https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MalissaHoskins 2026-08-15T11:25:39Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manamadurai_Assembly_constituency&diff=515660 2026-05-05T11:46:35Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: added</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Manamadurai<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 187<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Manamadurai.svg<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | district = [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | mla = [[A. Tamilarasi]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2021<br /> | electors = 259,382 <br /> | reservation = SC<br /> }}<br /> '''Manamadurai''' is the 187th state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a Scheduled Caste reserved constituency located in [[Sivaganga district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a component of [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency]]. In 2008, [[Ilaiyangudi Assembly constituency]] was merged with Manamadurai Assembly constituency under the constituency delimitation act.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-16 |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |access-date=2022-02-06 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516071904/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-date=16 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> Some of the major demands of people in Manamadurai constituency include constructing new bus stands at [[Thirupuvanam, Sivaganga|Thiruppuvanam]] and Suranam and upgrading the bus stands present in [[Manamadurai]], [[Ilaiyangudi]] and Salaigramam, and also to operate the TNSTC Karaikudi division bus depot located at Manamadurai SIPCOT into a full swing manner instead of operating it as a temporary subdepot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=செய்திப்பிரிவு |date=2021-07-03 |title=மானாமதுரையில் செயல்படாத அரசு போக்குவரத்து பணிமனை : ஆண்டுக்கு ரூ.30 லட்சம் வீணாவதாக புகார் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/689181-.html |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; To bring an Agro Based Industry related with capsicum plantations near [[Ilaiyangudi]] as these areas have more [[capsicum]] plantations. They also include the revival of SIPCOT at Manamadurai and SIDCO at Kirungakottai near Manamadurai and also to operate the announced new SIDCO at Manamadurai as well as upgrading village roads to highway roads which are present between [[Manamadurai]] and [[Narikudi block|Naraikudi]] via Annavasal, Maraiyur and Salaigramam to [[Devakottai]] via Suranam, Sarukani.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Manamadurai Assembly constituency consists of three taluks namely [[Manamadurai taluk]], [[Ilayangudi taluk]] and [[Tiruppuvanam taluk]].<br /> <br /> Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[Krishnaswami Iyengar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | [[R. Chidambara Bharathi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[K. Cheemaichamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[T. Soniah]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[V. M. Subramanian]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[K. Paramalai]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[P. Duraipandi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[V. M. Subramanian]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[K. Thangamani]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | K. Paramalai<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[M. Gunasekaran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[S. Mariappankennady]] - disqualification by Assembly Speaker 2017<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 by-election<br /> | [[S. Nagarajan (politician)|S. Nagarajan]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[A. Tamilarasi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.91}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.32}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.45}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.68}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.87}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|57.06}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|49.82}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|69.77}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.08}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|50.52}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.23}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.79}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|44.42}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|54.62}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.54}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.08}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=D. Ilangovan<br /> |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam<br /> |votes=69971<br /> |percentage=33.54<br /> |change=New}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=[[A. Tamilarasi]]<br /> |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |votes=68763<br /> |percentage=32.96<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Pon V. Balaganapathy<br /> |party=Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes=42610<br /> |percentage=20.42<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=M. Shanmuga Priya<br /> |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi<br /> |votes=19676<br /> |percentage=9.43<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=NOTA<br /> |party=None of the above<br /> |votes=846<br /> |percentage=0.41<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> |votes=1208<br /> |percentage=0.58<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes=208633<br /> |percentage=80.98<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors=257616<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam<br /> |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |swing=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=manamadurai Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a187|access-date= 25 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Tamilarasi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,364 |percentage=43.91% |change=+3.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Nagarajan (politician)|S. Nagarajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,273 |percentage=36.99% |change=-11.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shanmugapriya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=23,228 |percentage=11.41% |change=+9.8 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mariappankennady |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,231 |percentage=5.03% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sivasankari |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,257 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,335 |percentage=0.66% |change=-0.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=369 |percentage=0.18% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chandrasekar |party=Anaithu Makkal Puratchi Katchi |votes=229 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthumari |party=Independent politician |votes=185 |percentage=0.09% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thamaraiselvi |party=Independent politician |votes=142 |percentage=0.07% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muralitharan |party=AMGRDMK |votes=128 |percentage=0.06% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,091 |percentage=6.92% |change=-1.10% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=203,497 |percentage=73.26% |change= 0.53% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=436 |percentage=0.21% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 277,763 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.54% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019 by-election===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election), 2019 By-Election |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC187.pdf |access-date=22 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222070224/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC187.pdf |archive-date=22 Feb 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = [[S. Nagarajan (politician)|S. Nagarajan]]<br /> |votes = 85,228<br /> |percentage = 43.32<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = K. Kasilingam<br /> |votes = 77,034<br /> |percentage = 39.15<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = S. Mariappan Kennady<br /> |votes = 20,395<br /> |percentage = 10.37<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Naam Tamilar Katchi<br /> |candidate = M. Shanmugapriya<br /> |votes = 9,315<br /> |percentage = 4.73<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 1618<br /> |percentage = 0.82<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 8,184<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,95,145<br /> |percentage = 74.54<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,63,454 |change = }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Mariappankennady]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,893 |percentage=48.45% |change=-3.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chitraselvi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,004 |percentage=40.43% |change=-2.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Deepa Anbalagan |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=7,493 |percentage=4.04% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajendran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,493 |percentage=1.88% |change=+1.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sathya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,997 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,193 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kasinathadurai |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=1,515 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,889 |percentage=8.03% |change=-0.65% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=185,522 |percentage=72.73% |change= -3.89% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 255,081 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.23% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Gunasekaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,535 |percentage=51.68% |change=+2.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Tamilarasi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,515 |percentage=43.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugavelrajan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,883 |percentage=1.78% |change=+1.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. Velmurugan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,766 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Viswanatha Gopalan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,185 |percentage=0.73% |change=-0.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ayyanar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,135 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,020 |percentage=8.67% |change=-1.79% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=210,956 |percentage=76.62% |change= 15.59% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,626 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.81% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Gunasekaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,492 |percentage=48.87% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Paramalai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,037 |percentage=38.40% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mayandi |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,020 |percentage=8.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ayyadurair |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,222 |percentage=1.12% |change=-34.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arumugam |party=TNJC |votes=1,218 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kamalakannan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,091 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Alwarsamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=692 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=686 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,455 |percentage=10.47% |change=-10.59% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=109,458 |percentage=61.03% |change= 4.95% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,349 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -8.19% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Paramalai]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=56,508 |percentage=57.06% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Kirubanidhi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,651 |percentage=36.00% |change=+35.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=4,090 |percentage=4.13% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Thirumurugaselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,563 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kasinathadurai |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,224 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,857 |percentage=21.06% |change=3.22% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=99,036 |percentage=56.08% |change= -8.62% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,612 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 7.23% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Thangamani]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=49,639 |percentage=49.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gunasekaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,869 |percentage=31.99% |change=-37.78 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balasubramanian |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,349 |percentage=12.39% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. M. Manimuthu |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=4,407 |percentage=4.42% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Pitchai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=884 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,770 |percentage=17.84% |change=-22.14% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=99,629 |percentage=64.69% |change= 1.96% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,936 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.95% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. M. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,823 |percentage=69.77% |change=+37.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kasilingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,535 |percentage=29.79% |change=-6.28 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,288 |percentage=39.98% |change=36.50% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=95,775 |percentage=62.73% |change= -7.53% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,865 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 33.69% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Duraipandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,809 |percentage=36.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. M. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,357 |percentage=32.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Paramalai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,761 |percentage=23.94% |change=-37.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Narayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,768 |percentage=5.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,452 |percentage=3.48% |change=-28.94% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=99,253 |percentage=70.26% |change= -0.50% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,783 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -25.59% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Paramalai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52,587 |percentage=61.67% |change=+13.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Gopal |party=Tamil Nadu Congress (K) |votes=24,946 |percentage=29.25% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. M. Subramanian]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,974 |percentage=7.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chinnathambi |party=Independent politician |votes=747 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nagasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=559 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,641 |percentage=32.41% |change=30.30% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=85,274 |percentage=70.76% |change= 5.93% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,807 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 11.15% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Paramalai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=38,435 |percentage=50.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Krishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,824 |percentage=48.40% |change=+11.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R P. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=507 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,611 |percentage=2.12% |change= -0.75% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=76,077 |percentage=64.83% |change= 2.38% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,672 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.30% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. M. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,849 |percentage=40.23% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Paramalai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,794 |percentage=37.36% |change=-5.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Veeranan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,090 |percentage=16.86% |change=-39.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Subramanian |party=Janata Party |votes=3,615 |percentage=5.04% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanikudumban |party=Independent politician |votes=371 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,055 |percentage=2.87% |change= -10.71% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=71,719 |percentage=62.46% |change= -11.97% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,220 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.56% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Soniah]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,584 |percentage=56.79% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sankaralingam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,405 |percentage=43.21% |change=-0.55 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,179 |percentage=13.57% |change= 12.92% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=74,989 |percentage=74.43% |change= -3.93% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,239 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= 12.37% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Cheemaichamy]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=30,752 |percentage=44.42% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. B. Rena |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,299 |percentage=43.77% |change=+0.86 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Athimoolam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,176 |percentage=11.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=453 |percentage=0.65% |change= -11.06% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=69,227 |percentage=78.36% |change= 9.10% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,532 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -10.20% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Cheemaichamy]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=33,895 |percentage=54.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Amin Nainar Howth |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,627 |percentage=42.91% |change=-1.64 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramachandran |party=We Tamils |votes=1,534 |percentage=2.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,268 |percentage=11.71% |change= -5.93% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=62,056 |percentage=69.26% |change= 22.75% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,568 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.08% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Chidambara Bharathi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,680 |percentage=44.54% |change=-17.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Alagu |party=Independent politician |votes=11,282 |percentage=26.90% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sethu Servai |party=Independent politician |votes=4,994 |percentage=11.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sakthivel |party=Independent politician |votes=4,992 |percentage=11.90% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ayyakutti |party=Independent politician |votes=1,988 |percentage=4.74% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,398 |percentage=17.64% |change= -25.11% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=41,936 |percentage=46.51% |change= 0.19% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,168 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -17.53% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Manamadurai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Krishnaswami Iyengar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,274 |percentage=62.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Gafoor |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,935 |percentage=19.33% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raman |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=4,016 |percentage=11.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniswami Servai |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=2,657 |percentage=7.40% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,339 |percentage=42.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=35,882 |percentage=46.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,467 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|9.7|N|78.48|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Sivaganga district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchal_Singh&diff=486406 2026-05-04T17:06:33Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: new basic biography added tags...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Anchal G Singh<br /> | image = Anchal Singh.jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption = Singh in 2020<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1992|04|05|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | years_active = 2013–present<br /> | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Sri Siddhartha Gautama (film)|Sri Siddhartha Gautama<br /> ]]''|''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]''}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Anchal G Singh''' (born 5 April) is an Indian actress. She is known for the films ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' and ''Zakhmi''. She also featured in [[SonyLIV]]'s ''[[Undekhi]]'' and [[Netflix]]'s ''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]''. She also acted in a [[Cinema of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] film ''[[Sri Siddhartha Gautama (film)|Sri Siddhartha Gautama]]'' in 2013 as [[Yasodharā|Princess Yasodhara]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> === 2013-2016 ===<br /> In 2013, Singh made her film debut with ''[[Sri Siddhartha Gautama (film)|Sri Siddhartha Gautama]]'', in which she played [[Yasodharā|Princess Yashodhara]]. It was a biographical film based on the life of [[Buddha|Gautama Buddha]]. The film consisted of Indian and Sri Lankan actors. The movie was released in over 20 countries being dubbed into many languages such as in Mandarin Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, and Hindi and was also subtitled in French, Japanese, Vietnamese, Chinese, and Hindi. It became the highest-grossing film in the history of Sri Lankan Cinema, earning many accolades. [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], the then [[President of Sri Lanka]] personally congratulated Singh on her performance. After a successful debut, Singh was a part of another Sinhalese film - ''Akarsha'', a story set in the backdrop of a [[Sri Lankan Civil War|war]] portraying a love affair between a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil]] music teacher and a [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] army officer.<br /> <br /> Following her [[Cinema of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan film]] debut, she made her [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] debut with a film ''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]'' in that same year. In 2014, she appeared in another Hindi film ''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty]]''.<br /> <br /> In 2016, she made her [[Tamil film industry|Kollywood]] debut with ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' which was directed by [[Rambhala]]. She played the female lead opposite [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] in that film.<br /> <br /> === 2019-present ===<br /> In 2019, Singh made her debut in the Punjabi film industry with - ''PunjKhaab'' alongside [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] and [[Monica Gill]], a film directed by Gurcharan Singh under ''Prabh Films for Punjabi Cinema''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=20 February 2019 |title=Punj Khaab: The Gurpreet Ghuggi, Monica Gill and Ricky Khattra starrer gets a release date |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/punj-khaab-the-gurpreet-ghuggi-monica-gill-and-ricky-khattra-starrer-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/68082243.cms |website=Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was announced in 2017. The cinematographer of the film was Anushul Chaobey. ''Punjkhaab'' was based various types of societal stereotypes and stigmas that plague Punjab. In 2020, she co-starred in ''Zakhmi'' with [[Dev Kharoud]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 December 2019 |title=Dev Kharoud and Anchal Singh wrap up the shoot of 'Zakhmi'; see pics inside |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/dev-kharoud-and-anchal-singh-wrap-up-the-shoot-of-zakhmi-see-pics-inside/articleshow/72328253.cms |website=TimesofIndia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zakhmi was directed by [[Inderpal Singh]]. The movie was under the banners of Binnu Dhillon and Anshu Munish Sahni. It was released on 7 February 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=20 January 2020 |title='Zakhmi': Anchal Singh look fresh as a daisy in the latest poster |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/zakhmi-to-jora-the-second-chapter-punjabi-action-dramas-to-watch-in-2020/zakhmi-anchal-singh-look-fresh-as-a-daisy-in-the-latest-poster/photostory/73422567.cms |website=TimesofIndia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2020, Singh made her OTT debut with [[SonyLIV]]'s ''[[Undekhi]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=20 May 2024 |title=Ankur Rathee opens up on bonding with 'Undekhi' co-star Anchal Singh &amp; their collaboration of ideas' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/ankur-rathee-opens-up-on-bonding-with-undekhi-co-star-anchal-singh-their-collaboration-of-ideas-785906 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=dtnext.in |language=en |agency=[[IANS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She will now be seen in ''[[Undekhi|Undekhi (Season 2)]]'' reprising the role of Teji Grewal.<br /> <br /> In 2022, she featured in [[Netflix]]'s ''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]'' (both seasons) opposite [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]]. She received widespread recognition for her portrayal of Purva.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=18 January 2022 |title=Tahir Raj Bhasin and Anchal Singh share how they brought the Purva-Vikrant dynamic on-screen |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/tahir-raj-bhasin-anchal-singh-share-how-they-brought-the-purva-vikrant-dynamic-on-screen-2022-01-18-755123 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224102548/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/tahir-raj-bhasin-anchal-singh-share-how-they-brought-the-purva-vikrant-dynamic-on-screen-2022-01-18-755123 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Sarvajeet |title=Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein 2: 'काली काली आंखें' को मिली तारीफ से गदगद हैं आंचल, कहा- इतने प्यार की नहीं थी उम्मीद |trans-title=Yeh Kaali Kaali Aankhein 2: Aanchal ecstatic over praise for 'Kaali Kaali Aankhein', says 'I didn't expected so much love' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/web-series/aanchal-singh-talk-about-the-success-and-shooting-experiences-of-yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-2-2024-11-27 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi |archive-date=28 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128022531/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/web-series/aanchal-singh-talk-about-the-success-and-shooting-experiences-of-yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-2-2024-11-27 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The series is revived for a second season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 February 2022 |title=Revenge drama 'Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein' season 2 promises newer plot twists |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/web-series/news/hindi/revenge-drama-yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-season-2-promises-newer-plot-twists/articleshow/89295216.cms |website=TimesofIndia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> === Films ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Language<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Notes<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2013<br /> |[[Sri Siddhartha Gautama (film)|''Sri Siddhartha Gautama'']]<br /> |Princess Yashodhara<br /> |[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]''<br /> |Ria<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hindi]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty|Holiday]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]''<br /> |Kajal<br /> |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019<br /> |''Punj Khaab''<br /> |Rajjo<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Bomb Jigra''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |''Zakhmi''<br /> |Reet<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Web series ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Language<br /> !Notes<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2020–2024<br /> |''[[Undekhi]]''<br /> |Teji Grewal<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Hindi<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2022–2024<br /> |''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]''<br /> |Purva Awasthi<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Music videos ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Singer<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |''Rut Ne Jo Bansi Bajai''<br /> |[[Falguni Pathak]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''Sanam Mennu''<br /> |[[Sanam (band)|Sanam]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |''Mere Haniyaa''<br /> |[[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Anchal Singh}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm5241388}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Anchal}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1992 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Chandigarh]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naushah_Ganj_Bakhsh&diff=521217 2026-05-01T04:28:32Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: added</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Punjabi sufi scholar and saint (1552–1654)}}<br /> {{Infobox religious biography<br /> | name = Naushāh Ganj Bakhsh<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = Shrine Naushah Pak.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = The shrine of Naushah Ganj Bakhsh at Ranmal, near [[Phalia]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]<br /> | title = <br /> | birth_date = {{circa|1552}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]] &lt;br&gt;{{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}<br /> | death_date = {{circa|1654}} (aged 101 or 102)<br /> | death_place = [[Phalia Tehsil|Phalia]], [[Punjab]], Mughal Empire &lt;br&gt;{{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}<br /> | philosophy = [[Sufism]]<br /> | lineage = <br /> | resting_place = Ranmal, [[Phalia Tehsil]], [[Mandi Bahauddin District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]<br /> | main_interests = {{Hlist|[[Tassawuf]]|[[Love of God#Islam|Divine love]]}}<br /> | father =<br /> | mother =<br /> | teachers = <br /> | attributes =<br /> | patronage =<br /> | issues =<br /> | influences = [[Shah Sulaimān Nūri]]<br /> | major_works =<br /> | religion = [[Islam]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | denomination =<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | Sufi_order = [[Qadri]]<br /> | influenced = [[Sufism in Punjab#Qadri Noshahi|Naushāhiyyas]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Sufism}}<br /> {{Punjabis}}<br /> '''Haji Muhammad Naushāh Ganj Bakhsh''' (21 August 1552 – 18 May 1654) was a [[Punjabi Muslim]] [[Sufi]] poet, saint and scholar from [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]] in [[Punjab]].{{sfn|Hadi|1995|p=405}} He was the founder of the [[Qadiriyya#Qadri Noshahi|Naushahiah]] branch of the [[Qadiriyya]] [[Sufi order]], and his successors came to be known as ''Naushāhiyyas''.{{sfn|Hanif|2000|p=167}}<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Muhammad Naushah was born on 21 August 1552 in [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]], Punjab to a Punjabi [[Khokhar]] family.{{sfn|Hanif|2000|p=167}} His father, Hajji Ala’uddin Qadiri, was an ascetic, while his mother Bibi Jiuni belonged to a respectable family.{{sfn|Bilgrami|1994|p=227}}<br /> <br /> Naushāh was the most outstanding disciple of Sufi saint [[Shah Sulaimān Nūri]] of [[Naushera, Punjab|Naushera]].{{sfn|Hanif|2000|p=167}} He later shifted to Shahanpal in [[Mandi Bahauddin]] where he died in 1654.<br /> <br /> ==Teachings==<br /> Naushāh was respected by his contemporaries including nobles and rulers.{{sfn|Bilgrami|1994|p=227}} He accepted the syncretic approach of [[Kabir]] and [[Guru Nanak]] but with more emphasis on ''[[tawhid]]'' or oneness of God. Like Kabir, he rejected caste and criticised the idea of [[reincarnation|transmigration of souls]].{{sfn|Bales|2020|p=116}} Naushāh enrolled his followers from different castes and occupations. They were [[Bhattis]], [[Mochi (Muslim)|Mochis]], [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]]s, [[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhans]], [[Awan (tribe)|Awans]], [[Jats]] and others.{{sfn|Bilgrami|1994|p=232}} He condemned the caste system in his following ''dohras'' (a rhyming couplet in the Punjabi poetry):<br /> {{Blockquote|&quot;[[Saiyid]] and [[Jat]], both are human beings. Both are the sons of [[Adam]] and [[Eve]].}}<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|Naushah do not ask the descent of a [[faqir]], but enquire about the way that leads to Lord. This is the right mode of speech.&quot;{{sfn|Bilgrami|1994|p=232}}}}<br /> == Literary works ==<br /> The following works have been published:{{sfn|Hadi|1995|p=406}}<br /> *''Kulliyāt-i Naushāh'': ([[Urdu]] poetry) consisting of 76 Risala's and 2400 verses.<br /> *''Kulliyāt-i Naushāh'': ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] poetry) In this work 126 Risala's of about four thousand verses are alphabetically arranged.<br /> *''Ma‘ārif-i Tasawwuf'': ([[Persian language|Persian]] poetry) dealing with assignments on the spiritual path.<br /> *''Mawā'iz-i Naushāh Pīr'': (Punjabi prose) comprises delivered speeches and advices.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Sufism in Punjab]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> ===Sources===<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Bilgrami |first=Fatima Z. |date=1994 |title=Contributions of the &quot;Qadiris&quot; to the Folk Poetry of Punjab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143361 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=55 |pages=225–236 |jstor=44143361 |issn=2249-1937}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Hadi |first=Nabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjJmzdJFOHwC&amp;pg=PA405 |title=Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature |date=1995 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |isbn=978-81-7017-311-3 |pages= |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Hanif |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&amp;pg=PA367 |title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia |date=2000 |publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-087-0 |pages= |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Bales |first=John |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdz0DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA116 |title=Insights into Sufism: Voices from the Heart |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-5748-2 |editor-last=Riddell |editor-first=Peter G. |pages= |language=en |chapter=Sufism in the Punjab, Pakistan |editor-last2=Nicholls |editor-first2=Ruth J.}}<br /> {{Sufism}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1552 births]]<br /> [[Category:1654 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century poets]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century mystics]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century poets]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century mystics]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Phalia Tehsil]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mandi Bahauddin District]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi Sufis]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi Sufi saints]]<br /> [[Category:Qadiri order]]<br /> [[Category:Sufi poets]]<br /> [[Category:Sufi shrines in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Sufis from the Mughal Empire]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telugu_Desam_Party&diff=481361 2026-04-29T07:38:56Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian political party}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian political party<br /> |party_name = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |abbreviation = TDP<br /> |party_logo=TDP Logo.png|logo_alt=Telugu Desam Party Logo|colorcode = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |president = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br /> |general_secretary = [[Nara Lokesh]]<br /> |ppchairman = [[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]<br /> |loksabha_leader = [[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/18th-lok-sabha-many-parties-choose-younger-members-as-floor-leaders/articleshow/111267539.cms|title=18th Lok Sabha: Many parties choose younger members as floor leaders|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=26 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |rajyasabha_leader = [[Sana Satish]]<br /> |foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1982|03|29}}<br /> |founder = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]<br /> |headquarters = *N. T. R. Bhavan, [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], India (present-day [[Telangana]]) (historical)<br /> *N. T. R. Bhavan, [[Mangalagiri]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India (present)<br /> |students = [[Telugu Nadu Students Federation]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-appoints-leaders-for-its-frontal-wings/article7243317.ece|title=TDP appoints leaders for its frontal wings|newspaper=The Hindu|publisher=thehindu.com|date=25 May 2015|access-date=3 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |youth = [[Telugu Yuvatha]]<br /> |women = [[Telugu Mahila]]<br /> |labour = [[Telugu Nadu Trade Union Council]]<br /> |peasants = [[Telugu Raithu|Telugu Rythu]]<br /> |ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|<br /> |[[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]]<br /> |[[Secularism]] ([[Secularism in India|Indian]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Parliamentary Democracy in India|author1=Rao, V.B. |author2=Venkateswarlu, B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIVLWVJb2mEC|year=1987|pages=144–155|publisher=Mittal Publications }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Populism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Telugu-Desam-Party|title=Telugu Desam Party |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=17 February 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Economic liberalism]]{{Sfn|Price|Srinivas|2014}}<br /> |[[Federalism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 June 2024 |title=Fortify fiscal Federalism, heal North-South cleave |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/editorials/2024/Jun/06/fortify-fiscal-federalism-heal-north-south-cleave |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Neoliberalism]]<br /> }}<br /> |colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}} [[Yellow]]<br /> |position = {{nowrap|[[Centrism|Centre]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Editors-Desk/2017-05-27/Tumultuous-transition/302688|title=Tumultuous transition|date=27 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; to [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/vivek-dehejia-rupa-subramanya-why-no-centre-right-political-party-in-india-today-114021600697_1.html|title=Why no centre-right political party in India today?|date=16 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State party]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013|archive-date=24 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024171915/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |alliance = * '''National Alliance'''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ** [[National Democratic Alliance]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1998–2004; 2014–2018; since 2024)}}<br /> * '''Regional Alliances'''<br /> ** [[Kutami]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(since 2024, Andhra Pradesh)}}<br /> {{hidden|Former Alliances|<br /> * [[National Front (India)|National Front]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1989–1996, National)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=National Front chairman N.T. Rama Rao embarks on new political antics, plans an all-India party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19911215-national-front-chairman-n-t-rama-rao-embarks-on-new-political-antics-plans-all-india-party-815190-1991-12-14 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=India Today |date=15 December 1991 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1996–1998, National)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=28 October 2018 |title=Chandrababu Naidu: Coalitions have delivered clear policies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrababu-naidu-coalitions-have-delivered-clear-policies-5421662/ |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Third Front (India)#Third Front (2009)|Third Front]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(2009, National)}}<br /> * [[Maha Kutami (2009)|Maha Kutami]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(2009, Andhra Pradesh)}} &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=7 February 2009 |title=The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh News : Grand alliance a morale booster: CPI |url=http://hindu.com/2009/02/04/stories/2009020460390600.htm |access-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207051202/http://hindu.com/2009/02/04/stories/2009020460390600.htm |archive-date=7 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=14 February 2009 |title=Grand Alliance in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/07/editorials/grand-alliance-andhra-pradesh.html |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Praja Kutami]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(2018, Telangana)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=6 November 2018 |title=TDP-Congress Prajakutami: An alliance of a different kind |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/telangana-assembly-elections-congress-tdp-alliance-prajakutami-k-chandrashekar-rao-5435401/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> |loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|16|543|hex={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|2|245|hex={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |state2_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]<br /> |state2_seats = {{ubl<br /> |1 = {{Composition bar|135|175|hex={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}} {{small|([[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]])}}<br /> |2 = {{Composition bar|0|119|hex={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}} {{small|([[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]])}}}}<br /> |state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]]<br /> |state_seats = {{ubl<br /> |1 = {{Composition bar|10|58|hex={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}} {{small|([[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Andhra Pradesh]])}}<br /> |2 = {{Composition bar|0|40|hex={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}} {{small|([[Telangana Legislative Council|Telangana]])}}}}<br /> |no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle (cropped).png{{!}}class=skin-invert|120px]]&lt;br/&gt;Bicycle<br /> |flag = TDPAndhraAndTelanganaFlag.png<br /> |website = [https://www.telugudesam.org/ www.telugudesam.org]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Telugu Desam Party''' ('''TDP'''; {{Translation|Party of the Telugu Land}}){{Sfn|Rubinoff|1997|p=2833}} is an Indian regional [[political party]] primarily active in the [[Federated state|states]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Price |first1=Pamela |title=Power and Influence in India: Bosses, Lords, and Captains |last2=Ruud |first2=Arild Engelsen |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |date=8 October 2010 |isbn=978-1-136-19799-4 |pages=246–275 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was founded by [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] [[matinée idol]] [[N. T. Rama Rao]] (NTR) on 29 March 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |date=13 May 2024 |title=Telugu Desam Party (TDP) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Telugu-Desam-Party |access-date=15 May 2024 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has focused on supporting [[Telugu people]]. The party has won a six-time majority in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and has emerged as the most successful political outfit in the state's history. It is currently the ruling party in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Party-Wise Representation of Members |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/PartyWiseStatisticalList.aspx |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=[[Parliament of India]]: [[Lok Sabha]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 March 2014 |title=Once Upon a Poll: Eighth Lok Sabha Election (1984) |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/once-upon-a-poll-eight-lok-sabha-election-1984/ |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 1 September 1995, the TDP was led by N. T. Rama Rao's son-in-law, [[Nara Chandra Babu Naidu]] as the national president of the party. The headquarters of the party is called N. T. R. Bhavan, which is located at [[Mangalagiri]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> ==Ideology and symbolism==<br /> The Telugu Desam Party follows a pro-Telugu ideology. It was founded as an alternative to the Congress hegemony, by emphasizing Telugu regional pride and serving as the party for farmers, backward castes and middle-class people. Since the 1990s, it has followed an economically liberal policy that has been seen as pro-business and pro-development.