Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Jaggi Singh (actor)

2021-09-12T20:58:46Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox actor |image = |image_size = |alt = | caption = Background information | bir..."

{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox actor
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
| caption = Background information
| birth_date =
| birth_name = Jagpreet Singh
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
|nationality = Indian
|years_active = 2012–2019
|website = http://www.jaggisingh.com/
}}

'''Jagpreet Singh''' commonly known as '''Jaggi Singh''' is an [[India]]n actor and film producer.<ref name="Ghaint Punjab, Chandigarh, India 2017">{{cite web | title=Jaggi Singh Just Poured His Heart Out To Us About Stepping into Production | website=Ghaint Punjab, Chandigarh, India | date=6 March 2017 | url=http://www.ghaintpunjab.com/jaggi-singh-producer/}}</ref> Jaggi known for his role in Punjabi film [[Faraar]] as Kaptaan.<ref>{{cite web | title= Jaggi Singh as Kaptaan | website= The Tribune , India | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/double-the-drama/123387.html}}</ref> His role in Faraar earned him the recognition as a future villain of [[Punjabi Cinema]]. He made his acting debut in 2012 movie, [[Mirza The Untold Story]] and which he followed with [[Hero Naam Yaad Rakhi]], [[Faraar]], [[Manje Bistre]]

Jagdish Raj

2021-09-12T20:52:06Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}} {{Infobox person | name =Jagdish Raj | image = Jagdish-Raj-pic.jpg | imagesize = 225px | caption..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Jagdish Raj
| image = Jagdish-Raj-pic.jpg
| imagesize = 225px
| caption =
| birthname = Jagdish Raj Khurana
| birth_date = 1928
| birth_place = [[Sargodha]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 28 July 2013 (aged 84-85)
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse =
| children = [[Anita Raj]], Roopa Malhotra, [[Bobby Raj]]
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1954-2004
}}

'''Jagdish Raj Khurana''' (1928 – 28 July 2013) was a [[Bollywood]] actor who holds a [[Guinness World Record]] for being the most type-cast actor.<ref name="bhaskar">{{cite news|url=http://bollywood.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-BOL-anita-rajs-father-jagdish-raj-passes-away-4332908-NOR.html |title=144 फिल्मों में पुलिस इंस्पेक्टर का रोल करने वाले जगदीश राज का निधन |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi |date=28 July 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731234505/http://bollywood.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-BOL-anita-rajs-father-jagdish-raj-passes-away-4332908-NOR.html |archive-date=31 July 2013 }}</ref> He played a police inspector in 144 films.<ref name="bhaskar"/>

Harp Farmer

2021-09-12T20:51:05Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox person | name = Harp Farmer | image = Harp Farmer wiki.jpg | birth_name = Harpreet Singh..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harp Farmer
| image = Harp Farmer wiki.jpg
| birth_name = Harpreet Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1984|12|06}}
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Actor, Director, Producer, Photographer
| parents =
| spouse = Amber Kaur Farmer
| website = [http://harpfarmer.com/ Harpfarmer.com]
}}
'''Harp Farmer''' born '''Harpreet Singh''' is an actor, director, producer, and photographer based in [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]], [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/people-in-the-city/story-WsEV87GEM8lyIHeO7v2fbM.html|title=People in the city|date=10 July 2013|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/gyan-zone/the-creative-streak/240979.html|title=The creative streak|date=24 May 2016|work=The Tribune}}</ref>

Harish Verma

2021-09-12T20:49:31Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Indian actor}} {{Multiple issues| {{BLP sources|date=August 2016}} {{more footnotes|date=November 2015}} }} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}} {{Use Indian..."

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=August 2016}}
{{more footnotes|date=November 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harish Verma
| image = Harish Verma1.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Verma at press conference in Chandigarh
| yearsactive = 1999{{ndash}}present
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news|first=Manpriya|last=Singh|date=18 April 2013|title=From Yaar Anmulle to Daddy Cool Munde Fool, actor Harish Verma has come a long way while cementing his place in the world of Punjabi cinema |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130418/ttlife1.htm|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|accessdate=2 December 2018}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Film actor|singer}}
}}

'''Harish Verma''' is an [[India]]n film actor who mostly works in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language films. He made his debut in the 2010 film ''Panjaban'', and gained wide attention with ''[[Yaar Annmulle]]'' (2011). He made his singing debut with the track ''Ikk Vaari Hor Soch Lae'', which was written by [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] and produced by [[B Praak]]

Hardy Sandhu

2021-09-12T20:48:07Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Indian singer and actor}} {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Harrdy Sand..."

{{short description|Indian singer and actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Harrdy Sandhu
| image = Harrdy Sandhu.jpg
| caption =
| image_upright =
| landscape =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|09|06|df=yes}}<ref name="CricInfo">{{cite web |title=Hardavinder Sandhu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/228944.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Patiala, Punjab]], India<ref name="CricInfo"/>
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Filmi]]
*[[Film score]]
*[[Film soundtrack|Soundtrack]]
*[[Jazz]]
*Pop
*[[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]]
*[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
}}
| Occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* Actor
}}
| years_active = 
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* [[Sony Music India]]
* White Hill Music
* [[Saregama]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[B Praak]]
* [[Jaani (songwriter)]]
* [[Nora Fatehi]]
* [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
}}
| website = {{url|www.instagram.com/harrdysandhu|Harrdy Sandhu}}
| module = {{Infobox cricketer
| embed = yes
| club1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| year1 = 2005
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 3
| runs1 = 11
| bat avg1 = 5.50
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 6
| deliveries1 = 558
| wickets1 = 12
| bowl avg1 = 26.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3–62
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/0
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/228944.html
| date = 1 February
| year = 2019
}}
}}
'''Hardavinder Singh "Harrdy" Sandhu''', is an Indian singer, actor and former cricketer.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goyal |first=Samarth |date=15 April 2016 |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/music/i-was-upset-when-arijit-sang-my-song-in-airlift-hardy-sandhu/story-RdYKTvpv0csi9x9ah0DAgK.html |title=I was upset when Arijit sang my song in Airlift: Hardy Sandhu |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=20 February 2021 |quote=Punjabi singer Hardevinder Singh Sandhu aka Hardy Sandhu says he was upset...}}</ref> His first song was ''Tequilla Shot'', and he gained popularity with ''Soch'' (2013) and ''Joker'' (2014), which were written by [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]. Sandhu made his acting debut in ''[[Yaaran Da Katchup]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/ydk-treat-for-hindi-and-punjabi-audience/article1-1240525.aspx |title='YDK'- Treat for Hindi and Punjabi audience|access-date=22 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201213300/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/ydk-treat-for-hindi-and-punjabi-audience/article1-1240525.aspx |archive-date=1 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cityairnews.com/content/vivicam-entertainment-celebrates-success-ydk-main-leads-varun-sharma-hardy-sandhu|title=Vivicam Entertainment celebrates success of YDK Main leads Varun Sharma & Hardy Sandhu – City Air News|website=cityairnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/88229/movie-review-yaaran-da-katchup-is-a-family-laughter-riot/|title=Movie Review: 'Yaaran Da Katchup' is a family laughter riot|website=santabanta.com}}</ref> His song "[[Soch Na Sake|Soch]]" was remade for the 2016 Bollywood film [[Airlift (film)|Airlift]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khuranaa |first1=Amann |title=B Praak: Our 'Soch' could have done better than Airlift's 'Soch na sake' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/B-Praak-Our-Soch-could-have-done-better-than-Airlifts-Soch-na-sake/articleshow/50495970.cms |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref> His song "[[Naah]]" was remade for the film ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]'' as "Naah Goriye" with singer Swasti Mehul.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bala' song 'Naah Goriye': Ayushmann Khurrana flaunts his sexy side with Punjabi superstar Sonam Bajwa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/bala-song-naah-goriye-ayushmann-khurrana-flaunts-his-sexy-side-with-punjabi-superstar-sonam-bajwa/articleshow/71754831.cms |access-date=13 November 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=25 October 2019 }}</ref> He is notable alumni of The British Co-Ed High school, Patiala.

I.S Johar

2021-09-12T20:46:59Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Indian actor}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox person | name = I. S. Johar | image = I.S.Johar-p..."

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = I. S. Johar
| image = I.S.Johar-pic.jpg
| image size = 220px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1920|2|16}}
| birth_place = [[Talagang]], [[British India]] ({{small|present-day [[Pakistan]]}})
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1984|3|10|1920|2|16}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actor, director, producer, writer
| yearsactive = 1931–1984
| spouse = Ramma Bains ({{small|divorced}}), [[Sonia Sahni]] and three others
| othername =
| children = 2
|

}}

'''Inderjeet Singh Johar'''<ref name="Narwekar1994">{{cite book|author=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ|access-date=26 December 2011|year=1994|publisher=Flicks Books|isbn=9780948911408|archive-date=9 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009020428/http://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>(16 February 1920 – 10 March 1984),<ref name="imdb2">{{IMDb name|0424102}}</ref> better known as '''I. S. Johar''', was an Indian actor, writer, producer and director, who excelled in comedic roles.

Gurshabad

2021-09-12T20:45:38Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Indian actor and singer}} {{EngvarB|date=April 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox person | name = Gurshabad | image = File:GurshabadduringG..."

{{short description|Indian actor and singer}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gurshabad
| image = File:GurshabadduringGB3promotions.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gurshabad during an interview for his upcoming film
| birth_name = Gurshabad Singh Kular
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|8|24}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| other_names = Gurshabad Singh
| education = Master of Arts in Music
| alma_mater = [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]], [[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Panjab University]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* Actor
* Live performer
}}
| years_active = 2015-present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Playback singing]]
* [[Folk music of Punjab|Folk]]
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
* [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]
* [[romance (love)|Romantic]]
* [[Pop music|Pop]]
* [[Sikh music|Sikh]]
}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Rhythm Boyz Entertainment]]
* PTC Motion Pictures
}}
}}
}}

'''Gurshabad Singh Kular''' (born 24 August 1989)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9638396/|title=Gurshabad|website=IMDb}}</ref> is an Indian film actor and [[playback singer]] known for his work predominantly in Punjabi cinema and music industry. He is signed to [[Rhythm Boyz Entertainment]] as of 2019.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/> He began his musical journey with Sikh religious music, and along the way, he met with his love for folk music. After completing his junior high school from a local school, he attended Khalsa College, Amritsar for his undergraduate and went on to study at [[Guru Nanak Dev University]], Amritsar where he completed his Master of Arts program in Music.

Gurnam Bhullar

2021-09-12T20:44:08Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Indian singer and actor}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}} {{Infobox musical artist | honorific_prefix = | na..."

{{short description|Indian singer and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gurnam Bhullar
| honorific_suffix =
| image = GurnamBhullar.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = 8 February<ref name="PTC"/>
| birth_place = [[Fazilka district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<ref name="PTC">{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Gurnam Bhullar: These Top Five Songs Prove He Is A Versatile Singer |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/happy-birthday-gurnam-bhullar-these-top-five-songs-prove-he-is-a-versatile-singer |access-date=12 March 2021 |work=PTC Punjabi |date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
| origin =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = Pop and folk
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor}}
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = (2015 –present)
| label = Jass Records [[White Hill Studios|White Hill Music]]
| associated_acts = [[Vicky Dhaliwal]] [[Nimrat Khaira]]
| website =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}

'''Gurnam Bhullar''' is an Indian singer, actor and lyricist associated with [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language music and films. He is best known for his single ''Diamond'' released in 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/diamond-song-by-gurnam-bhullar/videoshow/64914751.cms|title=Diamond Song By Gurnam Bhullar {{!}} Entertainment – Times of India Videos|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

Gurcharan Pohli

2021-09-12T20:42:37Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Infobox musical artist | name = Gurcharan Pohli | image = | alias = Pohli | birth_name = Gurcharan Singh Pohli | native_name = |..."

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gurcharan Pohli
| image =
| alias = Pohli
| birth_name = Gurcharan Singh Pohli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|06|24}}<ref name="panjabitimes.com"/>
| birth_place = [[Pakpattan Tehsil|Chak No. 51]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]<ref name="panjabitimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.panjabitimes.com/news/154796--%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE-%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0-%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0-%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80.aspx|title=ਦੋਗਾਣਾ ਗਾਇਕੀ ਨੂੰ ਅਮੀਰ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਪੋਹਲੀ|website=www.panjabitimes.com}}</ref>
| origin =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| genre = [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi]] duets, solos, lok-tath and lok-katha(Folk)
| occupation = Singer, Actor
| instrument = Vocals, tumbi, harmonium, dholak
| years_active = 1960s-1990
| label = [[HMV]]
| associated_acts = Promila Pammi
| website =
}}

'''Gurcharan Singh Pohli''' (born June 24, 1942) is an Indian singer and actor who worked in [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi films]]. He is best known for his [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi]] duets with his wife, singer Promila Pammi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabitribuneonline.com/2017/11/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A-%E0%A9%9B%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AF/|title=ਦੋਗਾਣਾ ਜੋੜੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਜ਼ਿਕਰਯੋਗ ਨਾਂ ਪ੍ਰੋਮਿਲਾ ਪੰਮੀ|date=17 November 2017|publisher=}}</ref> He was very active in the industry from the 1960s to the late 1980s. As an actor, he is most remembered for his role as Ghukkar in the movie ''Balbeero Bhabi'' (1981).

Mahie Gill

2021-09-12T20:40:39Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Indian actress}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Mahie Gill | birth_..."

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahie Gill
| birth_name = Rimpy Kaur Gill
| image_size =
| image = Mahi_Gill_graces_the_trailer_launch_of_Alt_Balaji%E2%80%99s_Apaharan_(01)_(cropped).jpg
| caption = Gill at the trailer launch of [[Apharan (web series)|Apaharan]] in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975
|12|19}}<ref name="Koimoi Bio">[http://www.koimoi.com/actress/mahie-gill/ "Mahie Gill's Biography"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606002943/http://www.koimoi.com/actress/mahie-gill/ |date=6 June 2013 }}; retrieved 6 July 2013.</ref><ref name="Marriage">[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-10/news-interviews/35705878_1_bold-scenes-actress-mahie-gill-first-marriage "My first marriage failed because I was immature: Mahie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726162529/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-10/news-interviews/35705878_1_bold-scenes-actress-mahie-gill-first-marriage |date=26 July 2013 }}; retrieved 6 July 2013.</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| spouse =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]]
| yearsactive = 2003–present
| height_m =
| children = 1
}}

'''Rimpy Kaur "Mahie" Gill''' (born 19 December 1975) is an Indian actress, working in the [[Bollywood|Hindi]] and [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi film]] industries.<ref name="Koimoi Bio"/><ref name="Marriage"/> She is best known for her role of Paro in [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s critically acclaimed [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film ''[[Dev.D]]'', a modern take on [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s [[Bengali novels|Bengali]] novella ''[[Devdas]]'', for which she also won the 2010 [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]]. She started her career in [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]] films before making a debut in Bollywood with ''[[Dev.D]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/i-dont-have-time-to-date-anyone-mahi-gill/515861|title=I don't have time to date anyone: Mahi Gill|date=11 September 2009|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=11 May 2010|archive-date=30 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930030257/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/i-dont-have-time-to-date-anyone-mahi-gill/515861|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://expressbuzz.com/entertainment/Hindi/mahi-gill-a-girl-on-the-verge/81006.html|title=Mahi Gill: A girl on the verge|date=3 July 2009|publisher=Express Buzz ([[The Indian Express|Indian Express]])}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

She consequently gained recognition after portraying Madhavi Devi, a sexually frustrated wife in ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster]]'', as well as its sequel, ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster Returns]]''.

Gavie Chahal

2021-09-12T20:38:57Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}} {{BLP sources|date=May 2015}} {{Infobox person |name = Gavie Chahal |image = Misha..."

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Gavie Chahal
|image = Misha bajwa on the sets of Big Fame stars for SPARK PUNJABI.png
|image_size =
|caption = Gavie Chahal (left) on the set of Panjabi reality show
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|11|11}}
|birth_place = [[Mansa, Punjab|Mansa]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
|citizenship = [[India]]
|other_names =
|occupation = [[Actor]]
|known for = Character Abrar in ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' , ‘’[[Tiger Zinda Hai]] , [ Fear Factor Winner ] , Rajbir the Protagonist of colors Serial ‘’[[Mohe Rang De]]
|years active = 2000–present
|website =
|relatives =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Navdeepak Singh Chahal''' (born 11 November 1978), commonly known as '''Gavie Chahal''', is an Indian actor from [[Mansa, Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_9-3-2005_pg7_26|title=Scores of theatre enthusiasts attend Panj Pani Festival|last=Ahmed|first=Shoaib|date=9 March 2005|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|accessdate=22 May 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022154446/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_9-3-2005_pg7_26|archivedate=22 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He is known for his Hindi film debut in Yash Raj's 2012 film ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''.<ref>{{cite news| title = When Yash Chopra complimented Gavie Chahal!| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-16/tv/33232564_1_yash-chopra-yaaran-naal-baharan-gavie| date = 16 August 2012| accessdate = 2013-09-30| work = [[The Times of India]]| archive-date = 16 July 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130716051846/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-16/tv/33232564_1_yash-chopra-yaaran-naal-baharan-gavie| url-status = dead}}</ref> He also featured in notable Punjabi films including ‘’ Pinki Moge Wali ‘’, ‘’ Paisa pyaar and panga ‘’, ''Yaaran Naal Baharan'', ''Mehendi Wale Hath'', ''Tere Ishq Nachaya'' and many more .

Garry Sandhu

2021-09-12T20:36:29Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Indian singer, actor, song-writer}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox person | name = Garry Sandhu | image = Garry-s..."

{{short description|Indian singer, actor, song-writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Garry Sandhu
| image = Garry-sandhu.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = During video shoot of Banda Ban Ja
| birth_name = Gurmukh Singh Sandhu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1985|4|4}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-news/happy-birthday-garry-sandhu-few-interesting-facts-about-the-singer/5ca5bd8164a3154dc1eb2cc8|title=Happy Birthday Garry Sandhu: Few interesting facts about the singer|website=spotboye.com|date=4 April 2019|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place = Rurka Kalan, [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor|lyricist}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| awards = [[#Awards and nominations|Full List]]
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]
* [[Romantic love|romantic]]}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* Fresh Media Records
* [[Rhythm Boyz Entertainment]]}}
| associated_acts_and_ex_girlfriend= [[Jasmine Sandlas]]
}}
}}

'''Gurmukh Singh "Garry" Sandhu''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Artist/OfficialGarrySandhuFanpage/about/|title=Garry Sandhu|website=facebook.com|access-date=21 June 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=October 2019}}</ref> is an Indian singer, songwriter and actor known for his work in [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi music]]. He made his singing debut in 2010 with song "Main Ni Peenda" and acting debut with the film ''[[Romeo Ranjha]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.garrysandhumusic.com/about/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810223252/http://www.garrysandhumusic.com/about/|title=Garry Sandhu – Singer, actor, Lyricst|archive-date=10 August 2015|website=garrysandhumusic.com|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref> He has released songs including Illegal Weapon, Yeah Baby, Banda Ban Ja, Excuses etc. He also owns his record label ''Fresh Media Records''. In 2019, his song "Yeah Baby" was released in a bollywood film [[De De Pyaar De]] as "[[Hauli Hauli]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/de-de-pyaar-de-new-song-hauli-hauli-gets-ajay-devgn-tabu-and-rakul-preet-grooving-on-the-dance-floor/articleshow/69052989.cms|title='De De Pyaar De' new song: 'Hauli Hauli' gets Ajay Devgn, Tabu and Rakul Preet grooving on the dance floor – Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref> He has been nominated for [[#Awards and nominations|many awards]] at PTC Punjabi Music Awards. On December 14, [[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] reported that Sandhu's song ''Illegal Weapon 2.0'' was one among top YouTube music videos in India.<ref>https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/badshah-carry-minati-bb-ki-vines-youtube-reveals-top-10-creators-videos-of-2020/story/424866.html</ref>

Dev Kharoud

2021-09-12T20:34:48Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Indian actor}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Dev Kharoud | image..."

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dev Kharoud
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Davinder singh
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''Rupinder Gandhi – The Gangster..?''
}}
'''Davinder Singh,''' better known as '''Dev Kharoud''' (born in [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India) is an Indian actor who works in [[Punjabi cinema]].

Deep Sidhu

2021-09-12T20:30:48Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Punjabi actor}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Deep Sidhu | image..."

{{short description|Punjabi actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deep Sidhu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1984
| birth_place = [[Sri Muktsar Sahib|Muktsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| height =
| nationality =
| yearsactive =
| occupation = Actor, activist, lawyer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/entertainment/news/dharamji-identified-the-actor-in-me-deep-sidhu-41680.aspx|title=Dharam Ji identified the actor in me: Deep Sidhu|work=Punjab News Express|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417094844/http://punjabnewsexpress.com/entertainment/news/dharamji-identified-the-actor-in-me-deep-sidhu-41680.aspx|archive-date=17 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| organization =
| notable_works =
| style =
| awards = [[Kingfisher Calendar|Kingfisher Model Hunt Award]] [[The Bharat Scouts and Guides|President's Scout]] [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards|Best male debut in Punjabi Cinema]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| website =
| relatives =
| notable role =
}}

'''Deep Sidhu''' is an Indian [[barrister]], actor, and activist<ref>{{cite news |title=We only hoisted the Nishan Sahib flag on Red Fort while exercising our democratic right to protest: Deep Sidhu |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/we-only-hoisted-the-nishan-sahib-flag-on-red-fort-while-exercising-our-democratic-right-to-protest-deep-sidhu-203993 |accessdate=26 January 2021 |work=Tribune India |date=26 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> who works in [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]] language films. Sidhu has started his film career with the Punjabi film ''[[Ramta Jogi]]'' which was produced by actor [[Dharmendra]] under his banner [[Vijayta Films]].<ref name="tribune1">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/i-fight-my-own-case-deep/135543.html|title=I fight my own case:Deep Sidhu|access-date=26 January 2021|work=Tribune India|date=21 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name="indiandownunder">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandownunder.com.au/2015/08/the-new-actor-on-the-block-deep-sidhu/|title=The new actor on the block Deep Sidhu|work=Indian Down Under}}</ref>

D. K. Sapru

2021-09-12T20:29:10Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}} {{more citations needed|date=February 2013}} {{Infobox person | name = D. K. Sapru | image = Daya Kishan Sapru.jpg..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = D. K. Sapru
| image = Daya Kishan Sapru.jpg
| caption = Sapru in an Early Hindi film
| birth_name = Daya Kishan Sapru
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1916|03|16}}
| birth_place = [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1979|10|20|1916|03|16}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| natio =
| children = [[Reema Rakesh Nath]], [[Tej Sapru]], [[Priti Sapru]]
| years_active = 1944–1979
| occupation = Actor
| other_names =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}
'''Daya Kishan Sapru''' (16 March 1916 – 20 October 1979),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/mar/16/11795|title = From hero to character roles: Tej on father DK Sapru's career}}</ref> commonly known as '''D. K. Sapru''', was an [[India]]n actor famed for a variety of character roles in [[Hindi cinema]], particularly villains, judges and aristocrats in crime thrillers and dramas. His most notable performances were in Bollywood productions of between the late 1950s and early 1970s, including ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]'', ''[[Heer Raanjha]]'', ''[[Pakeezah]]'', ''[[Kala Pani (1958 film)|Kala Pani]]'', ''Dooj Ka Chand'', '' [[Tere Mere Sapne (1971 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]'', ''[[Humjoli]]'', ''[[Jewel Thief]]'', and ''[[Deewar (1975 film)|Deewar]]''.

Born to [[Kashmiri Pandit]] parents in 1916, Sapru made his Bollywood debut in ''Chand'' (1944), starring [[Prem Adib]], another [[Kashmiri Pandit]] actor. By the early 1970s, Sapru had risen to prominence as a villain in crime thrillers. Although he died in 1979, he continued to appear in several films that were released in the 1980s, including ''[[Krodhi]]'' (1981).

His son [[Tej Sapru]] and younger daughter [[Preeti Sapru]] are actors in Punjabi and Hindi films. His elder daughter [[Reema Rakesh Nath]] is a scriptwriter and director, and her son, actor [[Karan Nath]], is Sapru's only grandson.

Chaman Puri

2021-09-12T20:26:01Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Short description|Indian character actor}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Chaman Puri | image = | imagesize =..."

{{Short description|Indian character actor}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chaman Puri
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname = Chaman Lal Puri
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 26 June 1998
| death_place =
| years active = 1938 – 1989
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| parents = Nihal Chand Puri Ved Kaur
| relatives = *[[Madan Puri]] ''(Brother)''
*[[Amrish Puri]] ''(Brother)''
*Harish Lal Puri ''(Brother)''
*Chandrakanta Mehra ''(Sister)''
*[[K. L. Saigal]] ''(First cousin)''<ref name="Nevile"/>
| children =
| homepage =
}}
'''Chaman Puri''' was an [[Indian actor]] of [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi films]]. His brothers were [[Madan Puri]] and [[Amrish Puri]].<ref>{{cite book |title=On & Behind the Indian Cinema |date=26 March 2014 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. |isbn=9789350836217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1UqAwAAQBAJ&q=Chaman+Puri&pg=PA2008-IA69 |access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nirmohi (1952) |url=http://cineplot.com/nirmohi-1952/ |website=Cineplot.com |access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref>

Balraj Sahni

2021-09-12T20:24:55Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Short description|Indian film and stage actor}} {{Use British English|date=October 2012}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Balraj..."

{{Short description|Indian film and stage actor}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Balraj Sahni
| image = Balraj Sahni in Lajwanti.jpg
| caption = Balraj Sahni in ''[[Lajwanti]]'' (1958)
| birth_name = Yudhishthir Sahni
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|5|1}}
| birth_place = [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1973|4|13|1913|5|1}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor, writer
| spouse = Damayanti Sahni (m. 1936; died 1947) Santosh Chandhok (m. 1951)
| children = 3, including [[Parikshit Sahni]]
| relatives = [[Bhisham Sahni]] (brother)
| yearsactive = 1946–1973
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]<ref name="The Tribune India">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/why-we-should-remember-balraj-sahni/334674.html|title=Why we should remember Balraj Sahni|date=10 December 2016|work=The Tribune India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175352/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/why-we-should-remember-balraj-sahni/334674.html|archive-date=11 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''Balraj Sahni''' (born '''Yudhishthir Sahni'''; 1 May 1913 – 13 April 1973) was an Indian film and stage actor, who is best known for ''[[Dharti Ke Lal]]'' (1946), ''[[Do Bigha Zameen]]'' (1953), ''[[Chhoti Bahen]]'' (1959), ''[[Kabuliwala (1961 film)|Kabuliwala]]'' (1961) and ''[[Garam Hawa]]'' (1973). He was the brother of [[Bhisham Sahni]], noted [[Hindi]] writer, playwright, and actor.<ref name="The Tribune India" />

Babble Rai

2021-09-12T20:23:21Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{BLP sources|date=June 2015}} {{fansite|date=May 2021}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Babbal R..."

{{BLP sources|date=June 2015}}
{{fansite|date=May 2021}}

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Babbal Rai
| image =
| birth_name = Simranjeet Singh Rai
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|03|03}}
| birth_place = [[Samrala]]
| Occupation = Singer, song writer
| years_active = 2008{{ndash}}present
| marital status =
| Associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Bohemia (rapper)]], [[Jassie Gill]]}}
}}
'''Babbal Rai ''' is an Indian [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] singer, songwriter and film actor<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjabi actor Babbal Rai says that it was his father who saw the spark in him|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/punjabi-actor-babbal-rai-says-that-it-was-his-father-who-saw-the-spark-in-him-43467.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch New Punjabi Song Music Video 'Tera Naam' Sung By Babbal Rai {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-new-punjabi-song-music-video-tera-naam-sung-by-babbal-rai/videoshow/82597050.cms|access-date=2021-06-03|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Babbal Rai on first day of shooting: It was fun but a little awkward too - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/exclusive-babbal-rai-on-first-day-of-shooting-it-was-fun-but-a-little-awkward-too/articleshow/77223843.cms|access-date=2021-06-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Babbal Rai: It was my father who saw the talent in me - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/exclusive-babbal-rai-it-was-my-father-who-saw-the-talent-in-me/articleshow/78019528.cms|access-date=2021-06-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Birbal

2021-09-12T20:21:58Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Mughal advisor at Akbar's court, appearing in many folk tales which focus on his wit}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | title= Mi..."

{{short description|Mughal advisor at Akbar's court, appearing in many folk tales which focus on his wit}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title= [[Minister (government)|Mantri]], [[Commander|Mukhya Mantri]], [[Sardar|Sardār of Akbar]]
| image = Birbal.jpg
| alt = Birbal
| caption = Birbal
| birth_name = Mahesh Das
| birth_date = 1528
| birth_place = sidhi(patapara)
Madhya Pradesh
| death_date = 16 February 1586 (aged 57-58)
| death_place = [[Karakar Pass]] near the [[Swat Valley]], [[Kabulistan|Kabul Province]] (in present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]])
| religion = 
| occupation = Main advisor in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court of Emperor [[Akbar]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| succession = [[Minister (government)|Minister]] of [[Mughal Empire]]
| successor= * [[Tansen]] (disputed)
* Jyotish Govind ([[astrologer]] to Akbar, but it is half-disputed)

}}

'''Birbal''' ({{IPA-ur|biːrbəl|IPA}}; born '''Mahesh Das'''; 1528 {{ndash}} 16 February 1586<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bīrbal {{!}} Indian courtier|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Birbal|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>), or '''Raja Birbal''', was a Hindu advisor and main commander (''Mukhya Senapati'') of army in the court of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor, [[Akbar]]. He is mostly known in the Indian subcontinent for the [[Fable|folk tales]] which focus on his [[wit]]. Birbal was appointed by Akbar as a Minister (Mantri) and used to be a Poet and Singer in around 1556–1562. He had a close association with Emperor [[Akbar]] and was one of his most important courtiers, part of a group called the ''[[navaratnas]]'' (nine jewels). In February 1586, Birbal led an army to crush an unrest in the north-west [[Indian subcontinent]] where he was killed along with many troops in an ambush by the rebel tribe. He was the only Hindu to adopt [[Din-i Ilahi]], the religion founded by Akbar. Birbal was one of the first officers to join Akbar's court, possibly as early as 1556, when he was twenty-eight years old. He also had a naturally generous nature and all these traits combined—elegant repartee, largesse, and poetical talent—made Birbal the ideal Mughal courtier.

Local folk tales emerged primarily in 19th century involving his interactions with Akbar, portraying him as being extremely clever and witty. However, it is highly unlikely that they are true considering the strict court etiquette of the Mughals, which would not have tolerated outspoken attitude of anyone like [[Birbal]], and these tales are not mentioned in any official Mughal document. As the tales gained popularity in India, he became even more of a semi-fictional legendary figure across the Indian subcontinent. These most probably fictional tales involve him outsmarting rival courtiers and sometimes even Akbar, using only his intelligence and cunning, often with giving witty and humorous responses and impressing Akbar.

B.N. Sharma

2021-09-12T20:19:48Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Indian actor (born 1956)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}} {{Multiple issues| {{more footnotes|date=January 20..."

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=January 2014}}{{citation style|date=January 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B.N. Sharma
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|8|23}}
| birth_place = Bharathgarh, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1985–present
}}

'''B.N. Sharma''' is an [[India]]n actor.<ref name="ht">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/screened-to-perfection/story-yaq6RFHnpupeI4zQ9PZ0DP.html |title=Screened to perfection |date=3 August 2012 |website=HindustanTimes.com|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=20 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="pm">{{cite web |url=http://punjabimania.com/know-the-man-bn-sharma |title= Know the man: B.N. Sharma |date=5 December 2012 |website=PunjabiMania.com |accessdate=20 July 2013}}</ref> He began his career in a Punjabi soap, ''Jeb Katre'' on [[DD Punjabi|Jalandhar Doordarshan]] and [[comedy]] serial [[Flop Show]]. He is known for his roles in such films as ''[[Mahaul Theek Hai]]'', ''[[Jatt and Juliet]]'' and ''[[Carry On Jatta]]''.<ref name="pm"/>

Baldev Khosa

2021-09-12T20:18:33Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Short description|Indian politician}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder |image = |birth_date = |..."

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|image =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|origin = Village '''Jhandeana''' ([[Moga district]]), [[East Punjab|Punjab]]<ref>http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091023/bathinda.htm</ref>
|residence = [[Mumbai]]
|acting career = 1969 - 1985
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Film Actor]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start = 2009
|term_end = 2014
|predecessor =
|successor = [[Bharati Lavekar|Dr. Bharati Lavekar]]
| constituency = [[Versova (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Versova]]
|office1 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
|primeminister1 =
|term_start1 =2004-2009
|term_end1 =1999-2004
|predecessor1 =
|successor1 =
|children = 3
|alma_mater =
|profession =
|spouse =
|sibling =
|website =

}}
'''Baldev Khosa''' is an [[Indian film]] actor<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1090228/ | title=Baldev Khosa Actor | work=imdb.com | access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref> turned politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a four term Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/complaint-filed-against-mla-baldev-khosas-son_794721.html | title=Complaint filed against MLA Baldev Khosa's son | work=zeenews.india.com | date=19 August 2012 | access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref> He lost his seat in the 2014 election.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai-booted-out-bad-cong-candidates/464448 | title=Baldev Khosa in Versova should have been replaced by a younger and dynamic candidate. He was beaten comprehensively by a lightweight, Bharati Lavekar of the BJP. Khosa, a veteran MLA | work=freepressjournal.in | access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsreporter.in/dr-bharati-hemant-lavekar-of-bjp-wins-the-versova-constituency-maharastra-maharastra-assembly-election-2014-548940 | title=Dr Bharati Hemant Lavekar WINS by a margin of 26398 compared to his/her immediate rival Baldev Khosa of INC | work=newsreporter.in | access-date=19 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221082530/https://www.newsreporter.in/dr-bharati-hemant-lavekar-of-bjp-wins-the-versova-constituency-maharastra-maharastra-assembly-election-2014-548940 | archive-date=21 December 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is most remembered for his role as '''Sukha''' in Punjabi blockbuster movie [[Putt Jattan De]] (1981).

Ammy Virk

2021-09-12T20:17:07Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Short description|Punjabi singer, actor and producer}} {{Infobox person | name = Ammy Virk | image = Ammy Virk 2019.jpg | caption = Vir..."

{{Short description|Punjabi singer, actor and producer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ammy Virk
| image = Ammy Virk 2019.jpg
| caption = Virk in 2019
| birth_name = Amninderpal Singh Virk
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Nabha]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<ref name="Singh, 2014">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Jasmine |title=PUNJABI TADKA: Mom's the word |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140321/ttlife1.htm |access-date=9 December 2016 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726222654/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140321/ttlife1.htm |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actor | singer | producer}}
| years_active = 2012–present
| website = {{Facebook|ItsAmmyVirk|Ammy Virk}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| label = {{flatlist|*[[Times Music|Speed]]
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* [[Rhythm Boyz]]
* [[Sony Music India]]
}}
}}
}}

'''Amninderpal Singh Virk''', better known as '''Ammy Virk''', is an Indian singer, actor and producer who works in [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi films]].<ref name="The Times of India 2015">{{cite web | title=Ammy Virk's 'Surma to Sandle' all set to be released | website=The Times of India | date=27 May 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/Ammy-Virks-Surma-to-sandle-all-set-to-be-released/articleshow/47445619.cms | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> He started the production house [[Villagers Film Studio]] and a distribution company [[Villagers Film Studio#In House Group|In House Group]]. He is best known for playing the role of Nikka in ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' series, Shivjit in ''[[Qismat]]'', [[Harjeet Singh]] in ''[[Harjeeta]]'', and Haakam in ''[[Angrej]]''.

He started his acting career with the role of Hakam in the historical romance Punjabi film ''Angrej'' (2015) for which he won Best Debut Actor Award at [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]].<ref name="Service 2015">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=Angrej is also the ground for singer Ammy Virk, who opens his innings here. | work=tribuneindia.com | date=12 August 2015 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-reviews/love-ly-lanes/113715.html | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> Also, he had starred in other films including [[Bambukat]], [[Ardaas (film)|Ardaas]], ''Nikka Zaildar'', [[Laung Laachi]] and ''Qismat''. Gurnaaz Kaur of [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] described Virk as Nikka as one of the most loved characters of Punjabi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/movie-review-nikka-zaildar-3-it-s-laugh-riot/835553.html|title=Movie Review - Nikka Zaildar 3: It’s laugh riot|last=Kaur|first=Gurnaaz|date=20 September 2019|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> He is known for his Patiala-Shahi [[Pagri (turban)|turban]].<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2014">{{cite web | title=But now, the new demand is to replicate the style of budding Punjabi singer Ammy Virk | website=hindustantimes.com | date=5 July 2014 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/turban-tying-records-a-new-high/article1-1237005.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217090949/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/turban-tying-records-a-new-high/article1-1237005.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 17, 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> His films ''Angrej'' and ''Qismat'' are one of the [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi films|highest grossing Punjabi films]] of all time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4335|title=Qismat Is A Blockbuster - Top Punjabi Films Worldwide - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref> He made his [[Bollywood]] debut with film '' [[Bhuj: The Pride of India|Bhuj The Pride Of India]]'' (2021) directed by [[Abhishek Dudhaiya]] based on True Events.

Amberdeep Singh

2021-09-12T20:15:41Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Indian actor and director}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}} {{Infobox person | name = Amberdeep..."

{{short description|Indian actor and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amberdeep Singh
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1979|12|13}}<ref name="HT" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10156094399814422&id=35088119421|title=Amrinder Gill|website=facebook.com|access-date=17 August 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=October 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Punjabi University]]<ref name="TI">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/life-style/jack-of-all-trades/552708.html|title=Jack of all trades|last=Singh|first=Jasmine|website=The Tribune|date=6 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817124504/https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/life-style/jack-of-all-trades/552708.html|archive-date=17 August 2019|access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Screenwriter|director|actor}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| known_for = ''[[Angrej]]'' ''[[Lahoriye]]'' ''[[Laung Laachi]]''
| notable_works =
| children =
}}

'''Amberdeep Singh''' is an Indian actor, director, screenwriter and producer associated with [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi films]].

Smeep Kang

2021-09-12T19:37:07Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{short description|Indian actor, film producer and director (born 1973)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}} {{BLP unsourced|date=November 2020}} {{Infobox person | name..."

{{short description|Indian actor, film producer and director (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{BLP unsourced|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Smeep Kang
| image = Smeep Kang.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|1|30}}
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| occupation = Writer, Director, Producer, Actor
| years_active = 1999{{ndash}}present
}}
'''Smeep Kang''' is an Indian actor, [[film producer]] and director who works in [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]]. He graduated from [[Punjab University, Chandigarh]] with a degree in [[Chemical Engineering]]. He is well known for directing the Punjabi comedy films ''[[Chak De Phatte]]'' (2008), ''[[Carry On Jatta]]'' (2012), ''[[Lucky Di Unlucky Story]]'' (2013).

List of Punjabi cinema actors

2021-09-12T19:33:08Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Expand list|date=June 2017}} {{Punjabi film list}} This is a '''list of Punjabi cinema actors'''. {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list..."

{{Expand list|date=June 2017}}
{{Punjabi film list}}
This is a '''list of [[Punjabi cinema]] actors'''.
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}


* [[Aarya Babbar]]
* [[Aman Dhaliwal]]
* [[Amberdeep Singh]]
* [[Ammy Virk]]
* [[Amrinder Gill]]
* [[Amrish Puri]]
* [[Amrit Maan]]
* [[Arjan Bajwa]]
* [[Arun Bakshi]]
* [[Baldev Khosa]]
* [[B.N. Sharma]]
* [[Birbal]] Actor
* [[Babbal Rai]]
* [[Babbu Maan]]
* [[Balraj Sahni]]
* [[Chaman Puri]]
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar]]
* [[D. K. Sapru]]
* [[Binnu Dhillon]]
* [[Dakssh Ajit Singh]]
* [[Dara Singh]]
* [[Deep Dhillon]]
* [[Deep Sidhu]]
* [[Dev Kharoud]]
* [[Dheeraj Kumar]]
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
* [[Garry Sandhu]]
* [[Gavie Chahal]]
* [[Gippy Grewal]]
* [[Gugu Gill]]
* [[Mahie Gill]]
* [[Gurcharan Pohli]]
* [[Gulzar Inder Chahal]]
* [[Gurdas Maan]]
* [[Gurkirtan Chauhan]]
* [[Gurnam Bhullar]]
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]
* [[Gurshabad]]
* [[I.S Johar]]
* [[Harbhajan Mann]]
* [[Hardy Sandhu]]
* [[Harish Verma]]
* [[Harp Farmer]]
* [[Jackie Shroff]]
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
* [[Jagdish Raj]]
* [[Jaggi Singh (actor)|Jaggi Singh]]
* [[Jaspal Bhatti]]
* [[Jass Bajwa]]
* [[Jassi Gill]]
* [[Jaswinder Bhalla]]
* [[Jazzy B]]
* [[Jeevan (actor)|Jeevan]]
* [[Jimmy Shergill]]
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]]
* [[Karamjit Anmol]]
* [[Karan Kundra]]
* [[Kavita Kaushik]]
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]
* [[Lakha Lakhwinder Singh]]
* [[Madan Puri]]
* [[Manmohan Krishan]]
* [[Majnu]]
* [[Mahendra Sandhu]]
* [[Mangal Dhillon]]
* [[Mehar Mittal]]
* [[Moolchand]]
* [[Muhammad Sadiq (singer)|Muhammad Sadiq]]
* [[Mukesh Rishi]]
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]]
* [[Murad (actor)|Murad]]
* [[Nav Bajwa]]
* [[Navraj Hans]]
* [[Ninja (singer)]]
* [[Neeru Bajwa]]
* [[Om Prakash]]
* [[Om Puri]]
* [[Parmish Verma]]
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
* [[Prem Chopra]]
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
* [[Raza Murad]]
* [[Rahul Dev]]
* [[Raj Babbar]]
* [[Raj Brar]]
* [[Rana Ranbir]]
* [[Randhir (actor)|Randhir]]
* [[Ranjeet]]
* [[Ranjit Bawa]]
* [[Ram Mohan]]
* [[Ravinder Grewal]]
* [[Roshan Prince]]
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
* [[Samuel John]]
* [[Sarbjit Cheema]]
* [[Sardar Sohi]]
* [[Sardool Sikander]]
* [[Satish Kaul]]
* [[Sharat Saxena]]
* [[Sharry Mann]]
* [[Shashi Puri]]
* [[Shavinder Mahal]]
* [[Simi Chahal]]
* [[Sohail Ahmed]]
* [[Suresh]]
* [[Sudesh Lehri]]
* [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]]
* [[Sunil Dutt]]
* [[Surinder Shinda]]
* [[Tania]]
* [[Tarsem Jassar]]
* [[Tiger Joginder Singh]]
* [[Veerendra]]
* [[Vishal Karwal]]
* [[Vivaan Arora]]
* [[Vivek Shauq]]
* [[Yograj Singh]]
* [[Yuvraj Hans]]


{{div col end}}

Male Egg

2021-09-11T20:34:51Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{Original research|date=April 2021}}{{Distinguish|text = a male zygote or an animal egg containing a male embryo}} '''Male egg''' can refer to either: #A nonhuma..."

{{Original research|date=April 2021}}{{Distinguish|text = a male [[zygote]] or an animal [[egg]] containing a male [[embryo]]}}

'''Male egg''' can refer to either:
#A nonhuman egg which contains a [[Z chromosome]], in species with a [[ZW sex-determination system]] produced in the usual way by a female, referring to the occurrence of such an egg being fertilized by a sperm giving birth to a female.
#An egg that artificially contains genetic material from a male.
This article focuses on the second definition.

Male eggs are the result of a process in which the eggs of a female would be emptied of their genetic contents (a technique similar to that used in the [[cloning]] process), and those contents would be replaced with male DNA. Such eggs could then be fertilized by sperm. The procedure was conceived by [[Calum MacKellar]], a Scottish bioethicist. With this technique, two males could be the biological parents of a child. However, such a procedure would additionally require an [[artificial womb]] or a female [[gestational carrier]].<ref name="EBR">[http://www.bioethics.org.uk/2_fathrs.htm EUROPEAN BIOETHICAL RESEARCH: "CHILDREN WITH TWO GENETIC FATHERS"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727053609/http://www.bioethics.org.uk/2_fathrs.htm |date=2007-07-27 }}</ref><ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/940790.stm BBC News: "Male-only conception 'highly speculative'"]</ref><ref name="CGS">[http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=3904 Center for Genetics and Society: "Are male eggs and female sperm on the horizon?"]</ref>

Agriculture India

2021-09-11T20:30:03Z

ManiUk: Agriculture

{{short description|Agriculture in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2019}}

The history of '''Agriculture in India''' dates back to [[Indus Valley Civilization]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pU6dCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 | title=Agriculture| last1=Brese| first1=White| year=1993}}</ref> India [[List of countries by GDP sector composition|ranks]] second worldwide in farm outputs. As per 2018, agriculture employed more than 50% of the Indian work force and contributed 17–18% to country's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/india-economic-survey-2018-for-farmers-agriculture-gdp-msp/1034266/|title=India economic survey 2018: Farmers gain as agriculture mechanisation speeds up, but more R&D needed|date=29 January 2018|website=The Financial Express|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>

In 2016, agriculture and allied sectors like [[Animal husbandry in India|animal husbandry]], [[Forestry in India|forestry]] and [[Fishing in India|fisheries]] accounted for 15.4% of the [[GDP]] (gross domestic product) with about 41.49% of the workforce in 2020.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=CIA Factbook: India-Economy |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |access-date= 17 November 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/news/41618996_1_gdp-foodgrains-allied-sectors Agriculture's share in GDP declines to 13.7% in 2012–13]</ref><ref>Staff, India Brand Equity Foundation [http://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-Food.aspx Agriculture and Food in India] Accessed 7 May 2013</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Labor force by agriculture sector in India|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=IN}}</ref> India ranks first in the world with highest net cropped area followed by US and China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterreview.in/Story/Features/india-outranks-us-china-with-worlds-highest-net-cropland-area/2096/2#.W_A_iOgzZPY|title=India outranks US, China with world's highest net cropland area |access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref> The economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of [[India]].

The total agriculture commodities export was US $3.50 billion in March - June 2020. India exported $38 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013, making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide and the sixth largest net exporter.<ref name=usda2014/> Most of its agriculture exports serve developing and least developed nations.<ref name=usda2014>[http://www.fas.usda.gov/data/india-s-agricultural-exports-climb-record-high India's Agricultural Exports Climb to Record High], United States Department of Agriculture (2014)</ref> Indian agricultural/horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 120 countries, primarily to the Japan, [[Southeast Asia]], [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] countries, the [[European Union]] and the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-food-industry-india.aspx |title = Agriculture in India: Agricultural Exports & Food Industry in India | IBEF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.agriexam.com/?m=1 | title=Home | access-date=7 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908021654/http://www.agriexam.com/?m=1 | archive-date=8 September 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Farmers' suicides in India

2021-09-11T20:26:24Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} '''Farmer suicides in India''' refers to the national catastrophe of farmers committing suicide since..."

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

'''Farmer suicides in India''' refers to the national catastrophe of [[farmers]] committing [[suicide]] since the 1970s, often by drinking [[pesticides]], due to their inability to repay [[loans]] mostly taken from private landlords and banks.

The [[National Crime Records Bureau]] of India reported that a total of 296,438 Indian farmers had committed suicide since 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra crosses 60,000 farm suicides|url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/articles/maharashtra-crosses-60000-farm-suicides/|access-date=25 March 2019|website=www.ruralindiaonline.org|publisher=Peoples archive of rural India(PARI)}}</ref> Out of these, 60,750 farmer suicides were in the state of Maharashtra since 1995 and the remaining in [[Farmers' suicide in Western Odisha|Odisha]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Chhattisgarh]], all states with loose financial and entry regulations.<ref>{{cite web |title=NCRB |url=ncrb.gov.in |website=Official website |publisher=Government of India |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=NCRB report - farmers suicides |publisher=NCRB / Government of India |url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/ADSI/ADSI2014/chapter-2A%20farmer%20suicides.pdf |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>

Earlier, governments had reported varying figures, from 5,650 farmer suicides in 2014<ref name=ncrb2012>National Crime Reports Bureau, [http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/ADSI/ADSI2014/adsi-2014%20full%20report.pdf ADSI Report Annual – 2014] Government of India, p. 242, table 2.11</ref> to the highest number of farmer suicides in 2004 of 18,241.<ref name="allindiancrb">{{cite web|title=NDA, UPA failed to curb farmer suicides|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NDA-UPA-failed-to-curb-farmer-suicides/articleshow/39501676.cms}}</ref> The farmer's suicide rate in India had ranged between 1.4 and 1.8 per 100,000 total population, over a 10-year period through 2005, however, the figures in 2017 and 2018 showed an average of more than 10 suicides daily.<ref name="ggds"/> There are accusations of states manipulating the data on farmer suicides, hence the real figures could be even higher.<ref>{{cite web|title=P Sainath: How states fudge the data on declining farmer suicides|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/p-sainath-how-states-fudge-the-data-on-farmer-suicides/20140801.htm}}</ref>

[[India]] is an agrarian country with around 70% of its people depending directly or indirectly upon agriculture. Agriculture had 15.4% share in economy of India in year 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Agriculture sector in indian economy|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Around 41.49% of total labor are associated with agriculture in year 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Agriculture labor participation rate|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=IN|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Farmer suicides account for 11.2% of all suicides in India.<ref name=ncrb2012/> Activists and scholars have offered a number of conflicting reasons for farmer suicides, such as anti farmer laws, high [[debt]] burdens, poor government policies, corruption in subsidies, crop failure, [[Mental health in India|mental health]], personal issues and family problems.<ref>Gruère, G. & Sengupta, D. (2011), Bt cotton and farmer suicides in India: an evidence-based assessment, The Journal of Development Studies, 47(2), 316–337</ref><ref>Schurman, R. (2013), Shadow space: suicides and the predicament of rural India, Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(3), 597–601</ref><ref>Das, A. (2011), Farmers’ suicide in India: implications for public mental health, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(1), 21–29</ref>

Sutlej River

2021-09-11T20:23:19Z

ManiUk: Sutlej River

{{Short description|River in India and Pakistan}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Satluj
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = View of Sutlej River - panoramio.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = View of Sutlej River
| map =Sutlej.png
| map_size =
| map_caption = Path of the Sutlej
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[China]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab (India)]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab (Pakistan)]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = {{convert|1450|km|mi|abbr=on}} approx.
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[Ropar]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Sutlej valley| publisher = The Free Dictionary
| url = http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sutlej+valley}}</ref>
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|500|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Langchen Khambab
| source1_location = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|30|50|39|N|81|12|17|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|4575|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = Confluence with [[Chenab]] to form the [[Panjnad River]]
| mouth_location =Near [[Khairpur, Punjab|Khairpur]], [[Bahawalpur district]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|29|23|23|N|71|3|42|E|type:river_region:PK-PB|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|102|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|395000|km2|abbr=on}}approx.
| tributaries_left = [[Baspa River|Baspa]]
| tributaries_right = [[Spiti River|Spiti]], [[Beas River|Beas]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Sutlej River''', alternatively spelled as '''''Satluj'' River''', is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in northern [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. The Sutlej River is also known as '''''Satadree'''''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 17, Part 1|last1=Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1848|page=210, paragraph two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tes2AQAAMAAJ&q=satadree&pg=PA210}}</ref> It is the easternmost [[tributary]] of the [[Indus River]].The Bhakra Dam is built around the river Sutlej to provide irrigation and other facilities to the states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana.

The waters of the Sutlej are allocated to India under the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] between India and Pakistan, and are mostly diverted to irrigation canals in India to include Sirhind canal, Bhakra Main Line and Rajasthan canal .<ref>[http://wrmin.nic.in/responsibility/bbmb.htm] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831094205/http://wrmin.nic.in/responsibility/bbmb.htm |date=31 August 2005 }}</ref> The mean annual flow is 14 million acre feet (MAF) upstream of [[Sirhind Canal|Ropar barrage]], downstream of the Bhakra dam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Ravi-%20Beas%20Waters%20Tribunal%20Report%201987.pdf|access-date=15 February 2020|publisher=Central Water Commission|title= Page 290, The Ravi- Beas Water Tribunal Report (1987)}}</ref> It has several major hydroelectric points, including the 1,325 [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]] [[Bhakra Dam]], the 1,000 MW [[Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant]], and the 1,500 MW [[Nathpa Jhakri Dam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/nathpa |title= Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Power Project, India|publisher=power-technology.com|access-date=14 May 2011}}{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}</ref> The [[drainage basin]] is mainly in India's Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir and Haryana states.<ref name="WRIS Lower Sutlej">{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/WatershedSubbasinAtlas/12.%20Satluj%20Lower.pdf |title= Lower Sutlej basin area|access-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904011312/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/WatershedSubbasinAtlas/12.%20Satluj%20Lower.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2018 }}</ref><ref name="WRIS geo-visualization"/>

Bhagat Singh

2021-09-11T20:16:36Z

ManiUk: Shaheed Bhagat Singh

{{Short description|Indian socialist revolutionary}}
{{about|the Indian socialist revolutionary|the Indian-American civil rights activist|Bhagat Singh Thind}}
{{redirect|Bhagavath Singh|the 1998 action drama film|Bhagavath Singh (film)}}
{{pp|small=yes|Vandalism}}{{short description|20th-century Indian revolutionary}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhagat Singh
| image = Bhagat Singh 1929.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = September/October 1907{{efn|name=birth}}
| birth_place = [[Banga, Pakistan|Banga]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1931|03|23|1907|09}}
| death_place = [[Central Jail Lahore|Central Gaol]], [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan)}}
| death_cause = Execution by hanging
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]
| criminal_charges = Murder of John Saunders and Channan Singh<ref name=odnb-bhagat_singh>{{Cite ODNB|id=73519|last=Deol|first=Jeevan Singh|year=2004|title=Singh, Bhagat [known as Bhagat Singh Sandhu|quote=The trial of Bhagat Singh and a number of his associates from the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association for the killing of Saunders and Channan Singh followed. On 7 October 1929 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar were sentenced to death.Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Shiv Ram Hari Rajguru were executed by hanging at the central gaol, Lahore, on 23 March 1931.}}</ref>
| criminal_penalty = [[Capital Punishment]]
| criminal_status = [[Executed]]
| nationality = [[British Raj|British Indian]]
| citizenship =
| notable_works = ''[[Why I Am an Atheist]]''
}}

'''Bhagat Singh''' ({{IPA-pa|pə̀ɡət̪ sɪ́ŋɡ|-|Hi-BhagatSingh.ogg}} {{nowrap|1907}}{{efn|name=birth|The date of Singh's birth is subject to dispute. Commonly thought to be born on either 27<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1913029/Bhagat-Singh|title=Bhagat Singh|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930144435/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhagat-Singh|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> or 28<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/Bhagat-Singhs-sister-passes-away-on-his-107th-birthday/articleshow/43811962.cms|title=Bhagat Singh's sister passes away on his 107th birthday|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930144658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bhagat-Singhs-sister-passes-away-on-his-107th-birthday/articleshow/43811962.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> September 1907, some biographers believe that the evidence points to 19 October 1907.{{sfnp|Sanyal|Yadav|Singh|Singh|2006|pp=19, 26|ps=}}}} – 23 March 1931) was an Indian [[Revolutionary socialism|socialist revolutionary]] whose two acts of dramatic violence against the [[British Raj|British in India]] and execution at age 23 made him a folk hero of the [[Indian independence movement]].

In December 1928, Bhagat Singh and an associate, [[Shivaram Rajguru]], fatally shot a 21-year-old British police officer, John Saunders, in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], in what is today [[Pakistan]], mistaking Saunders, who was still on probation, for the British police superintendent, James Scott, whom they had intended to assassinate.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|pp=83, 89}} They believed Scott was responsible for the death of a popular Indian nationalist leader [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] by having ordered a [[lathi charge]] in which Rai was injured and two weeks thereafter died of a heart attack. As Saunders exited a police station on a motorcycle, he was felled by a single bullet fired from across the street by Rajguru, a marksman.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|p=83}}{{sfn|Maclean|Elam|2016|p=28}} As he lay injured, he was shot at close range several times by Singh, the postmortem report showing eight bullet wounds.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|p=89}} Another associate of Singh, [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]], shot dead an Indian police head constable, Channan Singh, who attempted to give chase to Singh and Rajguru as they fled.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|p=83}}{{sfn|Maclean|Elam|2016|p=28}}

After having escaped, Singh and his associates used pseudonyms to publicly announce avenging Lajpat Rai's death, putting up prepared posters that they altered to show Saunders as their intended target.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|p=83}} Singh was thereafter on the run for many months, and no convictions resulted at the time. Surfacing again in April 1929, he and another associate, [[Batukeshwar Dutt]], set off two low-intensity homemade bombs in the empty back-benches of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in [[Old Delhi|Delhi]]. They showered leaflets from the gallery on the legislators below, shouted slogans, and allowed the authorities to arrest them.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|p=84}} The arrest, and the resulting publicity, brought to light Singh's complicity in the John Saunders case. Awaiting trial, Singh gained public sympathy after he joined fellow defendant [[Jatindra Nath Das|Jatin Das]] in a [[hunger strike]], demanding better prison conditions for Indian prisoners, the strike ending in Das's death from starvation in September 1929. Singh was convicted and hanged in March 1931, aged 23.

