina, that is, the [[King]] or [[Queen regnant|Queen]]) ''v. Sanchez.'' In both the United States and the United Kingdom, a civil action between Ms. Sanchez and a Mr. Smith would be ''Sanchez v. Smith'' if started by Sanchez and ''Smith v. Sanchez'' if begun by Smith.

Evidence given at a criminal trial is not necessarily admissible in a [[civil action]] about the same matter, just as evidence given in a civil cause is not necessarily admissible on a criminal trial. For example, the victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the [[crime]] of careless driving. He still has to prove his case in a civil action.<ref name = "law1"/> In fact he may be able to prove his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in the criminal trial. If the accused has given evidence on his trial he may be cross-examined on those statements in a subsequent civil action regardless of the criminal verdict.

Once the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main argument in a civil court is about the amount of [[money]], or '''[[damages]]''', which the defendant should pay to the plaintiff.<ref name="law1">{{cite book |author=Richard Powell|title=Law today|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow|year=1993 |pages=34|isbn=9780582056350|oclc=30075861}}</ref>

==Differences between civil law and common law systems==
* The majority of [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] jurisdictions ('civil law' as a type of law system, not as opposed to criminal law) follow an [[inquisitorial system]] of adjudication, in which judges undertake an active investigation of the claims by examining the evidence at the trial (while other judges contribute likewise by preparing reports).
* In [[common law]] systems, the trial judge presides over proceedings grounded in the [[adversarial system]] of [[dispute resolution]], where both the prosecution and the defence prepare arguments to be presented before the court. Some civil law systems have adopted adversarial procedures.

Proponents of either system tend to consider that their system defends best the rights of the innocent. There is a tendency in common law countries to believe that civil law / [[inquisitorial system]]s do not have the so-called "[[presumption of innocence]]", and do not provide the defence with adequate rights. Conversely, there is a tendency in countries with an inquisitorial system to believe that accusatorial proceedings unduly favour rich defendants who can afford large legal teams, and therefore disfavour poorer defendants.

==See also==
* [[Offence (law)]]
* [[Trial (law)]]
* [[Civil procedure]]
*{{Flagicon|India}} [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]] of India
* [[Court Appointed Special Advocates]]
* [[Criminal Procedure Act]]
*{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Criminal procedure in the United States]]
*{{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Formal procedure law in Switzerland]]
*{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian Criminal Procedure]]
*{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Code of Criminal Procedure (Japan)]]
*{{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Criminal Procedure Code (Malaysia)]]
*{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Criminal Procedure Code (Ukraine)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Criminal Procedure and the Constitution: Leading Supreme Court Cases and Introductory Text |last=Israel |first=Jerold H. |author2=Kamisar, Yale |author3=LaFave, Wayne R. |year=2003 |publisher=West Publishing |location=St. Paul, MN |isbn=0-314-14669-5 }}

{{Criminal procedure}}
{{Law}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Criminal procedure| ]]