{{Sfn|Suri|2004}}<br /> <br /> The party flag features a yellow background symbolizing prosperity and energy, with a house symbolizing families, a plough for farmers and a wheel representing workers and progress. Its official electoral symbol is the bicycle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 May 2023 |title=Telugu Desam Party flag pillar of Telugu community globally: Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/telugu-desam-party-flag-pillar-of-telugu-community-globally-chandrababu-naidu-2385219-2023-05-27 |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mahanadu===<br /> The party holds its annual conclave and ideological gathering known as Mahanadu ({{Translation|Grand Conclave}}), a tradition initiated by founder N. T. Rama Rao. The first Mahanadu was organised in [[Vijayawada]] in May 1983, shortly after party's landslide victory in the [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-05-27 |title=తొలి |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/politics/telugudesam-party-first-mahanadu-highlights-35118 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=ABP Desam |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Telugudesam party |url=http://archive.org/details/telugudesam-first-mahanadu-book-1983 |title=Telugudesam First Mahanadu Book 1983 |date=1983}}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves as the party's primary platform for strategic decision making, policy formulation, leadership reaffirmation and mass mobilisation. The conclave is held for three days, usually around Rao's birth anniversary on 28 May.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2025-05-14 |title=TDP to organise Mahanadu in Kadapa from May 27 to 29 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-to-organise-mahanadu-in-kadapa-from-may-27-to-29/article69576187.ece |access-date=2026-04-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-05-27 |title=Mahanadu 2025: TDP switches to AI, releases video invite with NTR's voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/mahanadu-2025-tdp-switches-to-ai-releases-video-invite-with-ntrs-voice/articleshow/121436259.cms |access-date=2026-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Membership==<br /> The party runs a biennial membership drive, offering enrollment for ₹100. Since 2014, every active member enrolled through this drive has been covered under a group personal accident [[insurance policy]], a first-of-its-kind initiative by any political party in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=TDP 1st party to sign group personal accident plan for members|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tdp-1st-party-to-sign-group-personal-accident-plan-for-members-114110100761_1.html |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of }}&lt;/ref&gt; The policy provided ₹2 lakh in case of accidental death or permanent total disability, such as the loss of both limbs or eyes. It also includes educational assistance of ₹5,000 per child (up to two children) and covers hospital treatment expenses up to ₹50,000 resulting from such accidents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=TDP offers party membership with free accident insurance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/tdp-offers-party-membership-with-free-accident-insurance/article6549203.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=30 October 2014 |language=en-IN |date=30 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 December 2014 |title=TDP looks to boost numbers by offering benefits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tdp-looks-to-boost-numbers-by-offering-benefits/articleshow/45367817.cms |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2025, the party had crossed the milestone of one crore active members and the insurance coverage was increased to ₹5 lakh. Over 2,500 children of party workers have received financial support for higher education, and ₹103.28 crore has been distributed to the families of 5,164 deceased workers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 January 2025 |title=TDP membership crosses one crore milestone |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Jan/17/tdp-membership-crosses-one-crore-milestone |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 January 2025 |title=TDP membership crosses 1 cr mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/tdp-membership-crosses-1-cr-mark/articleshow/117339971.cms |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 January 2025 |title=TDP signs MoU providing insurance to one crore party members |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tdp-signs-mou-providing-insurance-to-one-crore-party-members/articleshow/116881625.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===N. T. Rama Rao (1983–1995)===<br /> {{main|Chief ministership of N. T. Rama Rao}}<br /> [[File:NT Rama Rao.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|N. Taraka Rama Rao]]<br /> <br /> [[N. T. Rama Rao|Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]] (NTR) is a prominent figure in Indian cinema and politics, particularly known for his influence in Telugu-speaking regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Srinivasa Rao Apparasu |date=28 May 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tracking-ntr-s-journey-from-superstar-to-political-stalwart-101653762167846.html |title=Tracking NTR's journey from superstar to political stalwart |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; As an actor, he gained widespread recognition not only among Telugu-speaking people but across the country. NTR's contributions extend beyond the film industry, as he played a significant role in Andhra Pradesh's political landscape.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kondubhatla |first=Ramachandra Murthy |date=3 June 2023 |title=An extract from 'NTR — A Political Biography': The Telugu superstar's dramatic entry into politics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/an-extract-from-ntr-a-political-biography-the-telugu-superstars-dramatic-entry-into-politics/article66923589.ece |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 June 2024 |title=NTR to Chiranjeevi: How films, politics connect two prominent Telugu families now at the helm of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ntr-chiranjeevi-film-politics-telugu-families-andhra-pradesh-9395646/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vandana |date=9 March 2018 |title=Founded by movie legend NTR, Telugu Desam Party has always punched above its weight |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/founded-ntr-tdp-punched-above-its-weight/40380/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=NT Rama Rao Death Anniversary: Know All About Actor, Director And Politician |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nt-rama-rao-death-anniversary-know-all-about-actor-director-and-politician-1801647 |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 18 November 1977, the [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|Pralaya cyclone]] struck the [[Coastal Andhra|coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh]], particularly affecting [[Diviseema]] in [[Krishna district]]. The cyclone caused widespread devastation, with turbulent seas resulting in massive flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 November 2015 |title=Recalling the Diviseema cyclone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Recalling-the-Diviseema-cyclone/article60297500.ece |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thousands of people lost their lives, and extensive property damage was reported. Official reports indicated casualties more than 10,000. Around 20,000 acres of crops were destroyed, and the overall damage was estimated to be in crores of rupees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Srinivas |first=Rajulapudi |date=19 November 2021 |title=Dattatreya pays tributes to Diviseema cyclone victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/dattatreya-pays-tributes-to-diviseema-cyclone-victims/article37590487.ece |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Cyclones and fisheries: Aftermath of four cyclones in Andhra Pradesh during 1976 to 1979 |url=https://eprints.cmfri.org.in/2853/1/Article_03.pdf |journal=Marine Fisheries Information Service - Technical and Extension Series |volume= |date=February 1980}}&lt;/ref&gt; The event left a lasting impact on the people of the region, and the memory of the flooding is still vivid among locals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=Cyclone Michaung fourth December cyclone to hit Andhra Pradesh coast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/michaung-fourth-december-cyclone-to-hit-andhra-coast/articleshow/105740562.cms |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 November 2015 |title=Diviseema remembers the mother of all cyclones |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/diviseema-remembers-the-mother-of-all-cyclones/article7899904.ece |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shocked by the devastation, NTR mobilized support from the film industry and the general public to assist the victims of Diviseema. He appealed to people for donations, and the funds raised were used for the rehabilitation of the affected communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=3 October 2018 |title=Diviseema cyclone shot for NTR biopic |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-10-03/Diviseema-cyclone-shot-for-NTR-biopic/418436 |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In response to the challenges faced by the people of Andhra Pradesh, NTR founded the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) on 29 March 1982,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 March 2022 |title=TDP formation day: When was TDP established, who was the founder - FAQs answered |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/tdp-formation-day-when-was-tdp-established-who-was-the-founder-faqs-answered-article-90509012 |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the aim of addressing the state's political and socio-economic issues. The party's formation marked a shift in the political landscape, as it sought to provide an alternative to the long-standing rule of the [[Indian National Congress]], which had been in power for over 26 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Darbhamulla |first=Srivatsan K. C. &amp; Sruthi |date=5 April 2024 |title=Elections 2024: Elections that shaped India {{!}} The rise of the Telugu Desam Party |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-that-shaped-india-the-rise-of-the-telugu-desam-party/article67953779.ece |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1983 state elections, the TDP secured a landslide victory, and NTR was sworn in as the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|10th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] on 9 January 1983.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 January 2023 |title=January 7, 1983, Forty Years Ago: Congress (I) loses control of two states in the South |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/january-7-1983-forty-years-ago-tdp-wins-south-8366246/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, NTR's tenure as Chief Minister was interrupted in August 1984 when he went to the [[United States]] for medical treatment. During his absence, [[N. Bhaskara Rao|Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]], a TDP MLA, took office as the Chief Minister with the support of the then [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]], [[Thakur Ram Lal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=N.T. Rama Rao: A timeline - The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nt-rama-rao-a-timeline/article62061789.ece |access-date=17 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817085527/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nt-rama-rao-a-timeline/article62061789.ece |archive-date=17 August 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; NTR's son-in-law Naidu, played an active role in rallying the support of legislators for NTR.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 January 2014 |title=Chandrababu Naidu becomes the most important man in Telegu Desam setup |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19850831-chandrababu-naidu-becomes-the-most-important-man-in-telegu-desam-setup-801913-2014-01-03 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He gathered them at [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]] until NTR's return.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 September 1984 |title=Dismissal of NTR ministry planned, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao nurtured with care of an assassin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19840915-dismissal-of-ntr-ministry-planned-nadendla-bhaskara-rao-nurtured-with-care-of-an-assassin-803240-1984-09-14 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 16 September 1984, NTR led a march and protest in Delhi, demonstrating against the central government's actions under Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. Subsequently, NTR regained his position as Chief Minister, restoring his leadership in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 September 1984 |title=Dismissal of NTR ministry planned, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao nurtured with care of an assassin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19840915-dismissal-of-ntr-ministry-planned-nadendla-bhaskara-rao-nurtured-with-care-of-an-assassin-803240-1984-09-14 |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 June 2019 |title='Foreign trouble' back to haunt TDP, after long gap of 35 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/foreign-trouble-back-to-haunt-tdp-after-long-gap-of-35-years/articleshow/69880915.cms |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 October 1984 |title=Impact of Bhaskara Rao's one month tenure as Andhra Pradesh CM |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19841031-impact-of-bhaskara-raos-one-month-tenure-as-andhra-pradesh-cm-803388-1984-10-30 |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1985, after successfully regaining his position as Chief Minister following a brief political crisis, NTR called for fresh elections. The elections resulted in a landslide victory for the TDP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=31 March 1985 |title=Andhra Pradesh assembly elections: Telugu Desam's victory comes as no surprise |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19850331-andhra-pradesh-assembly-elections-telugu-desams-victory-comes-as-no-surprise-769926-2013-12-04 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naidu, who was initially involved in party activities by organizing training programs for legislators and computerizing membership records, was subsequently appointed as the party's general secretary in 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 January 1986 |title=NTR re-elected TDP chief, Chandrababu Naidu nominated as general secretary |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860131-ntr-re-elected-tdp-chief-chandrababu-naidu-nominated-as-general-secretary-800528-1986-01-31 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his tenure as Chief Minister, NTR implemented significant reforms in Andhra Pradesh, including the divestment of state industries, the introduction of the 1995 MACS Act for co-operatives,&lt;ref name=&quot;macs-book2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ravichandran |first1=K |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCg2DwAAQBAJ |title=Cooperative Entrepreneurship in Action |last2=Nakkiran |first2=S |date=2015 |publisher=Studera Press |isbn=9788193033302 |location= |pages=48–49}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2001 |title=Draft guidelines aimed at creating a supportive environment for the development of cooperatives. |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/social/documents/AnnexE200168.pdf |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=[[United Nations]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and an overhaul of the education system with statewide entrance exams like [[Engineering Agricultural and Pharmacy Common Entrance Test|EAMCET]]. He also initiated welfare programs such as subsidized rice and housing,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 October 2007 |title=AP govt revives Rs 2 per kg rice scheme for poor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ap-govt-revives-rs-2-per-kg-rice-scheme-for-poor/articleshow/2420800.cms |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; along with large-scale irrigation projects like the [[Telugu Ganga project]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=A. D. |date=28 May 2021 |title=Rayalaseema hails NTR for Telugu Ganga project |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rayalaseema-hails-ntr-for-telugu-ganga-project/article34671100.ece |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; NTR's governance focused on decentralization, women empowerment, and enhancing the state's infrastructure, making lasting contributions to its political and economic development.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Naidu |first=M. Venkaiah |date=18 July 2022 |title=NTR was a trendsetter in implementing pro-people reforms |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ntr-was-a-trendsetter-in-implementing-pro-people-reforms/article65654587.ece |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rahul |first=N. |date=7 September 2020 |title=VRO administration at stake |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/vro-administration-at-stake/article32546479.ece |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=The Mandal System in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh |website=Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/12/perspectives/mandal-system-telangana-and-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=17 November 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The party lost power in the [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 December 1989 |title=Andhra Pradesh voters reject Rama Rao's eccentric politics and incompetence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19891215-andhra-pradesh-voters-reject-rama-raos-eccentric-politics-and-incompetence-816835-1989-12-14 |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was restricted to the opposition. However, it regained power in the [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. NTR was sworn in as Chief Minister for the fourth time.&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thakur |first1=A. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwR59-o19T0C&amp;q=Andhra+Pradesh+Legislative+Assembly+election%2C+1994&amp;pg=PA205 |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1994 |last2=Pandey |first2=Sunil |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |year=2009 |isbn=9788182202696 |access-date=26 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the national level, the [[Third Front (India)#National Front (1989–1991)|National Front]] (NF) was established under the leadership of the [[Janata Dal]], which governed India from 1989 to 1990. NTR served as its chairman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 December 1991 |title=National Front chairman N.T. Rama Rao embarks on new political antics, plans an all-India party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19911215-national-front-chairman-n-t-rama-rao-embarks-on-new-political-antics-plans-all-india-party-815190-1991-12-14 |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1995, a political crisis in Andhra Pradesh resulted in the removal of NTR as both the Chief Minister and the party president. NTR's son-in-law, N. Chandrababu Naidu, along with other family members, including [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], and eldest son-in-law [[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]], ousted NTR from his roles in the party and government. Naidu accused NTR of being influenced by his second wife, [[Lakshmi Parvathi]], whom he had married in 1993 following the death of his first wife, Basava Tarakam, in 1985. With the majority of party legislators supporting him, Naidu went on to become the longest-serving Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh and the president of TDP since then.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=CH V. M. Krishna |date=10 February 2017 |title=AIADMK chief Sasikala repeats two famous Andhra Pradesh coups |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100217/aiadmk-chief-sasikala-repeats-two-famous-ap-coups.html |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ajit Pawar - a quick, decisive move like Naidu in 1995 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ajit-pawar-a-quick-decisive-move-like-naidu-in-1995-779085.html |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 February 2017 |title=Going back to headlines: A demi-god, a son-in-law, two coups, and two hotels |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-nadu-sasikala-panneerselvam-aiadmk-c-vidyasagar-rao-palaniswami-andhra-coup-1995-4532101/ |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 18 January 1996, NTR died of a [[heart attack]] at his residence in [[Hyderabad]], aged 72.&lt;ref name=&quot;ntr death&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-legacy-under-siege/200715|title=A Legacy Under Siege|work=Outlook India|date=31 January 1996|access-date=22 October 2019|author=Rahman, Sheikh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150255/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-legacy-under-siege/200715|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live|quote=When news of NTR's untimely death due to a massive heart attack in the early hours of January 18 broke ...}}&lt;/ref&gt; With Naidu already assuming leadership of the TDP, Lakshmi Parvathi founded the [[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)]]. However, it failed to make any impact on the TDP's performance or vote share.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT:TDP emerges winner despite losses |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/08ap4.htm |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===N. Chandrababu Naidu (1995–present)===<br /> {{main|Chief ministership of N. Chandrababu Naidu}}<br /> <br /> [[File:N. Chandrababu Naidu (cropped)1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br /> <br /> Following the internal party crisis, with N. Chandrababu Naidu having assumed the role of Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh and president of the party in 1995, the party underwent a significant transformation. Naidu's leadership marked a shift from the [[Populism|populist approach]] of NTR to a more [[Technocracy|technocratic]] and development-oriented governance model.{{sfn|Suri|2004}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Minhaz |first=Ayesha |date=25 June 2024 |title=Profile {{!}} Chandrababu Naidu: Hard-Working Technocrat Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Needs to Balance Welfare and Development |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/chandrababu-naidu-profile-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-balancing-welfare-development/article68316115.ece |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Frontline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=G. Krishna |date=2002 |title=New Populism and Liberalisation: Regime Shift under Chandrababu Naidu in AP |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4411814 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=871–883 |jstor=4411814 |issn=0012-9976}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Naidu's first term as Chief Minister (1995–2004) is widely recognized for its focus on economic reforms and technological advancement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 January 2023 |title=Express Economic History Series: Spring of 1999 — recalling the success story of Indian telecom |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/express-economic-history-series-spring-of-1999-recalling-the-success-story-of-indian-telecom/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 August 2000 |title=Naidunomics of Power |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/naidunomics-of-power/articleshow/1888730877.cms |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; He prioritised transforming [[Hyderabad]] into a major IT hub, earning the moniker &quot;CEO of Andhra Pradesh.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The discreet charm of Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/discreet-charm-chandrababu-naidu |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Caravan Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 June 2024 |title=Return of CEO: Chandrababu Naidu takes charge of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/return-of-ceo-chandrababu-naidu-takes-charge-of-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/110955774.cms |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 June 2024 |title=From 'CEO CM' to kingmaker: You can't write off N. Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/from-ceo-cm-to-kingmaker-you-cant-write-off-n-chandrababu-naidu/articleshow/110772110.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; His administration introduced initiatives like the Janmabhoomi program for rural development, e-seva centers for [[e-governance]] and infrastructure projects, including highways and bridges. Naidu's policies attracted global investment, notably in the IT sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 August 2014 |title=N Chandrababu Naidu chants innovation mantra; to focus on electronics and IT |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/n-chandrababu-naidu-chants-innovation-mantra-to-focus-on-electronics-and-it/articleshow/39633628.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nara Chandrababu Naidu |publisher=World Economic Forum |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/n-chandrababu-naidu/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Naidu's rise coincided with a role on the national stage with the formation of the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] (UF), a coalition of non-Congress and non-BJP parties in 1996 to provide a third alternative government at the center. Following the inconclusive [[1996 Indian general election]], which resulted in a hung parliament, the TDP with 16 Lok Sabha seats extended support to the United Front government led by Prime Minister [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and later [[I. K. Gujral]]. Naidu also served as the UF convenor.<br /> <br /> In the [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], the TDP under Naidu's leadership secured victory, winning 180 out of 294 seats. The party provided outside support to the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] led central government as part of the [[National Democratic Alliance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Naidu says no to slice of government |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/11tdp.htm |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite these achievements, Naidu faced criticism for his perceived neglect of the agricultural sector and rural communities. Several droughts and increasing agrarian distress during his tenure intensified dissatisfaction among rural voters. This growing discontent contributed to the TDP's defeat in the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], with the Indian National Congress, returning to power.<br /> After the 2004 electoral loss, Naidu continued to serve as the Leader of the Opposition and sought to reconnect with rural voters by adjusting the party's focus toward welfare and agricultural concerns. However, the TDP was again defeated in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. During this period, Naidu remained an active figure in state politics, critiquing government policies and advocating for development-oriented reforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 June 2012 |title=The numbers game in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/the-numbers-game-in-andhra-pradesh/article3537110.ece |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh in 2014, which resulted in the formation of the new state of Telangana, led the party to establish separate units for both Telugu-speaking states.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 May 2014 |title=TDP to Metamorphose into a National Party after June 2 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/May/22/tdp-to-metamorphose-into-a-national-party-after-june-2-615755.html |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Andhra Pradesh (since 2014) ====<br /> In the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] held that year, Naidu led the TDP to victory in the residual state of Andhra Pradesh as part of the NDA once again.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=6 April 2014 |title=TDP joins hands with BJP in Andhra, returns to NDA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/andhra-pradesh/story/tdp-joins-hands-with-bjp-in-andhra-returns-to-nda-187860-2014-04-06 |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was sworn in as the first Chief Minister of the newly reorganized Andhra Pradesh. His administration focused on building a new capital city at Amaravati, improving infrastructure, promoting foreign investment and enhancing public service delivery through digital initiatives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=IVNP |date=28 November 2018 |title=How Real-Time Governance Society helps Chandrababu Naidu evaluate his MLAs performance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/Nov/28/how-rtgs-helps-naidu-evaluate-performance-of-his-mlas-real-time-1904305.html |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 November 2017 |title=Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates real time governance centre in AP |website=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/chandrababu-naidu-inaugurates-real-time-governance-centre-in-ap-117112600408_1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite these efforts, the Naidu government faced growing criticism over delays in capital construction and its inability to secure Special Category Status for the state from the centre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Sumit |date=10 June 2024 |title=On Special Category Status for Andhra Pradesh: Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/special-category-status-for-andhra-pradesh/article68274917.ece |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], the TDP suffered a major defeat to the YSR Congress Party, and Naidu once again became the Leader of the Opposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chandrababu Naidu elected Telugu Desam Legislature Party leader |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/chandrababu-naidu-elected-telugu-desam-legislature-party-leader/article27286742.ece |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The party accused the ruling YSR Congress Party of political harassment and the use of derogatory language against its leader Naidu. Several TDP members were arrested and attacked, many killed,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 January 2022 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Gang hacks TDP worker to death in Macherla; N Chandrababu Naidu carries coffin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/gang-hacks-tdp-worker-to-death-in-macherla-naidu-carries-coffin/articleshow/88884348.cms |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=archive |first=From our online |date=12 March 2020 |title=TDP leaders claim they were attacked by YSRC workers, Jagan's party denies charge |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/Mar/11/tdp-leaders-claim-they-were-attack-by-ysrc-workers-jagans-party-denies-charge-2115314.html |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2022 |title=Eight held in Macherla murder case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/eight-held-in-macherla-murder-case/article38275609.ece |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; while party president Naidu was arrested in 2023 on alleged corruption charges, which he and his party described as politically motivated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=9 September 2023 |title=Chandrababu Naidu held in multi-crore scam case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-chief-chandrababu-naidu-arrested-in-corruption-case/article67287711.ece |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; His arrest led to widespread protests by party supporters across the state. Throughout its time in opposition, the TDP organized various demonstrations and campaigns criticizing the government's policies and governance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 August 2023 |title=Andhra Pradesh: TDP announces another mass contact program, to reach 3 crore voters in 45 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/tdp-announces-another-mass-contact-program-to-reach-3-crore-voters-in-45-days/articleshow/103086583.cms |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 2024 elections, Naidu re-established the alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Jana Sena Party, rejoining the NDA. The alliance won a landslide victory in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], while the YSRCP suffered a major setback and failed to secure the status of the opposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=M |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=24 February 2025 |title=Deputy CM Pawan Kalyan asserts YSRCP not eligible for Opposition status in the Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pawan-kalyan-asserts-ysrcp-not-eligible-for-opposition-status-in-the-assembly/article69257717.ece |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The result had the highest seat share for the TDP in its electoral history. Naidu was sworn in for a fourth term as Chief Minister, marking a historic political comeback.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=27 December 2024 |title=N. Chandrababu Naidu {{!}} The comeback king |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/newsmakers-of-the-year/newsmakers-of-the-year-2024/story/20250106-n-chandrababu-naidu-the-comeback-king-2656172-2024-12-27 |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=21 June 2024 |title=CM Naidu stages an emotional comeback to Andhra Pradesh Assembly after 2 ½ years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-stages-an-emotional-comeback-to-assembly-after-2-years/article68316737.ece |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 December 2024 |title=Naidu's return to power redefines Andhra's political history in '24 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/naidus-return-to-power-redefines-andhra-s-political-history-in-24-101735584665590.html |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 December 2024 |title=Changemakers 2024: The Great Comeback of Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/magazine/changemakers-2024-the-great-comeback-of-chandrababu-naidu |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hareesh |first=P. |date=5 June 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Naidu's historic comeback blows out Jagan's party |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/05/andhra-pradesh-naidus-historic-comeback-blows-out-jagans-party |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Telangana (since 2014) ====<br /> After the [[formation of Telangana]], the TDP, in alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), contested the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Legislative Assembly election]]. TDP won 15 seats in the newly formed [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] securing most of its seats in the districts of [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]], [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]], [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]], [[Warangal district|Warangal]], and [[Khammam district|Khammam]].&lt;ref name=firstelection&gt;{{cite news |title=List of Winners in Telangana 2014 |url=https://myneta.info/telangana2014/index.php?action=show_winners&amp;sort=default |access-date=21 December 2022 |publisher=Myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party also won a Lok Sabha seat from [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]] in the simultaneously held [[2014 Indian general election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Telangana Lok Sabha (General) Election Results 2014 |url=https://www.elections.in/telangana/ |access-date=21 December 2022 |publisher=Elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=TDP's lone Telangana MP, Malla Reddy, joins TRS |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tdp-mp-malla-reddy-joins-trs-telangana/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, defections of legislators and other leaders from TDP to the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS), now known as Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS), and the alleged portrayal of TDP as an &quot;Andhra party&quot; by the TRS, led to a decline of the party's influence in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 April 2021 |title=No more TDP in Telangana Assembly as second MLA defects to TRS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/Apr/07/no-more-tdp-in-telangana-assembly-as-second-mla-defects-to-trs-2287091.html |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 April 2021 |title=Telangana: Last two TDP MLAs defect to TRS |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-last-two-tdp-mlas-defect-to-trs-7263777/ |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 November 2018 |title=TRS slams TDP to evoke Telangana sentiments |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/trs-slams-tdp-to-evoke-telangana-sentiments-5456363/ |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=After flop show in Telangana, TDP goes into introspection mode |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/Dec/12/after-ts-flop-show-tdp-goes-into-introspection-mode-1910429.html |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vij |first=Shivam |date=27 November 2018 |title=For KCR, Telangana agitation is still on, and Chandrababu Naidu is arch enemy |url=https://theprint.in/politics/for-kcr-telangana-agitation-is-still-on-and-chandrababu-naidu-is-arch-enemy/155218/ |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sukumar |first=C. R. |date=12 December 2018 |title=KCR succeeds where Chandrababu Naidu failed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-elections/kcr-succeeds-where-chandrababu-naidu-failed/articleshow/67055048.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 October 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2016 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election]], TDP won just one councillor seat out of 150.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=GHMC Election Results 2016: TRS Wins Hyderabad Civic Polls With 99 Seats, Congress, TDP-BJP Combine Routed |url=https://www.india.com/news/cities/ghmc-election-results-2016-trs-wins-hyderabad-civic-polls-with-99-seats-congress-tdp-bjp-combine-routed-923265/ |publisher=[[India.com]] |date=15 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]], the party won two seats, both in Khammam district, out of 119 seats. It had contested the 2018 elections as part of the [[Praja Kutami]], which included the [[Indian National Congress]], traditionally a long-time opponent of TDP and other parties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Telangana Election Results 2018: TRS wins 88 seats, KCR set to return for a second term |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-election-result-2018-live-updates-kcr-trs-bjp-congress-election-commission-modi-rahul-telangana-election-results/1409660/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=12 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sukumar |first=C. R. |date=12 October 2018 |title=Joining hands with the Congress was a democratic compulsion: Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/joining-hands-with-the-congress-was-a-democratic-compulsion-chandrababu-naidu/articleshow/66172792.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the bifurcation, TDP created separate state units for both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. In 2015, [[L. Ramana]], a two time former MLA from [[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]], was appointed as the first president of the Telangana unit of TDP, serving until 2021. Ramana later quit the party to join the BRS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Former Telangana TDP Chief L Ramana Joins Chief Minister KCR's Party |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-telangana-tdp-chief-l-ramana-joins-chief-minister-kcrs-party-trs-2485040 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was succeeded by [[Bakkani Narasimhulu]], a former MLA from [[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]], in July 2021.&lt;ref name=Bakkani/&gt; The party performed poorly in the [[2020 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election]], failing to win any seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 December 2020 |title=Decline of Congress &amp; TDP, anti-incumbency after heavy rains helped BJP's rise in GHMC polls: Analysts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/Dec/06/decline-of-congress--tdp-anti-incumbency-after-heavy-rains-helped-bjps-rise-in-ghmc-polls-analys-2232614.html |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2022, [[Kasani Gnaneshwar Mudiraj]], a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLC]] and BC leader, was appointed president of Telangana TDP by N. Chandrababu Naidu.&lt;ref name=Kasani&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=Telangana TDP Springs A Big Surprise |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/politics/telangana-tdp-springs-a-big-surprise/ |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=Mirchi9.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasani, who had also served as the national president of the [[Mudiraju|Mudiraj Mahasabha]], initiated efforts to revive the party in Telangana after his appointment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Telangana TDP Sets 'One Lakh' Target |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/politics/telangana-tdp-sets-one-lakh-target/ |publisher=Mirchi9.com |date=16 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Satyanarayan |first1=P V |title=TDP sees revival in TS via Khammam |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/khammam/tdp-sees-revival-in-ts-via-khammam-772421 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |date=8 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=T-TDP's Khammam Meeting Becomes Hot Topic |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/politics/telangana-tdps-khammam-meeting-becomes-hot-topic/ |publisher=Mirchi9.com |date=21 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, on 30 October 2023, Kasani resigned as Telangana TDP president and joined the BRS, following N. Chandrababu Naidu announcement that TDP would not contest the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. Since then, the party's Telangana unit has remained without a leader.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 October 2023 |title=Telangana TDP left leaderless after Kasani exit over Chandrababu Naidu 'ceding space to Jana Sena' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/telangana-tdp-left-leaderless-after-kasani-exit-9007888/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party also announced that it would not contest the [[2024 Indian general election]] in Telangana, but would continue to be part of the NDA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=TDP not to contest Lok Sabha polls in Telangana|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/tdp-not-to-contest-lok-sabha-polls-in-telangana-2973600 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=10 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Andaman and Nicobar Islands ====<br /> The TDP also holds influence in the [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], contesting the [[Port Blair]] Municipal Council elections periodically. With a significant Telugu population in the islands, the party secured and maintained two seats in both the 2015 and 2022 council elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 September 2015 |title=TDP bags two seats in Andaman polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-bags-two-seats-in-andaman-polls/article7678996.ece |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Results of Port Blair Municipal Council Declared |url=https://andamanchronicle.net/index.php/23182-results-of-port-blair-municipal-council-declared#google_vignette |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Andaman Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 March 2023, TDP councillor S. Selvi was elected as the chairperson, as part of the TDP'''–'''BJP alliance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=sanjib |date=14 March 2023 |title=Mrs. Selvi elected as Chairperson of PBMC |url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/113185/ |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=Andaman Sheekha |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karthick |first=Tarun |date=14 March 2023 |title=TDP Councillor Selvi from Ward Number 5 is the Next PBMC Chairperson |url=https://nicobartimes.com/local-news/tdp-councillor-selvi-from-ward-number-5-is-the-next-pbmc-chairperson/ |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=Nicobar Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral performance==<br /> ===Lok Sabha electoral performance===<br /> The Telugu Desam Party has had a significant presence in the Lok Sabha elections since its formation in 1982. In its first election in 1984, the party made a debut by winning 30 out of 42 seats in Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 December 1984 |title=We will win 30 of the 34 seats we are contesting: N.T. Rama Rao |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19841231-we-will-win-30-of-the-34-seats-we-are-contesting-nt-rama-rao-803543-1984-12-30 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years, TDP's performance in the Lok Sabha elections has fluctuated. In the 1989 elections, the party's influence slightly waned but it remained a key player in the state's politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 December 1989 |title=Andhra Pradesh voters reject Rama Rao's eccentric politics and incompetence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19891215-andhra-pradesh-voters-reject-rama-raos-eccentric-politics-and-incompetence-816835-1989-12-14 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=Manda Ravinder |date=9 May 2024 |title=From our Archives |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/May/09/from-our-archives-5 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> N. T. Rama Rao served as the chairperson of the [[Third Front (India)#National Front (1989–1991)|National Front]], a coalition of non-Congress parties in the late 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 December 1991 |title=National Front chairman N.T. Rama Rao embarks on new political antics, plans an all-India party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19911215-national-front-chairman-n-t-rama-rao-embarks-on-new-political-antics-plans-all-india-party-815190-1991-12-14 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The TDP saw a resurgence in the 1996 and 1999 elections, forming alliances with national parties. N. Chandrababu Naidu played a crucial role as the convenor of the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]], a coalition of non-BJP and non-Congress parties in the mid-1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 March 1998 |title=Routed in many of its strongholds, Third Force loses its pan-Indian identity |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19980316-routed-in-many-of-its-strongholds-third-force-loses-its-pan-indian-identity-825938-1998-03-15 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 October 2018 |title=Chandrababu Naidu: Coalitions have delivered clear policies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrababu-naidu-coalitions-have-delivered-clear-policies-5421662/ |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karthikeyan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=Suchitra |date=10 June 2024 |title=Chandrababu Naidu's journey: A timeline of the NDA 'kingmaker' and Andhra's longest-serving CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidu-timeline-of-andhra-pradesh-longest-serving-chief-minister/article68269272.ece |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the late 1990s, TDP leader [[G. M. C. Balayogi]] served as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1998 to 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Balayogi unanimously elected Speaker of 13th Lok Sabha |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/22yogi.htm |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party played a crucial role in supporting the [[Janata Dal]] coalition government and was instrumental in the formation of the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) government with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] as Prime Minister. The party's alliance with the BJP was pivotal in securing the necessary majority for the NDA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Naidu says no to slice of government |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/11tdp.htm |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 May 2002 |title=TDP still with NDA: Vajpayee |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tdp-still-with-nda-vajpayee/articleshow/8597590.