Bhagat Singh became a popular folk hero after his death. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] wrote about him: "Bhagat Singh did not become popular because of his act of terrorism but because he seemed to vindicate, for the moment, the honour of Lala Lajpat Rai, and through him of the nation. He became a symbol; the act was forgotten, the symbol remained, and within a few months each town and village of the Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India, resounded with his name."{{sfnp|Mittal|Habib|1982|ps=}} In still later years, Singh, an atheist and socialist in adulthood, won admirers in India from among a political spectrum that included both communists and right-wing [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]]. Although many of Singh's associates, as well as many Indian anti-colonial revolutionaries, were also involved in daring acts and were either executed or died violent deaths, few came to be lionised in popular art and literature to the same extent as Singh.{{CN|date=March 2021}}
{{TOC limit|3}}Bhagat Singh was known for his [[Irreligion|irreligious]] [[atheism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Criticism of Hinduism by bhagat singh|url=https://thewire.in/caste/bhagat-singh-problem-of-caste-untouchability-politics-india|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Criticism of religion by bhagat singh|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bhagat-singh-christophe-jaffrelot-revolutionary-passions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Where is God? What is he doing?: Bhagat Singh on religion|url=Where is God? What is he doing?: Bhagat Singh on religion|url-status=live}}</ref> His family members were Hindus and Sikhs but he left his religion and became an atheist. He criticised [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]] and other religions in his book " [[Why I Am an Atheist|Why I am an atheist]] ".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhagat singh on religions|url=https://thewire.in/books/bhagat-singh-extract-religion-freedom-struggle|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bhagat Singh was born on 27 September 1907{{efn|name=birth}} in the village of [[Banga, Pakistan|Banga]] in the [[Faisalabad District|Lyallpur district]] of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] in what was then [[British India]] and is today [[Pakistan]]; he was the second of seven children—four sons, and three daughters—born to Vidyavati and her husband Kishan Singh Sandhu.<ref name=odnb-bhagat_singh_general>{{Cite ODNB|id=73519|last=Deol|first=Jeevan Singh|title=Singh, Bhagat [known as Bhagat Singh Sandhu|year=2004|}}</ref> Bhagat Singh's father and his uncle Ajit Singh were active in progressive politics, taking part in the [[1907 Punjab unrest|agitation around the Canal Colonization Bill]] in 1907, and later the [[Ghadar Movement]] of 1914–1915.<ref name=odnb-bhagat_singh_general/>

After being sent to the village school in Banga for a few years, Bhagat Singh was enrolled in the [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System|Dayanand Anglo-Vedic School]] in Lahore.<ref name=odnb-bhagat_singh_general/> In 1923, he joined the National College in Lahore, founded two years earlier by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] in response to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[non-cooperation movement]], which urged Indian students to shun schools and colleges subsidized by the British Indian government.<ref name=odnb-bhagat_singh_general/>

Police became concerned with Singh's influence on youths and arrested him in May 1927 on the pretext that he had been involved in a bombing that had taken place in Lahore in October 1926. He was released on a [[surety]] of Rs. 60,000 five weeks after his arrest.{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|p=16|ps=}} He wrote for, and edited, [[Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] newspapers, published in [[Amritsar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/sardarbhagatsingh.htm |title=Sardar Bhagat Singh (1907–1931) |access-date=11 October 2011 |work=Research Reference and Training Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |publisher=Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930145803/http://www.rrtd.nic.in/sardarbhagatsingh.htm|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> and also contributed to low-priced pamphlets published by the Naujawan Bharat Sabha that excoriated the British.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=99–100|ps=}} He also wrote for ''Kirti'', the journal of the [[Kirti Kisan Party]] ("Workers and Peasants Party") and briefly for the ''Veer Arjun'' newspaper, published in [[Delhi]].{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}}{{efn|He was secretary of the Kirti Kisan Party when it organised an all-India meeting of revolutionaries in September 1928 and he later became its leader.<ref name="Tribune2011" />}} He often used pseudonyms, including names such as Balwant, Ranjit and Vidhrohi.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=100|ps=}}
[[File:Bhagat Singh in jail,1927.jpg|thumb|Bhagat Singh in jail,1927]]

== Revolutionary activities ==
=== Killing of John Saunders ===
In 1928, the British government set up the [[Simon Commission]] to report on the political situation in India. Some Indian political parties boycotted the Commission because there were no Indians in its membership,{{efn|Opposition in India to the Simon Commission was not universal. For example, the [[Central Sikh League]], some Hindu politicians, and some members of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] agreed to co-operate<ref name=Nair/>}} and there were protests across the country. When the Commission visited Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lala Lajpat Rai led a march in protest against it. Police attempts to disperse the large crowd resulted in violence. The superintendent of police, James A. Scott, ordered the police to [[lathi charge]] (use batons against) the protesters and personally assaulted Rai, who was injured. Rai died of a heart attack on 17 November 1928. Doctors thought that his death might have been hastened by the injuries he had received. When the matter was raised in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], the British Government denied any role in Rai's death.{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=36|ps=}}<ref name=Vaidya/><ref name=Friend/>

Singh was a prominent member of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) and was probably responsible, in large part, for its change of name to [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) in 1928.<ref name=s380/> The HSRA vowed to avenge Rai's death.{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|p=16|ps=}} Singh conspired with revolutionaries like [[Shivaram Rajguru]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]], and [[Chandrashekhar Azad]] to kill Scott.{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}} However, in a case of mistaken identity, the plotters shot John P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police, as he was leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=39|ps=}}

[[File:Pamphlet by HSRA after Saunders murder.jpg|thumb|HSRA pamphlet after Saunders' murder, signed by Balraj, a pseudonym of Chandrashekhar Azad]]

Contemporary reaction to the killing differs substantially from the adulation that later surfaced. The Naujawan Bharat Sabha, which had organised the Lahore protest march along with the HSRA, found that attendance at its subsequent public meetings dropped sharply. Politicians, activists, and newspapers, including ''The People'', which Rai had founded in 1925, stressed that non-co-operation was preferable to violence.<ref name=Nair/> The murder was condemned as a retrograde action by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the Congress leader, but [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] later wrote that: {{quote|Bhagat Singh did not become popular because of his act of terrorism but because he seemed to vindicate, for the moment, the honour of Lala Lajpat Rai, and through him of the nation. He became a symbol, the act was forgotten, the symbol remained, and within a few months each town and village of the Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India, resounded with his name. Innumerable songs grew about him and the popularity that the man achieved was something amazing.<ref name=Mittal/>}}

=== Killing of Channan Singh ===
After killing Saunders, the group escaped through the D.A.V. College entrance, across the road from the District Police Headquarters. Chanan Singh, a [[Head Constable]] who was chasing them, was shot dead by Chandrashekhar Azad.{{sfnp|Rana|2005b|p=65|ps=}} They then fled on bicycles to pre-arranged safe houses. The police launched a massive search operation to catch them, blocking all entrances and exits to and from the city; the [[Criminal Investigation Department|CID]] kept a watch on all young men leaving Lahore. The fugitives hid for the next two days. On 19 December 1928, Sukhdev called on [[Durgawati Devi]], sometimes known as Durga Bhabhi, wife of another HSRA member, [[Bhagwati Charan Vohra]], for help, which she agreed to provide. They decided to catch the train departing from Lahore to [[Bathinda]] en route to [[Howrah]] ([[Calcutta]]) early the next morning.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=42–44|ps=}}

===Escape from Lahore===
Bhagat Singh and Rajguru, both carrying loaded revolvers, left the house early the next day.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=42–44|ps=}} Dressed in western attire (Bhagat Singh cut his hair, shaved his beard and wore a hat over cropped hair), and carrying Devi's sleeping child, Singh and Devi passed as a young couple, while Rajguru carried their luggage as their servant. At the station, Singh managed to conceal his identity while buying tickets, and the three boarded the train heading to Cawnpore (now [[Kanpur]]). There they boarded a train for [[Lucknow]] since the CID at Howrah railway station usually scrutinised passengers on the direct train from Lahore.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=42–44|ps=}} At Lucknow, Rajguru left separately for [[Varanasi|Benares]] while Singh, Devi and the infant went to Howrah, with all except Singh returning to Lahore a few days later.{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=39|ps=}}{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=42–44|ps=}}

=== Delhi Assembly bombing and arrest===
For some time, Bhagat Singh had been exploiting the power of drama as a means to inspire the revolt against the British, purchasing a [[magic lantern]] to show slides that enlivened his talks about revolutionaries such as Ram Prasad Bismil who had died as a result of the [[Kakori conspiracy]]. In 1929, he proposed a dramatic act to the HSRA intended to gain massive publicity for their aims.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=99–100|ps=}} Influenced by [[Auguste Vaillant]], a French anarchist who had bombed the [[Chamber of Deputies of France|Chamber of Deputies]] in Paris,{{sfnp|Bakshi|Gajrani|Singh|2005|p=334|ps=}} Singh's plan was to explode a bomb inside the [[Central Legislative Assembly]]. The nominal intention was to protest against the Public Safety Bill, and the Trade Dispute Act, which had been rejected by the Assembly but were being enacted by the [[Governor of India|Viceroy]] using his special powers; the actual intention was for the perpetrators to allow themselves to be arrested so that they could use court appearances as a stage to publicise their cause.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=100|ps=}}

The HSRA leadership was initially opposed to Bhagat's participation in the bombing because they were certain that his prior involvement in the Saunders shooting meant that his arrest would ultimately result in his execution. However, they eventually decided that he was their most suitable candidate. On 8 April 1929, Singh, accompanied by Batukeshwar Dutt, threw two bombs into the Assembly chamber from its public gallery while it was in session.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=100–101|ps=}} The bombs had been designed not to kill,<ref name="Nair" /> but some members, including [[George Ernest Schuster]], the finance member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]], were injured.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombs Thrown into Assembly|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vf0YIhSwahgC&dat=19290408&printsec=frontpage |page=1 |access-date=29 August 2013 |newspaper=Evening Tribune |date=8 April 1930}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The smoke from the bombs filled the Assembly so that Singh and Dutt could probably have escaped in the confusion had they wished. Instead, they stayed shouting the slogan "[[Inquilab Zindabad]]!" ("Long Live the Revolution") and threw leaflets. The two men were arrested and subsequently moved through a series of jails in Delhi.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=101|ps=}}

=== Assembly case trial ===
According to Neeti Nair, associate professor of history, "public criticism of this terrorist action was unequivocal."<ref name=Nair/> Gandhi, once again, issued strong words of disapproval of their deed.{{sfnp|Mittal|Habib|1982|ps=}} Nonetheless, the jailed Bhagat was reported to be elated, and referred to the subsequent legal proceedings as a "drama".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=101|ps=}} Singh and Dutt eventually responded to the criticism by writing the Assembly Bomb Statement: {{quote|We hold human life sacred beyond words. We are neither perpetrators of dastardly outrages ... nor are we 'lunatics' as the ''Tribune'' of Lahore and some others would have it believed ... Force when aggressively applied is 'violence' and is, therefore, morally unjustifiable, but when it is used in the furtherance of a legitimate cause, it has its moral justification.<ref name=Nair/>}}

The trial began in the first week of June, following a preliminary hearing in May. On 12 June, both men were sentenced to life imprisonment for: "causing explosions of a nature likely to endanger life, unlawfully and maliciously."{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=101|ps=}}{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=76–78|ps=}} Dutt had been defended by [[Asaf Ali]], while Singh defended himself.<ref name=Lal/> Doubts have been raised about the accuracy of testimony offered at the trial. One key discrepancy concerns the automatic pistol that Singh had been carrying when he was arrested. Some witnesses said that he had fired two or three shots while the police sergeant who arrested him testified that the gun was pointed downward when he took it from him and that Singh "was playing with it."{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=47|ps=}} According to an article in the ''India Law Journal'', the prosecution witnesses were coached, their accounts were incorrect, and Singh had turned over the pistol himself.<ref name=ILJ/> Singh was given a life sentence.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=81|ps=}}

==== Arrest of associates====
In 1929, the HSRA had set up bomb factories in Lahore and [[Saharanpur]]. On 15 April 1929, the Lahore bomb factory was discovered by the police, leading to the arrest of other members of HSRA, including Sukhdev, [[Kishori Lal]], and [[Jai Gopal]]. Not long after this, the Saharanpur factory was also raided and some of the conspirators became informants. With the new information available, the police were able to connect the three strands of the Saunders murder, Assembly bombing, and bomb manufacture.<ref name=Friend/> Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru, and 21 others were charged with the Saunders murder.<ref name=Dam/>

==== Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case ====
Singh was re-arrested for murdering Saunders and Chanan Singh based on substantial evidence against him, including statements by his associates, [[Hans Raj Vohra]] and Jai Gopal.<ref name=ILJ/> His life sentence in the Assembly Bomb case was deferred until the Saunders case was decided.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=81|ps=}} He was sent to [[Central Jail Mianwali]] from the Delhi jail.<ref name=Lal/> There he witnessed discrimination between European and Indian prisoners. He considered himself, along with others, to be a [[political prisoner]]. He noted that he had received an enhanced diet at Delhi which was not being provided at Mianwali. He led other Indian, self-identified political prisoners he felt were being treated as common criminals in a hunger strike. They demanded equality in food standards, clothing, toiletries, and other hygienic necessities, as well as access to books and a daily newspaper. They argued that they should not be forced to do manual labour or any undignified work in the jail.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=83–89|ps=}}<ref name=Nair/>

The hunger strike inspired a rise in public support for Singh and his colleagues from around June 1929. ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' newspaper was particularly prominent in this movement and reported on mass meetings in places such as Lahore and Amritsar. The government had to apply [[Section 144]] of the criminal code in an attempt to limit gatherings.<ref name=Nair/>
[[File:Daily milap poster of the Lahore conspiracy case 1930.Death sentence of Bhagat Singh ,Sukhdev and Rajguru.jpg|thumb|Daily milap poster of the Lahore conspiracy case 1930.Death sentence of Bhagat Singh ,Sukhdev and Rajguru.]]
[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] met Singh and the other strikers in [[Central Jail Mianwali]]. After the meeting, he stated:
{{quote|I was very much pained to see the distress of the heroes. They have staked their lives in this struggle. They want that political prisoners should be treated as political prisoners. I am quite hopeful that their sacrifice would be crowned with success.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=85|ps=}}}}

[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] spoke in support of the strikers in the Assembly, saying: {{quote|The man who goes on hunger strike has a soul. He is moved by that soul, and he believes in the justice of his cause ... however much you deplore them and, however, much you say they are misguided, it is the system, this damnable system of governance, which is resented by the people.<ref>{{cite news |title=When Jinnah defended Bhagat Singh |date=8 August 2005 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/08/stories/2005080801672000.htm |access-date=2011-10-11 |location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930150234/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/08/stories/2005080801672000.htm|work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>}}

The government tried to break the strike by placing different food items in the prison cells to test the prisoners' resolve. Water pitchers were filled with milk so that either the prisoners remained thirsty or broke their strike; nobody faltered and the impasse continued. The authorities then attempted [[force-feeding]] the prisoners but this was resisted.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=83|ps=}}{{efn|An example of the methods adopted to counterattack attempts at force-feeding is the swallowing of red pepper and boiling water by a prisoner called [[Kishori Lal]]. This combination made his throat too sore to permit entry of the feeding tube.<ref>{{cite news |author-link=Ajoy Ghosh |last=Ghosh |first=Ajoy |title=Bhagat Singh as I Knew Him |date=6 October 2007 |orig-year=1945 |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article353.html |newspaper=Mainstream |access-date=17 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930150341/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article353.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>}} With the matter still unresolved, the Indian Viceroy, [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], cut short his vacation in [[Shimla|Simla]] to discuss the situation with jail authorities.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=88|ps=}} Since the activities of the hunger strikers had gained popularity and attention amongst the people nationwide, the government decided to advance the start of the Saunders murder trial, which was henceforth called the Lahore Conspiracy Case. Singh was transported to Borstal Jail, Lahore,{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=89|ps=}} and the trial began there on 10 July 1929. In addition to charging them with the murder of Saunders, Singh and the 27 other prisoners were charged with plotting a conspiracy to murder Scott, and waging a war against the King.<ref name=ILJ/> Singh, still on hunger strike, had to be carried to the court handcuffed on a stretcher; he had lost {{convert|14|lb|kg}} from his original weight of {{convert|133|lb|kg}} since beginning the strike.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=89|ps=}}

The government was beginning to make concessions but refused to move on the core issue of recognising the classification of "political prisoner". In the eyes of officials, if someone broke the law then that was a personal act, not a political one, and they were common criminals.<ref name=Nair/> By now, the condition of another hunger striker, [[Jatindra Nath Das]], lodged in the same jail, had deteriorated considerably. The Jail committee recommended his unconditional release, but the government rejected the suggestion and offered to release him on bail. On 13 September 1929, Das died after a 63-day hunger strike.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=89|ps=}} Almost all the nationalist leaders in the country paid tribute to Das' death. Mohammad Alam and [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] resigned from the Punjab Legislative Council in protest, and Nehru moved a successful [[Adjournment debate|adjournment motion]] in the Central Assembly as a censure against the "inhumane treatment" of the Lahore prisoners.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=91|ps=}} Singh finally heeded a resolution of the Congress party, and a request by his father, ending his hunger strike on 5 October 1929 after 116 days.<ref name=ILJ/> During this period, Singh's popularity among common Indians extended beyond Punjab.<ref name=Nair/>{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=92|ps=}}

Singh's attention now turned to his trial, where he was to face a Crown prosecution team comprising C. H. Carden-Noad, Kalandar Ali Khan, Jai Gopal Lal, and the prosecuting inspector, Bakshi Dina Nath.<ref name=ILJ/> The defence was composed of eight lawyers. Prem Dutt Verma, the youngest amongst the 27 accused, threw his slipper at Gopal when he turned and became a prosecution witness in court. As a result, the magistrate ordered that all the accused should be handcuffed.<ref name=ILJ/> Singh and others refused to be handcuffed and were subjected to brutal beating.<ref name=rare/> The revolutionaries refused to attend the court and Singh wrote a letter to the magistrate citing various reasons for their refusal.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmg-AQAAIAAJ&q=9780195796674 |title=The Trial of Bhagat Singh |author-link=A. G. Noorani|author= Noorani, A.G.|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0195796674 |page=339}}</ref><ref name="refusaltoattend">{{cite news |title=Reasons for Refusing to Attend the Court |url=http://www.shahidbhagatsingh.org/index.asp?link=refusing_court |access-date=16 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930150741/http://www.shahidbhagatsingh.org/index.asp?link=refusing_court|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> The magistrate ordered the trial to proceed without the accused or members of the HSRA. This was a setback for Singh as he could no longer use the trial as a forum to publicise his views.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=96|ps=}}

==== Special Tribunal ====
To speed up the slow trial, the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, declared an emergency on 1 May 1930 and introduced an ordinance to set up a special tribunal composed of three high court judges for the case. This decision cut short the normal process of justice as the only appeal after the tribunal was to the Privy Council located in England.<ref name=ILJ/>

On 2 July 1930, a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' petition was filed in the High Court challenging the ordinance on the grounds that it was ''ultra vires'' and, therefore, illegal; the Viceroy had no powers to shorten the customary process of determining justice.<ref name=ILJ/> The petition argued that the [[Defence of India Act 1915]] allowed the Viceroy to introduce an ordinance, and set up such a tribunal, only under conditions of a breakdown of law-and-order, which, it was claimed in this case, had not occurred. However, the petition was dismissed as being premature.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=103|ps=}}

Carden-Noad presented the government's charges of conducting robberies, and the illegal acquisition of arms and ammunition among others.<ref name=ILJ/> The evidence of G. T. H. Hamilton Harding, the Lahore superintendent of police, shocked the court. He stated that he had filed the [[first information report]] against the accused under specific orders from the chief secretary to the governor of Punjab and that he was unaware of the details of the case. The prosecution depended mainly on the evidence of P. N. Ghosh, Hans Raj Vohra, and Jai Gopal who had been Singh's associates in the HSRA. On 10 July 1930, the tribunal decided to press charges against only 15 of the 18 accused and allowed their petitions to be taken up for hearing the next day. The trial ended on 30 September 1930.<ref name=ILJ/> The three accused, whose charges were withdrawn, included Dutt who had already been given a life sentence in the Assembly bomb case.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=117|ps=}}

The ordinance (and the tribunal) would lapse on 31 October 1930 as it had not been passed by the Central Assembly or the British Parliament. On 7 October 1930, the tribunal delivered its 300-page judgement based on all the evidence and concluded that the participation of Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru in Saunder's murder was proven. They were sentenced to death by hanging.<ref name=ILJ/> Of the other accused, three were acquitted (Ajoy Ghosh, Jatindra Nath Sanyal and Des Raj), Kundan Lal received seven years' [[Penal labour|rigorous imprisonment]], Prem Dutt received five years of the same, and the remaining seven (Kishori Lal, Mahabir Singh, [[Vijay Kumar Sinha|Bijoy Kumar Sinha]], [[Shiv Verma]], [[Gaya Prasad Katiyar|Gaya Prasad]], Jai Dev and Kamalnath Tewari) were all sentenced to transportation for life.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=118|ps=}}

==== Appeal to the Privy Council ====
In [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]], a defence committee drew up a plan to appeal to the Privy Council. Singh was initially against the appeal but later agreed to it in the hope that the appeal would popularise the HSRA in Britain. The appellants claimed that the ordinance which created the tribunal was invalid while the government countered that the Viceroy was completely empowered to create such a tribunal. The appeal was dismissed by [[Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin|Judge Viscount Dunedin]].{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|pp=95–100|ps=}}

==== Reactions to the judgement ====
After the rejection of the appeal to the Privy Council, Congress party president [[Madan Mohan Malviya]] filed a mercy appeal before Irwin on 14 February 1931.{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=98|ps=}} Some prisoners sent Mahatma Gandhi an appeal to intervene.<ref name=ILJ/> In his notes dated 19 March 1931, the Viceroy recorded:
{{quote|While returning Gandhiji asked me if he could talk about the case of Bhagat Singh because newspapers had come out with the news of his slated hanging on March 24th. It would be a very unfortunate day because on that day the new president of the Congress had to reach Karachi and there would be a lot of hot discussion. I explained to him that I had given a very careful thought to it but I did not find any basis to convince myself to commute the sentence. It appeared he found my reasoning weighty.{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=103|ps=}}}}
The [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] expressed its reaction to the case:
{{quote|The history of this case, of which we do not come across any example in relation to the political cases, reflects the symptoms of callousness and cruelty which is the outcome of bloated desire of the imperialist government of Britain so that fear can be instilled in the hearts of the repressed people.{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=98|ps=}}}}

A plan to rescue Singh and fellow HSRA inmates from the jail failed. HSRA member Durga Devi's husband, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, attempted to manufacture bombs for the purpose, but died when they exploded accidentally.<ref name=pragoti>{{cite web |url=http://www.pragoti.org/node/2114 |title=Bhagat Singh: A Perennial Saga Of Inspiration |access-date=28 October 2011 |date=27 September 2008 |publisher=Pragoti|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151107/http://www.pragoti.org/node/2114|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Execution ===
[[File:BhagatSingh DeathCertificate.jpg|right|180px|Death certificate of Bhagat Singh|thumb]]
Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death in the Lahore conspiracy case and ordered to be hanged on 24 March 1931.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bhagat-singh-death-warrant-martyrdom-anniversary-245441-2015-03-23|title=Read Bhagat Singh's death warrant on his 84th martyrdom anniversary (updated)|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> The schedule was moved forward by 11 hours and the three were hanged on 23 March 1931 at 7:30 pm{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=132–134|ps=}} in the [[Lahore]] jail. It is reported that no magistrate at the time was willing to supervise Singh's hanging as was required by law. The execution was supervised instead by an honorary judge, who also signed the three death warrants, as their original warrants had expired.<ref>{{cite news |first=Haroon |last=Khalid |title=In Bhagat Singh's memory |date=March 2010 |url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/mar2010-weekly/nos-28-03-2010/she.htm#1 |work=[[Daily Jang]] |access-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151305/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/mar2010-weekly/nos-28-03-2010/she.htm|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> The jail authorities then broke a hole in the rear wall of the jail, removed the bodies, and secretly cremated the three men under cover of darkness outside [[Ganda Singh Wala]] village, and then threw the ashes into the [[Sutlej]] river, about {{convert|10|km|mi}} from [[Firozpur|Ferozepore]].<ref name="ferozepur.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/HUSSAINIWALA.html |title=National Martyrs Memorial, Hussainiwala |access-date=11 October 2011 |publisher=District Administration, Firozepur, Punjab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151411/http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/HUSSAINIWALA.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

==== Criticism of the tribunal trial ====
Singh's trial has been described by the Supreme Court as "contrary to the fundamental doctrine of criminal jurisprudence" because there was no opportunity for the accused to defend themselves.<ref name=supremecourt>{{cite web |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/sciphoto/photo_m1.html |title=Supreme Court of India – Photographs of the exhibition on the "Trial of Bhagat Singh" |access-date=11 October 2011 |work=Supreme Court of India |publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151530/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/sciphoto/photo_m1.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> The Special Tribunal was a departure from the normal procedure adopted for a trial and its decision could only be appealed to the Privy Council located in Britain.<ref name=ILJ/> The accused were absent from the court and the judgement was passed [[ex-parte]].{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=96|ps=}} The ordinance, which was introduced by the Viceroy to form the Special Tribunal, was never approved by the Central Assembly or the British Parliament, and it eventually lapsed without any legal or constitutional sanctity.<ref name=rare>{{cite news |first=Chaman |last=Lal |title=Rare documents on Bhagat Singh's trial and life in jail |date=15 August 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2356959.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=31 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151706/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2356959.ece|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

==== Reactions to the executions ====
[[File:The Tribune news report of Sardar Bhagat Singh's execution,1931.jpg|thumb|The Tribune news report of Sardar Bhagat Singh's execution,1931.]]
The executions were reported widely by the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] at [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian executions stun the Congress |date=25 March 1931 |work=The New York Times |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B11F83F5E1B7A93C7AB1788D85F458385F9"Bhagat |access-date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> Gandhi faced black flag demonstrations by angry youths who shouted "Down with Gandhi".{{sfnp|Singh|2007|ps=}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported:
{{quote|A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins.<ref>{{cite news|title=50 die in India riot; Gandhi assaulted as party gathers |date=26 March 1931 |work=The New York Times |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F93F5E1B7A93C4AB1788D85F458385F9|access-date=2011-10-11 |df=dmy }}</ref>}}

[[Hartal]]s and strikes of mourning were called.<ref>{{cite news |first=T. |last=Ramakrishnan |title=Tamil Nadu saw spontaneous protests after the hanging |date=22 August 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2379712.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=23 November 2011 |location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151943/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2379712.ece|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> The Congress party, during the [[Karachi]] session, declared:
{{quote|While dissociating itself from and disapproving of political violence in any shape or form, this Congress places on record its admiration of the bravery and sacrifice of Bhagat Singh, Sukh Dev and Raj Guru and mourns with their bereaved families the loss of these lives. The Congress is of the opinion that their triple execution was an act of wanton vengeance and a deliberate flouting of the unanimous demand of the nation for commutation. This Congress is further of the opinion that the [British] Government lost a golden opportunity for promoting good-will between the two nations, admittedly held to be crucial at this juncture, and for winning over to methods of peace a party which, driven to despair, resorts to political violence.<ref>{{cite news |title=India: Naked to Buckingham Palace |date=6 April 1931 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741366-2,00.html |page=3 |access-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930152125/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C741366-2%2C00.html |archive-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}

In the issue of ''Young India'' of 29 March 1931, Gandhi wrote:
{{quote|Bhagat Singh and his two associates have been hanged. The Congress made many attempts to save their lives and the Government entertained many hopes of it, but all has been in a vain. 
Bhagat Singh did not wish to live. He refused to apologise, or even file an appeal. Bhagat Singh was not a devotee of non-violence, but he did not subscribe to the religion of violence. He took to violence due to helplessness and to defend his homeland. In his last letter, Bhagat Singh wrote, " I have been arrested while waging a war. For me there can be no gallows. Put me into the mouth of a cannon and blow me off." These heroes had conquered the fear of death. Let us bow to them a thousand times for their heroism.

But we should not imitate their act. In our land of millions of destitute and crippled people, if we take to the practice of seeking justice through murder, there will be a terrifying situation. Our poor people will become victims of our atrocities. By making a dharma of violence, we shall be reaping the fruit of our own actions. 
Hence, though we praise the courage of these brave men, we should never countenance their activities. Our dharma is to swallow our anger, abide by the discipline of non-violence and carry out our duty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/bhagat%20singh.html |title=Bhagat Singh |access-date=2012-01-13 |publisher=Research, Reference and Training Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930152238/http://www.rrtd.nic.in/bhagat%20singh.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>}}

==== Gandhi controversy ====
There have been suggestions that Gandhi had an opportunity to stop Singh's execution but refrained from doing so. Another theory is that Gandhi actively conspired with the British to have Singh executed. In contrast, Gandhi's supporters argue that he did not have enough influence with the British to stop the execution, much less arrange it,<ref name="The Sunday Tribune">{{cite news |first=V.N. |last=Datta |title=Mahatma and the Martyr |date=27 July 2008 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080727/spectrum/main1.htm |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930152335/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080727/spectrum/main1.htm|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> but claim that he did his best to save Singh's life.<ref>{{cite news |first=Varun |last=Suthra |title=Gandhiji tried hard to save Bhagat Singh |date=16 December 2012 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111216/main7.htm |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=14 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930152449/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111216/main7.htm|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> They also assert that Singh's role in the independence movement was no threat to Gandhi's role as its leader, so he would have no reason to want him dead.<ref name=Vaidya/> Gandhi always maintained that he was a great admirer of Singh's patriotism. He also stated that he was opposed to Singh's execution (and for that matter, capital punishment in general) and proclaimed that he had no power to stop it.<ref name="The Sunday Tribune" /> Of Singh's execution Gandhi said: "The government certainly had the right to hang these men. However, there are some rights which do credit to those who possess them only if they are enjoyed in name only."{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=bG9lA6CrgQgC&pg=PA140 140]|ps = }} Gandhi also once remarked about capital punishment: "I cannot in all conscience agree to anyone being sent to the gallows. God alone can take life, because he alone gives it."<ref>{{cite news |first=Rajindar |last=Sachar |title=Death to the death penalty |date=17 May 2008 |work=[[Tehelka]] |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Op170508death_to.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913161434/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Op170508death_to.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=1 November 2011 }}</ref> Gandhi had managed to have 90,000 political prisoners, who were not members of his [[Satyagraha]] movement, released under the [[Gandhi-Irwin Pact]].<ref name=Vaidya/> According to a report in the Indian magazine ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', he did plead several times for the commutation of the death sentences of Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev, including a personal visit on 19 March 1931. In a letter to the Viceroy on the day of their execution, he pleaded fervently for commutation, not knowing that the letter would arrive too late.<ref name=Vaidya/> Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, later said:
{{quote|As I listened to Mr. Gandhi putting the case for commutation before me, I reflected first on what significance it surely was that the apostle of non-violence should so earnestly be pleading the cause of the devotees of a creed so fundamentally opposed to his own, but I should regard it as wholly wrong to allow my judgement to be influenced by purely political considerations. I could not imagine a case in which under the law, penalty had been more directly deserved.<ref name=Vaidya/>}}

== Ideals and opinions ==
===Communism===
Singh regarded [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], the founding-member of the [[Ghadar Party]] as his hero. Bhagat was also inspired by [[Bhai Parmanand]], another founding-member of the [[Ghadar Party]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Influence of Ghadar Movement on Bhagat Singh's Thought and Action |journal=Journal of Pakistan Vision |year=2008 |first=Harish K. |last=Puri |volume=9 |issue=2|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/4-Harish%20Puri.pdf |access-date=18 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930152717/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/4-Harish%20Puri.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Singh was attracted to [[anarchism]] and [[communism]].<ref name=Rao1997/> He was an avid reader of the teachings of [[Mikhail Bakunin]] and also read [[Karl Marx]], [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Leon Trotsky]].<ref name=Adams/> In his last testament, "To Young Political Workers", he declares his ideal as the "Social reconstruction on new, i.e., Marxist, basis".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Bhagat|title=To Young Political Workers|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/bhagat-singh/1931/02/02.htm|publisher=Marxists.org|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001153755/https://www.marxists.org/archive/bhagat-singh/1931/02/02.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> Singh did not believe in the [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] ideology – which advocated Satyagraha and other forms of non-violent resistance, and felt that such politics would replace one set of exploiters with another.<ref name=HINDUBSMP>{{cite news|title=Bhagat Singh an early Marxist, says Panikkar |date=14 October 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/14/stories/2007101454130400.htm|access-date=1 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115200414/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/14/stories/2007101454130400.htm|archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

From May to September 1928, Singh published a series of articles on [[anarchism]] in ''Kirti''. He was concerned that the public misunderstood the concept of anarchism, writing that: "The people are scared of the word anarchism. The word anarchism has been abused so much that even in India revolutionaries have been called anarchist to make them unpopular." He clarified that anarchism refers to the absence of a ruler and abolition of the state, not the absence of order. He went on to say: "I think in India the idea of universal brotherhood, the Sanskrit sentence ''[[vasudhaiva kutumbakam]]'' etc., has the same meaning." He believed that: {{quote|The ultimate goal of Anarchism is complete independence, according to which no one will be obsessed with God or religion, nor will anybody be crazy for money or other worldly desires. There will be no chains on the body or control by the state. This means that they want to eliminate: the Church, God and Religion; the state; Private property.<ref name=Rao1997/>}}

On 21 January 1930, during the trial of the Lahore Conspiracy Case, Bhagat Singh and his HSRA comrades, appeared in the court wearing red scarves. When the magistrate took his chair, they raised slogans "Long Live Socialist Revolution", "Long Live Communist International", "Long Live People" "Lenin's Name Will Never Die", and "Down with [[Imperialism]]".<ref name=NewsClick /> Bhagat Singh then read the text of a telegram in the court and asked the magistrate to send it to the [[Third International]]. The telegram stated: {{quote| "On Lenin day we send harty greetings to all who are doing something for carrying forward the ideas of the great Lenin. We wish success to the great experiment Russia is carrying out. We join our voice to that of the international working class movement. The [[proletariat]] will win. [[Capitalism]] will be defeated. Death to [[Imperialism]]".<ref name=NewsClick />}}

Historian [[K. N. Panikkar]] described Singh as one of the early [[Marxist]]s in India.<ref name=HINDUBSMP /> The political theorist Jason Adams notes that he was more enamoured with Lenin than with Marx.<ref name=Adams/> From 1926 onward, he studied the history of the revolutionary movements in India and abroad. In his prison notebooks, he quoted Lenin in reference to imperialism and capitalism and also the revolutionary thoughts of Trotsky.{{sfnp|Rao|1997|ps=}}

On the day his execution, Bhagat Singh was reading the book, ''Reminiscences of Lenin'', authored by [[Clara Zetkin]], a German Marxist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Understanding Bhagat Singh, one writing at a time |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2019/03/23/Understanding-Bhagat-Singh-one-writing-at-a-time.html |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref name=NewsClick>{{cite news |title=How Russian Revolution Inspired Undivided India's Literary, Political Figures |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Russian-Revolution-Inspired-Undivided-India-Literary-Political-Figures |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=NewsClick |date=7 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> When asked what his last wish was, Singh replied that he was studying the life of Lenin and he wanted to finish it before his death.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chinmohan Sehanavis |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article351.html |title=Impact of Lenin on Bhagat Singh's Life |work=Mainstream Weekly |access-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153113/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article351.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Atheism ===
Singh began to question religious ideologies after witnessing the Hindu–Muslim riots that broke out after Gandhi disbanded the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]]. He did not understand how members of these two groups, initially united in fighting against the British, could be at each other's throats because of their religious differences.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=26}} At this point, Singh dropped his religious beliefs, since he believed religion hindered the revolutionaries' struggle for independence, and began studying the works of [[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin]], [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] – all atheist revolutionaries. He also took an interest in [[Soham Swami]]'s book ''Common Sense''.{{efn|Singh incorrectly referred to [[Niralamba Swami]] as the author of the book, however Niralamba had only written the introduction.}}{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=27}}

While in prison in 1930–31, Bhagat Singh was approached by [[Randhir Singh (Sikh)|Randhir Singh]], a fellow inmate, and a Sikh leader who would later found the [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]]. According to Bhagat Singh's close associate Shiva Verma, who later compiled and edited his writings, Randhir Singh tried to convince Bhagat Singh of the existence of God, and upon failing berated him: "You are giddy with fame and have developed an ego that is standing like a black curtain between you and God".{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|pp=166–177|ps=}}{{efn|In his own account of the meeting though, Randhir Singh says that Bhagat Singh repented for giving up his religion and said that he did so only under the influence of irreligious people and in search of personal glory. Certain Sikh groups periodically attempt to reclaim Bhagat Singh as a Sikh based on Randhir Singh's writings.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|author-link2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=64}}</ref>}} In response, Bhagat Singh wrote an essay entitled "[[Why I am an Atheist]]" to address the question of whether his atheism was born out of vanity. In the essay, he defended his own beliefs and said that he used to be a firm believer in the Almighty, but could not bring himself to believe the myths and beliefs that others held close to their hearts.<ref>[https://scroll.in/article/715660/on-bhagat-singhs-death-anniversary-why-i-am-an-atheist On Bhagat Singh's death anniversary: 'Why I am an atheist']. scroll.in (23 March 2015)</ref> He acknowledged the fact that religion made death easier, but also said that unproven philosophy is a sign of human weakness.{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|pp=166–177|ps=}} In this context, he noted:
{{quote|As regard the origin of God, my thought is that man created God in his imagination when he realised his weaknesses, limitations and shortcomings. In this way he got the courage to face all the trying circumstances and to meet all dangers that might occur in his life and also to restrain his outbursts in prosperity and affluence. God, with his whimsical laws and parental generosity was painted with variegated colours of imagination. He was used as a deterrent factor when his fury and his laws were repeatedly propagated so that man might not become a danger to society. He was the cry of the distressed soul for he was believed to stand as father and mother, sister and brother, brother and friend when in time of distress a man was left alone and helpless. He was Almighty and could do anything. The idea of God is helpful to a man in distress.{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|pp=166–177|ps=}}}}

Towards the end of the essay, Bhagat Singh wrote:
{{quote|Let us see how steadfast I am. One of my friends asked me to pray. When informed of my atheism, he said, "When your last days come, you will begin to believe." I said, "No, dear sir, Never shall it happen. I consider it to be an act of degradation and demoralisation. For such petty selfish motives, I shall never pray." Reader and friends, is it vanity? If it is, I stand for it.{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|pp=166–177|ps=}}}}

=== "Killing the ideas" ===
In the leaflet he threw in the Central Assembly on 8 April 1929, he stated: "It is easy to kill individuals but you cannot kill the ideas. Great empires crumbled, while the ideas survived."<ref>{{Cite web|last=India Today Web Desk|first=|date=2016-09-28|title=Remembering Bhagat Singh: 14 facts on the revolutionary who ascended the gallows laughing|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/bhagat-singh-facts-343625-2016-09-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031193617/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/bhagat-singh-facts-343625-2016-09-28|archive-date=2020-10-31|access-date=2021-07-12|website=[[India Today (TV channel)]]|language=en}}</ref> While in prison, Singh and two others had written a letter to Lord Irwin, wherein they asked to be treated as prisoners of war and consequently to be executed by firing squad and not by hanging.<ref>{{cite news |first=Pamela |last=Philipose |title=Is this real justice? |date=10 September 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article2442039.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=20 November 2011 |location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001151534/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/article2442039.ece|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> Prannath Mehta, Singh's friend, visited him in the jail on 20 March, three days before his execution, with a draft letter for clemency, but he declined to sign it.<ref name=Vaidya/>

== Reception ==
Singh was criticised both by his contemporaries,{{who|date=February 2017}} and by people after his death,{{who|date=February 2017}} for his violent and revolutionary stance towards the British as well as his strong opposition to the pacifist stance taken by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Atheism1">{{cite news |author=Panikkar, K.N. |title=Celebrating Bhagat Singh |date=20 October 2007 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2421/stories/20071102500100400.htm |access-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110164401/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2421/stories/20071102500100400.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 |author-link=K. N. Panikkar }}</ref><ref name="Sukhdevletter">{{cite news |first=Aditi |last=Tandon |title=Mark of a Martyr |date=13 May 2007 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070513/spectrum/main1.htm |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=28 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221213929/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070513/spectrum/main1.htm |archive-date=21 December 2007 }}</ref> The methods he used to convey his message, such as shooting Saunders, and throwing non-lethal bombs, stood in stark contrast to Gandhi's non-violent methodology,<ref name="Sukhdevletter" /> however Gandhi condemned the act of violence but he still considered him to be a great patriot and martyr.

== Popularity ==
[[File:Shaheed Bhagat Singh. Rewalsar, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Wall painting of Singh, [[Rewalsar, India|Rewalsar]], Himachal Pradesh.]]
[[Subhas Chandra Bose]] said that: "Bhagat Singh had become the symbol of the new awakening among the youths." Nehru acknowledged that Bhagat Singh's popularity was leading to a new national awakening, saying: "He was a clean fighter who faced his enemy in the open field ... he was like a spark that became a flame in a short time and spread from one end of the country to the other dispelling the prevailing darkness everywhere".{{sfnp|Singh|2007|ps=}} Four years after Singh's hanging, the Director of the Intelligence Bureau, Sir Horace Williamson, wrote: "His photograph was on sale in every city and township and for a time rivaled in popularity even that of Mr. Gandhi himself".{{sfnp|Singh|2007|ps=}}

== Legacy and memorials ==
{{See also|Hussainiwala National Martyrs Memorial}}
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Patil honoring the renowned Sculptor, Shri Ram V. Sutar who prepared the statue of Shaheed Bhagat Singh, which is unveiled at Parliament House, in New Delhi on August 15, 2008.jpg|thumb|Then the President, [[Pratibha Patil]] honoring the renowned Sculptor, [[Ram V. Sutar]] who prepared the statue of Bhagat Singh, which is unveiled at the Parliament House of India, in New Delhi on 15 August 2008.]]
[[File:Bhagat Singh 1968 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Singh on a 1968 stamp of India]]
Bhagat Singh remains a significant figure in Indian iconography to the present day.<ref name=Pinney/> His memory, however, defies categorisation and presents problems for various groups that might try to appropriate it. Pritam Singh, a professor who has specialised in the study of federalism, nationalism and development in India, notes that {{quote|Bhagat Singh represents a challenge to almost every tendency in Indian politics. Gandhi-inspired Indian nationalists, Hindu nationalists, Sikh nationalists, the parliamentary Left and the pro-armed struggle Naxalite Left compete with each other to appropriate the legacy of Bhagat Singh, and yet each one of them is faced with a contradiction in making a claim to his legacy. Gandhi-inspired Indian nationalists find Bhagat Singh's resort to violence problematic, the Hindu and Sikh nationalists find his atheism troubling, the parliamentary Left finds his ideas and actions as more close to the perspective of the Naxalites and the Naxalites find Bhagat Singh's critique of individual terrorism in his later life an uncomfortable historical fact.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacw.net/article22.html |title=Book review: Why the Story of Bhagat Singh Remains on the Margins? |access-date=2011-10-29|last=Singh |first=Pritam |date=24 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001151416/http://www.sacw.net/article22.html|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>}}
* On 15 August 2008, an 18-foot tall bronze statue of Singh was installed in the [[Parliament of India]], next to the statues of [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Aditi |last=Tandon |title=Prez to unveil martyr's 'turbaned' statue |date=8 August 2008 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080808/nation.htm#16 |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=29 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001152945/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080808/nation.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> A portrait of Singh and Dutt also adorns the walls of the [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/picture_gallery/bk_dutt_1.asp |title=Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt|access-date=3 December 2011 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]], [[Parliament of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001151310/http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/picture_gallery/bk_dutt_1.asp|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
[[File:National Martyrs Memorial Hussainiwala closeup.jpg|thumb|The National Martyrs Memorial, built at Hussainiwala in memory of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru]]
* The place where Singh was cremated, at [[Hussainiwala]] on the banks of the Sutlej river, became Pakistani territory during the [[Partition of India|partition]]. On 17 January 1961, it was transferred to India in exchange for 12 villages near the [[Sulemanki Headworks]].<ref name="ferozepur.nic.in" /> Batukeshwar Dutt was cremated there on 19 July 1965 in accordance with his last wishes, as was Singh's mother, Vidyawati.<ref name="tribuneindia.com" /> The National Martyrs Memorial was built on the cremation spot in 1968<ref>{{cite news |first=K.S. |last=Bains |title=Making of a memorial |date=23 September 2007 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070923/spectrum/main2.htm |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=21 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001151150/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070923/spectrum/main2.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> and has memorials of Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev. During the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani War|1971 India–Pakistan war]], the memorial was damaged and the statues of the martyrs were removed by the Pakistani Army. They have not been returned<ref name="ferozepur.nic.in" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/indopakborder.html |title=Retreat ceremony at Hussainiwala (Indo-Pak Border) |access-date=21 October 2011|publisher=District Administration Ferozepur, Government of Punjab}}</ref> but the memorial was rebuilt in 1973.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite news |title=Shaheedon ki dharti |date=3 July 1999 |work=The Tribune |location=India |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul03/saturday/regional.htm#3 |access-date=11 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150708/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul03/saturday/regional.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
* The ''Shaheedi Mela'' (Punjabi: Martyrdom Fair) is an event held annually on 23 March when people pay homage at the National Martyrs Memorial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gazfzpr5.htm |title=Dress and Ornaments |access-date=21 October 2011|work=Gazetteer of India, Punjab, Firozpur (First Edition) |year=1983 |publisher=Department of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management, Government of Punjab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150557/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gazfzpr5.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> The day is also observed across the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Chander |last=Parkash |title=National Monument Status Eludes Building |date=23 March 2011 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110323/punjab.htm#9 |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=29 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150359/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110323/punjab.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
* The Shaheed-e-Azam Sardar Bhagat Singh Museum opened on the 50th anniversary of his death at his ancestral village, [[Khatkar Kalan]]. Exhibits include Singh's ashes, the blood-soaked sand, and the blood-stained newspaper in which the ashes were wrapped.<ref name=museum>{{cite news |first=Sarbjit |last=Dhaliwal |author2=Amarjit Thind |title=Policemen make a beeline for museum |date=23 March 2011 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110323/punjab.htm#2 |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=29 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150359/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110323/punjab.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> A page of the first Lahore Conspiracy Case's judgement in which Kartar Singh Sarabha was sentenced to death and on which Singh put some notes is also displayed,<ref name=museum /> as well as a copy of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' with Bhagat Singh's signature, which was given to him in the Lahore Jail, and other personal belongings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_jdr13.htm |title=Chapter XIV (f) |access-date=21 October 2011 |work=Gazetteer Jalandhar |publisher=Department of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management, Government of Punjab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150255/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_jdr13.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/Chapter%2015.htm |title=Chapter XV |access-date=21 October 2011 |work=Gazetteer Nawanshahr|publisher=Department of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management, Government of Punjab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150114/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/Chapter%2015.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
* The Bhagat Singh Memorial was built in 2009 in Khatkar Kalan at a cost of {{INRConvert|168|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bhagat-singh-memorial-in-native-village-gets-go-ahead_100149026.html|title=Bhagat Singh memorial in native village gets go ahead|date=30 January 2009|publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|access-date=22 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150011/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bhagat-singh-memorial-in-native-village-gets-go-ahead_100149026.html|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
* The [[Supreme Court of India]] established a museum to display landmarks in the history of India's judicial system, displaying records of some historic trials. The first exhibition that was organised was the Trial of Bhagat Singh, which opened on 28 September 2007, on the centenary celebrations of Singh's birth.<ref name=supremecourt /><ref name=rare />

=== Modern days ===
[[File:Statues of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev.jpg|thumb|210px|Statues of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev at the India–Pakistan Border, near [[Hussainiwala]]]]
The youth of India still draw tremendous amount of inspiration from Singh.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sharmila |last=Ravinder |title=Bhagat Singh, the eternal youth icon |date=13 October 2011 |url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tiger-trail/entry/bhagath-singh-the-eternal-youth-icon |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001145727/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tiger-trail/bhagath-singh-the-eternal-youth-icon/|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Amit |last=Sharma |title=Bhagat Singh: Hero then, hero now |date=28 September 2011 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110928/cth1.htm#6 |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001145505/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110928/cth1.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Amit |last=Sharma |title=We salute the great martyr Bhagat Singh |date=28 September 2011 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110928/cth1.htm#8 |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001145505/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110928/cth1.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> He was voted the "Greatest Indian" in a poll by the Indian magazine ''India Today'' in 2008, ahead of Bose and Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news |first=S. |last=Prasannarajan |title=60 greatest Indians |date=11 April 2008 |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/60+greatest+Indians/1/6964.html |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001152706/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/60%2Bgreatest%2BIndians/1/6964.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the centenary of his birth, a group of intellectuals set up an institution named Bhagat Singh Sansthan to commemorate him and his ideals.<ref>{{cite news |title=In memory of Bhagat Singh |date=1 January 2007 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070101/region.htm |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001145058/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070101/region.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> The Parliament of India paid tributes and observed silence as a mark of respect in memory of Singh on 23 March 2001<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/session_journals/192/23032001.pdf |title=Tributes to Martyrs Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru and Sukhdev |access-date=3 December 2011 |date=23 March 2001 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]], [[Parliament of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426015706/http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/session_journals/192/23032001.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> and 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/session_journals/204/23032005.pdf |title=Tributes to Martyrs Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru and Sukhdev |access-date=3 December 2011 |date=23 March 2005 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]], [[Parliament of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426015242/http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/session_journals/204/23032005.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> In Pakistan, after a long-standing demand by activists from the [[Bhagat Singh Memorial Foundation of Pakistan]], the Shadman Chowk square in Lahore, where he was hanged, was renamed as Bhagat Singh Chowk. This change was successfully challenged in a Pakistani court.<ref>{{ cite news |title=Bhagat Singh: 'Plan to rename chowk not dropped, just on hold'| date= 18 December 2012|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/480973/bhagat-singh-plan-to-rename-chowk-not-dropped-just-on-hold/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |access-date=26 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001144830/http://tribune.com.pk/story/480973/bhagat-singh-plan-to-rename-chowk-not-dropped-just-on-hold/|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=It's now Bhagat Singh Chowk in Lahore |date=30 September 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/its-now-bhagat-singh-chowk-in-lahore/article3951829.ece?homepage=true |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 October 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=Anita |last=Joshua|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001144058/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/its-now-bhagat-singh-chowk-in-lahore/article3951829.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> On 6 September 2015, the Bhagat Singh Memorial Foundation filed a petition in the Lahore high court and again demanded the renaming of the Chowk to Bhagat Singh Chowk.<ref name="BSMFP">{{cite news |title=Plea to prove Bhagat's innocence: Pak-based body wants speedy hearing |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/jalandhar/plea-to-prove-bhagat-singh-s-innocence-pak-based-body-wants-speedy-hearing-of-case/article1-1387844.aspx |date=6 September 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909151032/http://www.hindustantimes.com/jalandhar/plea-to-prove-bhagat-singh-s-innocence-pak-based-body-wants-speedy-hearing-of-case/article1-1387844.aspx |archive-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Films and television ====
Several films have been made portraying the life and times of Singh. The first film based on his life was ''Shaheed-e-Azad Bhagat Singh'' (1954) in which Prem Abeed played the role of Singh followed by ''Shaheed Bhagat Singh'' (1963), starring [[Shammi Kapoor]] as Bhagat Singh, ''[[Shaheed (1965 film)|Shaheed]]'' (1965) in which [[Manoj Kumar]] portrayed Bhagat Singh and ''Amar Shaheed Bhagat Singh'' (1974) in which Som Dutt portrays Singh. Three films about Singh were released in 2002 ''[[Shaheed-E-Azam]]'', ''[[23 March 1931: Shaheed]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'' in which Singh was portrayed by [[Sonu Sood]], [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Ajay Devgn]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dara-singhs-best-bollywood-moments-shaheed-bhagat-singh-109052-2012-07-12|title=Dara Singh's best Bollywood moments: Amar Shaheed Bhagat Singh|date=12 July 2012|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/featured-blog/bhagat-singh-death-anniversary-7-movies-based-on-the-life-of-bhagat-singh/1241877|title=Bhagat Singh death anniversary: 7 movies based on the life of Bhagat Singh|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> ''Bhagat Singh'' (2002), a drama film directed by Anand Sagar and written/produced [[Ramanand Sagar]] was aired on [[DD National]]. It featured Deepak Dutta in the titular role.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bhagat Singh (Film, 2002) |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/bhagat-singh/oclc/51050970 |website=[[WorldCat]]|oclc=51050970 }}</ref>

[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] played the role of Bhagat singh in the 2006 film ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'', a film drawing parallels between revolutionaries of Bhagat Singh's era and modern Indian youth.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rajiv |last=Vijayakar |title=Pictures of Patriotism |date=19 March 2010 |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/pictures-of-patriotism/592527/ |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809025848/http://www.screenindia.com/news/pictures-of-patriotism/592527/ |archive-date=9 August 2010 }}</ref> [[Gurdas Mann]] played the role of Singh in ''[[Shaheed Udham Singh (film)|Shaheed Udham Singh]]'', a film based on life of [[Udham Singh]]. [[Karam Rajpal]] portrayed Bhagat Singh in [[Star Bharat]]'s television series ''[[Chandrashekhar (TV series)|Chandrashekhar]]'', which is based on life of [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ive-been-wanting-to-play-bhagat-singh-karam-rajpal/articleshow/64115143.cms|title=I've been wanting to play Bhagat Singh: Karam Rajpal|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>

In 2008, [[Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]] (NMML) and [[ANHAD|Act Now for Harmony and Democracy]] (ANHAD), a non-profit organisation, co-produced a 40-minute documentary on Bhagat Singh entitled ''[[Inqilab]]'', directed by [[Gauhar Raza]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New film tells 'real' Bhagat Singh story |date=13 July 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cinema/New-film-tells-real-Bhagat-Singh-story/Article1-323749.aspx |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015171306/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cinema/New-film-tells-real-Bhagat-Singh-story/Article1-323749.aspx |archive-date=15 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Documentary on Bhagat Singh |date=8 July 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/08/stories/2008070853690400.htm |access-date=28 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107072101/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/08/stories/2008070853690400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref>

==== Theatre ====
Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru have been the inspiration for a number of plays in India and Pakistan, that continue to attract crowds.<ref>{{cite news |first=Chaman |last=Lal |title=Partitions within |date=26 January 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article2834265.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501001753/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article2834265.ece |archive-date=1 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Shreya |last=Ray |title=The lost son of Lahore |date=20 January 2012 |url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/01/20195956/The-lost-son-of-Lahore.html?h=B |work=[[Live Mint]] |access-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206121700/http://www.livemint.com/2012/01/20195956/The-lost-son-of-Lahore.html?h=B |archive-date=6 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sanawar students dramatise Bhagat Singh's life |date=n.d. |url=http://www.dayandnightnews.com/2012/01/sanawar-students-dramatise-bhagat-singhs-life/ |work=Day and Night News |access-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926022609/http://www.dayandnightnews.com/2012/01/sanawar-students-dramatise-bhagat-singhs-life/ |archive-date=26 September 2014 }}</ref>

==== Songs ====
Although, the patriotic Hindustani songs, "[[Sarfaroshi ki Tamanna]]" ("The desire to sacrifice") created by [[Bismil Azimabadi]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kl08TgBBxHIC&pg=PA213 |access-date=20 September 2016 |title=Ali Sardar Jafri |volume=685 |journal=Lokodaya Granthamala |editor-first=Anil |editor-last=Sehgal |publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith |year=2001 |isbn=978-8-12630-671-8}}</ref> and "Mera Rang De Basanti Chola" ("O Mother! Dye my robe the colour of spring") created by [[Ram Prasad Bismil]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Yogendra |last=Bali |title=The role of poets in freedom struggle |date=August 2000 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/faug2000/f070820002.html |work=Press Information Bureau |access-date=4 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806001628/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/faug2000/f070820002.html |archive-date=6 August 2013 }}</ref> are largely associated with Singh and have been used in a number of related films.<ref name="films">{{cite news |title=A non-stop show ... |date=3 June 2002 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/03/stories/2002060300500100.htm |access-date=28 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119084629/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/03/stories/2002060300500100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref>

==== Other ====
In 1968, a postage stamp was issued in India commemorating the 61st birth anniversary of Singh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/B/BHAGAT%20SINGH%20AND%20FOLLOWERS |title=Bhagat Singh and followers |access-date=20 November 2011 |work=Indian Post |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415044545/http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/B/BHAGAT%20SINGH%20AND%20FOLLOWERS |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> A ₹5 coin commemorating him was released for circulation in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Issue of coins to commemorate the occasion of "Shahid Bhagat Singh Birth Centenary"|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Scripts/PressReleases.aspx?Id=1155|website=rbi.org.in|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001143633/https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Scripts/PressReleases.aspx?Id=1155|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

==Books==
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=[[Why I Am an Atheist]]|date=27 September 1931 |publisher=[[National Book Trust]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=9781983124921 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Bhagat Singh : ideas on freedom, liberty and revolution : Jail notes of a revolutionary |date=2007 |publisher=Hope India |location=Gurgaon |isbn=9788178710563 |oclc=506510146 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/bhagat-singh-ideas-on-freedom-liberty-and-revolution-jail-notes-of-a-revolutionary/oclc/506510146&referer=brief_results}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |last2=Press |first2=General |title=Jail Diary and Other Writings |date=31 December 2019 |publisher=GENERAL PRESS |isbn=978-93-89716-06-1 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Jail_Diary_and_Other_Writings/JV7HDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=IDEAS OF A NATION:SINGH; BHAGAT |date=28 January 2010 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-191-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_Miirb-hsMC |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |last2=Press |first2=General |title=No Hanging, Please Shoot Us |date=2 October 2019 |publisher=GENERAL PRESS |isbn=978-93-89440-70-6 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/No_Hanging_Please_Shoot_Us/3X2zDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=The Complete Writings of Bhagat Singh : Why I am an Atheist, The Red Pamphlet, Introduction to Dreamland, Letter to Jaidev Gupta ... and other works. |date=2020 |publisher=DXBooks |location=Chicago |isbn=9782291088691 |oclc=1153081094 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/complete-writings-of-bhagat-singh-why-i-am-an-atheist-the-red-pamphlet-introduction-to-dreamland-letter-to-jaidev-gupta-and-other-works/oclc/1153081094&referer=brief_results}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Selected works of Bhagat Singh |date=2009 |publisher=Big Red Oak |isbn=9781449558611}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Śahīda Bhagata Siṃha : dastāvejoṃ ke āine meṃ |date=2007 |publisher=Prakāśana Vibhāga, Sūcanā aura Prasāraṇa Mantrālaya, Bhārata Sarakāra |location=Naī Dillī |isbn=9788123014845 |oclc=429632571 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/sahida-bhagata-simha-dastavejom-ke-aine-mem/oclc/429632571}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Letter to my Father |publisher=Sristhi Publishers & Distributors |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Letter_to_my_Father/1EawDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Bhagatasiṃha ke rājanītika dastāveja |year=2008 |publisher=National Book Trust |isbn=978-81-237-5109-2 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bhagatasi%E1%B9%83ha_ke_r%C4%81jan%C4%ABtika_dast%C4%81vej/9coVqeEebeIC |language=hi}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Bhagat Singh ke siyāsī dastāvez |publisher=National Book Trust, India |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bhagat_Singh_ke_siy%C4%81s%C4%AB_dast%C4%81vez/EYjQxQEACAAJ |language=ur}}

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Adams>{{citation |url=http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=3225&lang=en |first=Jason |last=Adams |title=Asian Anarchism: China, Korea, Japan & India |publisher=Raforum.info |year=2005 |access-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001143403/http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=3225&lang=en|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=Dam>{{citation |title=Presidential Legislation in India: The Law and Practice of Ordinances |first=Shubhankar |last=Dam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-72953-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvxGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|page=44}}</ref>
<ref name=Friend>{{citation |last=Friend|first=Corinne |title=Yashpal: Fighter for Freedom – Writer for Justice |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=13 |issue=1 |year=1977 |pages=65–90 [69–70]|jstor=40873491}} {{subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name=Govind>{{citation|last=Govind|first=Nikhil|title=Between Love and Freedom: The Revolutionary in the Hindi Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Hk9BAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-55975-7|pages=56–57}}</ref>
<ref name=ILJ>{{citation |title=The Trial of Bhagat Singh |journal=India Law Journal |url=http://www.indialawjournal.com/volume1/issue_3/bhagat_singh.html |volume=1 |issue=3 |date=July–September 2008 |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001142717/http://indialawjournal.com/volume1/issue_3/bhagat_singh.html|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=Lal>{{citation |last=Lal |first=Chaman |title=April 8, 1929: A Day to Remember |date=11 April 2009 |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1283.html |work=Mainstream |access-date=14 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001142556/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1283.html|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=Mittal>{{citation |last1=Mittal|first1=S.K. |last2 = Habib|first2=Irfan |title=The Congress and the Revolutionaries in the 1920s |author-link2=Irfan Habib |journal=Social Scientist |volume=10 |issue=6 |date=June 1982 |pages=20–37 |jstor=3517065|doi=10.2307/3517065 }} {{subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name=Nair>{{citation|last=Nair|first=Neeti|title=Changing Homelands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbqF0z3d7cUC|year=2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-06115-6}}</ref>
<ref name=Pinney>{{citation |last=Pinney |first=Christopher |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC |title='Photos of the Gods': The Printed Image And Political Struggle in India |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-184-6|pages=117, 124–126}}</ref>
<ref name=Rao1997>{{citation |last=Rao |first=Niraja |date=April 1997 |title=Bhagat Singh and the Revolutionary Movement |journal=Revolutionary Democracy |volume=3 |issue=1 |access-date=18 November 2011|url=http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv3n1/bsingh.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001141654/http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv3n1/bsingh.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=s380>{{citation |title=Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice |editor1-first=Anshu |editor1-last=Malhotra |editor2-first=Farina |editor2-last=Mir |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-807801-2 |chapter=Bhagat Singh: A Politics of Death and Hope |first=Simona |last=Sawhney |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198078012.003.0054 |publisher=Oxford University Press|page=380}}</ref>
<ref name=Vaidya>{{citation |title=Historical Analysis: Of means and ends |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=27 April 2001 |first=Paresh R. |last=Vaidya |volume=18 |issue=8|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1808/18080910.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829191713/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1808/18080910.htm |archive-date=29 August 2007 |access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref>
}}

=== Works cited and bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}}
* {{citation |last1=Bakshi |first1=S.R. |last2=Gajrani |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=Hari |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |volume=10: Modern India |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fXK3DiuJ5oC |isbn=978-8176255370}}
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Vishwanath |year=2008 |title=Gandhi and Bhagat Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvHNPQAACAAJ |publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=978-81-291-1367-2}}
* {{citation|last=Gaur|first=I.D.|title=Martyr as Bridegroom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC4C3KcgCv0C|year=2008|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-348-9}}
* {{citation|last=Grewal|first=J.S.|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0}}
* {{citation |last=Gupta|first=Amit Kumar |title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |date=September–October 1997 |pages=3–27 |jstor=3517678|doi=10.2307/3517678 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{Cite book|last2=Singh|first2=Bhagat|last1=Habib|first1=Irfan S.|author-link1=Irfan Habib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoIMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|title=To make the deaf hear: ideology and programme of Bhagat Singh and his comrades|publisher=Three Essays Collective |isbn=978-81-88789-56-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=MacLean|first1=Kama|title=A revolutionary history of interwar India : violence, image, voice and text|date=2015|publisher=OUP|location=New York|isbn=978-0190217150}}
* {{citation|last1=Maclean|first1=Kama|last2=Elam|first2=J. David|title=Revolutionary Lives in South Asia: Acts and Afterlives of Anticolonial Political Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnSFCwAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-63712-7}}
* {{citation|last=Moffat|first=Chris|editor1=Kama Maclean |editor2= J. David Elam |title=Revolutionary Lives in South Asia: Acts and Afterlives of Anticolonial Political Action|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnSFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-63712-7|pages=73–89|chapter=Experiments in political truth}}
* {{cite book |title=Changing Homelands |first=Neeti |last=Nair |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-674-05779-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-NoCp9Lc24C}}
* {{citation |title=Bhagat Singh as 'Satyagrahi': The Limits to Non-violence in Late Colonial India |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |date=May 2009 |first=Neeti |last=Nair |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=649–681 |jstor=20488099 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X08003491 |s2cid=143725577 }}
* {{citation |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |author-link=Kuldip Nayar |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bG9lA6CrgQgC |title=The Martyr Bhagat Singh: Experiments in Revolution |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0700-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Noorani |first=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed |title=The Trial of Bhagat Singh: Politics of Justice |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |orig-year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-579667-4}}
* {{citation |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |year=2005a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEwJQ6_eTEUC |title=Bhagat Singh |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-288-0827-2}}
* {{citation |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |year=2005b |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC
|title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India) |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.
|isbn=978-81-288-0816-6}}
* {{citation|display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Singh |editor4-first=Babar |editor3-last=Singh |editor3-first=Bhagat |editor2-last=Yadav |editor2-first=Kripal Chandra |editor1-last=Sanyal |editor1-first=Jatinder Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7zHp7ryy_cC |title=Bhagat Singh: a biography |publisher=Pinnacle Technology |isbn=978-81-7871-059-4 |year=2006 |orig-year=1931}} {{dubious|date=April 2015}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Shalini|title=Radical Politics in Colonial Punjab: Governance and Sedition|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0415456883}}
* {{citation |last2=Hooja |first2=Bhupendra |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAq4N60oopEC |title=The Jail Notebook and Other Writings |publisher=LeftWord Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-87496-72-4}}
* {{citation |title=Review article |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |date=Fall 2007 |first=Pritam |last=Singh |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=297–326|access-date=8 October 2013|url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_14_2/review_article.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001140644/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_14_2/review_article.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2015}}
* {{cite book |last2=Singh |first2=Trilochan |last1=Singh |first1=Randhir |author-link1=Randhir Singh (Sikh)
|title=Autobiography of Bhai Sahib Randhir Singh: freedom fighter, reformer, theologian, saint and hero of Lahore conspiracy case, first prisoner of Gurdwara reform movement |publisher=Bhai Sahib Randhir Singh Trust |year=1993}}
* {{citation|last=Tickell|first=Alex|title=Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJhD6My4tR0C|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-61840-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Waraich|first1=Malwinder Jit Singh|title=Bhagat Singh: The Eternal Rebel|date=2007|publisher=Publications Division|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8123014814}}
* {{cite book |last2=Sidhu |first2=Gurdev Dingh |last1=Waraich |first1=Malwinder Jit Singh
|title=The hanging of Bhagat Singh : complete judgement and other documents |publisher=Unistar |location=Chandigarh |year=2005}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|d=Q377808|c=category:Bhagat Singh|s=author:Bhagat Singh|n=no|b=no|wikt=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no}}
* [http://www.shahidbhagatsingh.org/ Bhagat Singh biography, and letters written by Bhagat Singh]
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?208908 His Violence Wasn't Just About Killing], ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110508/edit.htm#1 The indomitable courage and sacrifice of Bhagat Singh and his comrades will continue to inspire people], ''[[Tribune India|The Tribune]]''
* [https://www.thequint.com/news/world/pakistans-bhagat-singh-tracing-the-martyrs-footsteps-in-lahore Tracing the Martyr's Footsteps in Lahore], ''[[The Quint]]''
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhagat}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:Executed revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Former Sikhs]]
[[Category:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
[[Category:Hunger strikers]]
[[Category:Indian anarchists]]
[[Category:Indian anti-capitalists]]
[[Category:Indian atheism activists]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:People executed for murdering police officers]]
[[Category:People from Jaranwala]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]

Digital marketing

2021-09-11T20:13:29Z

ManiUk: Digital Marketing

{{Short description|Marketing of products or services using digital technologies or digital tools}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Essay-like|date=August 2017}}
[[File:1929- Advertising revenue as percent of GDP (US).svg|thumb |upright=1.5 |Advertising revenue as a percent of US [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] shows a rise in digital advertising since 1995 at the expense of print media.<ref name=BEA_20171023>{{cite web |last1=Nakamura |first1=Leonard I. (FRB) |last2=Samuels |first2=Jon (BEA) |last3=Soloveichik |first3=Rachel H. (BEA) |title=Measuring the "Free" Digital Economy Within the GDP and Productivity Accounts |url=https://www.bea.gov/index.php/system/files/papers/WP2017-9.pdf |website=SSRN.com |publisher=Social Science Research Network publishing working paper 17-37 of the Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320213029/https://www.bea.gov/index.php/system/files/papers/WP2017-9.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2021 |page=37 (Fig. 3) |date=October 24, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
'''Digital marketing''' is the component of [[marketing]] that utilizes [[internet]] and [[online]] based digital technologies such as [[desktop computer]]s, [[mobile phone]]s and other [[digital media]] and platforms to promote products and services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of digital marketing |url=http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=digital-marketing |newspaper=Financial Times |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129124232/http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=digital-marketing |archive-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Four Faces of Digital Marketing | url=https://www.ama.org/marketing-news/the-four-faces-of-digital-marketing/ | website=American Marketing Association | access-date=22 August 2019 }}</ref> Its development during the 1990s and 2000s changed the way brands and businesses use technology for marketing. As digital platforms became increasingly incorporated into marketing plans and everyday life,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2016/digital-advertising-is-rising-in-canada-requiring-more-sophisticated-measures-of-success.html|title=Digital Advertising is Rising in Canada, Requiring More Sophisticated Measures of Success|last=Nielsen|date=10 March 2016|website=Nielsen|publisher=Nielsen|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> and as people increasingly use digital devices instead of visiting physical shops,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2016/connected-commerce-is-creating-buyers-without-borders.html|title=Connected Commerce is Creating Buyers Without Border|last=Nielsen|date=20 January 2016|website=Nielsen Global|publisher=Nielsen Global|access-date=March 25, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Marketing Communications: A Brand Narrative Approach|last=Dahlen|first=Micael|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd|year=2010|location=Chichester, West Sussex UK|pages=36}}</ref> digital marketing campaigns have become prevalent, employing combinations of [[search engine optimization]] (SEO), [[search engine marketing]] (SEM), [[content marketing]], [[influencer marketing]], content automation, campaign marketing, [[data]]-driven marketing, [[e-commerce]] marketing, [[social media marketing]], [[social media optimization]], [[Email marketing|e-mail direct marketing]], [[display advertising]], [[E-book|e–books]], and [[Optical disc|optical disks]] and games have become commonplace. Digital marketing extends to non-Internet channels that provide digital media, such as television, mobile phones ([[SMS]] and [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]]), callback, and on-hold mobile ring tones.<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Marketing | url=http://www.techopedia.com/definition/27110/digital-marketing | website=Techopedia | access-date=22 August 2015 }}</ref> The extension to ''non''-Internet channels differentiates digital marketing from [[online marketing]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Marketing Systems and Techniques | url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/education/wmgmasters/structure/modules/dmst/ | website=Warwick | access-date=28 August 2019 }}</ref>

==History==
The development of digital marketing is inseparable from technology development. One of the first key events happened in 1971, when [[Ray Tomlinson]] sent the first email, and his technology set the platform to allow people to send and receive files through different machines.<ref>{{cite web|last1=hello_world|title=First Network Email sent by Ray Tomlinson|url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/6116/first-e-mail-sent-by-ray-tomlinson/|website=www.computinghistory.co.uk|access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> However, the more recognizable period as being the start of Digital Marketing is 1990 as this was where the [[Archie search engine]] was created as an index for [[FTP]] sites.
In the 1980s, the storage capacity of computers was already big enough to store huge volumes of customer information. Companies started choosing online techniques, such as [[database marketing]], rather than limited [[list broker]].<ref name="database marketing">{{cite journal|last1=Schoenbachler|first1=Denise D.|last2=Gordon|first2=Geoffrey L.|last3=Foley|first3=Dawn|last4=Spellman|first4=Linda|title=Understanding consumer database marketing|journal=Journal of Consumer Marketing|volume=15|issue=1|pages=5–19|doi=10.1108/07363769710155820|year=1997}}</ref> These kinds of databases allowed companies to track customers' information more effectively, thus transforming the relationship between buyer and seller. However, the manual process was not as efficient.