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 1999 Indian Parliamentary Elections and the New BJP-led Coalition Government |url=https://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/Elections1999.html |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=laits.utexas.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The TDP's fortunes declined in the 2004 and 2009 elections, but it improved its seat count in 2014, winning 16 seats in alliance as part of the NDA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Sarah Shair-Rosenfield |chapter=3 |at=Fig. 3.1. Percentage of National Legislative Seats by Party, 1999–2014 |title=Electoral Reform and the Fate of New Democracies: Lessons from the Indonesian Case |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10191579.cmp.6 |access-date=13 June 2024 |doi=10.3998/mpub.10191579.cmp.6 |url-access=subscription}} Barchart of Indonesian party seat distributions.&lt;/ref&gt; However, in the 2019 elections, TDP faced a major setback, winning only 3 seats amidst strong competition from other parties in the state. After the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh in 2014, the Lok Sabha seats were divided between the newly formed state of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, leaving behind 25 seats in Andhra Pradesh and 17 seats in Telangana. In the recent 2024 election, the party, part of the NDA, managed to win 16 seats, playing a key role in the formation of the [[Third Modi ministry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Karthikeyan&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |+[[File:Lok Sabha.svg|25px]] [[Lok Sabha]] elections (since 1983)<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Year<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Lok Sabha<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Party leader<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Seats contested<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot; |Seats won<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Change in seats<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|(%) of votes<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Vote swing<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Popular vote<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Outcome<br /> !class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]<br /> |rowspan=3|[[N. T. Rama Rao]]<br /> |34<br /> |{{Composition bar|30|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{steady}} ''new''<br /> |4.31%<br /> |{{steady}} ''new''<br /> |10,132,859<br /> |{{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |{{sfn|Election Commission|1984}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]<br /> |33<br /> |{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 28<br /> |3.29%<br /> |{{decrease}} 1.02<br /> |9,909,728<br /> |{{partial|Others}}<br /> |{{sfn|Election Commission|1989}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]<br /> |35<br /> |{{Composition bar|13|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 11<br /> |2.99%<br /> |{{decrease}} 0.30<br /> |8,223,271<br /> |{{partial|Others}}<br /> |{{sfn|Election Commission|1991}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]<br /> |rowspan=8|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br /> |36<br /> |{{Composition bar|16|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 3<br /> |2.97%<br /> |{{decrease}} 0.02<br /> |9,931,826<br /> |{{partial|Others}}<br /> |{{sfn|Election Commission|1996}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]<br /> |35<br /> |{{Composition bar|12|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 4<br /> |2.77%<br /> |{{decrease}} 0.20<br /> |10,199,463<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |{{sfn|Election Commission|1998}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]<br /> |34<br /> |{{Composition bar|29|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 17<br /> |3.65%<br /> |{{increase}} 0.88<br /> |13,297,370<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |{{sfn|Election Commission|1999}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]<br /> |35<br /> |{{Composition bar|5|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 24<br /> |3.04%<br /> |{{decrease}} 0.61<br /> |11,844,811<br /> |{{partial|Others}}<br /> |{{sfn|Election Commission|2004}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]<br /> |31<br /> |{{Composition bar|6|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 1<br /> |2.51%<br /> |{{decrease}} 0.53<br /> |10,481,659<br /> |{{partial|Others}}<br /> |{{sfn|Election Commission|2009}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]<br /> |30<br /> |{{Composition bar|16|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 10<br /> |2.55%<br /> |{{increase}} 0.04<br /> |14,099,230<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |{{sfn|Election Commission|2014}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]<br /> |25<br /> |{{Composition bar|3|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 13<br /> |2.04%<br /> |{{decrease}} 0.51<br /> |12,515,345<br /> |{{partial|Others}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]<br /> |17<br /> |{{Composition bar|16|543|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 13<br /> |1.98%<br /> |{{decrease}} 0.06<br /> |12,775,270<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=AP Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 highlights: Telugu Desam Party-BJP-JSP alliance up against YSRCP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live/article68207311.ece |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {{Vertical bar chart|1984|30|1989|2|1991|13|1996|16|1998|12|1999|29|2004|5|2009|6|2014|16|2019|3|2024|16|full_name=All time-TDP Lok Sabha seat count|type=demographic|color=yellow}}<br /> <br /> ===State assemblies electoral performance===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+[[File:Government Banner of Andhra Pradesh.svg|25px]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] elections (since 2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;AP_Results&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/65-andhra-pradesh/|title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results|date=17 January 2020|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061718/https://eci.gov.in/files/category/65-andhra-pradesh/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Year<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Assembly<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Party leader<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Seats contested<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Seats won<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Change in seats<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|(%) of votes<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Vote swing<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Popular vote<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Outcome<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|14th]]<br /> |rowspan=3|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br /> |165<br /> |{{Composition bar|102|175|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{steady}} ''new''<br /> |44.90%<br /> |{{steady}} ''new''<br /> |12,916,000<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> |[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|15th]]<br /> |175<br /> |{{Composition bar|23|175|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 79<br /> |39.17%<br /> |{{decrease}} 5.73<br /> |12,304,668<br /> |{{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|16th]]<br /> |144<br /> |{{Composition bar|135|175|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 112<br /> |45.60%<br /> |{{increase}} 6.43<br /> |15,384,576<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+[[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] elections (since 2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;TS_Results&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1135-telangana/|title=Telangana Assembly Election Results|date=1 April 2019|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Year<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Assembly<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Party leader<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Seats contested<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Seats won<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Change in seats<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|(%) of votes<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Vote swing<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Popular vote<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Outcome<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |[[1st Telangana Assembly|1st]]<br /> |rowspan=3|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br /> |72<br /> |{{Composition bar|15|119|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{steady}} ''new''<br /> |14.7%<br /> |{{steady}} ''new''<br /> |2,828,492<br /> |{{partial|Others}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |[[2nd Telangana Assembly|2nd]]<br /> |13<br /> |{{Composition bar|2|119|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 13<br /> |3.51%<br /> |{{decrease}} 11.20<br /> |725,845<br /> |{{partial|Others}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |[[3rd Telangana Assembly|3rd]]<br /> !colspan=7|''Did not contest''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+[[File:Flag of United Andhra Pradesh.svg|25px]] Un-bifurcated [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] elections (1983–2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;AP_Results&quot;/&gt;<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Year<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Assembly<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Party leader<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Seats contested<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Seats won<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Change in seats<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|(%) of votes<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Vote swing<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Popular vote<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Outcome<br /> |-<br /> |[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> |7th<br /> |rowspan=4|[[N. T. Rama Rao]]<br /> |289<br /> |{{Composition bar|201|294|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{steady}} ''new''<br /> |46.30%<br /> |{{steady}} ''new''<br /> |9,777,222<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |8th<br /> |250<br /> |{{Composition bar|202|294|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 1<br /> |46.21%<br /> |{{Decrease}} 0.09<br /> |10,625,508<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> |9th<br /> |241<br /> |{{Composition bar|74|294|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 127<br /> |36.54%<br /> |{{decrease}} 9.67<br /> |10,506,982<br /> |{{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> |10th<br /> |251<br /> |{{Composition bar|216|294|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 142<br /> |44.14%<br /> |{{increase}} 7.60<br /> |13,743,842<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> |11th<br /> |rowspan=3|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br /> |269<br /> |{{Composition bar|180|294|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 36<br /> |43.87%<br /> |{{decrease}} 0.27<br /> |14,613,307<br /> |{{yes2|Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |[[12th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|12th]]<br /> |267<br /> |{{Composition bar|47|294|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 133<br /> |37.59%<br /> |{{decrease}} 6.28<br /> |13,444,168<br /> |{{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |[[13th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|13th]]<br /> |225<br /> |{{Composition bar|92|294|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 45<br /> |28.12%<br /> |{{decrease}} 9.47<br /> |11,826,457<br /> |{{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==List of party leaders==<br /> ===List of presidents===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|No.<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Portrait<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Lifespan)}}<br /> !colspan=3 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Term in office<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Assumed office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Left office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Time in office<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=6 |Presidents<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |[[File:NT Rama Rao.jpg|100px]]<br /> |'''[[N. T. Rama Rao]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1923–1996)}}<br /> |29 March 1982<br /> |31 August 1995<br /> |{{age in years and days|29 March 1982|31 August 1995}}<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |[[File:Chandrababu Naidu 2017.jpg|100px]]<br /> |'''[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(born 1950)}}<br /> |1 September 1995<br /> |29 May 2015<br /> |{{age in years and days|1 September 1995|29 May 2015}} <br /> |-<br /> !colspan=6 |National Presidents<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |[[File:Chandrababu Naidu 2017.jpg|100px]]<br /> |'''[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(born 1950)}}<br /> |29 May 2015<br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |{{age in years and days|29 May 2015}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===List of national working presidents===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|No.<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Portrait<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Lifespan)}}<br /> !colspan=3 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Term in office<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Assumed office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Left office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Time in office<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=6 |National Working Presidents<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |[[File:Nara Lokesh at CII Partnership Summit 2025, Visakhapatnam.jpg|100px]]<br /> |'''[[Nara Lokesh]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(born 1983)}}<br /> |15 April 2026<br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |{{age in years and days|15 April 2026}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Regional units===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|No.<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Lifespan)}}<br /> !colspan=3 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Term in office<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Ref.<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Assumed office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Left office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Time in office<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=6 |Andhra Pradesh unit<br /> |- <br /> !1<br /> |'''[[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(born 1952)}}<br /> |30 September 2015<br /> |20 October 2020<br /> |{{age in years and days|30 September 2015|20 October 2020}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; Reporter |date=30 September 2015 |title=TDP cadre jubilant over Venkata Rao's elevation |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-cadre-jubilant-over-venkata-raos-elevation/article7709023.ece |access-date=5 November 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! 2<br /> |'''[[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]'''<br /> |20 October 2020<br /> |13 June 2024<br /> |{{age in years and days|20 October 2020|13 June 2024}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Kinjarapu Atchannaidu appointed as TDP's Andhra Pradesh president by Chandrababu Naidu|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/oct/19/kinjarapu-atchannaidu-appointed-as-tdps-andhra-pradesh-president-by-chandrababu-naidu-2212266.html|access-date=20 October 2020|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! 3<br /> |'''[[Palla Srinivasa Rao]]'''<br /> |14 June 2024<br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |{{age in years and days|13 June 2024}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=6 |Telangana unit<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |'''[[L. Ramana]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(born 1961)}}<br /> |30 September 2015<br /> |9 July 2021<br /> |{{age in years and days|30 September 2015|9 July 2021}}<br /> |rowspan=2|&lt;ref name=Bakkani&gt;{{cite news |last1=Vadlapatla |first1=Sribala |title=Telangana: Ex-MLA Bakkani Narasimhulu is new TTDP chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ex-mla-bakkani-is-new-ttdp-chief/articleshow/84567976.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |'''[[Bakkani Narasimhulu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(born 1960)}}<br /> |19 July 2021<br /> |4 November 2022<br /> |{{age in years and days|19 July 2021|4 November 2022}}<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |'''[[Kasani Gnaneshwar Mudiraj]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(born 1954)}}<br /> |10 November 2022<br /> |30 October 2023<br /> |{{age in years and days|10 November 2022|30 October 2023}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=Kasani/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Legislative leaders==<br /> ===List of speakers of the Lok Sabha===<br /> {{further|Speaker of the Lok Sabha}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|No.<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Portrait<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Lifespan)}}<br /> !colspan=3 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Term in office<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|[[Lok Sabha|{{black|Lok Sabha}}]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Elections in India|{{black|Election}}]])}}<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Constituency<br /> !rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|[[Prime Minister of India|{{black|Prime Minister}}]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Assumed office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Left office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Time in office<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=2|1<br /> |rowspan=2|[[File:G. M. C. Balayogi in New Delhi, India, 2001.jpg|100px]]<br /> |rowspan=2|'''[[G. M. C. Balayogi]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1951–2002)}}<br /> |24 March 1998<br /> |19 October 1999<br /> |rowspan=2|3 years, 341 days<br /> |[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1998 Indian general election|1998]])}}<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]<br /> |rowspan=2 |[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br /> |{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |22 October 1999<br /> |3 March 2002<br /> |[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1999 Indian general election|1999]])}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===List of union cabinet ministers===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};color:black&quot;|No.<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};color:black&quot;|Photo<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};color:black&quot;|Portfolio<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};color:black&quot;|Name&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Lifespan)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};color:black&quot;|Assumed office<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};color:black&quot;|Left office<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};color:black&quot;|Duration<br /> !Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};color:black&quot;|Constituency&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(House)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> !rowspan=2 colspan=2 Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};color:black&quot;|[[Prime Minister of India|{{black|Prime Minister}}]]<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]&lt;!-- Do not use image placeholders here per WP:IPH --&gt;<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''[[P. Upendra]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1936{{ndash}}2009)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|6 December&lt;br&gt;1989<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|10 November&lt;br&gt;1990<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{ayd|1989|12|6|1990|11|10}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Andhra Pradesh]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Rajya Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V. P. Singh]]'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]'''<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[File:Yerram Naidu Kinjarapu.jpg|70px]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Areas and Employment]]'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''[[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1957{{ndash}}2012)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |1 June&lt;br&gt;1996<br /> |21 April&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> !{{ayd|1996|6|1|1997|4|21}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |21 April&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> |19 March&lt;br&gt; 1998<br /> !{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}<br /> |'''[[I. K. Gujral]]'''<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|3<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]&lt;!-- Do not use image placeholders here per WP:IPH --&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''[{{abbr|MoS(I/C)|Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}''']<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''[[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1926{{ndash}}2018)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |29 June&lt;br&gt;1996<br /> |21 April&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> !{{ayd|1996|6|29|1997|4|21}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot; {{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |21 April&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> |19 March&lt;br&gt; 1998<br /> !{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''[[I. K. Gujral]]'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''[{{abbr|MoS(I/C)|Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}''']<br /> |20 January&lt;br&gt;1998<br /> |19 March&lt;br&gt;1998<br /> !{{ayd|1998|1|20|1998|3|19}}<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |[[File:Renuka Chowdhury in 2008 (cropped).png|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |'''[[Renuka Chowdhury]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1954)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |9 June&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> |19 March&lt;br&gt;1998<br /> !{{ayd|1997|6|9|1998|3|19}}<br /> |[[Andhra Pradesh]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Rajya Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|5<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[File:Samudrala Venugopal Chary (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''[[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|'''[[Samudrala Venugopal Chary]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1959)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |1 June&lt;br&gt;1996<br /> |21 April&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> !{{ayd|1996|6|1|1997|4|21}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''[[I. K. Gujral]]'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot; {{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |21 April&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> |9 June&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> !{{ayd|1997|4|21|1997|6|9}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |9 June&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> |19 March&lt;br&gt;1998<br /> !{{ayd|1997|6|09|1998|03|19}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |29 June&lt;br&gt;1996<br /> |21 February&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> !{{ayd|1996|6|29|1997|2|21}}<br /> |'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]'''<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|6<br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]&lt;!-- Do not use image placeholders here per WP:IPH --&gt;<br /> |'''[[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|'''[[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1935)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |1 June&lt;br&gt;1996<br /> |29 June&lt;br&gt;1996<br /> !{{ayd|1996|6|1|1996|6|29}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|[[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]'''<br /> |{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |1 June&lt;br&gt;1996<br /> |29 June&lt;br&gt;1996<br /> !{{ayd|1996|6|1|1996|6|29}}<br /> |{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |29 June 1996<br /> |21 April 1997<br /> !{{ayd|1996|6|29|1997|4|21}}<br /> |{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |21 April 1997<br /> |9 June 1997<br /> !{{ayd|1997|4|21|1997|6|9}}<br /> |'''[[I. K. Gujral]]'''<br /> |{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Affairs and Employment]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |29 June&lt;br&gt;1996<br /> |21 April&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> !{{ayd|1996|6|29|1997|4|21}}<br /> |'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]'''<br /> |{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |21 April&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> |9 June&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> !{{ayd|1997|4|21|1997|6|9}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''[[I. K. Gujral]]'''<br /> |{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Affairs and Employment]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''[{{abbr|MoS(I/C)|Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}''']<br /> |9 June&lt;br&gt;1997<br /> |19 March&lt;br&gt;1998<br /> !{{ayd|1997|6|9|1998|3|19}}<br /> |{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> !7<br /> |[[File:Ashok Gajapathi Raju (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]'''<br /> |'''[[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1961)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |26 May 2014<br /> |9 March 2018<br /> !{{ayd|2014|5|26|2018|3|19}}<br /> |[[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vizianagaram]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|'''[[Narendra Modi]]'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;6&quot; {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|8<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[File:Set1-3 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science &amp; Technology]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''[[Sujana Chowdary]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1961)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|9 November 2014<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|9 March 2018<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{ayd|2014|11|9|2018|3|9}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Andhra Pradesh]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Rajya Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Earth Sciences|MInister of Earth Science]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |-<br /> !9<br /> |[[File:Shri Kinjarapu Rammohan Naidu.jpg|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]'''<br /> |'''[[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1987)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|10 June 2024<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''Incumbent''<br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|{{ayd|2024|6|10}}<br /> |[[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|10<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[File:The Minister of State for Rural Development and Communications, Dr. Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''[[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(born 1976)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Lok Sabha]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh ===<br /> {{further|List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|No.<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Portrait<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Lifespan)}}<br /> !colspan=3 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Term in office<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|{{black|Assembly}}]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Elections in Andhra Pradesh|{{black|Election}}]])}}<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Constituency<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Ministry<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Assumed office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Left office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Time in office<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=4|1<br /> |rowspan=4|[[File:NT Rama Rao.jpg|100px]]<br /> |rowspan=4|'''[[N. T. Rama Rao]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1923–1996)}}<br /> |9 January 1983<br /> |16 August 1984<br /> |rowspan=4|7 years, 195 days<br /> |rowspan=2|7th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]])}}<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[First N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Rama Rao I]]<br /> |-<br /> |16 September 1984<br /> |9 March 1985<br /> |-<br /> |9 March 1985<br /> |2 December 1989<br /> |8th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]])}}<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]]<br /> |[[Second and Third N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Rama Rao II and III]]<br /> |-<br /> |12 December 1994<br /> |1 September 1995<br /> |10th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]])}}<br /> |[[Fourth N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Rama Rao IV]]<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |[[File:Nadendla Bhaskara Rao - 2023 (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br /> |'''[[N. Bhaskara Rao]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(born 1936)}}<br /> |16 August 1984<br /> |16 September 1984<br /> |31 days<br /> |7th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]])}}<br /> |[[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]]<br /> |Bhaskara Rao<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=4|3<br /> |rowspan=4|[[File:Chandrababu Naidu 2017.jpg|100px]]<br /> |rowspan=4|'''[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(born 1950)}}<br /> |1 September 1995<br /> |11 October 1999<br /> |rowspan=4|{{age in years and days|2010|10|08}}<br /> |10th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]])}}<br /> |rowspan=4|[[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]<br /> |[[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu I]]<br /> |-<br /> |11 October 1999<br /> |13 May 2004<br /> |11th&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]])}}<br /> |[[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu II]]<br /> |-<br /> |8 June 2014<br /> |29 May 2019<br /> |[[14th Legislative Assembly of the Andhra Pradesh|14th]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]])}}<br /> |[[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]<br /> |-<br /> |9 June 2024<br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|16th]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]])}}<br /> |[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh ===<br /> {{further|List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|No.<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Portrait<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Name&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Lifespan)}}<br /> !colspan=3 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Term in office<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|{{black|Assembly}}]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Elections in Andhra Pradesh|{{black|Election}}]])}}<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Constituency<br /> !rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|[[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|{{black|Chief Minister}}]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Assumed office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Left office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFED00;color:black&quot;|Time in office<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=2 |1<br /> |[[File:The Deputy Chief Minister &amp; Home Minister, Shri N. Chinarajappa addressing at the Public Information Campaign, at Yemmiganur, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh on October 09, 2015 (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br /> |'''[[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(born 1953)}}<br /> |rowspan=2 |8 June 2014<br /> |rowspan=2 |23 May 2019<br /> |rowspan=2 |{{age in years and days|8 June 2014|23 May 2019}}<br /> |rowspan=2 |[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|14th]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]])}}<br /> |[[Peddapuram Assembly constituency|Peddapuram]]<br /> |rowspan=2 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br /> |{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:The Deputy Chief Minister, Shri K. E. Krishna Murthy (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br /> |'''[[K. E. Krishna Murthy]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(born 1938)}}<br /> |[[Pattikonda Assembly constituency|Pattikonda]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Politics of India]]<br /> * [[Elections in India]]<br /> * [[Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Elections in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> * [[List of political parties in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Works cited===<br /> {{refbegin|2}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=Statistical report on general elections, 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 July 2014 |ref={{harvid|Election Commission|1984}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=Statistical report on general elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 July 2014 |ref={{harvid|Election Commission|1989}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=Statistical report on general elections, 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 July 2014 |ref={{harvid|Election Commission|1991}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title=Statistical report on general elections, 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=30 May 2014 |ref={{harvid|Election Commission|1996}} |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=Statistical report on general elections, 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=30 May 2014 |ref={{harvid|Election Commission|1998}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=Statistical report on general elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=30 May 2014 |ref={{harvid|Election Commission|1999}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=Statistical report on general elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=30 May 2014 |ref={{harvid|Election Commission|2004}} |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf |title=Performance of National Parties |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=30 May 2014 |ref={{harvid|Election Commission|2009}} |archive-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209173959/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf |url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite web |title=General Election to Lok Sabha Trends and Results |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 June 2014 |ref={{harvid|Election Commission|2014}} |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160549/http://eciresults.nic.in/ |url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Pamela |last2=Srinivas|first2=Dusi|editor1-first=Anastasia|editor1-last=Piliavsky|date=August 2014|title=Patronage and autonomy in India's deepening democracy|journal=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=217–236|doi=10.1017/CBO9781107296930.011|isbn=978-1-107-29693-0}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855522 |jstor=41855522 |title=Political Developments in Andhra Pradesh 1978-1989: A Study |last1=Rao |first1=K. V. Narayana |last2=Ram |first2=D. Sundar |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |year=1990 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=540–564 |url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Rubinoff |first=Arthur G. |date=1997 |title=General Elections, 1996: Local Issues Dominate in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4406016 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=32 |issue=43 |pages=2829–2835 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4406016 |url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{Cite journal|last=Suri|first=K. C.|date=2004|title=Telugu Desam Party: Rise and Prospects for Future|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414865|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=39|issue=14/15|pages=1481–1490|jstor=4414865|issn=0012-9976|url-access=subscription }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> * {{cite web |title=TDP reaches out to BJP with a 'Hindutva makeover' — targets Christian Jagan Mohan Reddy |date=22 November 2019 |publisher=The Print |url=https://theprint.in/politics/tdp-reaches-out-to-bjp-with-a-hindutva-makeover-targets-christian-jagan-mohan-reddy/324335/ |access-date=17 February 2024 }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian political parties}}{{National Democratic Alliance|state=collapsed}}{{Subject bar<br /> |commons = yes<br /> |commons-search = Category:Telugu Desam Party<br /> |d = yes<br /> |d-search = Q2279320<br /> |portal1 = India<br /> |portal2 = Politics<br /> }}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Telugu Desam Party| ]]<br /> [[Category:1982 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Liberal parties in India]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties established in 1982]]<br /> [[Category:Populist parties]]<br /> [[Category:Nandamuri–Nara family]]<br /> [[Category:Neoliberal parties]]<br /> [[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]<br /> [[Category:Social liberal parties]][[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malayalis&diff=515382 2026-04-24T04:33:48Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Dravidian ethnic group}}<br /> {{About|the ethnic group|the 2009 film|Malayali (film){{!}}''Malayali'' (film)}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Malays (ethnic group)|Malaysians}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}{{EngvarB|date=February 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox ethnic group<br /> | group = Malayalis<br /> | native_name = Malayāḷikal<br /> | image = Kalaripayattu mock combat in rural Kerala.jpg<br /> | native_name_lang = ml<br /> | flag = <br /> | caption = Malayali men performing the Kerala native martial art, [[Kalaripayattu]]<br /> | population = &lt;!--{{Circa|34 million|lk=yes}}'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |title=Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010 |website=media.johnwiley.com.au |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nationalencyklopedin&quot;&gt;Mikael Parkvall, &quot;Världens 100 största språk 2007&quot; (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''. Asterisks mark the [http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010 2010 estimates] for the top dozen languages.&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; '''{{Circa|40 million|lk=yes}}'''<br /> | regions = {{Flag|India}} 34,838,819&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Census of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120826/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{nbsp|5}}[[Kerala]] 32,413,213 &lt;br&gt;{{nbsp|5}}[[Lakshadweep]] 54,267 &lt;br&gt;{{nbsp|5}}Rest of India 2,371,339<br /> | tablehdr = ''Significant Malayali diaspora in''<br /> | region3 = {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | pop3 = 1,014,000<br /> | ref3 = &lt;ref name=&quot;Zachariah&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region4 = {{Flag|Qatar}}<br /> | pop4 = 745,000<br /> | ref4 = &lt;ref name=&quot;NoRKA2&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region5 = {{Flag|Kuwait}}<br /> | pop5 = 634,728<br /> | ref5 = &lt;ref name=&quot;NoRKA2&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region6 = {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> | pop6 = 595,000<br /> | ref6 = &lt;ref name=&quot;Zachariah&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Kerala Migration Survey – 2014|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-migration-survey-2014-states-youth-still-fly-abroad-for-livelhood/99/|access-date=21 October 2014|work=The Indian Express. (This is the number of approximate emigrants from Kerala, which is closely related to, but different from the actual number of Malayalis.)|issue=17 September 2014|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226071832/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-migration-survey-2014-states-youth-still-fly-abroad-for-livelhood/99/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region7 = {{Flag|Malaysia}}<br /> | pop7 = 369,000<br /> | ref7 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY | title=Malayali, Malayalam in Malaysia | access-date=17 July 2019 | archive-date=13 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113141418/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Better source needed|date=December 2023}}<br /> | region8 = {{Flag|United States}}<br /> | pop8 = 300,000<br /> | ref8 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://fokanaonline.org/about-us | title=FOKANA, About Us | access-date=18 April 2023 | archive-date=29 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329232554/https://fokanaonline.org/about-us/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Unreliable source?|date=December 2023}}<br /> | region9 = {{Flag|Oman}}<br /> | pop9 = 195,300<br /> | ref9 = &lt;ref name=&quot;NoRKA2&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region10 = {{Flag|Bahrain}}<br /> | pop10 = 101,556<br /> | ref10 = &lt;ref name=&quot;NoRKA2&quot;&gt;Zachariah, K. C. &amp; Rajan, S. Irudaya (2011), ''[http://www.cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/WP450.pdf Kerala Migration Survey 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110145155/http://www.cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/WP450.pdf |date=10 January 2020 }}'' (PDF), Department of Non-resident Keralite Affairs, Government of Kerala, p. 29. This is the number of emigrants from Kerala, which is closely related to but different from the actual number of Malayalis /Malayalees.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region11 = {{Flag|Australia}}<br /> | pop11 = 78,738<br /> | ref11 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/creative/census-explorer/xtjxeqygs?lang=en&amp;languages=malayalam&amp;topic=cultural-diversity | title=SBS Census Explorer: How diverse is your community? | access-date=27 March 2023 | archive-date=27 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327011006/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/creative/census-explorer/xtjxeqygs?lang=en&amp;languages=malayalam&amp;topic=cultural-diversity | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IMMI&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Languages spoken at home in Australia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=In the Australia, 18% of people spoke a language other than English at home in 2011.|url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/language|website=abs.gov.au/|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226071838/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/language|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=India-born Malayalam-speaking community in Australia: Some interesting trends|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/contributors/contributions/anubhav-tewari/India-born-Malayalam-speaking-community-in-Australia-Some-interesting-trends/articleshow/38471723.cms|access-date=21 October 2014|work=The Times of India|issue=16 July 2014|ref=India-born Malayalam-speaking community in Australia: Some interesting trends|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226071834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/contributors/contributions/anubhav-tewari/India-born-Malayalam-speaking-community-in-Australia-Some-interesting-trends/articleshow/38471723.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- The following sources obviously have no relation to this content whatsoever. The first does not distinguish India from Pakistan, let alone Indian ethnic groups, and does not give this number, and the latter lacks a page number but also seems like a questionable source for a precise population figure.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_24x&amp;CYear=2011 Jews, by Country of Origin and Age]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The Last Jews of Kerala'', Edna Fernandes, Portobello Books 2008&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;<br /> | region13 = {{Flag|Canada}}<br /> | pop13 = 77,910<br /> | ref13 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-08-17 |title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021701 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region14 = {{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> | pop14 = 45,264<br /> | ref14 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/survey-finds-only-1625-lakh-norks/article5299108.ece|title = Survey finds only 16.25 lakh NoRKs|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 31 October 2013|access-date = 18 December 2017|archive-date = 24 August 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120826/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/survey-finds-only-1625-lakh-norks/article5299108.ece|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region15 = {{Flag|Germany}}<br /> | pop15 = 25,000–45,000<br /> | ref15 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/learning-german-made-easy-for-keralites/article67334186.ece#:~:text=According%20to%202020%20statistics%2C%20there,various%20courses%20at%20German%20universities. | title=Learning German made easy for Keralites | newspaper=The Hindu | date=22 September 2023 | last1=Muringatheri | first1=Mini }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region16 = {{Flag|Singapore}}<br /> | pop16 = 26,000<br /> | ref16 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/pm-lee-hsien-loong-singapore-malayalee-association-100th-anniversary-dinner|title = Singapore Malayalee Association 100th Anniversary|date = 27 December 2018|access-date = 15 October 2019|archive-date = 24 August 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120830/https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/pm-lee-hsien-loong-singapore-malayalee-association-100th-anniversary-dinner|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region17 = {{Flag|Ireland}}<br /> | pop17 = 24,674<br /> | ref17 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpsr/censusofpopulation2022-summaryresults/migrationanddiversity/ | title=Irish Census 2022 | access-date=13 September 2023 | archive-date=5 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805083706/https://statbank.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?maintable=E7010&amp;PLanguage=0 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region18 = {{Flag|New Zealand}}<br /> | pop18 = 14,604<br /> | ref18 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=2018 Census Totals by Topic – National Highlights (Updated) |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights-updated |access-date=2 October 2020 |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region19 = {{Flag|Pakistan}}<br /> | pop19 = 6,000<br /> | ref19 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-where-malayalees-once-held-sway-4610|title=Where Malayalees once held sway|work=DNA India|date=5 October 2005|access-date=11 August 2015|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202131437/https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-where-malayalees-once-held-sway-4610|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region20 = {{Flag|France}}<br /> | pop20 = 5,000<br /> | ref20 = <br /> | region21 = {{Flag|Switzerland}}<br /> | pop21 = 5,000<br /> | ref21 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/with-kerala-in-their-hearts/article2777677.ece|title=With Kerala in their hearts.... |access-date=17 May 2023|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120826/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/with-kerala-in-their-hearts/article2777677.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region22 = {{Flag|Indonesia}}<br /> | pop22 = 4,000<br /> | ref22 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}<br /> | region23 = {{Flag|Poland}}<br /> | pop23 = 7,122<br /> | region24 = {{Flag|Austria}}<br /> | pop24 = 3,785<br /> | ref24 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.viennamalayaleeassociation.com/ | title=Vienna Malayalee Association | access-date=21 September 2017 | archive-date=14 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614105941/http://viennamalayaleeassociation.com/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region25 = {{Flag|Finland}}<br /> | pop25 = 633<br /> | ref25 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4 | title=Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot | access-date=22 July 2019 | archive-date=7 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407133215/https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region26 = {{Flag|Japan}}<br /> | pop26 = 500<br /> | ref26 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nihonkairali.com/display.aspx?v=s&amp;id=130&amp;hs=1|title=Welcome to Nionkairali.com – Indian Malayalees in Japan- Japan malayalees, Malayali, Keralite, Tokyo|website=nihonkairali.com|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507231451/http://nihonkairali.com/display.aspx?v=s&amp;id=130&amp;hs=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | langs = [[Malayalam]]<br /> | religions = '''Majority'''&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Om.svg|20px]] [[Hinduism]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''Minority'''&lt;br /&gt; {{hlist|[[File:Allah-green.svg|20px]] [[Islam]]|[[File:Latin Cross.svg|15px]] [[Christianity]]&lt;ref name=&quot;censusindia2011religion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Population by religious communities&amp;nbsp;– Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202132923/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=26 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox ethnonym<br /> |person=മലയാളി Malayāḷi<br /> |people=മലയാളികൾ Malayāḷikaḷ<br /> |language=[[Malayalam|മലയാളം Malayāḷam]]<br /> |country=മലയാള രാജ്യം Malayāḷa Rājyam<br /> |root=മലയാളം (Malayalam)}}<br /> {{Dravidian}}<br /> The '''Malayali people''' ({{IPA|ml|mɐlɐjaːɭi|lang}}; also spelt '''Malayalee''' and sometimes known by the [[demonym]] '''Keralite''') are a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] [[ethnic group]] native to the [[South India|southern Indian]] state of [[Kerala]], and the [[union territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]]. They are predominantly native speakers of the [[Malayalam]] language, one of the eleven [[classical languages of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;'Classical' status for Malayalam&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |title='Classical' status for Malayalam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134256/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state of Kerala was created in 1956 through the [[States Reorganisation Act]]. Prior to that, since the 1800s existed the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], the [[Travancore]], [[Malabar District]], and [[South Canara]] of the [[British Raj]]. The Malabar District was annexed by the British Indians through the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|Third Mysore War]] (1790–92) from [[Tipu Sultan]]. Before that, the Malabar District was under various kingdoms including the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorins of Calicut]], [[Kingdom of Tanur]], [[Arakkal kingdom]], [[Kolathunadu]], [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]] and [[Palakkad]] Rajas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Travancore 2011&quot;&gt;&quot;Travancore.&quot; Encyclopædia Britannica. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 11 November 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chandra Mallampalli, Christians and Public Life in Colonial South India, 1863–1937: Contending with Marginality, RoutledgeCurzon, 2004, p. 30&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the Indian census of 2011, there are approximately 33 million Malayalis in Kerala,&lt;ref name = &quot;Censusedia&quot;/&gt; making up 97% of the total population of the state. Malayali minorities are also found in the neighboring state of [[Tamil Nadu]], mainly in Kanyakumari district and Nilgiri district and Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu districts of [[Karnataka]] and also in other [[List of metropolitan areas in India|metropolitan areas]] of India. Over the course of the later half of the 20th century, significant Malayali communities have emerged in [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Persian Gulf]] countries, including the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE), [[Bahrain]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]] and [[Kuwait]] and to a lesser extent, other developed nations with a primarily immigrant background such as [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], the [[United States]] (US), the [[United Kingdom]] (UK), [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Canada]]. As of 2013, there were an estimated 1.6 million ethnic Malayali [[expatriates]] worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;MOFAT&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade|location=South Korea|year=2015|access-date=2014-03-30|url=http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1682|title=재외동포현황 총계(2015)/Total number of overseas Koreans (2015)|ref=CITEREFMOFAT2013|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423043627/http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1682|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The estimated population of [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalees in Malaysia]] in year 2020 is approximately 348,000, which makes up 12.5% of the total number of Indian population in Malaysia that makes them the second biggest Indian ethnic group in Malaysia, after the [[Tamils]]. Most of the Malayalee population in Malaysia aged 18 to 30 are known to be either the third, fourth, or fifth generation living as a Malaysian citizen. According to [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]], Malayalam was the name of the place, before it became the name of the language spoken by the people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Varma|first=A.R. Rajaraja|title=Keralapanineeyam|publisher=D C Books|year=2005|location=Kottayam|isbn=81-7130-672-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> Malayalam, the native language of Malayalis, has its origin from the words ''mala'' meaning &quot;mountain&quot; and ''alam'' meaning &quot;land&quot; or &quot;locality&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/|title=kerala.gov.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/|archive-date=18 January 2006}}&amp;nbsp;– go to the website and click the link&amp;nbsp;– language &amp; literature to retrieve the information&lt;/ref&gt; Kerala was usually known as ''[[Malabar Coast|Malabar]]'' in the [[Indian Ocean trade|foreign trade circles]] in the medieval era.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malabar&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |date=January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-81-264-1588-5 |page=27 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&amp;q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113141403/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&amp;q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier, the term ''Malabar'' had also been used to denote [[Tulu Nadu]] and [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] which lie contiguous to Kerala in the southwestern coast of India, in addition to the modern state of Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | author = J. Sturrock | year=1894<br /> | title= Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | author = V. Nagam Aiya | year=1906<br /> | title=The Travancore State Manual | publisher=Travancore Government Press<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog/page/n10/mode/2up<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The people of Malabar were known as ''[[Malabars]]''. Until the arrival of the [[East India Company]], the term ''Malabar'' was used as a general name for Kerala, along with the term ''Kerala''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malabar&quot;/&gt; From the time of [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] (6th century CE) itself, the [[Arabs|Arab]] sailors used to call Kerala as ''Male''. The first element of the name, however, is attested already in the ''Topography'' written by Cosmas Indicopleustes. This mentions a pepper emporium called ''Male'', which clearly gave its name to Malabar ('the country of Male'). The name ''Male'' is thought to come from the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] word ''Mala'' ('hill').&lt;ref&gt;C. A. Innes and F. B. Evans, ''Malabar and Anjengo, volume 1'', Madras District Gazetteers (Madras: Government Press, 1915), p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;M. T. Narayanan, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kHtbkuXruzwC Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar]'' (New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2003), xvi–xvii.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Al-Biruni]] ({{CE|973–1048}}) is the first known writer to call this country ''Malabar''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malabar&quot;/&gt; Authors such as [[Ibn Khordadbeh]] and [[Al-Baladhuri]] mention Malabar ports in their works.&lt;ref name=&quot;KMMohammad&quot;&gt;Mohammad, K.M. &quot;Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries&quot; Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 60 (1999), pp. 226–34.&lt;/ref&gt; The Arab writers had called this place ''Malibar'', ''Manibar'', ''Mulibar'', and ''Munibar''. ''Malabar'' is reminiscent of the word ''Malanad'' which means ''the land of hills''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;&gt;Malabar Manual (1887), William Logan, Calicut&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]], the word ''Malabar'' comes from a combination of the Dravidian word ''Mala'' (hill) and the [[Persian Language|Persian]]/[[Arabic]] word ''Barr'' (country/continent).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Logan |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/1/mode/1up |title=Malabar Manual, Vol. 1 |date=1887 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press (Madras) |others=Servants of Knowledge |isbn=978-81-206-0446-9 |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hence the natives of Malabar Coast were known as ''Malabarese'' or ''Malabari'' in the foreign trade circles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malabar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;/&gt; The words ''Malayali'' and ''Malabari'' are synonymous to each other.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malabar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Logan&quot;/&gt; <br /> The ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' mentions the ecclesiastical office of the [[Thachudaya Kaimal]] who is referred to as ''Manikkam Keralar'' (The Ruby King of Kerala), synonymous with the deity of the [[Koodalmanikyam]] temple.&lt;ref&gt;See Sahyadri Kanda Chapter 7 in Skanda Purana. Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3447025225}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Who's Who in Madras 1934&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographic distribution and population==<br /> {{See also|Kerala Gulf diaspora}}<br /> Malayalam is a language spoken by the native people of southwestern India (from [[Mangalore]] to [[Kanyakumari]]) and the islands of [[Lakshadweep]] in [[Arabian Sea]]. According to the Indian census of 2001, there were 30,803,747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 93.2% of the total number of Malayalam speakers in India, and 96.7% of the total population of the state. There were a further 701,673 (2.1% of the total number) in [[Tamil Nadu]], 557,705 (1.7%) in [[Karnataka]] and 406,358 (1.2%) in [[Maharashtra]]. The number of Malayalam speakers in Lakshadweep is 51,100, which is only 0.15% of the total number, but is as much as about 84% of the population of Lakshadweep. In all, Malayalis made up 3.22% of the total Indian population in 2001. Of the total 33,066,392 Malayalam speakers in India in 2001, 33,015,420 spoke the standard dialects, 19,643 spoke the ''Yerava'' dialect and 31,329 spoke non-standard regional variations like ''Eranadan''.&lt;ref name = &quot;Censusedia&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/data_on_language.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110230245/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/data_on_language.html |date=10 January 2012 }}, ''censusindia.net''&lt;/ref&gt; As per the 1991 census data, 28.85% of all Malayalam speakers in India spoke a second language and 19.64% of the total knew three or more languages. Malayalam was the most spoken language in erstwhile [[Gudalur taluk]] (now Gudalur and Panthalur taluks) of [[Nilgiris district]] in Tamil Nadu which accounts for 48.8% population and it was the second most spoken language in Mangalore and Puttur taluks of [[South Canara]] accounting for 21.2% and 15.4% respectively according to 1951 census report.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://lsi.gov.in/ |title=South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbators Districts |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002110639/http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_APP/(S(d5i44a45mqlxje45spluigat))/default.aspx |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 25.57% of the total population in the [[Kodagu district]] of Karnataka are Malayalis, in which Malayalis form the largest linguistic group in [[Virajpet]] Taluk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Language&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Census of India – Language |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101020704/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Around one-third of the Malayalis in Kodagu district speak the [[Ravula language|Yerava dialect]] according to the 2011 census, which is native to Kodagu and [[Wayanad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Language&quot;/&gt; Around one-third of population in Kanyakumari district are also Malayalis. As of 2011 India census, Mahé district of Union Territory of Puducherry had a population of 41,816, predominantly Malayalis.<br /> <br /> Just before independence, [[British Malaya|Malaya]] attracted many Malayalis. Large numbers of Malayalis have settled in [[Chennai]] (Madras), [[Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], Mangalore, [[Coimbatore]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Chandigarh]]. Many Malayalis have also emigrated to the [[Middle East]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Europe]]. As of 2009–2013, there were approximately 146,000 people with Malayali heritage in the United States,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009–2013 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Census.gov |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412195838/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with an estimated 40,000 living in the New York [[New York metropolitan area|tri-state]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Keralite Indians in the New York Metro Area |url=https://unreachednewyork.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Keralite-Profile-Final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120828/https://unreachednewyork.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Keralite-Profile-Final.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2023 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; There were 7,093 Malayalam speakers in Australia in 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMMI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/immigration-update/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf |title=The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2011 Census |access-date=2014-07-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131850/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/immigration-update/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2001 [[Canadian census]] reported 7,070 people who listed Malayalam as their mother tongue, mostly in the [[Greater Toronto Area]] and [[Southern Ontario]]. In 2010, the Census of Population of Singapore reported that there were 26,348 Malayalees in Singapore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=From Kerala to Singapore : Voices from the Singapore Malayalee community|last=Pillai|first=Anitha Devi|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Pte Ltd.|others=Puva Arumugam|year=2017|isbn=9789814721837|location=Singapore|oclc=962741080}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2006 New Zealand census reported 2,139 speakers.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ&quot;&gt;[http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Publications/Census/2006%20Census%20reports/QuickStats%20About%20A%20Subject/QuickStats%20About%20Culture%20and%20Identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity-tables.ashx Statistics New Zealand:Language spoken (total responses) for the 1996–2006 censuses (Table 16)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309170841/http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Publications/Census/2006%20Census%20reports/QuickStats%20About%20A%20Subject/QuickStats%20About%20Culture%20and%20Identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity-tables.ashx |date=9 March 2013 }}, ''stats.govt.nz''&lt;/ref&gt; 134 Malayalam speaking households were reported in 1956 in [[Fiji]]. There is also a considerable Malayali population in the [[Persian Gulf]] regions, especially in [[Bahrain]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[UAE]], [[Kuwait]] and European region mainly in [[London]]. The city of Chennai has the highest population of Malayalis in a metropolitan area outside Kerala, followed by Bangalore.<br /> <br /> Besides, the Malayalee citizens in Malaysia are estimated to be 229,800 in the year 2020 whereas the population of the Malayalee expatriates is approximately 2,000. They make up around 10 percent of the total number of Indians in Malaysia.<br /> <br /> [[File:Kerala Samajam, Hinkal, Mysore.jpg|thumb|Kerala Samajam, Mysore]]<br /> <br /> ==History and culture==<br /> {{Main|History of Kerala}}<br /> <br /> During the ancient period, the people of present-day Kerala were ruled by the [[Chera dynasty]] of [[Tamilakam]], with their capital at Vanchi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vimala |first=Angelina |date=2007 |title=History and Civics |isbn=978-81-317-0336-6 |publisher=Pearson Education India |pages=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The Malayalis live in a historic area known as the [[Malabar coast]], which for thousands of years has been a major center of the international spice trade, operating at least from the [[Roman era]] with [[Ptolemy]] documenting it on [[Ptolemy's world map|his map of the world]] in 150 AD. For that reason, a highly distinct culture was created among the Malayali due to centuries of contact with foreign cultures through the [[spice trade]]. The arrival of the [[Cochin Jews]], the rise of [[Saint Thomas Christians]], and the growth of [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila Muslim]] community, in particular, were very significant in shaping modern-day Malayali culture. Later, Portuguese [[Latin Christians]], [[Dutch Malabar]], French [[Mahé district|Mahe]], and British [[Anglo Indian|English]], which arrived after 1498 left their mark through colonialism and pillaging their resources.<br /> <br /> In 2017, a detailed study of the evolution of the Singapore Malayalee community over a period of more than 100 years was published as a book: ''From Kerala to Singapore: Voices of the Singapore Malayalee Community''. It is believed to be the first in-depth study of the presence of a NRI Malayalee community outside of Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=From Kerala to Singapore : voices from the Singapore Malayalee community|last=Pillai|first=Anitha Devi|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|others=Puva Arumugam|year=2017|isbn=9789814721837|location=Singapore|oclc=962741080}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Language and literature===<br /> {{main article|Malayalam}}<br /> <br /> {{see also|Malayalam literature}}<br /> [[File:Malayala lipi.svg|thumbnail|The word ''Malayāḷalipi'' (Meaning: Malayalam script) written in the [[Malayalam script]]]]<br /> Although disputed, the widely held view consider the Malayalam language to be descended from a dialect of early middle [[Tamil language]] spoken on the Malabar coast, and largely arose because of its geographical isolation from the rest of the Tamil speaking areas. The [[Sangam literature]] can be considered as the ancient predecessor of [[Malayalam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;clt.1&quot;/&gt; [[Malayalam literature]] is ancient in origin, and includes such figures as the 14th century [[Niranam poets]] (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry. Some linguists claim that an inscription found from [[Edakkal Caves]], Wayanad, which belongs to 3rd century CE (approximately 1,800 years old), is the oldest available inscription in Malayalam, as they contain two modern Malayalam words, ''Ee'' (This) and ''Pazhama'' (Old), those are not found in [[Old Tamil|literary Tamil]]. Although this has been disputed by scholars who regard it as a regional dialect of Old Tamil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Historians-contest-antiquity-of-Edakkal-inscriptions/articleshow/14789313.cms |title=Historians contest antiquity of Edakkal inscriptions |first=Gayathri |last=Sasibhooshan |date=12 July 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206114100/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Historians-contest-antiquity-of-Edakkal-inscriptions/articleshow/14789313.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The use of the pronoun {{transliteration|ml|ī}} and the lack of the literary Tamil {{transliteration|ta|-ai}} ending are [[archaism]]s from Proto-Dravidian rather than unique innovations of Malayalam.{{refn|group=note|&quot;*aH and *iH are demonstrative adjectives reconstructed for Proto-Dravidian, as they show variation in vowel length. When they occur in isolation they occur as ā, and ī but when they are followed by a consonant initial word then they appear as a- and i- as in Ta. appoẓutu 'that time'., : Te. appuḍu id. and Ta. ippoẓutu 'that time'., : Te.ippuḍu id. However, Modern Tamil has replaced ā, and ī with anda and inda but most Dravidian languages have preserved it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&amp;q=grantha+script|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729185642/https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&amp;q=grantha+script|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date=May 2022}}}} The origin of [[Malayalam calendar]] dates back to year 825 CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |title=Kollam Era |publisher=Indian Journal History of Science |access-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Time measurement and calendar construction|author=Broughton Richmond|year=1956|pages=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121337/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=History of Kerala|author=R. Leela Devi|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press &amp; Book Depot|year=1986|pages=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121335/https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is generally agreed that the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] of 849/850 CE is the available oldest inscription written in [[Old Malayalam]]. For the first 600 years of [[Kollam Era|Malayalam calendar]], the literature mainly consisted of the oral [[ballad]]s such as ''[[Vadakkan Pattukal]]'' (Northern Songs) in [[North Malabar]] and ''Thekkan Pattukal'' (Southern songs) in [[Southern Division (Travancore)|Southern Travancore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;clt.1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing &amp; Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|page=453|id={{ASIN|8182676444|country=in}}|edition=Malayalam}}&lt;/ref&gt; The earliest known literary works in Malayalam are ''Ramacharitam'' and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]'', two [[epic poem]]s written in Old Malayalam. Malayalam literature has been presented with 6 [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanapith awards]], the second-most for any Dravidian language and the third-highest for any Indian language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jnanpith given to Akkitham|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jnanpith-given-to-akkitham/article32685581.ece|last=Naha|first=Abdul Latheef|date=24 September 2020|access-date=12 June 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122000924/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jnanpith-given-to-akkitham/article32685581.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Celebrated Malayalam poet Akkitham wins 2019 Jnanpith Award|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/celebrated-malayalam-poet-akkitham-wins-2019-jnanpith-award-119112900926_1.html|last=ANI|date=29 November 2019|access-date=12 June 2021|publisher=Business Standard|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121233820/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/celebrated-malayalam-poet-akkitham-wins-2019-jnanpith-award-119112900926_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Designated a &quot;[[Classical Language in India]]&quot; in 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;'Classical' status for Malayalam&quot;/&gt; it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poets [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]] (born near [[Kannur]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;Cherussery (Krishnagadha) Malayalam author books&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php?authid=1473 |title=Cherussery (Krishnagadha) Malayalam author books |website=keralaliterature.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407052549/http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php%3Fauthid%3D1473 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mlm&quot;/&gt; [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] (born near [[Tirur]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;mlm&quot;/&gt; and [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]] (Born near [[Perinthalmanna]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;mlm&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-charms-of-poonthanam-illam/article25308319.ece/ |title=The Charms of Poonthanam Illam |last=Arun Narayanan |date=25 October 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 April 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121225855/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-charms-of-poonthanam-illam/article25308319.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; in the 15th and the 16th centuries CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;mlm&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Freeman, Rich (2003). &quot;Genre and Society: The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala&quot;. In Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kunchan Nambiar]], a [[Palakkad]]-based poet also influenced a lot in the growth of modern Malayalam literature in its pre-mature form, through a new literary branch called ''Thullal''.&lt;ref name=&quot;mlm&quot;/&gt; The prose literature, criticism, and [[Malayalam journalism]], began following the latter half of 18th century CE. The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam ''[[Varthamanappusthakam]]'', written by [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] in 1785.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |title=The legacy of Kerala |year=2008 |publisher=D C Books |location=Kottayam, Kerala |isbn=978-81-264-2157-2 |edition=1st DCB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |title=August 23, 2010 Archives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427073541/http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |archive-date=27 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Malayalam triumvirate poets|triumvirate of poets]] (''Kavithrayam'': Kumaran Asan, [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] and [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfSPI2irzUgC&amp;pg=PA185|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|first1=Nalini|last1=Natarajan|first2=Emmanuel Sampath|last2=Nelson|date=18 December 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313287787|via=Google Books|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121337/https://books.google.com/books?id=vfSPI2irzUgC&amp;pg=PA185|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; are recognized for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic [[sophistry]] and [[metaphysics]] and towards a more [[lyrics|lyrical]] mode. In 19th century Chavara Kuriakose Elias, the founder of Carmelites of Mary Immaculate and Congregation of Mother of Carmel congregations, contribute different streams in the Malayalam Literature. All his works are written between 1829 and 1870. Chavara's contribution&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Contents of Bl. Chavara |website=[[Christ University]] Library catalog |url=http://111.93.136.232:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-shelves.pl?viewshelf=181 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140917100803/http://111.93.136.232:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-shelves.pl?viewshelf=181 }}&lt;/ref&gt; to Malayalam literature includes chronicles, poems&amp;nbsp;– athmanuthapam (compunction of the soul), Maranaveettil Paduvanulla Pana (Poem to sing in the bereaved house) and Anasthasiayude Rakthasakshyam&amp;nbsp;– and other literary works. Contemporary Malayalam literature deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of the modern poetry is often towards [[political radicalism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cnt&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65212/Tamil#toc65213|title=South Asian arts|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=10 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910083744/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65212/Tamil#toc65213|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The writers like [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] have contributed much to Malayalam drama.&lt;ref name=&quot;clt.1&quot;/&gt; In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jnanpith]] winning poets and writers like [[G. Sankara Kurup]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], and [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]], had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.&lt;ref name=&quot;google25&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Mahi-Mewat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc6C5dVHbGAC&amp;pg=PA4542 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo |isbn=978-8177552720 |page=4542 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121336/https://books.google.com/books?id=mc6C5dVHbGAC&amp;pg=PA4542 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Accessions List, South Asia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Accessions List, South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPcoAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1994 |publisher=E.G. Smith for the U.S. Library of Congress Office, New Delhi |page=21 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121338/https://books.google.com/books?id=lPcoAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Writing Today&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Indian Writing Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wUtAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1967 |publisher=Nirmala Sadanand Publishers |page=21 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121857/https://books.google.com/books?id=1wUtAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DattaAkademi1987&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Amaresh Datta |author2=Sahitya Akademi |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=2394 |isbn=978-0836424232 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121859/https://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Malayalam Literary Survey&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Malayalam Literary Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5JkAAAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1993 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, writers like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kamaladas]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Arundhati Roy]], and [[Vaikom Muhammed Basheer]], have gained international recognition.&lt;ref name=&quot;MukundanPillai2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Eṃ Mukundan |author2=C. Gopinathan Pillai |title=Eng Adityan Radha And Others |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1N5QcHakKdoC&amp;pg=PP3 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2004 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-8126018833 |page=3 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121902/https://books.google.com/books?id=1N5QcHakKdoC&amp;pg=PP3 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maheshwari2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Ed. Vinod Kumar Maheshwari |title=Perspectives On Indian English Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcY2-ldWIKsC&amp;pg=PA126 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist |isbn=978-8126900930 |page=126 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121917/https://books.google.com/books?id=JcY2-ldWIKsC&amp;pg=PA126 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaudhuri2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Amit Chaudhuri |title=Clearing a Space: Reflections On India, Literature, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQeN2PoAx2IC&amp;pg=PA44 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1906165017 |pages=44–45 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121906/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQeN2PoAx2IC&amp;pg=PA44 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Indian's First Novel Wins Booker Prize in Britain |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 October 1997 |access-date=11 November 2007 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DD173FF936A25753C1A961958260 |first=Sarah |last=Lyall |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121224622/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/indian-s-first-novel-wins-booker-prize-in-britain.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Arabi Malayalam]] (also called Mappila Malayalam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|date=1 October 2019|title=Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417180757/https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Kuzhiyan |first=Muneer Aram |title=Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India |type=PhD |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/213506 |publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad |hdl=10603/213506 |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121859/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/213506 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Moplah Malayalam) was the traditional Dravidian language&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|title=Sea, Community and Language: A Study on the Origin and Development of Arabi- Malayalam Language of Mappila Muslims of Malabar|date=2 October 2019|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417180757/https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the Mappila Muslim community in Malabar Coast. The poets like [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar]] and [[Pulikkottil Hyder]] have made notable contributions to the [[Mappila songs]], which is a genre of the Arabi Malayalam literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/31/stories/2007033110250500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108104937/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/31/stories/2007033110250500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|title=Mappila songs cultural fountains of a bygone age, says MT|date=31 March 2007|access-date=15 August 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pg 167, Mappila Muslims: a study on society and anti colonial struggles By Husain Raṇdathaṇi, Other Books, Kozhikode 2007&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Arabi Malayalam script]], otherwise known as the [[Ponnani]] script,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Kunnath |first=Ammad |date=15 September 2015 |title=The rise and growth of Ponnani from 1498 AD To 1792 AD |type=PhD |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/49524 |publisher=University of Calicut |hdl=10603/49524 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002110659/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/49524 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Panakkal|first=Abbas|url=http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|title=Islam in Malabar (1460–1600) : a socio-cultural study /|date=2016|publisher=Kulliyyah Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527064123/http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kallen |first=hussain Randathani |title=Trade and culture: Indian ocean interaction on the coast of Malabar in medieval period |url=https://www.academia.edu/22105661 |language=en |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415022327/https://www.academia.edu/22105661 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a writing system – a variant form of the [[Arabic script]] with special [[orthography|orthographic]] features – which was developed during the early medieval period and used to write Arabi Malayalam until the early 20th century CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miller&quot;&gt;Miller, Roland. E., &quot;Mappila&quot; in &quot;The Encyclopedia of Islam&quot;. Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987. pp. 458–56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120912185758/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/contribution.html Malayalam Resource Centre]&lt;/ref&gt; Though the script originated and developed in [[Kerala]], today it is predominantly used in Malaysia and [[Singapore]] by the migrant [[Muslim]] community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Menon. T. Madhava. &quot;A Handbook of Kerala, Volume 2&quot;, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 2002. pp. 491–493.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arabic script for malayalam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/april/Malayalam.html#writ |title=National Virtual Translation Center – Arabic script for Malayalam |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117202844/http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/april/Malayalam.html#writ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book ''[[Kerala Panineeyam]]'' written by [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] in late 19th century CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;clt&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing &amp; Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|pages=454|id={{ASIN|8182676444|country=in}}|edition=Malayalam}}&lt;/ref&gt; World Malayali Council with its sister organisation, International Institute for Scientific and Academic Collaboration (IISAC) has come out with a comprehensive book on Kerala titled ''Introduction to Kerala Studies'', specially intended for the Malayali diaspora across the globe. J.V. Vilanilam, former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Kerala; Sunny Luke, medical scientist and former professor of Medical Biotechnology at Adelphi University, New York; and Antony Palackal, professor of sociology at the Loyola College of Social Sciences in Thiruvananthapuram, have edited the book, besides making other contributions to it.<br /> <br /> ===Tharavadu===<br /> {{Main|Tharavad}}<br /> <br /> Tharavad, also spelled as Tharavadu is the [[ancestral home]] of aristocratic families in Kerala, which usually served as the common house for the [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] [[joint family]] system practiced in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kakkat|first=Thulasi|title=Kerala's Nalukettus|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/keralas-nalukettus/article3784842.ece|access-date=13 December 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kunhikrishnan|first=K.|title=Fallen tharavads|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lr/2003/12/07/stories/2003120700380600.htm|access-date=13 December 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 April 2003}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each Tharavadu has a unique name. The Tharavadu was administered by the ''Karanavar'', the oldest male member of the family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMRw0gTZSJwC&amp;pg=PA84|title=Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict|first1=Filippo|last1=Osella|first2=Filippo|last2=Caroline|first3=Caroline|last3=Osella|date=20 December 2000|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9780745316932|via=Google Books|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824122514/https://books.google.com/books?id=rMRw0gTZSJwC&amp;pg=PA84|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He would be the eldest maternal uncle of the family as well. The members of the Tharavadu consisted of mother, daughters, sons, sisters and brothers. The fathers and husbands had a very minimal role to play in the affairs of the Tharavadu. It was a true matrilineal affair. The Karanavar took all major decisions. He was usually autocratic. However, the consent of the eldest female member of the family was taken before implementing the decisions. This eldest female member would be his maternal grandmother, own mother, mother's sister, his own sister or a sister through his maternal lineage. Since the lineage was through the female members, the birth of a daughter was always welcomed. Each Tharavadu also has a ''Para Devatha'' (clan deity) revered by those in the particular Tharavadu. Temples were built to honour these deities.<br /> <br /> Certain Hindu communities such as the [[Nairs]], [[Muslims]] around Kannur, Some parts of Kozhikode district and Ponnani in [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], and [[Varkala]] and [[Edava]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as ''[[marumakkathayam]]''&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Koya, S.M, MATRILINY AND MALABAR MUSLIMS, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 40 (1979), pp. 419–431 (13 pages)&lt;/ref&gt; which has in the recent years (post-Indian independence) ceased to exist.<br /> <br /> ===Architecture===<br /> {{main|Architecture of Kerala}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Paliam naalukettu.jpg|thumb|A typical [[Nalukettu]] structure.]]