In the 1990s, the term ''Digital Marketing'' was first coined,.<ref>
{{citation|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dorieclark/2012/11/11/the-end-of-the-expert-why-no-one-in-marketing-knows-what-theyre-doing/|first=Dorie|last=Clark|work=Forbes|title=The End of the Expert: Why No One in Marketing Knows What They're Doing|date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104235646/http://www.forbes.com/sites/dorieclark/2012/11/11/the-end-of-the-expert-why-no-one-in-marketing-knows-what-theyre-doing/|archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> With the debut of server/client architecture and the popularity of personal computers, the [[Customer Relationship Management]] (CRM) applications became a significant factor in marketing technology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhat|first1=Suhail Ahmad|last2=Darzi|first2=Mushtaq Ahmad|date=2016-05-16|title=Customer relationship management: An approach to competitive advantage in the banking sector by exploring the mediational role of loyalty|journal=International Journal of Bank Marketing|language=en|volume=34|issue=3|pages=388–410|doi=10.1108/IJBM-11-2014-0160|issn=0265-2323}}</ref> Fierce competition forced vendors to include more service into their software, for example, marketing, sales and service applications. Marketers were also able to own huge online customer data by [[eCRM]] software after the Internet was born. Companies could update the data of customer needs and obtain the priorities of their experience. This led to the first clickable [[banner ad]] being going live in 1994, which was the '''"You Will"''' campaign by [[AT&T]] and over the first four months of it going live, 44% of all people who saw it clicked on the ad.<ref>{{cite news|title=The first ever banner ad: why did it work so well?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2013/dec/12/first-ever-banner-ad-advertising|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=14 March 2018|date=2013-12-12|last1=McCambley|first1=Joe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Curran|first1=James|last2=Fenton|first2=Natalie|last3=Freedman|first3=Des|date=2016-02-05|title=Misunderstanding the Internet|doi=10.4324/9781315695624|isbn=9781315695624}}</ref>

In the 2000s, with increasing numbers of Internet users and the birth of [[iPhone]], customers began searching products and making decisions about their needs online first, instead of consulting a salesperson, which created a new problem for the marketing department of a company.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kannan|first1=P.K.|last2=Li|first2=Hongshuang “Alice”|date=March 2017|title=Digital marketing: A framework, review and research agenda|journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing|volume=34|issue=1|pages=22–45|doi=10.1016/j.ijresmar.2016.11.006|s2cid=168288051|issn=0167-8116}}</ref> In addition, a survey in 2000 in the United Kingdom found that most retailers had not registered their own domain address.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hart|first1=Cathy|last2=Doherty|first2=Neil|last3=Ellis‐Chadwick|first3=Fiona|date=2000-09-01|title=Retailer adoption of the Internet – Implications for retail marketing|journal=European Journal of Marketing|volume=34|issue=8|pages=954–974|doi=10.1108/03090560010331441|issn=0309-0566}}</ref> These problems encouraged marketers to find new ways to integrate digital technology into market development.

In 2007, [[marketing automation]] was developed as a response to the ever evolving marketing climate. Marketing automation is the process by which software is used to automate conventional marketing processes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Balmer|first=John M.T.|date=May 2009|editor-last=Balmer|editor-first=John M.T.|title=Corporate marketing: apocalypse, advent and epiphany|journal=Management Decision|language=en|volume=47|issue=4|pages=544–572|doi=10.1108/00251740910959413|issn=0025-1747}}</ref> [[Marketing automation]] helped companies segment customers, launch [[multichannel marketing]] campaigns, and provide personalized information for customers.<ref name=":4" />, based on their specific activities. In this way, users activity (or lack thereof) triggers a personal message that is customised to the user in their preferred platform. However, despite the benefits of marketing automation many companies are struggling to adopt it to their everyday uses correctly.{{cn|date=May 2021}}

Digital marketing became more sophisticated in the 2000s and the 2010s,
when<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19990729&id=p7dOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5053,5511855|title=Ad agency joins up with AOL for marketing surveys|access-date=2015-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://econsultancy.com/au/blog/62546-making-digital-and-traditional-marketing-work-together|title=Making digital and traditional marketing work together|first=Matthew|last=Kates|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Econsultancy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125055348/http://econsultancy.com/au/blog/62546-making-digital-and-traditional-marketing-work-together|archive-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> the proliferation of devices' capable of accessing digital media led to sudden growth.<ref name="iccwbo.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iccwbo.org/advocacy-codes-and-rules/areas-of-work/marketing-and-advertising/digital-marketing-communication/|title=Digital Marketing Communication|work=iccwbo.org|access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> Statistics produced in 2012 and 2013 showed that digital marketing was still growing.<ref>{{citation|url=http://econsultancy.com/au/blog/10906-digital-marketing-is-growing-in-australia-but-so-is-the-skills-gap|title=Digital marketing is growing in Australia, but so is the skills gap|first=Claire|last=Brinkley|date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021010859/http://econsultancy.com/au/blog/10906-digital-marketing-is-growing-in-australia-but-so-is-the-skills-gap|archive-date=21 October 2012|publisher=Econsultancy}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Worldwide-Ad-Growth-Buoyed-by-Digital-Mobile-Adoption/1010244|title=Worldwide Ad Growth Buoyed by Digital, Mobile Adoption|date=25 September 2013|publisher=eMarketer|author=eMarketer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112085813/http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Worldwide-Ad-Growth-Buoyed-by-Digital-Mobile-Adoption/1010244|archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref>
With the development of [[social media]] in the 2000s, such as LinkedIn, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter, consumers became highly dependent on [[digital electronics]] in daily lives. Therefore, they expected a seamless [[user experience]] across different channels for searching product's information. The change of [[customer behavior]] improved the diversification of marketing technology.<ref name="Customer behaviour">{{cite web|title=Connected Commerce Is Creating Buyers Without Borders|url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2016/connected-commerce-is-creating-buyers-without-borders.html|publisher=Nielsen Global|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>

Digital marketing is also referred to as 'online marketing', 'internet marketing' or 'web marketing'. The term ''digital marketing'' has grown in popularity over time. In the USA ''online marketing'' is still a popular term. In Italy, digital marketing is referred to as ''web marketing.'' Worldwide ''digital marketing'' has become the most common term, especially after the year 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Google|first=Trends|title=Google Trends|url=http://www.google.com/trends|publisher=Google Inc|access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref>

Digital media growth was estimated at 4.5 trillion online ads served annually with digital media spend at 48% growth in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Marketing Communication|url=https://iccwbo.org/global-issues-trends/responsible-business/marketing-advertising/digital-marketing-communication/|website=International Chamber of Commerce|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> An increasing portion of advertising stems from businesses employing Online Behavioural Advertising (OBA) to tailor advertising for internet users, but OBA raises concern of [[consumer privacy]] and [[Information privacy|data protection]].<ref name="iccwbo.org"/>

==New non-linear marketing approach==
Nonlinear marketing, a type of interactive marketing, is a long-term marketing approach which builds on businesses collecting information about an Internet user's online activities, and trying to be visible in multiple areas.<ref name="Clerck">{{Cite web|title=Integrated marketing: the nonlinear connected buyer journey|url=https://www.i-scoop.eu/integrated-marketing-nonlinear-connected-buyer-journey/|last=Clerck|first=J.-P. De|date=2014-01-10|website=i-SCOOP|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

Unlike traditional marketing techniques, which involve direct, one-way messaging to consumers (via print, television, and radio advertising), nonlinear digital marketing strategies are centered on reaching prospective customers across multiple online channels.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Nonlinear Marketing? And How Can it be Used to Grow Your Sales and Revenues?|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-nonlinear-marketing-how-can-used-grow-your-sales-jamie-turner|website=www.linkedin.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref>

Combined with higher consumer knowledge and the demand for more sophisticated consumer offerings, this change has forced many businesses to rethink their outreach strategy and adopt or incorporate omnichannel, nonlinear marketing techniques to maintain sufficient brand exposure, engagement, and reach.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The evolution of consumer behavior in the digital age|url=https://medium.com/analytics-for-humans/the-evolution-of-consumer-behavior-in-the-digital-age-917a93c15888|last=Su|first=Bill|date=2018-06-08|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

Nonlinear marketing strategies involve efforts to adapt the advertising to different platforms,<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Major Brands That Use Nonlinear Digital Marketing To Engage Consumers|url=https://businessdiary.com.ph/14577/5-major-brands-that-use-nonlinear-digital-marketing-to-engage-consumers/|website=Business Diary Philippines|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> and to tailor the advertising to different individual buyers rather than a large coherent audience.<ref name="Clerck"/>

Tactics may include:
* [[Search engine optimization]] (SEO)
* [[Social media marketing]]
* [[Video marketing]]
* [[Email marketing]]
* [[Blogging]]
* [[Website marketing]]
* Paid search/[[contextual advertising]]
*[[Search engine marketing|Search Engine Marketing (paid advertisement on search engines)]]

Some studies indicate that consumer responses to traditional marketing approaches are becoming less predictable for businesses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How brands are using nonlinear marketing to address consumer resistance to traditional marketing strategies|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hsp/jbs/2018/00000006/00000004/art00008|last1=Turner|first1=Jamie|last2=Shah|first2=Reshma|date=2018-03-01|website=www.ingentaconnect.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19|last3=Jain|first3=Varsha}}</ref> According to a 2018 study, nearly 90% of online consumers in the United States researched products and brands online before visiting the store or making a purchase.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Study Finds Consumers Research Before They Buy|url=https://www.pymnts.com/news/retail/2018/omichannel-ecommerce-consumer-habits/|last=PYMNTS|date=2018-01-09|website=PYMNTS.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> The Global Web Index estimated that in 2018, a little more than 50% of consumers researched products on social media.{{cn|date=May 2021}} Businesses often rely on individuals portraying their products in a positive light on social media, and may adapt their marketing strategy to target people with large social media followings in order to generate such comments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consumers trust user-generated content more than traditional advertising|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/nine-out-of-ten-consumers-trust-ugc-more-than-traditional-advertising/|last=Brown|first=Eileen|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> In this manner, businesses can use consumers to advertise their products or services, decreasing the cost for the company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=6 Key Benefits of User-Generated Content (and How You Can Achieve Them)|url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/social-business/6-key-benefits-user-generated-content-and-how-you-can-achieve-them|website=Social Media Today|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

==Brand awareness==
One of the key objectives of modern digital marketing is to raise [[brand awareness]], the extent to which customers and the general public are familiar with and recognize a particular brand.

Enhancing brand awareness is important in digital marketing, and marketing in general, because of its impact on brand perception and consumer decision-making. According to the 2015 essay, “Impact of Brand on Consumer Behavior”:

“Brand awareness, as one of the fundamental dimensions of brand equity, is often considered to be a prerequisite of consumers’ buying decision, as it represents the main factor for including a brand in the consideration set. Brand awareness can also influence consumers’ perceived risk assessment and their confidence in the purchase decision, due to familiarity with the brand and its characteristics.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chovanová|first1=Henrieta Hrablik|last2=Korshunov|first2=Aleksander Ivanovich|last3=Babčanová|first3=Dagmar|date=2015-01-01|title=Impact of Brand on Consumer Behavior|journal=Procedia Economics and Finance|series=International Scientific Conference: Business Economics and Management (BEM2015)|language=en|volume=34|pages=615–621|doi=10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01676-7|issn=2212-5671|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Recent trends show that businesses and digital marketers are prioritizing brand awareness, focusing more on their digital marketing efforts on cultivating brand recognition and recall than in previous years. This is evidenced by a 2019 Content Marketing Institute study, which found that 81% of digital marketers have worked on enhancing brand recognition over the past year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-10|title=2019 B2B Content Marketing Research: It Pays to Put Audience First|url=https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2018/10/research-b2b-audience/|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Content Marketing Institute|language=en-US}}</ref>

Another Content Marketing Institute survey revealed 89% of B2B marketers now believe improving brand awareness to be more important than efforts directed at increasing sales.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pulizzi|first=Joe|date=June 1, 2020|title=B2B Manufacturing Content Marketing|url=https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2015_MFG_Research_Final.pdf|access-date=June 1, 2020|website=Content Marketing INstitute}}</ref>

Increasing brand awareness is a focus of digital marketing strategy for a number of reasons:

* The growth of online shopping. A survey by Statista projects 230.5 million people in the United States will use the internet to shop, compare, and buy products by 2021, up from 209.6 million in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Number of digital shoppers in the U.S. 2021|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/183755/number-of-us-internet-shoppers-since-2009/|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> Research from business software firm Salesforce found 87% of people began searches for products and brands on digital channels in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shopper-First Retailing: New Research from 6,000 Consumers and 1.4 Billion Ecommerce Visits Reveals What Shoppers Actually Want|url=https://www.salesforce.com/blog/2018/08/digital-shopper-first-retail-report-research.html|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Salesforce Blog|language=en}}</ref>
* The role of digital interaction in customer behavior. It’s estimated that 70% of all retail purchases made in the U.S. are influenced to some degree by an interaction with a brand online.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In-Store Sales Still Rule, but Digital Helps|url=https://www.emarketer.com/content/in-store-sales-still-rule-but-digital-helps|access-date=2020-06-02|website=eMarketer}}</ref>
* The growing influence and role of brand awareness in online consumer decision-making: 82% of online shoppers searching for services give preference to brands they know of.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Brand Awareness Matters|url=https://www.cmswire.com/digital-marketing/why-brand-awareness-matters/|access-date=2020-06-02|website=CMSWire.com|language=en}}</ref>
* The use, convenience, and influence of social media. A recent report by Hootsuite estimated there were more than 3.4 billion active users on social media platforms, a 9% increase from 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report Library|url=https://datareportal.com/library|access-date=2020-06-02|website=DataReportal – Global Digital Insights|language=en-GB}}</ref> A 2019 survey by The Manifest states that 74% of social media users follow brands on social sites, and 96% of people who follow businesses also engage with those brands on social platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Social Media Can Help Businesses Win Loyal Customers {{!}} The Manifest|url=https://themanifest.com/social-media/how-social-media-can-help-businesses-win-loyal-customers|access-date=2020-06-02|website=themanifest.com}}</ref> According to Deloitte, one in three U.S. consumers are influenced by social media when buying a product, while 47% of millennials factor their interaction with a brand on social when making a purchase.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Digital|first=Deliotte|date=June 1, 2020|title=Navigating the New Digital Divide|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/consumer-business/us-cb-navigating-the-new-digital-divide-051315.pdf|access-date=June 1, 2020|website=Deliotte}}</ref>

== Online methods used to build brand awareness ==
Digital marketing strategies may include the use of one or more online channels and techniques (omnichannel) to increase brand awareness among consumers.

Building brand awareness may involve such methods/tools as:

=== Search engine optimization (SEO) ===
Search engine optimization techniques may be used to improve the visibility of business websites and brand-related content for common industry-related search queries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-20|title=How to Use SEO to Build Your Brand|url=https://neilpatel.com/blog/how-to-use-seo-to-build-your-brand/|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Neil Patel|language=en}}</ref>

The importance of SEO to increasing brand awareness is said to correlate with the growing influence of search results and search features like featured snippets, knowledge panels, and local SEO on customer behavior.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=1.0kshares|last2=22kreads|title=Why Your SEO Focus Should Be Brand Building|url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/seo-guide/brand-building-strategy/|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Search Engine Journal|language=en}}</ref>

=== Search engine marketing (SEM) ===
SEM, also known as PPC advertising, involves the purchase of ad space in prominent, visible positions atop search results pages and websites. Search ads have been shown to have a positive impact on brand recognition, awareness and conversions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Study: Search Ads Lift Brand Awareness|url=https://adwords.googleblog.com/2014/06/new-study-search-ads-lift-brand.html|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Inside AdWords|language=en}}</ref>

33% of searchers who click on paid ads do so because they directly respond to their particular search query.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Approach Search Marketing Using PPC Advertising and SEO Services {{!}} Clutch.co|url=https://clutch.co/seo-firms/resources/approach-search-marketing-ppc-advertising-seo-services|access-date=2020-06-02|website=clutch.co}}</ref>

=== Social media marketing ===
70% of marketers list increasing brand awareness as their number one goal for marketing on social media platforms. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube are listed as the top platforms currently used by social media marketing teams.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Insights|first=Smart|date=June 1, 2020|title=Increasing brand awareness is main goal for social media strategies|url=https://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/increasing-brand-awareness-main-goal-for-social-media-strategies/|access-date=June 1, 2020|website=Smart Insights}}</ref>

=== Content marketing ===
56% of marketers believe personalized content – brand-centered blogs, articles, social updates, videos, landing pages – improves brand recall and engagement.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-29|title=Why is Content Marketing Today's Marketing? 10 Stats That Prove It|url=https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2016/08/content-marketing-stats/|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Content Marketing Institute|language=en-US}}</ref>

According to Mentionlytics, an active and consistent content strategy that incorporates elements of interactive content creation, social posting, and guest blogging can improve brand awareness and loyalty by 88%.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keller|first=Simon Dwight|date=2019-10-22|title=Improve Your Brand Awareness and Visibility with Content Marketing {{!}} Mentionlytics Blog|url=https://www.mentionlytics.com/blog/improve-brand-awareness-visibility-with-content-marketing/|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Mentionlytics|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Developments and strategies ==
One of the major changes that occurred in traditional marketing was the "emergence of digital marketing" (Patrutiu Baltes, Loredana, 2015), this led to the reinvention of marketing strategies in order to adapt to this major change in traditional marketing (Patrutiu Baltes, Loredana, 2015).

As digital marketing is dependent on [[technology]] which is ever-evolving and fast-changing, the same features should be expected from digital marketing developments and strategies. This portion is an attempt to qualify or segregate the notable highlights existing and being used as of press time.{{When|date=May 2016}}

* '''Segmentation''': More focus has been placed on segmentation within digital marketing, in order to target specific markets in both business-to-business and business-to-consumer sectors.
* '''Influencer marketing''': Important nodes are identified within related communities, known as influencers. This is becoming an important concept in digital targeting.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Stubb|first1=Carolina|last2=Nyström|first2=Anna-Greta|last3=Colliander|first3=Jonas|date=2019-05-07|title=Influencer marketing: The impact of disclosing sponsorship compensation justification on sponsored content effectiveness|journal=Journal of Communication Management|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=109–122|doi=10.1108/JCOM-11-2018-0119|issn=1363-254X}}</ref> Influencers allow brands to take advantage of social media and the large audiences available on many of these platforms.<ref name=":1" /> It is possible to reach influencers via paid advertising, such as Facebook Advertising or Google Adwords campaigns, or through sophisticated sCRM (social customer relationship management) software, such as SAP C4C, Microsoft Dynamics, Sage CRM and Salesforce CRM. Many universities now focus, at Masters level, on engagement strategies for influencers.

To summarize, Pull digital marketing is characterized by consumers actively seeking marketing content while Push digital marketing occurs when marketers send messages without that content being actively sought by the recipients.

* '''[[Targeted advertising|Online behavioral advertising]]''' is the practice of collecting information about a user's online activity over time, "on a particular device and across different, unrelated websites, in order to deliver advertisements tailored to that user's interests and preferences.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=654 oba resource guide final|url=http://www.codescentre.com/media/1010/654-oba-resource-guide_-final.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404044902/https://www.codescentre.com/media/1010/654-oba-resource-guide_-final.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2018|access-date=|work=codescentre.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/18/facebooks-opt-out-tracking-ads-not-enough-privacy-expert|title=Facebook's new opt-out for tracking ads is not enough, says privacy expert|first=Samuel|last=Gibbs|date=18 September 2015|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Such Advertisements are based on [[site retargeting]] are customized based on each user behavior and pattern.
* '''Collaborative Environment''': A collaborative environment can be set up between the organization, the technology service provider, and the digital agencies to optimize effort, resource sharing, reusability and communications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcltech.com/sites/default/files/whitepaper_-_collaborating_with_digital_agency_0.pdf|title=whitepaper-collaborating with digital agency|work=hcltech.com}}</ref> Additionally, organizations are inviting their customers to help them better understand how to service them. This source of data is called [[user-generated content]]. Much of this is acquired via company websites where the organization invites people to share ideas that are then evaluated by other users of the site. The most popular ideas are evaluated and implemented in some form. Using this method of acquiring data and developing new products can foster the organization's relationship with its customer as well as spawn ideas that would otherwise be overlooked. UGC is low-cost advertising as it is directly from the consumers and can save advertising costs for the organization.
*'''Data-driven advertising:''' Users generate a lot of data in every step they take on the path of [[customer experience|customer journey]] and brands can now use that data to activate their known audience with data-driven programmatic media buying. Without exposing customers' privacy, users' data can be collected from digital channels (e.g.: when the customer visits a website, reads an e-mail, or launches and interact with a brand's mobile app), brands can also collect data from real-world customer interactions, such as brick and mortar stores visits and from CRM and sales engines datasets. Also known as people-based marketing or addressable media, data-driven advertising is empowering brands to find their loyal customers in their audience and deliver in real time a much more personal communication, highly relevant to each customers' moment and actions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marketingtechnews.net/news/2016/may/05/people-based-marketing-marketing-strategy-future-new-report-claims/|title=People-based marketing is the strategy of the future, new report claims|access-date=2016-09-26}}</ref>

An important consideration today while deciding on a strategy is that the digital tools have democratized the promotional landscape.

* '''Remarketing:''' Remarketing plays a major role in digital marketing. This tactic allows marketers to publish targeted ads in front of an interest category or a defined audience, generally called searchers in web speak, they have either searched for particular products or services or visited a website for some purpose.
* '''Game advertising''': Game ads are advertisements that exist within computer or video games. One of the most common examples of in-game advertising is billboards appearing in sports games. In-game ads also might appear as brand-name products like guns, cars, or clothing that exist as gaming status symbols.

The new digital era has enabled brands to [[Targeted advertising|selectively target their customers]] that may potentially be interested in their brand or based on previous browsing interests. Businesses can now use social media to select the age range, location, gender, and interests of whom they would like their targeted post to be seen. Furthermore, based on a customer's recent search history they can be ‘followed’ on the internet so they see advertisements from similar brands, products, and services,<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.047|volume=58|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|pages=98–108|title=Power of consumers using social media: Examining the influences of brand-related user-generated content on Facebook|year=2016|last1=Kim|first1=Angella J.|last2=Johnson|first2=Kim K.P.}}</ref> This allows businesses to target the specific customers that they know and feel will most benefit from their product or service, something that had limited capabilities up until the digital era.

==Ineffective forms of digital marketing==
Digital marketing activity is still growing across the world according to the headline global marketing index. A study published in September 2018, found that global outlays on digital marketing tactics are approaching $100 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-advertising-digital/global-spending-on-digital-marketing-nears-100-billion-study-idUSKCN1M30XN|title=Global spending on digital marketing nears $100 billion: study|last=Editorial|first=Reuters|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-09-24|language=en-US}}</ref> Digital media continues to rapidly grow; while the marketing budgets are expanding, traditional media is declining (World Economics, 2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.warc.com/Content/ContentViewer.aspx?MasterContentRef=197874e2-a2cb-4af8-a2a6-9943640aaf40&q=digital+marketing&CID=A104995&PUB=WORLD-ECONOMICS|title=Digital and Mobile Continues to Dominate Share of Marketing Budgets.|last=World Economics|date=June 2015|website=Warc.com|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> Digital media helps brands reach consumers to engage with their product or service in a personalized way. Five areas, which are outlined as current industry practices that are often ineffective are prioritizing clicks, balancing search and display, understanding mobiles, targeting, viewability, brand safety and invalid traffic, and cross-platform measurement (Whiteside, 2016).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.warc.com/Content/ContentViewer.aspx?MasterContentRef=15705943-a25c-4a77-954e-01586891af92&q=digital+marketing&CID=A106689&PUB=WARC-EXCLUSIVE|title=Five digital marketing lessons from comScore.|last=Whiteside|first=S|date=January 2016|website=Warc.com|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> Why these practices are ineffective and some ways around making these aspects effective are discussed surrounding the following points.

===Prioritizing clicks===
Prioritizing clicks refers to display click ads, although advantageous by being ‘simple, fast and inexpensive’ rates for display ads in 2016 is only 0.10 percent in the United States. This means one in a thousand click ads is relevant therefore having little effect. This displays that marketing companies should not just use click ads to evaluate the effectiveness of display advertisements (Whiteside, 2016).<ref name=":5" />

===Balancing search and display===
Balancing search and display for digital display ads are important; marketers tend to look at the last search and attribute all of the effectiveness of this. This, in turn, disregards other marketing efforts, which establish brand value within the consumer's mind. [[Comscore|ComScore]] determined through drawing on data online, produced by over one hundred multichannel retailers that digital display marketing poses strengths when compared with or positioned alongside, paid search (Whiteside, 2016).<ref name=":5" /> This is why it is advised that when someone clicks on a display ad the company opens a landing page, not its home page. A landing page typically has something to draw the customer in to search beyond this page. T Commonly marketers see increased sales among people exposed to a search ad. But the fact of how many people you can reach with a display campaign compared to a search campaign should be considered. Multichannel retailers have an increased reach if the display is considered in synergy with search campaigns. Overall both search and display aspects are valued as display campaigns build awareness for the brand so that more people are likely to click on these digital ads when running a search campaign (Whiteside, 2016).<ref name=":5" />

'''Understanding Mobiles:'''
Understanding mobile devices is a significant aspect of digital marketing because smartphones and tablets are now responsible for 64% of the time US consumers are online (Whiteside, 2016).<ref name=":5" /> Apps provide a big opportunity as well as challenge for the marketers because firstly the app needs to be downloaded and secondly the person needs to actually use it. This may be difficult as ‘half the time spent on smartphone apps occurs on the individuals single most used app, and almost 85% of their time on the top four rated apps’ (Whiteside, 2016).<ref name=":5" /> Mobile advertising can assist in achieving a variety of commercial objectives and it is effective due to taking over the entire screen, and voice or status is likely to be considered highly; although the message must not be seen or thought of as intrusive (Whiteside, 2016).<ref name=":5" /> Disadvantages of digital media used on mobile devices also include limited creative capabilities, and reach. Although there are many positive aspects including the user's entitlement to select product information, digital media creating a flexible message platform and there is potential for direct selling (Belch & Belch, 2012).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Advertising and promotion: An integrated marketing communication perspective|last1=Belch|first1=E|last2=Belch|first2=A|year=2012|edition=(9th ed)|location=New York,NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.}}</ref>

'''Cross-platform measurement:'''
The number of marketing channels continues to expand, as measurement practices are growing in complexity. A cross-platform view must be used to unify audience measurement and media planning. Market researchers need to understand how the Omni-channel affects consumer's behavior, although when advertisements are on a consumer's device this does not get measured. Significant aspects to cross-platform measurement involve deduplication and understanding that you have reached an incremental level with another platform, rather than delivering more impressions against people that have previously been reached (Whiteside, 2016).<ref name=":5" /> An example is ‘ESPN and comScore partnered on Project Blueprint discovering the sports broadcaster achieved a 21% increase in unduplicated daily reach thanks to digital advertising’ (Whiteside, 2016).<ref name=":5" /> Television and radio industries are the electronic media, which competes with digital and other technological advertising. Yet television advertising is not directly competing with online digital advertising due to being able to cross platform with digital technology. Radio also gains power through cross platforms, in online streaming content. Television and radio continue to persuade and affect the audience, across multiple platforms (Fill, Hughes, & De Franceso, 2013).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Advertising strategy, creativity and media.|last1=Fill|first1=C|last2=Hughes|first2=G|last3=De Franceso|first3=S|year=2013|location=London, UK: Pearson.}}</ref>

'''Targeting, viewability, brand safety, and invalid traffic:'''
Targeting, viewability, brand safety, and invalid traffic all are aspects used by marketers to help advocate digital advertising. [[Browser cookie|Cookies]] are a form of digital advertising, which are tracking tools within desktop devices; causing difficulty, with shortcomings including deletion by web browsers, the inability to sort between multiple users of a device, inaccurate estimates for unique visitors, overstating reach, understanding frequency, problems with ad servers, which cannot distinguish between when cookies have been deleted and when consumers have not previously been exposed to an ad. Due to the inaccuracies influenced by cookies, demographics in the target market are low and vary (Whiteside, 2016).<ref name=":5" /> Another element, which is affected by digital marketing, is ‘viewability’ or whether the ad was actually seen by the consumer. Many ads are not seen by a consumer and may never reach the right demographic segment. Brand safety is another issue of whether or not the ad was produced in the context of being unethical or having offensive content. Recognizing fraud when an ad is exposed is another challenge marketers face. This relates to invalid traffic as premium sites are more effective at detecting fraudulent traffic, although non-premium sites are more so the problem (Whiteside, 2016).<ref name=":5" />

===Channels===
Digital Marketing Channels are systems based on the Internet that can create, accelerate, and transmit product value from producer to a consumer terminal, through digital networks.<ref name="Thomas Martin">{{cite journal|title=Domains of Digital Marketing Channels in the Sharing Economy|journal=Journal of Marketing Channels|volume=24|issue=1–2|pages=27–38|doi=10.1080/1046669X.2017.1346977|year=2017|last1=Key|first1=Thomas Martin|s2cid=158277744}}</ref><ref name="Heini Maarit Taiminen">{{cite journal|last1=Heikki|first1=Karjaluoto|title=The usage of digital marketing channels in SMEs|journal=Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development|volume=22|issue=4|pages=633–651|doi=10.1108/JSBED-05-2013-0073|year=2015|url=http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201602161581}}</ref> Digital marketing is facilitated by multiple Digital Marketing channels, As an advertiser one's core objective is to find channels which result in maximum two-way communication and a better overall [[Return on investment|ROI]] for the brand. There are multiple digital marketing channels available namely;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/244802|title=3 Digital Marketing Channels That Work for Every Advertiser|author=Pratik Dholakiya|date=14 April 2015|work=Entrepreneur|access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref>

# [[Affiliate marketing]] - Affiliate marketing is perceived to not be considered a safe, reliable, and easy means of marketing through online platforms. This is due to a lack of reliability in terms of affiliates that can produce the demanded number of new customers. As a result of this risk and bad affiliates, it leaves the brand prone to exploitation in terms of claiming commission that isn't honestly acquired. Legal means may offer some protection against this, yet there are limitations in recovering any losses or investment. Despite this, affiliate marketing allows the brand to market towards smaller publishers and websites with smaller traffic. Brands that choose to use this marketing often should beware of such risks involved and look to associate with affiliates in which rules are laid down between the parties involved to assure and minimize the risk involved.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Edelman | first1 = B. | last2 = Brandi | first2 = W. | year = 2015 | title = Risk, Information, and Incentives in Online Affiliate Marketing | journal = Journal of Marketing Research | volume = 52 | issue = 1| pages = 1–12 | doi = 10.1509/jmr.13.0472 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.589.9857 | s2cid = 15601535 }}</ref>
#[[Display advertising]] - As the term implies, online display advertising deals with showcasing promotional messages or ideas to the consumer on the internet. This includes a wide range of advertisements like advertising blogs, networks, interstitial ads, contextual data, ads on search engines, classified or dynamic advertisements, etc. The method can target specific audience tuning in from different types of locals to view a particular advertisement, the variations can be found as the most productive element of this method.
#[[Email marketing]] - Email marketing in comparison to other forms of digital marketing is considered cheap; it is also a way to rapidly communicate a message such as their value proposition to existing or potential customers. Yet this channel of communication may be perceived by recipients to be bothersome and irritating especially to new or potential customers, therefore the success of email marketing is reliant on the language and visual appeal applied. In terms of visual appeal, there are indications that using graphics/visuals that are relevant to the message which is attempting to be sent, yet less visual graphics to be applied with initial emails are more effective in-turn creating a relatively personal feel to the email. In terms of language, the style is the main factor in determining how captivating the email is. Using a casual tone invokes a warmer and gentle and inviting feel to the email in comparison to a formal style. For combinations; it's suggested that to maximize effectiveness; using no graphics/visual alongside casual language. In contrast, using no visual appeal and a formal language style is seen as the least effective method.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dapko | first1 = J. L. | last2 = Artis | first2 = A. B. | s2cid = 153877505 | year = 2014 | title = Less is More: An Exploratory Analysis of Optimal Visual Appeal and Linguistic Style Combinations in a Salesperson's Initial-Contact E-mail to Millennial Buyers Within Marketing Channels | journal = Journal of Marketing Channels | volume = 21 | issue = 4| pages = 254–267 | doi = 10.1080/1046669X.2014.945358 }}</ref>
#[[Search engine marketing]] - Search engine marketing (SEM) is a form of Internet marketing that involves the promotion of websites by increasing their visibility in search engine results pages (SERPs) primarily through paid advertising. SEM may incorporate [[Search engine optimization]], which adjusts or rewrites website content and site architecture to achieve a higher ranking in search engine results pages to enhance pay per click (PPC) listings.
#[[Social Media Marketing]] - The term 'Digital Marketing' has a number of marketing facets as it supports different channels used in and among these, comes the Social Media. When we use social media channels ( Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Instagram, Google+, etc.) to market a product or service, the strategy is called Social Media Marketing. It is a procedure wherein strategies are made and executed to draw in traffic for a website or to gain the attention of buyers over the web using different social media platforms.
#[[Social networking service]] - A social networking service is an online platform which people use to build social networks or social relations with other people who share similar personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections
#[[In-game advertising]] - In-Game advertising is defined as the "inclusion of products or brands within a digital game."<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | last1 = Terlutter | first1 = R. | last2 = Capella | first2 = M. L. | s2cid = 144798265 | year = 2013 | title = The Gamification of Advertising: Analysis and Research Directions of In-Game Advertising, Advergames, and Advertising in Social Network Games | journal = Journal of Advertising | volume = 42 | issue = 2/3| pages = 95–112 | doi = 10.1080/00913367.2013.774610 }}</ref> The game allows brands or products to place ads within their game, either in a subtle manner or in the form of an advertisement banner. There are many factors that exist in whether brands are successful in the advertising of their brand/product, these being: Type of game, technical platform, 3-D and 4-D technology, game genre, congruity of brand and game, prominence of advertising within the game. Individual factors consist of attitudes towards placement advertisements, game involvement, product involvement, flow, or entertainment. The attitude towards the advertising also takes into account not only the message shown but also the attitude towards the game. Dependent on how enjoyable the game is will determine how the brand is perceived, meaning if the game isn't very enjoyable the consumer may subconsciously have a negative attitude towards the brand/product being advertised. In terms of Integrated Marketing Communication "integration of advertising in digital games into the general advertising, communication, and marketing strategy of the firm"<ref name=":8" /> is important as it results in a more clarity about the brand/product and creates a larger overall effect.
#[[Online public relations]] - The use of the internet to communicate with both potential and current customers in the public realm.
#[[Video advertising]] - This type of advertising in terms of digital/online means are advertisements that play on online videos e.g. YouTube videos. This type of marketing has seen an increase in popularity over time.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal | last1 = Li | first1 = H. | last2 = Lo | first2 = H. | s2cid = 143783547 | year = 2015 | title = Do You Recognize Its Brand? The Effectiveness of Online In-Stream Video Advertisements | journal = Journal of Advertising | volume = 44 | issue = 3| pages = 208–218 | doi = 10.1080/00913367.2014.956376 }}</ref> Online Video Advertising usually consists of three types: Pre-Roll advertisements which play before the video is watched, Mid-Roll advertisements which play during the video, or Post-Roll advertisements which play after the video is watched.<ref>PricewaterhouseCoopers (2013), "2012 Internet Advertising Revenue Full-Year Report," April, http://www.iab.net/media/file/IABInternet AdvertisingRevenueReportFY2012POSTED.pdf/</ref> Post-roll advertisements were shown to have better brand recognition in relation to the other types, where-as "ad-context congruity/incongruity plays an important role in reinforcing ad memorability".<ref name=":9" /> Due to selective attention from viewers, there is the likelihood that the message may not be received.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Basil | first1 = Michael D | year = 1994 | title = Multiple Resource Theory I: Application to Television Viewing | journal = Communication Research | volume = 21 | issue = 2| pages = 177–207 | doi=10.1177/009365094021002003| s2cid = 141021179 }}</ref> The main advantage of video advertising is that it disrupts the viewing experience of the video and therefore there is a difficulty in attempting to avoid them. How a consumer interacts with online video advertising can come down to three stages: Pre attention, attention, and behavioral decision.<ref>Chatterjee, Patrali (2001), "Beyond CPMs and Clickthroughs: Understanding Consumer Interaction with Web Advertising," in Internet Marketing Research: Theory and Practice, Ook Lee, ed., Hershey, PA: Idea Group, 209–16.</ref> These online advertisements give the brand/business options and choices. These consist of length, position, adjacent video content which all directly affect the effectiveness of the produced advertisement time,<ref name=":9" /> therefore manipulating these variables will yield different results. The length of the advertisement has shown to affect memorability where-as a longer duration resulted in increased brand recognition.<ref name=":9" /> This type of advertising, due to its nature of interruption of the viewer, it is likely that the consumer may feel as if their experience is being interrupted or invaded, creating negative perception of the brand.<ref name=":9" /> These advertisements are also available to be shared by the viewers, adding to the attractiveness of this platform. Sharing these videos can be equated to the online version of word by mouth marketing, extending number of people reached.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = J. | last2 = Ham | first2 = C. | last3 = Kim | first3 = M. | s2cid = 145332829 | year = 2013 | title = Why People Pass Along Online Video Advertising: From the Perspectives of the Interpersonal Communication Motives Scale and the Theory of Reasoned Action | journal = Journal of Interactive Advertising | volume = 13 | issue = 1| pages = 1–13 | doi = 10.1080/15252019.2013.768048 }}</ref> Sharing videos creates six different outcomes: these being "pleasure, affection, inclusion, escape, relaxation, and control".<ref name=":9" /> As well, videos that have entertainment value are more likely to be shared, yet pleasure is the strongest motivator to pass videos on. Creating a ‘viral’ trend from a mass amount of a brand advertisement can maximize the outcome of an online video advert whether it be positive or a negative outcome.
#[[Native advertising|Native Advertising]] - This involves the placement of paid content that replicates the look, feel, and oftentimes, the voice of a platform's existing content. It is most effective when used on digital platforms like websites, newsletters, and social media. Can be somewhat controversial as some critics feel it intentionally deceives consumers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Sage international encyclopedia of mass media and society|others=Merskin, Debra L.|year = 2019|isbn=978-1-4833-7551-9|location=Thousand Oaks, California|oclc=1130315057}}</ref>
#[[Content marketing|Content Marketing]] - This is an approach to marketing that focuses on gaining and retaining customers by offering helpful content to customers that improves the buying experience and creates brand awareness. A brand may use this approach to hold a customer’s attention with the goal of influencing potential purchase decisions.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Content Marketing|date=2020|chapter-url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-mass-media-and-society/i5001.xml|encyclopedia=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781483375519.n154|isbn=978-1-4833-7553-3|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref>
#[[Native advertising|Sponsored Content]] - This utilises content created and paid for by a brand to promote a specific product or service.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandler, Daniel.|title=A dictionary of social media|others=Munday, Rod., Oxford University Press.|date=March 2016|isbn=978-0-19-180309-3|edition=First|location=Oxford|oclc=952388585}}</ref>
#Inbound Marketing- a market strategy that involves using content as a means to attract customers to a brand or product. Requires extensive research into the behaviors, interests, and habits of the brand's target market.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patrutiu-Baltes|first=Loredana|date=2016|title=Inbound Marketing - the most important digital marketing strategy|journal=Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Economic Sciences.|volume=9|pages=61–68|via=ProQuest}}</ref>

It is important for a firm to reach out to consumers and create a two-way communication model, as digital marketing allows consumers to give back feedback to the firm on a community-based site or straight directly to the firm via email.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Tiago, Maria Teresa Pinheiro Melo Borges;Veríssimo, José Manuel Cristóvão|date=2014|title=Digital Marketing and Social Media; Why Bother?|journal=INBAM, Business Horizons|volume=57|issue=6|pages=703–708|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2014.07.002}}</ref> Firms should seek this long term communication relationship by using multiple forms of channels and using promotional strategies related to their target consumer as well as word-of-mouth marketing.<ref name=":3" />

==== Benefits of social media marketing ====

* Allows companies to promote themselves to large, diverse audiences that could not be reached through traditional marketing such as phone and email based advertising.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Ramsaran-Fowdar|first=Rooma Roshnee|date=2013-03-31|title=The Implications of Facebook Marketing for Organizations|url=http://www.cmr-journal.org/article/view/9710|journal=Contemporary Management Research|volume=9|issue=1|pages=73–84|doi=10.7903/cmr.9710}}</ref>
*Marketing on most social media platforms comes at little to no cost- making it accessible to virtually any size business.<ref name=":10" />
*Accommodates personalized and direct marketing that targets specific demographics and markets.<ref name=":10" />
*Companies can engage with customers directly, allowing them to obtain feedback and resolve issues almost immediately.<ref name=":10" />
*Ideal environment for a company to conduct market research.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Parsons|first1=Amy L.|last2=Lepkowska-White|first2=Elzbieta|s2cid=158177839|date=2018-04-03|title=Social Media Marketing Management: A Conceptual Framework|journal=Journal of Internet Commerce|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=81–95|doi=10.1080/15332861.2018.1433910|issn=1533-2861}}</ref>
*Can be used as a means of obtaining information about competitors and boost competitive advantage.<ref name=":11" />
*Social platforms can be used to promote brand events, deals, and news.<ref name=":11" />
** Platforms can also be used to offer incentives in the form of loyalty points and discounts.<ref name=":11" />

===Self-regulation===
The ICC Code has integrated rules that apply to marketing communications using digital interactive media throughout the guidelines. There is also an entirely updated section dealing with issues specific to digital interactive media techniques and platforms. Code self-regulation on the use of digital interactive media includes:
* Clear and transparent mechanisms to enable consumers to choose not to have their data collected for advertising or marketing purposes;
* Clear indication that a social network site is commercial and is under the control or influence of a marketer;
* Limits are set so that marketers communicate directly only when there are reasonable grounds to believe that the consumer has an interest in what is being offered;
* Respect for the rules and standards of acceptable commercial behavior in social networks and the posting of marketing messages only when the forum or site has clearly indicated its willingness to receive them;
* Special attention and protection for children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.codescentre.com/icc-code/digital-interactive-media.aspx|title=ICC Code, Digital Interactive Media - ICC Codes Centre|work=codescentre.com|access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref>

== Strategy ==

=== Planning ===

Digital marketing planning is a term used in marketing management. It describes the first stage of forming a digital marketing strategy for the wider [[digital marketing system]]. The difference between digital and traditional marketing planning is that it uses digitally based communication tools and technology such as Social, Web, Mobile, Scannable Surface.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dodson|first1=I|title=The art of digital marketing : the definitive guide to creating strategic, targeted and measurable online campaigns|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn=9781119265702}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=ryan|first1=D|title=Understanding Digital Marketing : Marketing Strategies for Engaging the Digital Generation|date=2014|publisher=Kogan Page|isbn=9780749471026}}</ref> Nevertheless, both are aligned with the vision, the mission of the company and the overarching business strategy.<ref name="isbn_0273746227">{{cite book|last1=Chaffey|first1=Dave|last2=Ellis-Chadwick|first2=Fiona|title=Digital Marketing: Strategy, Implementation and Practice|date=2012|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Harlow|isbn=978-0273746225}}</ref>

=== Stages of planning ===
Using Dr Dave Chaffey's approach, the digital marketing planning (DMP) has three main stages: Opportunity, Strategy, and Action. He suggests that any business looking to implement a successful digital marketing strategy must structure their plan by looking at opportunity, strategy and action. This generic strategic approach often has phases of situation review, goal setting, strategy formulation, resource allocation and monitoring.<ref name="isbn_0273746227"/>

==== 1) Opportunity ====
To create an effective DMP, a business first needs to review the marketplace and set 'SMART' (Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Relevant, and Time-Bound) objectives.<ref>Fill, C. (2006). Marketing communications. 1st ed. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall, pp.372-373.</ref> They can set SMART objectives by reviewing the current benchmarks and [[key performance indicator]]s (KPIs) of the company and competitors. It is pertinent that the analytics used for the KPIs be customized to the type, objectives, mission, and vision of the company.<ref>Parmenter, D. (2007). Key performance indicators. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.</ref><ref>Marr, B. (2012). Key performance indicators. 1st ed. Harlow, England; New York: Pearson Financial Times Pub.</ref>

Companies can scan for marketing and sales opportunities by reviewing their own outreach as well as influencer outreach. This means they have [[competitive advantage]] because they are able to analyse their co-marketers influence and brand associations.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = French | first1 = A. | last2 = Smith | first2 = G. | year = 2013 | title = Measuring brand association strength: a consumer based brand equity approach | url = https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14786| journal = European Journal of Marketing | volume = 47 | issue = 8| pages = 1356–1367 | doi = 10.1108/03090561311324363 }}</ref>

To seize the opportunity, the firm should summarize its current customers' personas and purchase journey from this they are able to deduce their digital marketing capability. This means they need to form a clear picture of where they are currently and how many resources they can allocate for their digital marketing strategy i.e. labor, time, etc. By summarizing the purchase journey, they can also recognize gaps and growth for future marketing opportunities that will either meet objectives or propose new objectives and increase profit.

==== 2) Strategy ====
To create a planned digital strategy, the company must review their digital proposition (what you are offering to consumers) and communicate it using digital customer targeting techniques. So, they must define online value proposition (OVP), this means the company must express clearly what they are offering customers online e.g. brand positioning.

The company should also (re)select target market segments and personas and define digital targeting approaches.

After doing this effectively, it is important to review the marketing mix for online options. The marketing mix comprises the 4Ps – Product, Price, Promotion, and Place.<ref>McCarthy, E.J. (1964), Basic Marketing, Richard D. Irwin, Homewood, IL.</ref><ref>Mercer, D. (1999). Marketing. 1st ed. Oxford [u.a.]: Blackwell.</ref> Some academics have added three additional elements to the traditional 4Ps of marketing Process, Place, and Physical appearance making it 7Ps of marketing.<ref>Booms, B.H. and Bitner, M.J., 1981. Marketing strategies and organization structures for service firms. Marketing of services, 25(3), pp.47-52</ref>

==== 3) Action ====

The third and final stage requires the firm to set a budget and management systems; these must be measurable touchpoints, such as the audience reached across all digital platforms. Furthermore, marketers must ensure the budget and management systems are integrating the paid, owned, and earned media of the company.<ref>Chaffey, D. and Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012). Digital Marketing: Strategy, Implementation, and Practice. 1st ed. Harlow: Pearson Education.</ref> The Action and final stage of planning also requires the company to set in place measurable content creation e.g. oral, visual or written online media.<ref>Ryan, D. (2014). Understanding Digital Marketing: Marketing Strategies for Engaging the Digital Generation Ed. 3. 1st ed. Kogan Page.</ref>

After confirming the digital marketing plan, a scheduled format of digital communications (e.g. Gantt Chart) should be encoded throughout the internal operations of the company. This ensures that all platforms used fall in line and complement each other for the succeeding stages of digital marketing strategy.

=== Understanding the market ===
One way marketers can reach out to consumers, and understand their thought process is through what is called an empathy map. An empathy map is a four-step process. The first step is through asking questions that the consumer would be thinking in their demographic. The second step is to describe the feelings that the consumer may be having. The third step is to think about what the consumer would say in their situation. The final step is to imagine what the consumer will try to do based on the other three steps. This map is so marketing teams can put themselves in their target demographics shoes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schiele|first1=Kristen|last2=Chen|first2=Steven|s2cid=169359274|date=2018-03-26|title=Design Thinking and Digital Marketing Skills in Marketing Education: A Module on Building Mobile Applications|journal=Marketing Education Review|volume=28|issue=3|pages=150–154|doi=10.1080/10528008.2018.1448283|issn=1052-8008}}</ref> Web Analytics are also a very important way to understand consumers. They show the habits that people have online for each website.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Staton|first=Mark G.|s2cid=167964641|date=2015-12-07|title=Improving Student Job Placement and Assessment Through the Use of Digital Marketing Certification Programs|journal=Marketing Education Review|volume=26|issue=1|pages=20–24|doi=10.1080/10528008.2015.1091665|issn=1052-8008}}</ref> One particular form of these analytics is [[predictive analytics]] which helps marketers figure out what route consumers are on. This uses the information gathered from other analytics and then creates different predictions of what people will do so that companies can strategize on what to do next, according to the people's trends.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Xia|last2=Burns|first2=Alvin C.|s2cid=169752871|date=2018-01-02|title=Designing a Marketing Analytics Course for the Digital Age|journal=Marketing Education Review|volume=28|issue=1|pages=28–40|doi=10.1080/10528008.2017.1421049|issn=1052-8008}}</ref>

* Consumer behavior- the habits or attitudes of a consumer that influences the buying process of a product or service.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Kannan|first1=P.K.|last2=Li|first2=Hongshuang “Alice”|date=2017|title=Digital marketing: A framework, review and research agenda|journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing|language=en|volume=34|issue=1|pages=22–45|doi=10.1016/j.ijresmar.2016.11.006|s2cid=168288051}}</ref> Consumer behavior impacts virtually every stage of the buying process specifically in relation to digital environments and devices.<ref name=":12" />
*Predictive analytics- a form of data mining that involves utilizing existing data to predict potential future trends or behaviors.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Doyle, Charles, 1959-|title=A dictionary of marketing|others=Oxford University Press.|year=2016|isbn=978-0-19-180022-1|edition=Fourth|location=Oxford|oclc=957198795}}</ref> Can assist companies in predicting future behavior of customers.
*Buyer persona- employing research of consumer behavior regarding habits like brand awareness and buying behavior to profile prospective customers.<ref name=":13" /> Establishing a buyer persona helps a company better understand their audience and their specific wants/needs.
*Marketing Strategy- strategic planning employed by a brand to determine potential positioning within a market as well as the prospective target audience; involves two key elements: segmentation and positioning.<ref name=":13" /> By developing a marketing strategy, a company is able to better anticipate and plan for each step in the marketing and buying process.

==Sharing economy==
The "sharing economy" refers to an economic pattern that aims to obtain a resource that is not fully utilized.<ref name="Kyle Huggins">{{cite journal|last1=Kyle|first1=Huggins|s2cid=158667931|title=Seismic Shifts in the Sharing Economy: Shaking Up Marketing Channels and Supply Chains|journal=Journal of Marketing Channels|volume=24|issue=3|pages=3–12|doi=10.1080/1046669X.2017.1346973|year=2017}}</ref> Nowadays, the [[sharing economy]] has had an unimagined effect on many traditional elements including labor, industry, and distribution system.<ref name="Kyle Huggins"/> This effect is not negligible that some industries are obviously under threat.<ref name="Kyle Huggins"/><ref name="Neil C. Herndon">{{cite journal|title=The Sharing Economy: Opportunities and Challenges for Marketing Channels and Supply Chains|journal=Journal of Marketing Channels|volume=24|issue=1–2|pages=1–2|doi=10.1080/1046669X.2017.1346970|year=2017|last1=Herndon|first1=Neil C.|doi-access=free}}</ref> The sharing economy is influencing the traditional marketing channels by changing the nature of some specific concept including ownership, assets, and recruitment.<ref name="Neil C. Herndon"/>

Digital marketing channels and traditional marketing channels are similar in function that the value of the product or service is passed from the original producer to the end user by a kind of supply chain.<ref name="Thomas">{{cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=Martin|s2cid=158277744|title=Domains of Digital Marketing Channels in the Sharing Economy|journal=Journal of Marketing Channels|volume=24|issue=27|pages=27–38|doi=10.1080/1046669X.2017.1346977|year=2017}}</ref> Digital Marketing channels, however, consist of internet systems that create, promote, and deliver products or services from producer to consumer through digital networks.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Key|first=Thomas Martin|s2cid=158277744|date=2017-04-03|title=Domains of Digital Marketing Channels in the Sharing Economy|journal=Journal of Marketing Channels|language=en|volume=24|issue=1–2|pages=27–38|doi=10.1080/1046669X.2017.1346977|issn=1046-669X}}</ref> Increasing changes to marketing channels has been a significant contributor to the expansion and growth of the sharing economy.<ref name=":14" /> Such changes to marketing channels has prompted unprecedented and historic growth.<ref name=":14" /> In addition to this typical approach, the built-in control, efficiency and low cost of digital marketing channels is an essential features in the application of sharing economy.<ref name="Thomas"/>

Digital marketing channels within the sharing economy are typically divided into three domains including, e-mail, social media, and search engine marketing or SEM.<ref name=":14" />

* E-mail- a form of direct marketing characterized as being informative, promotional, and often a means of customer relationship management.<ref name=":14" /> Organization can update the activity or promotion information to the user by subscribing the newsletter mail that happened in consuming. Success is reliant upon a company’s ability to access contact information from its past, present, and future clientele.<ref name=":14" />
*Social Media- Social media has the capability to reach a larger audience in a shorter time frame than traditional marketing channels.<ref name=":14" /> This makes social media a powerful tool for consumer engagement and the dissemination of information.<ref name=":14" />
*Search Engine Marketing or SEM- Requires more specialized knowledge of the technology embedded in online platforms.<ref name=":14" /> This marketing strategy requires long-term commitment and dedication to the ongoing improvement of a company’s digital presence.<ref name=":14" />

Other emerging digital marketing channels, particularly branded mobile apps, have excelled in the sharing economy.<ref name=":14" /> Branded mobile apps are created specifically to initiate engagement between customers and the company. This engagement is typically facilitated through entertainment, information, or market transaction.<ref name=":14" />

==See also==
* [[Digital marketing engineer]]
* [[Digital marketing system]]
* [[Digital marketing channels in the sharing economy]]
* [[Distributed presence]]
* [[Interactive marketing]]
* [[Mobile marketing]]
* [[Online advertising]]
* [[Pay per click]]
* [[Social media marketing]]
* [[Visual marketing]]
* [[Marketing strategy]]
* [[Customer Data Platform]]
* [[User intent]]
* [[Site retargeting]]
* [[Digital privacy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|title=Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation|first1=Damian|last1=Ryan|first2=Calvin|last2=Jones|year=2009|isbn=978-0749453893|publisher=Kogan Page}}
* {{citation|title=Digital Marketing for Dummies|first1=Ben|last1=Carter|first2=Gregory|last2=Brooks|first3=Frank|last3=Catalano|first4=Bud|last4=Smith|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2007|isbn=9780470057933}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Digital marketing}}
[[Category:Digital marketing| ]]
[[Category:Advertising techniques]]
[[Category:Marketing techniques]]
[[Category:Online advertising]]
[[Category:Promotion and marketing communications]]
[[Category:Types of marketing]]

Digital Currency

2021-09-11T15:04:49Z

ManiUk: Digital Currency

{{Short description|Currency stored on electronic systems}}
{{redirect2|E-cash|Internet money|the 20th century brand|Ecash|the record label|Internet Money}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Money flower.png|thumb|450px|Taxonomy of money, based on "Central bank cryptocurrencies" by Morten Linnemann Bech and Rodney Garratt]]
'''Digital currency''' ('''digital money''', '''electronic money''' or '''electronic currency''') is any currency, money, or money-like asset that is primarily managed, stored or exchanged on digital computer systems, especially over the [[internet]]. Types of digital currencies include [[cryptocurrency]], [[virtual currency]] and [[central bank digital currency]]. Digital currency may be recorded on a [[distributed database]] on the internet, a centralized electronic [[Database|computer database]] owned by a company or bank, within [[Computer file|digital files]] or even on a [[stored-value card]].<ref name="Al-Laham">{{Cite journal| last1=Al-Laham| last2=Al-Tarawneh| last3=Abdallat| first1=Mohamad| first2=Haroon| first3=Najwan| date=2009| title=Development of Electronic Money and Its Impact on the Central Bank Role and Monetary Policy| url=http://iisit.org/Vol6/IISITv6p339-349Al-Laham589.pdf |journal=Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology |volume=6 | pages=339–349| doi=10.28945/1063|access-date=12 May 2020| doi-access=free}}</ref>

Digital currencies exhibit properties similar to traditional currencies, but generally do not have a physical form, unlike currencies with printed [[banknotes]] or minted [[coins]]. This lack of physical form allows nearly instantaneous transactions over the internet and removes the cost associated with distributing notes and coins. Usually not issued by a governmental body, virtual currencies are not considered a [[legal tender]] and they enable [[ownership]] transfer across governmental [[border]]s.<ref name="BIS2015" />

These types of currencies may be used to buy physical [[goods]] and [[Service (economics)|services]], but may also be restricted to certain [[Online community|communities]] such as for use inside an online game.<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital currencies are impacting video games with... |url=https://www.offgamers.com/blog/digital-currencies-are-impacting-video-games-with-new-exciting-possibilities/|publisher=Offgamers|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref>

Digital money can either be centralized, where there is a central point of control over the money supply (for instance, a bank), or [[Decentralization|decentralized]], where the control over the money supply is predetermined or agreed upon democratically.

==History==
In 1983, a research paper by [[David Chaum]] introduced the idea of digital cash.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.koehntopp.de/uploads/Chaum.BlindSigForPayment.1982.PDF|title=Blind signatures for untraceable payments|last=Chaum|first=David|date=1982|publisher=Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA}}</ref> In 1989, he founded [[DigiCash]], an electronic cash company, in Amsterdam to commercialize the ideas in his research.<ref name="requiem" /> It filed for bankruptcy in 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-217527.html|title=Digicash files Chapter 11}}</ref><ref name="requiem">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/1999/1101/6411390a.html|title=Requiem for a Bright Idea}}</ref>

[[e-gold]] was the first widely used Internet money, introduced in 1996, and grew to several million users before the US Government shut it down in 2008. e-gold has been referenced to as "digital currency" by both US officials and academia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zetter |first=Kim |date=2009-06-09 |title=Bullion and Bandits: The Improbable Rise and Fall of E-Gold |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/06/e-gold/ |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=Wired |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bender |first=Christian |title=A Gold Standard for the Internet? An Introductory Assessment |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.543.5010&rep=rep1&type=pdf|journal=Electronic Markets|volume=11|issue=1|citeseerx=10.1.1.543.5010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Lawrence H. |url=https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2014/5/cato-journal-v34n2-5.pdf|title=The Troubling Suppression of Competition from Alternative Monies: The Cases of the Liberty Dollar and E-gold|journal=Cato Journal|volume=34|issue=2|pages=281–301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mullan |first=Carl P. |title=The Digital Currency Challenge: Shaping Online Payment Systems through US Financial Regulations |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |isbn=978-1137382559 |location=New York |pages=20–29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-21 |title=Deleting Commercial Pornography Sites From The Internet: The U.S. Financial Industry's Efforts To Combat This Problem |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg31467/html/CHRG-109hhrg31467.htm |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=www.govinfo.gov}}</ref> In 1997, Coca-Cola offered buying from vending machines using mobile payments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nearfieldcommunication.org/payment-systems.html|title=History of Mobile & Contactless Payment Systems}}</ref> [[PayPal]] launched its USD-denominated service in 1998. In 2009, [[bitcoin]] was launched, which marked the start of decentralized [[blockchain]]-based digital currencies with no central server, and no tangible assets held in reserve. Also known as cryptocurrencies, blockchain-based digital currencies proved resistant to attempt by government to regulate them, because there was no central organization or person with the power to turn them off.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finley |first1=Klint |title=After 10 Years, Bitcoin Has Changed Everything—And Nothing |url=https://www.wired.com/story/after-10-years-bitcoin-changed-everything-nothing/ |access-date=9 November 2018 |work=Wired |date=31 October 2018}}</ref>

Origins of digital currencies date back to the 1990s [[Dot-com bubble]]. Another known digital currency service was [[Liberty Reserve]], founded in 2006; it lets users convert dollars or euros to Liberty Reserve Dollars or Euros, and exchange them freely with one another at a 1% fee. Several digital currency operations were reputed to be used for Ponzi schemes and money laundering, and were prosecuted by the U.S. government for operating without MSB licenses.<ref>{{cite news |title='Black Market Bank' Accused of Laundering $6B in Criminal Proceeds|author=Jack Cloherty |date=28 May 2013 |work=[[ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/black-market-bank-accused-laundering-6b-criminal-proceeds/story?id=19275887 |access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref> Q coins or QQ coins, were used as a type of commodity-based digital currency on [[Tencent QQ]]'s messaging platform and emerged in early 2005. Q coins were so effective in China that they were said to have had a destabilizing effect on the Chinese Yuan currency due to speculation.<ref>{{cite news|title='China's virtual currency threatens the Yuan' |date=5 December 2006 |work=Asia Times Online |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HL05Cb01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206060159/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HL05Cb01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=6 December 2006 |access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> Recent interest in [[Cryptocurrency|cryptocurrencies]] has prompted renewed interest in digital currencies, with [[bitcoin]], introduced in 2008, becoming the most widely used and accepted digital currency.

== Sub-types of digital currency and comparisons ==

=== Digital currency as a specific type and as a meta-group name ===
Digital Currency is a term that refers to a specific type of electronic currency with specific properties. Digital Currency is also a term used to include the meta-group of sub-types of digital currency, the specific meaning can only be determined within the specific legal or contextual case. Legally and technically, there already are a myriad of legal definitions of digital currency and the many digital currency sub-types. Combining different possible properties, there exists an extensive number of implementations creating many and numerous sub-types of Digital Currency. Many governmental jurisdictions have implemented their own unique definition for digital currency, virtual currency, cryptocurrency, e-money, network money, e-cash, and other types of digital currency. Within any specific government jurisdiction, different agencies and regulators define different and often conflicting meanings for the different types of digital currency based on the specific properties of a specific currency type or sub-type.

===Digital versus virtual currency===
{{main|Virtual currency}}
A virtual currency has been defined in 2012 by the [[European Central Bank]] as "a type of unregulated, digital money, which is issued and usually controlled by its developers, and used and accepted among the members of a specific [[virtual community]]".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf|title=Virtual Currency Schemes|date=October 2012|website=ecb.europa.eu|access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> The [[US Department of Treasury]] in 2013 defined it more tersely as "a medium of exchange that operates like a currency in some environments, but does not have all the attributes of real currency".<ref name="auditreport">{{Cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/about/organizational-structure/ig/Audit%20Reports%20and%20Testimonies/OIG-16-006.pdf|title=Audit Report|date=10 November 2015|website=Treasury.gov|access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> The US Department of Treasury also stated that, "Virtual currency does not have legal-tender status in any jurisdiction."<ref name="auditreport" />

According to the [[European Central Bank]]'s 2015 "Virtual currency schemes – a further analysis" report, virtual currency is a digital representation of value, not issued by a central bank, credit institution or e-money institution, which, in some circumstances, can be used as an alternative to money.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemesen.pdf|title=Virtual currency schemes - a further analysis|date=February 2015|website=ecb.europa.eu|access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> In the previous report of October 2012, the virtual currency was defined as a type of unregulated, digital money, which is issued and usually controlled by its developers, and used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual community.<ref name=":2" />

According to the [[Bank for International Settlements]]' November 2015 "Digital currencies" report, it is an asset represented in digital form and having some monetary characteristics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d137.pdf|title=Digital Currencies|date=November 2015|website=bis.org|access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> Digital currency can be denominated to a sovereign currency and issued by the issuer responsible to redeem digital money for cash. In that case, digital currency represents electronic money (e-money). Digital currency denominated in its own units of value or with decentralized or automatic issuance will be considered as a virtual currency. As such, bitcoin is a digital currency but also a type of virtual currency. Bitcoin and its alternatives are based on cryptographic algorithms, so these kinds of virtual currencies are also called cryptocurrencies.

=== Digital versus cryptocurrency ===
[[Cryptocurrency]] is a sub-type of digital currency and a digital [[asset]] that relies on [[cryptography]] to chain together [[digital signature]]s of asset transfers, [[peer-to-peer]] networking and [[decentralization]]. In some cases a [[proof-of-work]] or [[proof-of-stake]] scheme is used to create and manage the currency.<ref name="ars1">[https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/05/wary-of-bitcoin-a-guide-to-some-other-cryptocurrencies/ Wary of Bitcoin? A guide to some other cryptocurrencies], ars technica, 26-05-2013</ref><ref name="tech">[http://www.techopedia.com/definition/27531/cryptocurrency What does Cryptocurrency mean?], technopedia, 01-07-2013</ref><ref>[http://theconversation.com/from-your-wallet-to-google-wallet-your-digital-payment-options-14540 From your wallet to Google Wallet: your digital payment options], The Conversation, 26-05-2013</ref><ref name="beyondbitcoin">{{cite web|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/beyond-bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-most-promising-cryptocurrencies|title=Beyond Bitcoin: A Guide to the Most Promising Cryptocurrencies|last=Liu|first=Alec|publisher=Vice Motherboard|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224084601/http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/beyond-bitcoin-a-guide-to-the-most-promising-cryptocurrencies|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> Cryptocurrencies can allow electronic money systems to be decentralized. When implemented with a blockchain, the digital ledger system or record keeping system uses [[cryptography]] to edit separate shards of database entries that are distributed across many separate servers. The first and most popular system is [[bitcoin]], a peer-to-peer electronic monetary system based on cryptography.

===Digital versus traditional currency===
Most of the traditional [[money supply]] is [[Demand deposit|bank money]] held on computers. They are considered digital currency in some cases. One could argue that our increasingly cashless society means that all currencies are becoming digital currencies, but they are not presented to us as such.<ref name="ECB">{{cite book |title=Virtual Currency Schemes |date=October 2012 |publisher=European Central Bank |location=Frankfurt am Main |isbn=978-92-899-0862-7 |page=5 |url=http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf |chapter=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106053452/http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Types of systems ==

=== Centralized systems ===
{{Main|Electronic funds transfer}}

Currency can be exchanged electronically using [[debit card]]s and [[credit card]]s using [[electronic funds transfer at point of sale]].

==== Mobile digital wallets ====
A number of electronic money systems use [[contactless payment]] transfer in order to facilitate easy payment and give the payee more confidence in not letting go of their electronic wallet during the transaction.
* In 1994 [[Mondex]] and [[National Westminster Bank]] provided an "electronic purse" to residents of [[Swindon]]
* In about 2005 [[Telefónica]] and [[Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria|BBVA Bank]] launched a payment system in [[Spain]] called Mobipay<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fujitsu.com/es/about/resources/case-studies/mobipay_en.html|title=Mobipay - Fujitsu Spain}}</ref> which used simple [[short message service]] facilities of [[feature phones]] intended for pay-as-you-go services including taxis and pre-pay phone recharges via a BBVA current bank account debit.
* In January 2010, [[Venmo]] launched as a mobile payment system through SMS, which transformed into a social app where friends can pay each other for minor expenses like a cup of coffee, rent and pay a share of the restaurant bill when one has forgotten their wallet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kortina.net/essays/origins-of-venmo/|title=Origins of Venmo|access-date=2015-04-23}}</ref> It is popular with college students, but has some security issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/safety_net/2015/02/venmo_security_it_s_not_as_strong_as_the_company_wants_you_to_think.html|title=Venmo Money, Venmo Problems}}</ref> It can be linked to a bank account, credit/debit card or have a loaded value to limit the amount of loss in case of a security breach. Credit cards and non-major debit cards incur a 3% processing fee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://venmo.com/about/fees/|title=Venmo pricing}}</ref>
* On 19 September 2011, [[Google Wallet]] released in the United States to make it easy to carry all one's credit/debit cards on a phone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/this-day-in-tech-google-wallet-launches/|title=This Day in Tech: Google Wallet launches|date=19 September 2011}}</ref>
* In 2012 [[Ireland]]'s [[O2 (Ireland)|O2]] (owned by [[Telefónica]]) launched Easytrip to pay [[road tolls]] which were charged to the mobile phone account or prepay credit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepaypers.com/mobile-payments/easytrip-o2-launch-mobile-toll-payments-service-in-the-republic-of-ireland/749223-16/abstract|title=Easytrip, O2 launch mobile toll payments service in the Republic of Ireland}}</ref>
* The UK's [[O2 (United Kingdom)|O2]] invented O2 Wallet<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.o2.co.uk/money|title=O2 - O2 money - The O2 Wallet service closed on 31st March 2014}}</ref> at about the same time. The wallet can be charged with regular bank accounts or cards and discharged by participating retailers using a technique known as 'money messages'. The service closed in 2014.
* On 9 September 2014, [[Apple Pay]] was announced at the [[iPhone 6]] event. In October 2014 it was released as an update to work on [[iPhone 6]] and [[Apple Watch]]. It is very similar to [[Google Wallet]], but for Apple devices only.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/9/6127587/apple-watch-works-with-apple-pay-to-replace-your-credit-cards|title=Apple Watch works with Apple Pay to replace your credit cards|date=9 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Decentralized systems ===
{{main|Cryptocurrency}}
{{See also|List of cryptocurrencies}}
Digital Currency has been implemented in some cases as a [[Decentralised system|decentralized]] system of any combination of currency [[Issuance of money|issuance]], [[ownership]] record, ownership transfer [[authorization]] and [[Verification and validation|validation]], and currency storage.

Per the [[Bank for International Settlements]] (BIS), "These schemes do not distinguish between users based on location, and
therefore allow value to be transferred between users across borders. Moreover, the speed of a
transaction is not conditional on the location of the payer and payee."<ref name="BIS2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d137.pdf|title=Digital Currencies|date=November 2015|website=bis.org|access-date=11 May 2020 |publisher=Bank for International Settlements |author=Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures}}</ref>

== Law ==
Since 2001, the European Union has implemented the [[E-Money Directive]] "on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions" last amended in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32009L0110:en:NOT|title=Directive 2009/110/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions amending Directives 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 2000/46/EC, Official Journal L 267, 10/10/2009 P. 0007 - 0017|access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> Doubts on the real nature of EU electronic money have arisen, since calls have been made in connection with the 2007 EU [[Payment Services Directive]] in favor of merging payment institutions and electronic money institutions. Such a merger could mean that electronic money is of the same nature as [[Demand deposit|bank money]] or [[Demand deposit|scriptural money]].

In the United States, electronic money is governed by Article 4A of the [[Uniform Commercial Code]] for wholesale transactions and the [[Electronic Fund Transfer Act]] for consumer transactions. Provider's responsibility and consumer's liability are regulated under Regulation E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fdic.gov/news/news/financial/2009/fil09066.pdf|title=ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFER ACT (REGULATION E)|website=Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.occ.gov/topics/bank-operations/bit/intro-to-electronic-money-issues-appendix.pdf|title=In Introduction to Electronic Money Issues - Appendixes}}</ref>

==Regulation==
{{Globalize|section|date=October 2018}}

Virtual currencies pose challenges for central banks, financial regulators, departments or ministries of finance, as well as fiscal authorities and statistical authorities.

==Adoption by governments==
As of 2016, over 24 countries are investing in distributed ledger technologies (DLT) with $1.4bn in investments. In addition, over 90 [[central bank]]s are engaged in DLT discussions, including implications of a [[Central bank digital currency|central bank issued digital currency]].<ref name="econotimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.econotimes.com/BoE-explores-implications-of-blockchain-and-central-bank-issued-digital-currency-277718 |title=BoE explores implications of blockchain and central bank-issued digital currency |website=EconoTimes.com |date=2016-09-09 |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref>
* [[Hong Kong]]'s [[Octopus card]] system: Launched in 1997 as an electronic purse for public transportation, is the most successful and mature implementation of contactless smart cards used for mass transit payments. After only 5 years, 25 percent of Octopus card transactions are unrelated to transit, and accepted by more than 160 merchants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smartcardalliance.org/resources/lib/Hong_Kong_Octopus_Card.pdf|title=Hong Kong Octopus Card|date=2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215094352/http://www.smartcardalliance.org/resources/lib/Hong_Kong_Octopus_Card.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[London]] Transport’s [[Oyster card]] system: Oyster is a plastic smartcard that can hold pay-as-you-go credit, Travelcards and Bus & Tram season tickets. An Oyster card can be used to travel on bus, Tube, tram, DLR, London Overground and most National Rail services in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/oyster/what-is-oyster?intcmp=1685|title=What is Oyster?}}</ref>
* [[Japan]]'s [[FeliCa]]: A contactless RFID [[smart card]], used in a variety of ways such as in ticketing systems for public transportation, e-money, and residence door keys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sony.net/Products/felica/about/|title="Contactless" convenience with Sony's FeliCa}}</ref>
* The [[Netherlands]]' [[Chipknip]]: As an electronic cash system used in the Netherlands, all ATM cards issued by the Dutch banks had value that could be loaded via Chipknip loading stations. For people without a bank, pre-paid Chipknip cards could be purchased at various locations in the Netherlands. As of 1 January 2015, payment can no longer be made with Chipknip.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chipknip.nl/|title=Home - Chipknip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129083505/https://www.chipknip.nl/|archive-date=29 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Belgium]]'s [[Proton (bank card)|Proton]]: An [[electronic purse]] application for [[debit cards]] in Belgium. Introduced in February 1995, as a means to replace cash for small transactions. The system was retired on 31 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ing.be/en/retail/Pages/ProtonFAQ.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150418214450/https://www.ing.be/en/retail/Pages/ProtonFAQ.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-18|title=Proton}}</ref>
In March 2018, the [[Marshall Islands]] became the first country to issue their own cryptocurrency and certify it as legal tender; the currency is called the "sovereign".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-crypto-currencies-marshall-islands/marshall-islands-to-issue-own-sovereign-cryptocurrency-idUSKCN1GC2UD|title=Marshall Islands to issue own sovereign cryptocurrency|work=Reuters|access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>

=== United States of America ===

==== US Commodity Futures Trading Commission guidance ====
The US [[Commodity Futures Trading Commission]] (CFTC) has determined virtual currencies are properly defined as commodities in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 October 2017|title=A CFTC Primer on Virtual Currencies|url=https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/idc/groups/public/documents/file/labcftc_primercurrencies100417.pdf|website=Commodity Futures Trading Commission}}</ref> The [[Commodity Futures Trading Commission|CFTC]] warned investors against [[pump and dump]] schemes that use virtual currencies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2018|title=Customer Advisory: Beware Virtual Currency Pump-and-DumpSchemes|url=https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/idc/groups/public/%40customerprotection/documents/file/customeradvisory_pumpdump0218.pdf|website=Commodity Futures Trading Commission}}</ref>

==== US Internal Revenue Service guidance ====
The [[US Internal Revenue Service]] (IRS) ruling Notice 2014-21<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014|title=US IRS Notice 2014-21|url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-14-21.pdf|website=US Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> defines any virtual currency, cryptocurrency and digital currency as property; gains and losses are taxable within standard property policies.

==== US Treasury guidance ====
On 20 March 2013, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network issued a guidance to clarify how the U.S. [[Bank Secrecy Act]] applied to persons creating, exchanging, and transmitting virtual currencies.<ref name="FinCEN">{{cite web|date=18 March 2013|title=FIN-2013-G001: Application of FinCEN's Regulations to Persons Administering, Exchanging, or Using Virtual Currencies|url=http://www.fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319213642/http://fincen.gov/statutes_regs/guidance/html/FIN-2013-G001.html|archive-date=19 March 2013|access-date=29 May 2015|publisher=Financial Crimes Enforcement Network|page=6}}</ref>

====US Securities and Exchange Commission guidance====
In May 2014 the US [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) "warned about the hazards of bitcoin and other virtual currencies".{{cn|date=August 2021}}

====New York state regulation====
In July 2014, the [[New York State Department of Financial Services]] proposed the most comprehensive regulation of virtual currencies to date, commonly called [[BitLicense]]. It has gathered input from bitcoin supporters and the financial industry through public hearings and a comment period until 21 October 2014 to customize the rules. The proposal per NY DFS press release "sought to strike an appropriate balance that helps protect consumers and root out illegal activity".{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} It has been criticized by smaller companies to favor established institutions, and Chinese bitcoin exchanges have complained that the rules are "overly broad in its application outside the United States".<ref>{{cite news|author1=SydneyEmber|date=21 August 2014|title=More Comments Invited for Proposed Bitcoin Rule|work=DealBook|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/08/21/more-comments-invited-for-proposed-bitcoin-rules/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0|access-date=3 October 2014|ref=nyt814}}</ref>

===Canada===
The [[Bank of Canada]] have explored the possibility of creating a version of its currency on the blockchain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euromoney.com/Article/3595010/Celent-calls-on-central-banks-to-issue-their-own-digital-currencies.html |title=Celent calls on central banks to issue their own digital currencies /Euromoney magazine |website=Euromoney.com |date=2016-10-20 |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref>

The Bank of Canada teamed up with the nation’s five largest banks – and the blockchain consulting firm R3 – for what was known as Project Jasper. In a simulation run in 2016, the central bank issued CAD-Coins onto a blockchain similar [[Ethereum]].<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/business/dealbook/central-banks-consider-bitcoins-technology-if-not-bitcoin.html|title=Central Banks Consider Bitcoin's Technology, if Not Bitcoin|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref> The banks used the CAD-Coins to exchange money the way they do at the end of each day to settle their master accounts.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

===China===
{{main|Digital RMB}}
In 2016, Fan Yifei, a deputy governor of China's central bank, the [[People's Bank of China]] (PBOC), wrote that "the conditions are ripe for digital currencies, which can reduce operating costs, increase efficiency and enable a wide range of new applications".<ref name="nytimes.com"/> According to Fan Yifei, the best way to take advantage of the situation is for central banks to take the lead, both in supervising private digital currencies and in developing digital legal tender of their own.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-01/on-digital-currencies-central-banks-should-lead |title=On Digital Currencies, Central Banks Should Lead - Bloomberg View |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref>

In October 2019, the PBOC announced that a digital [[renminbi]] would be released after years of preparation.<ref name=nikkeiasia-20191231>{{cite news |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/China-s-digital-yuan-takes-shape-with-new-encryption-law |title=China's digital yuan takes shape with new encryption law |last=Tabeta |first=Shunsuke |website=Nikkei Asia |date=31 December 2019 |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> The version of the currency, known as DCEP ([[Digital Currency Electronic Payment]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/press-releases/2019/11/20191106-3/|title=Hong Kong Monetary Authority - Hong Kong FinTech Week 2019|last=Authority|first=Hong Kong Monetary|website=Hong Kong Monetary Authority|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> is based on [[cryptocurrency]] which can be "decoupled" from the banking system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/business/banking-finance/article/3036543/chinas-digital-currency-tsar-says-e-payment-platforms-may|title=Digital yuan tsar gives green light for tourists to go cashless in China|date=2019-11-06|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> The announcement received a variety of responses: some regard it as an attempt of the Chinese government to circumvent US dollars in international banking and settlement of payments, thereby disrupting or weakening America's ability to leverage the dollar as the [[world currency]] to pursue its broader geopolitical interests,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ambcrypto.com/chinas-digital-yuan-will-be-the-weapon-of-de-dollarization/|title=China's digital yuan will be the 'weapon' of de-dollarization - AMBCrypto|website=ambcrypto.com|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> while others believe it is more about domestic control and surveillance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-markets-digital-currency-idUSKBN1XB3QP|title=China's proposed digital currency more about policing than progress|date=2019-11-01|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-11-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://u.today/ethereum-co-founder-chinas-dcep-is-not-about-decentralization-it-is-about-financial-control|title=Ethereum Co-Founder: China's DCEP Is Not about Decentralization, It Is about Financial Control|date=2019-11-06|work=U.Today|access-date=2019-11-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2020, the PBOC distributed {{CNY|20}} million worth of digital renminbi to the residents of [[Suzhou]] through a lottery program to further promote the government-backed digital currency. Recipients of the currency could make both offline and online purchases, expanding on an earlier trial that did not require internet connection through the inclusion of online stores in the program. Around 20,000 transactions were reported by the e-commerce company [[JD.com]] in the first 24 hours of the trial. Contrary to other [[online payment]] platforms such as [[Alipay]] or [[WeChat Pay]], the digital currency does not have transaction fees.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cheng|first=Jonathan|date=2020-12-27|title=China Envisions Its Digital-Currency Future, With Lotteries and a Year's Worth of Laundry|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-envisions-its-digital-currency-future-with-lotteries-and-a-years-worth-of-laundry-11609066819|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

===Denmark===
The Danish government proposed getting rid of the obligation for selected retailers to accept payment in cash, moving the country closer to a "cashless" economy.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/denmark-cash-idUSL5N0XX2ZQ20150506 |title=Denmark proposes cash-free shops to cut retail costs |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2015-05-06 |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref> The Danish Chamber of Commerce is backing the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/05/22/denmark-paper-money/ |title=Cashless society: Denmark to allow shops to ban paper money |website=Fortune.com |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref> Nearly a third of the Danish population uses [[MobilePay]], a smartphone application for transferring money.<ref name="reuters.com"/>

=== Ecuador ===
A law passed by the [[National Assembly of Ecuador]] gives the government permission to make payments in electronic currency and proposes the creation of a national digital currency. "Electronic money will stimulate the economy; it will be possible to attract more Ecuadorian citizens, especially those who do not have checking or savings accounts and credit cards alone. The electronic currency will be backed by the assets of the Central Bank of Ecuador", the National Assembly said in a statement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ecuador-create-government-run-digital-currency-it-bans-bitcoin-1458280 |title=Ecuador to Create Government-Run Digital Currency as It Bans Bitcoin |website=International Business Times|date=2014-07-25 |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref> In December 2015, Sistema de Dinero Electrónico ("electronic money system") was launched, making Ecuador the first country with a state-run electronic payment system.<ref>{{cite web|author=Everett Rosenfeld |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/02/06/ecuador-becomes-the-first-country-to-roll-out-its-own-digital-durrency.html |title=Ecuador becomes the first country to roll out its own digital currency |website=Cnbc.com |date=2015-02-09 |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref>

=== El Salvador ===
On Jun 9, 2021, the [[Legislative Assembly of El Salvador]] has become the first country in the world to officially classify [[Bitcoin]] as [[Legal tender|legal currency]]. Starting 90 days after approval, every business must accept [[Bitcoin]] as legal tender for goods or services, unless it is unable to provide the technology needed to do the transaction.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-09|title=Bitcoin: El Salvador makes cryptocurrency legal tender|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57398274|access-date=2021-07-04}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
The [[De Nederlandsche Bank|Dutch central bank]] is experimenting with a blockchain-based virtual currency called "DNBCoin".<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Antony Peyton |url=http://www.bankingtech.com/524432/blockchain-goes-dutch/ |title=Blockchain goes Dutch » Banking Technology |website=Bankingtech.com |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref>

===India===
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is an instant real-time payment system developed by National Payments Corporation of India facilitating inter-bank transactions. The interface is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India and works by instantly transferring funds between two bank accounts on a mobile platform.
UPI is built over Immediate Payment Service for transferring funds. Being a digital payment system it is available 24*7 and across public holidays. Unlike traditional mobile wallets, which takes a specified amount of money from user and stores it in its own accounts, UPI withdraws and deposits funds directly from the bank account whenever a transaction is requested. It uses Virtual Payment Address (a unique ID provided by the bank), Account Number with IFS Code, Mobile Number with MMID (Mobile Money Identifier), Aadhaar Number, or a one-time use Virtual ID. A UPI-PIN (UPI Personal Identification number that one creates on the UPI app of the bank) is required to confirm each payment.

===Russia===
Government-controlled [[Sberbank of Russia]] owns [[Yandex.Money]] – electronic payment service and digital currency of the same name.<ref>{{cite web|author=Andrii Degeler |url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2012/12/19/yandex-sells-its-electronic-payment-system-to-russias-largest-bank-sberbank/ |title=Yandex Sells 75% Of Yandex.Money To Sberbank For $60M |website=Thenextweb.com |date=2012-12-19 |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref>

===Sweden===
[[Sweden]] is in the process of replacing all of its physical banknotes, and most of its coins by mid-2017.{{needs update|date=May 2021}} However, the new banknotes and coins of the [[Swedish krona]] will probably be circulating at about half the 2007 peak of 12,494 kronor per capita. The [[Riksbank]] is planning to begin discussions of an electronic currency issued by the central bank to which "is not to replace cash, but to act as complement to it".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riksbank.se/en/Press-and-published/Speeches/2016/Skingsley-Should-the-Riksbank-issue-e-krona/|title=Skingsley: Should the Riksbank issue e-krona?|last=Riksbanken|website=www.riksbank.se|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221093204/http://www.riksbank.se/en/Press-and-published/Speeches/2016/Skingsley-Should-the-Riksbank-issue-e-krona/|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Deputy Governor [[Cecilia Skingsley]] states that cash will continue to spiral out of use in Sweden, and while it is currently fairly easy to get cash in Sweden, it is often very difficult to deposit it into bank accounts, especially in rural areas. No decision has been currently made about the decision to create "e-krona".

In her speech,{{when|date=May 2021}} Skingsley states: "The first question is whether e-krona should be booked in accounts or whether the ekrona should be some form of a digitally transferable unit that does not need an underlying account structure, roughly like cash." Skingsley also states: "Another important question is whether the Riksbank should issue e-krona directly to the general public or go via the banks, as we do now with banknotes and coins." Other questions will be addressed like interest rates, should they be positive, negative, or zero?{{cn|date=May 2021}}

===Switzerland===
In 2016, a [[city government]] first accepted digital currency in payment of city fees. [[Zug, Switzerland]], added bitcoin as a means of paying small amounts, up to {{CHF|200}}, in a test and an attempt to advance Zug as a region that is advancing future technologies. In order to reduce risk, Zug immediately converts any bitcoin received into the Swiss currency.<ref name=dwf20160701>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.com/en/alpine-crypto-valley-pays-with-bitcoins/a-19371082? |last=Uhlig/jse |first=Christian |title=Alpine 'Crypto Valley' pays with Bitcoins |work=DW Finance |date=1 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160920160330/http://www.dw.com/en/alpine-crypto-valley-pays-with-bitcoins/a-19371082? |archive-date=20 September 2016 |access-date=20 September 2016}}</ref> [[Swiss Federal Railways]], government-owned railway company of Switzerland, sells bitcoins at its ticket machines.<ref name="sbb.ch">{{cite web|url=https://www.sbb.ch/en/station-services/at-the-station/services-from-the-ticket-machine/bitcoin.html |title=SBB: Make quick and easy purchases with Bitcoin |website=Sbb.ch |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref>

===UK===
In 2016, the UK's chief scientific adviser, [[Mark Walport|Sir Mark Walport]], advised the government to consider using a blockchain-based digital currency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-35344843 |title=Government urged to use Bitcoin-style digital ledgers|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref>

The chief economist of [[Bank of England]], the central bank of the United Kingdom, proposed the abolition of paper currency. The Bank has also taken an interest in blockchain.<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Szu Ping Chan |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/09/11/inside-the-bank-of-englands-vaults-can-cash-survive/ |title=Inside the Bank of England's vaults: can cash survive? |website=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2016-09-13 |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref> In 2016 it has embarked on a multi-year research programme to explore the implications of a central bank issued digital currency.<ref name="econotimes.com"/> The Bank of England has produced several research papers on the topic. One suggests that the economic benefits of issuing a digital currency on a distributed ledger could add as much as 3 percent to a country's economic output.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> The Bank said that it wanted the next version of the bank’s basic software infrastructure to be compatible with distributed ledgers.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

==Adoption by financial actors==
Government attitude dictates the tendency among established heavy financial actors that both are risk-averse and conservative. None of these offered services around cryptocurrencies and much of the criticism came from them.

"The first mover among these has been [[Fidelity Investments]], [[Boston]] based [[Fidelity Digital Assets]] LLC will provide enterprise-grade custody solutions, a cryptocurrency trading execution platform and institutional advising services 24 hours a day, seven days a week designed to align with blockchain's always-on trading cycle".<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeldelcastillo/2018/10/15/fidelity-launches-institutional-platform-for-bitcoin-and-ethereum/#a5ea5ae93c46 Fidelity Launches Institutional Platform For Bitcoin And Ethereum</ref> It will work with [[Bitcoin]] and [[Ethereum]] with general availability scheduled for 2019.{{needs update|date=May 2021}}

== Hard vs. soft digital currencies ==
Hard electronic currency does not have the ability to be disputed or reversed when used. It is nearly impossible to reverse a transaction, justified or not. It is very similar to cash.

Soft electronic currencies are the opposite of hard electronic currencies. Payments can be reversed. Usually, when a payment is reversed there is a "clearing time." A hard currency can be "softened" with a third-party service.

== Criticism ==
Many existing digital currencies have not yet seen widespread usage, and may not be easily used or exchanged. Banks generally do not accept or offer services for them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/banks-mostly-avoid-providing-bitcoin-servicesthe-bitcoin-banking-blues-1387745329|title=Banks Mostly Avoid Providing Bitcoin Services|first=Robin|last=Sidel|date=22 December 2013|access-date=19 November 2017|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> There are concerns that cryptocurrencies are extremely risky due to their very high [[Volatility (finance)|volatility]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Tucker |first=Toph |title=Bitcoin's Volatility Problem: Why Today's Selloff Won't Be the Last |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-12-05/bitcoins-volatility-problem-why-todays-sell-off-wont-be-the-last |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> and potential for [[pump and dump]] schemes.<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Grady |first=Jason D. |title=A crypto-currency primer: Bitcoin vs. Litecoin |url=http://www.zdnet.com/a-crypto-currency-primer-bitcoin-vs-litecoin-7000024301/ |work=ZDNet |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> Regulators in several countries have warned against their use and some have taken concrete regulatory measures to dissuade users.<ref>{{cite book|author1= Frances Schwartzkopff |author2=Peter Levring|title= Bitcoins Spark Regulatory Crackdown as Denmark Drafts Rules|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-17/bitcoin-rules-drafted-in-denmark-as-regulator-warns-against-use.html |date=18 December 2013 |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> The non-cryptocurrencies are all [[centralized]]. As such, they may be shut down or seized by a government at any time.<ref name=egold>{{cite news |last=Zetter |first=Kim |title=Bullion and Bandits: The Improbable Rise and Fall of E-Gold |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/06/e-gold/ |work=Wired |date=9 June 2009 |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> The more anonymous a currency is, the more attractive it is to criminals, regardless of the intentions of its creators.<ref name="egold"/> Bitcoin has also been criticised for its energy inefficient SHA-256-based [[proof of work]].<ref name="hadc">{{cite book |title=Handbook of Digital Currency: Bitcoin, Innovation, Financial Instruments, and Big Data |last=Lee |first=David |author2=Kuo Chuen |year=2015 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780128023518 |page=211 |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=RfWcBAAAQBA |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref>

==List==
===Non-cryptocurrencies===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Currency !! Code !! Year Est. !! Active !! Founder !! [[Monetary base]] (April 2013) !! Notes
|-
| [[Beenz]] |||| 1998 || {{No}} || Charles Cohen<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehustle.co/beenz-pre-bitcoin-digital-currency|title=A decade before crypto, one digital currency conquered the world – then failed spectacularly|date=2018-07-01|website=The Hustle|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref>|| {{n/a}} ||
|-
| [[e-gold]] |||| 1996 || {{No}} || Gold & Silver Reserve Inc. || {{n/a}} ||
|-
| [[Digital Monetary Trust#DMT rand|Rand]] |||| 1999 || {{No}} || [[James Orlin Grabbe]] || {{n/a}} || Not related to [[South African rand]]
|-
| [[Ven (currency)|Ven]] |||| 2007 || {{yes}} || [[Hub Culture]] || {{n/a}} ||
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Alternative currency]]
* [[Automated clearing house]]
* [[Cashless catering]]
* [[Cashless society]]
* [[Community Exchange System]]
* [[Cryptocurrency exchange]]
* [[Cryptocurrency wallet]]
* [[Central bank digital currency]]
* [[Digital wallet]]
* [[E-commerce payment system]]
* [[Electronic Money Association]]
* [[Electronic funds transfer]]
* [[Local exchange trading system]]
* [[Payment system]]
* [[Private currency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Digital currency}}

{{Cryptocurrencies|state=expanded}}

{{Portal bar|Economics|Numismatics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Digital currencies| ]]

J. JayaLalitha

2021-09-11T14:42:22Z

ManiUk: J. Jayalalitha

{{short description|Indian politician and actress, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1948–2016)}}
{{Indian name|Jayalalithaa|Jayaram}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. Jayalalithaa
| image = J Jayalalithaa.jpg
| caption = Jayalalithaa in August 2015
| office = 5th [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 23 May 2015
| term_end = 5 December 2016
| governor = {{ubl|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| constituency = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2011
| term_end1 = 27 September 2014
| governor1 = {{ubl|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor1 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| constituency1 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start2 = 2 March 2002
| term_end2 = 12 May 2006
| governor2 = {{ubl|[[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]]|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]}}
| predecessor2 = M. Karunanidhi
| successor2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency2 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start3 = 14 May 2001
| term_end3 = 21 September 2001
| governor3 = {{ubl|[[Fathima Beevi]]|[[C. Rangarajan]] (Additional Charge)}}
| predecessor3 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor3 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| constituency3 = ''Did not contest''
| term_start4 = 24 June 1991
| term_end4 = 12 May 1996
| governor4 = {{ubl|[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]|[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]}}
| predecessor4 = [[President's rule]]
| successor4 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency4 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 3 April 1984
| term_end5 = 28 January 1989
| 1blankname5 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]|[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]|[[N. D. Tiwari]]|[[P. Shiv Shankar]]}}
| predecessor5 = [[Sathyavani Muthu]]
| successor5 = [[Tha. Kiruttinan]]
| constituency5 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office6 = [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 29 May 2006
| term_end6 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor6 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor6 = [[Vijayakanth|Vijayakant]]
| constituency6 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| term_start7 = 9 February 1989
| term_end7 = 30 November 1989
| predecessor7 = [[O. Subramanian]]
| successor7 = [[S. R. Eradha]]
| constituency7 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office8 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 4 July 2015
| term_end8 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata8 = ''Herself''
| predecessor8 = [[P. Vetrivel]]
| successor8 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| constituency8 = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start9 = 23 May 2011
| term_end9 = 27 September 2014
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = ''Herself''
| predecessor9 = [[M. Paranjothi]]
| successor9 = [[S. Valarmathi]]
| constituency9 = [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| term_start10 = 24 February 2002
| term_end10 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname10 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata10 = {{ubl|''Herself''|[[M. Karunanidhi]]}}
| predecessor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| successor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| constituency10 = [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
| term_start11 = 1 July 1991
| term_end11 = 12 May 1996
| 1blankname11 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata11 = ''Herself''
| predecessor11 = [[K. R. Rajendran]]
| successor11 = [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
| constituency11 = [[Bargur (state assembly constituency)|Bargur]]
| term_start12 = 6 February 1989
| term_end12 = 30 January 1991
| 1blankname12 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata12 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor12 = [[K. S. M. Ramachandran]]
| successor12 = [[V. Panneerselvam]]
| constituency12 = [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office13 = General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start13 = 9 February 1989
| term_end13 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname13 = Inaugural Holder
| 1namedata13 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor13 = S. Raghavanandam
| successor13 = [[V. K. Sasikala]]
| office14 = [[Ministry of propaganda|Propaganda Secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start14 = 1983
| term_end14 = 1984
| 1blankname14 = Party President
| 1namedata14 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| 2blankname14 = General Secretary
| 2namedata14 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1948|02|24}}
| birth_place = [[Melukote]], [[Mysore State]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|12|05|1948|02|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_cause = [[Cardiac Arrest]]
| resting_place = [[MGR Memorial|Puratchi Thalaivi Jayalalithaa Ninaividam]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] [[File:AIADMK Two Leaves.png|28x28px]]
| relatives = [[Deepa Jayakumar]] (niece)
| residence = Veda Nilayam 81, Poes Garden, [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]]|[[Sacred Heart Matriculation School|Church Park Presentation Convent]]|[[Stella Maris College, Chennai]]}}
| profession = {{hlist|Film actress|writer|politician|philanthropist}}
| awards = * [[Honorary Doctorate]] (1991)
* [[Kalaimamani]] (1972)
| signature = Jayalalithaa Signature.svg
| nickname = ''Amma'', ''Puratchi Thalaivi'', ''Thanga Thaaragai'', ''Kalai Selvi'' , "Iron Lady of Tamilnadu".
}}

'''Jayaram Jayalalithaa'''{{efn|In 2001 Jayalalitha appended an additional letter "a" to her name for [[numerological]] reasons.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Shashi Tharoor]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020328012141/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2002 |title='Scrabble' in real life |date=23 December 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |title=Chasing The Poll Stars |author=Tusha Mittal|work=Tehelka |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172959/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/ |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}. May 2009.</ref>}} (24 February 1948 – 5 December 2016) was an Indian politician and film actress who served as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] for more than fourteen years between 1991 and 2016. From 9 February 1989, she was the general secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), a [[Dravidian party]] whose cadre revered her as their "''{{lang|ta|Amma}}''" (mother) and "{{lang|ta|'''Puratchi Thalaivi'''}}" (Revolutionary leader).<ref name="puratchithalavi">{{cite news|title=PURATCHI THALAIVI JAYALALITHAA|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Puratchi-Thalaivi-Jayalalithaa|access-date=18 December 2016|work=indiatimes.com|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her critics in the media and the opposition accused her of fostering a [[personality cult]] and of demanding absolute loyalty from AIADMK legislators and ministers, who often publicly [[Prostration|prostrated]] themselves before her.<ref name="outlook20110321" />

Jayalalithaa first came into prominence as a leading film actress in the mid-1960s. Though she had entered the profession reluctantly, upon the urging of her mother to support the family, Jayalalithaa worked prolifically. She appeared in [[Jayalalithaa filmography|140 films]] between 1961 and 1980, primarily in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] languages. Jayalalithaa received praise for her versatility as an actress and for her dancing skills, earning the sobriquet "Queen of Tamil Cinema".<ref name="jjte">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa death: Telugu stars mourn Amma's loss!|url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/jayalalithaa-death-telugu-stars-mourn-ammas-loss_1956451.html|access-date=18 December 2016|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Among her frequent co-stars was [[M. G. Ramachandran]], popularly known as M.G.R, a Tamil [[cultural icon]] who leveraged his immense popularity with the masses into a successful political career. In 1982, when M.G.R was chief minister, Jayalalithaa joined the AIADMK, the party he founded. Her political rise was rapid; within a few years she became AIADMK propaganda secretary and was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[upper house]] of [[India's Parliament]]. After M.G.R's death in 1987, Jayalalithaa proclaimed herself his political heir and, having fought off the faction headed by [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]], M.G.R's widow, emerged as the sole leader of the AIADMK. Following the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 election]], she became Leader of the Opposition to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-led government headed by [[M. Karunanidhi]], her ''bête noire''.

In [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]] Jayalalithaa became chief minister, Tamil Nadu's youngest, for the first time. She earned a reputation for centralizing state power among a coterie of bureaucrats; her [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]], whom she often shuffled around, were largely ceremonial in nature. The successful cradle-baby scheme, which enabled mothers to anonymously offer their newborns for adoption, emerged during this time. Despite an official salary of only a rupee a month, Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son in 1995. In the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 election]], the [[AIADMK]] was nearly wiped out at the hustings; Jayalalithaa herself lost her seat. The new [[Karunanidhi]] government filed several corruption cases against her, and she had to spend time in jail. Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|another general election]] just a year later.

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]]. Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Another period (2006–11) in the opposition followed, before Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidized {{lang|ta|"Amma"}}-branded goods such as canteens, bottled water, salt and cement. Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office. She returned as chief minister after being acquitted in May 2015. In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R in 1984 to be voted back into office. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalization, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest and became the first female chief minister in India to die in office.

On 29 May 2020, Jayalalithaa's nephew J. Deepak and niece [[Deepa Jayakumar]] were declared as her legal heirs by [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-s-niece-and-nephew-declared-legal-heirs-can-claim-her-properties-125374|title=Jayalalithaa’s niece and nephew declared legal heirs, can claim her properties|date=27 May 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

ISRO

2021-07-20T16:27:56Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{AFC submission/draft}}  {{Short description|India's national space agency}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=Octobe..."

{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{Short description|India's national space agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{About|the national space agency|the ministry responsible for the space program|Department of Space|the preceding agency|INCOSPAR|the space industry|Space industry of India}}
{{Infobox space agency
| name = Indian Space Research Organisation
| native_name_r = {{transl|hi|ISO|Bhāratīya Antarikṣ Anusandhān Saṅgaṭhan}}
| logo = Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_caption = ISRO logo (adopted in 2002)<ref name="SpaceIndia_Q2_2002"/><ref name="logo"/>
| acronym = ISRO
| parent_agency = [[Department of Space]]
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1969|8|15}}
| preceding1 = [[INCOSPAR]]
| headquarters = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|12|57|56|N|77|41|53|E|type:landmark_region:IN-KA|display=inline title}}
| employees = 17,099 as of 2021<ref name="AR_2020-21">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/anual_report_2020-2021_english.pdf|title=Annual Report 2020-21, Department of Space|date=4 March 2021|access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref>
| spaceports = {{hlist|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] {{small|(SDSC/SHAR)}}|[[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] {{small|(TERLS)}}|[[Kulasekharapatnam]], {{small|(proposed)}}}}
| leader_title = [[Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation|Chairman]]
| leader_name = [[Kailasavadivoo Sivan]] (''ex-officio'')<ref name="SCISRO">{{cite web |url = https://www.dos.gov.in/about-isro/chairman-isro-secretary-dos |title = Chairman ISRO, Secretary DOS |website = Department of Space, [[Government of India]] |access-date = 23 January 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180124005721/https://www.dos.gov.in/about-isro/chairman-isro-secretary-dos |archive-date = 24 January 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref>
| budget = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|13949|c|lk=on|year=2021}} {{small|(2021–22)}} <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-01|title=Union Budget 2021: Dept of Space allocated Rs 13,949 cr in budget, Rs 4,449 cr more than last fiscal|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/union-budget-2021-dept-of-space-allocated-rs-13949-cr-in-budget-rs-4449-cr-more-than-last-fiscal/2184382/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
| website ={{url|www.isro.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Indian Space Research Organisation'''{{efn|[[ISO 15919]]: {{transl|hi|ISO|Bhāratīya Antarikṣ Anusandhān Saṅgaṭhan}} {{transl|hi|ISO|Bhāratīya Antrikṣ Anusandhān Saṅgaṭhan}}}} ('''ISRO''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|s|r|oʊ}}) or ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] : '''Bhāratīya Antrikṣ Anusandhān Saṅgaṭhan''') is the [[Government space agency|national space agency]] of [[India]], headquartered in [[Bengaluru]]. It operates under [[Department of Space]] (DOS) which is directly overseen by the [[Prime Minister of India]], while [[Chairman of ISRO]] acts as executive of DOS as well. ISRO is the primary agency in India to perform tasks related to space based applications, [[space exploration]] and development of related technologies.<ref name="isro_aboutus"/> It is one of six government space agencies in the world which possess full launch capabilities, deploy [[Cryogenic rocket engine|cryogenic engines]], launch [[List of Solar System probes|extraterrestrial missions]] and operate large fleets of artificial satellites.<ref name="Cryo14"/>{{sfn|Harvey|Smid|Pirard|2011|pp=144–}}{{efn|[[CNSA]] (China), [[European Space Agency|ESA]] (most of Europe), ISRO, (India), [[JAXA]] (Japan), [[NASA]] (United States) and [[Roscosmos]] (Russia) are space agencies with full launch capabilities.}}

The [[Indian National Committee for Space Research]] (INCOSPAR) was established by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] under the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) in 1962, on the urging of scientist [[Vikram Sarabhai]] recognising the need in space research. INCOSPAR grew and became ISRO in 1969, within DAE.<ref name="DAE"/> In 1972, the Government of India had set up a Space Commission and the [[Department of Space]] (DOS), bringing ISRO under the DOS. The establishment of ISRO thus institutionalised space research activities in India.{{sfn|Bhargava|Chakrabarti|2003|pp=39}}{{sfn|Sadeh|2013|pp=303-}} It since then has been managed by the DOS, which governs various other institutions in India in domain of astronomy and space technology.<ref name="DOSHQ"/>

ISRO built India's first [[satellite]], [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]], which was [[Interkosmos|launched by the Soviet Union]] on 19 April 1975.<ref name="Aryabhatta"/> In 1980, ISRO launched satellite [[Rohini (satellite)|RS-1]] onboard its own [[SLV-3]] making India the [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|sixth country]] to be capable of undertaking orbital launches. SLV-3 was followed by [[ASLV]] which was subsequently succeeded by development of many [[Medium-lift launch vehicle|medium-lift launch vehicles]], rocket engines, satellite systems and networks enabling agency to launch hundreds of domestic and foreign satellites and various deep space missions for [[space exploration]].

ISRO was the world's first space agency to find water on the moon<ref name="THMoon"/> and insert a probe in orbit of Mars in its maiden attempt. It has the world's largest constellation of remote-sensing satellites and operates two [[satellite navigation]] systems namely [[GAGAN]] and [[NAVIC]].

Goals in near future include expanding satellites fleet, [[Chandrayaan-3|landing a rover on Moon]], [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme|sending humans into space]], [[SCE-200|development of a semi-cryogenic engine]], sending more unmanned missions to [[Exploration of Moon|moon]], [[Exploration of Mars|Mars]], [[Exploration of Venus|Venus]] and [[Sun]] and [[List of space telescopes|deployment of more space telescopes]] in orbit to observe consmic phenomena and outerspace beyond solar system. Long term plans include development of [[Reusable launch vehicle|reusable launchers]], [[Heavy-lift launch vehicle|heavy]] and [[Super heavy-lift launch vehicle|super heavy launch vehicles]], deploying a [[space station]], sending exploration missions to external planets like [[Exploration of Jupiter|Jupiter]], [[Exploration of Uranus|Uranus]], [[Exploration of Neptune|Neptune]] and asteroids and manned missions to Moon and planets.

ISRO's programs have played a significant role in the socio-economic development of India and have supported both civilian and military domains in various aspects including disaster management, telemedicine and navigation and reconnaissance missions. [[ISRO spinoff technologies|ISRO's spin off technologies]] also have founded many crucial innovations for India's engineering and medical industries.

== History ==
=== Formative years ===
[[File:TERLS-03.jpg|thumb| An [[Arcas (rocket)|Arcas rocket]] being loaded into launch tube at [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station|Thumba Launching Station]]. In the early days of ISRO, rocket parts were often transported on bicycles and bullock carts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/india-first-rocket-launched-from-a-church-isro-vssc-nike-apache-15606-2016-06-22|title=Transported on a bicycle, launched from a church: The fascinating story of India's first rocket launch|date=22 June 2016|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref>]]

Modern space research in India is traced to the 1920s, when scientist [[Sisir Kumar Mitra|S. K. Mitra]] conducted a series of experiments leading to the sounding of the [[ionosphere]] by applying ground-based radio methods in [[Kolkata]].{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=486}} Later, Indian scientists like [[C.V. Raman]] and [[Meghnad Saha]] contributed to scientific principles applicable in space sciences.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=486}} However, it was the period after 1945 that saw important developments being made in coordinated space research in India.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=486}} Organised space research in India was spearheaded by two scientists: [[Vikram Sarabhai]]—founder of the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] at [[Ahmedabad]]—and [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]], who established the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] in 1945.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=486}} Initial experiments in space sciences included the study of [[cosmic rays|cosmic radiation]], high altitude and airborne testing, deep underground experimentation at the [[Particle experiments at Kolar Gold Fields|Kolar mines]]—one of the deepest mining sites in the world—and studies of the [[Earth's atmosphere|upper atmosphere]].{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=487}} Studies were carried out at research laboratories, universities, and independent locations.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=487}}{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=488}}

In 1950, the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] was founded with Bhabha as its [[Secretary to the Government of India|secretary]].{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=488}} The department provided funding for space research throughout India.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=489}} During this time, tests continued on aspects of [[meteorology]] and the [[Earth's magnetic field]], a topic that was being studied in India since the establishment of the observatory at [[Colaba]] in 1823. In 1954, the Uttar Pradesh state observatory was established at the foothills of the Himalayas.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=488}} The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]. Space research was further encouraged by the government of India.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=489}} In 1957, the [[Soviet Union]] launched [[Sputnik 1]] and opened up possibilities for the rest of the world to conduct a space launch.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=489}}

The [[Indian National Committee for Space Research]] (INCOSPAR) was set up in 1962 by [[PM Nehru]] on the urging of [[Vikram Sarabhai]].{{sfn|Sadeh|2013|pp=303-}} There was no dedicated ministry for space program initially and all activities of INCOSPAR relating to space technology continued to function within DAE.<ref name="DAE">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dae.nic.in/?q=node%2F394 |title=Government of India Atomic Energy Commission | Department of Atomic Energy |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829222918/http://dae.nic.in/?q=node%2F394 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Bhargava|Chakrabarti|2003|pp=39}} [[H.G.S. Murthy]] was appointed as the first Director of [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]].<ref>https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096</ref> [[Sounding rocket|Sounding rockets]] from Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station were fired marking the start of upper atmospheric research in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro |title=About ISRO - ISRO |access-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328065955/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Indigenous series of sounding rockets named [[Rohini (rocket family)|Rohini]] was subsequently developed and started undergoing launches from 1967 onwards.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chari|first=Sridhar K|title=Sky is not the limit|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060722/saturday/main1.htm|access-date=14 March 2021|newspaper=The Tribune|date=22 July 2006}}</ref>

=== 1970s and 1980s ===
Under the administration of [[Indira Gandhi]], INCOSPAR was superseded by ISRO. Later in 1972, a space commission and [[Department of Space]] (DOS) were set up to overview space technology development in India specifically and ISRO was brought under DOS, institutionalising space research in India and forging Indian space program into its existing form.{{sfn|Bhargava|Chakrabarti|2003|pp=39}}<ref name="DOSHQ">{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/department-of-space-and-isro-hq |title=Department of Space and ISRO HQ - ISRO |access-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328053630/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/department-of-space-and-isro-hq |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

India joined the Soviet [[Interkosmos]] program for space cooperation<ref name="Sheehan">{{cite book|last=Sheehan|first=Michael|title=The international politics of space|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-39917-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Z0kfqPHy8C|location=London|pages=59–61}}</ref> and got its first satellite [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhatta]] in orbit through a Soviet rocket.<ref name="Aryabhatta">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1|title=Aryabhata – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200808/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Efforts to develop an orbital launch vehicle begun after mastering sounding rocket technology. Concept was to develop a launcher capable of providing sufficient velocity to a mass of {{cvt|35|kg}} to enter [[Low earth orbit|LEO]]. It took 7 years for ISRO to develop [[Satellite Launch Vehicle]] capable of putting {{cvt|40|kg}} into a {{cvt|400|km}} orbit. [[SLV Launch Pad]], ground stations, tracking networks, radars and other communications were set up for launch campaign. Its first launch in 1979 carried a [[Rohini (satellite)|Rohini technology payload]] but couldn't inject satellite into its desired orbit. It was followed by a successful launch in 1980 carrying [[Rohini (satellite)|Rohini Series-I]] satellite making India the seventh country to reach earth's orbit after USSR, USA, France, [[Prospero (spacecraft)|United Kingdom]], China and Japan. RS-1 was third Indian satellite to reach orbit as [[Bhaskara (satellite)|Bhaskara]] had been launched from USSR in 1979. Efforts to develop a [[medium-lift launch vehicle]] capable of putting {{cvt|600|kg}} class spacecrafts into 1000 km [[sun-synchronous orbit]] had already begun in 1978<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbbMj56ht8sC&pg=PA215|title=Indian ambitions in space go sky-high|date=22 January 1981|publisher=New Scientist|page=215}}</ref> which would later lead to development of [[PSLV]].<ref name="SLVFlipbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/58-SI-Jul-Sep-05/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|title=First Successful Launch of SLV-3 - Silver Jubilee|publisher=ISRO|access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref> [[SLV-3]] later had two more launches before discontinual in 1983.<ref name=slv>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/slv|title=SLV|publisher=isro.gov.in|access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref> ISRO's [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC) was set up in 1985 and started working on a more powerful engine [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas]] based upon French [[Viking (rocket engine)|Viking]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George Paul|title=History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines|date=2006|publisher=AIAA|isbn=9781563476495|page=799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1C9Oo2I4VYC&pg=PA799|language=en}}</ref> In 1987, facilities to test liquid fueled rocket engines was established and development and testing of various rocket engines [[Thrusters (spacecraft)|thrusters]] began.<ref name="lpsctimeline">{{Cite web|title=Timeline of LPSC|url=https://www.lpsc.gov.in/timeline.html|work=Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre|access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref>

Parallelly, another solid fueled rocket [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle]] based upon SLV-3 was being developed technologies to launch satellites into [[geostationary orbit]]. ASLV had limited success and multiple launch failures was discontinued soon.<ref name=ITASLV>{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Amarnath|title=Setback in the sky|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/failure-of-aslv-mission-comes-a-major-blow-to-india-ambitious-space-programme/1/336942.html|access-date=18 January 2014|newspaper=India Today|date=15 April 1987}}</ref> Alongside, technologies for [[Indian National Satellite System]] for communication satellites<ref>{{Cite web|title=Communication Satellites|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/communication-satellites|work=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=2021-03-16}}</ref> and [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme]] for earth observation satellites<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Navalgund|first1=R. R.|last2=Kasturirangan|first2=K.|date=1983-12-01|title=The Indian remote sensing satellite: a programme overview|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences Section C: Engineering Sciences|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|pages=313–336|doi=10.1007/BF02881137|issn=0973-7677|doi-broken-date=31 May 2021|bibcode=1983InES....6..313N}}</ref> were developed and launches from overseas initiated. Number of satellites eventually expanded and systems were established as among largest satellite constellations in the world with a number of multi-band communication, radar imaging, optical imaging and meteorological satellites.<ref name="IRSSaga">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/saga-of-indian-remote-sensing-satellite-system|title=The Saga of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2021-03-16}}</ref>

=== 1990s and early 21st Century ===
Arrival of PSLV in 1990s became a major boost for Indian space program. With the exception of its first flight in 1994 and two partial failures later, PSLV had a streak of more than 50 successful flights. PSLV enabled India to launch all of its [[Low earth orbit|LEO]] satellites, small payloads to [[Geostationary orbit|GTO]] and hundreds of [[List of foreign satellites launched by India|foreign satellites]].<ref>{{cite web|title=PSLV (1)|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv_1.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> Along with the flights of PSLV, development of a new rocket namely [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV) was going on. India tried to obtain upper-stage [[Cryogenic engine|cryogenic engines]] from Russian [[Glavkosmos]] but was blocked by United States from doing so. As a result, [[KVD-1]] engines were imported from Russia under new agreement which had limited success<ref name=flGSLVQuest>{{cite news| last=Subramanian| first=T S| title=The GSLV Quest| url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1806/18060820.htm |access-date=16 March 2021| newspaper=Frontline| date=March 17–31, 2001}}</ref> and a project to develop indigenous cryogenic technology was launched in 1994, which took two decades to mature.<ref name=GSLVGopalRaj>{{cite news| last=Raj| first=N Gopal| title=The long road to cryogenic technology| url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-long-road-to-cryogenic-technology/article397441.ece| access-date=12 December 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu| date=21 April 2011| location=Chennai, India}}</ref> A new agreement was signed with Russia for 7 [[KVD-1]] cryogenic stages and 1 ground mock-up stage with no technology transfer, instead of 5 cryogenic stages along with the technology and design as per the earlier agreement.<ref>{{cite news| last=Subramanian| first=T S| title=The cryogenic quest| url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090140.htm| access-date=13 December 2013| newspaper=Frontline| date=28 April – 11 May 2001}}</ref> These engines were used for the initial flights and were named GSLV Mk.1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why ISRO's New Engine and Mk III Rocket Are Reasons to Forget 1990 Cryogenic Scandal|url=https://thewire.in/138915/cryogenic-ce-20-isro-gslv-mk-iii/|website=The Wire|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref> ISRO was under US government sanctions between 6 May 1992 to 6 May 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2021|title=Master Sanctions Chart - State Department|url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/MASTER-Sanctions-chart-April-2021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504170258/https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/MASTER-Sanctions-chart-April-2021.pdf|archive-date=4 May 2021|access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref>

After US refused to help India with [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) during [[Kargil war]], ISRO was induced to develop its own satellite navigation system [[IRNSS]] which is now expanding further.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/How-Kargil-spurred-India-to-design-own-GPS/articleshow/33254691.cms|title = How Kargil spurred India to design own GPS|last = Srivastava|first = Ishan|date = 5 April 2014|access-date = 9 December 2014|work = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2003, when [[Shenzhou 5|China sent humans into space]], prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] urged scientists to develop technologies to land humans on Moon<ref>{{cite news| title = India 'on course' for the Moon| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2917271.stm | work=BBC News | date=2003-04-04 | access-date=2021-03-16}}</ref> and Indian programs to send missions to Moon, other planets and sending humans to space came into existence soon. ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-1]] in 2008, which was world's first probe to verify the presence of water on the Moon<ref name="THMoon">{{cite web|title=MIP detected water on Moon way back in June: ISRO Chairman|date=2009-09-25|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mip-detected-water-on-moon-way-back-in-june-isro-chairman/article24854.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2021-03-12}}</ref> and [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] in 2013 which was first Asian spacecraft to enter Martian orbit and India being first country to do so in maiden attempt.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/24/india-mars-satellite-successfully-enters-orbit |title=India's Mars satellite successfully enters orbit, bringing country into space elite |work=The Guardian |first=Jason |last=Burke |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=16 March 2021|quote=India has become the first nation to send a satellite into orbit around Mars on its first attempt, and the first Asian nation to do so.}}</ref> Subsequently, cryogenic upper stage for [[GSLV]] rocket operationalised making India sixth country to have full launch capabilities<ref name="Cryo14">{{Cite news|author=TE Narasimhan|date=2014-01-07|title=ISRO on cloud nine as India joins "cryo club"|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-on-cloud-nine-as-india-joins-cryo-club-114010700023_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|location=Chennai|access-date=2021-03-12}}</ref> and a new heavier-lift launcher [[GSLV Mk III]] was introduced in 2014 for heavier satellites and enabling human space missions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GSLV Mk III|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/gslv-mk-iii|publisher=ISRO|access-date=2021-03-16}}</ref> Since then, development of bigger rockets, more advanced satellites and spacecrafts has been going on.

=== Agency logo ===
ISRO did not have an official logo unlike other space agencies until 2002. The adopted logo is consisted of an orange aero shooting upwards attached with two blue colored satellite panels with the name of ISRO written in two sets of text. One in orange color in [[Devanagari]] on left side and another in blue color in English in Prakrta font.<ref name="SpaceIndia_Q2_2002">{{cite web |title = ISRO gets new identity |url = https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/47-SI-Apr-Jun-2002/files/assets/basic-html/page-15.html |publisher = Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date = 19 August 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005819/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/47-SI-Apr-Jun-2002/files/assets/basic-html/page-15.html |archive-date = 20 August 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="logo">{{cite news |title=A 'vibrant' new logo for ISRO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-vibrant-new-logo-for-Isro/articleshow/19567123.cms |access-date=19 August 2018 |agency=Times of India |date=19 August 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909102134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-vibrant-new-logo-for-Isro/articleshow/19567123.cms |archive-date=9 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Goals and objectives ==
[[File:Vikram Sarabhai.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Vikram Sarabhai]], first chairperson of [[INCOSPAR]], which would later be called [[ISRO]]]]

ISRO is the national space agency of India for the purpose of all space-based applications like reconnaissance & communications and doing research. It undertakes the design and development of space rockets, satellites, explores upper atmosphere and deep space exploration missions. ISRO also has incubated its technologies in India's private space sector boosting its growth.<ref name="isro_aboutus">{{cite web|url = http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vision-and-mission-statements|title = ISRO – Vision and Mission Statements|publisher = ISRO|access-date = 27 August 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150904080053/http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vision-and-mission-statements|archive-date = 4 September 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>{{sfn|Rajagopalan|Prasad|2017|pp=1-2}} The Indian space programme was founded and pushed ahead by the vision of [[Vikram Sarabhai]], considered the father of the Indian space programme.{{sfn|Burleson|2005|page=136}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-vikram-ambalal-sarabhai-1963-1971 |title=Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai (1963-1971) - ISRO |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422014937/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-vikram-ambalal-sarabhai-1963-1971 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> As he said in 1969:

{{Quote|text=There are some who question the relevance of space activities in a developing nation. To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the exploration of the Moon or the planets or manned space-flight. But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society, which we find in our country. And we should note that the application of sophisticated technologies and methods of analysis to our problems is not to be confused with embarking on grandiose schemes, whose primary impact is for show rather than for progress measured in hard economic and social terms.|sign=[[Vikram Sarabhai]]|source=<ref name="Sarabhai_compilation">{{cite web |title=List of Important Speeches And Papers By Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai. |url=https://www.prl.res.in/~library/sarabhai_v_speeches.pdf |website=PRL.res.in |access-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627181445/https://www.prl.res.in/~library/sarabhai_v_speeches.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2019|page=113}}</ref>}}

Former [[president of India]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], said:
{{Quote|text=Very many individuals with myopic vision questioned the relevance of space activities in a newly independent nation which was finding it difficult to feed its population. But neither Prime Minister Nehru nor Prof. Sarabhai had any ambiguity of purpose. Their vision was very clear: if Indians were to play a meaningful role in the community of nations, they must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to their real-life problems. They had no intention of using it merely as a means of displaying our might.|sign=[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]|source=<ref name=apj_autobiography>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC&pg=PA43|title=Wings of Fire: An Autobiography|last1=Kalam|first1=Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul|last2=Tiwari|first2=Arun|date=1999|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=9788173711466|language=en}}</ref>}}

India's economic progress has made its space programme more visible and active as the country aims for greater [[Self-sustainability|self-reliance]] in space technology.<ref name=newsweek1/> In 2008, India launched as many as eleven{{Nbsp}}satellites, including nine foreign and went on to become the first nation to launch ten{{Nbsp}}satellites on one{{Nbsp}}rocket.<ref name=newsweek1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/160037 |title=Hennock etc. (2008), "The Real Space Race Is in Asia", ''Newsweek''. |access-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222044922/http://www.newsweek.com/id/160037 |archive-date=22 December 2008 |url-status=live |date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> ISRO has put into operation two major satellite systems: the Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services, and the [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme]] (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources.

== Organisation structure and facilities ==
[[File:Department of Space (India) - organization chart.svg|422x422px|thumb|The organisational structure of the [[Department of Space]] of the [[Government of India]]]]
ISRO is managed by the [[Department of Space (India)|Department of Space]] (DoS) of the Government of India. DoS itself falls under the authority of the Space Commission and manages the following agencies and institutes:<ref>{{cite web |title = DoS structure |publisher = Department of Space, Government of India |url = http://www.dos.gov.in/structure.aspx |access-date = 22 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140927110830/http://dos.gov.in/structure.aspx |archive-date = 27 September 2014 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-aug-2019/foundation-stone-of-space-situational-awareness-control-centre-chairman-isro|title=Foundation stone of Space Situational Awareness Control Centre by Chairman, ISRO – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830223917/http://isro.gov.in/update/03-aug-2019/foundation-stone-of-space-situational-awareness-control-centre-chairman-isro|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-jan-2019/inauguration-of-human-space-flight-centre-hsfc|title=Inauguration of Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329015418/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-jan-2019/inauguration-of-human-space-flight-centre-hsfc|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Indian Space Research Organisation
* [[Antrix Corporation]] – The marketing arm of ISRO, Bangalore.
* [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), Ahmedabad.
* [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] (NARL), Gadanki, [[Andhra Pradesh]].
*[[NewSpace India Limited]] - Commercial wing, Bangalore.
* [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://necouncil.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=72&subsublinkid=153 |title=NEC – North Eastern Council |publisher=Necouncil.nic.in |access-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225165210/http://necouncil.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=72&subsublinkid=153 |archive-date=25 February 2012 }}</ref> (NE-SAC), Umiam.
* [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory]] (SCL), [[Mohali]].
* [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram – India's space university.