<br /> Kerala, the ancestral land of the Malayali people, has a tropical climate with excessive rains and intensive solar radiation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala architecture&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/keralaarchitecture.htm|title=Kerala architecture|access-date=1 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721082519/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/keralaarchitecture.htm|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The architecture of this region has evolved to meet these climatic conditions by having the form of buildings with low walls, sloping roof and projecting caves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala architecture&quot;/&gt; The setting of the building in the open garden plot was again necessitated by the requirement of wind for giving comfort in the humid climate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala architecture&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Timber is the prime structural material abundantly available in many varieties in Kerala. Perhaps the skillful choice of timber, accurate joinery, artful assembly, and delicate carving of the woodwork for columns, walls and roofs frames are the unique characteristics of Malayali architecture.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala architecture&quot;/&gt; From the limitations of the materials, a mixed-mode of construction was evolved in Malayali architecture. The stonework was restricted to the plinth even in important buildings such as temples. Laterite was used for walls. The roof structure in timber was covered with palm leaf thatching for most buildings and rarely with tiles for palaces or temples.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala architecture&quot;/&gt; The 'Kerala murals' are paintings with vegetable dyes on wet walls in subdued shades of brown. The indigenous adoption of the available raw materials and their transformation as enduring media for architectural expression thus became the dominant feature of the Malayali style of architecture.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala architecture&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Palace of Trivandrum.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Kowdiar Palace]], the palace of the Maharajah of [[Travancore]], was built with a traditional Malayali architecture style with a slight influence of early modern European elements]]<br /> <br /> ====Nalukettu====<br /> Nalukettu was a housing style in Kerala. [[Nalukettu]] is a quadrangular building constructed after following the ''Tachu Sastra'' (Science of [[Carpentry]]). It was a typical house that was flanked by out-houses and utility structures. The large house-Nalukettu is constructed within a large compound. It was called Nalukettu because it consisted of four wings around a central [[courtyard]] called ''Nadumuttom''. The house has a [[Quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]] in the center. The quadrangle is in every way the center of life in the house and very useful for the performance of rituals. The layout of these homes was simple, and catered to the dwelling of numerous people, usually part of a [[tharavadu]]. ''Ettukettu'' (eight halls with two central courtyards) or ''Pathinarukettu'' (sixteen halls with four central courtyards) are the more elaborate forms of the same architecture.<br /> <br /> An example of a Nalukettu structure is ''[[Mattancherry Palace]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nalukettu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/cultureofkerala/kerala.html|title=Nalukettu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704045022/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/cultureofkerala/kerala.html|archive-date=4 July 2013}}-Malayalam Resource Centre&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Performing arts and music===<br /> [[File:Kathakali IMG 0281 by Joseph Lazer.JPG|thumb|[[Kathakali]]]]<br /> [[File:Mohiniyattam.png|thumb|[[Mohiniyattam]]]]<br /> [[File:Margamkali - Saint Thomas Christian dance form.webm|thumb|Margamkali performed during a [[Syro-Malabar]] [[Nasrani (India)|Nasrani]] wedding.]]<br /> Malayalis use two words to denote dance, which is ''attom'' and ''thullal''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala dance forms&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=waWQ8mAUrC8C&amp;pg=PA139|title=The Communication of Ideas|first=International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological|last=Sciences|date=18 December 1980|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|via=Google Books|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824122512/https://books.google.com/books?id=waWQ8mAUrC8C&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The art forms of Malayalis are classified into three types: ''religious'', such as [[Theyyam]] and Bhagavatipattu; ''semi religious'', like Sanghakali and [[Krishnanattam|Krishnanattom]]; and ''secular'', such as [[Kathakali]], [[Mohiniyattam]], and Thullal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala dance forms&quot;/&gt; ''Kathakali'' and ''Mohiniyattam'' are the two [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]] forms from Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Classical dance forms of India&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dances.indobase.com/classical-dances/index.html|title=Classical Dances of India – Indian Classical Dances, Indian Dances, Dances of India|website=dances.indobase.com|access-date=1 November 2009|archive-date=26 May 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526134009/http://dances.indobase.com/classical-dances/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kathakali is actually a ''dance-drama''. Mohiniyattam is a very sensual and graceful dance form that is performed both solo and in a group by women.&lt;ref name=&quot;Classical dance forms of India&quot;/&gt; [[Kutiyattam]] is a traditional performing art form from Kerala, which is recognised by [[UNESCO]] and given the status ''Masterpieces of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Koodiyattam+UNESCO|title=Stark World Kerala|first=Theresa|last=Varghese|date=18 December 2006|publisher=Stark World Pub.|isbn=9788190250511|via=Google Books|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824122540/https://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Koodiyattam+UNESCO|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ottamthullal]] is another performing art, which is also known as the ''poor man's Kathakali'', which was created by the poet Kunchan Nambiar as an alternative to ''[[Chakiarkooth]]'' (another performing art), which was open only for higher castes to see.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8bExoV6GL8C&amp;pg=PA70|title=Reciting: Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases|date=19 December 2008|publisher=Icon Group International, Incorporated|isbn=9780546721676|via=Google Books|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824122513/https://books.google.com/books?id=L8bExoV6GL8C&amp;pg=PA70|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Theyyam is a ritualistic art form of Malayalis, which is thought to predate [[Hinduism]] and to have developed from folk dances performed in conjunction with harvest celebrations. Theyyam is performed as an offering to gods so as to get rid of poverty and illness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8FQa2ZSFQC&amp;pg=PA928|title=India|first=Sarina|last=Singh|date=18 December 2005|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=9781740596947|via=Google Books|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824122513/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8FQa2ZSFQC&amp;pg=PA928|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Velakali is another ritualistic art form, mainly performed at temples in the festival time. [[Kolkali]] is a folk art in which dance performers move in a circle, striking small sticks and keeping rhythm with special steps.<br /> <br /> Many ancient Malayali family houses in Kerala have special snake shrines called ''Kavu''. Sarpam Thullal is usually performed in the courtyard of houses having snake shrines. This is a votive offering for family wealth and happiness. Kerala Natanam (കേരള നടനം) (Kerala dance) is a new style of dance that is now recognized as a distinct classical art form evolved from Kathakali. The Indian dancer [[Guru Gopinath]] (ഗുരു ഗോപിനാഥ്‌) a well-trained Kathakali artist and his wife Thankamani Gopinath developed this unique form of dance.<br /> <br /> Performing arts in Kerala is not limited to a single religion of the Malayali society. [[Muslim Mappila]]s, Nasranis Mappilas and [[Latin Catholics of Malabar|Latin Christians]] have their own unique performing art forms. [[Duff Muttu]], also known as ''Dubh Muttu/Aravanamuttu''&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffmuttu&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYfRBcLdTNYC&amp;pg=PA8|title=Tourist Guide to Kerala|first=Motilal (UK) Books of|last=India|date=18 February 2008|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=9788174781642|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a performing art form prevalent among the Muslim community. It is a group performance, staged as a social event during festivals and nuptial ceremonies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffmuttu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Oppana]] is a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslim community.<br /> <br /> [[Margamkali]] is a performing art which is popular among the Nasrani Mappilas. It combines both devotion and entertainment, and was performed by men in groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christian art foms&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&amp;q=Margamkali&amp;pg=RA2-PA945|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|first1=Bruno|last1=Nettl|first2=Alison|last2=Arnold|first3=Ruth M.|last3=Stone|first4=James|last4=Porter|first5=Timothy|last5=Rice|first6=Dale Alan|last6=Olsen|first7=Terry E.|last7=Miller|first8=Adrienne Lois|last8=Kaeppler|first9=Daniel Edward|last9=Sheehy|first10=Ellen|last10=Koskoff|first11=Sean|last11=Williams|first12=Jacob Wainwright|last12=Love|first13=Chris|last13=Goertzen|first14=Virginia|last14=Danielson|first15=Scott Lloyd|last15=Marcus|first16=Dwight|last16=Reynolds|first17=Robert C.|last17=Provine|first18=Yoshihiko|last18=Tokumaru|first19=John Lawrence|last19=Witzleben|date=18 December 1998|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=9780824049461|via=Google Books|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824122515/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&amp;q=Margamkali&amp;pg=RA2-PA945|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since the 1980s women also have found groups. The dancers themselves sing the ''margamkali songs'' in unison call and response form.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christian art foms&quot;/&gt; ''[[Parichamuttukali]]'' is another performing art which is popular among Nasranis. This is an artistic adaptation of the martial art of Kerala, [[Kalaripayattu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Christian art foms&quot;/&gt; ''[[Chavittu nadakom]]'' is a theatrical art form observed mainly by Kerala Latin Christians, dating back to the second half of the 16th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christian art foms&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> However, many of these native art forms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals, and are not as popular among ordinary Keralites. Thus, more contemporary forms&amp;nbsp;– including those heavily based on the use of often risqué and [[political correctness|politically incorrect]] [[mimicry]] and [[parody]]&amp;nbsp;– have gained considerable mass appeal in recent years. Indeed, contemporary artists often use such modes to mock socioeconomic elites. Since 1930 when the first Malayalam film [[Vigathakumaran]] was released and over the following decade or two, [[Malayalam Cinema]] had grown to become one of the popular means of expression for both works of fiction and social issues, and it remains so.<br /> <br /> Music formed a major part of early Malayalam literature, which is believed to have started developing by 9th century [[Common Era|CE]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Kerala Charithram |last=Sreedhara Menon|first=A. |author-link=A. Sreedhara Menon |publisher=D.C. Books |location=Kottayam, Kerala |page=494 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The significance of music in the [[culture of Kerala]] can be established just by the fact that in Malayalam language, musical poetry was developed long before [[prose]]. Kerala is musically known for [[Sopanam]]. Sopanam is religious in nature, and developed through singing invocatory songs at the [[Kalam]] of [[Kali]], and later inside temples. Sopanam came to prominence in the wake of the increasing popularity of [[Works of Jayadeva|Jayadeva]]'s [[Gita Govinda]] or [[Ashtapadis]]. Sopana ''sangeetham'' (music), as the very name suggests, is sung by the side of the ''holy steps'' (sopanam) leading to the [[sanctum sanctorum]] of a [[shrine]]. It is sung, typically employing plain notes, to the accompaniment of the small, hourglass-shaped ethnic drum called ''[[idakka]]'', besides the chengila or the handy metallic gong to sound the beats.<br /> <br /> Sopanam is traditionally sung by men of the [[Maarar]] and [[Pothuval]] community, who are [[Ambalavasi]] (semi-Brahmin) castes engaged to do it as their hereditary profession. Kerala is also home of [[Carnatic music]]. [[Swati Tirunal]], Shadkala Govinda Maarar, Sangitha Vidwan Gopala Pillai Bhagavathar, Chertala Gopalan Nair, [[M. D. Ramanathan]], [[T.V.Gopalakrishnan]], [[M.S. Gopalakrishnan]], L. Subramaniam [[T.N. Krishnan]] and [[K. J. Yesudas]] are Malayali musicians. Also among the younger generations with wide acclaim is violinist [[L. Athira Krishna]] etc..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Ritual Music and Hindu Rituals of Kerala |last=Rolf |first=Killius |year=2006 |publisher=BR Rhythms |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-88827-07-X }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kerala also has a significant presence of [[Hindustani music]] as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.keral.com/movies/music.htm |title=Music |access-date=2 January 2009 |publisher=Keral.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802081714/http://www.keral.com/movies/music.htm |archive-date=2 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The king of Travancore, Swathi Thirunal patronaged and contributed much to the Hindustani music. The [[pulluvar]] of Kerala are closely connected to the serpent worship. One group among these people consider the snake gods as their presiding deity and performs certain sacrifices and sing songs. This is called ''Pulluvan Pattu''. The song conducted by the pulluvar in serpent temples and snake groves is called Sarppapaattu, Naagam Paattu, Sarpam Thullal, Sarppolsavam, Paambum Thullal or Paambum Kalam. [[Mappila Songs|Mappila Paattukal]] or ''Mappila Songs'' are folklore Muslim devotional songs in the Malayalam language. Mappila songs are composed in colloquial Malayalam and are sung in a distinctive tune. They are composed in a mixture of Malayalam and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<br /> <br /> [[Film music]], which refers to [[playback singing]] in the context of [[Music of India|Indian music]], forms the most important canon of popular music in India. Film music of Kerala in particular is the most popular form of music in the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;Music&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Vallam Kali===<br /> [[File:Nehru Trophy Boat Race 11-08-2012 1-44-16 PM.JPG|thumb|280px|[[Vallamkali]]-[[Nehru Trophy Boat Race]]]]<br /> [[Vallam Kali]] is the race of country-made boats. It is mainly conducted during the season of the harvest festival [[Onam]] in autumn. Vallam Kali include races of many kinds of traditional boats of Kerala. The race of [[Chundan Vallam]] (snake boat) is the major item. Hence Vallam Kali is also known in English as Snake Boat Race and a major tourist attraction. Other types of boats which do participate in various events in the race are ''Churulan Vallam'', ''Iruttukuthy Vallam'', ''Odi Vallam'', ''Veppu Vallam (Vaipu Vallam)'', ''Vadakkanody Vallam'', and ''Kochu Vallam''. [[Nehru Trophy Boat Race]] is one of the famous Vallam Kali held in [[Punnamada Lake]] in [[Alappuzha district]] of Kerala. [[Champakulam Moolam Boat Race]] is the oldest and most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala. The race is held on [[Pamba River|river Pamba]] on the moolam day (according to the Malayalam Era) of the Malayalam month Midhunam, the day of the installation of the deity at the [[Ambalappuzha]] Sree Krishna Temple. The [[Aranmula Boat Race]] takes place at [[Aranmula]], near a temple dedicated to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]]. The President's Trophy Boat Race is a popular event conducted in Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam.<br /> <br /> Thousands of people gather on the banks of the river Pamba to watch the snake boat races. Nearly 50 snake boats or chundan vallams participate in the festival. [[Payippadu Vallam Kali|Payippad Jalotsavam]] is a three-day water festival. It is conducted in Payippad Lake which is 35&amp;nbsp;km from Alappuzha district of Kerala state. There is a close relation between this Payippad boat race and Subramanya Swamy Temple in [[Haripad]]. [[Indira Gandhi Boat Race]] is a boat race festival celebrated in the last week of December in the backwaters of [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], a city in Kerala. This boat race is one of the most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala. This festival is conducted to promote [[Tourism in Kerala|Kerala tourism]].<br /> <br /> ===Festivals===<br /> [[File:Onam pukolam.jpg|thumb|[[Onam]] pookkalam/floral carpet]]<br /> {{Main|Malayalam calendar}}<br /> <br /> Malayalis celebrate a variety of festivals, namely Onam, [[Vishu]], [[Deepavali]], and [[Christmas]].<br /> <br /> ===Cuisine===<br /> {{Main|Cuisine of Kerala}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Appam_by_Connie_Ma.jpg|thumb|Kerala – style [[appam]] dish.]]<br /> <br /> Malayali cuisine is not homogeneous and regional variations are visible throughout. Spices form an important ingredient in almost all curries. Kerala is known for its traditional {{transliteration|ml|sadhyas}}, a vegetarian meal served with boiled rice and a host of side-dishes. The {{transliteration|ml|sadhya}} is complemented by {{transliteration|ml|payasam}}, a sweet milk dessert native to Kerala. The {{transliteration|ml|sadhya}} is, as per custom, served on a banana leaf. Traditional dishes include {{transliteration|ml|sambar}}, {{transliteration|ml|aviyal}}, {{transliteration|ml|kaalan}}, {{transliteration|ml|theeyal}}, {{transliteration|ml|thoran}}, {{transliteration|ml|injipully}}, {{transliteration|ml|pulisherry}}, {{transliteration|ml|appam}}, {{transliteration|ml|kappa}} (tapioca), {{transliteration|ml|puttu}} (steamed rice powder), and {{transliteration|ml|puzhukku}}. [[Coconut]] is an essential ingredient in most of the food items and is liberally used.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69824/did-you-know-the-legend-behind-keralas-annual-harvest-festival-onam|title=Onam Sadhya: 13 Dishes You Need To Try!|website=outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{transliteration|ml|Puttu}} is a culinary specialty in Kerala. It is a steamed rice cake which is a favorite breakfast of most Malayalis. It is served with either brown chickpeas cooked in a spicy gravy, {{transliteration|ml|papadams}} and boiled small green lentils, or tiny ripe yellow Kerala plantains. In the highlands there is also a variety of {{transliteration|ml|puttu}} served with {{transliteration|ml|paani}} (the boiled-down syrup from [[Palm wine|sweet palm toddy]]) and sweet boiled bananas. to steam the {{transliteration|ml|puttu}}, there is a special utensil called a {{transliteration|ml|puttu kutti}}. It consists of two sections. The lower bulkier portion is where the water for steaming is stored. The upper detachable leaner portion is separated from the lower portion by perforated lids so as to allow the steam to pass through and bake the rice powder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/keralas-favourite-breakfast-how-to-make-soft-puttu-at-home-1675781|title=Kerala's Favourite Breakfast: How to Make Soft Puttu at Home|website=NDTV Food|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824123017/https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/keralas-favourite-breakfast-how-to-make-soft-puttu-at-home-1675781|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{transliteration|ml|[[Appam]]}} is a pancake made of fermented batter. The batter is made of rice flour and fermented using either yeast or toddy, the local spirit. It is fried using a special frying pan called {{transliteration|ml|appa-chatti}} and is served with egg curry, chicken curry, mutton stew, vegetable curry and chickpea curry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/appams-anyone/article25517331.ece|title=Appams anyone?|first=Aishwarya|last=Upadhye|date=16 November 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824123018/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/appams-anyone/article25517331.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Halal|Muslim cuisine]] or Mappila cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala, [[Cuisine of Iran|Persian]], [[Yemeni cuisine|Yemenese]] and [[Arab]] food culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Straight from the Malabar Coast|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/straight-from-the-malabar-coast/article27942808.ece|last=Sabhnani|first=Dhara Vora|date=June 14, 2019|access-date=January 26, 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120164620/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/straight-from-the-malabar-coast/article27942808.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt; ''Kallummakkaya'' (mussels) [[curry]], ''Erachi Puttu'' (''Erachi'' means meat), parottas (soft flatbread),&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt; ''[[Pathiri]]'' (a type of rice pancake)&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt; and ghee rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine. spices like [[black pepper]], [[cardamom]] and [[clove]] are used profusely. The Kerala [[Biryani]], is also prepared by the community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/veg-kerala-biryani-recipe/|title=Kerala biryani (With vegetables)|date=22 April 2013|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824123018/https://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/veg-kerala-biryani-recipe/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The snacks include ''Unnakkaya'' (deep-fried, boiled ripe [[banana]] paste covering a mixture of cashew, [[raisins]] and [[sugar]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;MC_2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/flavours-unlimited-from-the-malabar-coast/article6170291.ece|last=Kurian|first=Shijo|date=July 2, 2014|access-date=January 26, 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120164617/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/flavours-unlimited-from-the-malabar-coast/article6170291.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pazham nirachathu (ripe banana filled with coconut grating, [[molasses]] or sugar),&lt;ref name=&quot;MC_2&quot;/&gt; ''Muttamala'' made of [[egg as food|eggs]],&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt; ''Chattipathiri'', a [[dessert]] made of flour, like baked, layered ''Chapati''s with rich filling, ''Arikkadukka'' and so on.&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Martial arts===<br /> [[File:Kalaripayattu weapons.jpg|thumb|Common weapons used as part of Kalaripayatt]]<br /> [[File:Kalaripayattu mock combat in rural Kerala.jpg|thumb|Kalaripayattu demonstration]]<br /> {{See also|Kalaripayattu}}<br /> Malayalis have their own form of martial arts called Kalaripayattu. This type of martial arts was used as a defensive mechanism against intruders. In ancient times, disputes between nobles (''naaduvazhis'' or ''Vazhunors'') were also settled by the outcome of a Kalaripayattu tournament. This ancient martial art is claimed as ''the mother of all martial arts''. The word &quot;[[kalari]]&quot; can be traced to ancient Sangam literature.&lt;ref&gt;Suresh, P. R. (2005). ''[http://www.palmlandtours.net/kerala/tours/kalari/kalaripayatte/kalari.htm Kalari Payatte&amp;nbsp;– The martial art of Kerala.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829143736/http://www.palmlandtours.net/kerala/tours/kalari/kalaripayatte/kalari.htm |date=29 August 2009 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anthropologists estimate that Kalarippayattu dates back to at least the 12th century CE.&lt;ref name=Zarrilli1&gt;Zarrilli, Phillip B. [https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html A South Indian Martial Art and the Yoga and Ayurvedic Paradigms.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916172804/http://www.spa.ex.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html |date=16 September 2008 }} [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]].&lt;/ref&gt; The historian Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai attributes the birth of Kalaripayattu to an extended period of warfare between the Cheras and the [[Cholas]] in the 11th century CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zarrilli1&quot;/&gt; What eventually crystallized into this style is thought to have been a product of existing South Indian styles of combat, combined with techniques brought by other cultures.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zarrilli1&quot;/&gt; Kalaripayattu may be one of the oldest martial arts in existence.&lt;ref name=&quot;discoverychannelasia.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourdiscovery.com/martialarts/southasia/kalaripayatta/index.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221042309/http://www.yourdiscovery.com/martialarts/southasia/kalaripayatta/index.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2009|title=Discovery Latinoamérica}}&lt;/ref&gt; The oldest western reference to Kalaripayattu is a 16th-century travelogue of [[Duarte Barbosa]], a Portuguese explorer. The southern style, which stresses the importance of hand-to-hand combat, is slightly different than Kalari in the north.&lt;ref&gt;Phillip B. Zarrilli, When the Body Becomes All Eyes&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recent developments (2024–2025) ===<br /> <br /> In 2024–2025, Malayali migration trends showed increasing movement towards Europe, Australia, and Canada for higher education and skilled employment, while migration to Gulf countries continued at a comparatively slower pace than in previous decades.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kerala students increasingly choosing Europe and Canada for higher studies |work=The Hindu |date=12 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Malayali diaspora organisations across the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and North America expanded cultural and welfare activities during this period. Several regions reported record participation in community events, including large-scale Onam celebrations and youth development programmes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Global Onam celebrations draw record participation from Malayali diaspora |work=Mathrubhumi |date=3 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Consumption of Malayalam digital media continued to grow globally, with regional OTT platforms and online content creators reporting increased engagement from non-resident Malayalis. Malayalam films and literary works also received national and international recognition in 2024–2025, contributing to the community's cultural visibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Malayalam content sees global rise as diaspora audiences increase |work=The New Indian Express |date=18 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Ethnic groups in Kerala]]<br /> * [[Garshom Awards|Garshom International Awards]]<br /> * [[Kerala Gulf diaspora]]<br /> * [[Malabars]]<br /> * [[Malayalam literature]]<br /> * [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam movie]]<br /> * [[Malayalam script]]<br /> * [[Malayali Australians|Malayali Australian]]<br /> * [[Malayali cartoonists]]<br /> * [[Malaysian Malayali]]<br /> * [[Migrant labourers in Kerala]]<br /> * [[Non Resident Keralites Affairs]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}<br /> * {{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing &amp; Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|edition=Malayalam}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Sister project links <br /> &lt;!----(Use the value &quot;no&quot; to exclude a project:)----&gt;<br /> |b=no|commons=category:Malayali people |d=no|m=no|mw=no|n=no|s=no<br /> |species=no|species_author=no|v=no|voy=no<br /> }}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ Official site of Kerala Government]<br /> * [http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org Malayalam Resource Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032321/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/ |date=26 March 2023 }}<br /> * [https://www.samaoccitanie.org/ Sarva Malayalee Association France – Occitanie (SAMA Occitanie)]<br /> <br /> {{Topics related to Kerala}}<br /> {{Portal bar|India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Society of Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people|*]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali diaspora]]<br /> [[Category:Dravidian peoples]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mukhi&diff=518867 2026-04-24T00:19:01Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Government title in the Indian subcontinent}}<br /> <br /> '''Mukhi''' (''mukhia'') is the title used for a head of community or village elites&lt;ref name=&quot;village&quot;&gt;India's Villages. Development Department, West Bengal, 1955&lt;/ref&gt; and their local government in [[Western India]] and [[Sindh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vinayak&quot; &gt;Peasant Pasts: History and Memory in Western India. Vinayak, Chaturvedi, University of California Press, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; It is derived from the word ''mukhiya'' meaning 'foremost', and prior to [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] they were the most powerful person in each community, imbued with both civil and judicial powers.&lt;ref&gt;The Thakors of north Gujarat: a caste in the village and the region. Studies in sociology and social anthropology, Lobo, Lancy. Hindustan Pub. Corp., 1995. {{ISBN|8170750350}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tribe, Volumes 2-6. Tribal Research Institute (Rajasthan, India). Tribal Research Institute and Training Centre, 1966&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Status==<br /> Mukhi headmen generally came from the wealthiest &lt;ref&gt;Villages, Women, and the Success of Dairy Cooperatives in India: Making Place for Rural Development. Basu, Pratyusha. Cambria Press, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; or most prominent families within their community&lt;ref&gt;The Twice-born: A Study of a Community of High-caste Hindus. Carstairs, G. Morris, Indiana University Press, 1967&lt;/ref&gt; and acted as the presidents of the local [[panchayats]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gujerat&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Research in Sociology: Abstracts of M.A. and Ph. D. Dissertations Completed in the Department of Sociology, University of Bombay. Concept Publishing Company, 1989&lt;/ref&gt; According to local traditions, the Mukhi could be a hereditary position inherited by the eldest son&lt;ref name=&quot;gujerat&quot;&gt;Gujarat, Part 3. Popular Prakashan, 2003&lt;/ref&gt; or an elected position, as were the panchayats. Decisions made by the panchayat were accepted by their communities and did not require enforcement.&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopaedia of Indian Woman: Emancipation Through Legislative Reforms, Volume 5. Akashdeep, 1990&lt;/ref&gt; In developed areas, many also held high positions in business.&lt;ref&gt;The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama, Markovits, Claude. Cambridge University Press, 22 Jun 2000&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The tradition of mukhis and ''panchayat raj'' (village self-government) is thought to be thousands of years old but currently decreasing in influence due to the growth of government and democratic decentralisation.&lt;ref&gt;Tribal Culture, Continuity, and Change: A Study of Bhils in Rajasthan. Majhi, Anita Srivastava, Mittal Publications, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since at least the 16th Century, the roles carried out by mukhis included those relating to local revenue gathering and expenditure, policing and justice. By the 19th, under the [[British Raj|British rule of India]], they became government appointed agents. They led local [[Panchayats]] and acted as local representative of the rulers.&lt;ref&gt;Balochistan Through the Ages: Tribes Vol. 2: Selection from Government Record. Baluchistan (Pakistan) Nisa Traders 1979, University of Virginia, Apr 2009&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1876, according to the Village Police Act, the mukhis were also given central roles in the criminal justice system and required to carry out surveillance about suspicious activities and reporting to district level officials.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vinayak&quot; /&gt; They had powers to resolve conflicts within their community, particularly those relating to marriages,&lt;ref&gt;All India Reporter, Volume 3, Chitaley D.V., 1950&lt;/ref&gt; and give consent over the building of properties&lt;ref name=&quot;village&quot; /&gt; and officiate over daily events or rituals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ismailism 2006&quot;&gt;Encyclopaedia of Ismailism. Mumtaz Ali Tajddin Sadik Ali, Islamic Book Publisher, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], Sindh the position was always held by a member of the [[Bhaibund]] community who presided over the collection of fines for the violation of duties and obligations.&lt;ref&gt;The Amil Community of Hyderabad, Narsain, S.J. 1932&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ismailism==<br /> In the [[Ismaili]] [[Nizari]] tradition, the term is also used for the guardian of each [[Jama'at Khana]] where the Mukhi acts as the tangible symbol of the [[Imam]]'s authority,&lt;ref name=&quot;village&quot; /&gt; by officiating over daily rituals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ismailism 2006&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Family name==<br /> Mukhi is also a common name within [[Sindhis]] denoting a hereditary relationship to a mukhi&lt;ref&gt;Essential Sindhi Cookbook. Reejhsinghani, Aroona, Penguin Books India, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; and, from a separate root, in other Indian communities as meaning &quot;beautiful&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;A Smaller Hindustani and English Dictionary, Taylor &amp; Francis&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Faujdar]]<br /> * [[Zamindar]]<br /> * [[Village accountant]]<br /> * [[Sarpanch]]<br /> * [[Panchayati raj]]<br /> * [[Local government in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * Bherumal Mahirchand Advani, &quot;Amilan-jo-Ahwal&quot; - published in Sindhi, 1919<br /> * Amilan-jo-Ahwal (1919) - translated into English in 2016 (&quot;A History of the Amils&quot;) at [http://www.saibaba-fund.org/sindhis.html sindhis]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Society of India]]<br /> [[Category:Society of Sindh]]<br /> [[Category:Local government in India]]<br /> [[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]<br /> [[Category:Sindhi tribes]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamalesh_Maitra&diff=507930 2026-04-21T11:59:38Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: done - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=November 2013}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Kamalesh Maitra<br /> | image =<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | image_size =<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | alias =<br /> | birth_date = 28 April 1928<br /> | birth_place = [[Tangail]], [[East Bengal]], India<br /> | death_date = 22 April 2005 (aged&amp;nbsp;76)<br /> | death_place = [[Kreischa]], Germany<br /> | origin =<br /> | instrument = [[Tabla tarang]], [[sarod]]<br /> | genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]], [[world music]]<br /> | occupation = Musician, [[composer]], teacher<br /> | years_active = &lt;!-- YYYY – YYYY --&gt;<br /> | label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], [[Teldec]], [[Wergo]], [[Gramophone Company of India]], [[Smithsonian Folkways]], [[Saregama]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Kamalesh Maitra''' (28 April 1928&amp;nbsp;– 22 April 2005), often referred to by the title [[Pandit]], was an Indian classical musician, composer and teacher. He is recognised as the last master of the [[tabla tarang]] – a [[melodic percussion instrument]] consisting of numerous individually tuned hand drums, set in a semicircle. Maitra grew up in Calcutta and played the [[tabla]] until joining [[Uday Shankar]]'s ballet company in 1950 and taking up the tabla tarang. He became the company's musical director and toured internationally with the troupe through to the mid-1970s.<br /> <br /> Along with [[Alla Rakha]], [[Shivkumar Sharma]], [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]] and others, Maitra was among the musicians that [[Ravi Shankar]] selected for his [[Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India|Music Festival from India]] revue in 1974. He then accompanied Shankar on ex-[[The Beatles|Beatle]] [[George Harrison]]'s North American tour that year – a venture that led to him performing with American [[jazz]] musicians [[Emil Richards]] and [[Tom Scott (saxophonist)|Tom Scott]]. Maitra settled in Berlin in 1977, where he performed and worked as a music teacher. In 1980, he formed the Ragatala Ensemble, an orchestra that fused elements of Indian and European classical music with jazz and other Western genres. Among his recordings, ''Tabla Tarang – Melody on Drums'' (1996) has received critical acclaim, one reviewer describing it as a &quot;milestone&quot; in [[world music]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian&quot; /&gt; Maitra developed strong cultural ties with Berlin and continued to live and work in Germany until his death in 2005.<br /> <br /> ==Background and formative years==<br /> Kamalesh Maitra was born in [[Tangail]] in [[East Bengal]] (now Bangladesh) in 1928.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunt/Masters of Raga&quot; /&gt; His father was an [[Ayurvedic]] doctor,&lt;ref name=&quot;Berliner Zeitung bio&quot;&gt;Peter Pannke, [http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/zum-tod-des-indischen-musikers-kamalesh-maitra-ein-bengale-in-berlin,10810590,10280154.html &quot;Ein Bengale in Berlin&quot; (in German)], ''[[Berliner Zeitung]]'', 29 April 2005 (retrieved 29 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; and the family lacked the musical lineage commonly associated with [[Hindustani classical music]].&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebase bio&quot;&gt;[http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?258 &quot;Kamalesh Maitra&quot; &gt; Bio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081637/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?258 |date=6 October 2014 }}, culturebase.net (retrieved 29 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Neuman, pp. 107, 108, 112.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Maitra spent his formative years in Calcutta,&lt;ref name=&quot;Collaborations p 47&quot; /&gt; absorbing much of the European influence on the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berliner Zeitung bio&quot; /&gt; At the age of twelve,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rough Guide p 78&quot;&gt;''World Music: The Rough Guide'', p. 78.&lt;/ref&gt; he began playing a variety of hand drums, including [[tabla]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Collaborations p 47&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early career==<br /> In 1950, Maitra joined [[Uday Shankar]]'s ballet and dance company, as master drummer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collaborations p 47&quot; /&gt; Having established himself as a tabla player, he was asked to master the [[tabla tarang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;culturbase article&quot;&gt;Gabriele Stiller-Kern, [http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?258 &quot;Kamalesh Maitra: The last master of tabla taranga&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081637/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?258 |date=6 October 2014 }}, culturebase.net (retrieved 29 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; an instrument made up of between ten and sixteen tablas,&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AM bio&quot;&gt;Craig Harris, [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/kamalesh-maitra-mn0000743228 &quot;Kamalesh Maitra&quot;], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 29 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; specifically the treble-variety [[tabla|dayan]].&lt;ref&gt;Lavezzoli, pp. 3, 24.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Melody on Drums/Allmusic&quot;&gt;Adam Greenberg, [http://www.allmusic.com/album/tabla-tarang-melody-on-drums-mw0000183799 &quot;Kamalesh Maitra ''Tabla Tarang – Melody on Drums''&quot;], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 29 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; With each hand drum tuned to a different pitch, producing a range of roughly one and a half [[octave]]s,&lt;ref&gt;''Collaborations'', p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; Maitra was able to provide a combined melodic–rhythmic role in performances of [[raga]]s or ballet and dance compositions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian&quot;&gt;[http://www.folkways.si.edu/kamalesh-maitra/the-worlds-musical-traditions-vol-10-tabla-tarang-melody-on-drums/world/music/album/smithsonian &quot;The World's Musical Traditions, Vol. 10: Tabla Tarang – Melody on Drums&quot;], [[Smithsonian Folkways]] (retrieved 29 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While developing the potential of the tabla tarang, he continued his advanced musical studies,&lt;ref name=&quot;Collaborations p 47&quot; /&gt; learning the lute-like [[sarod]] under the tutelage of [[Ali Akbar Khan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebase bio&quot; /&gt; From 1955, Maitra was musical director of Shankar's troupe, for whom he composed and directed music for a wide range of stage productions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collaborations p 47&quot;&gt;''Collaborations'', p. 47.&lt;/ref&gt; During a period of over twenty years, he toured the United States, China, Africa and Europe with the company.&lt;ref name=&quot;culturbase article&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==International career and relocation to Berlin==<br /> In 1974, Uday's brother [[Ravi Shankar]] invited Maitra to join his [[Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India|Music Festival from India]] revue,&lt;ref&gt;Shankar, pp. 223–24.&lt;/ref&gt; sponsored by former [[The Beatles|Beatle]] [[George Harrison]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 442&quot;&gt;Madinger &amp; Easter, p. 442.&lt;/ref&gt; a champion of Indian classical music in the West.&lt;ref&gt;''World Music: The Rough Guide'', p. 109.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lavezzoli, pp. 14, 81, 147.&lt;/ref&gt; Maitra's fellow performers included internationally acclaimed musicians&lt;ref&gt;''World Music: The Rough Guide'', pp. 75, 77, 78.&lt;/ref&gt; such as [[Alla Rakha]], [[Lakshmi Shankar]], [[Shivkumar Sharma]], [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Sultan Khan]] and [[L. Subramaniam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 195&quot;&gt;Lavezzoli, p. 195.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Collaborations'', pp. 44–50.&lt;/ref&gt; Maitra recorded a studio album in England with the Music Festival orchestra – released in 1976 on [[Dark Horse Records]]&lt;ref&gt;''Collaborations'', p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; – contributing on tabla tarang, sarod and [[ektara]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Music Festival album sleeve&quot;&gt;Album credits, ''[[Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India]]'' LP ([[Dark Horse Records]], 1976; produced by George Harrison).&lt;/ref&gt; before they all undertook a short European tour.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 442&quot; /&gt; The Music Festival from India's debut performance, filmed at London's [[Royal Albert Hall]] on 23 September 1974,&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 442&quot; /&gt; was released on DVD in 2010, as part of the four-disc box set ''Ravi Shankar–George Harrison, Collaborations''.&lt;ref&gt;Olivia Harrison, {{cite web|url=http://www.spinner.com/2010/10/18/george-harrison-ravi-shankar-collaborations/ |title=George Harrison and Ravi Shankar Box Set 'Collaborations' Is a Labor of Love for Me |accessdate=2011-01-02 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102132411/http://www.spinner.com/2010/10/18/george-harrison-ravi-shankar-collaborations/ |archivedate= 2 January 2011 }}, spinner.com, 18 October 2010 (archived version retrieved 27 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Richie Unterberger, [http://www.allmusic.com/album/collaborations-mw0002041725 &quot;George Harrison/Ravi Shankar ''Collaborations''&quot;], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 27 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Maitra then joined the Music Festival personnel for Harrison's North American tour in November–December 1974,&lt;ref&gt;Olivia Harrison, pp. 298–99.&lt;/ref&gt; performing in the more [[jazz]]-inflected style of Shankar's ''[[Shankar Family &amp; Friends]]'' crossover album.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli pp 195-96&quot;&gt;Lavezzoli, pp. 195–96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rodriguez, pp. 237–38.&lt;/ref&gt; In keeping with Shankar's efforts to elevate the status of Indian percussionists, Maitra combined with Rakha (on tabla), [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan|T.V. Gopalkrishnan]] ([[mridangam]]) and [[Rijram Desad]] ([[Pakhavaj|pakavaj]]) in extended, four-way drum soloing – the highlight of their set,&lt;ref&gt;Olivia Harrison, p. 310.&lt;/ref&gt; and a source of fascination for Harrison's rock drummers [[Jim Keltner]]&lt;ref&gt;Lavezzoli, pp. 106, 204–05.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Andy Newmark]].&lt;ref&gt;Leng, p. 168.&lt;/ref&gt; For the finale to the Indian portion of each concert, Maitra and the rest of Shankar's ensemble played with Harrison's entire band,&lt;ref&gt;Olivia Harrison, p. 312.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rodriguez, p. 238.&lt;/ref&gt; which also included jazz percussionist [[Emil Richards]] and saxophonist [[Tom Scott (saxophonist)|Tom Scott]].&lt;ref&gt;Madinger &amp; Easter, pp. 446–47.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Long interested in the possibilities of Indo–European musical fusion,&lt;ref name=&quot;Berliner Zeitung bio&quot; /&gt; Maitra performed at the 1976 Meta-Music Festival in Berlin.