=== Research facilities ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || The largest ISRO base is also the main technical centre and the venue of development of the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]], [[ASLV]], and [[PSLV]] series.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The base supports India's [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] and the [[Rohini (rocket family)|Rohini Sounding Rocket]] programme.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} This facility is also developing the [[GSLV]] series.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|-
| [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Bangalore]] || The LPSC handles design, development, testing and implementation of liquid propulsion control packages, liquid stages and liquid engines for launch vehicles and satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The testing of these systems is largely conducted at [[ISRO Propulsion Complex|IPRC]] at [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]].{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The LPSC, Bangalore also produces precision transducers.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}}
|-
| [[Physical Research Laboratory]] || [[Ahmedabad]] || Solar planetary physics, infrared astronomy, geo-cosmo physics, plasma physics, [[astrophysics]], [[archaeology]], and [[hydrology]] are some of the branches of study at this institute.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} An observatory at [[Udaipur]] also falls under the control of this institution.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|-
| [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory]] || [[Chandigarh]] || Research & Development in the field of semiconductor technology, micro-electro mechanical systems and process technologies relating to semiconductor processing.
|-
| [[National Atmospheric Radar Laboratory|National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] || [[Tirupati]] || The NARL carries out fundamental and applied research in atmospheric and space sciences.
|-
| [[Space Applications Centre]] || [[Ahmedabad]] || The SAC deals with the various aspects of the practical use of space technology.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} Among the fields of research at the SAC are [[geodesy]], [[telecommunication|satellite based telecommunications]], [[surveying]], [[remote sensing]], [[meteorology]], environment monitoring etc.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The SAC also operates the Delhi Earth Station, which is located in Delhi and is used for demonstration of various SATCOM experiments in addition to normal SATCOM operations.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}}
|-
| [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]] || [[Shillong]] || Providing developmental support to North East by undertaking specific application projects using remote sensing, GIS, satellite communication and conducting space science research.
|}

=== Test facilities ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[ISRO Propulsion Complex]] || [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]] || Formerly called LPSC-Mahendragiri, was declared a separate centre. It handles testing and assembly of liquid propulsion control packages, liquid engines, and stages for launch vehicles and satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|}

=== Construction and launch facilities ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[U R Rao Satellite Centre]] || [[Bangalore]] || The venue of eight successful spacecraft projects is also one of the main satellite technology bases of ISRO. The facility serves as a venue for implementing indigenous spacecraft in India.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The satellites ''Aaryabhata'', ''Bhaskara'', ''APPLE'', and ''IRS-1A'' were constructed at this site, and the IRS and INSAT satellite series are presently under development here. This center was formerly known as ISRO Satellite Centre.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}}
|-
| [[Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems]]|| [[Bangalore]] || The Unit of ISRO responsible for the development of altitude sensors for all satellites. The high precision optics for all cameras and payloads in all ISRO satellites are developed at this laboratory, located at Peenya Industrial Estate, Bangalore.
|-
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] || [[Sriharikota]] || With multiple sub-sites the Sriharikota island facility acts as a launching site for India's satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The Sriharikota facility is also the main launch base for India's sounding rockets.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The centre is also home to India's largest Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB) and houses the Static Test and Evaluation Complex (STEX).{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The Second Vehicle Assembly Building (SVAB) at Sriharikota is being realised as an additional integration facility, with suitable interfacing to a second launch pad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Second Vehicle Assembly Building being realised at ISRO |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/second-vehicle-assembly-building-being-realised-at-isro/articleshow/50531617.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=20 January 2016 |date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114044154/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/second-vehicle-assembly-building-being-realised-at-isro/articleshow/50531617.cms |archive-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madumathi |first1=D.S. |title=Sriharikota space port scores 50 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sriharikota-space-port-scores-50/article8070373.ece |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109041156/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sriharikota-space-port-scores-50/article8070373.ece |archive-date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] ||[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| TERLS is used to launch sounding rockets.
|}

=== Tracking and control facilities ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[Indian Deep Space Network|Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)]] || [[Bangalore]] || This network receives, processes, archives and distributes the spacecraft health data and payload data in real-time. It can track and monitor satellites up to very large distances, even beyond the [[Moon]].
|-
| [[National Remote Sensing Centre]] || [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] || The NRSC applies remote sensing to manage natural resources and study aerial surveying.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} With centres at [[Balanagar, Ranga Reddy|Balanagar]] and [[Mahbubnagar district|Shadnagar]] it also has training facilities at [[Dehradun]] acting as the [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]].{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|-
| [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] ||[[Bangalore]] (headquarters) and a number of ground stations throughout India and the world.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}} || [[Software development]], ground operations, Tracking Telemetry and Command (TTC), and support is provided by this institution.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} ISTRAC has Tracking stations throughout the country and all over the world in [[Port Louis]] (Mauritius), Bearslake (Russia), [[Biak]] (Indonesia) and [[Brunei]].
|-
| [[Master Control Facility]] || [[Bhopal]]; [[Hassan, India|Hassan]] || Geostationary satellite orbit raising, payload testing, and in-orbit operations are performed at this facility.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}} The MCF has Earth stations and the Satellite Control Centre (SCC) for controlling satellites.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}} A second MCF-like facility named 'MCF-B' is being constructed at Bhopal.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}}
|-
|Space Situational Awareness Control Centre
|[[Peenya]], [[Bangalore]]
|A network of telescopes and radars are being set up under the Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management to monitor space debris and to safeguard space-based assets. The new facility will end ISRO's dependence on [[Norad]]. The sophisticated multi-object tracking radar installed in Nellore, a radar in [[NE India]] and telescopes in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Mount Abu]] and North India will be part of this network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms|title=New Isro system to shield its assets from space debris {{!}} India News – Times of India|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=5 August 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826090921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-keen-on-protecting-space-assets-new-centre-soon/articleshow/70520904.cms|title=Isro keen on protecting space assets; new centre soon {{!}} India News – Times of India|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=4 August 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825154922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-keen-on-protecting-space-assets-new-centre-soon/articleshow/70520904.cms|archive-date=25 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Human resource development ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] (IIRS) || [[Dehradun]] || The Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) is a premier training and educational institute set up for developing trained professionals (P.G. and PhD level) in the field of remote sensing, geoinformatics and GPS technology for natural resources, environmental and disaster management. IIRS is also executing many R&D projects on remote sensing and GIS for societal applications. IIRS also runs various outreach programs (Live & Interactive and e-learning) to build trained skilled human resources in the field of remote sensing and geospatial technologies.
|-
|[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) ||[[Thiruvananthapuram]] || The institute offers undergraduate and graduate courses in Aerospace Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering (Avionics), and Engineering Physics. The students of the first three{{Nbsp}}batches of IIST were inducted into different [[ISRO]] centres.
|-
|[[Development and Educational Communication Unit]]||[[Ahmedabad]] || The centre works for education, research, and training, mainly in conjunction with the [[INSAT]] programme.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The main activities carried out at DECU include GRAMSAT and [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]] projects.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The Training and Development Communication Channel (TDCC) also falls under the operational control of the DECU.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}}
|-
|Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-TICs) at:

* [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar]]
* [[Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology]]
*[[National Institute of Technology Agartala]]
*[[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Space tech centre: ISRO team in NIT-Rourkela |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/mar/10/space-tech-centre-isro-team-in-nit-rourkela-2274636.html |access-date=12 March 2021 |agency=ENS |publisher=New Indian Express |date=10 March 2021}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]
*[[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 March 2021|title=Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO / Secretary, DOS inaugurates 3 Space Technology Incubation Centres and releases युक्ति-संचिता YUKTI- Sanchita 2021|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-mar-2021/dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro-secretary-dos-inaugurates-3-space-technology-incubation|access-date=2021-03-20|website=ISRO}}</ref>
|[[Agartala]], [[Bhopal]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Nagpur]] [[Rourkela]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|The S-TICs opened at premier technical universities in India to promote startups to build applications and products in tandem with the industry and would be used for future space missions. The S-TIC will bring the industry, academia and ISRO under one umbrella to contribute towards research and development (R&D) initiatives relevant to the Indian Space Programme.<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Space Innovation Centre at [[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology]]
|[[Burla, India|Burla]], [[Sambalpur]]
|In line with ongoing effort to promote R&D in space technology through the industry as well as academia, ISRO in collaboration with Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT), Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, has set up Veer Surendra Sai Space Innovation Centre (VSSSIC) within its campus at Sambalpur. The objective of this Space Innovation Research Lab is to promote and encourage the students in research and development in the domain of Space Science and Technology at VSSUT and other Institutes within this region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Space Innovation Centre - ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/capacity-building/space-innovation-centre|access-date=2021-07-07|website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-26|title=VSSUT first to set up Space Innovation-cum-Incubation Centre with ISRO|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/vssut-first-to-set-up-space-innovation-cum-incubation-centre-with-isro/story-baqiVPndKjIN1I6Z5ud9lJ.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S) at:

* [[Banaras Hindu University]]
* [[Gauhati University]]
* [[Kurukshetra University]]
* [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur|Malaviya National Institute of Technology]]
* [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Patna|National Institute of Technology Patna]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-24|title=ISRO to set up its regional centre at IIT-BHU|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/isro-to-set-up-its-regional-centre-at-iit-bhu/story-UUNEDrrsqHU9JvPddg8IoN.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

 
|[[Varanasi]], [[Guwahati]], [[Kurukshetra]], [[Jaipur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Patna]]
|All these centres are set up in tier-2 cities to create awareness, strengthen academic collaboration and act as incubators for space technology, space science and space applications. The activities of RAC-S will be to maximise the use of research potential, infrastructure, expertise, experience and facilitate capacity building.
|}

=== Antrix Corporation Limited (Commercial Wing) ===
{{Main|Antrix Corporation}}

Set up as the marketing arm of ISRO, [[Antrix Corporation|Antrix]]'s job is to promote products, services and technology developed by ISRO.<ref name="AntrixISRO">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-09/india/28547101_1_isro-eads-astrium-antrix-corporation|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426170804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-09/india/28547101_1_isro-eads-astrium-antrix-corporation|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Antrix responsible for marketing ISRO tech|access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="AntrixNewChief">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/isros-commercial-arm-antrix-gets-new-chief/article2214210.ece|title=ISRO's commercial arm Antrix gets new chief|date=9 June 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref>

=== NewSpace India Limited (Commercial Wing) ===
{{Main|NewSpace India Limited}}
Set up for marketing spin-off technologies, tech transfers through industry interface and scale up industry participation in the space programmes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/isros-newspace-india-limited-takes-off-in-bengaluru-736355.html|title=ISRO's NewSpace India Limited takes off in Bengaluru|date=2019-05-27|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref>

=== Space Technology Incubation Centre ===
ISRO has opened Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-TIC) at premier technical universities in India which will incubate startups to build applications and products in tandem with the industry and would be used for future space missions. The S-TIC will bring the industry, academia and ISRO under one umbrella to contribute towards research and development (R&D) initiatives relevant to the Indian Space Programme. S-TICs are at the [[National Institute of Technology Agartala|National Institute of Technology, Agartala]] serving for east region, [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar|National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar]] for the north region, and the [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]] for the south region of India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/isro-opens-space-tech-incubation-centre-at-nit-t/articleshow/69569218.cms|title=Isro opens space tech incubation centre at NIT-T {{!}} Trichy News – Times of India|last1=30 May|first1=TNN {{!}} Updated|last2=2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=1 June 2019|last3=Ist|first3=11:48}}</ref>

=== Advance Space Research Group ===
Like NASA funded [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL) managed by [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech), ISRO with [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) implemented a joint working framework in 2021 in which an Empowered Overseeing Committee (EOC) under Capacity Building Programme Office (CBPO) of ISRO located in Bengaluru will approve all short, medium and long term space research projects of common interest. In return, an Advance Space Research Group (ASRG) formed at IIST under the guidance of EOC will have full access to ISRO facilities. The primary aim is to transform IIST into a premier space research and engineering institute by 2028-2030 that can lead future space exploration missions of ISRO.<ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO embarking on replicating NASA partnership model in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/isro-embarking-on-replicating-nasa-partnership-model-in-india/article34169199.ece |access-date=31 March 2021 |agency=PTI |work=The Hindu |date=26 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Other facilities ===

* [[Balasore|Balasore Rocket Launching Station (BRLS)]] – [[Odisha]]
*[[Human Space Flight Centre]] (HSFC), Bangalore.
*[[Indian National Committee for Space Research|Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR)]]
* [[Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System|Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS)]]
* [[Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC)]]
* [[Integrated Space Cell]]
* [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA)]]
* [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit|ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU)]] – Thiruvananthapuram
* [[Indian Deep Space Network|National Deep Space Observation Centre]] (NDSPO)
* [[National Remote Sensing Centre|Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres]] (RRSSC)
* [[Master Control Facility]]

== General satellite programmes ==
{{See also|List of Indian satellites}}[[File:Insat-1B.jpg|thumb|[[Insat|INSAT-1B]]]]
Since the launch of [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]] in 1975,<ref name="Aryabhatta"/> a number of satellite series and constellations have been deployed by Indian and foreign launchers. At present, ISRO operates one of the largest constellations of active communication and earth imaging satellites for military and civilian uses.<ref name="IRSSaga"/>

=== The IRS series ===
{{Main|Indian Remote Sensing satellite}}
The [[Indian Remote Sensing satellite]]s (IRS) are the series of India's earth observation satellites. The IRS series provides remote sensing services and is the largest collection of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today in the world.<ref name="IRSSaga"/> All the satellites are placed in polar [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] (except [[GISAT]]s) and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to enable several programmes to be undertaken relevant to national development. The initial versions are composed of the 1 ([[IRS-1A|A]], [[IRS-1B|B]], [[IRS-1C|C]], [[IRS-1D|D]]) nomenclature while the later versions were divided into sub-classes named based on their functioning and uses including [[Oceansat]], [[Cartosat]], [[HySIS]], [[EMISAT]] and ResourceSat etc.. The names although again were unified into prefix "EOS" again regardless of functioning again in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=IANS|title=ISRO adopts new satellite naming style, RISAT-2BR2 now EOS-01|url=https://telanganatoday.com/isro-adopts-new-satellite-naming-style-risat-2br2-now-eos-01|access-date=2020-11-07|website=telanganatoday.com}}</ref> These satellites hold a wide range of applications including optical, radar and electronic [[reconnaissance]] for Indian agencies, city planning, oceanography and environmental studies.

=== The INSAT series ===
{{Main|Indian National Satellite System}}
[[File:STS008-44-611.jpg|thumb|left|250px|INSAT-1B satellite: The broadcasting sector in India is highly dependent on [[INSAT]] system.]]
The [[Indian National Satellite System]] (INSAT) are the family of communication satellites of India. It is a series of multipurpose [[Geosynchronous satellite|geostationary satellites]] built and launched by ISRO to satisfy the telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology and search-and-rescue needs of the country. Since the introduction of first satellite in 1983, INSAT has become the largest domestic communication system in the [[Asia-Pacific]] Region. It is a joint venture of the [[Department of Space]], [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[India Meteorological Department]], [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]]. The overall coordination and management of INSAT system rests with the Secretary-level INSAT Coordination Committee.<ref name="INSAT">{{Cite web|title=Communication satellites|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/communication-satellites|work=ISRO|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref> The nomenclature of satellite series was shifted to "[[GSAT]]" from "INSAT" which was further changed to "CMS" from 2020 onwards.<ref name="THCMS">{{Cite news|date=2020-12-17|title=ISRO launches India's 42nd communication satellite CMS-01 on-board PSLV-C50|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/isro--to-launch-indias-42nd--communication-satellite-cms01-onboard-pslv-c50/1/425216.html|newspaper=Business Today|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref> These satellites have been in use by [[Indian Armed Forces]]as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/navy-to-buy-rs-1589-crore-satellite-from-isro/articleshow/70283927.cms|title=Indian Navy: Navy to buy Rs 1589 crore satellite from ISRO|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GSAT-7A|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-f11-gsat-7a-mission|work=ISRO}}</ref> [[GSAT-9]] or "SAARC Satellite" is a notable example for serving communication services for India's smaller neighbors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GSAT-9|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-9|work=ISRO}}</ref>

=== Gagan Satellite Navigation System ===
{{Main|GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation}}
The Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenous Satellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation System also known as [[GNSS augmentation|Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS)]] as part of the Satellite-Based Communications, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS system has been given an acronym [[GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation|GAGAN – GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation]]. A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of Technology Demonstration System over the Indian air space as a proof of concept has been prepared jointly by [[Airports Authority of India]] and ISRO. Technology Demonstration System was completed during 2007 by installing eight Indian Reference Stations at eight Indian airports and linked to the Master Control Centre located near Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/mindfly/ensuring-safety-and-reliabity-through-indigenous-satellite-navigation-system-gagan/|title=Ensuring safety and reliabity through indigenous satellite navigation system GAGAN|date=2019-01-12|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref>

=== Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) ===
{{Main|Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System}}
[[File:IRNSS Coverage Polygon.png|alt=|thumb|Coverage of the IRNSS in blue, as of 2020]]
[[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|IRNSS]] with an operational name [[NavIC]] is an independent regional navigation satellite system developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its borders, which is its primary service area. IRNSS provides two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS) and provides a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Navigation Satellite|url=http://isro.org/satellites/navigationsatellites.aspx|publisher=ISRO|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023005513/http://www.isro.org/satellites/navigationsatellites.aspx|archive-date=23 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by Indian Space Research Organisation, which is under total control of Indian government. The requirement of such a navigation system is driven by the fact that access to global navigation systems like [[GPS]] is not guaranteed in hostile situations.

=== Other satellites ===
{{Dynamic list|date=March 2021}}
[[Kalpana-1]] (MetSat-1) was ISRO's first dedicated meteorological satellite.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eoportal.org/directory/pres_Kalpana1MetSat1MeteorologicalSatellite1.html |title=eoPortal directory: Kalpana-1/MetSat-1 (Meteorological Satellite-1) |publisher=Eoportal.org |access-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908092933/http://www.eoportal.org/directory/pres_Kalpana1MetSat1MeteorologicalSatellite1.html |archive-date=8 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaonline.in/Profile/Science/research/Space-Technology.aspx |title=Space Technology in India | Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) |publisher=Indiaonline.in |access-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162412/http://www.indiaonline.in/Profile/Science/research/Space-Technology.aspx |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> Indo-French satellite [[SARAL]] on 25 February 2013. SARAL (or "Satellite with ARgos and AltiKa") is a cooperative altimetry technology mission, used for monitoring the oceans' surface and sea levels. AltiKa measures ocean surface topography with an accuracy of 8 mm, against 2.5 cm on average using altimeters, and with a spatial resolution of 2 km.<ref name=iex25f13>{{cite news|title=India successfully launches Indo-French, 6 foreign satellites|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-successfully-launches-indofrench-6-foreign-satellites/1079446/0|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301034013/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-successfully-launches-indofrench-6-foreign-satellites/1079446/0|archive-date=1 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/sara_general.html |title=Satellite SARAL |publisher=Ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=24 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705114650/http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/sara_general.html |archive-date=5 July 2012 }}</ref>

== Launch vehicles ==

[[File:Indian carrier rockets.svg|thumb|300 px|Comparison of Indian carrier rockets. Left to right: [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV]], [[ASLV]], [[PSLV]], [[GSLV]], [[GSLV Mark III]]]]
During the 1960s and 1970s, India initiated its own launch vehicles owing to geopolitical and economic considerations. In the 1960s–1970s, the country developed a sounding rocket, and by the 1980s, research had yielded the Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 and the more advanced [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (ASLV), complete with operational supporting infrastructure.{{sfn|Gupta|Suresh|Sivan|2007|1697}} ISRO further applied its energies to the advancement of launch vehicle technology resulting in the realisation of the successful PSLV and GSLV vehicles.

=== Satellite Launch Vehicle ===
{{Main|Satellite Launch Vehicle}}
[[File:Stamp of India - 1981 - Colnect 505879 - Launch of Rohini Satellite.jpeg|thumb|Stamp depicting SLV-3 D1 carrying [[Rohini (satellite)|RS-D1]] satellite to orbit.]]
Satellite Launch Vehicle (known as SLV-3) was the first space rocket to be developed by India. The initial launch in 1979 was a failure followed by a successful launch in 1980 making way for India into the club of countries with orbital launch capabilities. The development of bigger rockets was pushed ahead thereafter.<ref name="SLVFlipbook"/>

=== Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle ===
{{Main|Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle}}
Augmented or Advanced Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was another small launch vehicle realised in 1980s to develop technologies required to place satellites into [[geostationary orbit]]. ISRO did not have adequate funds to develop ASLV and PSLV at once. Since ASLV suffered repeated failures, it was dropped in favour of a new project.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-launchers-aslv.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-07-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829151541/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-launchers-aslv.html |archive-date=2009-08-29 }}</ref><ref name=ITASLV/>

=== Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle ===
{{Main|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle}}
[[File:PSLV-C11 launch2.jpg|thumb|PSLV-C11 lifts off carrying [[Chandrayaan-1]], first Indian mission to the moon.]]
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle or PSLV is the first [[medium-lift launch vehicle]] from India which enabled India to launch all its remote-sensing satellites into [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]. PSLV had a failure in its maiden launch in 1993. Besides other two partial failure, PSLV has become primary workhorse for ISRO with more than 50 launches placing hundreds of Indian and foreign satellites into orbit.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSLV (1)|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv_1.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref>

Decade-wise summary of PSLV launches:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Decade
! Successful
! Partial success
! Failures
! Total
|-
|1990s
| 3
| 1
| 1
| 5
|-
| 2000s
| 11
| 0
| 0
| 11
|-
| 2010s
| 33
| 0
| 1
| 34
|-
| 2020s
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 3
|-
| Total
| 50
| 1
| 2
| 53
|}

=== Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) ===
{{Main|Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle}}
[[File:GSLV-F08 Liftoff 5.jpg|thumb|GSLV-F08 launches [[GSAT-6A]] into [[geostationary transfer orbit]] (2018).]]
[[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] is envisaged in 1990s to transfer significant payloads to geostationary orbit. ISRO initially had great problem in development of GSLV as development of [[CE-7.5]] in India took a decade. US had blocked India from obtaining cryogenic technology from Russia which induced India to develop its own cryogenic engines.<ref name=flGSLVQuest/>

Decade-wise summary of GSLV Launches:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Decade
! Successful
! Partial success
! Failures
! Total
|-
| 2000s
| 2
| 2
| 1
| 5
|-
| 2010s
| 6
| 0
| 2
| 8
|-
| Total
| 8
| 2
| 3
| 13
|}

=== GSLV Mark III ===
{{Main|GSLV Mark III}}
[[File:GSLV-Mk III-D1 being moved from Vehicle Assembly Building to second launch pad.jpg|thumb|GSLV Mk III D1 being moved from assembly building to the launch pad.]]
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III), also known as LVM3, is the heaviest rocket in operational service with ISRO. Equipped with a more powerful cryogenic engine and boosters than GSLV, it has significantly higher playload capacity and allows India to launch all its communication satellites.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-11-15|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-masters-rocket-science-with-isro-sucessfully-launching-gsat-29-satellite/story-m72QQBzx7fxEYLyyoMRgPI.html|title='India masters rocket science': Here's why the new ISRO launch is special|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref> LVM3 is expected to carry [[Gaganyaan|India's first manned mission to space]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Gaganyaan: Isro's unmanned space mission for December 2020 likely to be delayed |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/current-affairs/gaganyaan-isro-s-unmanned-space-mission-for-dec-2020-likely-to-be-delayed-120081600635_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2021-03-19|via=Press Trust of India}}</ref> and will be the testbed for [[SCE-200]] engine which will power India's [[heavy-lift launch vehicle|heavy lift rockets]] in future.<ref name="Episode 90">{{Cite web|title = Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran|url = https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/|date = 2019-10-24|access-date = 2021-03-19|publisher = AstrotalkUK}}</ref>

Decade-wise summary of GSLV Mark III launches:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Decade
! Successful
! Partial success
! Failures
! Total
|-
| 2010s
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 4<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-nov-2018/gslv-mkiii-d2-successfully-launches-gsat-29|title=GSLV MkIII-D2 successfully launches GSAT-29|publisher=ISRO|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224155/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-nov-2018/gslv-mkiii-d2-successfully-launches-gsat-29|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Human Spaceflight Programme ==
{{Main|Indian Human Spaceflight Programme|Gaganyaan}}
First proposal to send humans in space was discussed in ISRO in 2006 which subsequently led to the beginning of work on required infrastructure and spacecrafts.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-11-07|title=Scientists Discuss Indian Manned Space Mission|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2006/scientists-discuss-indian-manned-space-mission|work=ISRO|access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200708091621.htm | title=ISRO considering manned space mission: Nair |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India | date=9 August 2007}}</ref> The trials for crewed space missions began in 2007 with the 600 kg [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment]] (SRE), launched using the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) rocket, and safely returned to earth 12 days later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf14_data/day1/SEU10_SRE%20slides%20for%20web.pdf|title=Space Capsule Recovery Experiment(SRE)|date=21 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103000/http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf14_data/day1/SEU10_SRE%20slides%20for%20web.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

In 2009, the Indian Space Research Organisation proposed a budget of {{INRConvert|124|b|lk=on|year=2009}} for its human spaceflight programme. An uncrewed demonstration flight was expected after 7 years from the final approval and a crewed mission to be launched after seven years of funding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/plan-panel-okays-isro-manned-space-flight/426945/ |title=Plan panel okays ISRO manned space flight |work=The Indian Express |date=23 February 2009 |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607014311/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/plan-panel-okays-isro-manned-space-flight/426945 |archive-date=7 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Manned mission initially wasn't a priority and was left on backburner for several years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/satellites-are-our-priority-now-not-human-space-flight/299103|title=Satellites Are Our Priority Now, Not Human Space Flight|work=Outlook|access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref> A [[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment|space capsule recovery experiment]] in 2014<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece |title=GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602005710/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece |archive-date=2 June 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Kandavel |first1=Sangeetha }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-to-launch-unmanned-crew-module-in-december/articleshow/44987199.cms| title=India to launch unmanned crew module in December| work=[[The Economic Times]]| date=30 October 2014| access-date=20 March 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102044330/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-to-launch-unmanned-crew-module-in-december/articleshow/44987199.cms| archive-date=2 November 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> and a pad abort test in 2018<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/isros-first-pad-abort-test-successful/article24336860.ece|title=ISRO's first 'pad abort' test, critical for future human space mission, successful|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 July 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705205114/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/isros-first-pad-abort-test-successful/article24336860.ece|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> were followed by [[PM Modi]]'s announcement on Independence Day address 15 August 2018 that India will send astronauts into space by 2022 on the new ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece|title=Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Till date, ISRO has developed most of the technologies needed such as crew module and crew escape system, space food and life support systems. The project would cost less than {{INR}}100 billion and would include sending 2 or 3 Indians to space, {{cvt|300|-|400|km}} above in a spacecraft for at least seven days using a GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-put-man-in-space-for-7-days-says-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-k-sivan-1900888|title=Indian Astronaut Will Be in Space For 7 Days, Confirms ISRO Chairman|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815151504/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-put-man-in-space-for-7-days-says-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-k-sivan-1900888|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jfk-1961-modi-2018-pm-announces-indian-space-2022-isro-ready-86635?amp|title=JFK in 1961, Modi in 2018: PM announces 'Indian in space by 2022,' but is ISRO ready?|date=15 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201219/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jfk-1961-modi-2018-pm-announces-indian-space-2022-isro-ready-86635?amp|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Astronaut training and other facilities ===
The newly established [[Human Space Flight Centre]] (HSFC) will coordinate the IHSF campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-announces-human-space-flight-centre/article25967944.ece|title=ISRO starts Human Space Flight centre|last=Ds|first=Madhumathi|date=11 January 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 January 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531074335/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-announces-human-space-flight-centre/article25967944.ece|archive-date=31 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-jan-2019/inauguration-of-human-space-flight-centre-hsfc|title=Inauguration of Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329015418/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-jan-2019/inauguration-of-human-space-flight-centre-hsfc|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bangalore to prepare personnel for flights on board the crewed vehicle. The centre will use simulation facilities to train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations and survival in [[zero gravity]], and will undertake studies of the radiation environment of space. ISRO had to build [[High-G training|centrifuges]] to prepare astronauts for the acceleration phase of the launch. Existing launch facilities in [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] would have to be upgraded for the Indian Human Spaceflight campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/15/indias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html|title=India's human space programme gets a fillip|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=11 January 2019|quote=Initially, the plan was the construct a new launch pad for the human space flight, but Sivan told the Express that due to paucity of time one of the two existing launch pads is being modified to meet the requirement.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112095045/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/15/indias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html|archive-date=12 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Human Space Flight Centre]] and [[Glavcosmos]] signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms|title=Gaganyaan: India chooses Russia to pick & train astronauts {{!}} India News – Times of India|date=1 July 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723221603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms|archive-date=23 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) was to be set up in [[Moscow]] to facilitate the development of some key technologies and establishment of special facilities which are essential to support life in space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms|title=Isro will set up unit in Moscow to develop technology needed for Gaganyaan mission {{!}} India News – Times of India|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=31 July 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820164300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms|archive-date=20 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The training of 4 Indian Air Force personnel was undertaken in [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] and had been completed in March 2021.<ref name="Trainingok">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=2021-03-19|title=Gaganyaan: Astronauts clear all tests, Russia training to end this month|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/astronauts-clear-all-tests-russia-training-to-end-this-month/articleshow/81575438.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref>

=== Crewed spacecraft ===
{{Main|Gaganyaan}}
ISRO is working towards an [[orbital spaceflight|orbital]] crewed spacecraft that can operate for seven days in a [[low Earth orbit]]. The spacecraft, called ''[[Gaganyaan]]'', will be the basis of the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]. The spacecraft is being developed to carry up to three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with a rendezvous and docking capability. In its maiden crewed mission, ISRO's largely autonomous 3-tonne spacecraft will orbit the Earth at {{cvt|400|km}} in altitude for up to seven days with a two-person crew on board. The crewed mission is planned to be launched on ISRO's [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III|GSLV Mk III]] in 2022.<ref name="launch 2022">[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi]. ''The Hindu''. 15 August 2018.</ref>

=== Space station{{anchor|Space Station}} ===
India plans to build a [[space station]] as a follow-up programme of the [[Gaganyaan]] mission. ISRO chairman [[K. Sivan]] has said that India will not join the [[International Space Station programme]] and will instead build a 20 tonne space station on its own.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-planning-to-have-own-space-station-isro-chief/articleshow/69771669.cms|title=India planning to have own space station: ISRO chief|date=13 June 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702043332/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-planning-to-have-own-space-station-isro-chief/articleshow/69771669.cms|archive-date=2 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-space-station-isro/articleshow/69775360.cms|title=India's own space station to come up in 5–7 years: Isro chief {{!}} India News – Times of India|date=13 June 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804044046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-space-station-isro/articleshow/69775360.cms|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It is expected to be placed in a low Earth orbit of a {{convert|400|km|adj=on}} altitude and be capable of harbouring three humans for 15{{ndash}}20 days. Rough time-frame is five to seven years after completion of ''Gaganyaan'' project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-space-station-likely-to-have-space-for-three/articleshow/71828669.cms|title=India's space station likely to have space for three|date=31 October 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-to-have-a-separate-space-station-isro/article27898707.ece|title=India to have its own space station: ISRO|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2019-06-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|quote=Giving out broad contours of the planned space station, Dr. Sivan said it has been envisaged to weigh 20 tonnes and will be placed in an orbit of 400 km above earth where astronauts can stay for 15-20 days. The time frame is 5-7 years after Gaganyaan, he stated.}}</ref>

== Planetary sciences and astronomy ==
There is a national balloon launching facility at Hyderabad jointly supported by [[TIFR]] and ISRO. This facility has been extensively used for carrying out research in high energy (i.e., X- and gamma-ray) astronomy, IR astronomy, middle atmospheric trace constituents including CFCs & aerosols, ionisation, electric conductivity and electric fields.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stratocat.com.ar/bases/31e.htm |title=Stratospheric balloon launch bases and sites |publisher=StratoCat |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170531/http://stratocat.com.ar/bases/31e.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The flux of secondary particles and [[X-ray]] and gamma-rays of atmospheric origin produced by the interaction of the cosmic rays is very low. This low background, in the presence of which one has to detect the feeble signal from cosmic sources is a major advantage in conducting hard X-ray observations from India. The second advantage is that many bright sources like [[Cyg X-1]], [[Crab Nebula]], [[Scorpius X-1]] and Galactic Centre sources are observable from Hyderabad due to their favourable declination. With these considerations, an [[X-ray astronomy]] group was formed at TIFR in 1967 and development of an instrument with an orientable [[X-ray telescope]] for hard X-ray observations was undertaken. The first balloon flight with the new instrument was made on 28 April 1968 in which observations of Scorpius X-1 were successfully carried out. In a succession of balloon flights made with this instrument between 1968 and 1974 a number of binary X-ray sources including [[Cygnus X-1|Cyg X-1]] and [[Her X-1]], and the [[Diffuse X-ray background|diffuse cosmic X-ray background]] were studied. Many new and astrophysically important results were obtained from these observations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/space_science/images/BalloonXrayStudies.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020528045243/http://www.isro.org/space_science/images/BalloonXrayStudies.htm |archive-date=28 May 2002 }}</ref>

ISRO played a role in the discovery of three species of bacteria in the upper stratosphere at an altitude of between {{cvt|20|-|40|km}}. The bacteria, highly resistant to [[ultra-violet radiation]], are not found elsewhere on Earth, leading to speculation on whether they are extraterrestrial in origin.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Harris | first1 = Melanie J. | last2 = Wickramasinghe | first2 = N.C. | last3 = Lloyd | first3 = David | display-authors = etal | year = 2002 | issue = Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IV | doi = 10.1117/12.454758 | journal = Proc. SPIE | volume = 4495 | title = Detection of living cells in stratospheric samples | page = 192 | series = Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IV | url = http://repository.iucaa.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/11007/1631/1/295aB_2002.pdf | access-date = 21 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922023031/http://repository.iucaa.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/11007/1631/1/295aB_2002.pdf | archive-date = 22 September 2017 | url-status = live | bibcode = 2002SPIE.4495..192H | s2cid = 129736236 }}</ref> These three bacteria can be considered to be [[extremophile]]s. The bacteria were named as ''Bacillus isronensis'' in recognition of ISRO's contribution in the balloon experiments, which led to its discovery, ''Bacillus aryabhata'' after India's celebrated ancient astronomer [[Aryabhata]] and ''Janibacter hoylei'' after the distinguished astrophysicist [[Fred Hoyle]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shivaji | first1 = S. | last2 = Chaturvedi | first2 = P. | last3 = Begum | first3 = Z. | display-authors = etal | year = 2009 | title = ''Janibacter hoylei'' sp.nov., ''Bacillus isronensis'' sp.nov. and ''Bacillus aryabhattai'' sp.nov. isolated from cryotubes used for collecting air from the upper atmosphere | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 12| pages = 2977–2986 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.002527-0 | pmid=19643890| doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Astrosat ===
{{main|Astrosat}}
[[File:Astrosat-1 in deployed configuration.png|thumb|Astrosat-1 in deployed configuration]]
Launched in 2015, Astrosat is India's first dedicated multi wavelength [[space observatory]]. Its observation study includes [[active galactic nuclei]], hot [[white dwarfs]], pulsations of [[pulsars]], binary star systems, [[supermassive black hole]]s located at the centre of the [[galaxies]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat|title=Three years of AstroSat – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|language=en|access-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830213436/http://isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Extraterrestrial exploration ==
=== Lunar exploration ===
{{Main|Chandrayaan programme}}
Chandryaan ({{lit|Mooncraft}}) are the series of India's lunar exploration spacecrafts. Initial mission included orbiter and controlled impact probes while further missions include landers, rovers and sampling missions also.<ref name="Episode 90"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=A mix of young and middle-aged people will train for Gaganyaan|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref>

;Chandrayaan-1
{{Main|Chandrayaan-1}}
[[File:CY1 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Rendering of [[Chandrayaan-1]] spacecraft]]
Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the Moon. The robotic lunar exploration mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor called the [[Moon Impact Probe]]. ISRO launched the spacecraft using a modified version of the PSLV on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. The vehicle was inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. It carried high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. During its 312 days operational period (2 years planned), it surveyed the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The polar regions were of special interest, as they possibly had [[lunar ice|ice]] deposits. The spacecraft carried 11 instruments: 5 Indian and 6 from foreign institutes and space agencies (including [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]], [[European Space Agency|ESA]], [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]], [[Brown University]] and other European and North American institutes/companies), which were carried free of cost. Chandrayaan-1 became the first lunar mission to discover existence of water on the Moon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/30/stories/2009083060730100.htm|title=Mission definitely over|date=30 August 2009|access-date=29 August 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830221828/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/30/stories/2009083060730100.htm|archive-date=30 August 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Chandrayaan-166 team was awarded the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] SPACE 2009 award,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_general/20090901_chandrayaan1.html|title=domain-b.com : American astronautics society award for Chandrayaan-1 team|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215805/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_general/20090901_chandrayaan1.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[International Lunar Exploration Working Group]]'s International Co-operation award in 2008,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081201/nation.htm#14 | title=Chandrayaan-1 wins global award | date=30 November 2008 | agency=Tribune News Service | access-date=2 February 2015 | author=Choudhury, Shubhadeep | location=Bangalore | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808030908/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081201/nation.htm#14 | archive-date=8 August 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[National Space Society]]'s 2009 [[Space Pioneer Awards|Space Pioneer Award]] in the science and engineering category.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nss.org/awards/2009.html | title=NSS awards for 2009 | publisher=National Space Society | access-date=2 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202011649/http://www.nss.org/awards/2009.html | archive-date=2 February 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2010/lcross_award.html | title=NASA's Lunar Impact Mission Honored by National Space Society | publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration | date=17 June 2010 | access-date=2 February 2013 | author=Hoover, Rachel | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109115404/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2010/lcross_award.html | archive-date=9 January 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

;Chandrayaan-2
{{Main|Chandrayaan-2}}
[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Vikram lander mounted on top of orbiter.jpg|thumb|''Vikram'' lander mounted on top of the [[Chandrayaan-2]] orbiter.|alt=]]
Chandrayaan-2 is second mission to the Moon, which included an orbiter, a lander and a rover. Chandrayaan-2 was launched on a [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III]] (GSLV-MkIII) on 22 July 2019, consisted of a lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all of which were developed in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603|title=India launches second Moon mission|date=22 July 2019|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=23 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822092132/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603|archive-date=22 August 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="gslv3">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=5 August 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|archive-date=19 August 2018|agency=Times News Network}}</ref> It was the first mission meant to explore the little-explored [[lunar south pole]] region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-mission-isro-live-less-than-two-hours-to-go-for-indias-second-date-with-the-moon-2240201.html|title=India Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2, Aims to Become First to Probe Lunar South Pole|website=News18|date=23 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723131504/https://www.news18.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-mission-isro-live-less-than-two-hours-to-go-for-indias-second-date-with-the-moon-2240201.html|archive-date=23 July 2019|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> The main objective of the Chandrayaan-2 mission is to demonstrate ISRO's ability to soft-land on the lunar surface and operate a robotic rover on the surface. Some of its scientific aims are to conduct studies of lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2|title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729172632/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2|archive-date=29 July 2019|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>

The ''Vikram'' lander, carrying the ''Pragyan'' rover, was scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in a south polar region at a latitude of about 70° south at approximately 1:50 am(IST) on 7 September 2019. However, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory starting from an altitude of 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi), and [[telemetry]] was lost seconds before touchdown was expected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home|title=Chandrayaan2 Home – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729041910/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home|archive-date=29 July 2019|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> A review board concluded that the crash-landing was caused by a [[software]] glitch.<ref name="Failure report">[https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer.] Mahesh Guptan, ''The Week''. 16 November 2019.</ref> The lunar orbiter was efficiently positioned in an optimal lunar orbit, extending its expected service time from one year to seven years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates|title=Chandrayaan2 Latest updates - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> There will be another attempt for soft landing on moon at the end of 2020 or early 2021, but without an orbiter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gaganyaan-chandrayaan-3-in-mission-mode-says-isro/article30449839.ece|title=Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan-3 in mission mode, says ISRO|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 January 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

=== Mars exploration ===
;Mars Orbiter Mission ''(MOM)'' or ''(Mangalyaan-1)''
{{Main|Mars Orbiter Mission}}
[[File:Mars Orbiter Mission - India - ArtistsConcept.jpg|thumb|Artist's rendering of the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] spacecraft, with [[Mars]] in the background.]]The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally known as ''Mangalyaan'', was launched into Earth [[orbit]] on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and has entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.<ref name="prelaunch Oct 2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/science/india-becomes-first-country-to-enter-mars-orbit-on-their-first-attempt/story-fnjwlbuf-1227068835676?nk=20dfb6bbe7f9267fcf8572967c544066|title=India becomes first country to enter Mars' orbit on their first attempt|date=24 September 2014|work=Herald Sun|access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref> India thus became the first country to enter Mars orbit on its first attempt. It was completed at a record low cost of $74 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8916/india%E2%80%99s-maiden-mars-mission-makes-history|title=India's Maiden Mars Mission Makes History|access-date=24 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925093532/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8916/india%E2%80%99s-maiden-mars-mission-makes-history|archive-date=25 September 2014|publisher=Bloomberg TV India}}</ref>

MOM was placed into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014 at 8:23 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. The spacecraft had a launch mass of {{cvt|1337|kg|abbr=on}}, with {{cvt|15|kg|abbr=on}} of five scientific instruments as payload.

The National Space Society awarded the Mars Orbiter Mission team the 2015 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.nss.org/?p=4622|title=Indian Space Research Organisation Mars Orbiter Programme Team Wins National Space Society's Space Pioneer Award for Science and Engineering|author=Brandt-Erichsen, David|date=12 January 2015|publisher=National Space Society|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002327/http://blog.nss.org/?p=4622|archive-date=2 February 2015|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-mars-orbiter-mission-team-wins-space-pioneer-award-726885|title=ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission team Wins Space Pioneer Award|date=14 January 2015|access-date=2 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202011731/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-mars-orbiter-mission-team-wins-space-pioneer-award-726885|archive-date=2 February 2015|publisher=NDTV|location=Washington, United States}}</ref>

== Future projects ==
Along with a number of communication and earth observation satellites in future, ISRO aims to send humans into space and later establish a space station to facilitate a few weeks long stay of astronauts. Agency aims to develop and operationalise more powerful and less pollutive rocket engines to eventually develop much heavier rockets, develop electric and nuclear propulsion for satellites and spacecrafts for reduced weight and longer lives, landing a rover on the moon, sending missions to Sun, Venus, Mars, asteroids, comets and [[outer solar system]], deploying more [[List of space telescopes|telescopes in space]] and developing satellite navigation systems with global coverage.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-mars-venus-on-isros-planetary-travel-list/articleshow/69381185.cms After Mars, Venus on Isro's planetary travel list.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827144405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-mars-venus-on-isros-planetary-travel-list/articleshow/69381185.cms|date=27 August 2019}} U. Tejonmayam, ''Times of India''. 18 May 2019.</ref> Long term plans may include manned landings on moon and other planets as well.<ref name="HTSep20">{{Cite news|last=Dutt|first=Anonna|location=New Delhi|title=Gaganyaan mission: Astronauts to undergo Isro module next year|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-astronauts-to-undergo-isro-module-next-year/story-t4FPl0e2b7sLMgqyJ6QoyH.html|date=2020-09-18|access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref>

=== Launch vehicles and engines ===
====Semi-cryogenic engine====
{{Main|SCE-200}}
SCE-200 is a rocket grade kerosene (dubbed "ISROsene") and LOX based semi-cryogenic rocket engine inspired from [[RD-120]]. The engine will be less pollutive and far more powerful. When mated with [[GSLV Mark III]], the engine will boost its payload capacity and will be used in clusters in future to power India's heavy rockets.<ref name="WIONMar21"/>

====Methalox engine====
Methane and [[LOX]] based engines are being developed to ensure reusability of engines. Methane is less pollutive, leaves no residue and hence engine needs no [[refurbishment]].<ref name="WIONMar21"/> [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre|LPSC]] has already undertaken cold flow tests of engine prototypes in 2020.<ref name="lpsctimeline"/>

==== Modular heavy rockets ====
{{See also|Unified Launch Vehicle}}
A number of concepts of [[Heavy-lift launch vehicle|heavy]] and [[super-heavy lift launch vehicle]]s are currently being studied by the agency. Launchers are being designed to be modular to facilitate interchangeability of parts and reduce the time of production. There have been multiple mentions of a 10 tonnes capacity "HLV" and an "SHLV"capable of delivering 50-100 tonnes into orbit in various reports, statements and presentations from ISRO officials.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-05-30|title=ISRO developing heavy lift launch vehicles|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/isro-developing-heavy-lift-launch-vehicles/article7262881.ece|newspaper=The Hindi|location=Thiruvanantpuram|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite speech|last=Somanath|first=S.|date=2020-08-03|title=Indian Innovations in Space Technology: Achievements and Aspirations|url=http://imgur.com/a/ffL2XRp|location=[[VSSC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913095544/http://imgur.com/a/ffL2XRp|archive-date=2020-09-13|via=imgur|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref>

ISRO has target to develop a launcher in the decade of 2020s which will be capable of carrying nearly 16 tonnes to [[geostationary transfer orbit]] which would be nearly 4 times of existing [[GSLV Mark III]].<ref name="WIONMar21">{{Cite news|last=MP|first=Sidhharth|date=2021-03-14|title=ISRO: Chandrayaan-3 launch by mid-2022, Mangalyaan-2 in definition stage|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-chandrayaan-3-launch-by-mid-2022-mangalyaan-2-in-definition-stage-370417|newspaper=[[WION (TV channel)|WION]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref> ISRO has also been confirmed to be conducting preliminary research for the development of a [[Super heavy-lift launch vehicle]] which is planned to have a lifting capacity of over 50–60 tonnes into earth's orbit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/have-tech-to-configure-launch-vehicle-that-can-carry-50-tonne-payload-isro-chairman/articleshow/62908345.cms|title=Have tech to configure launch vehicle that can carry 50-tonne payload: Isro chairman – Times of India|date=14 February 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804194727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/have-tech-to-configure-launch-vehicle-that-can-carry-50-tonne-payload-isro-chairman/articleshow/62908345.cms|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Reusable launchers ====
{{Main|RLV-TD}}
[[File:Launch of RLV-TD HEX01 from First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (SDSC SHAR) 02.jpg|thumb|RLV-TD HEX01 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad]] (SDSC SHAR) on 23 May 2016.]]
There have been two reusable launcher projects ongoing at ISRO. One is ADMIRE test vehicle, conceived as a [[VTVL]] system and another is RLV-TD programme, being run to develop a spacecraft similar to American [[space shuttle]] which will be [[VTHL|launched vertically but land like a plane]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-01-02|title=ISRO Is Working on Two Competing Reusable Launcher Designs|url=https://science.thewire.in/spaceflight/isro-is-working-on-two-competing-reusable-launch-vehicle-designs/|work=Science Wire|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref>

For realising a [[two-stage-to-orbit]] (TSTO) fully re-usable launch vehicle, a series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose, the winged Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator ([[RLV-TD]]) has been configured. The RLV-TD is acting as a flying [[testbed]] to evaluate various technologies such as hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight, and hypersonic flight using air-breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials was the [[Hypersonic Flight Experiment]] (HEX). ISRO launched the prototype's test flight from the Sriharikota spaceport in February 2016. The prototype, called RLV-TD, weighs around 1.5 tonnes and flew up to a height of {{cvt|70|km}}.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajwi|first1=Tiki|title=Futuristic Unmanned Space Shuttle Getting Final Touches|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/may/20/Futuristic-Unmanned-Space-Shuttle-Getting-Final-Touches-763087.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=20 May 2015|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214071440/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/may/20/Futuristic-Unmanned-Space-Shuttle-Getting-Final-Touches-763087.html|archive-date=14 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The test flight, known as HEX, was completed on 23 May 2016. A scaled up version of could serve as fly-back booster stage for their winged TSTO concept.<ref>{{cite news |title=Design process has been validated |url=https://www.frontline.in/science-and-technology/design-process-has-been-validated/article8704727.ece |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> The test is to be followed by a landing experiment (LEX) and return flight experiment (REX).<ref>{{cite web |title=ISRO Plans To Test ground Landing Of 'Desi' Space Shuttle By Year end |url=https://kalingatv.com/nation/isro-plans-to-test-ground-landing-of-its-space-shuttle-like-reusable-launch-vehicle/ |website=Kalinga TV |date=7 October 2020 |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref>

;Small Satellite Launch Vehicle
{{Main|Small Satellite Launch Vehicle}}
Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a compact [[small-lift launch vehicle]] primarily aimed at tapping small satellites market. This launcher can be quickly assembled with low power and hence facilitates far higher launch frequency. SSLV can place {{cvt|500|kg}} in {{cvt|500|km}} low earth orbit and {{cvt|300|kg}} in Sun-synchronous orbit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spacetechasia.com/indias-19-upcoming-missions-and-isros-small-satellite-launch-vehicle-sslv/|title=India's 19 upcoming missions, and ISRO's Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)|date=2018-08-28|publisher=SpaceTech Asia|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref>

=== Spacecraft propulsion and power ===
;Electric thrusters
{{Main|Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion}}
India has been working on replacing conventional chemical propulsion with [[Hall-effect thruster|hall effect]] and [[Pulsed plasma thruster|plasma]] thrusters which would help in cutting down spacecrafts' mass.<ref name="WIONMar21"/> [[GSAT-4]] was first Indian spacecraft to carry electric thrusters but failed to reach orbit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article399411.ece|title=Why didn't the cryogenic engine ignite?|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=17 April 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref> [[GSAT-9]] launched later in 2017 had partial electric propulsion. [[GSAT-20]] is expected to be first fully electric satellite from India.<ref name="newsexpress">{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ISRO-to-Test-Electric-Propulsion-on-Satellites/2015/11/30/article3153565.ece |title=ISRO to Test Electric Propulsion on Satellites |work=The New Indian Express |first=Tiki |last=Rajwi |date=30 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gsat-9-heralds-cost-saving-electric-propulsion/article18347912.ece |title=GSAT-9 heralds cost-saving electric propulsion |work=The Hindu |last=D. S. |first=Madhumathi |date=1 May 2017}}</ref>

;Alpha source thermoelectric propulsion technology
{{Main|Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator}}
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), also called alpha source thermoelectric technology by ISRO is a type of [[atomic battery]] which uses nuclear [[decay heat]] of radioactive material to power the spacecraft.<ref name=NPE3>[https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Radioisotopes%20Power%20Production.pdf NPE chapter 3 Radioisotope Power Generation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218194925/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Radioisotopes%20Power%20Production.pdf |date=18 December 2012 }}</ref> In January 2021, [[U R Rao Satellite Centre]] issued an Expression of Interest (EoI) for design and development of a 100 W RTG. RTGs ensure much longer spacecraft life and have less mass than solar panels on satellites. Development of RTGs will allow ISRO to undertake long endurance deep space missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.<ref name="RTEG"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bansal|first=Nitansha|title=ISRO plans for nuclear energy use in space|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/isro-plans-for-nuclear-energy-use-in-space/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Observer Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Extraterrestrial probes ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Destination !!Craft name !!Launch vehicle !!Year
|-
| [[Moon]] ||[[Chandrayaan-3]]||[[GSLV Mk III]]|| 2022<ref name="ht-210221">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-launch-delayed-further-to-2022-says-isro-chief-k-sivan-101613901105054.html|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch delayed further to 2022, says ISRO chief K Sivan|date=2021-02-21|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Sun]] ||[[Aditya-L1]]||[[PSLV-XL]]|| 2022
|-
| [[Venus]] ||[[Shukrayaan-1]] ||[[GSLV Mk II]]||2025
|-
|[[Jupiter]]
|TBD
|TBD
|TBD
|-
| [[Mars]] ||[[Mars Orbiter Mission 2]] (''Mangalyaan 2'') ||[[GSLV Mk III]]||2024
|}

;Lunar exploration
{{Main|Chandrayaan-3|LUPEX}}
Chandryaan-3 is India's planned second attempt to soft land on the moon after failure of [[Chandrayaan-2]] in doing so. The mission will only include a lander-rover set and will communicate with the orbiter of previous mission. The technology demonstrated in a successful moon landing will be used in joint Indo-Japanese [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] for sampling and analysis of lunar soil.<ref name="Wire_Nov2019">{{cite web |url=https://science.thewire.in/spaceflight/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan/|title=ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan 3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt|publisher=The WIRE|date=14 November 2019|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

;Mars exploration
{{Main|Mars Orbiter Mission 2}}
The next Mars mission, Mars Orbiter Mission 2 or Mangalyaan 2 has been proposed for launch in 2024.<ref name="RS_20190718">{{Cite web|url=https://pqars.nic.in/annex/249/Au2955.pdf|title=Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2955|last=Jatiya|first=Satyanarayan|date=18 July 2019|access-date=30 August 2019}}{{dead link|date=May 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [https://imgur.com/a/SXXyGzC Alt URL]</ref> The newer spacecraft will be significantly heavier and better equipped than its predecessor.<ref name="Episode 90"/>

;Venus exploration
{{Main|Shukrayaan-I}}
ISRO is assessing an orbiter mission to Venus called ''[[Shukrayaan-1]]'', that could launch as early as 2023 to study its atmosphere.<ref name="Venorb">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-invites-scientists-from-across-country-for-venus-mission-4627259/|title=ISRO gears up for Venus mission, invites proposals from scientists|date=25 April 2017|website=[[The Indian Express]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618192208/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-invites-scientists-from-across-country-for-venus-mission-4627259/|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Some budget has been allocated to perform preliminary studies as part of 2017–18 Indian budget under Space Sciences,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-17/hyderabad/31070866_1_venus-mission-chandrayaan-1-isro|title=India planning Venus mission|author=Srinivas Laxman, TNN 17 February 2012, 05.03 am IST|date=17 February 2012|access-date=24 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218204750/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-17/hyderabad/31070866_1_venus-mission-chandrayaan-1-isro|archive-date=18 February 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/after-mars-isro-aims-venus-probe-2-3-years-335|title=After Mars, Isro aims for Venus probe in 2–3 years|work=The Asian Age|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530141559/http://www.asianage.com/india/after-mars-isro-aims-venus-probe-2-3-years-335|archive-date=30 May 2015|access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="indiabudget.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2017-18/eb/sbe91.pdf|title=Department of Space|website=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215111518/http://indiabudget.gov.in/ub2017-18/eb/sbe91.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and solicitations for potential instruments were requested in 2017<ref name="A of O">{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-space-based-experiments-to-study-venus|title=Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Space Based Experiments to Study Venus|date=19 April 2017|website=ISRO.gov.in|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183153/http://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-space-based-experiments-to-study-venus|archive-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2018. Mission to Venus is scheduled for 2025 that will include a payload instrument called Venus Infrared Atmospheric Gases Linker (VIRAL) which is co-developed with [[Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales]] (LATMOS) under [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] (CNRS) and [[Roscosmos]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO to launch its Venus mission in 2025, France to take part |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-to-launch-its-venus-mission-in-2025-france-to-take-part-11601476329074.html |access-date=1 October 2020 |agency=PTI |publisher=Livemint |date=30 September 2020}}</ref>

;Solar probes
{{Main|Aditya-L1}}
ISRO is scheduled to carry out a mission to study the [[Solar corona]], due for launch in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/indias-first-solar-mission-in-2020-isro-chairman/articleshow/69169011.cms|title=India's first solar mission in 2020: Isro chairman {{!}} Madurai News – Times of India|date=4 May 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705100844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/indias-first-solar-mission-in-2020-isro-chairman/articleshow/69169011.cms|archive-date=5 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaper.mailtoday.in/c/26281749|title=After Mars, India aims for Sun now|date=13 February 2018|work=Mail Today|publisher=Mail Today|agency=Mail Today|page=12|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044940/http://epaper.mailtoday.in/c/26281749|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The probe is named Aditya-L1 and will have a mass of about {{cvt|400|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/after-the-moon-isro-eyes-the-sun/201990|title=After the Moon, ISRO eyes the sun|date=9 June 2011|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927224137/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/after-the-moon-isro-eyes-the-sun/201990|archive-date=27 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the first Indian space-based solar [[coronagraph]] to study the corona in visible and near-IR bands. Launch of the Aditya mission was planned during the heightened solar activity period in 2012, but was postponed to 2021 due to the extensive work involved in the fabrication, and other technical aspects. The main objective of the mission is to study [[coronal mass ejection]]s (CMEs), their properties (the structure and evolution of their magnetic fields for example), and consequently constrain parameters that affect [[space weather]].

;Asteroids and outer solar system
Conceptual studies are underway to launch spacecrafts to asteroids and [[Jupiter]] as well in long term. The ideal launch window to send a spacecraft to Jupiter occurs every 33 months. If the mission to [[Jupiter]] is launched, a flyby of [[Venus]] would be required.<ref>{{cite web|title=After Mars, ISRO looks to conquer Venus & Jupiter|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/After-Mars-ISRO-looks-to-conquer-Venus-Jupiter/articleshow/56342122.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108002328/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/After-Mars-ISRO-looks-to-conquer-Venus-Jupiter/articleshow/56342122.cms|archive-date=8 January 2017|access-date=7 January 2017|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Development of [[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator|RTEG]] might facilitate agency to further undertake deeper space missions like to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.<ref name="RTEG">{{Cite news|last=Laxman|first=Srinivas|title=ISRO plans new propulsion for deep space missions|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/isro-plans-new-propulsion-for-deep-space-missions/articleshow/80801653.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref>

=== Space telescopes and observatories ===
;AstroSat-2
{{Main|AstroSat-2}}
AstroSat-2 is the successor of Astrosat mission.<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news|title=ISRO plans to launch India's 2nd space observatory|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//home/science/isro-plans-to-launch-indias-2nd-space-observatory/articleshow/62975636.cms?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201224032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//home/science/isro-plans-to-launch-indias-2nd-space-observatory/articleshow/62975636.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2019|author=Surendra Singh|date=19 February 2018|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

;XPoSat
{{Main|X-ray Polarimeter Satellite}}
The X-ray Polarimeter Satellite ([[X-ray Polarimeter Satellite|XPoSat]]) is a planned mission to study [[Polarization (waves)|polarisation]]. It is planned to have a mission life of five years and is planned to be launched in 2021.<ref name='Annadurai 2019'>[http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2017/copuos2017tech30E.pdf Future Exploration Missions of ISRO.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921095058/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2017/copuos2017tech30E.pdf |date=21 September 2018 }} Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Dr. M. Annadurai, director, ISAC, ISRO. UNCOPUOS 60th Session, Vienna. 2019.</ref> The spacecraft is planned to carry the Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays (POLIX) payload which will study the degree and angle of polarisation of bright astronomical [[X-ray]] sources in the energy range 5–30 keV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-launched-here-are-future-isro-missions-to-space-5842337/|title=Chandrayaan 2 launched: Here are future ISRO missions to space|date=22 July 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726085439/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-launched-here-are-future-isro-missions-to-space-5842337/|archive-date=26 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Exoworlds
Exoworlds is a joint proposal by ISRO, [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology|IIST]] and the [[University of Cambridge]] for a space telescope dedicated for atmospheric studies of [[exoplanet]]s. The proposal is aiming for readiness by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/exoworlds-to-take-off-in-2025-kasturirangan-782783.html|title=Exoworlds to take off in 2025: Kasturirangan|date=2019-12-05|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iist.ac.in/sites/default/files/library/7thconvocationspeech2019.pdf|title=Seventh convocation address IIST|date=5 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206054815/https://www.iist.ac.in/sites/default/files/library/7thconvocationspeech2019.pdf|archive-date=6 December 2019|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Forthcoming satellites ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Satellite name
! Launch vehicle
! Year!! Purpose
! Notes
|-
| EOS-03/[[GISAT]] 1
| [[GSLV]] Mk II - F10
| 12 AUg 2021<ref name="TH_20210710">{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2021-07-10|title=ISRO plans to launch geo imaging satellite on August 12|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-plans-to-launch-geo-imaging-satellite-on-august-12/article35249440.ece|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> || [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]
| Geospatial imagery to facilitate continuous observation of Indian sub-continent, quick monitoring of natural hazards and disaster.
|-
|EOS-6 /[[Oceansat]]-3
|[[PSLV]] - C53
| October 2021
|[[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]
|
|-
| [[NAVIC#NVS series satellite|NVS-01]]
| [[GSLV]] Mk II - F14
| November 2021 || [[Satellite navigation|Navigation]]
|
|-
|[[GSAT-20]]
|[[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III|GSLV Mk III]]
| 2021 - 2022 ||[[Communications satellite|Communications]]
|
|-
|[[GISAT]] 2
|[[GSLV]] Mk II
|2021
|[[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]
|Geospatial imagery to facilitate continuous observation of Indian sub-continent, quick monitoring of natural hazards and disaster.
|-
| [[Indian Data Relay Satellite System|IDRSS]]
| [[GSLV]] Mk II
| 2021 - 2022 || [[Data transmission|Data relay and satellite tracking constellation]]
| Facilitates continuous real-time communication between [[Low Earth orbit]] bound spacecraft to the [[ground station]] as well as inter-satellite communication. Such a satellite in geostationary orbit can track a low altitude spacecraft up to almost half of its orbit.
|-
| [[NISAR (satellite)|NISAR]]
| [[GSLV]] Mk II
| 2022 || [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]
|NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) is a joint project between NASA and ISRO to co-develop and launch a dual frequency [[synthetic aperture radar]] satellite to be used for [[remote sensing]]. It is notable for being the first dual band [[radar imaging]] satellite.
|-
| DISHA
| [[PSLV]]
|2024–25<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/aeronomy-satellite-in-advanced-planning-stage/articleshow/66323217.cms|title=Space Applications Centre: 'Aeronomy satellite in advanced planning stage' {{!}} Ahmedabad News – Times of India|last1=23 Oct|first1=TNN {{!}} Updated|last2=2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=18 July 2019|last3=Ist|first3=4:58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109064936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/aeronomy-satellite-in-advanced-planning-stage/articleshow/66323217.cms|archive-date=9 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Aeronomy]]
|Disturbed and quite-type Ionosphere System at High Altitude (DISHA) satellite constellation with two satellites in {{cvt|450|km|adj=on}} [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]].<ref name="RS_20190718" />
|-
|AHySIS-2
|PSLV
|2024
|[[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]
|Follow-up to [[HySIS]] hyperspectral Earth imaging satellite.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Suresh|date=2019-03-11|title=Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Salt-affected Soils : Potential & Future Prospects|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331648387}}</ref>
|}

== Applications ==
=== Telecommunication ===
India uses its satellite communication network – one of the largest in the world – for applications such as land management, water resources management, natural disaster forecasting, radio networking, weather forecasting, meteorological imaging and computer communication.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1738>Bhaskaranarayana, 1738–1746</ref> Business, administrative services, and schemes such as the [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC) are direct beneficiaries of applied satellite technology.<ref name=autogenerated1>Bhaskaranarayana, 1738</ref> Dinshaw Mistry, on the subject of practical applications of the Indian space program, writes:

{{Quote|text="The INSAT-2 satellites also provide telephone links to remote areas; data transmission for organisations such as the National Stock Exchange; mobile satellite service communications for private operators, railways, and road transport; and broadcast satellite services, used by India's state-owned television agency as well as commercial television channels. India's EDUSAT (Educational Satellite), launched aboard the GSLV in 2004, was intended for adult literacy and distance learning applications in rural areas. It augmented and would eventually replace such capabilities already provided by INSAT-3B."|sign=|source=}}

=== Resource management ===
The IRS satellites have found applications with the Indian Natural Resource Management program, with Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres in five Indian cities, and with Remote Sensing Application Centres in twenty Indian states that use IRS images for economic development applications. These include environmental monitoring, analysing soil erosion and the impact of soil conservation measures, forestry management, determining land cover for wildlife sanctuaries, delineating groundwater potential zones, flood inundation mapping, drought monitoring, estimating crop acreage and deriving agricultural production estimates, fisheries monitoring, mining and geological applications such as surveying metal and mineral deposits, and urban planning.

=== Military ===
[[Integrated Space Cell]], under the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] headquarters of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]],<ref name=iss>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JF18Df01.html |title=India goes to war in space |date=18 June 2008 |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811041736/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JF18Df01.html |archive-date=11 August 2010 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> has been set up to utilise more effectively the country's space-based assets for military purposes and to look into threats to these assets.<ref>{{cite web | title=India in aerospace defence plan | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6307875.stm | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=28 January 2007 | access-date=24 April 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929001552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6307875.stm | archive-date=29 September 2009 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India Begins Work on Space Weapons Command |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Begins_Work_On_Space_Weapons_Command.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070709071654/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Begins_Work_On_Space_Weapons_Command.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2007 |publisher=SpaceDaily |date=12 April 2006 |access-date=24 April 2009 }}</ref> This command will leverage space technology including [[satellites]]. Unlike an aerospace command, where the air force controls most of its activities, the Integrated Space Cell envisages cooperation and coordination between the three services as well as civilian agencies dealing with space.<ref name=iss/> With 14 satellites, including [[GSAT-7A]] for the exclusive military use and the rest as dual use satellites, India has the fourth largest number of satellites active in the sky which includes satellites for the exclusive use of Indian Air Force and Indian Navy respectively.<ref name=howmany>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-isros-gsat-7a-launch-is-important-for-iaf/articleshow/67153347.cms Why Isro's Gsat-7A launch is important for the Indian Air Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219050914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-isros-gsat-7a-launch-is-important-for-iaf/articleshow/67153347.cms |date=19 December 2018 }}, Times of India, 19 December 2018.</ref> GSAT-7A, an advanced military communications satellite exclusively for the [[Indian Air Force]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20130910/DEFREG03/309100007/India-s-Tech-Roadmap-Points-Small-Sats-Space-Weapons|title = India's Tech Roadmap Points to Small Sats, Space Weapons|archive-url = https://archive.today/20150121220451/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20130910/DEFREG03/309100007/India-s-Tech-Roadmap-Points-Small-Sats-Space-Weapons|archive-date = 21 January 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> is similar to [[Indian Navy]]'s [[GSAT-7]], and GSAT-7A will enhance [[Network-centric warfare|Network-centric warfare capabilities]] of the Indian Air Force by interlinking different ground radar stations, ground airbase and [[Airborne early warning and control|Airborne early warning and control (AWACS)]] aircraft such as [[Beriev A-50]] [[EL/W-2090|Phalcon]] and [[DRDO AEW&CS]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=skymil1/> GSAT-7A will also be used by [[Indian Army]]'s Aviation Corps for its helicopters and UAV's operations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=skymil1>{{Cite web|url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iaf-to-induct-214-fifth-generation-fighter-jets/189940-3.html|title = IAF to induct 214 fifth generation fighter jets|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120703035131/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iaf-to-induct-214-fifth-generation-fighter-jets/189940-3.html|archive-date = 3 July 2012|url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2013, ISRO launched GSAT-7 for the exclusive use of the [[Indian Navy]] to monitor the [[Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean Region]] (IOR) with the satellite's {{convert|2000|nmi|adj=on}} 'footprint' and real-time input capabilities to Indian warships, submarines and maritime aircraft.<ref name=howmany/> To boost the network-centric operations of the IAF, ISRO launched [[GSAT-7A]] on 19 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-successfully-launches-gsat-7a/article25781226.ece|title=GSAT-7A, ISRO's 'angry bird', takes to the skies|last=Rohit|first=T. k|date=19 December 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 July 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=howmany/> The [[RISAT]] series of [[Radar imaging|radar-imaging]] [[earth observation satellite]]s is also meant for Military use.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-launches-radar-imaging-observation-satellite-risat-2b/article27211076.ece|title=ISRO launches radar imaging observation satellite RISAT-2B|date=22 May 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 July 2019|others=Special Correspondent|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522193100/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-launches-radar-imaging-observation-satellite-risat-2b/article27211076.ece|archive-date=22 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO launched [[EMISAT]] on 1 April 2019. EMISAT is an electronic intelligence ([[ELINT]]) satellite which has a weight of 436-kg. It will help improve the situational awareness of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] by providing information and location of hostile radars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/pslv-isro-emisat-launch-from-sriharikota-on-april-1/article26699077.ece|title=India gets surveillance satellite|last=D.s|first=Madhumathi|date=1 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 July 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605075446/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/pslv-isro-emisat-launch-from-sriharikota-on-april-1/article26699077.ece|archive-date=5 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

India's satellites and satellite launch vehicles have had military spin-offs. While India's {{convert|93|-|124|mi|km|lk=out|adj=on|order=flip}} range [[Prithvi missile]] is not derived from the Indian space programme, the intermediate range [[Agni missile]] is drawn from the Indian space programme's SLV-3. In its early years, when headed by Vikram Sarabhai and Satish Dhawan, ISRO opposed military applications for its dual-use projects such as the SLV-3. Eventually, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) based missile programme borrowed human resources and technology from ISRO. Missile scientist [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] (elected president of India in 2002), who had headed the SLV-3 project at ISRO, moved to [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] to direct India's missile programme. About a dozen scientists accompanied Kalam from ISRO to DRDO, where he designed the Agni missile using the SLV-3's solid fuel first stage and a liquid-fuel (Prithvi-missile-derived) second stage. The IRS and INSAT satellites were primarily intended and used for civilian-economic applications, but they also offered military spin-offs. In 1996 New Delhi's Ministry of Defence temporarily blocked the use of [[IRS-1C]] by India's environmental and agricultural ministries to monitor ballistic missiles near India's borders. In 1997, the [[Indian Air Force]]'s "Airpower Doctrine" aspired to use space assets for surveillance and battle management.<ref name=mistry94>Mistry, 94–95</ref>

=== Academic ===
Institutions like the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] and the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] use satellites for scholarly applications.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744>Bhaskaranarayana, 1744</ref> Between 1975 and 1976, India conducted its largest sociological programme using space technology, reaching 2400{{Nbsp}}villages through video programming in local languages aimed at educational development via [[ATS-6]] technology developed by NASA.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1737>Bhaskaranarayana, 1737</ref> This experiment—named [[Satellite Instructional Television Experiment]] (SITE)—conducted large scale video broadcasts resulting in significant improvement in rural education.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1737/> Education could reach far remote rural places with the help of above programs.

===Telemedicine===
ISRO has applied its technology for [[telemedicine]], directly connecting patients in rural areas to medical professionals in urban locations via satellites.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744/> Since high-quality healthcare is not universally available in some of the remote areas of India, the patients in remote areas are diagnosed and analysed by doctors in urban centers in real time via [[video conferencing]].<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744/> The patient is then advised medicine and treatment.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744/> The patient is then treated by the staff at one of the 'super-specialty hospitals' under instructions from the doctor.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744/> Mobile telemedicine vans are also deployed to visit locations in far-flung areas and provide diagnosis and support to patients.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744/>

===Biodiversity Information System===
ISRO has also helped implement India's Biodiversity Information System, completed in October 2002.<ref name=sen490/> Nirupa Sen details the program: "Based on intensive field sampling and mapping using satellite remote sensing and geospatial modeling tools, maps have been made of vegetation cover on a 1: 250,000 scale. This has been put together in a web-enabled database that links gene-level information of plant species with spatial information in a BIOSPEC database of the ecological hot spot regions, namely [[North-East India|northeastern India]], [[Western Ghats]], [[Himalayas|Western Himalayas]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. This has been made possible with collaboration between the Department of Biotechnology and ISRO."<ref name=sen490>Sen, 490</ref>

=== Cartography ===
The Indian IRS-P5 ([[CARTOSAT-1]]) was equipped with high-resolution panchromatic equipment to enable it for cartographic purposes.{{sfn|Burleson|2005|page=136}} IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was followed by a more advanced model named IRS-P6 developed also for agricultural applications.{{sfn|Burleson|2005|page=136}} The [[CARTOSAT-2]] project, equipped with single panchromatic camera that supported scene-specific on-spot images, succeeded the CARTOSAT-1 project.{{sfn|Burleson|2005|page=143}}

=== Spin-offs ===
{{Main|ISRO spinoff technologies}}
ISRO's research has been diverted into spin-offs to develop various technologies for other sectors. Examples include [[Prosthesis|bionic limbs]] for people without or amputated limbs, [[silica aerogel]] to keep Indian soldiers warm who are serving in extremely cold areas, distress alert transmitters for accidents, [[Doppler weather radar]] and various sensors and machines for inspection work in engineering industries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Space Spin Offs From ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/isro-technology-transfer/space-spin-offs-isro |website=ISRO |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech39E.pdf|title=Spin-off benefits of the Indian Space Programme|last=Sreerekha|first=U|date=20 June 2019|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920224822/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech39E.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2019|access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>

== International cooperations ==
ISRO has signed various formal cooperative arrangements in the form of either Agreements or Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) or Framework Agreements with [[Afghanistan]], [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Armenia]], [[Australia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Brunei]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Egypt]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Indonesia]], [[Israel]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kuwait]], [[Maldives]], [[Mauritius]], [[Mexico]], [[Mongolia]], [[Morocco]], [[Myanmar]], [[Norway]], [[Peru]], [[Portugal]], [[South Korea]], [[Russia]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[Spain]], [[Oman]], [[Sweden]], [[Syria]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Thailand]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Tunisia]], [[Ukraine]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Vietnam]]. Formal cooperative instruments have been signed with international multilateral bodies including [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts]] (ECMWF), [[European Commission]], [[European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites]] (EUMETSAT), [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) and [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.isro.gov.in/international-cooperation | title=ISRO – International co-operation | publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation | access-date=27 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212234842/http://www.isro.gov.in/international-cooperation | archive-date=12 February 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Notable collaborative projects ===
;Chandryaan-1
* [[Chandrayaan-1]] also carried scientific payloads to the moon from [[NASA]], [[ESA]], [[Bulgarian Space Agency]], and other institutions/companies in North America and Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Anil |last2=Barabash |first2=Stas |last3=Futaana |first3=Yoshifumi |last4=Kazama |first4=Yoichi |last5=Asamura |first5=Kazushi |last6=McCann |first6=David |last7=Sridharan |first7=R. |last8=Holmstrom |first8=Mats |last9=Wurz |first9=Peter |last10=Lundin |first10=Rickard |title=Low energy neutral atom imaging on the Moon with the SARA instrument aboard Chandrayaan-1 mission |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jessci/dec2005/ilc-21.pdf |journal=Journal of Earth System Science |date=December 2005 |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=749–760 |doi=10.1007/BF02715960 |bibcode=2005JESS..114..749B|s2cid=55554166 }}</ref>

;Indo-French satellite missions
ISRO has two collaborative satellite missions with [[CNES]], namely [[Megha-Tropiques]] to study [[water cycle]] in the tropical atmosphere{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|447}} and [[SARAL]] for [[altimetry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/sara_general.html |title=Satellite SARAL |publisher=Ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=2021-03-21|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705114650/http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/sara_general.html |archive-date=2012-07-05 }}</ref> A third mission consisting of an earth observation satellite with thermal infrared imager, TRISHNA (Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High resolution Natural resource Assessment) is being planned between two countries.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-20|title=India, France working on third joint space mission: ISRO Chairman|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-france-working-on-third-joint-space-mission-isro-chairman/article34115470.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2021-03-22}}</ref>

;LUPEX
[[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] is a joint Indo-Japanese mission to study the surface of polar moon where India is tasked with providing soft landing technologies.<ref name="Episode 82">{{cite web|url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-82-jaxa-and-international-collaboration-with-professor-fujimoto-masaki/|title=Episode 82: JAXA and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki|publisher=Astro Talk UK|date=4 January 2019|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref>

;NISAR
[[NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar]] (NISAR) is a joint Indo-US radar project carrying an [[L Band]] and an [[S Band]] radar. It will be world's first radar imaging satellite to use dual frequencies.<ref>{{cite web|title = U.S., India to Collaborate on Mars Exploration, Earth-Observing Mission|url = http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/us-india-to-collaborate-on-mars-exploration-earth-observing-mission/|website = NASA official website|date = 30 September 2014|publisher = National Aeronautics and Space Administration|access-date = 1 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140930211905/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/us-india-to-collaborate-on-mars-exploration-earth-observing-mission/|archive-date = 30 September 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>

Some other notable instances include:
* ISRO operates LUT/MCC under the international COSPAS/SARSAT Programme for Search and Rescue.
* India has established a Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP) that is sponsored by the United Nations.
* India is a member of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, [[Cospas-Sarsat]], [[International Astronautical Federation]], [[COSPAR|Committee on Space Research]] (COSPAR), [[Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee]] (IADC), [[International Space University]], and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellite (CEOS).{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|447}}
*Contributing to planned [[BRICS]] virtual constellation for [[remote sensing]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech44E.pdf|title=Update on ISRO's International Cooperation|last=Kunhikrishnan|first=P.|date=20 June 2019|page=10|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630161422/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech44E.pdf|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20190628/1555995527.html|title=В орбитальную группировку стран БРИКС войдут пять космических аппаратов|date=28 June 2019|website=РИА Новости|language=ru|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707194515/https://ria.ru/20190628/1555995527.html|archive-date=7 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
Last updated: 4 March 2021<ref name=":2" />
* Total number of foreign satellites launched by ISRO: 342 (35 countries)<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=List of International Customer Satellites Launched by PSLV|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/342_foreign_satellites.pdf|access-date=4 March 2021|website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
* Spacecraft missions: 117
* Launch missions: 77
* Student satellites: 10 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/list-of-university-academic-institute-satellites|title=List of University / Academic Institute Satellites - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>
* Re-entry missions: 2

=== Budget for the Department of Space ===
{{Graph:Chart
|height = 300
|width = 700
|type = line
|yGrid =2
|xGrid =2
|showValues =
|showSymbols=1
|xAxisTitle = Year
|xAxisAngle = -40
|yAxisTitle = Rupees in billions
|yAxisMin =
|x =1985{{ndash}}86, 1986{{ndash}}87, 1987{{ndash}}88, 1988{{ndash}}89, 1989{{ndash}}90, 1990{{ndash}}91, 1991{{ndash}}92, 1992{{ndash}}93, 1993{{ndash}}94, 1994{{ndash}}95, 1995{{ndash}}96, 1996{{ndash}}97, 1997{{ndash}}98, 1998{{ndash}}99, 1999{{ndash}}2000, 2000{{ndash}}01, 2001{{ndash}}02, 2002{{ndash}}03, 2003{{ndash}}04, 2004{{ndash}}05, 2005{{ndash}}06, 2006{{ndash}}07, 2007{{ndash}}08, 2008{{ndash}}09, 2009{{ndash}}10, 2010{{ndash}}11, 2011{{ndash}}12, 2012{{ndash}}13, 2013{{ndash}}14, 2014{{ndash}}15, 2015{{ndash}}16, 2016{{ndash}}17, 2017{{ndash}}18, 2018{{ndash}}19, 2019{{ndash}}20, 2020{{ndash}}21
|y =2.4, 3, 3.3, 4.6, 4, 4, 4.95, 5.1, 7, 7.9, 9, 11, 13, 17.26, 19.09, 19.09, 20, 21.64, 22.74, 25.4, 26.75, 29.97, 32.9, 34.99, 41.6, 48.8, 44.32, 48.8, 51.72, 58.26, 69.59, 80.45, 91.55, 112, 124.73, 134.79
|colors = #4B0082
}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption=Allotted Budget Department wise in %age (Year 2019-20) for ISRO.
|other=
|label1 =[[Space technology|Space Technology]]
|value1 =67.41
|color1 =Red
|label2 =[[Space Applications Centre|Space Applications]]
|value2 =15.11
|color2 =DarkOrange
|label3 =[[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT Operations]]
|value3 =7.08
|color3 =Yellow
|label4 =[[Outline of space science|Space Sciences]]
|value4 =2.28
|color4 =Green
|label5 =Others
|value5 =8.09
|color5 =Blue
}}

==Controversies==

===S-band spectrum scam===

In India, [[electromagnetic spectrum]], being a scarce resource for wireless communication, is auctioned by the Government of India to telecom companies for use. As an example of its value, in 2010, 20 [[Megahertz|MHz]] of [[3G]] spectrum was [[Indian Telecom Spectrum Auction|auctioned]] for {{INRConvert|677|b}}. This part of the spectrum is allocated for terrestrial communication (cell phones). However, in January 2005, Antrix Corporation (commercial arm of ISRO) signed an agreement with Devas Multimedia (a private company formed by former ISRO employees and venture capitalists from the US) for lease of [[S band]] transponders (amounting to 70 MHz of spectrum) on two ISRO satellites (GSAT 6 and GSAT 6A) for a price of {{INRConvert|14|b}}, to be paid over a period of 12 years. The spectrum used in these satellites (2500 MHz and above) is allocated by the [[International Telecommunication Union]] specifically for satellite-based communication in India. Hypothetically, if the spectrum allocation is changed for utilisation for terrestrial transmission and if this 70 MHz of spectrum were sold at the 2010 auction price of the 3G spectrum, its value would have been over {{INRConvert|2000|b}}. This was a hypothetical situation. However, the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] considered this hypothetical situation and estimated the difference between the prices as a loss to the Indian Government.<ref name="Thakur, Pradeep">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Another-spectrum-scam-hits-govt-this-time-from-ISRO/articleshow/7445139.cms|title=Another spectrum scam hits govt, this time from ISRO|last=Thakur|first=Pradeep|date=8 February 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2018|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727213455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Another-spectrum-scam-hits-govt-this-time-from-ISRO/articleshow/7445139.cms|archive-date=27 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Behind the S-band spectrum scandal">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/behind-the-sband-spectrum-scandal/article1200374.ece | title=Behind the S-band spectrum scandal | work=The Hindu | date=28 September 2011 | access-date=6 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219053426/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/behind-the-sband-spectrum-scandal/article1200374.ece | archive-date=19 February 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>

There were lapses on implementing [[Government of India]] procedures. Antrix/ISRO had allocated the capacity of the above two satellites to Devas Multimedia on an exclusive basis, while rules said it should always be non-exclusive. The [[Cabinet of India|Cabinet]] was misinformed in November 2005 that several service providers were interested in using satellite capacity, while the Devas deal was already signed. Also, the Space Commission was kept in the dark while taking approval for the second satellite (its cost was diluted so that Cabinet approval was not needed). ISRO committed to spending {{INRConvert|7.66|b}} of public money on building, launching, and operating two satellites that were leased out for Devas.

In late 2009, some ISRO insiders exposed information about the Devas-Antrix deal,<ref name="Behind the S-band spectrum scandal"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/2862/antrix-devas-news-lalit-shastri/#main|title=antrix-devas-news-lalit-shastri|publisher=Newsroom24x7|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519214523/http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/2862/antrix-devas-news-lalit-shastri/#main|archive-date=19 May 2015|url-status=live|date=20 March 2015}}</ref> and the ensuing investigations resulted in the deal being annulled. [[G. Madhavan Nair]] (ISRO Chairperson when the agreement was signed) was barred from holding any post under the Department of Space. Some former scientists were found guilty of "acts of commission" or "acts of omission". Devas and Deutsche Telekom demanded US$2 billion and US$1 billion, respectively, in damages.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Antrix-Devas-and-the-second-generation-scam/2013/08/22/article1745659.ece | title=Antrix Devas and the second generation scam | work=The New Indian Express | date=22 August 2013 | access-date=6 February 2015 | author=Jethmalani, Ram | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206055725/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Antrix-Devas-and-the-second-generation-scam/2013/08/22/article1745659.ece | archive-date=6 February 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> Government of India's Department of Revenue and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] initiated an inquiry into Devas shareholding.

The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] concluded investigations into the Antrix-Devas scam and registered a case against the accused in the Antrix-Devas deal under Section 120-B, besides Section 420 of IPC and Section 13(2) read with 13(1)(d) of PC Act, 1988 on 18 March 2015 against the then Executive Director of [[Antrix Corporation]], two officials of USA-based company, Bangalore based private multimedia company, and other unknown officials of Antrix Corporation or Department of Space.<ref>{{cite news|title=CBI registers case in the huge Antrix-Devas scam|url=http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/18/cbi-registers-case-in-the-huge-antrix-devas-scam/|access-date=16 May 2015|publisher=Newsroom24x7.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518104746/http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/18/cbi-registers-case-in-the-huge-antrix-devas-scam/|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/antrix-devas-agreement-national-security-and-cbi/|title=Antrix-Devas Agreement, national security, and CBI|publisher=Newsroom24x7|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503054604/https://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/antrix-devas-agreement-national-security-and-cbi/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live|date=20 March 2015}}</ref>

Devas Multimedia started arbitration proceedings against Antrix in June 2011. In September 2015, the International Court of Arbitration of the [[International Chamber of Commerce]] ruled in favour of Devas, and directed Antrix to pay US$672 million (Rs 44.35 billion) in damages to Devas.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isros-antrix-to-pay-rs-4432-crore-damages-to-devas-for-unlawfully-cancelling-contract/articleshow/49158235.cms | title=ISRO's Antrix to pay Rs 44.32 billion damages to Devas for unlawfully cancelling contract | date=30 September 2015 | work=The Economic Times | access-date=15 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105072143/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isros-antrix-to-pay-rs-4432-crore-damages-to-devas-for-unlawfully-cancelling-contract/articleshow/49158235.cms | archive-date=5 November 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> Antrix opposed the Devas plea for tribunal award in the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/antrix-opposes-devas-plea-over-tribunal-award-in-hc/|title=Antrix opposes Devas plea over tribunal award in HC|last=Mathur|first=Aneesha|date=10 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=23 January 2018|location=[[New Delhi]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153015/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/antrix-opposes-devas-plea-over-tribunal-award-in-hc/|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=December 2018}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight|India}}
* [[Science and technology in India]]
* [[Space industry of India]]
* [[Comparison of Asian national space programs]]
* [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]
* [[List of government space agencies]]
* [[List of ISRO missions]]
* [[New Space India Limited]]
* [[Deep Ocean mission]]
* [[Swami Vivekananda Planetarium]]
* [[Telecommunications in India]]
* [[Timeline of Solar System exploration]]

== Notes and references ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|40em}}'''Bold text'''
* {{Cite journal|last1=Bhaskarnarayana|first1=A.|last2=Bhatia|first2=B.S.|last3=Bandyopadhyay|first3=K.|last4=Jain|first4=P.K.|year=2007|title=Applications of space communication|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24102068|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=93|issue=12|pages=1737–1746|location=Bangalore|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|jstor=24102068}}
* {{Cite book|last=Burleson|first=D.|year=2005|title="India", ''Space Programmes Outside the United States: All Exploration and Research Efforts, Country by Country''|pages=136–146|location=United States of America|isbn=0-7864-1852-4}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Daniel|first=R.R.|year=1992|title=Space Science in India|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=27|issue=4|location=New Delhi|pages=485–499|publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]]}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=S.C.|last2=Suresh|first2=B.N.|last3=Sivan|first3=K.|year=2007|title=Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1697_1714_0.pdf|pages=1697–1714|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=93|issue=12|location=Bangalore|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ojha|first=N.N.|year=|title="India in Space ", Science & Technology|publisher=Chronicle Books|pages=110–143|isbn=|location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Mistry|first1=Dinshaw|last2=Wolpert|first2=Stanley|year=2006|title="Space Programme", Encyclopedia of India|volume=4|pages=93–95|isbn=0-684-31353-7|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Thomson Gale]]}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Narasimha|first=Roddam|year=2002|title=Satish Dhawan|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_082_02_0222_0225_0.pdf|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=82|issue=2|pages=222–225|location=Bangalore|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Nirupa|year=2003|title=Indian success stories in use of Space tools for social development|url=|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=84|issue=4|pages=489–90|location=Bangalore|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]}}

* {{Cite book|last1=Suri|first=R.K.|last2=Rajaram|first2=Kalpana|year=|title="Space Research", Science and Technology in India|pages=411–448|isbn=81-7930-294-6|location=New Delhi|publisher=Spectrum}}
* {{citation|last=Aliberti|first=Marco|title=India in Space: Between Utility and Geopolitics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYtHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|year=2018|publisher=Springer|bibcode=2018isbu.book.....A|isbn=978-3-319-71652-7}}
* {{citation|last=D. Launius|first=Roger|title=The Smithsonian History of Space Exploration: From the Ancient World to the Extraterrestrial Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j9wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|year=2018|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|isbn=978-1-58834-637-7}}
* {{citation|last1=Narayanan|first1=Nambi|last2=Ram|first2=Arun|title=Ready To Fire: How India and I Survived the ISRO Spy Case|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks1SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59|date= 2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-86826-27-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Harvey|first1=Brian|last2=Smid|first2=Henk H. F.|last3=Pirard|first3=Theo|title=Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA144|year= 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4419-0874-2|pages=144–}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bhargava|first1=Pushpa M.|last2=Chakrabarti|first2=Chandana|title=The Saga of Indian Science Since Independence: In a Nutshell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7crHmSeI5kC&pg=PA39|year=2003|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-435-1|pages=39–|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513184438/https://books.google.com/books?id=g7crHmSeI5kC&pg=PA39|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Sadeh|first=Eligar|year=2013|title=Space Strategy in the 21st Century: Theory and Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4nXqDvgGrIC&pg=PA303|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22623-6|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161252/https://books.google.com/books?id=u4nXqDvgGrIC&pg=PA303|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rajagopalan|last2=Prasad|first1=Rajeshwari Pillai|first2=Narayan|title=Space India 2.0: Commerce, Policy, Security and Governance Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwtNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|year=2017|publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|isbn=978-81-86818-28-2}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==

* ''The Economics of India's Space Programme'', by U. Sankar, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-19-568345-5}}
* ''The Indian Space Programme'', by Gurbir Singh, Astrotalkuk Publications, {{ISBN|978-0956933737}}
* ''Reach For the Stars: The Evolution of India's Rocket Programme'', by Gopal Raj, {{ISBN|978-0670899500}}
* ''From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey'', by ISRO, {{ISBN|978-9351776895}}
* ''Brief History of Rocketry in ISRO'', by P V Manoranjan Rao and P Radhakrishnan, {{ISBN|978-8173717642}}
* ''India's Rise as a Space Power'', by U R Rao, {{ISBN|978-9382993483}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
* {{official|http://www.isro.gov.in }}
* {{cite web |url = http://www.dos.gov.in |title = Official website of the Department of Space of the Government of India |publisher=dos.gov.in}}

{{-}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{ISRO facilities}}
{{Public sector space agencies}}
{{Gandhi Peace Prize laureates}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Space Research Organisation}}
[[Category:Indian Space Research Organisation| ]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Rocket engine manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Space programme of India| ]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Space agencies]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bangalore]]

Manmohan Singh

2021-07-20T16:25:25Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{AFC submission/draft}}  {{short description|Economist and 13th Prime Minister of India}} {{about||the film director|Manmohan Singh (film directo..."

{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{short description|Economist and 13th Prime Minister of India}}
{{about||the film director|Manmohan Singh (film director)|the pilot|Man Mohan Singh (pilot)}}
{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manmohan Singh
| alt = Manmohan Singh
| honorific_suffix=[[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]
| caption = Official portrait, 2004
| office = 13th [[Prime Minister of India]]
| president = {{ubl|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]|[[Pratibha Patil]]|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]}}
| term_start = 22 May 2004
| term_end = 26 May 2014
| predecessor = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| vicepresident = {{ubl|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]|[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]}}
| successor = [[Narendra Modi]]
| order1 = 16th
| office1 = Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
| primeminister1 = Himself
| term_start1 = 23 May 2004
| term_end1 = 26 May 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Lal Krishna Advani]]
| successor1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office3 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|22nd Minister of Finance]]
| primeminister3 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| term_start3 = 21 June 1991
| term_end3 = 16 May 1996
| predecessor3 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| successor3 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| office2 = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha]]
| primeminister2 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| term_start2 = 21 March 1998
| term_end2 = 21 May 2004
| predecessor2 = [[Sikander Bakht]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1932|9|26}}
| birth_place = [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gursharan Kaur]]|1958}}
| children = [[Upinder Singh|Upinder]], [[Daman Singh|Daman]], Amrit
| alma_mater = {{nowrap|[[Panjab University]] ([[B.A.|BA]], [[M.A.|MA]]) [[University of Cambridge]] (BA) [[University of Oxford]] ([[DPhil]])}}
| profession = {{hlist |[[Economist]]|academician|bureaucrat|politician}}
| residence = 3 Motilal Nehru Marg, [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/former-pm-manmohan-singh-moves-to-3-motilal-nehru-marg-1543989.html | title=Former PM Manmohan Singh moves to 3, Motilal Nehru Marg}}</ref>
| awards = [[Padma Vibushan]] [[Adam Smith Prize]]
| signature = Manmohan Singh Signatures.svg
| signature_alt = Manmohan Singh
| image = Official Portrait of the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.jpg
}}
'''Manmohan Singh''' ({{IPA-pa|mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪ́ŋɡ|lang|Hi-ManmohanSingh.ogg}}; born 26 September 1932) is an Indian economist, academic, and politician who served as the 13th [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]] from 2004 to 2014. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], Singh was the first [[Sikh]] Prime minister of India. Singh was also the first prime minister since [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.

Born in [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]], [[Punjab (region)|West Punjab]], in what is today [[Pakistan]], Singh's family migrated to India during [[Partition of India|its partition]] in 1947. After obtaining his doctorate in economics from [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Oxford]], Singh worked for the [[United Nations]] during 1966–1969. He subsequently began his bureaucratic career when [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]] hired him as an advisor in the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]]. During the 1970s and 1980s, Singh held several key posts in the [[Government of India]], such as [[Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India|Chief Economic Advisor]] (1972–1976), governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India|Reserve Bank]] (1982–1985) and head of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] (1985–1987).

In 1991, as India faced a [[1991 Indian economic crisis|severe economic crisis]], newly elected Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] surprisingly inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]]. Over the next few years, despite strong opposition, he as a Finance Minister carried out several structural reforms that [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalised India's economy]]. Although these measures proved successful in averting the crisis, and enhanced Singh's reputation globally as a leading reform-minded economist, the incumbent [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] fared poorly in the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 general election]]. Subsequently, Singh served as [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]) during the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] government of 1998–2004.

In 2004, when the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) came to power, its chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]] unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh. Singh's [[first Manmohan Singh ministry|first ministry]] executed several key legislations and projects, including the [[National Rural Health Mission|Rural Health Mission]], [[Unique Identification Authority of India|Unique Identification Authority]], [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act|Rural Employment Guarantee]] scheme and [[Right to Information Act]]. In 2008, opposition to a historic [[U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement|civil nuclear agreement with the United States]] nearly caused Singh's government to fall after [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] parties withdrew their support. Although India's economy grew rapidly under UPA I, its security was threatened by several terrorist incidents (including the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]) and the continuing [[Maoist insurgency]].

The [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister. Over the next few years, Singh's [[second Manmohan Singh ministry|second ministry]] government faced a number of corruption charges—over the organisation of the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the [[2G spectrum allocation case]] and the [[Indian coal allocation scam|allocation of coal blocks]]. After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race for the office of the [[Prime Minister of India]] during the [[2014 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India's Manmohan Singh to step down as PM|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/03/india-manmohan-singh-rahul-gandhi-narendra-modi|access-date=20 April 2015|work=The Guardian|date=3 January 2014}}</ref> Singh was never a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of the Lok Sabha]] but served as a member of the [[Parliament of India]], representing the state of [[Assam]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] for five terms from 1991 to 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manmohan Singh takes oath as Rajya Sabha member|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manmohan-Singh-takes-oath-as-Rajya-Sabha-member/articleshow/20626992.cms|access-date=20 April 2015|work=The Times of India|date=17 June 2013}}</ref> In August 2019, Singh filed his nomination as a Congress candidate to the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Rajasthan]] after the death of sitting MP [[Madan Lal Saini]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Mohammed |title=Manmohan Singh files Rajya Sabha nomination from Rajasthan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manmohan-singh-files-rajya-sabha-nomination-from-rajasthan/article29059696.ece |access-date=18 August 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=13 August 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=RS bypoll: Manmohan's nomination found valid |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/rs-bypoll-manmohan-s-nomination-found-valid/818485.html |access-date=18 August 2019 |work=The Tribune |date=17 August 2019}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]], into a [[Sikh]] family.<ref name="dr mms">{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Dr. Manmohan Singh |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2 |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207031001/http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2 |archive-date=7 December 2011 }}</ref> He lost his mother when he was very young and was raised by his paternal grandmother, to whom he was very close.

After the [[Partition of India]], his family migrated to [[Amritsar]], India, where he studied at [[Hindu College, Amritsar|Hindu College]]. He attended [[Panjab University]], then in [[Hoshiarpur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/522-indiacolleges-Government-College-Hoshiarpur/ |title=Government College, Hoshiarpur | Colleges in Hoshiarpur Punjab |publisher=Punjabcolleges.com |access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.bsnl.in/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/hotnews/hotnews35448.html |title=Three sardars and their Hoshiarpur connection |publisher=Portal.bsnl.in |date=23 March 1932 |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128174157/http://portal.bsnl.in/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/hotnews/hotnews35448.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/hoshiarpur/recent/4 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712035246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/hoshiarpur/recent/4 | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Hoshiarpur}}</ref> Punjab, studying Economics and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively, standing first throughout his academic career. He completed his Economics Tripos at [[University of Cambridge]] as he was a member of [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]] in 1957.<ref name=CSIR/>

In a 2005 interview with the British journalist [[Mark Tully]], Singh said about his Cambridge days:

{{quote|I first became conscious of the creative role of politics in shaping human affairs, and I owe that mostly to my teachers [[Joan Robinson]] and [[Nicholas Kaldor]]. Joan Robinson was a brilliant teacher, but she also sought to awaken the inner conscience of her students in a manner that very few others were able to achieve. She questioned me a great deal and made me think the unthinkable. She propounded the left wing interpretation of Keynes, maintaining that the state has to play more of a role if you really want to combine development with social equity. Kaldor influenced me even more; I found him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was a great admirer of what was going on in China, but Kaldor used the Keynesian analysis to demonstrate that capitalism could be made to work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=13290|title=Manmohan Singh - PIB|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref>}}

After Cambridge, Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at [[Panjab University]].<ref name=TULLY>[[Mark Tully]]. "[http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas2005/cam_2005_46_profile1.pdf Architect of the New India]". ''Cambridge Alumni Magazine''. Michaelmas 2005. Retrieved on 28 February 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701144359/http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas2005/cam_2005_46_profile1.pdf |date=1 July 2013 }}</ref> In 1960, he went to the [[University of Oxford]] for the [[DPhil]], where he was a member of [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]]. His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of [[Ian Little (economist)|I.M.D. Little]] was titled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications", and was later the basis for his book "India's Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/cv.pdf |title=Curriculum Vitae |access-date=11 December 2008 |publisher=[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister's Office]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221094735/http://pmindia.nic.in/cv.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2007 }}</ref>

==Early career==
After completing his D.Phil., Singh returned to India. He was a senior lecturer of economics at [[Panjab University]] from 1957 to 1959. During 1959 and 1963, he served as a [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]] in economics at Panjab University, and from 1963 to 1965, he was an economics professor there.<ref name="Bhushan">{{cite book |last1=Bhushan |first1=K. |last2=Katyal |first2=G. |title=Manmohan Singh: Visionary to Certainty |date=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-8176486941 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEaDKgzcs3gC&pg=PA2 |access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> Then he went to work for the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) from 1966–1969.<ref name=CSIR/> Later, he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Trade by [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]], in recognition of Singh's talent as an economist.<ref name="Advisor">{{cite news |title=Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/manmohan-singh |access-date=13 July 2020 |work=India Today |agency=Living Media India Limited}}</ref>

From 1969 to 1971, Singh was a professor of international trade at the [[Delhi School of Economics]], [[University of Delhi]].<ref name=CSIR/><ref>{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Dr. Manmohan Singh|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2|website=india.gov.in|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>

In 1972, Singh was chief economic adviser in the Ministry of Finance, and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry.<ref name= CSIR/> In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission, and in 1982, he was appointed governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] under then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee and held the post until 1985.<ref name =CSIR/> He went on to become the deputy chairman of the [[Planning Commission (India)]] from 1985 to 1987.<ref name="dr mms"/> Following his tenure at the Planning Commission, he was secretary general of the [[South Centre (organization)|South Commission]], an independent economic policy think tank headquartered in [[Geneva]], Switzerland from 1987 to November 1990.<ref name="India - Head of Government">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/172024/head_of_government |title=India – Head of Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201163629/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/172024/head_of_government/ |archive-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref>

Singh returned to India from Geneva in November 1990 and held the post as the advisor to Prime Minister of India on economic affairs during the tenure of [[V. P. Singh]].<ref name= CSIR/> In March 1991, he became chairman of the University Grants Commission.<ref name =CSIR/>

==Family and personal life==
[[File:Prime Minister Singh and Smt. Kaur in New Delhi on October 15, 2010.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Singh and [[Gursharan Kaur]] in 2010|221x221px]]
Singh married [[Gursharan Kaur]] in 1958. They have three daughters, [[Upinder Singh]], [[Daman Singh]] and Amrit Singh.<ref name="personal profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.pmindia.nic.in/meet.htm |title=Dr. Manmohan Singh: Personal Profile |publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India |access-date=4 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303150424/http://pmindia.nic.in/meet.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 }}</ref> Upinder Singh is a professor of history at [[Ashoka University]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=University |first1=Ashoka |title=Faculty/Staff |url=https://ashoka.edu.in/faculty#!/upinder-singh-1055 |website=Ashoka University |access-date=11 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> She has written six books, including ''Ancient Delhi'' (1999) and ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India'' (2008). Daman Singh is a graduate of [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] and [[Institute of Rural Management, Anand|Institute of Rural Management]], Anand, Gujarat, and author of ''The Last Frontier: People and Forests in Mizoram'' and a novel ''Nine by Nine'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2009/jan/28slid1-dr-manmohan-singhs-daughter-daman-singh-turns-author.htm|title=Meet Dr. Singh's daughter|date=28 January 2009|work=Rediff.com|access-date=4 April 2009}}</ref> Amrit Singh is a staff attorney at the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-21/india/27983907_1_aclu-statement-cia-tapes |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121024115733/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-21/india/27983907_1_aclu-statement-cia-tapes |url-status= dead |archive-date= 24 October 2012 |title= PM's daughter puts White House in the dock|access-date=13 October 2008 |last= Rajghatta|first= Chidanand|work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 21 December 2007 }}</ref> Ashok Pattnaik, 1983 batch [[Indian Police Service]] officer, son-in-law of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, was appointed CEO of National Intelligence Grid ([[NATGRID]]) in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/natgrid-nda-home-minister-p-chidambaram-26-11/1/753750.html |title=An NDA boost for NATGRID, Home Minister reviews progress |date=31 August 2016 |work=India Today |access-date=1 September 2016 |location=New Delhi, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901035542/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/natgrid-nda-home-minister-p-chidambaram-26-11/1/753750.html |archive-date=1 September 2016 }}</ref>

Singh has undergone multiple [[cardiac bypass surgery|cardiac bypass surgeries]], the most recent of which took place in January 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200901241640.htm |title=One graft successfully performed on Manmohan Singh |date=24 January 2009 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 January 2009 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414041423/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200901241640.htm |archive-date=14 April 2009 }}</ref>

==Political career==
In June 1991, India's prime minister at the time, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], chose Singh to be his finance minister. Singh told Mark Tully the British journalist in 2005 "On the day (Rao) was formulating his cabinet, he sent his Principal Secretary to me saying, 'The PM would like you to become the Minister of Finance'. I didn't take it seriously. He eventually tracked me down the next morning, rather angry, and demanded that I get dressed up and come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for the swearing in. So that's how I started in politics".<ref name=TULLY/>

===Minister of Finance===
In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product, the [[balance of payments]] deficit was huge and the [[current account deficit]] was close to 3.5 percent of India's GDP.<ref name="rediff Business Desk">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/sep/26pm.htm |title= Manmohan Singh: Father of Indian Reform |author=rediff Business Desk |date=26 September 2005 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=3 January 2010}}</ref> India's foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion, enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show02.html |title=Commanding Heights : Episode 2 | on PBS |publisher=Pbs.org |access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> in comparison to US$283 billion today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100101/50/bauua1.html |title=Forex reserves swell 11% in 2009 |author=Mahalakshmi Hariharan |date=2 January 2010 |publisher=Yahoo Finance India |access-date=3 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103094134/http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100101/50/bauua1.html |archive-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref>

Evidently, India was facing an economic crisis. At this point, the government of India sought funds from the supranational [[International Monetary Fund]], which, while assisting India financially, imposed several conditions regarding India's economic policy. In effect, IMF-dictated policy meant that the ubiquitous [[Licence Raj]] had to be dismantled, and India's attempt at a state-controlled economy had to end.

Manmohan explained to the PM and the party that India is facing an unprecedented crisis.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> However the rank and file of the party resisted deregulation.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> So Chidambaram and Manmohan explained to the party that the economy would collapse if it was not deregulated.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> To the dismay of the party, Rao allowed Manmohan to deregulate the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Subsequently, Singh, who had thus far been one of the most influential architects of India's socialist economy, eliminated the permit raj,<ref name="autogenerated1"/> reduced state control of the economy, and reduced import taxes<ref name="rediff Business Desk"/><ref>{{cite book|title= The World is Flat – A brief history of the twenty-first century|last= Friedman|first= Thomas L.|year= 2008|publisher= Picador|isbn= 978-0-374-29288-1|page= [https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbri00frie/page/130 130]|url= https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbri00frie/page/130}}</ref>

Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to open up the economy and change India's socialist economy to a more [[capitalism|capitalistic]] one, in the process dismantling the Licence Raj, a system that inhibited the prosperity of private businesses. They removed many obstacles standing in the way of [[Foreign Direct Investment]] (FDI), and initiated the process of the privatisation of [[public sector]] companies. However, in spite of these reforms, Rao's government was voted out in 1996 due to non-performance of government in other areas. In praise of Singh's work that pushed India towards a market economy, long-time Cabinet minister [[P. Chidambaram]] has compared Singh's role in India's reforms to [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s in [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2008/05/02/manmohan-is-deng-xiaoping-of-india-p-chidambaram-1209740775.html |title=Manmohan is Deng Xiaoping of India: P Chidambaram – Oneindia News |publisher=News.oneindia.in |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref>

In 1993, Singh offered his resignation from the post of Finance Minister after a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not being able to anticipate a US$1.8 billion [[1992 Indian stock market scam|securities scandal]]. Prime Minister Rao refused Singh's resignation, instead promising to punish the individuals directly accused in the report.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/01/world/indian-leader-bars-key-aide-from-quitting-in-stock-scam.html?pagewanted=1 |title= Indian Leader Bars Key Aide From Quitting in Stock Scam |work=The New York Times |date=1 January 1994 |access-date=7 April 2010}}</ref>

===Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha===
Singh was first elected to the upper house of Parliament, the [[Rajya Sabha]], in 1991<ref name="MSRj01">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/primeminister.php |title=Profile: Prime Minister India |publisher=Indian gov. |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422203715/http://india.gov.in/govt/primeminister.php |archive-date=22 April 2009 }}</ref> [[Rajya Sabha#Membership|by the legislature]] of the state of Assam, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007<ref name="dr mms"/> and 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/pm-manmohan-singh-elected-to-rajya-sabha_851741.html|title=PM Manmohan Singh elected to Rajya Sabha|publisher=Zee News Limited|access-date=11 June 2013|date=30 May 2013}}</ref> From 1998 to 2004, while the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was in power, Singh was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha. In 1999, he contested for the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]] but was unable to win the seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/candidate/MANMOHAN%20SINGH.html |title=Candidate Statistics Manmohan Singh |publisher=IBN Live |access-date=30 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419075333/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/candidate/Manmohan%20Singh.html |archive-date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>

==Prime Minister==
{{wikinews|Manmohan Singh becomes the third longest serving Prime Minister of India}}

===First term: 2004-2009===
{{See also|First Manmohan Singh ministry}}
[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam authorizing the Prime Minister designate Dr. Manmohan Singh to form the next Government in New Delhi on May 19, 2004.jpg|thumb|250px|right|11th [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] authorizing the Prime Minister designate Manmohan Singh to form the next Government in New Delhi on 19 May 2004.]]
After the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general elections]], the Indian National Congress ended the incumbent [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) tenure by becoming the political party with the single largest number of seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]. It formed [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) with allies and staked claim to form government. In a surprise move, Chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]] declared Manmohan Singh, a [[Technocracy|technocrat]], as the UPA candidate for the Prime Ministership. Despite the fact that Singh had never won a Lok Sabha seat, according to the [[BBC]], he "enjoyed massive popular support, not least because he was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian administrations."<ref name = "bbcprofile">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3725357.stm|title=Profile: Manmohan Singh|work=BBC News|date= 30 March 2009|access-date=7 April 2010}}</ref> He took the oath as the Prime Minister of India on 22 May 2004.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manmohan to Advani: Change your astrologers, stop abuse against me|work=Thaindian News|date=22 July 2008|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/manmohan-to-advani-change-your-astrologers-stop-abuse-against-me_10074778.html|access-date=23 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Manmohan takes on Advani: Babri destruction his only contribution|work=Southasia Times|date=25 March 2009}}</ref>

====Economic policy====
In 1991, Singh, as Finance Minister, abolished the [[Licence Raj]], source of slow economic growth and [[Corruption in India|corruption in the Indian economy]] for decades. He liberalised the Indian economy, allowing it to speed up development dramatically. During his term as Prime Minister, Singh continued to encourage growth in the Indian market, enjoying widespread success in these matters. Singh, along with the former Finance Minister, [[P. Chidambaram]], presided over a period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth rate. In 2007, India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest growing major economy]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="astaire">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdf |title=The India Report |publisher=Astaire Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195859/http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> Singh's ministry enacted a [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|National Employment Guarantee Act]] (MGNREGA) in 2005.

Singh's government continued the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]]'s government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic benefits of golden Quadilateral|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/economic-benefits-of-the-golden-quadrilateral-project/1/194321.html|publisher=Business today|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors, as well as public sector companies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Banking on reform|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/banking-on-reform/1059372/|access-date=14 June 2013|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref> The Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farmer Waiver Scheme- PM statement|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=39122|publisher=PIB|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> In 2005, Singh's government introduced the [[value added tax]], replacing [[sales tax]]. In 2007 and early 2008, the [[Economic crisis of 2008#Inflation|global problem of inflation]] impacted India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Global inflation climbs to historic levels|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/12/business/worldbusiness/12iht-inflate.1.9963291.html|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Kevin Plumberg|author2=Steven C. Johnson|access-date=17 June 2011|date=2 November 2008}}</ref>

====Healthcare and education====
In 2005, Prime Minister Singh and his government's health ministry started the [[National Rural Health Mission]] (NHRM), which mobilised half a million community health workers. This rural health initiative was praised by the American economist [[Jeffrey Sachs]].<ref name="timepoverty">{{cite news|title=The End of Poverty|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1034738,00.html|first=Jeffrey D.|last=Sachs|date=6 March 2005|work=Time}}</ref> In 2006, his Government implemented the proposal to reserve 27% of seats in All India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and other central institutions of higher education for Other Backward Classes which led to [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]].

On 2 July 2009, Singh ministry introduced The [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Right to Education Act]] (RTE) act. Eight [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT's]] were opened in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], Bihar, [[Gujarat]], Orissa, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Madhya Pradesh, [[Rajasthan]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=LS passes bill to provide IIT for eight states.|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/148456/ls-passes-bill-provide-iit.html|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> The Singh government also continued the [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]] programme. The programme includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening of schools all over India, especially in rural areas, to fight [[illiteracy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Direct SSA funds for school panels|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/338571/direct-ssa-funds-school-panels.html|access-date=14 June 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

====Security and Home Affairs====
{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=220|caption_align=center|image_style = border:none;|background color = #F5F5DC| align = right |image1=|caption1={{font|size=110%|font=|text=National Investigation Agency, a state agency established by Singh ministry to combat terror in India.}}}}
Singh's government strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA). [[National Investigation Agency (India)|National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) was also created soon after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks]], as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was realised. Also, [[Unique Identification Authority of India]] was established in February 2009, an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned [[Multipurpose National Identity Card]] with the objective of increasing national security and facilitating e-governance.

Singh's administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in [[Kashmir]] to stabilise the region but after some period of success, insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009.<ref name=Buzz7/> However, the Singh administration was successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India.<ref name=Buzz7>[http://buzz7.com/news/infiltration-has-not-reduced-in-kashmir-insurgency-down-in-north-east-chidambaram.html Infiltration has not reduced in Kashmir, insurgency down in North East: Chidambaram] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107072045/http://buzz7.com/news/infiltration-has-not-reduced-in-kashmir-insurgency-down-in-north-east-chidambaram.html |date=7 January 2016 }}</ref>

====Legislations====
The important [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] (NREGA) and the [[Right to Information Act]] were passed by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in 2005 during his tenure. While the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various degrees, in various regions, the RTI act has proved crucial in India's fight against corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/rti-act-a-strong-tool-to-cleanse-corruption-in-india/15787433.shtml|title=RTI Act: A strong tool to cleanse corruption in India|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> New cash benefits were also introduced for widows, pregnant women, and landless persons.<ref>[http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_233599.pdf Gender Report]. ''[[ilo.org]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKrQOAKQX60C&q=Indira%20UPA%20government%20social%20security&pg=PA360|title=India Business Yearbook 2009|first=Career Launcher India|last=Ltd|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt Limited|access-date=16 November 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9788125930860}}</ref>

[[The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013]] was passed on 29 August 2013 in the [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of the Indian parliament) and on 4 September 2013 in [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house of the Indian parliament). The bill received the assent of the [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]] on 27 September 2013.<ref name=ndtv1>{{cite news|title=President Pranab Mukherjee gives nod to Land Acquisition Bill|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-gives-nod-to-land-acquisition-bill-424675|access-date=10 October 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=27 September 2013}}</ref> The Act came into force from 1 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gazette Notification of coming into force of the Act |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/pdfs/Right%20to%20FC%26T%20in%20LAR%26RA%202013%20Gazette%20Notification%20.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=4 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205638/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/pdfs/Right%20to%20FC%26T%20in%20LAR%26RA%202013%20Gazette%20Notification%20.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The New Land Acquisition Act to come into effect from 2014|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-16/news/43107324_1_monsoon-session-jairam-ramesh-new-land-acquisition-act|access-date=1 November 2013|newspaper=Economic Times|date=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Land Acquisition bill to be notified early next year: Jairam Ramesh|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-15/news/42083755_1_land-acquisition-bills-land-rights-land-deeds|access-date=10 October 2013|newspaper=Economic Times|date=15 September 2013}}</ref>

[[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act]] was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the [[Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.education.nic.in/constitutional.asp |title=Provisions of the Constitution of India having a bearing on Education |publisher=Department of Higher Education |access-date=1 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201181216/http://www.education.nic.in/constitutional.asp |archive-date=1 February 2010 }}</ref> India became one of 135 countries to make [[Right to education|education a fundamental right]] of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article337111.ece|title=Education is a fundamental right now|author=Aarti Dhar|date=1 April 2010|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8598167.stm|title=India launches children's right to education|date=1 April 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article365232.ece|title=India joins list of 135 countries in making education a right|date=2 April 2010|publisher=The Hindu News|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

====Foreign policy====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = President Barack Obama with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh 2009-11-24(2).jpg
| alt1 = Manmohan Singh with American President Barack Obama at the White House
| alt2 = The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the American President, Mr. George W. Bush interacting with media at oval office, in Washington DC
| caption2 = Manmohan Singh with American President [[Barack Obama]] and [[George W. Bush]] at the [[White House]].
| image2 = The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the American President, Mr. George W. Bush interacting with media at oval office, in Washington DC, during his visit to the United States, on September 25, 2008.jpg
}}

Manmohan Singh continued the [[Foreign relations of India|pragmatic foreign policy]] that was started by [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] and continued by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. Singh continued the [[India-Pakistan relations|peace process with Pakistan]] initiated by his predecessor, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure. Efforts have been made during Singh's tenure to end the border dispute with People's Republic of China. In November 2006, Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] visited India which was followed by Singh's visit to Beijing in January 2008. A major development in [[Sino-Indian relations]] was the reopening of the [[Nathula Pass]] in 2006 after being closed for more than four decades.<ref name="state visit">{{cite web |title=Visits of Heads of States/Heads of Governments |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/China_Jan_2016.pdf |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs (India) |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref> [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of the State Council]] of the People's Republic of China, [[Li Keqiang]] paid a state visit to India (Delhi-[[Mumbai]]) from 19–21 May 2013.<ref name="state visit"/> Singh paid an official visit to China from 22–24 October 2013.<ref name="state visit"/> Signed were three agreements establishing [[Sister Cities International|sister-city partnership]] between Delhi-[[Beijing]], Kolkata-[[Kunming]] and Bangalore-[[Chengdu]]. As of 2010, the People's Republic of China is the second biggest trade partner of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/90861/6873167.html|title=China becomes India's 2nd largest trade partner - People's Daily Online|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>

[[India-Afghanistan relations|Relations with Afghanistan]] have improved considerably, with India now becoming the largest regional donor to Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17474/indiaafghanistan_relations.html|title=India-Afghanistan Relations|access-date=11 December 2008|last=Bajoria|first=Jayshree|date=23 October 2008|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081129231738/http://www.cfr.org/publication/17474/indiaafghanistan_relations.html|archive-date=29 November 2008}}</ref> During Afghan President [[Hamid Karzai]]'s visit to New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of more schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence.<ref name=BBC2>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7540204.stm|title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - India announces more Afghan aid|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Under the leadership of Singh, India emerged as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan.<ref name=BBC2/>

{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=250|caption_align=center|image_style = border:none;| align = left |image1=Dmitry Medvedev in China 14 April 2011-2.jpeg|caption1={{font|size=110%|font=|text=(left to right) Prime Minister Manmohan Singh with [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[Hu Jintao]], [[Dilma Rousseff]] and [[Jacob Zuma]] at the [[2011 BRICS summit|3rd 2011 BRICS Summit]] in [[Sanya]], China.}}}}

Singh's government worked towards stronger [[India-US relations|ties with the United States]]. He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement]]. This was followed by [[George W. Bush]]'s successful visit to India in March 2006, during which the declaration over the nuclear agreement was made, giving India access to American nuclear fuel and technology while India will have to allow [[IAEA]] inspection of its civil [[nuclear reactor]]s. After more than two years for more negotiations, followed by approval from the IAEA, [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] and the [[US Congress]], India and the US signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with [[Pranab Mukherjee]] representing India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6513319.html| title=U.S., India ink historic civilian nuclear deal|access-date=11 December 2008|date=11 October 2008|work=People's Daily}}</ref> Singh had the first official state visit to the White House during the administration of US President [[Barack Obama]]. The visit took place in November 2009, and several discussions took place, including on trade and nuclear power.<ref name="CSIS">{{cite web |title=Manmohan Singh's U.S. Visit |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/manmohan-singh%E2%80%99s-us-visit |publisher=Centre for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

Relations have improved with Japan and [[European Union]] countries, like the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Relations with Iran have continued and negotiations over the [[Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline]] have taken place. New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africanpress.wordpress.com/2008/03/28/several-african-leaders-to-attend-africa-india-summit-au-says/|title=Several African leaders to attend Africa-India summit, AU says|access-date=11 December 2008|date=28 March 2008|publisher=African Press International}}</ref> Relations have improved with other developing countries, particularly Brazil and South Africa. Singh carried forward the momentum which was established after the "Brasilia Declaration" in 2003 and the [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]] was formed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=3708 |title=IBSA Dialogue Forum: A Strategic Partnership |access-date=11 December 2008 |last=Beri |first=Ruchita |date=10 December 2008 |work=The African Executive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411204949/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=3708 |archive-date=11 April 2009 }}</ref>

Singh's government has also been especially keen on [[India-Israel relations|expanding ties with Israel]]. Since 2003, the two countries have made significant investments in each other<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=ea163747-b106-4e32-b231-7eb64de62985 |title=India and Israel: The great seduction |access-date=11 December 2008 |last=Halarnkar |first=Samar |date=23 October 2007 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107062435/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=ea163747-b106-4e32-b231-7eb64de62985 |archive-date=7 January 2009 }}</ref> and Israel now rivals Russia to become India's defence partner.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DD163BF934A3575AC0A9659C8B63|title=The Bond Between India and Israel Grows|access-date=11 December 2008|last=Waldman|first=Amy|date=7 September 2003|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Though there have been a few diplomatic glitches between India and Russia, especially over the delay and price hike of several Russian weapons to be delivered to India,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/17/stories/2008041761781200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421021724/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/17/stories/2008041761781200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2008|title=Centre admits to problems in naval deals|access-date=11 December 2008|last=Dikshit|first=Sandeep|date=17 April 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> relations between the two remain strong with India and Russia signing various agreements to increase defence, nuclear energy and space co-operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=339943 |title=India, Russia sign agreements to further strengthen ties |access-date=11 December 2008 |last=Roychowdhury |first=Amitabh |date=6 December 2006 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411192950/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=339943 |archive-date=11 April 2009 }}</ref>

===Second term: 2009-2014===
India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009. The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gf53l7BbUSc4DUHCgzjLF4YfW9CgD987BC100|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206033206/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gf53l7BbUSc4DUHCgzjLF4YfW9CgD987BC100|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2012|title=India's ruling party wins resounding victory|agency=Associated Press|date=16 May 2009|access-date=16 May 2009}}</ref>
Strong showing in [[Andhra Pradesh]], Rajasthan, [[Maharashtra]], Tamil Nadu, [[Kerala]], West Bengal and [[Uttar Pradesh]] helped the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) form the new government under the incumbent Singh, who became the first prime minister since [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in [[1962 Indian general election|1962]] to win re-election after completing a full five-year term.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on|title=Second UPA win, a crowning glory for Sonia's ascendancy|date=16 May 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=13 June 2009}}</ref> The Congress and its allies were able to put together a comfortable majority with support from 322 members out of 543 members of the House. These included those of the UPA and the external support from the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S)), [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) and other minor parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/smooth-sailing-for-upa-parties-scramble-to-support/92967-37.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521022032/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/smooth-sailing-for-upa-parties-scramble-to-support/92967-37.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 May 2009|title=Smooth sailing for UPA, parties scramble to support|date=19 May 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=13 June 2009}}</ref>

On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the Prime Minister during a ceremony held at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Team-manmohan-set-to-form-govt-today/articleshow/4317510.cms|title=Team Manmohan set to form govt today|date=22 May 2009|publisher=[[Times Now]]|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527164431/http://www.timesnow.tv/Team-manmohan-set-to-form-govt-today/articleshow/4317510.cms|archive-date=27 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSDEL00004820090522|title=India PM Singh takes oath for second term|date=22 May 2009|work=Reuters|access-date=13 June 2009}}</ref> The [[2009 Indian general election]] was the largest democratic election in the world held to date, with an eligible electorate of 714 million.