&lt;ref name=&quot;culturbase article&quot; /&gt; After moving to Berlin the following year, he began teaching Indian classical instrumentation, and in 1980 formed the Ragatala Ensemble with some of his students,&lt;ref name=&quot;culturbase article&quot; /&gt; including New York-born tablist Laura Patchen.&lt;ref&gt;[http://box.global-music-academy.net/cms/teachers/laura-patchen &quot;Laura Patchen&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424212041/http://box.global-music-academy.net/cms/teachers/laura-patchen |date=24 April 2014 }}, Global Music Academy (retrieved 24 April 2014).&lt;/ref&gt; In 2003, Germany's [[House of World Cultures]] (HKW) website wrote of Maitra's music with the Ragatala Ensemble: &quot;The group has enabled him to fulfil his old dream of having his compositions played by a mixed European–Indian orchestra. The pieces follow the rules of classical Indian music but are deliberately fused with elements of European classical music, jazz and new music.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;culturbase article&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Among his subsequent projects, from 1983 to 1988 Maitra participated in the Nada [[Brahma]] – the Whole World is Sound initiative by [[Joachim-Ernst Berendt]]; in 1992, as part of Berlin's Indian Festival, his orchestral works were performed at the HKW; and in 2000 he contributed to Festival of Vision – Berlin in Hong Kong.&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebase bio&quot; /&gt; He worked again with Shankar on the soundtrack to the film ''[[Genesis (1986 film)|Genesis]]'' (1986), recorded in Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shankar p 247&quot;&gt;Shankar, p. 247.&lt;/ref&gt; In his 1997 autobiography, ''[[Raga Mala (book)|Raga Mala]]'', Shankar describes Maitra as an &quot;extremely versatile&quot; musician,&lt;ref name=&quot;Shankar p 247&quot; /&gt; while the ''[[The Phoenix (newspaper)|Boston Phoenix]]'' once said of his playing: &quot;far from an eccentric novelty, (Maitra) is simply one of the great drummers of India to record in this century.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AM bio&quot; /&gt; He also worked with [[Charlie Mariano]], an American saxophonist who similarly relocated to Europe during the 1970s,&lt;ref&gt;Scott Yanow, [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/charlie-mariano-mn0000207133/biography &quot;Charlie Mariano&quot;], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 28 December 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; and Israeli clarinetist [[Giora Feidman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;culturbase article&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recordings==<br /> Among Maitra's many recordings, starting with ''Tabla Tarang – Magnificent Percussion of India'' (1968) for [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]],&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebase bio&quot; /&gt; in 1993 he released ''Masters of Raga: Kamalesh Maitra'' on Germany's [[Wergo]] record label.&lt;ref name=&quot;AM bio&quot; /&gt; The album features tabla accompaniment from [[Kumar Bose]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunt/Masters of Raga&quot;&gt;Ken Hunt, [http://www.allmusic.com/album/masters-of-raga-mw0000910243 &quot;Kamalesh Maitra ''Masters of Raga''&quot;], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 29 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; The following year, the [[Gramophone Company of India]] issued ''The Voice of Sarod from the Strokes of Drums – Tabla Tarang by Kamalesh Maitra'', on which he played three ragas accompanied by Rakha's son [[Fazal Qureshi]] on tabla and Laura Patchen on [[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/ocm35143162 &quot;Pandit Kamalesh Maitra tabla tarang – Catalog&quot;], [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries]] (retrieved 29 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This was followed in 1996 by ''Tabla Tarang – Melody on Drums'', issued in America by [[Smithsonian Folkways]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Melody on Drums/Allmusic&quot; /&gt; The album features contributions from Indo–jazz percussionist [[Trilok Gurtu]] and Patchen again on tambura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AM bio&quot; /&gt; [[Rough Guides]]' ''World Music'' includes ''Melody on Drums'' among its recommended recordings, describing the music as &quot;absolutely compelling&quot; and Maitra as &quot;the acknowledged master of this rare but beautiful sounding instrument&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rough Guide p 78&quot; /&gt; ''[[Option (music magazine)|Option]]'' magazine heralded the album as &quot;[a] historic [[world music]] milestone&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian&quot; /&gt; The 1998 release ''Tarang – Kamalesh Maitra Live at the House of the Cultures of the World'', recorded with the Ragatala Ensemble&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebase works&quot;&gt;[http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?258 &quot;Kamalesh Maitra&quot; &gt; Works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081637/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?258 |date=6 October 2014 }}, culturebase.net (retrieved 29 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; in November 1993, contains a performance of &quot;[[Charukesi|Raga Charukeshi]]&quot; on which music critic Ken Hunt praises Maitra's playing as &quot;phenomenal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunt/World Music&quot;&gt;Ken Hunt, [http://kenhunt.doruzka.com/index.php/giant-donut-discs-®-february-2013/ &quot;Giant Donut Discs ® – February 2013&quot;]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, World Music (retrieved 29 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Final years and legacy==<br /> In September 2000, Maitra was awarded the &quot;Musicale Vitale&quot; prize at Berlin's Werkstatt der Kulturen festival.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berliner Zeitung bio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebase awards&quot;&gt;[http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?258 &quot;Kamalesh Maitra&quot; &gt; Merits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081637/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?258 |date=6 October 2014 }}, culturebase.net (retrieved 29 November 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; He continued to perform and record with the Ragatala Ensemble until 2003,&lt;ref name=&quot;culturbase article&quot; /&gt; the same year that he premiered his final orchestral work, ''Raag Symphonia'', in Berlin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berliner Zeitung bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Maitra died on 22 April 2005, aged 76, in [[Kreischa]], near the German city of Dresden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berliner Zeitung bio&quot; /&gt; Hunt describes him as a &quot;master musician&quot; and attributes much of his musical vision to the pioneering spirit of Uday Shankar, who &quot;painted the backdrops against which many trained musicians learned to deliver traditional music in a new age for people with no grounding or appreciation of traditional styles of dance or music&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunt/World Music&quot; /&gt; Maitra is commonly referred to as the &quot;last master&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berliner Zeitung bio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AM bio&quot; /&gt; of the comparatively rare tabla tarang.&lt;ref name=&quot;culturbase article&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Melody on Drums/Allmusic&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India|Music}}<br /> *[[Tabla tarang]]<br /> <br /> ==Citations==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * ''Collaborations'', book accompanying ''Ravi Shankar–George Harrison Collaborations'' box set (Dark Horse Records, 2010; produced by Olivia Harrison; package design by Drew Lorimer &amp; Olivia Harrison).<br /> * Olivia Harrison, ''George Harrison: Living in the Material World'', Abrams (New York, NY, 2011; {{ISBN|978-1-4197-0220-4}}).<br /> * Peter Lavezzoli, ''The Dawn of Indian Music in the West'', Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; {{ISBN|0-8264-2819-3}}).<br /> * Simon Leng, ''While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison'', Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; {{ISBN|1-4234-0609-5}}).<br /> * Chip Madinger &amp; Mark Easter, ''Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium'', 44.1 Productions (Chesterfield, MO, 2000; {{ISBN|0-615-11724-4}}).<br /> * Daniel M. Neuman, ''The Life of Music in North India: The Organization of an Artistic Tradition'', University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL, 1990; {{ISBN|978-0-226-57516-2}}).<br /> * Robert Rodriguez, ''Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980'', Backbeat Books (Milwaukee, WI, 2010; {{ISBN|978-1-4165-9093-4}}).<br /> * Ravi Shankar, ''Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar'', Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; {{ISBN|1-56649-104-5}}).<br /> * ''World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific)'', Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}).<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Maitra, Kamalesh}}<br /> [[Category:1928 births]]<br /> [[Category:2005 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drummers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian percussionists]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani composers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century drummers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century male musicians]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akola_East_Assembly_constituency&diff=485309 2026-04-19T19:22:42Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: new basic article with sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Akola East<br /> | constituency_no = 31<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | map_image = 31-Akola East.svg<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | district = [[Akola district|Akola]]<br /> | reservation = None <br /> | mla = [[Randhir Pralhadrao Savarkar]] <br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> | electors =355,797 <br /> }}<br /> '''Akola East Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the five which are located in the [[Akola district]].<br /> <br /> It is a part of the [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]], [[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]], [[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]], and [[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur (SC)]] and [[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]] from the [[Washim district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://electionaffairs.com/results/State_assembly/Maharashtra_2009/maharashtra_assembly_results_2009.html |title=Result of Maharashtra State Elections 2009 |publisher=Indian Elections Affairs website |access-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424121750/http://electionaffairs.com/results/State_assembly/Maharashtra_2009/maharashtra_assembly_results_2009.html |archive-date=24 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 31 Akola East Assembly constituency is composed of the following: <br /> Akola Tehsil (Part) - Akola (M.Corp.) (Part), Ward No 8 to 12, 31 to 37 and 54 to 55, 2. Akot Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle-Kutasa, Chohatta, 3. Akola Tehsil (Part)-Ghusar, [[Palso]] BK., Borgaon Manju, Kapshi and Akola, Umari Pragane Balapur (CT) and Malkapur (CT). of the [[district]].&lt;ref name=commission&gt;{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XVII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule XVII Maharashtra, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |publisher = |access-date = 2015-03-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class = wikitable<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=4|{{center|''Before 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> | Haridas Bhade<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=3|[[Randhir Pralhadrao Savarkar|Randhir Savarkar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akola East&lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Akola East&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Akola East |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1331.htm |access-date=30 November 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130180906/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1331.htm |archive-date=30 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 108,619 |percentage = 49.29% |change={{decrease}}3.32 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Alias Ashish Ramrao Datkar |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 58,006 |percentage = 26.32% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dnyaneshwar Shankar Sultane |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 50,681 |percentage = 23.00% |change={{decrease}}16.67 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,510 |percentage = 0.69% |change={{decrease}}0.56 }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 50,613 |percentage = 22.97% |change= {{increase}}10.02 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 221,870 |percentage = 62.36% |change= {{increase}}6.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 220,360}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 355,797|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.18 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.32 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2019=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akola East&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends &amp; Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 100,475 |percentage = 52.62% |change={{increase}}20.59 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Haridas Pandhari Bhade|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 75,752 |percentage = 39.67% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vivek Ramrao Paraskar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,533 |percentage = 4.99% |change={{decrease}}0.70 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,381 |percentage = 1.25% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,723 |percentage = 12.95% |change= {{increase}}11.49 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 193,462 |percentage = 56.10% |change= {{decrease}}0.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 190,958}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 344,835|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.70 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}20.59 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2014=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akola East}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,678 |percentage = 32.03% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Haridas Pandhari Bhade |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 51,238 |percentage = 30.57% |change={{decrease}}2.15 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gopikishan Bajoria| Gopikisan Radhakisan Bajoria]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 35,514 |percentage = 21.19% |change={{decrease}}1.91 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Dr.Subhashchandra Wamanrao Korpe|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,542 |percentage = 5.69% |change={{decrease}}14.24 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shirish Vasantrao Dhotre |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 6,088 |percentage = 3.63% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Onkarrao Malokar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,430 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 989 |percentage = 0.59% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,440 |percentage = 1.46% |change= {{decrease}}8.17 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 168,664 |percentage = 56.10% |change= {{increase}}1.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,608}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 300,651|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.33 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |swing= {{decrease}}0.69 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2009=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akola East&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Haridas Pandhari Bhade |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 48,438 |percentage = 32.72% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gulabrao Ramrao Gawande |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 34,194 |percentage = 23.10% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Alias Dadarao Narayanrao Mete (Patil) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,511 |percentage = 19.93% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Omkarrao Malokar |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 29,065 |percentage = 19.63% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shankar Kisanrao Ingle|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,449 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sheshrao Rambhau Dongre|party=Independent politician |votes = 1,082 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,244 |percentage = 9.62% |change= }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 148,045 |percentage = 53.84% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,040}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,988|ref = |change= }} <br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |loser = |swing= }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Akola]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{coord|20|42|32.09|N|76|59|47.73|E|region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Akola]]<br /> [[Category:Akola district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wachi_Assembly_constituency&diff=545408 2026-04-19T08:56:15Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: created initial pg w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> |name = Wachi<br /> |type= SLA<br /> |state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | map_image = <br /> |map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> |district = [[Shopian district|Shopian]]<br /> |established = 1987<br /> | abolished = 2018<br /> |electors = &lt;!-- number of electors at last election. Add a ref --&gt;<br /> |reservation = <br /> }}<br /> '''Wachi''' was a legislative constituency of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a region formerly administered by India as a state from 1952 to 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/rs-1-cr-released-for-wachi-constituency/|title=Rs 1 cr released for Wachi constituency}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wachi]] assembly constituency was a part of [[Shopian]], a hill district of the union territory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/wachi.html |title=Wachi Election 2014, Results, Candidate List and winner of Wachi Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency, Jammu and Kashmir}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/polling-stations/wachi.html |title=Polling Booth in Wachi Assembly Constituency, Jammu and Kashmir}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/jammu-and-kashmir-elections-nc-pdp-in-a-close-contest-in-both-shopian-and-wachi-731107.html |title=Jammu and Kashmir elections: NC, PDP in a close contest in both Shopian and Wachi|date=13 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was officially replaced and renamed as the [[Zainapora Assembly constituency]] in May 2022&lt;ref name=&quot;l854&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Kashmir: Zainpora (Wachi) Constituency Profile | website=Kashmir Life | date=2024-09-04 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/zainapora-assembly-constituency-a-profile-365330/ | access-date=2024-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; after the parliament of India introduced [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]].&lt;ref name=&quot;p993&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Ashiq | first=Damini Nath &amp; Peerzada | title=Delimitation panel notifies new J&amp;K Assembly constituencies | website=The Hindu | date=2022-05-05 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jk-delimitation-panel-makes-final-report-public-reserves-two-seats-for-pandits/article65384399.ece | access-date=2024-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;y558&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Bhat | first=Gulzar | title=Multi-cornered contest to be witnessed on twin assembly seats in Shopian | website=Greaterkashmir | date=2024-08-31 | url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/multi-cornered-contest-to-be-witnessed-on-twin-assembly-seats-in-shopian/326093 | access-date=2024-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> | Nazir Ahmad Wani&lt;ref name=election1987&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3793-jammu-kashmir-1987/ |title=Jammu &amp; Kashmir 1987 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 December 2023 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | Mohammad Jabar Mir&lt;ref name=election1996&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3794-jammu-kashmir-1996/ |title=Jammu &amp; Kashmir 1996 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url-access=limited |access-date=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br /> |[[Mohammad Khalil Naik]]&lt;ref name=election2002&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3795-jammu-kashmir-2002/ |title=Jammu &amp; Kashmir 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |[[Mehbooba Mufti]]&lt;ref name=election2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3796-jammu-kashmir-2008/ |title=Jammu &amp; Kashmir 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/mehbooba-mufti-wins-anantnag-assembly-by-election-533665.html |title=Mehbooba Mufti wins Anantnag assembly by-election|date=25 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |[[Aijaz Ahmad Mir]]&lt;ref name=election2014&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |title=Jammu &amp; Kashmir 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]: Wachi&lt;ref name=election2014&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |title=Jammu &amp; Kashmir 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Aijaz Ahmad Mir]]<br /> |party = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Official website|https://jkla.neva.gov.in/}}<br /> *[https://jammukashmir.s3waas.gov.in/ Jammu and Kashmir district portal]<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> {{coord|33.80|75.04|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Shopian district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1987]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2019]]<br /> [[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:1987 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhoomige_Bandha_Bhagavantha&diff=491287 2026-04-14T11:31:44Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: new new data w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Kannada language TV series}}<br /> {{for|1981 Kannada Film|Bhoomige Banda Bhagavantha}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Bhoomige Bandha Bhagavantha title card.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | company = Tanadava Productions<br /> | last_aired = {{end date|2024|08|04|df=y}}<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|20|df=y}}<br /> | network = [[Zee Kannada]]<br /> | num_episodes = 354<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | related = ''[[Neeli Chatri Waale]]''<br /> | num_seasons = <br /> | editor = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | music = '''Singer'''&lt;br/&gt;[[Shankar Mahadevan]] <br /> | open_theme = <br /> | end_theme = <br /> | writer = <br /> | executive_producer = Raghavendra C.V<br /> | producer = Tandav Ram<br /> | composer = '''Music'''&lt;br/&gt;Karthik Sharma&lt;br/&gt;''' Lyricist '''&lt;br/&gt;Raghavendra C.V&lt;br/&gt;Sudheendra Bharadwaj<br /> | country = India<br /> | story = [[Zee Kannada]] &lt;br/&gt;'''Dialogues'''&lt;br/&gt;Rajesh C.A<br /> | director = Aroor Jagadeesh<br /> | starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br /> | genre = [[Drama]]<br /> | caption = <br /> | location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | cinematography = Kantaraju Nidaghatta<br /> | camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 22 minutes<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bhoomige Bandha Bhagavantha''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Lord Came To Earth}}) is an Indian [[Kannada|Kannada language]] drama series airing on [[Zee Kannada]] which premiered from 20 March 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-03-18 |title=Bhoomige Banda Bhagavantha to premiere on Monday |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bhoomige-banda-bhagavantha-set-to-premiere-on-monday/articleshow/98752262.cms |access-date=2024-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-04 |title=Daily soap Bhoomige Banda Bhagavantha completes 100 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-bhoomige-banda-bhagavantha-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/102416786.cms |access-date=2024-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show is an remake of [[Zee TV|Zee TV's]] series ''[[Neeli Chatri Waale]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=ಭಕ್ತನಿಗಾಗಿ 'ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ', ಜೀ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/zee-kannada-new-serial-bhoomige-banda-bhagavantha-soon-svl-kvd-939627.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=News18 ಕನ್ನಡ |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars [[Naveen Krishna]], Karthik Samag and Kritika Ravindra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=ಬದಲಾದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರ್ತಿದೆ 'ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/after-seetha-raama-serial-entry-bhoomige-bandha-bhagavantha-serial-time-will-change-from-july-17th-rmd-621665.html |access-date=2024-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chandra |first=Praveen |date=Dec 26, 2023 |title=Serial News: ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಗೆ 200 ಸಂಚಿಕೆಯ ಸಂಭ್ರಮ; ಕಿರುತೆರೆ ವೀಕ್ಷಕರ ಮನಗೆದ್ದ ಸೀರಿಯಲ್‌ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/televison-news-bhoomige-banda-bhagavantha-kannada-serial-complete-200-episode-zee-kannada-serial-team-celebrate-pcp-181703577511156.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-02-10 |title=Master Anand is set to direct a new soap opera |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/master-anand-is-set-to-direct-a-new-soap-opera/articleshow/80779377.cms |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Shiv Prasad, a middle-class man stressed by personal and professional life, meets [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] in human form. Lord Shiva guides him through the dilemmas of his life.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> ===Main===<br /> *[[Naveen Krishna]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-01-16 |title=Naveen Krishna acts in new soap opera Bhoomige Bandha Bagavantha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/naveen-krishna-acts-in-new-soap-opera-bhoomige-bandha-bagavantha/articleshow/97022888.cms |access-date=2024-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Naveen Krishna: ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ ಕಾಮಿಡಿ ಸೀರಿಯಲ್ಲಾ? ನಟ ನವೀನ್ ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಏನ್ ಹೇಳ್ತಾರೆ? |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kannada-actor-director-naveen-krishna-talk-about-his-new-serial-bhoomige-banda-bhagavanta-rvj-pvn-940360.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=News18 Kannada |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Shiva Prasad : Girija's husband.<br /> *Karthik Samag&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ಭಗವಂತನ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಭಿನಯಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವುದು ನನ್ನ ಅದೃಷ್ಟ: ಕಾರ್ತಿಕ್ ಸಾಮಗ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/interviews/actor-karthik-samag-talks-about-his-journey-and-bhoomige-banda-bhagavantha-serial/articleshow/99829358.cms |access-date=2023-02-23 |publisher=Vijaya Karnataka |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ನಟ ಕಾರ್ತಿಕ್ ಸಾಮಗ್‌ಗೆ ಶಾಬ್ಬಾಶ್ ಎಂದ ಪ್ರಭಾಸ್ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/tv-talk/zee-kannada-seriala-bhumige-banda-bhagavanta-actor-karthik-samag-pav-s1naty |access-date=2023-02-23 |publisher=Asianet News Kannada |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Lord Shiva.<br /> *Kritika Ravindra&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ಭೂಮಿಗ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಗಿರಿಜಾ ಪಾತ್ರದ ಕೃತಿಕಾ ನಿಜ ಬದುಕಿನ ಕಹಿ ಅಧ್ಯಾಯ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/web-stories/entertainment/bhoomige-banda-bhagavantha-serial-girija-real-name-kruttikaa-ravindra-biography/photoshow/101491358.cms |access-date=2023-02-23 |publisher=Vijaya Karnataka |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Girija : Shiva Prasad's wife.<br /> <br /> ===Recurring===<br /> *Umesh as Vishwanath : Shiv Prasad's father.<br /> *Ankita Jayaram&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ankita Jayaram: ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯ ಬಾಲನಟಿ ಈಗ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ನಾಯಕಿ; ಕಾಗದ ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂಕಿತಾ ಜಯರಾಮ್‌ ಹೀರೋಯಿನ್ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kannada-television-news-bhoomige-banda-bhagavantha-serial-child-artist-ankita-jayaram-became-a-full-fledged-heroine-mnk-181691317672572.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Hindustan Times Kannada |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Praneetha, Shiva Prasad and Girija's daughter.<br /> *Anurag as Skanda : Shiva Prasad and Girija's Son.<br /> *Bangalore Nagesh as Ananta Deshpande<br /> *Shashi Deshpande&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=ತಾನೆಂದರೇನಂತ ತೋರಿಸೋಕೆ ಅಂತ ʻಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತʼ.! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/bhoomige-banda-bhagavantha-kannada-serial-in-zee-kannada-125816 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Zee News Kannada |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Vivek Deshpande<br /> *D. Lingaraj as Moggu Suresh<br /> *Gautami as Margaret<br /> *Murali as Baskar<br /> *Balu as Babu<br /> *Rabindranath as Nagaraj<br /> *Pawan Kumar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=ಬದಲಾದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರ್ತಿದೆ 'ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/after-seetha-raama-serial-entry-bhoomige-bandha-bhagavantha-serial-time-will-change-from-july-17th-rmd-621665.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Ramaiah<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Bhoomige Bandha Bhagawantha<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 2023<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Drama]]<br /> | length = 4:36<br /> | language = [[Kannada]]<br /> | label = [[Zee Kannada]]<br /> | director = Aroor Jagadeesh<br /> | producer = <br /> | compiler = '''Music'''&lt;br/&gt;Karthik Sharma&lt;br/&gt;''' Lyricist '''&lt;br/&gt;Raghavendra C.V&lt;br/&gt;Sudheendra Bhraradwaj<br /> | prev_title = <br /> | prev_year = <br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = <br /> | misc = <br /> }}<br /> {{track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | headline = Tracklisting<br /> | total_length = 4:36<br /> | title1 = Bhoomige Bandha Bhagawantha&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Bhoomige Bandha Bhagavantha - Title Track - Lyrical Video - Zee Kannada |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRsAjn1e1Vk |access-date=2024-02-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | note1 = <br /> | music1 = Karthik Sharma<br /> | extra1 = <br /> | length1 = <br /> | lyrics1 = Raghavendra C.V&lt;br/&gt;Sudheendra Bhraradwaj<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Controversy==<br /> In one episode of the series, there was a scene where pro-Kannada activists insulted Man for not having his shop Board Name in Kannada. Following this scene, Kannadigas have expressed a great deal of anger on social media, even calling for a boycott of the show. The primary reason for this is the depiction of the pro-Kannada activists as goons in that particular scene.<br /> <br /> After the public outcry over this scene in the series, the director Aruru Jagadish and the lead actor Naveen Krishna shared an apology video on their social media platforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reshma |title=ಕನ್ನಡಪರ ಹೋರಾಟಗಾರರಿಗೆ ಅವಮಾನ, ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಭುಗಿಲೆದ್ದ ಆಕ್ರೋಶ; ಕ್ಷಮೆ ಕೇಳಿದ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ, ನಾಯಕ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-zee-kannada-bhoomige-banda-bhagavanta-serial-dispute-kannadigas-outrage-apologized-by-director-and-hero-181699528705329.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adaptations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin-right: 0;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:Violet; width:10%;&quot;| Language<br /> ! style=&quot;background:Violet; width:25%;&quot;| Title<br /> ! style=&quot;background:Violet; width:20%;&quot;| Original release<br /> ! style=&quot;background:Violet; width:10%;&quot;| Network(s)<br /> ! style=&quot;background:Violet; width:10%;&quot;| Last aired<br /> ! style=&quot;background:Violet; width:10%;&quot;| Notes<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hindi]]<br /> | ''[[Neeli Chatri Waale]]'' &lt;br&gt; नीली छतरी वाले<br /> | 20 August 2014<br /> | [[Zee TV]]<br /> | 14 August 2016<br /> | Original<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kannada]]<br /> | ''Bhoomige Bandha Bhagavantha'' &lt;br&gt; ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ಭಗವಂತ <br /> | 20 March 2023<br /> | [[Zee Kannada]]<br /> | Ongoing<br /> | Remake<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | ''Sriman Bhagoban Das'' &lt;br&gt; শ্রীমান ভগবান দাস <br /> | 25 August 2025<br /> | [[Zee Bangla Sonar]]<br /> | Ongoing<br /> | Remake<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/bhoomige-bandha-bhagavantha/0-6-4z5327103 ''Bhoomige Bandha Bhagavantha''] at [[ZEE5]]<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Television}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangarampur_Assembly_constituency&diff=499839 2026-04-14T03:22:10Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: created new info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Gangarampur<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Gangarampur.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Gangarampur Assembly Constituency<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | district = [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat]]<br /> | constituency_no = 41<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | abolished = <br /> | mla = [[Satyendra Nath Ray]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | electors = 224,040<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gangarampur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Dakshin Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 41 Gangarampur Assembly constituency (SC) covers [[Gangarampur]] municipality, Belbari I, Damdama, Gangarampur and Nandanpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Gangarampur (Community development block)|Gangrampur]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Ajmatpur, Autina, Gurail, Hazratpur, Ramchandrapur and Rampara Chenchra gram panchayats of [[Tapan (Community development block)|Tapan]] community development block.&lt;ref name =delimitation&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gangarampur Assembly constituency (SC) is part of No. 6 [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].&lt;ref name =delimitation/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br /> | Satindra Nath Basu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | Lakshman Chandra Hansda<br /> |-<br /> | Satindra Nath Basu<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | Mangla Kisku<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[Khalil Sayed]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> | Ahindra Sarkar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Moslehuddin Ahmed]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | Ahindra Sarkar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /> | [[Moslehuddin Ahmed]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Minati Ghosh]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Narayan Biswas<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[Satyendra Nath Ray]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[Goutam Das (politician)|Goutam Das]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[Satyendra Nath Ray]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> ===2026===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangarampur}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Goutam Das|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= [[Satyendra Nath Ray]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Left Front (West Bengal)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = <br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> In the 2021 election, [[Satyendra Nath Ray]] of BJP defeated his nearest rival, Goutam Das of Trinamool Congress.<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangarampur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Satyendra Nath Ray]]<br /> |votes = 88,724<br /> |percentage = 46.82<br /> |change = +36.67<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Goutam Das (politician) | Goutam Das]]|votes=84,132|percentage=44.40|change=+4.22}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Nandalal Hazra|votes=12,273|percentage=6.48|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Arun Kanti Bala|votes=1,169|percentage=0.62|change=-0.24}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,149|percentage=0.61|change=-0.79}}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = [[Kamtapur People's Party|KPPU]]<br /> |candidate = Akshay Sarkar<br /> |votes = 1,145<br /> |percentage = 0.60<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star|candidate=Subrata Roy|votes=890|percentage=0.47|change=-0.15}},<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=189,482|percentage=84.58|change=-2.67}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> In the 2016 election, Goutam Das of Congress defeated his nearest rival, [[Satyendra Nath Ray]] of Trinamool Congress.<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Gangarampur (SC) constituency}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Goutam Das (politician) | Goutam Das]]|votes=80,401|percentage=46.37|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Satyendra Nath Ray]]|votes=69,668|percentage=40.18|change=-5.67}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sanatan Karmakar|votes=17,604|percentage=10.15|change=+7.06}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=2,432|percentage=1.40|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jatindra Nath Barman|votes=1,486|percentage=0.86|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star|candidate=Sukla Bhuimali|votes=1,068|percentage=0.62|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Bimal Chandra Barman|votes=719|percentage=0.41|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=173,378|percentage=87.25|change=-2.60}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> In the 2011 election, [[Satyendra Nath Ray]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Nandalal Hazra of CPI(M).<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Gangarampur (SC) constituency&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2011&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2021.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date =}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&amp;cid=41 | title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 | work = Gangarampur | publisher = Empowering India | access-date = 4 August 2011 | archive-date = 1 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130701112941/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&amp;cid=41 | url-status = usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Satyendra Nath Ray]]<br /> |votes = 65,666<br /> |percentage = 45.85<br /> |change = +1.38#<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Nandalal Hazra<br /> |votes = 64,998<br /> |percentage = 45.38<br /> |change = -6.82<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Dipankar Roy<br /> |votes = 4,432<br /> |percentage = 3.09<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Akshay Sarkar<br /> |votes = 2,127<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Sreepada Barman<br /> |votes = 1,915<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Uttam Kumar Barman<br /> |votes = 1,267<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Susen Chandra Barman<br /> |votes = 1,121<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician) &lt;!-- probably from one of the CPI(ML)s --&gt;<br /> |candidate = Sukla Bhuimali<br /> |votes = 858<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Kanak Sarkar<br /> |votes = 835<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 143,219<br /> |percentage = 89.85<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |swing = 7.20#<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> Shukla Bhuimali, contesting as an Indepependent, belonged to CPI(ML).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.ceowb.in/CandidateAffidavitsForAc.aspx?ACID=41 | title = Chief Electoral Officer, West Bengal, 41 Gangarampur | work = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 | publisher = Election Commission of India | access-date = 31 May 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912025807/http://www.ceowb.in/CandidateAffidavitsForAc.aspx?ACID=41 | archive-date = 12 September 2011 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1977–2006===<br /> In [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2006&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2001&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2001&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; state assembly elections Narayan Biswas of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Gangarampur assembly seat defeating his nearest rival [[Biplab Mitra]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. [[Minati Ghosh]] of CPI(M) defeated Asish Majumdar of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 1996,&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1996&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biplab Mitra of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1991&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1991&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Moslehuddin Ahmed]] of Congress in 1987.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1987&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Moslehuddin Ahmed]] representing [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] defeated Arabinda Chakrabarty of CPI(M) in 1982.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1982&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahindra Sarkar of CPI(M) defeated [[Moslehuddin Ahmed]] of Congress in 1977.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1977&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp35.htm | title = 35 - Gangarampur Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1951–1972===<br /> [[Moslehuddin Ahmed]] of Congress won in 1972&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1972&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 1971.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1971&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahindra Sarkar of CPI(M) won in 1969.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1969&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Khalil Sayed]] of Congress won in 1967.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1967&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mangla Kisku of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1962&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lakshman Chandra Hansda and Satindra Nath Basu, both of Congress, won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]],&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1957&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; when Gangarampur was a joint seat. Satindra Nath Basu of Congress won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1952&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Dakshin Dinajpur topics}}<br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> {{West Bengal elections}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Dakshin Dinajpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Gangarampur]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._S._Rajah&diff=549445 2026-04-07T21:32:13Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: started new entry.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Singaporean lawyer}}<br /> {{Indian patronymic|Saunthararajah|Kasinather}}<br /> {{More footnotes needed|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = K. S. Rajah<br /> | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|list=[[Pingat Bakti Masyarakat|PBM]] [[Senior Counsel|SC]]}}<br /> | image = Kasinather Saunthararajah.jpg<br /> | image_size = 128<br /> | alt = Portrait of a middle-aged Indian man with grey hair wearing spectacles and a suit and tie.<br /> | caption =<br /> | office = [[Judicial Commissioner]]<br /> | term_start = 15 May 1991<br /> | term_end = 2 March 1995<br /> | birth_date = 3 March 1930<br /> | birth_place = [[Perai]], [[Penang]], [[Straits Settlements]] (now [[Malaysia]])<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|06|17|1930|03|03|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Singapore]]<br /> | resting_place = <br /> | resting_place_coordinates = <br /> | birth_name = Kasinather Saunthararajah<br /> | alma_mater = [[University of Singapore]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] (Hons.), 1963)<br /> | profession = Lawyer<br /> | blank1 = Awards<br /> | data1 = [[Pingat Bakti Masyarakat|PBM]] (2002); C.C. Tan Award (2008)<br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kasinather Saunthararajah''' {{small|[[Pingat Bakti Masyarakat|PBM]]}} {{small|[[Senior Counsel|SC]]}} (3 March 1930 – 17 June 2010),&lt;ref&gt;K. S. Rajah's [[personal name]] was Saunthararajah; Kasinather was his father's personal name.&lt;/ref&gt; known professionally as '''K. S. Rajah''', was a [[Senior Counsel]] and [[Judicial Commissioner]] of the [[Supreme Court of Singapore|Supreme Court]] of [[Singapore]]. Born in [[Penang]], he came to Singapore in 1950 and worked as a teacher before embarking on part-time law studies at what was later known as the [[National University of Singapore#Beginnings|University of Singapore]], graduating in 1963 with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] with [[Bachelor's degree#Honours Degrees and academic distinctions|honours]] (LL.B. (Hons.)). He then spent the next 22 years with the [[Singapore Legal Service]], eventually heading the civil and criminal divisions of the [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General's Chambers]] and also serving as Director of the Singapore Legal Aid Bureau and head of the [[Official Assignee]] and Public Trustee's Office. In 1985 he retired from the Legal Service and went into private practice, establishing the firm of B. Rao &amp; K. S. Rajah.