The 2012 report filed by the CAG in Parliament of India states that due to the allocation of coal blocks to certain private companies without bidding process the nation suffered an estimated loss of Rs 1.85 trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) between 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.oneindia.in/2012/08/17/coalgate-scam-pm-manmohan-singh-asked-to-resign-bjp-1055354.html | title=Coalgate scam: PM Manmohan Singh asked to resign | date=18 August 2012 | access-date=11 April 2013 | author=Nairita}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/news/33272942_1_coal-scam-2g-telecom-minister | title=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh directly responsible for coal scam: Arun Jaitley | work=The Economic Times | date=19 August 2012 | agency=PTI | access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref>

Manmohan Singh declined to appear before a [[Joint parliamentary committee|Joint Parliamentary Committee]] (JPC) in April 2013 when called upon by one of the members of JPC [[Yashwant Sinha]] for his alleged involvement in the 2G case.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1820446/report-2g-scam-disappointed-over-manmohan-singh-s-refusal-to-appear-before-jpc-says-yashwant-sinha | title=2G scam: Disappointed over Manmohan Singh's refusal to appear before JPC, says Yashwant Sinha | work=DNA India | date=9 April 2013 | agency=ANI | access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref>

==Post-premiership (2014-present)==
Singh's premiership officially ended at noon on May 17, 2014. He did not contest the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]] for the 16th Lok Sabha. Singh resigned his post as prime minister, after the Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance won the 2014 Lok Sabha election. Though he served as the acting prime minister till 25 May 2014, when [[Narendra Modi]] was sworn in as the new prime minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/prime-minister-manmohan-singh-resigns-after-10-years-in-office-525869|title=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Resigns After 10 Years in Office|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/manmohan-singh-resigns-as-prime-minister/1/362262.html|title=Manmohan Singh to continue as PM till Modi assumes office|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Manmohan-Singh-resigns-bringing-to-an-end-his-10-year-tenure/articleshow/35254774.cms|title=Manmohan Singh resigns bringing to an end his 10-year tenure - Times of India|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Singh along with Congress president [[Sonia Gandhi]], former Presidents [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and [[Pratibha Patil]], Vice President [[Hamid Ansari]] attended Narendra Modi's [[First swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi|swearing-in ceremony]]. After the swearing-in ceremony Singh shifted to 3 Motilal Nehru Road bungalow, New Delhi. In 2016 it was announced that Singh was to take up a position at [[Panjab University]] as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asian-voice.com/News/India/North/Former-PM-Manmohan-Singh-returns-to-teaching|title=Former PM Manmohan Singh returns to teaching |publisher=Asian Voice |date=13 April 2016 |access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref>

==Cultural and political image==
[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting with the Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Mohammed Yunus, in New Delhi on January 30, 2007.jpg|thumb|250px|right|alt= Manmohan Singh and Muhammad Yunus meet in India| Singh meeting with [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[Muhammad Yunus]].]]
''[[The Independent]]'' described Singh as "one of the world's most revered leaders" and "a man of uncommon decency and grace," noting that he drives a [[Maruti 800]], one of the humblest cars in the Indian market. [[Khushwant Singh]] lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had, even rating him higher than [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He mentions an incident in his book ''Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down on Life, Death and Most things In-between'' where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned the {{INRConvert|2|l}} he had borrowed from the writer for hiring taxis. Terming him as the best example of integrity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When people talk of integrity, I say the best example is the man who occupies the country's highest office."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Manmohan-Singh-is-the-best-example-of-integrity-Khushwant-Singh/articleshow/6325672.cms|title=PM Manmohan Singh: PM Manmohan Singh is the best example of integrity: Khushwant Singh | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>

In 2010, [[Newsweek|''Newsweek'' magazine]] recognised him as a world leader who is respected by other heads of state, describing him as "the leader other leaders love." The article quoted [[Mohamed ElBaradei]], who remarked that Singh is "the model of what a political leader should be."<ref>{{cite web|author=Christopher Dickey|url=http://www.newsweek.com/content/newsweek/2010/08/16/go-to-the-head-of-the-class.html |title=Go to the Head of the Class |work=Newsweek |date=16 August 2010 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref> Singh also received the World Statesman Award in 2010. [[Henry Kissinger]] described Singh as "a statesman with vision, persistence and integrity", and praised him for his "leadership, which has been instrumental in the economic transformation underway in India."<ref name="worldstatesmanaward" />

Manmohan Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 [[Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/manmohan-singh | work=Forbes | title= The World's Most Powerful People: Manmohan Singh| date=3 November 2010}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine described Singh as being "universally praised as India's best prime minister since Nehru".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sonia-gandhi | work=Forbes | title= The World's Most Powerful People: Sonia Gandhi| date=3 November 2010}}</ref> Australian journalist [[Greg Sheridan]] praised Singh "as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian history."<ref name="TA">{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25513283-7583,00.html|title=Strengthen Team India|work=The Australian|date=21 May 2009|access-date=17 March 2011}}</ref> Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in the Forbes list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/manmohan-singh/|title=Manmohan Singh|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/10/31/sonia-gandhi-manmohan-singh-slip-in-forbes-most-powerful-list/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103061614/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/10/31/sonia-gandhi-manmohan-singh-slip-in-forbes-most-powerful-list/|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|title=Sonia Gandhi, Manmohan Singh slip in Forbes' most powerful list|first=Tony|last=Tharakan|access-date=16 November 2016|date=31 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/these-are-the-worlds-most-powerful-people-14299#photo-185869|title=These are the world's most powerful people, Photo Gallery|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Stamps of Uzbekistan, 2006-055.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Postal stamp to honor Manmohan Singh| Stamp launched in [[Uzbekistan]] in honor of Manmohan Singh in 2006]]
Conversely, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's Asia edition for 10–17 July 2012, on its cover remarked that Singh was an "underachiever".<ref>{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/india/32588303_1_growth-path-magazine-scandals| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130512022340/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/india/32588303_1_growth-path-magazine-scandals| url-status= dead| archive-date= 12 May 2013| work= [[The Times of India]]| title= Time magazine dubs Manmohan Singh as 'underachiever'.
| date=8 July 2012 }}</ref> It stated that Singh appears "unwilling to stick his neck out" on reforms that will put the country back onto a growth path. Congress spokesperson [[Manish Tewari]] rebutted the charges. UPA ally [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] took issue with the magazine's statements. Praising the government, Prasad said UPA projects [were] doing well and asked, "What will America say as their own economy is shattered?".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cong-counters-time-magazines-underachiever-remark-against-pm/971792/ | title= Cong counters Time magazine's 'underachiever' remark against PM| date= 8 July 2012}}</ref>

Political opponents, including BJP co-founder [[L. K. Advani]], have claimed that Singh is a "weak" prime minister. Advani declared "He is weak. What do I call a person who can't take his decisions until [[10 Janpath]] gives instruction."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/manmohan-singh-lk-advani-jan-chetna-yatra/1/157000.html |title=Manmohan Singh is a weak PM, reiterates Advani : East News – India Today |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Indiatoday.intoday.in (21 October 2011). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_manmohan-singh-weak-pm-unbecoming-of-the-coveted-post-bjp_1640518 |title=Manmohan Singh weak PM, unbecoming of the coveted post: BJP – India – DNA |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Dnaindia.com (21 January 2012). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/dangerous-to-have-a-weak-pm-anna_746121.html |title=Dangerous to have a weak PM: Anna |access-date=17 May 2012}}. Zeenews.india.com (9 December 2011). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' also claimed that Singh did not have genuine political power.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/india/32713281_1_political-authority-india-story-reforms| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130524161926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/india/32713281_1_political-authority-india-story-reforms| url-status= dead| archive-date= 24 May 2013| work= [[The Times of India]]| title= Saviour or Sonia's poodle, asks UK paper about PM Manmohan Singh| date= 17 July 2012 }}</ref>

Singh's public image had been tarnished, with his coalition government having been accused of various corruption scandals since the start of its second term in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12769214|title=India's corruption scandals|work=BBC | date=18 April 2012 }}</ref> The opposition demanded his resignation for his alleged inaction and indecisiveness in the [[2G spectrum case]]<ref>[http://tehelka.com/the-silence-of-the-lamb/ The silence of the lamb | Ashish Khetan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507214039/http://tehelka.com/the-silence-of-the-lamb/ |date=7 May 2013 }}. Tehelka.com. Retrieved on 16 July 2013.</ref> and [[Indian coal allocation scam]].<ref>[http://tehelka.com/is-prime-minister-manmohan-singh-actually-a-very-astute-politician/ Is Prime Minister Manmohan Singh actually a very astute politician? | Shoma Chaudhury] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531040552/http://tehelka.com/is-prime-minister-manmohan-singh-actually-a-very-astute-politician/ |date=31 May 2013 }}. Tehelka.com. Retrieved on 16 July 2013.</ref> Senior MP of the Communist Party of India [[Gurudas Dasgupta]] accused Manmohan Singh of "[[Dereliction of duty]]", alleging that Singh was fully aware of irregularities in dispensing of 2G telecom licences.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/gurudas-dasgupta-rubbishes-jpc-report-on-2g-scam/article4639234.ece Gurudas Dasgupta rubbishes JPC report on 2G scam]. The Hindu (21 April 2013). Retrieved on 16 July 2013.</ref>

His party, the [[Indian National Congress]], was criticised by the Supreme Court for appointing [[Polayil Joseph Thomas|P.J. Thomas]] as the [[Central Vigilance Commission|CVC]] chief, while there was an ongoing corruption enquiry against the same individual in the [[Palmolein Oil Import Scam]]. Singh has come in for severe criticism for remaining silent on the matter.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/23/stories/2010112355701200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101128010224/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/23/stories/2010112355701200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 28 November 2010|title= Congress silent on CVC row |date= 23 November 2010|work= [[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> Singh was also criticised for allowing allocation of [[S-band]] spectrum without any bidding to [[ISRO]] by an agreement. The agreement was between Devas multimedia, a private firm and [[Antrix Corporation]], a commercial wing of ISRO.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_ignorant-prime-minister-is-a-serious-matter-bjp_1507552|title=An ignorant prime minister is a serious matter: BJP|work=DNA India|date=14 February 2011}}</ref>

==Degrees and posts held==
* [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]] (Honours) in [[Economics]] 1952; [[Master of Arts|M.A]] ([[Academic grading in India|First Class]]) in Economics, 1954 [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]] (then in [[Hoshiarpur]], Punjab), India
* Honours degree in Economics, [[University of Cambridge]] – [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]] (1957)
** Senior Lecturer, Economics (1957–1959)
** Reader (1959–1963)
** Professor (1963–1965)
** Professor of International Trade (1969–1971)
* [[Doctor of Philosophy|DPhil]] in Economics, [[University of Oxford]] – [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]] (1962)
* [[Delhi School of Economics]], [[University of Delhi]]
** Honorary Professor (1966)
* Chief, Financing for Trade Section, UNCTAD, United Nations Secretariat, New York
** 1966 : Economic Affairs Officer 1966
* Economic Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Trade, India (1971–1972)
*[[Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India|Chief Economic Adviser]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], India, (1972–1976)
* Honorary Professor, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi (1976)
* Director, [[Reserve Bank of India]] (1976–1980)
* Director, [[Industrial Development Bank of India]] (1976–1980)
* Board of Governors, [[Asian Development Bank]], Manila
*[[Economic Affairs Secretary|Secretary]], Ministry of Finance (Department of Economic Affairs), [[Government of India]], (1977–1980)
* [[Governor of Reserve Bank of India|Governor]], Reserve Bank of India (1982–1985)
* Deputy chairman, [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission of India]], (1985–1987)
* Secretary General, South Commission, Geneva (1987–1990)
* Advisor to [[Prime Minister of India]] on Economic Affairs (1990–1991)
* Chairman, [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (15 March 1991 – 20 June 1991)<ref name="dr mms"/>
* [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister of India]], (21 June 1991 – 15 May 1996)
* [[Leader of the Opposition (India)]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (1998–2004)
* [[Prime Minister of India]] (22 May 2004 – 26 May 2014)

==Honours, awards and international recognition==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh after receiving the Honorary Degree in Civil Law by the Oxford University, London, United Kingdom on July 8, 2005.jpg
| alt1 = Singh after receiving the Honorary Degree in Civil Law by the Oxford University
| alt2 = Singh at a ceremony where he was conferred with Honorary Doctoral Degree
| caption2 = Singh receiving honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge.
| image2 = Manmohan Singh at a ceremony where he was conferred with Honourary Doctoral Degree by His Royal Highness the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Chancellor of Cambridge University, in London on October 11, 2006.jpg
}}

{{Main|List of awards and honours received by Manmohan Singh}}
In March 1983, [[Panjab University]] awarded him [[Doctor of Letters]] and in 2009 created a Dr. Manmohan Singh chair in their economics department.<ref name="PM honour PU">{{cite web|title=What happened to PM's honorary degree?|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article425022.ece|work=The New Indian Express |location=India|access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref> In 1997, the [[University of Alberta]] awarded him an honorary Doctor of Law degree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.ualberta.ca/~publicas/folio/34/15/03.html|title=India's former finance minister among honorary degree recipients|website=sites.ualberta.ca|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> The [[University of Oxford]] awarded him an honorary [[Doctor of Civil Law]] degree in July 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2005/050214.html |title=Oxford University confers doctorate degree on Manmohan Singh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128171120/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2005/050214.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 }}</ref> and in October 2006, the [[University of Cambridge]] followed with the same honour.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061015/asp/look/story_6862282.asp|title=Cambridge University confers doctorate degree on Manmohan Singh | work=The Telegraph | first=Amit|last=Roy|date=15 October 2006}}</ref> [[St. John's College, Cambridge|St. John's College]] further honoured him by naming a PhD Scholarship after him, the [[Dr Manmohan Singh Scholarship|Dr. Manmohan Singh Scholarship]].<ref name=Scholarship>{{cite web|first=Applicants to the University from India may be eligible|last=to apply for a Manmohan Singh Undergraduate Scholarship.|title=Manmohan Singh Scholarships for applicants from India|url=http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/international/finance/support.html|publisher=study.cam.ac.uk|date=11 October 2018}}</ref> In 2008, he was awarded honorary [[Doctor of Letters]] degree by [[Benaras Hindu University]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-15/india/27741134_1_d-litt-honorary-doctorate-satish-gujral-and-historian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828005718/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-15/india/27741134_1_d-litt-honorary-doctorate-satish-gujral-and-historian|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Manmohan Singh awarded honorary doctorate degree by BHU | date=15 March 2008}}</ref> and later that year he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2008/09/05/manmohan-conferred-honorary-doctorate-degree-madras-university-1220621460.html|title=Manmohan Singh conferred honorary doctorate degree by Madras University|date=5 September 2008}}</ref> In 2010, he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by [[King Saud University]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article124297.ece|title=Manmohan conferred honorary doctorate by King Saud University | location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu|date=1 March 2010}}</ref> and in 2013, he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-21/news/43250699_1_honorary-doctorate-international-relations-mahatma-gandhi|title=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh conferred Honorary Doctorate by Russian institute|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=21 October 2013}}</ref> In 2017 awarded [[Indira Gandhi Prize|Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development]].

He has also received honorary doctorates from [[University of Bologna]], [[University of Jammu]] and [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]].<ref name="PM Doctor">{{cite web|title=Manmohan Singh is 'doctor' once again|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/manmohan-singh-is-doctor-once-again/story-oXfCSK8iCQatQzhwE9geOK.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=India|access-date=28 April 2017|date=14 July 2007}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Year !! Name of award or honour !! Awarding organisation
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1952
| University Medal for standing first in B.A. (Honors Economics)<ref name=CSIR/>
| Panjab University, Chandigarh
|-
| 1954
| Uttar Chand Kapur Medal, for standing first in M.A. (Economics)<ref name=CSIR/>
| [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]] {Was then in [[Hoshiarpur]], Punjab}
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1955
| Wright Prize for Distinguished Performance<ref name=CSIR/>
| St. John's College, Cambridge, UK
|-
| 1956
| [[Adam Smith Prize]]<ref name=CSIR/>
| University of Cambridge, UK
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1957
| Elected Wrenbury Scholar<ref name=CSIR/>
| University of Cambridge, UK
|-
| 1976
| Honorary Professorship<ref name=CSIR/>
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1982
| Elected Honorary Fellow, Indian Institute of Bankers<ref name=CSIR/>
| Indian Institute of Bankers
|-
| 1982
| Elected Honorary Fellow, St. John's College<ref name=CSIR/>
| [[St John's College, Cambridge]]
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1985
| Elected President of the Indian Economic Association<ref name=CSIR/>
| Indian Economic Association
|-
| 1986
| Elected National Fellow, National Institute of Education<ref name=CSIR/>
| National Institute of Education
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1987
| [[Padma Vibhushan]]<ref name=CSIR/>
| [[Government of India]]
|-
| 1993
| Finance Minister of the Year<ref name=CSIR/>
| Asiamoney
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1993
| Finance Minister of the Year<ref name=CSIR/>
| [[Euromoney]]
|-
| 1994
| Elected Honorary Fellow of the All India Management Association<ref name=CSIR/>
| All India Management Association
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1994
| Elected Distinguished Fellow of the [[London School of Economics]]<ref name=CSIR/>
| London School of Economics, Centre for Asia Economy, Politics and Society
|-
| 1994
| Elected Honorary Fellow, [[Nuffield College]]<ref name=CSIR/>
| Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1994
| Elected Distinguished Fellow of the [[London School of Economics]]<ref name=CSIR/>
| London School of Economics, Centre for Asia Economy, Politics and Society
|-
| 1994
| Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Award (1994–95)<ref name=CSIR/>
| Indian Science Congress Association.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1994
| Finance Minister of the Year<ref name=CSIR/>
| [[Asiamoney]]
|-
| 1995
| Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Award (1994–95)<ref name=CSIR/>
| Indian Science Congress Association
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1996
| Honorary Professorship<ref name=CSIR/>
| [[Delhi School of Economics]], [[University of Delhi]], Delhi
|-
| 1997
| Nikkei Asia prize for Regional Growth<ref name=CSIR/>
| [[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]] Inc.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1997
| Justice K.S. Hegde Foundation Award<ref name=CSIR/>
| Justice K.S. Hegde Foundation
|-
| 1997
| Lokmanya Tilak Award<ref name=CSIR/>
| Tilak Smarak Trust, Pune
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1999
| Fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi<ref name=CSIR/>
| National Academy of Agricultural Sciences
|-
| 1999
| H.H. Kanchi Sri Paramacharya Award for Excellence<ref name=CSIR/>
| Shri R. Venkataraman, The Centenarian Trust
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 2000
| Annasaheb Chirmule Award<ref name=CSIR>{{cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae of Prime Minister of India |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/aboutcsir/leaders/president/CV-manmohan.HTM |work=CSIR |access-date=13 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124024215/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/aboutcsir/leaders/president/CV-manmohan.HTM |archive-date=24 January 2012 }}</ref>
| Annasaheb Chirmule Trust
|-
| 2002
| Outstanding Parliamentarian Award<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Parliamentary Group|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p7.htm|access-date=13 June 2013|page=1}}</ref>
| [[Indian Parliamentary Group]]
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 2005
| Honorary Fellowship<ref name=AIIMS>{{cite news|title=Explore ways to improve the health status of the country: PM|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=12227|access-date=28 April 2017|newspaper=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=18 April 2005}}</ref>
| [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 2005
| Top 100 Influential People in the World<ref name=time100>{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Amartya|title=Manmohan Singh: The 2005 TIME 100|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1972656_1972691_1973012,00.html|access-date=27 March 2012|newspaper=Time|date=18 April 2005}}</ref>
| [[Time (magazine)|Time]]
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 2010
| World Statesman Award<ref name=worldstatesmanaward>{{cite news|last=PTI |title=Manmohan Singh honoured with 2010 World Statesman Award |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Americas/Manmohan-Singh-honoured-with-2010-World-Statesman-Award/Article1-603591.aspx |access-date=27 March 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=23 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509014458/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Americas/Manmohan-Singh-honoured-with-2010-World-Statesman-Award/Article1-603591.aspx |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref>
| Appeal of Conscience Foundation
|-
| 2014
| Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Paulownia Flowers]]<ref name=japanesegovernment>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Manmohan Singh chosen for Japan national award|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/manmohan-singh-chosen-for-japan-national-award/article6560656.ece?homepage=true|access-date=3 November 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 November 2014}}</ref>
| [[Government of Japan]]
|}

=== State Honours ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" width="400px" |Decoration
! width="150px" |Country
! width="100px" |Date
!Ref.
|-
|[[File:IND Padma Vibhushan BAR.png|frameless|102x102px]]
| style="width:8em;" |'''[[Padma Vibhushan]]'''
|{{Flag|India}}
|1987
|<ref name="CSIR" />
|-
|[[File:JPN Toka-sho BAR.svg|frameless|100x100px]]
| style="width:8em;" |[[Order of the Paulownia Flowers|'''Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers''']]
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|2014
|<ref name="japanesegovernment" />
|}

==In popular culture==
{{See also|:Category:Cultural depictions of Manmohan Singh}}
A Bollywood film was made in 2019 based on Singh's life, titled ''[[The Accidental Prime Minister (film)|The Accidental Prime Minister]]'' directed by [[Vijay Gutte]] and written by Mayank Tewari.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 June 2017|title=The Accidental Prime Minister first look: Anupam Kher 'overwhelmed' with response, writes personal thanks|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anupam-kher-the-accidental-prime-minister-twitter-reaction-on-first-look-4694874/|access-date=19 March 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The film was based on the 2014 memoir of the [[The Accidental Prime Minister|same name]] by [[Sanjaya Baru]] with [[Anupam Kher]] in the titular role.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Stutee|date=11 January 2019|title='The Accidental Prime Minister' Has More Than One Accidental Hero|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-accidental-prime-minister-review|access-date=19 March 2021|work=The Quint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Thakur|first=Tanul|date=11 January 2019|title=Movie Review: The Accidental Prime Minister Is Made to Confirm Your Bias|url=https://thewire.in/film/the-accidental-prime-minister-movie-review|access-date=19 March 2021|work=The Wire}}</ref>

''[[Pradhanmantri]]'' ({{Literal translation|Prime Minister}}), a 2013 Indian documentary television series which aired on [[ABP News]] and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, includes the tenureship of Manmohan Singh in the episodes "Story of Sonia Gandhi and UPA-I Government", and "Scams in UPA government and anti-corruption movement".<ref>{{Cite web|date=Dec 22, 2013|title=Pradhanmantri: Even after winning polls, Sonia did not become PM in 2004|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IOGp0bvwuQ|publisher=ABP News}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Biography|India|Politics}}
* [[Dr Manmohan Singh Scholarship]] at the University of Cambridge
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao#Economic reforms|Economic reforms under Manmohan Singh]]
* [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]]
* [[United Progressive Alliance]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons|Manmohan Singh}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/ Prime Minister Manmohan Singh] ''Prime Ministers Office, Archived''
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/pmsprofile.php Profile and CV of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh] ''Prime Ministers Office, Archived''
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/pmsteam.php Cabinet of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh] ''Prime Ministers Office, Archived''
* {{OL author}}
*{{C-SPAN|Manmohan Singh}}
*{{IMDb name|id=5377693}}

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[[Category:Manmohan Singh| ]]
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Guru Gobind Singh

2021-07-20T16:08:15Z

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{{short description|The tenth Sikh Guru, a spiritual master, warrior, poet and philosopher (1666-1708)}}
{{about|the tenth Guru of Sikh religion |the recipient of the Victoria Cross|Gobind Singh (VC)|the Malaysian politician|Gobind Singh Deo}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Guru Gobind Singh
| image = Guru Gobind Singh.jpg
| alt = Guru Gobind Singh Ji
| caption = c.1830 CE portrait of Guru Gobind Singh
| birth_name = Gobind Rai
| birth_date = 22 December 1666<ref name=eos/>
| birth_place = [[Patna Sahib]] (Present day [[Patna]], Bihar, India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1708|10|07|1666|12|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]] (Present day [[Nanded]], Maharashtra)
| other_names = ''Tenth Nanak''<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA311 |year=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=311}}</ref>
| known_for = * Founding the [[Khalsa]]<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/> composed the following :
* [[Dasam Granth]], known prayers of which include
* [[Jaap Sahib]],
* [[Chandi di Var]],
* [[Tav-Prasad Savaiye]],
* [[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnamah]],
* [[Bachittar Natak]],
* [[Akal Ustat]],
* [[Chaupai (Sikhism)]]
and [[Sarbloh Granth]]
Fought the following Battles :
* [[Battle of Bhangani]]
* [[Battle of Nadaun]]
* [[Battle of Guler (1696)]]
* [[Battle of Anandpur (1700)]]
* [[Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)]]
* [[Battle of Basoli]]
* [[First Battle of Anandpur (1704)]]
* [[Second Battle of Anandpur]]
* [[Battle of Sarsa]]
* [[Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704)]]
* [[Battle of Muktsar]]
| predecessor = [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]
| successor = [[Guru Granth Sahib]]
| spouse = [[Mata Jito]], [[Mata Sundari]] and [[Mata Sahib Devan]]<ref name=dalbirsingh144/>
| children = * [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)|Ajit Singh]] 
* [[Jujhar Singh]]
* [[Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)|Zorawar Singh]]
* [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Fateh Singh]]
Adopted Sons-
* Ajaypal Singh
* Zorawar Singh Palit
* Cheran Singh
* Punjab Singh
| parents = * [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]
* [[Mata Gujri]]
| death_cause = [[Assassination]]<ref name="FenechMcleodp9"/><ref name="Grewal1998p78"/>
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Guru Gobind Singh''' ({{IPA-pa|gʊɾuː goːbɪn̯d̯ᵊ sɪ́ŋgᵊ|}}; 22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708),<ref name=eos>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n101 |title=GOBIND SINGH, GURU (1666-1708) |last=Ganda Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |access-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |archive-date=29 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=colesambhip36/> born '''Gobind Rai''', was the tenth Sikh Guru, a [[Spirituality|spiritual master]], [[warrior]], [[poet]] and [[philosopher]]. When his father, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], was executed by Aurangzeb,{{efn|Jenkins, Grewal, and Olson state Tegh Bahadur was executed for refusing to convert to Islam.{{sfn|Jenkins|2000|p=200}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=72}}{{sfn|Olson|2007|p=23}} Whereas, Truschke states Tegh Bahadur was executed for causing unrest in the Punjab.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=54-55}}}} Guru Gobind Singh was formally installed as the leader of the [[Sikhs]] at the age of nine, becoming the tenth and final human [[Sikh Guru]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jon Mayled|title=Sikhism|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5 |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=978-0-435-33627-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5/page/12 12]}}</ref> His four sons died during his lifetime – two in battle, two executed by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Chris Seiple|author2=Dennis Hoover|author3=Pauletta Otis|title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u48rUnVEHbEC&pg=PA93 |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-66744-9 |pages=93 }}; {{cite book|author=John F. Richards|title=The Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=255–258 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Sikh Review|journal=Sikh Cultural Centre|date=1972|volume=20|issue=218–229|page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hardip Singh Syan|title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C |year=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-250-0 |pages=218–222 }}</ref>

Among his notable contributions to [[Sikhism]] are founding the ''[[Sikh]]'' warrior community called ''[[Khalsa]]'' in 1699<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25">{{cite book|author1=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair |author2=Christopher Shackle|author3=Gurharpal Singh |title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8xdAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-84627-4 |pages=25–28 }}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml|title=BBC Religions - Sikhism|publisher=BBC|date=26 October 2009|access-date=2011-07-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123020041/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml|archive-date=23 January 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=P Dhavan|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA45 |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |pages=3–4 }}</ref> and introducing ''[[the Five Ks]]'', the five articles of faith that Khalsa Sikhs wear at all times. Guru Gobind Singh is credited with the ''[[Dasam Granth]]'' whose hymns are a sacred part of Sikh prayers and Khalsa rituals.<ref name=britdasam/><ref name="McLeod1990"/> He is also credited as the one who finalized and enshrined the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' as Sikhism's primary scripture and eternal [[Guru]].<ref name="MandairShackle2013p11"/><ref name=shelke199>{{cite book|author=Christopher Shelke|title=Divine covenant: rainbow of religions and cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmr71DjRNV8C |year=2009|publisher=Gregorian Press |isbn=978-88-7839-143-7 |page=199 }}</ref>

==Family and early life==
[[File:GuruGobindBirthPlace.jpg|thumb|left|Guru Gobind Singh's birthplace in Patna, Bihar.]]
Gobind Singh was the only son of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the ninth [[Sikh guru]], and [[Mata Gujri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Happy Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti: Wishes, Pics, Facebook Messages To Share|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/happy-guru-gobind-singh-jayanti-2021-wishes-messages-pics-sms-status-for-whatsapp-facebook-2355113|access-date=2021-01-20|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He was born in [[Patna]] on 22 December 1666, [[Bihar]] in the [[Sodhi]] [[Khatri]] family <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx
|title = SODHI |last1 = Vanjara Bedi |first = S. S. |website = Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher = Punjabi University Patiala |access-date = 20 August 2017 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |df = dmy-all}}</ref> while his father was visiting [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]].<ref name=eos/> His birth name was Gobind Rai, and a shrine named [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib|Takht Sri Patna Harimandar Sahib]] marks the site of the house where he was born and spent the first four years of his life.<ref name=eos/> In 1670, his family returned to Punjab, and in March 1672 they moved to Chakk Nanaki in the Himalayan foothills of north India, called the Sivalik range, where he was schooled.<ref name=eos/><ref name="BBC"/>

His father Guru Tegh Bahadur was petitioned by [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s<ref name=pslf>{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech|title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=445}}</ref> in 1675 for protection from the fanatic persecution by Iftikar Khan, the Mughal governor of Kashmir under Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=eos/> Tegh Bahadur considered a peaceful resolution by meeting Aurangzeb, but was cautioned by his advisors that his life may be at risk. The young Gobind Rai – to be known as Gobind Singh after 1699<ref name=colesambhip36>{{cite book| last = Owen Cole| first = William|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi | title = The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practice| publisher = Sussex Academic Press| year = 1995| page = 36}}</ref> – advised his father that no one was more worthy to lead and make a sacrifice than him.<ref name=eos/> His father made the attempt, but was arrested then publicly beheaded in [[Delhi]] on 11 November 1675 under the orders of Aurangzeb for refusing to convert to Islam and the ongoing conflicts between Sikhism and the Islamic Empire.<ref>{{cite book | last=Seiple | first=Chris | title=The Routledge handbook of religion and security | publisher=Routledge | location=New York | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-415-66744-9 | page=96}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech | title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford, UK | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 | pages=236–237}}</ref> Before dying Guru Tegh Bahadur wrote a letter to Guru Gobind Rai (the letter was called Mahalla Dasven and used to be apart of the Guru Granth Sahib before SGPC) as one last test to find the next Guru, after his father's martyrdom he was made the tenth Sikh Guru on [[Vaisakhi]] on 29 March 1676.<ref name="Hansra2007">{{cite book|author=Harkirat S. Hansra|title=Liberty at Stake:sikhs: the Most Visible|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDlMUfGiEO8C&pg=PA28 |year=2007|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-43222-6 |pages=28–29}}</ref>

The education of Guru Gobind Singh continued after he became the 10th Guru, both in reading and writing as well as martial arts such as horse riding and archery. In 1684, he wrote the [[Chandi di Var]] in Punjabi language – a legendary war between the good and the evil, where the good stands up against injustice and tyranny, as described in the ancient Sanskrit text [[Markandeya Purana]].<ref name=eos/> He stayed in Paonta, near the banks of river Yamuna, till 1685.<ref name=eos/>

Guru Gobind Singh had three wives:<ref name=dalbirsingh144>{{cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Dr Dalbir Singh |date=1988 |title=Sikhism – Origin and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA144 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |page=144 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917230548/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA144 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance A. |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2007 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File, Inc. |page=417 |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923030417/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA417&dq=guru+gobind+singh+three+wives&hl=en&ei=8ri0To_TCsKIrAfqpInoAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=guru%20gobind%20singh%20three%20wives&f=false |archive-date=23 September 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*at age 10, he married [[Mata Jito]] on 21 June 1677 at Basantgaṛh, 10 km north of Anandpur. The couple had three sons: [[Jujhar Singh]] (b. 1691), [[Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)|Zorawar Singh]] (b. 1696) and [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Fateh Singh]] (b. 1699).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title = JITOJI MATA |last1 = Ashok |first = Shamsher Singh |website = Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher = Punjabi University Patiala |access-date = 14 September 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |df = dmy-all}}</ref>
*at age 17, he married [[Mata Sundari]] on 4 April 1684 at Anandpur. The couple had one son, [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)|Ajit Singh]] (b. 1687).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title = SUNDARI MATA
|last1 = Ashok |first = Shamsher Singh |website = Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher = Punjabi University Patiala |access-date = 14 September 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |df = dmy-all}}</ref>
*at age 33, he married [[Mata Sahib Kaur|Mata Sahib Devan]] on 15 April 1700 at Anandpur. They had no children, but she had an influential role in Sikhism. Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed her as the ''Mother of the Khalsa''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title = SAHIB DEVAN |last1 = Ashok |first = Shamsher Singh |website = Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher = Punjabi University Patiala |access-date = 16 August 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The life example and leadership of Guru Gobind Singh have been of historical importance to the Sikhs. He institutionalized the Khalsa (literally, Pure Ones), who played the key role in protecting the Sikhs long after his death, such as during the nine invasions of Panjab and holy war led by Ahmad Shah Abdali from Afghanistan between 1747 and 1769.<ref name=colesambhip36/>

==Founding the Khalsa==
[[File:GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg|thumb|A Fresco of Guru Gobind Singh and The [[Panj Piare]] in Gurdwara Bhai Than Singh built in the reign of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]].]]
In 1699, the Guru requested the Sikhs to congregate at [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] on [[Vaisakhi]] (the annual spring [[harvest festival]]).<ref name="Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi">{{cite book | last = Mahmood | first = Cynmthia Keppley | title = Fighting for faith and nation dialogues with Sikh militants | year = 1996 | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-8122-1592-2 | oclc = 44966032 | pages = 43–45}}</ref> According to the Sikh tradition, he asked for a volunteer. One came forward, whom he took inside a tent. The Guru returned to the crowd alone, with a bloody sword.<ref name="Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi"/> He asked for another volunteer, and repeated the same process of returning from the tent without anyone and with a bloodied sword four more times. After the fifth volunteer went with him into the tent, the Guru returned with all five volunteers, all safe. He called them the ''[[Panj Pyare]]'' and the first Khalsa in the Sikh tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti 2021 (Hindi):गुरु गोविद जी के बारे में अहम जानकारी|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/guru-gobind-singh-jayanti/|access-date=2021-01-20|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi"/>

Guru Gobind Singh then mixed water and sugar into an iron bowl, stirring it with a double-edged sword to prepare what he called [[Amrita|Amrit]] ("nectar"). He then administered this to the ''Panj Pyare'', accompanied with recitations from the Adi Granth, thus founding the ''khande ka pahul'' (baptization ceremony) of a Khalsa – a warrior community.<ref name="Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi"/><ref>{{cite book|author=P Dhavan|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |page=49 }}</ref> The Guru also gave them a new surname "[[Singh]]" (lion). After the first five Khalsa had been baptized, the Guru asked the five to baptize him as a Khalsa. This made the Guru the sixth Khalsa, and his name changed from Guru Gobind Rai to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi"/>

[[File:Sikh Articles of Faith.JPG|thumb|right|Kanga, Kara and Kirpan – three of the five Ks]]
Guru Gobind Singh initiated the [[Five K's]] tradition of the Khalsa,<ref name=colesambhip37>{{cite book | last=Cole | first=W. Owen |author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh | year=1978 | title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | url=https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole | url-access=registration | publisher=Routledge| isbn = 0-7100-8842-6 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/37 37]}}</ref>
* '''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|Kesh]]''': uncut hair.
* '''[[Kangha]]''': a wooden comb.
* '''[[Kara (Sikhism)|Kara]]''': an iron or steel bracelet worn on the wrist.
* '''[[Kirpan]]''': a sword or dagger.
* '''[[Kacchera]]''': short breeches.

He also announced a code of discipline for Khalsa warriors. Tobacco, eating 'halal' meat (a way of slaughtering in which the animal's throat is slit open and it is left to bleed before being slaughtered), fornication and adultery were forbidden.<ref name=colesambhip37/><ref name=johnkoller313>{{cite book|author=John M Koller|title=The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-50740-8 |pages=312–313 }}</ref> The Khalsas also agreed to never interact with those who followed rivals or their successors.<ref name=colesambhip37/> The co-initiation of men and women from different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also institutionalized the principle of equality in Sikhism regardless of one's caste or gender.<ref name=johnkoller313/> Guru Gobind Singh's significance to the Sikh tradition has been very important, as he institutionalized the Khalsa, resisted the ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire, and continued the defence of dharma, by which he meant True Religion, against the assault of Aurangzeb.<ref>{{cite book | last=Cole | first=W. Owen |author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh | year=1978 | title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | url=https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole | url-access=registration | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | location=London| isbn = 0-7100-8842-6 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/36 36-37] | no-pp=true}}</ref>

[[File:2 Sri Kesgarh Takhat Anandpur Sahib Khalsa birthplace Himalayan foothills in view Punjab India.jpg|thumb|left |upright| [[Anandpur Sahib]] gurdwara, Punjab, the birthplace of [[Khalsa]]]]
He introduced ideas that indirectly challenged the discriminatory taxes imposed by the Mughal authorities. For example, Aurangzeb had imposed taxes on non-Muslims that were collected from the Sikhs as well, the [[jizya]] (poll tax on non-Muslims), pilgrim tax and ''Bhaddar'' tax – the last being a tax to be paid by anyone following the Hindu ritual of shaving the head after the death of a loved one and cremation.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/> Guru Gobind Singh declared that Khalsa does not need to continue this practice, because ''Bhaddar'' is not [[dharma|dharam]], but a ''bharam'' (illusion).<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/><ref>{{cite book|author=P Dhavan|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |pages=43–44 }}</ref> Not shaving the head also meant not having to pay the taxes by Sikhs who lived in Delhi and other parts of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/> However, the new code of conduct also led to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the 18th century, particularly between the Nanakpanthi and the Khalsa.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/>

Guru Gobind Singh had deep respect for the Khalsa, and stated that there is no difference between the True Guru and the ''sangat'' (panth).<ref>{{cite book | last=Cole | first=W. Owen |author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh | year=1978 | title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | url=https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole | url-access=registration | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | location=London| isbn = 0-7100-8842-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/38 38–39] }}, Quote: All the battles I have won against tyranny I have fought with the devoted backing of the people. Through them only have I been able to bestow gifts, through their help I have escaped from harm. The love and generosity of these Sikhs have enriched my heart and home. Through their grace, I have attained all learning, through their help in battle I have slain all my enemies. I was born to serve them, through them I reached eminence. What would I have been without their kind and ready help? There are millions of insignificant people like me. True service is the service of these people. I am not inclined to serve others of higher caste: charity will bear fruit in this and the next world, If given to such worthy people as these. All other sacrifices are and charities are profitless. From toe to toe, whatever I call my own, all I possess and carry, I dedicate to these people.</poem></ref> Before his founding of the Khalsa, the Sikh movement had used the Sanskrit word ''Sisya'' (literally, disciple or student), but the favored term thereafter became Khalsa.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> Additionally, prior to the Khalsa, the Sikh congregations across India had a system of ''Masands'' appointed by the Sikh Gurus. The ''Masands'' led the local Sikh communities, local temples, collected wealth and donations for the Sikh cause.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> Guru Gobind Singh concluded that the ''Masands'' system had become corrupt, he abolished them and introduced a more centralized system with the help of Khalsa that was under his direct supervision.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59">{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=59–62 }}</ref> These developments created two groups of Sikhs, those who initiated as Khalsa, and others who remained Sikhs but did not undertake the initiation.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> The Khalsa Sikhs saw themselves as a separate religious entity, while the Nanak-panthi Sikhs retained their different perspective.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=24, 77–78, 89–90 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Arvind-Pal S. Mandair |author2=Christopher Shackle|author3=Gurharpal Singh|title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-84634-2 |pages=30–33 }}</ref>

The Khalsa warrior community tradition started by Guru Gobind Singh has contributed to modern scholarly debate on pluralism within Sikhism. His tradition has survived into the modern times, with initiated Sikh referred to as Khalsa Sikh, while those who do not get baptized referred to as Sahajdhari Sikhs.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |pages=23–24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=84–85 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold|title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fU8BAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |year=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-0358-1 |pages=142–147, 156–157 }}</ref>

==Sikh scriptures==
[[File:Dasam Granth frontispiece British Library Manuscript Or 6298 1825-1850 CE.jpg|thumb|The [[Dasam Granth]] is attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. It incorporates among other things the warrior-saint mythologies of ancient India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Debating the Dasam Granth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58AVDAAAQBAJ |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975506-6 |pages=59–62 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anne Murphy|title=The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC&pg=PA96 |year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991629-0 |pages=96 }}</ref>]]
Guru Gobind Singh is credited in the Sikh tradition with finalizing the Kartarpur Pothi (manuscript) of the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' – the primary scripture of Sikhism.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p11"/> The final version did not accept the extraneous hymns in other versions, and included the compositions of his father Guru Tegh Bahadur.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p11">{{cite book|author1=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair |author2=Christopher Shackle|author3=Gurharpal Singh |title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8xdAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-84627-4 |pages=11–12, 17–19 }}</ref> Guru Gobind Singh also declared this text to be the eternal Guru for Sikhs.<ref name=shelke199/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adi Granth {{!}} Sikh sacred scripture|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adi-Granth-Sikh-sacred-scripture|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

Guru Gobind Singh is also credited with the ''[[Dasam Granth]]''.<ref name=britdasam>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dasam-Granth Dasam Granth], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> It is a controversial [[religious text]] considered to be the second scripture by some Sikhs, and of disputed authority to other Sikhs.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=136–138 }}</ref><ref name="McLeod1990">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|author-link=W. H. McLeod|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C |year=1990| publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56085-4}}, pages 2, 67</ref> The standard edition of the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136"/><ref name=hss54>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H. S.|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1}}, pp. 53–54</ref> The ''Dasam Granth'' includes hymns, mythological tales from [[Hindu texts]],<ref name=britdasam/> a celebration of the feminine in the form of goddess [[Durga]],<ref name="Nesbitt2016p107">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD8SDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-106277-3|pages=107–109}}</ref> erotic fables,<ref name=britdasam/> an autobiography, secular stories from the [[Puranas]] and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', letters to others such as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]], as well as reverential discussion of warriors and theology.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136"/><ref>Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh Gurus, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415266048}}, page xx</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J Deol| editor=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|display-editors=etal |title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D8xdAgAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-84627-4 |pages=30–34 }}</ref>

The ''Dasam Granth'' has a significant role in the initiation and the daily life of devout Khalsa Sikhs.<ref>Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh Gurus, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415266048}}, pages xvii-xx</ref><ref>J Deol (2000), Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity (Editors: AS Mandair, C Shackle, G Singh), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700713899}}, pages 31-33</ref> Parts of its compositions such as the [[Jaap Sahib]], [[Tav-Prasad Savaiye]] and [[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Benti Chaupai]] are the daily prayers ([[Nitnem]]) and sacred liturgical verses used in the initiation of Khalsa Sikhs.<ref name="McLeod1990"/><ref name="JacobsenMyrvold2012p233">{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold|title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdZLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |year=2012|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1387-0 |pages=233–234}}</ref><ref>Robert Zaehner (1988), The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Living Faiths, Hutchinson, {{ISBN|978-0091735760}}, pages 426-427</ref>

==Wars==
{{Quote box
|quote =
<poem>
When all other means have failed,
It is but lawful to take to the sword.
</poem>
|source = — Guru Gobind Singh, ''Zafarnamah''<ref>{{cite book|author=Mohinder Singh|title=History and Culture of Panjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W95iulFxS6gC |year=1988|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh|editor=John Renard|title=Fighting Words: Religion, Violence, and the Interpretation of Sacred Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCjVRqPD-HQC |year=2012|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95408-3 |pages=211–218 }}</ref>
|bgcolor = #FFDB00
|align = right
}}
The period following the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur – the father of Guru Gobind Singh, was a period where the Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb was an increasingly hostile enemy of the Sikh people.<ref name="ReichbergSyse2014p673">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3CFAwAAQBAJ|title=Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-139-95204-0|pages=673–674|author=Torkel Brekke|editor=Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse}}</ref> The Sikh resisted, led by Gobind Singh, and the Muslim-Sikh conflicts peaked during this period.<ref name="ReichbergSyse2014p673"/> Both Mughal administration and Aurangzeb's army had an active interest in Guru Gobind Singh. Aurangzeb issued an order to exterminate Guru Gobind Singh and his family.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. S. Grewal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/62 62]}}, Quote: "Aurangzeb took an active interest in the issue of succession, passed orders for the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur, and at one time ordered total extirpation of Guru Gobind Singh and his family".</ref>

Guru Gobind Singh believed in a ''Dharam Yudh'' (war in defence of righteousness), something that is fought as a last resort, neither out of a wish for revenge nor for greed nor for any destructive goals.<ref name="Wright2003p153"/> To Guru Gobind Singh, one must be prepared to die to stop tyranny, end persecution and to defend one's own religious values.<ref name="Wright2003p153">{{cite book|author=Christopher J. H. Wright|title=God and Morality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xW33ZuBnNC0C&pg=PA153 |year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-914839-4 |pages=153 }}</ref> He led fourteen wars with these objectives, but never took captives nor damaged anyone's place of worship.<ref name="Wright2003p153"/>

===Significant battles===
[[File: GuruGobind Singh.jpg|thumb|upright|Guru Gobind Singh with his horse]]
Guru Gobind Singh fought 13 battles against the [[Mughal Empire]] and the kings of Siwalik Hills.
* [[Battle of Bhangani]] (1688), which states chapter 8 of Gobind Singh's ''Bicitra Natak'', when Fateh Shah, along with mercenary commanders Hayat Khan and Najabat Khan,<ref name="Grewal1998p73">{{cite book|author=J. S. Grewal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/73 73]–74 }}</ref> attacked his forces without any purpose. The Guru was aided by forces of Kripal (his maternal uncle) and a Brahmin named Daya Ram, both of whom he praises as heroes in his text.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Birth of the Khalsa, The: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squPx387FuwC |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8266-7|pages=26–28}}</ref> The Guru's cousin named Sango Shah was killed in the battle, a cousin from [[Guru Hargobind]]'s daughter.<ref name="Grewal1998p73"/>
* [[Battle of Nadaun]] (1691), against the Islamic armies of Mian Khan and his son Alif Khan, who were defeated by the allied forces of Guru Gobind Singh, Bhim Chand and other Hindu kings of Himalayan foothills.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33538-9 |pages=704 }}</ref> The non-Muslims aligned to the Guru had refused to pay tribute to the Islamic officials based in Jammu.<ref name="Grewal1998p73"/>
In 1693, Aurangzeb was fighting the Hindu Marathas in the Deccan region of India, and he issued orders that Guru Gobind Singh and Sikhs should be prevented from gathering in Anandpur in large numbers.<ref name="Grewal1998p73"/><ref name="Fenech2013p14">{{cite book|author=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-993145-3 |pages=14 }}</ref>
* [[Battle of Guler (1696)]], first against the Muslim commander Dilawar Khan's son Rustam Khan, near Sutlej river, where the Guru teamed up with the Hindu king of Guler and routed the Muslim army.<ref name="Jaques2007p420"/> The commander sent his general Hussain Khan against the armies of the Guru and the Guler kingdom, a war fought near Pathankot, and Hussain Khan was defeated and killed by the joint forces.<ref name="Jaques2007p420">{{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33538-9 |pages=420 }}</ref>
* [[Battle of Anandpur (1700)]], against the Mughal army of Aurangzeb, who had sent 10,000 soldiers under the command of Painda Khan and Dina Beg.<ref name="Jaques2007p48"/> In a direct combat between Guru Gobind Singh and Painda Khan, the latter was killed. His death led to the Mughal army fleeing the battlefield.<ref name="Jaques2007p48"/>
* [[Battle of Anandpur (1701)]], against the neighbouring Hindu kingdom chiefs who controlled the mountain kingdoms. This was accompanied by a battle wherein Jagatullah was killed by Sikh forces.<ref name="Jaques2007p48">{{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC |year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing |isbn=978-0-313-33537-2 |pages=48–49}}</ref> The hill chiefs laid a siege of Anandpur, and the Guru had to temporarily leave Anandpur as a condition for peace.<ref name="Rinehart2011p22"/> According to Louis Fenech, his wars with kings of the Himalayan kingdoms was likely triggered by the growing army of Sikhs, which then raided and plundered villages in nearby mountainous kingdoms for supplies; the Hindu kings joined forces and blockaded Anandpur.<ref name="Fenech2013p14"/>
* [[Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)]], against the forces of Aurangzeb, led by Wazir Khan reinforced by the hilly Rajas of the Sivalik Hills on the banks of Nirmohgarh. The battle continued for two days, with heavy losses on both sides, and Wazir Khan army left the battlefield.
* [[Battle of Basoli]] (1702), against the Mughal army; named after the kingdom of Basoli whose Raja Dharampul supported the Guru in the battle.<ref name="Jaques2007p112">{{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC |year=2007|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33538-9 |pages=112 }}</ref> The Mughal army was supported by rival kingdom of Kahlur led by Raja Ajmer Chand. The battle ended when the two sides reached a tactical peace.<ref name="Jaques2007p112"/>
* [[First Battle of Chamkaur (1702)]]
* [[First Battle of Anandpur (1704)]], the Mughal army led first by Saiyad Khan and then by Ramjan Khan;<ref name="Jaques2007p48"/>
* [[Second Battle of Anandpur]], The Mughal general was fatally wounded by Sikh soldiers, and the army withdrew. Aurangzeb then sent a larger army with two generals, Wazir Khan and Zaberdast Khan in May 1704, to destroy the Sikh resistance.<ref name="Jaques2007p48"/> The approach the Islamic army took in this battle was to lay a protracted siege against Anandpur, from May to December, cutting off all food and other supplies moving in and out, along with repeated battles.<ref name="FenechMcleodp9">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=9 }}</ref> Some Sikh men deserted the Guru during Anandpur siege in 1704, and escaped to their homes where their women shamed them and they rejoined the Guru's army and died fighting with him in 1705.<ref>{{cite book|author=Louis E. Fenech|title=Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game of Love"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI3XAAAAMAAJ |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564947-5 |pages=92 }}</ref><ref name=mcleod2009p43>{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC |year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |pages=43 }}</ref> Towards the end, the Guru, his family and followers accepted an offer by Aurangzeb of safe passage out of Anandpur.<ref name="Prithi_PS_History">{{cite book | last = Singh | first = Prithi Pal | title = The History of Sikh Gurus | publisher = Lotus Books | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-81-8382-075-2 | pages = 128–147}}</ref> However, as they left Anandpur in two batches, they were attacked, and one of the batches with Mata Gujari and Guru's two sons – Zorawar Singh aged 8 and Fateh Singh aged 5 – were taken captive by the Mughal army.<ref name="Rinehart2011p22">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Debating the Dasam Granth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58AVDAAAQBAJ |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975506-6 |pages=22–23}}</ref><ref name=syanp220/> Both his children were executed by burying them alive into a wall.<ref name="FenechMcleodp9"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Sikhism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8yWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84 |year=2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn= 978-0-85773-549-2|pages=84–85}}</ref> The grandmother Mata Gujari died there as well.<ref name="Rinehart2011p22"/>
* [[Battle of Sarsa]] (1704), against the Mughal army led by general Wazir Khan; the Muslim commander had conveyed Aurangzeb's promise of a safe passage to Guru Gobind Singh and his family in early December.<ref name=syanp220>{{cite book|author=Hardip Singh Syan|title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C |year=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-78076-250-0 |pages=220–222 }}</ref> However, when the Guru accepted the offer and left, Wazir Khan took captives, executed them and pursued the Guru.<ref name="Jaques2007p914"/> The retreating troops he was with were repeated attacked from behind, with heavy casualties to the Sikhs, particularly while crossing the Sarsa river.<ref name="Jaques2007p914">{{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC |year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing |isbn=978-0-313-33537-2 |pages=914 }}</ref>
* [[Battle of Chamkaur (1704)]] Regarded as one of the most important battle of the Sikh history. It was against the Mughal army led by Nahar Khan;<ref name=fenechmcleod218>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=218 }}</ref> the Muslim commander was killed,<ref name=fenechmcleod218/> while on Sikh side the remaining two elder sons of the Guru – Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, along with other Sikh soldiers were killed in this battle.<ref>{{cite book |title=Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace |isbn=9380213646|last1=Raju|first1=Karam Singh}}</ref><ref name="Rinehart2011p22"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=79 }}</ref>
* [[Battle of Muktsar]] (1705), the Guru's army was re-attacked by the Mughal army, being hunted down by general Wazir Khan, in the arid area of Khidrana-ki-Dhab. The Mughals were blocked again, but with many losses of Sikh lives – particularly the famous ''Chalis Mukte'' (literally, the "forty liberated ones"),<ref name=mcleod2009p43/> and this was the last battle led by Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="Grewal1998p78"/> The place of battle called Khidrana was renamed about a 100 years later by [[Ranjit Singh]] to Mukt-sar (literally, "lake of liberation"), after the term "Mukt" ([[moksha]]) of the ancient Indian tradition, in honour of those who gave their lives for the cause of liberation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sir Lepel Henry Griffin|title=Ranjit Síngh and the Sikh Barrier Between Our Growing Empire and Central Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/ranjitsnghandsi00grifgoog |year=1898|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ranjitsnghandsi00grifgoog/page/n61 55]–56 }}</ref>

===Death of family members===
[[File:Pariwar vichhora gurudwara.jpg|thumb|Gurudwara [[Parivar Vichora]] Sahib, Majri, Rupnagar, Punjab where Mata Gujri with the two youngest Sahibzadas (Fateh Singh and Zorawar Singh){{citation needed|date=October 2020}} were separated from the Guru's regiment. They were killed by the Mughal army shortly thereafter.]]
Gobind Singh's mother Mata Gujri and his two younger sons were captured by Wazir Khan, the Mughal governor of Sirhind. His youngest sons, aged 5 and 8, were tortured and then executed by burying them alive into a wall after they refused to convert to Islam, and Mata Gujri collapsed on hearing her grandsons' death, and died shortly after.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} His two eldest sons, aged 13 and 17, were killed in the [[Battle of Chamkaur]] against the Mughal army.<ref name="FenechMcleodp9"/>

===Mughal accounts===
The Muslim historians of the Mughal court wrote about Guru Gobind Singh as well as the geopolitics of the times he lived in, and these official Persian accounts were the readily available and the basis of colonial era English-language description of Sikh history.<ref name=Dhavanp165/><ref>{{cite book|author=Anne Murphy |title=The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC |year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991629-0 |pages=110–113 }}</ref>

According to Dhavan, the Persian texts that were composed by Mughal court historians during the lifetime of Guru Gobind Singh were hostile to him, but presented the Mughal perspective.<ref name=Dhavanp165>{{cite book|author=P Dhavan|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |pages=165–167, 13–24 }}</ref> They believed that the religious Guru tradition of Sikhs had been corrupted by him, through the creation of a military order willing to resist the Imperial army.<ref name=Dhavanp165/> Dhavan writes that some Persian writers who wrote decades or a century after the death of Guru Gobind Singh evolved from relying entirely on court histories of the Mughals which disparage the Guru, to including stories from the Sikh ''gurbilas'' text that praise the Guru.<ref name=Dhavanp165/><ref>{{cite book|author=Anne Murphy|title=Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWysAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-70729-2 |pages=47–50 }}</ref>

The Mughal accounts suggest that the Muslim commanders viewed the Sikh ''panth'' as one divided into sects with different loyalties, and after the battle of Anandpur, the Mughals felt that the Guru's forces had become one of the most powerful forces in the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite book|author=P Dhavan|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA45 |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |pages=51–53 }}</ref>

==Post-War years ==

[[File:GGS Marg Map.jpg|thumb|left|GGS Marg Map]]
After the Second Battle of Anandpur in 1704, the Guru and his remaining soldiers moved and stayed in different spots including hidden in places such as the Machhiwara jungle of southern Panjab.<ref name=syanp220/>

Some of the various spots in north, west and central India that the Guru lived after 1705, include Hehar with Kirpal Das (maternal uncle), Manuke, Mehdiana, Chakkar, Takhtupura and Madhe and Dina ([[Malwa (Punjab)]] region). He stayed with relatives or trusted Sikhs such as the three grandsons of Rai Jodh, a devotee of [[Guru Har Gobind]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Johar | first = Surinder Singh | title = Holy Sikh shrines | year = 1998 | publisher = M D Publications | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-81-7533-073-3 | oclc = 44703461 | page = 63}}</ref>

===Zafarnama===
{{Main|Zafarnama (letter)}}
Guru Gobind Singh saw the war conduct of Aurangzeb and his army against his family and his people as a betrayal of a promise, unethical, unjust and impious.<ref name=syanp220/> After all of Guru Gobind Singh's children had been killed by the Mughal army and the battle of Muktsar, the Guru wrote a defiant letter in Persian to Aurangzeb, titled ''Zafarnama'' (literally, "epistle of victory"), a letter which the Sikh tradition considers important towards the end of the 19th century.<ref name=syanp220/><ref>{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC |year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |pages=xxv, 52, 214–215 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anne Murphy|title=The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC |year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991629-0 |pages=73 }}</ref>

The Guru's letter was stern yet conciliatory to Aurangzeb. He indicted the Mughal Emperor and his commanders in spiritual terms, accused them of a lack of morality both in governance and in the conduct of war.<ref name="Hadley2001p20"/> The letter predicted that the Mughal Empire would soon end, because it persecutes, is full of abuse, falsehood and immorality. The letter is spiritually rooted in Guru Gobind Singh's beliefs about justice and dignity without fear.<ref name="Hadley2001p20">{{cite book|author=Michael L. Hadley|title=Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice, The|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z33Hn02GOwIC |year=2001|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9114-0 |pages=20, 207–214}}</ref>

There are two narratives of why the Guru went to Nanded, one is that he was further helping Bahadur Shah suppress the Mahrathas and Bhoi Dynasty leaders or he went there just to preach Sikhism as he had just surprised the rebellion of Kam Bakhsh and the soldiers were tired and decided to camp. The second is the more popular narrative.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

== Final days ==
[[File:Takht Shri Hazoor Sahib Gurudwara Nanded.JPG|right|thumb|[[Takht Sri Hazur Sahib]], [[Nanded]], built over the place where Guru Gobind Singh was cremated in 1708, the inner chamber is still called ''Angitha Sahib''.]]
Aurangzeb died in 1707, and immediately a succession struggle began between his sons who attacked each other.<ref name="Dhavan2011p45"/> The official successor was Bahadur Shah, who invited Guru Gobind Singh with his army to meet him in person in the Deccan region of India, for a reconciliation but Bahadur Shah then delayed any discussions for months.<ref name="FenechMcleodp9"/><ref name="Dhavan2011p45">{{cite book|author=P Dhavan|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA45 |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |pages=45–46 }}</ref>

[[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]], a Muslim army commander and the Nawab of Sarhandh, against whose army the Guru had fought several wars,<ref name="Grewal1998p78" /> commissioned two Afghans, Jamshed Khan and Wasil Beg, to follow the Guru's army as it moved for the meeting with Bahadur Shah, and then [[assassination|assassinate]] the Guru. The two secretly pursued the Guru whose troops were in the Deccan area of India, and entered the camp when the Sikhs had been stationed near river [[Godavari River|Godavari]] for months.<ref name="Syan2013p223">{{cite book|author=Hardip Singh Syan|title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C |year=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-78076-250-0 |pages=222–223 }}</ref> They gained access to the Guru and Jamshed Khan stabbed him with a fatal wound at [[Nanded]].<ref name="FenechMcleodp9" /><ref name="pri">{{cite book | last = Singh | first = Prithi Pal | title = The history of Sikh Gurus | date = 15 September 2007 | publisher = Lotus Press | page = 158 | isbn = 978-81-8382-075-2}}</ref> Some scholars state that the assassin who killed Guru Gobind Singh may not have been sent by Wazir Khan, but was instead sent by the Mughal army that was staying nearby.<ref name="Grewal1998p78">{{cite book|author=J. S. Grewal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew|url-access=registration|year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/78 78]–79 }}</ref>

According to Senapati's ''Sri Gur Sobha'', an early 18th century writer, the fatal wounds of the Guru was one below his heart. The Guru fought back and killed the assassin, while the assassin's companion was killed by the Sikh guards as he tried to escape.<ref name="Syan2013p223"/>

The Guru died of his wounds a few days later on 7 October 1708{{refn |However Hardip Singh Syan gives the date as 18 October 1708.<ref name="Syan2013p223"/>}} His death fuelled a long and bitter war of the Sikhs with the Mughals.<ref name="Syan2013p223"/>

== In popular culture ==
While Sikh Gurus are generally not portrayed on screen due to certain beliefs in Sikhism, a number of Indian films surrounding Guru Gobind Singh's life have been made. These include:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA478|date=March 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=478}}</ref>
*''Sarbans Dani Guru Gobind Singh'', a 1998 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language drama film directed by Ram Maheshwari. The film follows the Guru's life but he is not directly portrayed by an actor.
*''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]'', a 2014 Indian computer-animated film by [[Harry Baweja]]. It is based on the sacrifices of the sons of Guru Gobind Singh — [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)|Ajit Singh]], [[Jujhar Singh]], [[Jorawar Singh]], and [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Fateh Singh]].
*''[[Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur]]'', a 2016 Indian computer-animated film by Harry Baweja. It is a sequel to the above film and follows [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]'s fight against the Mughals under the guidance of Guru Gobind Singh.