<br /> <br /> In 1991, Rajah was appointed a [[Judicial Commissioner]] of the [[Supreme Court of Singapore]]. His time on the Bench was marked by a number of significant [[family law of Singapore|family law]] cases, including one in 1991 in which he held that since the gender of a [[transsexualism|transsexual]] person was to be determined according to biological criteria, [[sex reassignment surgery]] did not alter a person's gender. Thus, a marriage between an individual who had undergone a female-to-male sex change operation and a woman was void, being a marriage between two persons of the same gender. The decision prompted [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]] to amend the [[Women's Charter (Singapore)|Women's Charter]] in 1996 to permit transsexual people to marry in the capacity of their new gender.<br /> <br /> Rajah retired as a judge in 1995 and joined Harry Elias &amp; Partners (now Harry Elias Partnership LLP) as a consultant. He also became the first President of the Tribunal for the Maintenance of Parents in 1996. The following year, he was appointed Senior Counsel in the first group of lawyers to be conferred this status. A member of the Singapore Mediation Centre and the Singapore International Arbitration Centre, he was active as a mediator and arbitrator. A frequent contributor to the ''Malayan Law Journal'' and the ''Singapore Law Gazette'', particularly on [[criminal law of Singapore|criminal law]] and [[Constitution of Singapore|constitutional]] matters, a number of his legal articles provoked controversy.<br /> <br /> Rajah was the Chairman of the [[Sri Aurobindo]] Society Singapore, the Secretary and later the President of the Hindu Centre, and the Vice-President of the Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association. He also served with the [[Hindu Endowments Board]] and the Society for the Physically Disabled. He was conferred the ''[[Pingat Bakti Masyarakat]]'' (Public Service Medal) at the National Day Awards in August 2002, and in October 2008 received the [[Tan Chye Cheng|C.C. Tan]] Award, which recognizes lawyers who display the highest ideals of the profession, from the [[Law Society of Singapore]].<br /> <br /> ==Early years, education and career==<br /> [[File:Victoria Clock Tower Penang Dec 2006 002.jpg|thumb|The [[Victoria of the United Kingdom#Diamond Jubilee|Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Clock Tower]] in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], [[Penang]], photographed December 2006]]<br /> <br /> The eldest of 13 children of a [[Sri Lanka]]n couple, K. S. Rajah was born in [[Perai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 20060409&quot;&gt;{{citation|author=Ben Nadarajan|title=A lawyer who won't shut up|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=9 April 2006}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Province Wellesley (now [[Seberang Perai]]), [[Penang]], in what was then the [[Straits Settlements]] (now [[Malaysia]]) on 3 March 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 19950303&quot;&gt;{{citation|title=K. S. Rajah retires from the Bench|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|date=3 March 1995}}.&lt;/ref&gt; His father was a clerk, and as the family was not well off he often could not afford books and had to borrow them and copy out texts by hand.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law Gazette&quot;&gt;{{citation|author=S. Suressh |title=K S Rajah |url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2010-09/Notices1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121153/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2010-09/Notices1.htm |archive-date= 20 July 2011 |magazine=Singapore Law Gazette |date=September 2010 |pages=45–46 |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; He was a pupil of the [[Bukit Mertajam High School]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Old boys form association in Singapore|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=26 June 1966|page=9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Still a student during the [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese Occupation]], to contribute towards his family's finances he worked as a [[mess]] boy at a Japanese officers' mess and later as a translator for the Japanese authorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law Gazette&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Rajah left school at the age of 16 years. His first job was as a [[wireless]] operator on shore for the Penang port authority, using [[Morse code]] to communicate with vessels at sea.&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 19950303&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Law Gazette&quot;/&gt; Coming to Singapore in 1950, he started working as a teacher at [[Sembawang]] Primary School,&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 20060409&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Law Gazette&quot;/&gt; and was sent for further training in the United Kingdom in 1953 on a scholarship from the [[Ministry of Education (Singapore)|Ministry of Education]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 19910514&quot;&gt;{{citation|title=K. S. Rajah appointed as Supreme Court judicial commissioner|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=14 May 1991}}.&lt;/ref&gt; On his return, he lectured at the Teachers' Training College.&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 20060409&quot;/&gt; He became a [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizen]] in 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 19950303&quot;/&gt; In 1959 he joined the pioneer batch of law undergraduates&lt;ref name=&quot;Law Gazette&quot;/&gt; at the [[University of Malaya]] in [[Singapore]] to study law part-time;&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 20060409&quot;/&gt; in December the same year he married his wife Gnanambigai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law Gazette&quot;/&gt; The university became known as the [[National University of Singapore Faculty of Law|University of Singapore]] in 1962, and Rajah graduated from it with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] with [[Bachelor's degree#Honours Degrees and academic distinctions|honours]] (LL.B. (Hons.)) the following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 20100618&quot;&gt;{{citation|author=K.C. Vijayan |title=Late lawyer 'flew the flag for underdogs': K. S. Rajah worked on many landmark cases in 40-year career and was lauded for his integrity |url=http://www.singaporelawwatch.sg/remweb/legal/ln2/rss/legalnews/67818.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621064531/http://www.singaporelawwatch.sg/remweb/legal/ln2/rss/legalnews/67818.html |archive-date=21 June 2010 |newspaper=The Straits Times (reproduced on the Singapore Law Watch website) |date=18 June 2010 |page=A24 |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> <br /> ===Singapore Legal Service===<br /> Rajah joined the [[Singapore Legal Service]] in 1963, becoming a deputy [[public prosecutor]] and, later, senior state counsel with the [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General's Chambers]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 19910514&quot;/&gt; He was [[call to the Bar|admitted to the Bar]] on 18 May 1966.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=2005 Election – 28 Oct 05 (Senior Category): List of practitioners that voted |url=http://www.lawsociety.org.sg/running_practice/practising_cert/pdf/Practitioners_who_voted_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610205758/http://www.lawsociety.org.sg/running_practice/practising_cert/pdf/Practitioners_who_voted_2005.pdf |archive-date= 10 June 2011 |publisher=[[Law Society of Singapore]] |date=28 October 2005 |access-date=10 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BT 19950302&quot;&gt;{{citation|author=Ramesh Divyanathan|title=K S Rajah leaves Bench, joins Harry Elias &amp; Partners|newspaper=[[Business Times (Singapore)]]|date=2 March 1995}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He handled a number of prominent criminal matters, including the [[Pulau Senang prison riot]]&lt;ref&gt;''Tan Kheng Ann v. Public Prosecutor'' [1965] 2 M.L.J. [''Malayan Law Journal''] 108, [[Federal Court of Malaysia]].&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Sunny Ang]] murder trials;&lt;ref&gt;''Ang Sunny v. Public Prosecutor'' [1965–1967] S.L.R.(R) [''Singapore Law Reports (Reissue)''] 123, Federal Court.&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Gold Bars triple murders|Gold Bar murder]] case, in which a Hong Kong seaman was found to have tried to unlawfully import 165 gold bars and 134 gold coins worth [[Singapore dollar|S$]]86,076.70 without a permit.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=$86,000 gold in cabin, court told|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=28 September 1968|page=4}}. The offender's conviction was upheld by the High Court in ''Yau Tin Kwong v. Public Prosecutor'' [1968–1970] S.L.R.(R) 586, although his sentence was reduced.&lt;/ref&gt; In September 1967 he led the prosecution of 262 members of the [[Barisan Sosialis]] [[list of political parties in Singapore|political party]] (dissolved in 1988) for [[unlawful assembly]] and [[Breach of the peace|disturbing the peace]], Singapore's largest criminal trial.&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 20100618&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Barisan trial: No politics, counsel is told|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=18 November 1967|page=7}}; {{citation|title=S'pore's big trial is on again – for one hour|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=26 October 1967|page=5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He eventually led the Chambers' civil and criminal sections&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 19910514&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BT 19950302&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=HEP&gt;{{citation|title=K S Rajah – Consultant |url=http://www.harryelias.com.sg/people/ksrajah.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329075816/http://www.harryelias.com.sg/people/ksrajah.htm |archive-date=29 March 2010 |publisher=Harry Elias Partnership |access-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; until 2 August 1972, when he was appointed to head the Official Assignee and Public Trustee's Office.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=The first woman Official Assignee resigns|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=31 July 1972|page=10|quote=Singapore's first woman Official Assignee, Mrs. Quek Bee See ..., has resigned. ... Tomorrow will be her last day in office. Her successor, it is understood, is senior State counsel Mr. K. S. Rajah.}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also the longest-serving Director of the Singapore Legal Aid Bureau.&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 20100618&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Exactly when Rajah became the Director of the Legal Aid Bureau is not currently known. However, he was in this post by 12 December 1972: see {{citation|title=Rajah to lead fire evidence|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=12 December 1972|page=15|quote=The Director of Legal Aid, Mr. K. S. Rajah, will lead the evidence at the inquiry into the Robinson's department store fire which claimed nine lives on Nov. 21.}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1985, he retired from the Legal Service and went into private practice, establishing the firm of B. Rao &amp; K. S. Rajah.&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 19910514&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BT 19950302&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Judicial Commissioner===<br /> [[File:OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20090521.jpg|thumb|The [[Old Supreme Court Building, Singapore|Old Supreme Court Building]], where K. S. Rajah served as a [[Judicial Commissioner]] between 1991 and 1995, photographed in May 2009|alt=A building with a facade of columns, a dome and a row of palm trees in front, illuminated at night]]<br /> <br /> Between 15 May 1991 and 2 March 1995, Rajah served as a [[Judicial Commissioner]] of the [[Supreme Court of Singapore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 19950303&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 19910514&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BT 19950302&quot;/&gt; During his time on the Bench, he decided a number of significant [[family law of Singapore|family law]] cases. In ''Lim Ying v. Hock Kian Ming Eric'',&lt;ref&gt;[1991] 2 S.L.R.(R) 525, High Court. For commentary, see {{citation|author=Tan Cheng Han|author-link=Tan Cheng Han|title=Transsexuals and the Law of Marriage in Singapore: ''Lim Ying v. Hock Kian Ming Eric''|journal=Singapore Journal of Legal Studies|year=1991|pages=509–516}}; {{citation|author=Kweh Soon Han|author2=Lee Juet Jin|title=Transsexuals and Sex Determination|journal=Singapore Academy of Law Journal|year=1992|volume=4|pages=86–115}}; {{citation|author=Leong Wai Kum|title=Recent Developments in the Law of Marriage and Divorce|journal=Singapore Academy of Law Journal|year=1993|volume=5|pages=290–308 at 292–297}}. See also {{citation|author=Serene Lim|title=High Court grants an annulment to babysitter in sex-change marriage|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=14 June 1991}}.&lt;/ref&gt; he held that the gender of a [[transsexualism|transsexual]] person was to be determined according to biological criteria, which meant that [[sex reassignment surgery]] did not alter a person's gender. Thus, a marriage between an individual who had undergone female-to-male sex reassignment surgery and a woman was void, being a marriage between two persons of the same gender.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|author=Serene Lim|title='Born a female, always a female' basis for ruling|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=26 September 1991}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The decision prompted [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]] to amend the [[Women's Charter (Singapore)|Women's Charter]]&lt;ref&gt;Now the {{Singapore legislation|title=Women's Charter|titlelink=Women's Charter (Singapore)|cap=353|ed=2009}}.&lt;/ref&gt; to permit transsexual people to marry in the capacity of their new gender.&lt;ref&gt;Women's Charter (Amendment) Act 1996 (No. 30 of 1996), in force on 1 May 1997, which enacted what is now s.&amp;nbsp;12 of the Women's Charter. The provision states, in part:{{blockquote|&lt;p&gt;(1) A marriage solemnized in Singapore or elsewhere between persons who, at the date of the marriage, are not respectively male and female shall be void.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(2) It is hereby declared that ... a marriage solemnized in Singapore or elsewhere between a person who has undergone a sex re-assignment procedure and any person of the opposite sex is and shall be deemed always to have been a valid marriage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(3) For the purpose of this section —&lt;/p&gt;{{blockquote|&lt;p&gt;(a) the sex of any party to a marriage as stated at the time of the marriage in his or her identity card issued under the National Registration Act (Cap. 201) shall be prima facie evidence of the sex of the party; and&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(b) a person who has undergone a sex re-assignment procedure shall be identified as being of the sex to which the person has been re-assigned.&lt;/p&gt;}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1992, Rajah J.C. annulled the marriage of a 21-year-old woman whose family had forced her into an arranged marriage. This was believed to have been the first judicial decision of its kind in Singapore.&lt;ref&gt;''Geetha d/o Mundri v. Arivananthan s/o Retnam'' [1992] 1 S.L.R.(R) 326, [[High Court of Singapore|High Court]]. See {{citation|author=Serene Lim|title=Woman succeeds in having arranged marriage annulled|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=17 March 1992}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Two years later, in another landmark case, he applied to a [[stay-at-home dad|house-husband]] the principle that a divorced woman who has not contributed financially towards the acquisition of matrimonial assets is nonetheless entitled to a substantial share of them in view of her indirect contributions in the form of paying towards the household expenses or caring for the family.&lt;ref&gt;''Chan Yeong Keay v. Yeo Mei Ling'' [1994] 2 S.L.R.(R) 133, High Court. See {{citation|author=Tan Ooi Boon|title=Judge rules husband who was homemaker really the 'housewife'|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=14 May 1994}}; {{citation|author=John Lui|title=Women's charter protects homemaker, female or male|newspaper=The Straits Times (Life!)|date=16 May 1994}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Return to private practice===<br /> Following his retirement as a judge, Rajah joined the law firm Harry Elias &amp; Partners (now known as Harry Elias Partnership LLP) as a consultant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BT 19950302&quot;/&gt; He also became the first President of the Tribunal for the Maintenance of Parents, established in 1996 to entitle parents at least 60 years old and unable to maintain themselves adequately to apply for their children to be ordered to pay maintenance to them.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|author=Lim Puay Ling |title=Maintenance of Parents Act |url=http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1614_2009-11-30.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621143557/http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1614_2009-11-30.html |archive-date=21 June 2010 |publisher=Singapore Infopedia, [[National Library Board]] |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, he served as Chairman of the [[Law Society of Singapore]]'s Committee on Guidance for the Legal Profession on Anti-Money Laundering.&lt;ref name=HEP/&gt; In 1997, Rajah was appointed [[Senior Counsel]] in the first group of lawyers to be conferred this status.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|author=Lim Li Hsien|title=Twelve lawyers named as first senior counsel|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=5 January 1997}}; {{citation|author=Lim Li Hsien|title=Legal eagles – twelve good men|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=2 February 1997}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He was subsequently appointed a member of the Singapore Mediation Centre in 1998, and of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre in 2003. He acted as sole arbitrator and as chairman of [[arbitral tribunal]]s in domestic and [[international arbitration]]s, in particular arbitrations taking place in Bangladesh and India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law Gazette&quot;/&gt; He was also a referee of the [[Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)|Ministry of Manpower]]'s Industrial Arbitration Court.&lt;ref name=HEP/&gt;<br /> <br /> Rajah was an active contributor of legal articles to the ''Malayan Law Journal'' and the ''Singapore Law Gazette''.&lt;ref name=HEP/&gt; An article in the August 2003 issue of the ''Law Gazette'' entitled &quot;The Unconstitutional Punishment&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|author=K. S. Rajah|title=The Unconstitutional Punishment|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2003-8/Aug03-col2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221023829/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2003-8/Aug03-col2.htm|archive-date=21 December 2007|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=August 2003}}. See also {{citation|author=K.C. Vijayan|title=Lawyer wants review of 'death for murder' law|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=22 August 2003}}.&lt;/ref&gt; which argued that the [[mandatory sentencing|mandatory]] [[capital punishment in Singapore|death penalty in Singapore]] was contrary to the [[Constitution of Singapore]], was obliquely criticized by the [[Chief Justice of Singapore|Chief Justice]] [[Yong Pung How]]. Rajah, appearing before Yong C.J. in an appeal, submitted that a magistrate should have allowed his client to [[compounding a felony|compound her offence]] of abusing her maid, arguing that &quot;[t]he idea of composition is international&quot;. The Chief Justice said that Rajah, a person of &quot;tremendous experience and wide learning&quot;, had stated in one of his &quot;wonderful articles&quot; that the death penalty was unconstitutional due to [[public international law|international law]]. However, he remarked: &quot;I am not concerned with international law. I am a poor humble servant of the law in Singapore. Little island.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=CJ on 'death penalty' article|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=1 October 2003}}.&lt;/ref&gt; On 22 March 2005, Rajah delivered a speech on the subject of his article at a LAWASIA conference in the [[Gold Coast, Queensland]], Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=High Court Justice Callinan speaks out against death penalty |url=http://www.nswccl.org.au/docs/pdf/cpu2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830024305/http://www.nswccl.org.au/docs/pdf/cpu2.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2007 |magazine=Capital Punishment Update |date=8 April 2005 |issue=2 |publisher=New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties |access-date=18 June 2010 |quote=22 March 2005: Three major speeches against capital punishment were delivered at the LawAsia 2005 Conference on the Gold Coast. ... K. S. Rajah SC (former judicial commissioner of Supreme Court of Singapore) spoke of the recent decision of the Singapore Court of Appeal dismissing Australian Mr Tuong Van Nguyen's appeal against his death sentence. |url-status=dead }} The text of the speech is available as {{citation|author=K. S. Rajah |title=The Mandatory Death Penalty |url=http://www.nswccl.org.au/docs/pdf/speech%20rajah%202005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719195242/http://www.nswccl.org.au/docs/pdf/speech%2Brajah%2B2005.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2008 |publisher=New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties |date=22 March 2005 |access-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Another ''Law Gazette'' article published in January 2006 which argued that the Court of Appeal's conviction of two men accused of murder who had been [[acquittal|acquitted]] by the High Court violated the constitutional protection against [[double jeopardy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|author=K. S. Rajah |title=Appeal or Tried Again? |url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2006-1/Jan06-Inside_bar.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720115601/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2006-1/Jan06-Inside_bar.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |journal=Singapore Law Gazette |date=January 2006 |url-status=dead }}. See {{citation|author=Ben Nadarajan|title=Senior lawyer raises issue of double jeopardy|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=27 January 2006}}. The {{Singapore legislation|title=Constitution|abbr=on|rep=1999}}, Art. 11(2), states: &quot;A person who has been convicted or acquitted of an offence shall not be tried again for the same offence except where the conviction or acquittal has been quashed and a retrial ordered by a court superior to that by which he was convicted or acquitted.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; was said by the [[Ministry of Law (Singapore)|Ministry of Law]] to be &quot;legally flawed&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|author=Janaine Lau (Head (Corporate Communications), Ministry of Law)|title=Senior lawyer wrong about 'double jeopardy' [letter]|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=4 February 2006}}; {{citation|author=K. S. Rajah|title=Has right to life been deprived under the law? [letter]|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=10 February 2006}}; {{citation|author=Janaine Lau|title=Double jeopardy: It's a legal question for court [letter]|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=17 February 2006}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his last case in 2008, he represented certain minority owners of flats in the Horizon Towers condominium before the [[High Court of Singapore|High Court]] in their bid to block the collective sale of the housing development supported by a majority of flat owners.&lt;ref&gt;''Lo Pui Sang v. Mamata Kapildev Dave (Horizon Partners Pte. Ltd., intervener)'' [2008] 4 S.L.R.(R) 754, High Court. See {{citation|author=Ben Nadarajan|title=The Horizon Towers show|url=http://www.asiaone.com/Business/My+Money/Property/Story/A1Story20071011-29410.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304070918/http://www.asiaone.com/Business/My%2BMoney/Property/Story/A1Story20071011-29410.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2008|newspaper=[[The Straits Times|The Sunday Times]]|location=Singapore|date=7 October 2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He argued, among other things, that the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property was enshrined in the Constitution, but failed to convince the judge.&lt;ref&gt;See also {{citation|author=K. S. Rajah|title=Right to hold property guaranteed by law [letter]|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=20 March 2008}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Although the minority owners were unsuccessful at trial, the judgment was later reversed by the [[Court of Appeal of Singapore|Court of Appeal]].&lt;ref&gt;''Ng Eng Ghee v. Mamata Kapildev Dave (Horizon Partners Pte. Ltd., intervener)'' [2009] 3 S.L.R.(R) 109, [[Court of Appeal of Singapore|Court of Appeal]], which Rajah was not involved in. The constitutional point was not pursued on appeal.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Active in volunteer work, Rajah was the Chairman of the [[Sri Aurobindo]] Society Singapore&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Sri K. S. Rajah [condolence notice]|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=18 June 2010|page=C17|quote=Our heartfelt sympathies &amp; deepest condolences to the family of our beloved Chairman. From: Members of Sri Aurobindo Society Singapore}},&lt;/ref&gt; the Secretary and later the President of the Hindu Centre,&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title='Hinduism is relevant'|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=13 September 1982|page=7}}; {{citation|title=Sri K. S. Rajah [condolence notice]|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=19 June 2010|page=C27|quote=Past President Hindu Centre}}.&lt;/ref&gt; and the Vice-President of the Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association. He also served with the [[Hindu Endowments Board]], [[Kong Meng San Phor Kark See Temple]], [[Mount Alvernia Hospital]] and the Society for the Physically Disabled.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law Gazette&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 20100618&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Later years==<br /> Rajah died in hospital on 17 June 2010 at the age of 80 years, having suffered from [[angiosarcoma]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Law Gazette&quot;/&gt; a rare cancer of the lining of the blood vessels, of the scalp for a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 20100618&quot;/&gt; He was survived by his wife Gnanambigai Rajah; his sons Surenthiraraj (known as Suressh; as of June 2010 he was Head of Aviation and Shipping and a civil and commercial litigation partner at Harry Elias Partnership)&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=S Suressh|url=http://www.harryelias.com.sg/people/ssuressh.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801163556/http://www.harryelias.com.sg/people/ssuressh.htm|archive-date=1 August 2008|publisher=Harry Elias Partnership LLP|access-date=20 June 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt; and Yogenthiran, and daughters Jothie and Vaani; eight grandchildren; and 11 of his siblings.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=K S Rajah [obituary notice]|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=18 June 2010|page=C17}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> Rajah was conferred the ''[[Pingat Bakti Masyarakat]]'' (Public Service Medal) at the National Day Awards in August 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=National Day award winners|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=12 August 2002}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2008 he received the C.C. Tan Award, which recognizes lawyers who display the highest ideals of the profession, from the Law Society for &quot;his personal integrity, honesty and outstanding contributions to the legal profession&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ST 20100618&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|author=Teo Xuanwei|title=K S Rajah conferred C C Tan Award by Law Society|newspaper=[[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]]|date=11 October 2008}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected works==<br /> <br /> ===Articles and book chapters===<br /> *{{citation|title=Burden of Proof and Reasonable Doubt|journal=Malayan Law Journal|year=1971|volume=1|page=xxvi}}. (See also {{citation|last=Loh|first=James Ching Yew|title=Burden of Proof and Reasonable Doubt – A Critique and Reply|journal=Malayan Law Journal|year=1971|volume=1|page=li}}.)<br /> *{{citation|title=Ignored Joinder|journal=Malayan Law Journal|year=1972|volume=2|page=xxxiv}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Cross-examination on Contents of a Statement in Issue|journal=Malayan Law Journal|year=1972|volume=2|page=xlvi}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Women's Charter and Customary Marriages|journal=Malayan Law Journal|year=1974|volume=2|page=xlvi}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=On Disproving Fingerprint Evidence|journal=Malayan Law Journal|year=1978|volume=1|page=xxxix}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Establishing a Prima Facie Case and Establishing a Case Beyond Reasonable Doubt|journal=Malayan Law Journal|year=1982|volume=1|page=xxxiii}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=The Constitutional Right of Access to Counsel|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2002-8/Aug02-inprac.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111081042/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2002-8/Aug02-inprac.htm|archive-date=11 January 2005|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=August 2002}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Handcuffs and the Law|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2002-10/Oct02-inprac.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060101161223/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2002-10/Oct02-inprac.htm|archive-date=1 January 2006|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=October 2002}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=The Constitution and the Criminal Procedure Code|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2002-12/Dec02-inprac.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907183728/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2002-12/Dec02-inprac.htm|archive-date=7 September 2005|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=December 2002}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=The Death Sentence: Court's Judgment or Legislature's Sentence|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2003-2/Feb03-col.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909204022/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2003-2/Feb03-col.htm|archive-date=9 September 2007|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=February 2003}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=The Constitutional Right of Silence: Abridged?|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2003-5/May03-col.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050123022432/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2003-5/May03-col.htm|archive-date=23 January 2005|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=May 2003}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=The Unconstitutional Punishment|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2003-8/Aug03-col2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221023829/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2003-8/Aug03-col2.htm|archive-date=21 December 2007|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=August 2003}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=The Unconstitutional Punishment|journal=Malayan Law Journal|year=2003|volume=3|page=cxlviii}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Discovery and Fair Trials|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2003-11/Nov03-col.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050116163427/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2003-11/Nov03-col.htm|archive-date=16 January 2005|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=November 2003}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Composition and Due Process|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2004-1/Jan04-col.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050125013950/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2004-1/Jan04-col.htm|archive-date=25 January 2005|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=January 2004}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Evidence Act Section 147(3): Legislation or Legislative Interference?|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2004-5/May04-col.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918205730/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2004-5/May04-col.htm|archive-date=18 September 2004|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=May 2004}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Admissions and Confessions|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2004-10/Oct04-feature2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060101161137/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2004-10/Oct04-feature2.htm|archive-date=1 January 2006|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=October 2004}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=The Mandatory Death Sentence|url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2005-4/Apr05-col1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417041021/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2005-4/Apr05-col1.htm|archive-date=17 April 2008|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=April 2005}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Access: Rights and Duties |url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2005-7/feature2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720120131/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2005-7/feature2.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |journal=Singapore Law Gazette |date=July 2005 |url-status=dead }}.<br /> *{{citation|title=The Right to Discovery in Criminal Proceedings |url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2005-9/Sep05-feature1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720120304/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2005-9/Sep05-feature1.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |journal=Singapore Law Gazette |date=September 2005 |url-status=dead }}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Division of Matrimonial Assets in 'Big Money' Cases |url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2005-10/Oct05-insidebar.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720120332/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2005-10/Oct05-insidebar.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |journal=Singapore Law Gazette |date=October 2005 |url-status=dead }}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Appeal or Tried Again? |url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2006-1/Jan06-Inside_bar.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720115601/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2006-1/Jan06-Inside_bar.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |journal=Singapore Law Gazette |date=January 2006 |url-status=dead }}.<br /> *{{citation|title=The Court of Appeal: Wounded Murder Decisions? |url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2006-9/Sep06-Col1_Regional_News.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720120604/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2006-9/Sep06-Col1_Regional_News.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |journal=Singapore Law Gazette |date=September 2006 |url-status=dead }}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Practice in the 60's: Down Memory Lane |url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2007-10/prac60.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720120952/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2007-10/prac60.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |journal=Singapore Law Gazette |date=October 2007 |url-status=dead }}.<br /> *{{citation|title=The Hour of Criminal Legal Aid |url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2008-8/feature1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720120638/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2008-8/feature1.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |journal=Singapore Law Gazette |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead }}.<br /> *{{citation|title=En Bloc Sales: Tyranny of the Majority |url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2009-3/feature3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720120717/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2009-3/feature3.htm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |journal=Singapore Law Gazette |date=March 2009 |url-status=dead }}.<br /> *{{citation|author=K. S. Rajah|chapter=Negotiating Boundaries: OB Markers and the Law|editor-last=Welsh|editor-first=Bridget |display-editors=et al. |title=Impressions of the Goh Chok Tong Years in Singapore|location=Singapore|publisher=[[National University of Singapore|NUS Press]]; [[Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy]], National University of Singapore; [[Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore)|Institute of Policy Studies]]|year=2009|isbn=9789971694098 |id=(hbk.), {{ISBN|978-9971-69-396-1}} (pbk.)}}.<br /> <br /> ===Books===<br /> *{{citation|title=Legal Aid: The Legal Aid in Singapore [paper delivered at the Law Association for Asia and the Western Pacific, 3rd Conference, Jakarta, 16–19 July 1973]|location=Jakarta|publisher=Conference Organizing Committee?|year=1973|oclc=22672018}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=Drug Problems in Adolescents [SANA occasional papers; 3]|location=Singapore|publisher=Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association|year=1979|oclc=226024961}}.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *{{citation|last=Divyanathan|first=Ramesh|title=K S Rajah leaves Bench, joins Harry Elias &amp; Partners|newspaper=[[Business Times (Singapore)]]|date=2 March 1995}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=K S Rajah – Consultant |url=http://www.harryelias.com.sg/people/ksrajah.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329075816/http://www.harryelias.com.sg/people/ksrajah.htm |archive-date=29 March 2010 |publisher=Harry Elias Partnership |access-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}.<br /> *{{citation|title=K. S. Rajah appointed as Supreme Court judicial commissioner|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|date=14 May 1991}}.<br /> *{{citation|title=K. S. Rajah retires from the Bench|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=3 March 1995}}.<br /> *{{citation|last=Nadarajan|first=Ben|title=A lawyer who won't shut up|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=9 April 2006}}.<br /> *{{citation|author=S. Suressh |title=K S Rajah |url=http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2010-09/Notices1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121153/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2010-09/Notices1.htm |archive-date= 20 July 2011 |magazine=Singapore Law Gazette |date=September 2010 |pages=45–46 |url-status=dead }}.<br /> *{{citation|last=Vijayan |first=K.C. |title=Late lawyer 'flew the flag for underdogs': K. S. Rajah worked on many landmark cases in 40-year career and was lauded for his integrity |url=http://www.singaporelawwatch.sg/remweb/legal/ln2/rss/legalnews/67818.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621064531/http://www.singaporelawwatch.sg/remweb/legal/ln2/rss/legalnews/67818.html |archive-date=21 June 2010 |newspaper=The Straits Times (reproduced on the Singapore Law Watch website) |date=18 June 2010 |page=A24 |url-status=dead }}.<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{citation|title=The ''Law Gazette'' Pays Tribute to the Late Mr KS Rajah, SC|url=&lt;!--Add from www.lawgazette.com.sg when it becomes available.--&gt;|journal=Singapore Law Gazette|date=September 2010}}.<br /> {{Singapore Legal Profession}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rajah, K S}}<br /> [[Category:1930 births]]<br /> [[Category:2010 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from cancer in Singapore]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from angiosarcoma]]<br /> [[Category:Judicial commissioners of Singapore]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian emigrants to Singapore]]<br /> [[Category:People who lost Malaysian citizenship]]<br /> [[Category:Naturalised citizens of Singapore]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian people of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat]]<br /> [[Category:Singaporean Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Singaporean people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent]]<br /> [[Category:Singaporean people of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:Singaporean Senior Counsel]]<br /> [[Category:University of Singapore alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Judges of the Supreme Court of Singapore]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gokuldas_Malpani&diff=500751 2026-04-05T00:05:26Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: created a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian businessman}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Raja]]<br /> | name = Gokuldas Malpani<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = 1839<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1909|12|11|1839}}<br /> | death_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | birth_place = [[Jabalpur]]<br /> | party = <br /> | office = President of the Municipal council of [[Jabalpur]]<br /> | term_start = 1880s<br /> | term_end = 1880s<br /> | predecessor3 = <br /> | successor3 = <br /> | term_start3 = <br /> | term_end3 = <br /> | profession = [[Businessman]]<br /> | relatives = [[Seth Govind Das]] (grandson)&lt;br&gt;Vallabh Das (nephew)<br /> | father = Khushalchand Malpani<br /> | mother = <br /> | spouse = Chunni Bai<br /> | children = Vitthal Das, Jeevan Das<br /> | website = https://www.gokuldas.com/<br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> '''Raja Gokuldas Malpani''' &lt;small&gt;[[Rao Bahadur|RB]]&lt;/small&gt; (1839–1909) was a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] millionaire from [[Jabalpur]] during [[British India|colonial rule]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;silent&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India |date=2003 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-85065-398-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rMW03l_gx0C&amp;dq=RAJA+GOKULDAS&amp;pg=PA59 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gokuldas&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Raja Gokuldas |url=https://www.gokuldas.com/rg/ |website=www.gokuldas.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tata&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Raianu |first1=Mircea |title=Tata: The Global Corporation That Built Indian Capitalism |date=6 July 2021 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-25953-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_8vEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=RAJA+GOKULDAS&amp;pg=PA87 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the wealthiest banker in the [[Central Provinces]] of [[British Raj|British India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Taknet |first1=D. K. |author-link=D. K. Taknet |title=The Marwari Heritage |date=22 July 2016 |publisher=IntegralDMS |isbn=978-1-942322-06-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXS2DAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Raja+Gokuldas&amp;pg=PA506 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Born into a prominent family of [[Marwari people|Marwari]] bankers in [[Jabalpur]], his banking firm was one of the &quot;great Marwari firms&quot; as termed by T.A. Timberg.&lt;ref&gt;Timberg, Thomas, (1971), A Study of a &quot;Great&quot; Marwari Firm: 1860-1914, The Indian Economic &amp; Social History Review, 8, issue 3, p. 264-283.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background and early life==<br /> Gokuldas was born to the first wife of Khushalchand Malpani in 1839. His grandfather, Sewa Ram, was a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] of the [[Maheshwari]] caste who migrated from his hometown in [[Jaisalmer]] to [[Jabalpur]] around 1800.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Biography of Raja Gokuldas |date=1929 |location=Bombay |url=https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=31293839326}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;com&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Commercial Kingdom of Raja Gokuldas - Chapter 8 |url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/ch08raja.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;marwar&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Timberg |first1=Thomas A. |title=The Marwaris: From Jagat Seth to the Birlas |date=22 May 2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-713-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cWUAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Sevaram+Khushalchand&amp;pg=PT47 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He earned a fortune and was succeeded by Khushalchand, his son and Gokuldas's father.&lt;ref name=&quot;silent&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lib&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Virginia |first1=McEldowney, Philip F., Department of History, University of |title=Colonial Administration and Social Developments in Middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921 |page=342-343 |url=https://libraetd.lib.virginia.edu/public_view/n583xv002}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Gokuldas acquired his meagre education at Gulan Rai's school, [[Jabalpur]]. After learning basic [[Hindi]], he left school to learn business methods and the [[Marwari language|Marwari alphabet]]. He started from the post of cashier and gradually advanced through the ranks in the family business.&lt;ref name=&quot;gokuldas&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Gokuldas's grandfather Sewa Ram and father Khushalchand had already built up a prospering family business and earnt a fortune.