==See also==

{{Portal|India|Biography|Punjab}}
* [[List of places named after Guru Gobind Singh]]
* [[Mazhabi]] [[Sikh]]
* [[Bhai Jiwan Singh]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |first=J. S. |last=Grewal |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |volume=2-3 |page= 72 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 }}
*{{cite book |first=Everett |last=Jenkins |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |year=2000 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1 |pages=200 }}
*{{cite book |first=Carl |last=Olson |title=The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2007 }}
*{{cite book |title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King |first=Audrey |last=Truschke |year=2017 |publisher=Stanford University Press }}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book | last = Singh | first = Gobind |author2=Jasbir Kaur Ahuja | title = The Zafarnama of Guru Gobind Singh | year = 1996 | publisher = Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan | location = Mumbai | oclc = 42966940 }}
* Singh, Prof. Surinderjit, ''Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnamah'' Transliteration and Poetic Rendering in English. Singh Brothers, Amritsar. 2003. {{ISBN|81-7205-272-3}}.
* {{cite book | last = Deora | first = Man Singh | title = Guru Gobind Singh: a literary survey | year = 1989 | publisher = Anmol Publications | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-81-7041-160-4 | oclc = 21280295 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151212051909/http://archimedespress.co.uk/books Sri Dasam Granth Sahib: Questions and Answers: The book on Sri Dasam Granth Sahib]

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]
| title = [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]]|years=11 November 1675 – 7 October 1708
| after = [[Guru Granth Sahib]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Sikhism|state=collapsed}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Guru Gobind}}
[[Category:1666 births]]
[[Category:1708 deaths]]
[[Category:Sikh warriors]]
[[Category:Sikh gurus|Gobind Singh]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Writers from Patna]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]

Golden Temple

2021-07-20T16:05:25Z

ManiUk: Golden Temple

{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{Short description|Sikh main holy site; building in India}}
{{Other uses|Golden Temple (disambiguation)|Darbar Sahib (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-protect|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Golden Temple
| native_name = Harmandir Sahib Darbār Sahib
| native_name_lang =
| image = Golden Temple nighttime.jpg
| religious_affiliation = [[Sikhism]]
| location = [[Amritsar]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Punjab#India#Asia
| map_size = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|31|37|12|N|74|52|37|E|region:IN-PB|display=inline,title}}
| year_completed = 1589 (Temple), 1604 (with Adi Granth) {{sfn|Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|2013|pp=41–42}}
| groundbreaking = December 1581{{sfn|Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|2013|pp=41–42}}
| website = [http://sgpc.net Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee Official Website]
}}

The '''Golden Temple''' (also known as '''Harmandir Sahib''', [[Literal translation|lit.]] "abode of God" ({{IPA-pa|ɦəɾᵊmən̪d̪əɾᵊ saːɦ(ɪ)bᵊ}}) or '''Darbār Sahib''', meaning "exalted court" ({{IPA-pa|d̪əɾᵊbaːɾᵊ saːɦ(ɪ)bᵊ}})) is a [[gurdwara]] located in the city of [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India]].<ref name=eos>{{cite encyclopedia|url= https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n253|title= Harimandar|last1=Kerr|first1=Ian J.|editor=Harbans Singh |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala|access-date=1 July 2018|pages=239–248|year=2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Eleanor Nesbitt|2016|pp=64–65, 150}} It is the preeminent spiritual site of [[Sikhism]].<ref name=eos/><ref name="Harmandir-Sahib">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Harmandir-Sahib |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|year=2014| url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harmandir-Sahib}}</ref>

The gurdwara is built around a man-made pool ({{lang|pa-Latn|sarovar}}) that was completed by the fourth Sikh Guru, [[Guru Ram Das]], in 1577.{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod|2014|p=33}}{{sfn|Pardeep Singh Arshi|1989|pp=5–7}} [[Guru Arjan]], the fifth Guru of [[Sikhism]], requested Sai [[Mian Mir|Mir Mian Mohammed]], a [[Muslim]] [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] of [[Lahore]], to lay its foundation stone in 1589.{{sfn|Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|2013|pp=41-42}} In 1604, Guru Arjan placed a copy of the [[Adi Granth]] in Harmandir Sahib.<ref name=eos/><ref name="Cole2004p7">{{harvnb|W. Owen Cole|2004|page=7}}</ref> The Gurdwara was repeatedly rebuilt by the Sikhs after it became a target of [[Persecution of Sikhs|persecution]] and was destroyed several times by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and invading [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] armies.<ref name=eos/><ref name="Harmandir-Sahib"/><ref name=runion70/> Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], after founding the [[Sikh Empire]], rebuilt it in [[marble]] and [[copper]] in 1809, and overlaid the sanctum with [[Gold foil]] in 1830. This has led to the name the Golden Temple.{{sfn|Trudy Ring|Noelle Watson|Paul Schellinger|2012|pp=28-29}}{{sfn|Eleanor Nesbitt|2016|pp=64–65}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean Marie Lafont|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjduAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566111-8 |pages=95–96 }}</ref>

The Golden Temple is spiritually the most significant shrine in Sikhism. It became a center of the [[Singh Sabha Movement]] between 1883 and 1920s, and the [[Punjabi Suba movement]] between 1947 and 1966. In the early 1980s, the Gurdwara became a center of conflict between the Indian government led by [[Indira Gandhi]], some Radical Sikh groups, and a movement led by [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]. In 1984, [[Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] sent in the Indian Army as part of [[Operation Blue Star]], leading to deaths of over 1,000 soldiers and civilians, as well as causing much damage to the Gurdwara and the destruction of Akal Takht. The Gurdwara complex was rebuilt again after the 1984 damage.<ref name="Harmandir-Sahib"/>{{sfn|Pashaura Singh| Louis E. Fenech|2014|pp=30-31}}

The Golden Temple is an open house of worship for all people, from all walks of life and faiths.<ref name=eos/> It has a square plan with four entrances, and a circumambulation path around the pool. The complex is a collection of buildings around the sanctum and the pool.<ref name=eos/> One of these is [[Akal Takht]], the chief center of religious authority of [[Sikhism]].<ref name="Harmandir-Sahib"/> Additional buildings include a clock tower, the offices of the Gurdwara Committee, a Museum and a [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]] – a free Sikh community run kitchen that serves a simple [[Vegetarianism and religion#Sikhism|vegetarian meal]] to all visitors without discrimination.<ref name="Harmandir-Sahib"/> Over 100,000 people visit the holy shrine daily for worship.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/india/32745911_1_phone-jammers-mobile-phones-cell-phones | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126201851/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/india/32745911_1_phone-jammers-mobile-phones-cell-phones | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] |title= Soon, Golden Temple to use phone jammers.|date=19 July 2012 }}</ref> The Gurdwara complex has been nominated as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], and its application is pending on the [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|tentative list of UNESCO]].<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1858/ Sri Harimandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab], UNESCO</ref>

==Nomenclature==
The Harmandar Sahib is also spelled as Harimandar, Harimandir, or Harmandir Sahib.<ref name=eos/> It is also called the ''Darbār Sahib'', which means "sacred audience", as well as the Golden Temple for its gold foil covered sanctum center.<ref name="Harmandir-Sahib"/> The word "Harmandir" is composed of two words: "[[Hari]]", which scholars translate as "God",<ref name=eos/> and "mandir", which means "house".{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod|2014|p=146}} The Sikh tradition has several Gurdwaras named "Harmandir Sahib", such as those in [[Kiratpur Sahib|Kiratpur]] and [[Patna]]. Of these, the one in Amritsar is most revered.{{sfn|Henry Walker|2002|pp=95-98}}<ref>{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA97 |year=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|page=97}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Darbar Sahib interior 26 September 2018.jpg|thumb|Interior of Darbar Sahib with gold encrusted walls and featuring a golden chandelier]]

According to the Sikh historical records, the land that became Amritsar and houses the Harimandir Sahib was chosen by [[Guru Amar Das]], the third Guru of the Sikh tradition. It was then called Guru Da Chakk, after he had asked his disciple Ram Das to find land to start a new town with a man-made pool as its central point.{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod|2014|p=33}}{{sfn|Pardeep Singh Arshi|1989|pp=5–7}}<ref name=eosramdas/> After Guru Ram Das succeeded Guru Amar Das in 1574, and in the face of hostile opposition from the sons of Guru Amar Das,{{sfn|Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|2013|pp=38–40}} Guru Ram Das founded the town that came to be known as "Ramdaspur". He started by completing the pool with the help of [[Baba Buddha]] (not to be confused with the Buddha of Buddhism). Guru Ram Das built his new official centre and home next to it. He invited merchants and artisans from other parts of India to settle in the new town with him.<ref name=eosramdas>{{cite web |author=G.S. Mansukhani |title=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |url= http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref>

Ramdaspur town expanded during the time of [[Guru Arjan]] financed by donations and constructed by voluntary work. The town grew to become the city of Amritsar, and the area grew into the temple complex).{{sfn|Christopher Shackle|Arvind Mandair|2013|pp=xv–xvi}} The construction activity between 1574 and 1604 is described in ''Mahima Prakash Vartak'', a semi-historical Sikh [[hagiography]] text likely composed in 1741, and the earliest known document dealing with the lives of all the ten Gurus.{{sfn|W. H. McLeod|1990|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C&pg=PA28 28–29]}} Guru Arjan installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new gurdwara in 1604.{{sfn|Christopher Shackle|Arvind Mandair|2013|pp=xv-xvi}} Continuing the efforts of Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan established Amritsar as a primary Sikh pilgrimage destination. He wrote a voluminous amount of Sikh scripture including the popular [[Sukhmani Sahib]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mahindara Siṅgha Joshī|title=Guru Arjan Dev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCQaSH_29i4C&pg=PA6 |year= 1994| publisher=Sahitya Akademi| isbn=978-81-7201-769-9|pages=6–8}}</ref>{{sfn|Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|2013|pp=42–43}}

===Construction===
[[File:Ranjit Singh at Harmandir Sahib - August Schoefft - Vienna 1850 - Princess Bamba Collection - Lahore Fort.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to [[Guru Granth Sahib]] being recited near the [[Akal Takht]] and Golden Temple, Amritsar, [[Punjab, India]].]]
Guru Ram Das acquired the land for the site. Two versions of stories exist on how he acquired this land. In one, based on a Gazetteer record, the land was purchased with Sikh donations of 700 rupees from the owners of the village of [[Tung, Sikkim|Tung]]. In another version, Emperor [[Akbar]] is stated to have donated the land to the wife of Guru Ram Das.<ref name=eosramdas/>{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod| 2014|p=67}}

In 1581, Guru Arjan initiated the construction of the Gurdwara.{{sfn|Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|2013|pp=41–42}} During the construction the pool was kept empty and dry. It took 8 years to complete the first version of the Harmandir Sahib. Guru Arjan planned a gurdwara at a level lower than the city to emphasise humility and the need to efface one's ego before entering the premises to meet the Guru.{{sfn|Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|2013|pp=41–42}} He also demanded that the gurdwara compound be open on all sides to emphasise that it was open to all. The sanctum inside the pool where his Guru seat was had only one bridge to emphasise that the end goal was one, states Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair.{{sfn|Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|2013|pp=41–42}} In 1589, the gurdwara made with bricks was complete. Guru Arjan is believed by some later sources to have invited the Sufi saint [[Mian Mir]] of [[Lahore]] to lay its foundation stone, signalling pluralism and that the Sikh tradition welcomed all.{{sfn|Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|2013|pp=41–42}} This belief is however unsubstantiated.{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod|2014|p=205}}<ref>{{cite book |title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab |author=Rishi Singh |year=2015 |isbn=978-9351505044}} It is, however, possible that Mian Mir, who had close links to Guru Arjan, was invited and present at the time of the laying of the foundation stone, even if he did not lay the foundation stone himself.</ref> According to Sikh traditional sources such as [[Suraj Parkash|Sri Gur Suraj Parkash Granth]] it was laid by Guru Arjan himself.<ref>{{cite book |title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab |author=Rishi Singh |year=2015 |isbn=978-9351505044}}</ref> After the inauguration, the pool was filled with water. On 16 August 1604, Guru Arjan completed expanding and compiling the first version of the Sikh scripture and placed a copy of the [[Adi Granth]] in the gurdwara. He appointed [[Baba Buddha]] as the first [[Granthi]].{{sfn|Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh |2011|pp=34–35}}

''Ath Sath Tirath'', which means "shrine of 68 pilgrimages", is a raised canopy on the ''parkarma'' (circumambulation marble path around the pool).<ref name=eos/><ref name="Cole2004p7"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Madanjit Kaur |title=The Golden Temple: Past and Present |location=Amritsar |publisher=Dept. of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University Press |year=1983 |page=174 |oclc=18867609 |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2638&page=240&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX}}</ref> The name, as stated by W. Owen Cole and other scholars, reflects the belief that visiting this temple is equivalent to 68 Hindu pilgrimage sites in the Indian subcontinent, or that a Tirath to the Golden Temple has the efficacy of all 68 Tiraths combined.<ref name="Cole2004p6"/>{{sfn|Pashaura Singh| Louis E. Fenech|2014|pp=435–436}} The completion of the first version of the Golden Temple was a major milestone for Sikhism, states Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, because it provided a central pilgrimage place and a rallying point for the Sikh community, set within a hub of trade and activity.{{sfn|Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|2013|pp=41–42}}

[[File:The Golden Temple in Amrithsar002.jpg|thumb|The Golden Temple at night]]

===Mughal Empire era destruction and rebuilding===
The growing influence and success of Guru Arjan drew the attention of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] and asked to convert to Islam.<ref name=ps5/> He refused, was tortured and executed in 1606 CE.<ref name=ps5>Pashaura Singh (2005), [http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175032/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pp. 29–62</ref><ref name="McLeodp20">{{cite book|title= The A to Z of Sikhism|author= W. H. McLeod|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA20 |publisher= Scarecrow Press |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0810863446|page= 20 |chapter=Arjan's Death |quote=The Mughal rulers of Punjab were evidently concerned with the growth of the Panth, and in 1605 the Emperor Jahangir made an entry in his memoirs, the ''Tuzuk-i-Jahāṅgīrī'', concerning Guru Arjan's support for his rebellious son [[Khusrau Mirza]]. Too many people, he wrote, were being persuaded by his teachings, and if the Guru would not become a Muslim the Panth had to be extinguished. Jahangir believed that Guru Arjan was a Hindu who pretended to be a saint and that he had been thinking of forcing Guru Arjan to convert to Islam or his false trade should be eliminated, for a long time. Mughal authorities seem to have been responsible for Arjan's death in custody in Lahore, and this may be accepted as an established fact. Whether the death was by execution, the result of torture, or drowning in the Ravi River remains unresolved. For Sikhs, Guru Arjan Dev is the first martyr Guru.|author-link= W. H. McLeod}}</ref><ref>Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pp. 118–121</ref> Guru Arjan's son and successor [[Guru Hargobind]] left Amritsar and moved into the Shivalik Hills to avoid persecution and to save the ''Sikh panth''.{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod|2014|pp=146–147}} For about a century after Guru Arjan's martyrdom, state Louis E. Fenech and W. H. McLeod, the Golden Temple was not occupied by the actual Sikh Gurus and it remained in hostile sectarian hands.{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod|2014|pp=146–147}} In the 18th century, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and his newly founded [[Khalsa]] Sikhs came back and fought to liberate it.{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod|2014|pp=146–147}} The Golden Temple was viewed by the Mughal rulers and Afghan Sultans as the center of Sikh faith and it remained the main target of persecution.<ref name=runion70>{{cite book|author=M. L. Runion|title=The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC |year=2017|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33798-7|pages=69–71}}, Quote: "Ahmad Durrani was forced to return to India and [he] declared a jihad, known as an Islamic holy war, against the Marathas. A multitude of tribes heralded the call of the holy war, which included the various Pashtun tribes, the Balochs, the Tajiks, and also the Muslim population residing in India. Led by Ahmad Durrani, the tribes joined the religious quest and returned to India (...) The domination and control of the [Afghan] empire began to loosen in 1762 when Ahmad Shah Durrani crossed Afghanistan to subdue the Sikhs, followers of an indigenous monotheistic religion of India found in the 16th century by Guru Nanak. (...) Ahmad Shah greatly desired to subdue the Sikhs, and his army attacked and gained control of the Sikh's holy city of Amritsar, where he brutally massacred thousands of Sikh followers. Not only did he viciously demolish the sacred temples and buildings, but he ordered these holy places to be covered with cow's blood as an insult and desecration of their religion (...)"</ref>

The Golden Temple was the center of historic events in Sikh history:{{sfn|Pardeep Singh Arshi|1989|pp=22–25}}{{sfn|Trudy Ring|Noelle Watson|Paul Schellinger|2012|pp=28–29}}

* In 1709, the governor of Lahore sent in his army to suppress and prevent the Sikhs from gathering for their festivals of [[Vaisakhi]] and [[Diwali]]. But the Sikhs defied by gathering in the Golden Temple. In 1716, Banda Singh and numerous Sikhs were arrested and executed.
* In 1737, the Mughal governor ordered the capture of the custodian of the Golden Temple named Mani Singh and executed him. He appointed [[Massa Ranghar|Masse Khan]] as the police commissioner who then occupied the Temple and converted it into his entertainment center with dancing girls. He befouled the pool. Sikhs avenged the sacrilege of the Golden Temple by assassinating Masse Khan inside the Temple in August 1740.
* In 1746, another Lahore official Diwan [[Jaspat Rai#Lakhpat Rai|Lakhpat Rai]] working for [[Yahiya Khan]], and seeking revenge for the death of his brother, filled the pool with sand. In 1749, Sikhs restored the pool when Muin ul-Mulk slackened Mughal operations against Sikhs and sought their help during his operations in Multan.
* In 1757, the Afghan ruler [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, attacked Amritsar and desecrated the Golden Temple. He had waste poured into the pool along with entrails of slaughtered cows, before departing for Afghanistan. The Sikhs restored it again.
* In 1762, Ahmad Shah Durrani returned and had the Golden Temple blown up with gunpowder. Sikhs returned and celebrated Diwali in its premises. In 1764, Baba [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] collected donations to rebuild the Golden Temple. A new main gateway (Darshan Deorhi), causeway and sanctum were completed in 1776, while the floor around the pool was completed in 1784. The Sikhs also completed a canal to bring in fresh water from [[Ravi River]] for the pool.

===Ranjit Singh era reconstruction===
[[File:1880 photograph of the Golden Temple, Darbar Sahib, sacred pool and nearby buildings, Amritsar.jpg|thumb|An 1880 photograph of the Golden Temple, sacred pool and the nearby buildings. The walled courtyard and entrances were added later.]]
[[Ranjit Singh]] founded the nucleus of the Sikh Empire at the age of 36 with help of [[Sukerchakia Misl]] forces he inherited and those of his mother-in-law Rani Sada Kaur. In 1802, at age 22, he took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh ''misl'', paid homage at the Golden Temple and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008| publisher=Peter Owen| isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0| pages=18, 177 }}</ref> The Temple was renovated in marble and copper in 1809, and in 1830 Ranjit Singh donated gold to overlay the sanctum with gold foil.{{sfn|Trudy Ring|Noelle Watson|Paul Schellinger|2012|pp=28–29}}

After learning of the Gurdwara through Maharaja Ranjit Singh,<ref name="nizam & maharaja">{{cite web |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh's contributions to Harimandir Sahib |url=https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/harmandir-sahib/maharaja-ranjit-singhs-contributions-to-harimandir-sahib |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417180858/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/harmandir-sahib/maharaja-ranjit-singhs-contributions-to-harimandir-sahib |archive-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the 7th [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] "[[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]" started giving yearly grants towards it.<ref name="outlook">{{cite news |last1=Pandharipande |first1=Reeti |last2=Nadimpally |first2=Lasya |title=A Brief History of The Nizams of Hyderabad |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/the-nizams/ |access-date=7 March 2021 |work=Outlook Traveller |date=5 August 2017}}</ref>

The management and operation of Darbar Sahib – a term that refers to the entire Golden Temple complex of buildings, was taken over by Ranjit Singh. He appointed Sardar Desa Singh Majithia (1768–1832) to manage it and made land grants whose collected revenue was assigned to pay for the Temple's maintenance and operation. Ranjit Singh also made the position of Temple officials hereditary.<ref name=eos/>

===Destruction and reconstruction after Indian independence===
{{See also|Operation Blue Star}}

The destruction of the temple occurred during the [[Operation Blue Star]]. It was the codename of an Indian military action carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 to remove militant Sikh [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and his followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The decision to launch the attack rested with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="TH_Mi6">{{cite news|title=RAW chief consulted MI6 in build-up to Operation Bluestar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raw-chief-consulted-mi6-in-buildup-to-operation-bluestar/article5579516.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 January 2014|access-date=31 January 2014|location=Chennai, India|first=Praveen|last=Swami|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118044721/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raw-chief-consulted-mi6-in-buildup-to-operation-bluestar/article5579516.ece|archive-date=18 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 1982, [[Harchand Singh Longowal]], the President of the Sikh political party [[Akali Dal]], had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in the Golden Temple Complex to evade arrest.<ref>Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 332.</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|title=Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism|date=5 November 2016|work=DNA|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103012225/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The government claimed Bhindranwale later made the sacred temple complex an [[arsenal|armoury]] and headquarters.<ref name="LA_accord">{{cite news |title=Sikh Leader in Punjab Accord Assassinated |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-08-21/news/mn-1021_1_sikh-militants |access-date=14 June 2018 |agency=Times Wire Services |work=LA Times|date=21 August 1985 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129025949/http://articles.latimes.com/1985-08-21/news/mn-1021_1_sikh-militants |archive-date=29 January 2016 |url-status=live|quote=The Punjab violence reached a peak in June, 1984, when the army attacked the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the holiest Sikh shrine, killing hundreds of Sikh militants who lived in the temple complex, and who the government said had turned it into an armory for Sikh terrorism. }}</ref>

On 1 June 1984, after negotiations with the militants failed, [[Indira Gandhi]] ordered the army to launch Operation Blue Star, simultaneously attacking scores of Sikh temples across Punjab.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| title =India
| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica
| editor-last = Wolpert
| editor-first = Stanley A.
| year = 2009 }}</ref> A variety of army units and paramilitary forces surrounded the Golden Temple complex on 3 June 1984. The fighting started on 5 June with skirmishes and the battle went on for three days, ending on 8 June. A clean-up operation codenamed [[Operation Woodrose]] was also initiated throughout Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kiessling |first1=Hein |title=Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1849048637 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_cgDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT146}}</ref>

The army had underestimated the firepower possessed by the militants, whose armament included Chinese-made [[rocket-propelled grenade launchers]] with armour piercing capabilities. [[Tank]]s and [[heavy artillery]] were used to attack the militants, who responded with anti-tank and machine-gun fire from the heavily fortified Akal Takht. After a 24-hour firefight, the army gained control of the temple complex. Casualty figures for the army were 83 dead and 249 injured.<ref>{{cite web |author=Varinder Walia |date=20 March 2007 |url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070320/punjab1.htm |title= Army reveals startling facts on Bluestar |work= Tribune India |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> According to the official estimates, 1,592 militants were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties.<ref>{{cite book |title=White Paper on the Punjab Agitation |date=1984 |publisher=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and [[Government of India]] |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSAngEACAAJ&q=493}}</ref> According to the government claims, high civilian casualties were attributed to militants using [[pilgrim]]s trapped inside the temple as [[human shield]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kiss |first1=Peter A. |title=Winning Wars amongst the People: Case Studies in Asymmetric Conflict |date=2014 |publisher=Potomac Books |isbn=978-1612347004 |page=100 |edition=Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIY6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 }}</ref>

[[Brahma Chellaney]], the [[Associated Press]]'s South Asia correspondent, was the only foreign reporter who managed to stay on in [[Amritsar]] despite the media blackout.<ref name=casualities3>{{cite news | last = Hamlyn |first =Michael | title = Amritsar witness puts death toll at 1000| page =7| work = The Times| date = 12 June 1984}}</ref> His dispatches, filed by [[telex]], provided the first non-governmental news reports on the bloody operation in Amritsar. His first dispatch, front-paged by ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Times]] of London'' and ''[[The Guardian]]'', reported a death toll about twice of what authorities had admitted. According to the dispatch, about 780 militants and civilians and 400 troops had perished in fierce gun-battles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Golden Temple Sikhs Surrender|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1984/jun/07/fromthearchive|author=Eric Silver|work=The Guardian|date=7 June 1984|access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Chellaney reported that about "eight to ten" men suspected Sikh militants had been shot with their hands tied. In that dispatch, Mr. Chellaney interviewed a doctor who said he had been picked up by the army and forced to conduct postmortems despite the fact he had never done any postmortem examination before.<ref name=tiedandshot>{{cite news | last = Chellaney |first = Brahma | title = Sikhs in Amritsar 'tied up and shot'| work = The Times| date = 14 June 1984}}</ref> In reaction to the dispatch, the Indian government charged Chellaney with violating Punjab press censorship, two counts of fanning sectarian hatred and trouble, and later with sedition,<ref>{{cite news| title =India is set to drop prosecution of AP reporter in Punjab Case| agency =Associated Press| page =5| work =The New York Times| date =14 September 1985| url =http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F11FC3D5D0C778DDDA00894DD484D81| access-date =14 January 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110102045846/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F11FC3D5D0C778DDDA00894DD484D81| archive-date =2 January 2011| url-status =live| df =dmy-all}}</ref> calling his report baseless and disputing his casualty figures.<ref>{{cite news| title = Indian Police Question Reporter on Amritsar| agency = Associated Press| work = The New York Times| date = 24 November 1984| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E6DA1638F937A15752C1A962948260| access-date = 14 January 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110103080208/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E6DA1638F937A15752C1A962948260| archive-date = 3 January 2011| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The military action in the temple complex was criticized by Sikhs worldwide, who interpreted it as an assault on the Sikh religion.<ref name=david>{{cite book | last = Westerlund | first = David | title = Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics. | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=1996 |page=1276 |isbn =978-1-85065-241-0 }}</ref> Many Sikh soldiers in the army [[Desertion|deserted]] their units;<ref name="IT_deserters">{{cite news |last1=Sandhu |first1=Kanwar |title=Sikh Army deserters are paying the price for their action |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19900515-sikh-army-deserters-struggle-to-earn-livelihood-812580-1990-05-15 |access-date=19 June 2018 |publisher=India Today |date=15 May 1990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214140/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19900515-sikh-army-deserters-struggle-to-earn-livelihood-812580-1990-05-15 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> several Sikhs resigned from civil administrative office and returned awards received from the [[Indian government]]. Five months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] in an act of revenge by her two Sikh bodyguards, [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]].<ref name="dnaindia.com"/> Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the killings of more than 3,000 Sikhs in Delhi alone, in the ensuing [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Pritam|title=Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC&pg=PR4|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-45666-1|page=45}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:The Golden temple map.jpg|thumb|left|The Golden temple complex map]]

===Architecture===
{{anchor | arch }}

The Golden Temple's architecture reflects different architectural practices prevalent in the [[Indian subcontinent]], as various iterations of temple were rebuilt and restored. The Temple is described by Ian Kerr, and other scholars, as a mixture of the Indo-Islamic Mughal and the Hindu Rajput architecture.<ref name=eos/><ref>{{harvnb|Eleanor Nesbitt|2016|pp=64–65}} Quote: "The Golden Temple (...) By 1776, the present structure, a harmonious blending of Mughal and Rajput (Islamic and Hindu) architectural styles was complete."</ref>

The sanctum is a 12.25 x 12.25 metre square with two storeys and a gold foil dome. This sanctum has a marble platform that is a 19.7 x 19.7 metre square. It sits inside an almost square (154.5 x 148.5 m2) pool called ''amritsar'' or ''amritsarovar'' (''amrit'' means nectar, ''sar'' is short form of ''sarovar'' and means pool). The pool is 5.1 metre deep and is surrounded by a 3.7 metre wide circumambulatory marble passage that is circled clockwise. The sanctum is connected to the platform by a causeway and the gateway into the causeway is called the Darshani Ḍeorhi (from ''Darshana Dvara''). For those who wish to take a dip in the pool, the Temple provides a half hexagonal shelter and holy steps to Har ki Pauri.<ref name=eos/>{{sfn|Pardeep Singh Arshi|1989|pp=97–116}} Bathing in the pool is believed by many Sikhs to have restorative powers, purifying one's ''[[karma]]''.<ref name="Thursby1992p14"/> Some carry bottles of the pool water home particularly for sick friends and relatives.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh |title=Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0s2dUUMHbkC&pg=PA101 |year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1779-9|pages=100–101 }}</ref> The pool is maintained by volunteers who perform ''kar seva'' (community service) by draining and desilting it periodically.<ref name="Thursby1992p14">{{cite book|author=Gene R. Thursby|title=The Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNsIoNN5ie8C&pg=PA14|year=1992|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-09554-3|pages=14–15}}</ref>

{{multiple image
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| footer = Left: Causeway to the sanctum with people, behind the pool is Ath Sath Tirath; Right: Entrance view
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The sanctum has two floors. The Sikh Scripture ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' is seated on the lower square floor for about 20 hours every day, and for 4 hours it is taken to its bedroom inside Akal Takht with elaborate ceremonies in a palki, for ''sukhasana'' and ''Prakash''.<ref name=" Cole2004p6"/> The floor with the seated scripture is raised a few steps above the entrance causeway level. The upper floor in the sanctum is a gallery and connected by stairs. The ground floor is lined with white marble, as is the path surrounding the sanctum. The sanctum's exterior has gilded copper plates. The doors are gold foil covered copper sheets with nature motifs such as birds and flowers. The ceiling of the upper floor is gilded, embossed and decorated with jewels. The sanctum dome is semi-spherical with a pinnacle ornament. The sides are embellished with arched copings and small solid domes, the corners adorning cupolas, all of which are covered with gold foil covered gilded copper.<ref name=eos/>

The floral designs on the marble panels of the walls around the sanctum are [[Arabesque]]. The arches include verses from the Sikh scripture in gold letters. The frescoes follow the Indian tradition and include animal, bird and nature motifs rather than being purely geometrical. The stair walls have murals of Sikh Gurus such as the falcon carrying Guru Gobind Singh riding a horse.<ref name=eos/>{{sfn|Pardeep Singh Arshi|1989|pp=68–73}}

The Darshani Deorhi is a two-storey structure that houses the temple management offices and treasury. At the exit of the path leading away from the sanctum is the ''Prasada'' facility, where volunteers serve a flour-based sweet offering called ''Karah prasad''. Typically, the pilgrims to the Golden Temple enter and make a clockwise circumambulation around the pool before entering the sanctum. There are four entrances to the gurdwara complex signifying the openness to all sides, but a single entrance to the sanctum of the temple through a causeway.<ref name=eos/><ref name=Fahlbusch>{{cite book|last=Fahlbusch|first=Erwin|author2=Geoffrey William Bromiley|title=The encyclopedia of Christianity|year=1999|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-14596-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC |edition=Reprint}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2018}}

They also have free service of wheelchair. Anyone can take wheelchair and roam around the temple. Worshipper can take wheelchair from starting entrance and they have a special lift to physically challenged people.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

===Akal Takht and Teja Singh Samundri Hall===
{{main|Akal Takht}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Akal Takht illuminated, in Harmandir Sahib complex, Amritsar.jpg
| width1 = 170
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| footer = Left: Akal Takht illuminated; Right: One of the entrance gates
}}

In front of the sanctum and the causeway is the Akal Takht building. It is the chief ''Takht'', a center of authority in Sikhism. It is also the headquarters of the main political party of the Indian state of Punjab, Shiromani Akali Dal (Supreme Akali Party).<ref name="Harmandir-Sahib"/> The Akal Takht issues edicts or writs (''hukam'') on matters related to Sikhism and the solidarity of the Sikh community. Its name ''Akal Takht'' means "throne of the Timeless (God)". The institution was established by [[Guru Hargobind]] after the martyrdom of his father Guru Arjan, as a place to conduct ceremonial, spiritual and secular affairs, issuing binding writs on Sikh Gurdwaras far from his own location. A building was later constructed over the Takht founded by Guru Hargobind, and this came to be known as Akal Bunga. The Akal Takht is also known as Takht Sri Akal Bunga. The Sikh tradition has five Takhts, all of which are major pilgrimage sites in Sikhism. These are in Anandpur, Patna, Nanded, Talwandi Sabo and Amritsar. The Akal Takht in the Golden Temple complex is the primary seat and chief.{{sfn|Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh |2011|p=80}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Norman Gerald Barrier|author3=W. H. McLeod|title=Sikhism and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xY_XAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566708-0|pages=201–215}}</ref>

The Teja Singh Samundri Hall is the office of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (Supreme Committee of Temple Management). It is located in a building near the Langar-kitchen and Assembly Hall. This office coordinates and oversees the operations of major Sikh temples.<ref name="Harmandir-Sahib"/>{{sfn|W. Owen Cole|2004|p=10}}

===Ramgarhia Bunga and Clock Tower===
{{main|Ramgarhia Bunga}}
{{multiple image
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| footer = Left: [[Ramgarhia Bunga]] watchtowers to protect the Golden temple, Right: An 1860s photo of the Golden Temple during the colonial British era with the under-construction [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[clock tower]] (which was later demolished<ref name="Talbot2016p80"/>) on extreme right-side.
}}
The [[Ramgarhia Bunga]] – the two high towers visible from the ''parikrama'' (circumambulation) walkway around the tank,{{sfn|Pashaura Singh| Louis E. Fenech|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA435 435]}} is named after a Sikh subgroup. The red sandstone minaret-style ''Bunga'' (buêgā) towers were built in the 18th-century, a period of Afghan attacks and temple demolitions. It is named after the [[Sikh]] warrior and [[Ramgarhia]] [[misl]] chief [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]]. It was constructed as the temple [[watchtower]]s for sentinels to watch for any military raid approaching the temple and the surrounding area, help rapidly gather a defense to protect the Golden Temple complex. According to Fenech and McLeod, during the 18th-century, Sikh misl chiefs and rich communities built over 70 such ''Bungas'' of different shapes and forms around the temple to watch the area, house soldiers and defend the temple.{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod|2014|pp=74–75}} These served defensive purposes, provided accommodation for Sikh pilgrims and served as centers of learning in the 19th-century.{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod|2014|pp=74–75}} Most of the Bungas were demolished during the British colonial era. The Ramgarhia Bunga remains a symbol of the [[Ramgarhia]] Sikh community's identity, their historic sacrifices and contribution to defending the Golden Temple over the centuries.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Norman Gerald Barrier|title=Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DIN0AAAAMAAJ| year=1999|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-236-2|page=264}}</ref>

The Clock Tower did not exist in the original version of the temple. In its location was a building, now called the "lost palace". The officials of the [[British India]] wanted to demolish the building after the Second Anglo-Sikh war and once they had annexed the Sikh Empire. The Sikhs opposed the demolition, but this opposition was ignored. In its place, the clock tower was added. The clock tower was designed by John Gordon in a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] cathedral style with red bricks. The clock tower construction started in 1862 and was completed in 1874. The tower was demolished by the Sikh community about 70 years later. In its place, a new entrance was constructed with a design more harmonious with the Temple. This entrance on the north side has a clock, houses a museum on its upper floor, and it continues to be called ''ghanta ghar deori''.<ref name="Talbot2016p80">{{cite book|author=Ian Talbot| title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |year=2016| publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=80–81 with Figure 8}}</ref><ref name="Narayanan2015p76">{{cite book|author=Shikha Jain|editor=Yamini Narayanan|title=Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising Sustainable Cities for South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQUBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-75542-5|pages=76–77}}</ref>

===Ber trees===
[[File:Dukh Bhanjani Ber tree and entrance gate near the Langar at the Golden Temple.jpg|thumb|left|The historic ''Dukh Bhanjani Ber'' tree inside the courtyard, next to Ath Sath Tirath.]]

The Golden Temple complex originally was open and had numerous trees around the pool. It is now a walled, two-storey courtyard with four entrances, that preserve three Ber trees ([[jujube]]). One of them is to the right of the main ''ghanta ghar deori'' entrance with the clock, and it is called the ''Ber Baba Buddha''. It is believed in the Sikh tradition to be the tree where Baba Buddha sat to supervise the construction of the pool and first temple.<ref name="Cole2004p6">{{harvnb|W. Owen Cole|2004|pages=6–9}}</ref>{{sfn|Pashaura Singh| Louis E. Fenech|2014|pp=435–436}}

A second tree is called ''Laachi Ber'', believed to the one under which Guru Arjan rested while the temple was being built.{{sfn|Pashaura Singh| Louis E. Fenech|2014|pp=435–436}} The third one is called ''Dukh Bhanjani Ber'', located on the other side of the sanctum, across the pool. It is believed in the Sikh tradition that this tree was the location where a Sikh was cured of his leprosy after taking a dip in the pool, giving the tree the epithet of "suffering remover".{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod|2014|p=146}}<ref>{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA64|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|page=64}}</ref> There is a small Gurdwara underneath the tree.{{sfn|Pashaura Singh| Louis E. Fenech|2014|pp=435–436}} The ''Ath Sath Tirath'', or the spot equivalent to 68 pilgrimages, is in the shade underneath the ''Dukh Bhanjani Ber'' tree. Sikh devotees, states Charles Townsend, believe that bathing in the pool near this spot delivers the same fruits as a visit to 68 pilgrimage places in India.{{sfn|Pashaura Singh| Louis E. Fenech|2014|pp=435–436}}

===Sikh history museums===
The main ''ghanta ghar deori'' north entrance has a Sikh history museum on the first floor, according to the Sikh tradition. The display shows various paintings, of gurus and martyrs, many narrating the persecution of Sikhs over their history, as well as historical items such as swords, ''kartar'', comb, ''chakkars''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bruce M. Sullivan|title=Sacred Objects in Secular Spaces: Exhibiting Asian Religions in Museums|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEOOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT76|year=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4725-9083-1|pages=76–78}}</ref> A new underground museum near the clock tower, but outside the temple courtyard also shows Sikh history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/golden-temple-s-hi-tech-basement-showcasing-sikh-history-and-ethos-opens-for-pilgrims/story-hpcE6ZrYgrHnyQJ3gh9ZzL.html|title=Golden Temple's hi-tech basement showcases Sikh history, ethos opens for pilgrims|date=22 December 2016|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/golden-temple’s-story-comes-alive-at-its-plaza-340292 |author=G. S. Paul |date=22 December 2016 |title=Golden Temple's story comes alive at its plaza |work=Tribune India |access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref> According to Louis E. Fenech, the display does not present the parallel traditions of Sikhism and is partly ahistorical such as a headless body continuing to fight, but a significant artwork and reflects the general trend in Sikhism of presenting their history to be one of persecution, martyrdoms and bravery in wars.<ref>{{cite book|author=Louis E. Fenech|title=Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game of Love"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI3XAAAAMAAJ |year=2000| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-564947-5| pages=44–45, 57–61, 114–115, 157 with notes}}</ref>

[[File:A group of volunteers helping with daily food preparation for Langar at the Golden Temple.jpg|thumb|Volunteers helping prepare the food]]
The main entrance to the Gurdwara has many memorial plaques that commemorate past Sikh historical events, saints and martyrs, contributions of Ranjit Singh, as well as commemorative inscriptions of all the Sikh soldiers who died fighting in the two World Wars and the various Indo-Pakistan wars.<ref>{{cite book|author=K Singh|title=The Sikh Review, Volume 32, Issues 361–372|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4bXAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre|page=114}}</ref>

===Guru Ram Das Langar===
[[File:The famous 'langar'- free meals for one and all (38938496121).jpg|thumb|left|[[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]] hall from inside]]
Harmandir Sahib complex has a [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]], a community-run free kitchen and dining hall. It is attached to the east side of the courtyard near the ''Dukh Bhanjani Ber'', outside of the entrance. Food is served here to all visitors who want it, regardless of faith, gender or economic background. Vegetarian food is served and all people eat together as equals. Everyone sits on the floor in rows, which is called ''pangat''. The meal is served by volunteers as part of their ''kar seva'' ethos.{{sfn|Pashaura Singh| Louis E. Fenech|2014|pp=435–436}}

===Daily ceremonies===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = 2017 sukhasan ritual palki palanquin for Guru Granth Sahib every night, Golden temple Amritsar.jpg
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| image2 = Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India.jpg
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| footer = Left: A palanquin being prepared for the daily ''sukhasan'' ritual to carry the scripture to a bedroom; Right: A Sikh pilgrim. Some Sikhs take a dip in the pool.
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There are several rites performed everyday in the Golden Temple as per the historic Sikh tradition. These rites treat the scripture as a living person, a Guru out of respect. They include:{{sfn|Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|2011|pp=81–82}}<ref name="Myrvold2016p125">{{cite book|author=Kristina Myrvold|title=The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Yu1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-03640-1|pages=125–144}}</ref>

* Closing rite called ''sukhasan'' (''sukh'' means "comfort or rest", ''asan'' means "position"). At night, after a series of devotional [[kirtan]]s and three part [[ardās]], the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' is closed, carried on the head, placed into and then carried in a flower decorated, pillow-bed palki (palanquin), with chanting. Its bedroom is in the Akal Takht, on the first floor. Once it arrives there, the scripture is tucked into a bed.{{sfn|Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh |2011|pp=81–82}}<ref name="Myrvold2016p125"/>
* Opening rite called ''prakash'' which means "light". About dawn everyday, the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' is taken out its bedroom, carried on the head, placed and carried in a flower-decorated palki with chanting and [[bugle]] sounding across the causeway. It is brought to the sanctum. Then after ritual singing of a series of Var Asa kirtans and ''ardas'', a random page is opened. This is the ''mukhwak'' of the day, it is read out loud, and then written out for the pilgrims to read over that day.{{sfn|Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh |2011|pp=81–82}}<ref name="Myrvold2016p125"/>

==Influence on contemporary era Sikhism==
===Singh Sabha movement===
{{Main|Singh Sabha Movement}}

The [[Singh Sabha movement]] was a late-19th century movement within the Sikh community to rejuvenate and reform Sikhism at a time when Christian, Hindu and Muslim proselytizers were actively campaigning to convert Sikhs to their religion.<ref name=barrierssm>{{cite book |last1=Barrier |first1=N. Gerald |last2=Singh |first2=Nazer |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |title=Singh Sabha Movement |year=1998 |publisher=Punjab University, Patiala, 2002 |location=Patiala, Punjab, India |isbn=9788173803499 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/n222 205]–212 |edition=4th |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Singh-Sabha |title=Singh Sabha (Sikhism) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year= 2010}}</ref> The movement was triggered by the conversion of Ranjit Singh's son Duleep Singh and other well-known people to Christianity. Started in 1870s, the Singh Sabha movement's aims were to propagate the true Sikh religion, restore and reform Sikhism to bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had left Sikhism.<ref name=barrierssm/>{{sfn|Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|2013|pp=85-86}}{{sfn|Louis E. Fenech|W. H. McLeod|2014|pp=273-274}} There were three main groups with different viewpoints and approaches, of which the Tat Khalsa group had become dominant by the early 1880s.{{sfn|Pashaura Singh|Louis E. Fenech|2014|pp=28–29, 73–76}}<ref name="Oberoi1994">{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA382|date=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6|pages=382–383}}</ref> Before 1905, the Golden Temple had Brahmin priests, idols and images for at least a century, attracting pious Sikhs and Hindus.<ref name="Jones1976p211">{{cite book|author=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C&pg=PA211| year=1976|publisher= University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02920-0|pages=211–212}}, Quote: "Brahmin priests and their idols had been associated with the Golden Temple for at least a century and had over these years received the patronage of pious Hindus and Sikhs. In the 1890s these practices came under increasing attack by reformist Sikhs."</ref> In 1890s, these idols and practices came under attack from reformist Sikhs.<ref name="Jones1976p211"/> In 1905, with the campaign of the Tat Khalsa, these idols and images were removed from the Golden Temple.<ref>{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism |chapter=Idol Worship |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97 |year=2009|publisher= Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA323 |year=1994| publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6|pages=320–327}}</ref> The Singh Sabha movement brought the Khalsa back to the fore of Gurdwara administration{{sfn|Pashaura Singh| Louis E. Fenech|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542 542–543]}} over the ''mahants'' (priests) class,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deol |first1= Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge | isbn=9781134635351 |pages=75–78 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC}}</ref> who had taken over control of the main gurdwaras and other institutions vacated by the [[Khalsa]] in their fight for survival against the [[Mughals]] during the 18th century<ref name=mandair>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=83 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> and had been most prominent during the 19th century.<ref name=mandair/>

===Jallianwala Bagh massacre===
{{Main|Jallianwala Bagh massacre}}

As per tradition, the Sikhs gathered in the Golden Temple to celebrate the festival of [[Baisakhi]] in 1919. After their visit, many walked over to the [[Jallianwala Bagh]] next to it to listen to speakers protesting [[Rowlatt Act]] and other policies of the colonial British government. A large crowd had gathered, when the British general [[Reginald Dyer]] ordered his soldiers to surround the Jallianwala Bagh, then open fire into the civilian crowd. Hundreds died and thousands were wounded.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA112 |year=2009| publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn =978-1-4381-0647-2|page= 112}}</ref> The [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|massacre]] strengthened the opposition to the colonial rule throughout India, particularly that from Sikhs. It triggered massive non-violent protests. The protests pressured the British government to transfer the control over the management and treasury of the Golden Temple to an elected organisation called [[Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee]] (SGPC). The SGPC continues to manage the Golden Temple.{{sfn|Pashaura Singh| Louis E. Fenech|2014|pp=433–434}}

===Punjabi Suba movement===
{{Main|Punjabi Suba movement}}

The [[Punjabi Suba movement]] was a long-drawn political agitation, launched by the [[Sikhs]], demanding the creation of a Punjabi Suba, or [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking state, in the post-independence state of [[East Punjab]].{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=391}} It was first presented as a policy position in April 1948 by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]],{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=419}} after the States Reorganization Commission set up after independence was not effective in the north of the country during its work to delineate states on a linguistic basis.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}} The Golden Temple complex was the main center of operations of the movement,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=397}} and important events during the movement that occurred at the gurdwara included the [[Punjabi Suba movement#1955 Golden Temple raid|1955 raid]] by the government to quash the movement, and the subsequent [[Punjabi Suba movement#Amritsar Convention|Amritsar Convention]] in 1955 to convey Sikh sentiments to the central government.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=426}} The complex was also the site of speeches, demonstrations, and mass arrests,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=397}} and where leaders of the movement domiciled in huts during [[hunger strike]]s.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}} The borders of the modern [[Punjab, India|state of Punjab]], along with the official status of the state's native language of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] in the [[Gurmukhi]] script, are the result of the movement, which culminated in the setting of the current borders in 1966.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=404}}

===Operation Blue Star===
{{main|Operation Blue Star}}

The Golden Temple and Akal Takht were occupied by various militant groups in the early 1980s. These included the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]] led by Sikh fundamentalist [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], the Babbar Khalsa, the AISSF and the National Council of Khalistan.<ref name="Chima2008p85"/> In December 1983, the Sikh political party [[Akali Dal]]'s President [[Harchand Singh Longowal]] had invited [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex.<ref>Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 337.</ref> The Bhindranwale-led group under the military leadership of General [[Shabeg Singh]] had begun to build bunkers and observations posts in and around the Golden Temple.<ref name="ToI_Shabeg">{{cite news |last1=Tully |first1=Mark |title=Wounds heal but another time bomb ticks away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Wounds-heal-but-another-time-bomb-ticks-away/articleshow/35871055.cms |access-date=15 June 2018 |work=Gunfire Over the Golden Temple |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 June 2014}}</ref> They organised the armed militants present at the [[Harmandir Sahib]] in Amritsar in June 1984. The Golden Temple became a place for weapons training for the militants.<ref name="Chima2008p85"/> Shabeg Singh's military expertise is credited with the creation of effective defences of the Gurdwara Complex that made the possibility of a commando operation on foot impossible. Supporters of this militant movement circulated maps showing parts of northwest India, north Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan as historic and future boundaries of the Khalsa Sikhs, with varying claims in different maps.<ref name="Axel2001p96">{{cite book|author=Brian Keith Axel|title=The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of a Sikh "Diaspora"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8yJsixw8QC |year=2001|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-2615-9|pages=96–107}}</ref>

In June 1984, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] ordered the Indian Army to begin [[Operation Blue Star]] against the militants.<ref name="Chima2008p85">{{cite book|author=Jugdep S Chima|title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |date= 2008|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0538-1|pages=85–95}}</ref> The operation caused severe damage and destroyed the Akal Takht. Numerous soldiers, militants and civilians died in the crossfire, with official estimates of death of 492 civilians and 83 Indian army men.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 June 2018|title=What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/1984-operation-blue-star-amritsar-1251681-2018-06-06|access-date=13 December 2020|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Within days of the Operation Bluestar, some 2,000 Sikh soldiers in India mutinied and attempted to reach Amritsar to liberate the Golden Temple.<ref name="Chima2008p85"/> Within six months, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated her]].

In 1986, Indira Gandhi's son and the next Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi ordered repairs to the Akal Takht Sahib. These repairs were removed and Sikhs rebuilt the Akal Takht Sahib in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-facts-about-harmandir-sahib-the-golden-temple-28035.html?page=3|date=22 June 2014 |work=India TV|title=Know facts about Harmandir Sahib, The Golden Temple}}</ref>

==List of granthi==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
Granthi is a person, female or male, of the Sikh religion who is a ceremonial reader of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib, which is the Holy Book in Sikhism. Here is list of [[granthi]]
#Baba Budha
#Bidhi Chand
#Mani Singh
#Gopal Das Udasi
#Chanchal Singh
#Atma Singh
#Sham Singh
#Jass Singh
#Jawahar Singh
#Harnam Singh
#Fateh Singh
#Kartar Singh kalaswalia
#Mool Singh
#Bhulinder Singh
#Chet Singh
#Makhan Singh
#Labh Sinhh
#TakurSingh
#Achhru Singh
#Arjan Singh
#Kapoor Singh
#Niranjan Singh
#Mani Singh
#Kirpal Singh
#Sahib Singh
#MohanSingh
#Pooran Singh
#Sukhjinder Singh
#Jaswinder Singh
#Maan Singh

==See also==
{{Portal|Punjab}}
* [[Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway]]
* [[Amritsar Ring Road]]
* [[Delhi Amritsar Katra Expressway]]
* [[Golden Temple, Sripuram]]
* [[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib]]
* [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]]
* [[List of Gurudwaras]]
* [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== General bibliography ===
* {{cite book|author=Pardeep Singh Arshi|title=The Golden Temple: history, art, and architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcmfAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher =Harman|isbn= 978-81-85151-25-0}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bal |first=Sarjit Singh |title=Punjab After Independence (1947–1956) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1985 |volume=46 |pages=416–430 |jstor= 44141382}}
* {{cite book|author=W. Owen Cole|title=Understanding Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVhwDwAAQBAJ&q=tirath|year=2004|publisher=Dunedin Academic Press|isbn=978-1-906716-91-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Doad |first=Karnail Singh |editor1-last=Siṅgh |editor1-first= Harbans |title= Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |chapter=Punjabi Sūbā Movement |date=1997 |publisher=Punjab University, Patiala |publication-date=2011 |location=Patiala, Punjab, India |isbn=9788173803499 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/n407 |pages=391–404 |edition=3rd |url= https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r |access-date=24 February 2020}}
* {{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1}}
* {{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C |year=1990| publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56085-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ |year= 2016|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-874557-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Noelle Watson|author3=Paul Schellinger|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-63979-1}}
* {{cite book|author1=Christopher Shackle|author2=Arvind Mandair|title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45101-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |year= 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100411-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Sikhism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h40AAwAAQBAJ|year= 2011|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-962-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Henry Walker|editor=Kerry Brown|title=Sikh Art and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddgO-DldmSwC|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-63136-0}}

==External links==
{{commons|Harmandir Sahib}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://sgpc.net/ Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee Official Website]

{{Sikhism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1604 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Architecture of India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1604]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures with domes]]
[[Category:Religious tourism in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Amritsar]]
[[Category:17th-century gurdwaras]]

Babbu Mann

2021-07-20T14:32:24Z

ManiUk: Created page with "{{AFC submission/draft}}  {{pp-pc1}} {{short description|Indian singer-songwriter, actor and film producer}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{EngvarB|date=Novem..."

{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{pp-pc1}}
{{short description|Indian singer-songwriter, actor and film producer}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Babbu Maan
| image = Babbu Maan Baarish Ke Bahaane (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Maan launching "Baarish Ke Bahaane"
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Khant Maanpur]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], India<ref name="birth"/>
| genre = [[Folk music of Punjab|Folk]], [[Bhangra (popular music)|Bhangra]], Pop, [[Ghazal]]s
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|lyricist|music director|actor|producer|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 1997–present
| label = Catrack, [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], Point Zero, [[Eros International]], Swag Music, Speed Records, [[Zee Music Company]], [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| associated_acts = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Monty Sharma]], [[Jaidev Kumar]], [[Harjit Harman]], [[Harbhajan Mann]], [[Bhagwant Maan]], [[Gurdas Maan]], [[Mukul Dev]], [[Sardar Sohi]], [[Mouni Roy]], [[Mandy Takhar]], [[Shraddha Arya]], [[Pritam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| native_name_lang = pb
}}

'''Tejinder "Babbu" Maan''',<ref name="birth"/> is an [[India]]n singer-songwriter, [[actor]] and [[film producer]]. Most of his artistic work focuses on [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi music]] and [[Punjabi cinema|films]].

==Early life==
Maan was raised in [[Khant, Punjab|Khant Maanpur]] in the [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref name="birth">{{cite news |title=Babbu Mann injured while shooting |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110302/main6.htm |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Tribune |date=2 March 2011}}</ref>

==Career==

[[File:Babbu Maan Vancouver 2010.jpg|thumb|Maan performing live in 2010]]

Maan's main target audience is the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking population of the world. Since 1999, he has released eight studio albums and six compilation albums; has written screenplays for, acted in and produced Punjabi films; and has contributed significantly to regional and [[Bollywood]] film soundtracks. Maan is the ambassador for ''One Hope, One Chance'', a non-profit organisation based out of Punjab.<ref name="Matured">{{cite news |title='I believe I've matured' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/i-believe-i-ve-matured/story-62UL8Wp920SulW49rgwQRP.html |last=Lekhi |first=Navleen |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

===Music===
Babbu Maan recorded his first album ''Sajjan Rumaal De Geya'' in 1997<ref name="birth"/> but revised and re-released most of the songs in his subsequent albums. Maan's first official debut album ''Tu Meri Miss India'' was released in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |title=Babbu's maiden album released |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov07/cth2.htm |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Tribune |date=6 November 1999}}</ref><ref name="Babbu Maan back with Saun Di Jhadi">{{cite news |title=Babbu Maan back with Saun di Jhadi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010313/chd.htm |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Tribune |date=12 March 2001}}</ref>

In 2001, Babbu Maan released his third album ''Saaun Di Jhadi'',<ref name="Babbu Maan back with Saun Di Jhadi"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Babbu Mann case adjourned |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010629/cth2.htm |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Tribune |date=28 June 2001}}</ref> featuring songs such as ''Chan Chanani'', ''Raat Guzarlayi'', ''Dil Ta Pagal Hai'', ''Ishq'', ''Kabza'' and ''Touch Wood'', and in 2003, he wrote and sang for his first film soundtrack ''[[Hawayein (2003 film)|Hawayein]]'' where he worked alongside Indian playback singers [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Jaspinder Narula]]. Maan released his fourth album ''Ohi Chann Ohi Rataan'' in 2004, followed by ''Pyaas'' in 2005, one of the best-selling Punjabi albums of the time.<ref name="Babbu Maan presents Talaash">{{cite news |title=Babbu Maan presents Talaash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/Babbu-Maan-presents-Talaash/articleshow/18827523.cms |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=10 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref> In 2007, Maan released his first Hindi album entitled ''Mera Gham'', and in 2009, his first religious album ''[[Singh Better Than King]]''.<ref name="Babbu Maan presents Talaash"/> A song from the latter, ''Baba Nanak'', a reaction to fake saints and preachers in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], caused various debates about the growing phenomenon in the state.<ref name="Chandigarh News">{{cite web|title="No one can compel us to write or write off our songs" Babbu Mann & Bhagwant Mann|url=http://khabarchandigarh.blogspot.co.uk/2009/12/no-one-can-compel-us-to-write-or-write.html|publisher=Chandigarh News|date=11 December 2009}}</ref> In 2010 he won "Best International Artist" at the [[Brit Asia TV Music Awards]].<ref name=BAMA2010>{{cite news |last1=Sembhi |first1=Jas |title=Brit Asia TV Music Awards Winners |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/brit-asia-tv-music-awards-winners |access-date=3 September 2020 | work=DESIblitz}}</ref>

On 4 July 2013, Maan released ''Talaash: In Search Of Soul'', his first Punjabi commercial album after eight years.<ref name="Babbu Maan presents Talaash"/><ref name="Matured"/> The album entered top 10 in [[World Albums]] chart by ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Albums Chart|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-albums/2013-07-20|website=Billboard|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> In 2015, the album named ''Itihaas'' was released and in 2018 ''Ik C Pagal'' was released.

In addition to ''[[Hawayein (2003 film)|Hawayein]]'', Babbu Maan has sung in Punjabi films ''Waagah'' and ''Dil Tainu Karda Ae Pyar'' as well as for [[Bollywood]] productions ''[[Vaada Raha]]'', ''[[Crook (film)|Crook]]'', ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster]]'', ''[[Titoo MBA]]'', and ''[[31st October (film)|31st October]]''.

Babbu Maan has performed in shows across Asia, [[Australasia]],<ref name="www.justpanjabi.com">{{cite web|title=Babbu Maan on Australia-New Zealand Tour in September|url=http://www.justpanjabi.com/2011/07/babbu-maan-on-australia-new-zealand.html|publisher=www.justpanjabi.com}}</ref> Europe,<ref>{{cite news |title=Babbu Mann questions Lala Lajpat Rai's martyrdom |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/babbu-mann-questions-lala-lajpat-rais-martyrdom_634631.html |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Zee News |date=17 June 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamal |first1=Neel |title=Babbu's Lajpat song strums anger |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Babbus-Lajpat-song-strums-anger/articleshow/6052502.cms |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 June 2010 |language=en}}</ref> North America and the Middle East. In 2014, Maan was a winner of four World Music Awards: World's Best Indian Male Artist, World's Best Indian Live Act, World's Best Indian Entertainer and World's Best Indian Album for Talaash: In Search of Soul.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Punjabi-singer-Babbu-Maan-to-venture-into-Bollywood/articleshow/45688590.cms|title=Punjabi singer Babbu Maan to venture into Bollywood|last=Kotwani|first=Hiren|date=31 December 2014|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref>

Maan also won two [[Awards for world music#daf BAMA MUSIC AWARDS|daf BAMA Music Awards]] Germany in 2017.

===Films===
Babbu Maan debuted in a supporting role in ''[[Hawayein (2003 film)|Hawayein]]'',<ref name="birth"/> a 2003 film based on the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]. Although banned in India, the film was a success overseas.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} In 2006, Maan starred in his first Punjabi film as the main lead in ''Rabb Ne Banaiyan Jodiean''. Dissatisfied with certain scenes and the fate of the film, Maan returned to form in 2008 with ''Hashar (A Love Story)''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khuranaa |first1=Manpriya |title=Babbu Maan's Hashar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080615/ttlife1.htm |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Tribune |date=15 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hashar – A Love Story |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/07/18/bollywood_previews_hashar_feature.shtml |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=BBC |date=19 September 2009 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="Reel Crusade">{{cite news |last1=Sehajpal |first1=Ashima |title=Reel Crusade - Punjabi cinema has taken up the cause of freeing Punjab from the clutches of drug abuse |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080615/ttlife1.htm |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Tribune |date=25 October 2010}}</ref> He has since written, produced and acted in his own films ''[[Ekam]]'',<ref name="Chandigarh News"/><ref name="Reel Crusade"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Mander|first=Manav|date=20 April 2010|title=Babbu Mann's movie premiered|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100420/ldh1.htm#19|work=The Tribune|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> ''[[Hero Hitler in Love]]''<ref name="birth"/><ref>{{cite news |title='Studies will never take backseat' Sisters Ritika and Ekta Kapoor will be seen in a Punjabi movie "Kissa" |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120421/ldh1.htm |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Tribune |date=20 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="www.justpanjabi.com"/> and ''[[Desi Romeos]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title='Desi Romeos' musical bonanza |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/desi-romeos-musical-bonanza/articleshow/13030978.cms |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=9 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref> Babbu Maan is a partner in ''Maan Films Pvt. Ltd'',<ref name="birth"/> and in 2010, constructed a film set called ''Ishqpura'' in his native village. In 2018, he acted in the film ''[[Banjara (film)|Banjara]]'' which is based on the life of [[truck driver]]s.

==Discography==

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Album
! Record Label
! Music Director
! Lyrics
|-
| 1998
| ''Sajjan Rumal De Geya''
| rowspan="2"|Catrack
| rowspan="2"|[[Surinder Bachan]]
| rowspan="10"|Babbu Maan
|-
| 1999
| ''Tu Meri Miss India''
|-
| 2001
| ''Saaun Di Jhadi''
| rowspan="3"|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| [[Jaidev Kumar]]
|-
| 2004{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}
| ''Ohi Chann Ohi Rataan''
| rowspan="7"|Babbu Maan
|-
| 2005
| ''Pyass: In Search of Destiny''
|-
| 2007
| ''Mera Gham''
| rowspan="2"|Point Zero
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Singh Better Than King]]''
|-
| 2013
| ''Talaash: In Search Of Soul''
| rowspan="3"|Swag Music
|-
| 2015
| Itihaas
|-
| 2018
| Ik C Pagal{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
|}

===Singles===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year
! Album
! Song
! Music
! Record label
|-
| 1997
| N/A
| Chor
| Babbu Maan
| N/A
|-
| 1997
| N/A
| Lareyan De Naal
| Babbu Maan
| N/A
|-
| 2008
| ''Aao Saare Nachiye''
| Sardar
| Babbu Maan
| Point Zero
|-
| 2009
| ''Aao Saare Nachiye 2''
| Uchiyan Imartan
| Babbu Maan
| Point Zero
|-
| 2009
| ''Aao Saare Nachiye 2''
| Aashquan Di Line
| Babbu Maan
| Point Zero
|-
| 2011
| ''Aao Saare Nachiye 4''
| Sari Duniya
| Babbu Maan
| Point Zero
|-
| 2013
| ''Talaash: In Search of Soul''
| Mil Gayi Pind De Morh Te
| Babbu Maan
| Swag Music
|-
| 2013
| ''Aah Chak 2013''
| Singh
| Babbu Maan
| Swag Music
|-
| 2014
| ''Aah Chak 2014''
| Maa Boli
| Babbu Maan
| Swag Music
|-
| 2014
| ''Aah Chak 2014''
| Chamkila
| Jatt Band (Babbu Maan)
| Swag Music
|-
| 2014
| N/A
| Canada Canada
| Babbu Maan
| Swag Music
|-
| 2014
| N/A
| 21st Century Saadh
| Babbu Maan
| Swag Music
|-
| 2014
| N/A
| America America
| Babbu Maan
| Swag Music
|-
| 2014
| ''Mera Gham 2''
| Khat
| Babbu Maan
| Swag Music
|-
| 2015
| ''Aah Chak 2015''
| License
| Babbu Maan
| Swag Music
|-
| 2015
| N/A
| E Doye Naina
| Babbu Maan
| Swag Music
|-
|2016
|''Aah Chak 2016''
|Murgi
|Babbu Maan
|Swag music
|-
|2016
|31 October
|Umeed ( Reprise Version )
|Vijay Verma
|Zee Music Company
|-
|2016
|N/A
|Jogiya
|Babbu Maan
|Swag Music
|-
|2017
|''Aah Chak 2017''
|Rally
|Babbu Maan
|Swag Music
|-
|2017
|Ik C Pagal
|Mehndi
|Babbu Maan
|Swag Music
|-
|2017
|Ik C Pagal
|Gorgeous
|Babbu Maan
|Swag Music
|-
|2017
|N/A
|Barish k Bahane
|[[D.J Sheizwood]]
|Zee Music Company
|-
|2017
|N/A
|Telefoon
|Babbu Maan
|Hey Yolo & Swag Music
|-
|2017
|N/A
|Samundar
|Babbu Maan
|Hey Yolo & Swag Music
|-
|2018
|''Aah Chak 2018''
|Mere Fan
|Babbu Maan
|Swag Music
|-
|2018
|N/A
| Teri Yaad aati hai
|dj Sheizwood
|Venus
|-
|2019
|''Aah Chak 2019''
| Chandigarh
|Babbu Maan
| Hey yolo Music
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Actor
! Producer
! Singer
! Music Director
! Lyricist
! screenWriter
! Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2003 || ''[[Khel – No Ordinary Game]]'' || || || {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || ||Bollywood
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2003 || ''[[Hawayein (2003 film)|Hawayein]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||Debut Hindi/Punjabi film
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2006 || ''Rabb Ne Banaiyan Jodiean'' || {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || Punjabi
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2007 || ''Waagah'' || || || {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || Punjabi
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2008 || ''Hashar : A Love Story'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || Punjabi
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2009 || ''[[Vaada Raha]]'' || || || {{yes}} ||{{yes}}||{{yes}} || || Bollywood
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2010 || ''[[Ekam – Son of Soil]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}||Punjabi
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2010 || ''[[Crook (film)|Crook]]'' || || || {{yes}} || ||{{yes}} || ||Bollywood
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2011 || ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster]]'' || || || {{yes}} || ||{{yes}} || || Bollywood
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2011 || ''[[Hero Hitler in Love]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} || Punjabi
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2012 || ''[[Desi Romeos]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} || Punjabi
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2012 || ''Dil Tainu Karda Hai Pyar'' || || {{yes}} || ||{{yes}} || || || Punjabi
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2014 || ''Baaz'' ||{{yes}} || {{yes}}||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} || || Punjabi
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2016 || ''[[31st October (film)|31st October]]'' || || ||{{yes}} || || || || Bollywood
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2018
|| ''[[Banjara: The Truck Driver|Banjara]]'' || {{yes}} ||||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} || || Punjabi
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{facebook|id=babbumaan}}
*{{Instagram|id=babbumaaninsta}}
*{{Twitter|id=@babbumaan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maan, Babbu}}
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Punjabi music]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nachhatar Gill

2021-07-20T14:13:34Z

ManiUk: /* Nachhatar Gill */ new section

{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{short description|Punjabi singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image =
| image_size =
| name = Nachhatar Gill
| birth_date =
| caption =
| birth_name = Nachhatar Gill
| alias =
| origin =
| genre = [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]], [[Indi-pop]]
| occupation = Record producer, musician, music director, singer-songwriter
| years_active = 2001–present
| website = [http://www.nachhatargill.net/ www.nachhatargill.net]
| label = MovieBox, United Kingdom Music Waves, Canada StarMakers, [[India]]
| associated_acts = [[Sukshinder Shinda]], [[Aman Hayer]], [[Sarbjit Cheema]], [[Mangi Mahal]], [[Angrej Ali]]
}}

'''Nachhatar Gill''' (born ''Nachhatar Singh Gill'') is a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] musician and singer-songwriter. He was born to a Sikh family at their village Akaalgarh near Badesron, Tehsil Garhshankar, Punjab, [[India]]. Gill was very fond of music. His father was a kirtani (hymn singer at Sikh temple). He used to sing along with his father at their village's temple's annual program. Gill got popularity with his solo song "Dil Ditta Nahin Si". His two religious albums are ''Sahib Jinah Diyan Mane'' (2006), and ''Ardaas Karaan'' (2010). He appeared in his first movie, Gal Sun Ho Gaya in 2012. He has appeared in three more films since then, the latest one being [[Jugaadi Dot Com]] in 2015.

== Nachhatar Gill ==

draft: {{short description|Punjabi singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image =
| image_size =
| name = Nachhatar Gill
| birth_date =
| caption =
| birth_name = Nachhatar Gill
| alias =
| origin =
| genre = [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]], [[Indi-pop]]
| occupation = Record producer, musician, music director, singer-songwriter
| years_active = 2001–present
| website = [http://www.nachhatargill.net/ www.nachhatargill.net]
| label = MovieBox, United Kingdom Music Waves, Canada StarMakers, [[India]]
| associated_acts = [[Sukshinder Shinda]], [[Aman Hayer]], [[Sarbjit Cheema]], [[Mangi Mahal]], [[Angrej Ali]]
}}

'''Nachhatar Gill''' (born ''Nachhatar Singh Gill'') is a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] musician and singer-songwriter. He was born to a Sikh family at their village Akaalgarh near Badesron, Tehsil Garhshankar, Punjab, [[India]]. Gill was very fond of music. His father was a kirtani (hymn singer at Sikh temple). He used to sing along with his father at their village's temple's annual program. Gill got popularity with his solo song "Dil Ditta Nahin Si". His two religious albums are ''Sahib Jinah Diyan Mane'' (2006), and ''Ardaas Karaan'' (2010). He appeared in his first movie, Gal Sun Ho Gaya in 2012. He has appeared in three more films since then, the latest one being [[Jugaadi Dot Com]] in 2015.

Nachhatar Gill

2021-07-20T14:12:03Z

ManiUk: Punjabi Singer

Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11

2021-07-19T20:15:38Z

ManiUk: Khatron Ke Khiladi

{{short description|Indian
Reality Series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_name = Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi
| season_number = 11
| bgcolour = #FF6843 
| image = Khatron Ke Khiladi Darr vs Dare.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Title screen of Khatron ke Khiladi 11
| starring =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Rohit Shetty]]
| num_contestants = 13

| num_season = 11
}}
| country = [[South Africa]]
| num_episodes = 2 
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = 17 July 2021
| last_aired = Present
| prev_season = ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi – Made in India|Made in India]]''
| next_season =
}}
'''''Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi Darr vs Dare'''''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-11-promo-rohit-shetty-sets-the-stage-for-battle-between-darr-and-dare-7356153/|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 11 promo: Rohit Shetty sets the stage for battle between ‘Darr and Dare’|date=13 June 2021}}</ref> is the '''''eleventh season''''' of '''''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''''', an [[India]]n [[Reality television|reality]] and [[Stunt|stunt television series]]. The series is produced by [[Endemol India]] under [[Banijay|Banijay Asia]]. Filmed in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], it is hosted by [[Rohit Shetty]].<ref name="contestant list">{{cite news |title=KKK 11 contestant list |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-nikki-tamboli-rahul-vaidya-abhinav-shukla-anushka-sen-divyanka-tripathi-dahiya-arjun-bijlani-mahel-chahl-sana-makbul-khatron-ke-khiladi-11-confirmed-contestants-list-2889141/divyanka-tripathi-dahiya-2889142 |access-date=8 May 2021 |work=DNA India |date=6 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It premiered on 17 July 2021 and airs weekend nights at 9:30 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] On [[Colors TV]] and it also streams online on [[Voot]].

It is the sixth season that is filmed in [[South Africa]]’s [[Cape Town]].