&lt;ref name=&quot;com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;silent&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;marwar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;/&gt; Hence he carried on the same after his father's death in 1865. His father had supported the British financially during the [[Revolt of 1857]] and had gained their goodwill. As a result of this, he was closely associated with the European elite of the period including Henry Ashbrooke Crump, the Chief Commissioner of the [[Central Provinces]].&lt;ref name=&quot;malpani&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Timberg |first1=Thomas A. |title=The Marwaris: From Jagat Seth to the Birlas |date=22 May 2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-713-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cWUAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Sevaram+Khushalchand&amp;pg=PT47 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gokuldas&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He founded cotton mills called &quot;Raja Gokuldas Mills&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=India |first1=Royal Commission on Labour in |title=Report of the Royal Commission on Labour in India |date=1931 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnEMGY_qxhcC&amp;q=raja+gokuldas+mills |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the &quot;Perfect Pottery Works&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Civic Affairs |date=1993 |publisher=P.C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVO2AAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=perfect+pottery+works+jabalpur&amp;pg=RA3-PR1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; at such time when these industries were not popular in the country. In 1897, Gokuldas set up a chain of ginning and pressing factories at [[Gadarwara]], [[Pipariya, Hoshangabad|Piparia]], [[Harda]], [[Khandwa]], [[Wardha]] and more places in the [[Central Provinces and Berar]], and at [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] and [[Etawah]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Multan]] in Punjab.<br /> <br /> He expanded his business to the large cities of [[Bombay]], [[Calcutta]] and even [[Rangoon]] in [[Burma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;silent&quot;/&gt; The shops at Bombay, Calcutta and Rangoon were considered to be one of the biggest of their respective markets. He used spend 9 months each year on a tour of his shops spread across the country, for the purpose of surveillance and maintaining discipline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chernovskai︠a︡ |first1=Valentina Veniaminovna |title=Indian Entrepreneurship, Its Past and Present |date=2005 |publisher=Shipra |isbn=978-81-7541-201-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQfsAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=gokuldas+malpani |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1880s, he focused on consolidating his family's commercial and position of prestige in the [[Central Provinces]]. He initially became a member and then president of the Municipal council of [[Jabalpur]] in the 1880s. He was repeatedly elected unopposed and subsequently his nephew Vallabh Das succeeded him to the post uninterrupted for the next 18 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;silent&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;/&gt; In 1883, [[Lord Ripon]], the [[Viceroy]] of [[British India]] conferred the title of &quot;[[Rai Bahadur]]&quot; upon him. In 1889, he was given the title of [[Raja]] or &quot;ruler&quot; by the British government in recognition of his great wealth and power. This was also because he was a large ''malguzar'' (landlord), owning more than 200 villages and estates across the country, especially in the [[Central Provinces]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lib2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Virginia |first1=McEldowney, Philip F., Department of History, University of |title=Colonial Administration and Social Developments in Middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921 |page=403-404 |url=https://libraetd.lib.virginia.edu/public_view/n583xv002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=Vithal |title=Holmes of the Raj |date=12 December 2011 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-250-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkl_W_aNu4YC&amp;dq=gokuldas+malpani&amp;pg=PT53 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was elected as president of the first caste association, the [[Maheshwari]] Sabha.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1889, he also constructed the building of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] at [[Jabalpur]] at the cost of about [[Rupees]] Three Lacs.&lt;ref name=&quot;high&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Museum {{!}} उच्च न्यायालय मध्य प्रदेश (High court Madhya Pradesh) |url=https://mphc.gov.in/hi/node/274 |website=mphc.gov.in |publisher=Madhya Pradesh High court}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Gokuldas had a half-brother named Gopaldas, who was two years younger than him and with whom Gokuldas was very close. Gopaldas died young in 1869, leaving his son Vallabh Das in the former's care.&lt;ref name=&quot;gokuldas&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Gokuldas was married to Chunni Bai, the daughter of Pratapchand, a well known banker from [[Jaipur]]. In 1862, he had a son named Vitthal Das from Chunni Bai. However, Vitthal Das died in 1869, four years after his father Khushalchand's death. A second son named Jeevan Das was born to him in 1871, whose birth was believed to be the result of a saint's benediction.&lt;ref name=&quot;gokuldas&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He had close relations with several rulers of &quot;[[Princely State|princely states]]&quot;, especially those in [[Rajputana Agency|Rajasthan]]. According to Philip F. McEldowney- &quot;He made ceremonial visits to these rulers and in return, in Rajasthan in particular, he received honorary recognition of his position and privileged concessions for any business established there&quot;.&lt;ref name= &quot;lib&quot;/&gt; Some of these rulers included Maharawal Bairi Sal and his successor Maharawal Shalivahan Singh III of [[Jaisalmer State]], [[Madho Singh II]] of [[Jaipur State]], [[Jaswant Singh II]] of [[Jodhpur State]]<br /> <br /> [[Jiwajirao Scindia]] of [[Gwalior State]], [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] of [[Mysore State]], and the rulers of [[Rewa State]], [[Bhopal State]], [[Ratlam State]], [[Burdwan Raj]], [[Travancore]], [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin kingdom]] were entertained as guests in his palace.&lt;ref name= &quot;gokuldas&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Successors==<br /> After Gokuldas's death in 1909, the vast inheritance was equally divided among Jeevan Das, Gokuldas's son and Vallabh Das, his nephew. Jeevan Das, being born with a golden spoon in his mouth, gained a reputation as an extravagant spender. Vallabh Das spent a considerable portion of his wealth on market speculation. <br /> The active participation of Gokuldas's grandson,[[Seth Govind Das|Govind Das]], in the [[Indian independence movement]] under [[Mahatma Gandhi]] antagonized the British against them and also exhausted a large portion of the family wealth.&lt;ref name= &quot;guide&quot;/&gt; Hence, the Malpani family was almost completely ruined financially. <br /> <br /> However, the family's decline was stopped after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], [[Seth Govind Das]], the grandson of Gokuldas revived the family's fortunes after energetic efforts.&lt;ref name= &quot;com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Moral, Immoral, Amoral: What Is Right and What Is Wrong? |date=12 March 2013 |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-250-03594-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpYP9IqE47wC&amp;dq=Raja+Gokuldas&amp;pg=PA35 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Public works==<br /> Raja Gokuldas is chiefly remembered in [[Jabalpur]] for his contribution to the city's infrastructure. In 1868-1869, the [[Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir|Hanumantal lake]] and temple were in a poor condition hence a donation was made by Raja Gokuldas for its restoration. The Khandari Water Works, built by Gokuldas were an essential part of [[Jabalpur]] infrastructure in colonial times.&lt;ref name=&quot;guide&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Jabalpur, City Guide |date=2008 |publisher=Goodearth Publications |isbn=978-81-87780-73-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiOyJuxqZv4C&amp;dq=raja+gokuldas+palace&amp;pg=PA35 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1885, upon a request by [[Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava|Hariot Hamilton-Temple]], the wife of the British [[Viceroy]] [[Lord Dufferin]], Raja Gokuldas built the &quot;Lady Elgin hospital&quot; which was one of the first women's hospitals in the region.&lt;ref name= &quot;tata&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;gokuldas&quot;/&gt; Today, Lady Elgin hospital is known as &quot;[[Rani Durgavati]] hospital&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rani durgawati Hospital |url=https://elginhospital.com/about.php |website=elginhospital.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Criticism==<br /> According to Mircea Raianu, British colonial leaders viewed Gokuldas with suspicion as a mere social climber angling for a title and seeking legitimacy through philanthropic largesse.&lt;ref name= &quot;tata&quot;/&gt; Local officials in the [[Central Provinces]] did praise Gokuldas in public, but they were skeptical of his pretensions to princely status.&lt;ref name= &quot;com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category: Indian industrialists]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]<br /> [[Category: 19th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category: 20th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:1839 births]]<br /> [[Category:1909 deaths]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chirag_Patel&diff=494280 2026-03-27T14:03:17Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: created new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{about||the rapper|Karpe}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> '''Chiragkumar Arvindbhai Patel''' (born 1979)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chiragkumar Arvindbhai Patel(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KHAMBHAT(ANAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6181 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from [[Khambhat Assembly constituency]] in [[Anand district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Indian National Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Khambhat Election Result 2024 Bypoll LIVE Updates Highlights: Chiragkumar Arvindbhai Patel of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/khambhat-election-result-2024-bypoll-live-updates-highlights-leading-trailing-8919522.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Patel is from [[Khambhat]], Anand district, Gujarat. He is the son of Arvindbhai Patel. He studied Class 10 at Shrimati K D Patel High School and passed the examinations conducted by the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board, in 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Patel won from Khambhat Assembly constituency representing [[All India Trinamool Congress|Indian National Congress]] in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 69,069 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Maheshkumar Kanaiyalal Raval of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 3,711 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Khambhat Election Result 2022 LIVE: Chiragkumar Arvindbhai Patel of Congress wins by over 3000 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/khambhat-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15356431.htm |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later on 19 December 2023, he resigned from the Congress party and joined the BJP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-02-04 |title=Gujarat: Ex-Congress MLA Chirag Patel joins BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/former-congress-mla-chirag-patel-joins-bjp-in-gujarat/articleshow/107401509.cms |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won the [[2024 elections in India|2024 by election]] on the BJP ticket.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-03-27 |title=Turncoat in fray from Khambhat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/turncoat-in-fray-from-khambhat/articleshow/108803641.cms |access-date=2024-12-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2023-12-19 |title=Khambhat Congress MLA Chirag Patel resigns |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/12/19/khambhat-congress-mla-chirag-patel-likely-to-resign/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Chirag}}<br /> [[Category:1958 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]<br /> [[Category:People from Anand district]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telangana_Lokayukta&diff=539965 2026-03-26T07:58:47Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: created new article w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Anti-corruption Ombudsman for the state of Telangana}}<br /> {{coord|17.40278|N|78.47566|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox law enforcement agency<br /> | agencyname = Telangana Lokayukta<br /> | nativename =<br /> | nativenamea =<br /> | nativenamer =<br /> | commonname =<br /> | patch =<br /> | patchcaption =<br /> | logo = <br /> | logocaption =<br /> | badge =<br /> | badgecaption =<br /> | flag =<br /> | flagcaption =<br /> | image_size = <br /> | motto =<br /> | mottotranslated =<br /> | mission =<br /> | formed ={{bulleted list|{{start date and years ago|1983|df=y|p=y}} (as Andhra Pradesh Lokayukta)<br /> |{{start date and years ago|2014|06|02|df=y|p=y}} (as Telangana Lokayukta)<br /> }}<br /> | preceding1 =<br /> | employees = <br /> | volunteers =<br /> | budget = <br /> | country = India<br /> | federal = No<br /> | map =<br /> | mapcaption =<br /> | sizearea =<br /> | sizepopulation =<br /> | legaljuris =Telangana State <br /> | governingbody =<br /> | governingbodyscnd =<br /> | constitution1 =<br /> | overviewtype =<br /> | overviewbody =<br /> | headquarters = Office of The Lokayukta, H.No.5-9-49, Basheerbagh, Hyderabad.<br /> | hqlocmap =<br /> | hqlocleft =<br /> | hqloctop =<br /> | hqlocmappoptitle =<br /> | sworntype =<br /> | sworn =<br /> | unsworntype =<br /> | unsworn =<br /> | electeetype =<br /> | minister1name =<br /> | minister1pfo =<br /> | chief1name = Hon’ble Mr. CV Ramulu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telanga Lok Ref2&quot; /&gt;<br /> | chief1position = <br /> | parentagency =<br /> | website =<br /> | child1agency =<br /> | unittype =<br /> | unitname =<br /> | officetype =<br /> | officename =<br /> | stationtype =<br /> | stations =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Telangana Lokayukta''' is the [[parliamentary ombudsman]] formed by the erstwhile of [[Andhra Pradesh]] under the Andhra Pradesh Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act, 83 and adapted by [[Telangana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Telangana bifurcation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Desk |first1=Internet |title=The story of India's 29th State — Telangana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/The-story-of-Indias-29th-State-%E2%80%94-Telangana/article14384461.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=26 August 2021 |language=en-IN |date=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; after getting bifurcated from Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telangana Loka Ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Upa Lokayukta |url=http://lokayukta.telangana.gov.in/index.jsp |website=lokayukta.telangana.gov.in |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823140521/http://lokayukta.telangana.gov.in/index.jsp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telanga Lok Ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=How Telangana demand led to bifurcation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-telangana-demand-led-to-bifurcation-andhra-special-state-status-5091299/ |access-date=23 August 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=9 March 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The institution was designed to as a high level statutory functionary for the state of Telangana for addressing the public complaints against the state government officials and its administration and is independent of the governing political and public administration. The Act became Law from 1 November 1983. With [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] coming into force on 16 January 2014, each state in India was required to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telangana Lok1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal &amp; Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms?from=mdr |access-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=Our |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=28 August 2021 |publisher=@businessline |date=18 December 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The mission of the Institution of Lokayukta is to eradicate the evil of corruption, favouritism, abuse of position and Power among the public functionaries and improve efficiency and to create cleaner image of the top public functionaries and promote fairness and honesty.<br /> <br /> The state [[Governor]] appoints Lokayukta on recommendation of the committee consisting of the State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]], Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council.<br /> <br /> == History and administration ==<br /> [[File:Bashirbagh Guesthouse AndhraPatrikaBuilding.jpg|left|thumb|200px| Exterior view of the building as in 1936 after it was restored as a guesthouse by City Improvement Board.]]<br /> The Lokayukta Act, 1983 passed in erstwhile joint state of Andhra Pradesh in the year 1983 was accepted by Telangana after its formation in the year 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telangana Loka Ref1&quot; /&gt; The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013, makes it compulsory for each state to appoint Lokayukta similar to Lokpal at central level for investigation into complaints of corruption against government officers in public offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 August 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2019, Telangana Government passed an ordinance that in addition to serving chief Justices or sitting judges even retired Chief Justices or retired Justices can be considered as eligible for appointment for the position as the State Lokayukta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Telangana government ordinance: Ex-High Court judges can now chair Lokayukta Act |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/dec/14/telangana-government-ordinance-ex-high-court-judges-can-now-chair-lokayukta-act-2076015.html |access-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=14 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===Location===<br /> <br /> The state Lokayukta is currently operating from the erstwhile Andhra Patrika building at [[Basheerbagh]]. This building is listed as a [[Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India|heritage structure]]. The building earlier might have been an outhouse of now demolished [[Basheer Bagh Palace|Basheer Bagh palace.]] The building was converted to a guesthouse in 1930s and since 1950s was the office of ''Jagir'' Administration and ''Andhra Patrika''. Since 2005 the office of Lokayukta is situated here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.libraries.mit.edu/img/libs/rotch/HyderabadGuide_2009.pdf|title=A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad Deccan.|access-date=2024-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Powers ==<br /> <br /> The institution has independent powers to investigate and prosecute any government official or public servants who are covered by the act and against whom complaint is received for abusing his authority for self interest or causes hurt to anyone or any action done intentionally or following corrupt practices negatively impacting the state or individual.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telangana Loka Ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About Institution |url=https://www.lokayukta.ap.nic.in/about-institution.html |website=www.lokayukta.ap.nic.in |access-date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505003704/http://www.lokayukta.ap.nic.in/about-institution.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Past Lokayuktas and tenure ==<br /> <br /> In December 2019, the state Government had appointed retired high court judge CV Ramulu as state Lokayukta and V Niranjan Rao as the Upa-Lokayukta,&lt;ref name=&quot;Telanga Lok Ref2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Telangana: Retired HC judge CV Ramulu named Telangana Lokayukta - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/telangana-retired-hc-judge-cv-ramulu-named-telangana-lokayukta/72923322 |access-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=ETGovernment.com |date=22 December 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; as the position was vacant since 2014 when the new state was formed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telanga Lok Ref3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Koride |first1=Mahesh |title=G Chandraiah new SHRC chief, CV Ramulu Telangana's first Lok Ayukta {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/chandraiah-new-shrc-chieframulu-ts-first-lok-ayukta/articleshow/72893127.cms |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=20 December 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Index !!Name !! Holding charge from !! Holding charge to<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | Justice Mr.A. Avula Sambasiva Rao <br /> | 14 November 1983 <br /> | 13 November 1988 <br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | Justice Mr.A. Seetharam Reddy <br /> | 12 March 1990 <br /> | 11 March 1995<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | Justice Mr.D.J. Jagannadha Raju <br /> | 11 May 1995 <br /> | 10 May 2000 <br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | Justice R. Ramanujam<br /> | 12 July 2002 <br /> | 11 July 2007 <br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | Justice S. Ananda Reddy<br /> | 12 October 2007 <br /> | 11 October 2012 <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notable cases ==<br /> <br /> 1. In October 2016, on receiving a complaint from Hyderabad city's child rights NGO, 'Balala Hakkula Sangham' (Child Rights Association), the institution had forwarded for enquiry from city's Police regarding a suicide death case of a 13-year-old girl allegedly due to a 68-day fast undertaken by her as part of a particular community ritual.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Hyderabad Girl's death: Lokayukta seeks report from police |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hyderabad-girl-s-death-lokayukta-seeks-report-from-police-2263800 |access-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=DNA India |date=14 October 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 2. In 2013, the institution had assigned a case and asked for a report from state CID on a petition from few teachers in relation to some teachers getting jobs and promotions on fake certificates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=FGG asks governor to seek CID probe report on fake teachers {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/fgg-asks-governor-to-seek-cid-probe-report-on-fake-teachers/articleshow/85640153.cms |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=26 August 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 3. In April 2021, the institution restrained Hyderabad Public School, Ramanthapur from collecting additional fees from its students as the school has collected major part of it giving relief to the students and parents.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=HPS branch to stop fee collection: Lokayukta {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hps-branch-to-stop-fee-collection-lokayukta/articleshow/82170155.cms |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> *[[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]]<br /> *[[Karnataka Lokayukta]]<br /> *[[Andhra Pradesh Lokayukta]]<br /> *[[Delhi Lokayukta]]<br /> *[[Tamilnadu Lokayukta]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using &lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tags, these references will then appear here automatically --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://lokayukta.telangana.gov.in// official website]<br /> * [http://www.lokayukta.ap.nic.in// official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823133734/https://www.lokayukta.ap.nic.in/ |date=23 August 2021 }}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--- Categories ---&gt;<br /> [[Category:Government of Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Lokayuktas]]<br /> [[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Highway_68_(Bihar)&diff=537567 2026-03-25T18:37:59Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: created first pg v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Road in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{Infobox road<br /> | country = IND<br /> | type = SH<br /> | route = 68<br /> | state = Bihar<br /> | alternate_name = <br /> | maint = [[Bihar State Road Development Corporation|Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited]] (BSRDCL)<br /> | length_km = 82.25<br /> | length_round = <br /> | direction_a = North<br /> | terminus_a = Baidarabad ([[Arwal district|Arwal]])<br /> | junction = <br /> | direction_b = South<br /> | terminus_b = Shivganj ([[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]])<br /> }}<br /> '''State Highway 68''' ('''SH-68''')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. | year=2022 | url=https://bsrdcl.bihar.gov.in/file/brochure.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525124428/http://bsrdcl.bihar.gov.in/file/brochure.pdf | archive-date=2022-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; is one of the key roads constructed under Bihar State Highways Project-1. The highway is {{convert|82.25|km|mi}} long and connects Shivganj in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] to Baidarabad in [[Arwal district]], passing through:<br /> * [[Rafiganj]]<br /> * [[Goh Assembly constituency|Goh]]<br /> * [[Uphara]]<br /> * [[Deokund Aurangabad|Devkund]]<br /> * [[Shahar Telpa]]<br /> <br /> SH-68 serves as a link between three national highways:<br /> * [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] near Shivganj<br /> * [[National Highway 120 (India)|NH 120]] near Goh<br /> * [[National Highway 139 (India)|NH 139]] at Baidarabad<br /> <br /> == Bihar State Highways Project-1 ==<br /> '''Bihar State Highways Project-1'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=IND: Bihar State Highways Project - Resettlement Planning Document | url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents//41127-02-ind-rp.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607060924/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/41127-02-ind-rp.pdf | archive-date=2023-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an infrastructure development initiative undertaken by the [[Bihar State Road Development Corporation|Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited]] (BSRDCL) to upgrade and expand the state highway network in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Under this project, a total of nine state highways were constructed, covering a combined length of 824.22 kilometers across 18 districts of Bihar.<br /> <br /> The project was aimed at improving road connectivity between major towns and cities within the state and enhancing access to the [[National highways of India|National Highways]] network. It was implemented in multiple phases, with the first phase focusing on the construction of nine key highways.<br /> <br /> == Objectives ==<br /> The main objectives of Bihar State Highways Project-1 include:<br /> * Strengthening intrastate connectivity<br /> * Reducing travel time and transport costs<br /> * Linking regional roads to the National Highway network<br /> * Promoting economic development through improved transportation infrastructure<br /> <br /> == Implementing agency ==<br /> The project was implemented by the '''Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL)''', a government undertaking responsible for highway planning and development within Bihar.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of state highways in Bihar]]<br /> * [[National Highways Development Project]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://bsrdcl.bih.nic.in/ Official website of BSRDCL]<br /> <br /> == Categories ==<br /> <br /> [[Category:Roads in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:State highways in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Bihar]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velugoti_Kasturi_Ranga_Nayaka&diff=544057 2026-03-25T05:48:43Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: created new entry needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian military commander}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Velugoti Kasturi Ranga Nayaka <br /> | office1 = Military General&lt;br&gt;[[Raja]] of [[Venkatagiri estate]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1579<br /> | term_end1 = 1600<br /> | monarch1 = [[Sriranga Deva Raya]]&lt;br&gt;[[Venkatapati Raya]]<br /> | death_place = <br /> | father = <br /> | allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]<br /> | battles = {{tree list}}<br /> * [[#Military Career|Kondaraju-Velugoti War]]<br /> ** [[Battle of Kodur]]<br /> * [[#Military Career|Wars with Golconda]]<br /> ** [[Siege of Penukonda]]<br /> ** [[Siege of Gurramkonda Fort#Background|Raid Into Kondavidu]]<br /> ** [[Siege of Gurramkonda Fort#Background|Battle of Kamalakuru]]<br /> ** [[#Military Career|Battle of Kottalanka]]<br /> * [[Expedition to Morasunadu]]<br /> ** [[#Military Career|Siege of Kolar]]<br /> ** [[Expedition to Morasunadu#Expedition|Battle of Kottakanama Pass]]<br /> <br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kasturi Ranga Nayaka''' also known as '''Kasturi Ranga''' was a prominent Velugoti chief and a military commander of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. He served under [[Sriranga Deva Raya]] and later under his brother [[Venkatapati Raya]]. During his career he fought several battles against the [[Golconda Sultanate]] and played an important role in suppressing the rebellion of Tammappa Gauda of [[Kolar]]. He was also the father of [[Velugoti Yachama Nayaka]] who later became a well known military leader.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Origin==<br /> Velugoti Kasturi Ranga Nayaka was born into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family. He was the Raja of the [[Venkatagiri estate]] and also served as a military general of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. He served under both [[Sriranga Deva Raya]] and [[Venkatapati Raya]]. His son was the well known [[Velugoti Yachama Nayaka]] who later became an important commander in the empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=ఎన్. వెంకటరమణయ్య |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448464 |title=వెలుగోటివారి వంశావళి |date=1939|pages=50–55}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=K A Nilakanta Sastri |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280075 |title=Further Source Of Vijayanagara History Vol I 1946 By K A Nilakanta Sastri |date=1946|pages=308–319}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vasantha |first=Rangachar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3LXAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Kasturi+Ranga+And+Matli+Timma |title=Ahobilam Sri Narasimha Swamy Temple |date=2001 |publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams |language=en|page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Military career==<br /> ===Kondaraju-Velugoti War===<br /> ====Battle of Kodur====<br /> In 1579 A.D. Thimma Raju with the help of his brothers Kondraju, Venkataraju, and Dasariraju expanded his power beyond his earlier limits and seized the territory of Vobala Raju. After losing his land Vobala Raju sought help from Kasturi Ranga Nayaka. Responding quickly Kasturi Ranga Nayaka marched to Kodur with a force of about 2,000 men. He was soon joined by Dama Venkatappa Nayaka who arrived with a smaller group of soldiers to support the Ranga Nayaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06118 |title=Epigraphia Indica, Vol-37, Issue no.-1-57|page=104}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Client Challenge |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/118943430/velugotivari-vamsavali |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.scribd.com|pages=50–55}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When Thimma Raju heard about these movements he quickly gathered his allies from Katreni, Vanka, Kunapalli, and nearby areas and marched to [[Yerraguntla]]. He then sent a message through Guthi Venkata Raju saying that there was no reason for Ranga Nayaka to interfere and that he was willing to settle the matter peacefully. However Ranga Nayaka replied that he had already given a promise to restore Vobala Raju’s lands and that fighting would end only if this condition was met.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Thimma Raju then launched the attack with a large force of ninety war elephants, one thousand cavalry, and twelve thousand infantry. Rangappa Naidu, though he had only a small number of followers and friends, faced the enemy with great courage. After fierce fighting, Thimma Raju’s army was defeated. Fifty-three of his leaders, including Linga Raju and Thimmanna, along with all four commanders, were killed in the battle. The remaining chiefs and leaders surrendered and were spared their lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sri P Sitapati |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203588 |title=Itihas Journal Of The Andhra Pradesh Archives Vol I |date=1973|page=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Wars With Golconda===<br /> ====Siege of Penukonda====<br /> In 1590 A.D. [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] sent his commander Mir Jumla Amin-ul-Mulk with a strong army to the south after learning that Basawanta Raj and his nephew Narasimha Raj were controlling the forts of [[Nandyala]] and Kalagur. The Sultan later joined the army and crossed the [[Krishna River]] at Musalimudugu, after which the fort was surrounded and captured. Seeing that resistance was useless, Narasimha Raj agreed to surrender on the condition that his family be allowed to leave safely, and the Sultan accepted this and protected both their lives and property. Soon after Basawanta Raj left [[Nandyala]] and the nearby chiefs submitted peacefully agreeing to pay tribute while retaining their lands. As a result of this campaign, the forts of [[Gooty]], [[Kurnool]], and [[Gandikota]] also came under the Sultan’s control.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After capturing Gandikota Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] personally joined his army and decided to act against [[Venkatapati Raya]] believing that the emperor had violated certain treaty terms. To punish him the Sultan marched toward [[Penukonda]] which was then the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. His army met little resistance on the way and reached the city without delay. On arrival he surrounded [[Penukonda]] and laid siege to it.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> At this time [[Venkatapati Raya]] was not ready to defend Penukonda against the sudden invasion as he could not gather his army quickly enough. To gain time he chose to seek peace and sent his minister Goparaju Timma and his general Papayya Setty to the Sultan’s camp. They held talks with [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] and managed to secure a temporary truce while arrangements were made for a lasting agreement. Pleased with the result of the campaign the Sultan then withdrew his army from the area around [[Penukonda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Venkatapati Raya]] used the brief peace to strengthen his position. Within three days, he filled the citadel with enough food and supplies to face a long siege. On the fourth day, a large army entered the fort, including about thirty thousand cavalry and four thousand musketeers, led by commanders such as [[Gobburi Jagga Raya]], Gulranga Setti, Manupa Raju, Papiah Samywar, [[Raghunatha Nayaka]], [[Matla Anantaraju]], Velugoti Kasturi Ranga, Velugoti Chenna, and his son Venkatapati. With the fort well prepared and his forces reinforced, [[Venkatapati Raya]] abandoned all signs of submission and openly challenged the [[Golconda]] army.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] realized his mistake only when it was too late. When he tried to resume the siege he found that the fort was now well defended and his attempts achieved nothing. With the rainy season approaching and the [[Krishna River]] beginning to rise there was a real danger that his army could be cut off from its own lands. Faced with this risk the Sultan chose to withdraw. Contemporary [[Hindu]] records also mention that a battle took place before the retreat in which the [[Vijayanagara Army]] defeated the army of [[Golconda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Raid Into Kondavidu====<br /> [[Venkatapati Raya]] set out with a large army to remove the [[Qutb Shahi]] garrisons that were still present in his lands. His first move was against [[Gandikota]] a fort that controlled the upper Pennar valley, and he laid siege to it. The fort was of great importance as control of the fertile Pennar valley depended on it. However after the Sultan’s recent defeat at [[Penukonda]] the Qutb Shahi forces were weakened, and the troops left under Murtaza Khan were too few to resist effectively. Although the Sultan could not send strong reinforcements at that time, he tried to support Murtaza Khan by ordering Afzal Khan the governor of [[Kondavidu]] to march with his forces into the Pennar valley.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Afzal Khan gathered his troops and marched toward [[Gandikota]]. When [[Venkata II]] heard of his advance, he acted quickly to stop him from reaching the fort. He sent Kasturi Ranga and [[Matla Anantaraju]] who had recently returned after defeating Tammappa Gauda, with orders to block Afzal Khan’s route. At the same time he instructed the governor of [[Udayagiri]] to support them and to raid the lands of [[Kondavidu]] up to the banks of the Krishna River. When Kasturi Ranga and [[Matla Anantaraju]] reached Udayagiri the governor joined them by sending a strong force led by his son-in-law, Woorias Ray. Together they marched into [[Kondavidu]] territory and carried out the campaign as ordered laying waste the region to weaken the enemy.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Kamalakuru====<br /> Afzal Khan was forced to stop his advance and focus on defending his own district as he could not move forward while his lands were being attacked. To counter this he urged the [[jagirdars]] under his control to raid nearby [[Vijayanagara]] territory. Acting on his orders the [[jagirdars]] gathered their men and invaded the Udayagiri region looting the countryside. This forced the governor of [[Udayagiri Fort]] to recall his son-in-law to protect his lands, and Kasturi Ranga and [[Matla Anantaraju]] also had to return to save their own estates from damage. When they came back, they found the jagirdars camped at [[Kamalakur]] within Anantaraju’s territory. They defeated them in battle and chased them as far as Kocccerlakota the last [[Vijayanagara]] stronghold on the frontier.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Kottalanka====<br /> After driving the [[jagirdars]] across the frontier Kasturi Ranga and Woorias Ray were free to strike again at the [[Qutb Shahi]] lands. They moved deep into the [[Kondavidu]] region where they met Afzal Khan at an unknown place. While an anonymous Golconda historian claimed that Afzal Khan won this encounter the Hindu accounts suggest otherwise. Afzal Khan failed to reach [[Gandikota]] with the reinforcements demanded by the Sultan which does not support his claim of victory. It is more likely that he suffered a serious defeat in the battle possibly the same action in which Kasturi Ranga is said to have destroyed many [[Golconda]] troops near the meeting point of three rivers close to Kota and Kottalanka.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Expedition to Morasunadu===<br /> [[Venkatapati Raya]]’s success at the siege of [[Penukonda]] did not bring immediate control over the whole empire. The disorder caused by the [[Golconda]] invasion encouraged some feudatory chiefs to stop paying tribute and openly challenge his authority. At the same time [[Qutb Shahi]] garrisons still held several important forts in the [[Cuddapah]] and [[Kurnool]] regions. Because of this [[Venkatapati Raya]] was forced to act firmly to restore order. Among the most serious threats was Tammappa Gauda who controlled many forts including [[Kolar]] in the Morasu country. Since his territory lay close to [[Penukonda]] the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] capital.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Kottakanama Pass====<br /> [[Venkatapati Raya]] sent an army against Tammappa Gauda under the leadership of Kasturi Ranga, [[Matla Anantaraju]] and [[Raghunatha Nayaka]] of Tanjore. The Vijayanagara forces were first blocked at the Kottakanama pass, where Tammappa Gauda resisted them with nearly twenty-five thousand Manne infantry. After a hard fight, he was defeated by Velugoti Kasturi Ranga and Velugoti Timma and was forced to withdraw deeper into his own territory.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kusumābāyi |first=Ke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEyKdQQVeusC&amp;dq=Raghunatha+Nayaka+Ballalapura&amp;pg=PA40 |title=Music-dance and Musical Instruments: During the Period of Nayakas (1673-1732) |date=2000 |publisher=Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan |isbn=978-81-86937-24-2 |language=en|page=40}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sanskritindologi0000unse |title=Sanskrit and Indological studies : Dr. V. Raghavan felicitation volume |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8426-0821-3|page=484}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Venkatapati Raya]]<br /> * [[Velugoti Yachama Nayaka]]<br /> * [[Matla Ellamaraju]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Vijayanagara generals]]<br /> [[Category:Vijayanagara royalty]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taradas_Bandyopadhyay&diff=472992 2026-03-22T13:15:05Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: add section also and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bengali novelist}}<br /> {{distinguish|Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Taradas Bandyopadhyay<br /> | native_name = তারাদাস বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়<br /> | birth_date = 15 October 1947<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|18 July 2010|15 October 1947|df=y}}<br /> | occupation = Short story writer, Novelist<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | image = <br /> | death_place = [[Barrackpore]], [[North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]], India<br /> | alma_mater = Rahara Ramakrishna Mission Boys' Home High School &lt;br/&gt; [[Maulana Azad College]] &lt;br/&gt; [[University of Calcutta]]<br /> | birth_place = [[Barrackpore]], [[North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br /> | children = Tathagata Bandyopadhyay<br /> }}<br /> '''Taradas Bandyopadhyay''' (15 October 1947 – 18 July 2010) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] novelist, short story writer and editor.<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Bandyopadhyay was the son of late legendary writer [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Writers-angry-at-being-cheated-by-publishers/articleshow/469248.cms|title=Writers angry at being 'cheated' by publishers|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 February 2004|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Writers-angry-at-being-cheated-by-publishers/articleshow/469248.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/museum-plans-for-literary-icon-abode/cid/738745|title=Museum plans for literary icon abode|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=16 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916152800/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/museum-plans-for-literary-icon-abode/cid/738745|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was born in 1947 at his maternal grandparent's home at [[Barrackpore]] in [[North 24 Parganas]] and finished his schooling at the Rahara Ramakrishna Mission Boys' Home High School in [[Rahara, Kolkata|Rahara]]. Bandyopadhyay passed B.A. (Honours) in [[English language|English]] from [[Maulana Azad College]] and completed post-graduation from the [[University of Calcutta]]. He worked under [[Government of West Bengal]] in the Information and Cultural Affairs Department.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/bengali-writer-taradas-bandopadhyay-passes-away/20100718.htm|title=West Bengal: Writer Taradas Bandyopadhyay passes away|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115001441/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/bengali-writer-taradas-bandopadhyay-passes-away/20100718.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He spent his childhood at his paternal village-home in [[Bongaon]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==Literary career==<br /> Taradas wrote number of short stories and novels like ''Kaal Nirabadhi'', ''Saptarshir Alo'', ''Kakkhopath''. His novel ''Kajol'' was a sequel to ''Aparajito'', written by his father.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.266882|title=Kajal|last=Bandyopadhyay, Taradas|access-date=2 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taradas had started writing ''Kajol'' immediately after passing his Higher Secondary examination. Bandyopadhyay's most notable contribution was ''[[Taranath Tantrik]]'', an occult practitioner. The character was created by Bibhutibhushan and continued by him. Those stories were published in two books namely ''Taranath Tantrik'' (1985)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=তারাদাস বন্দোপাধ্যায়|title=তারানাথ তান্ত্রিক|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3I9BqS3az5wakVtX0RPYUZWN00/edit?pli=1|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924043533/https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3I9BqS3az5wakVtX0RPYUZWN00/edit?pli=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Awlatchokro'' (2003). Bandyopadhyay also edited [[Aranyak]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/real-address-for-fictional-tantric/cid/1390348|title=Real address for fictional tantric|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127111411/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/real-address-for-fictional-tantric/cid/1390348|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the year 2008, Taradas started writing his interpretation of Bibhutibhusan's life in a biography-styled series called ''Pita Nohsi'' for Udbodhan magazine, but couldn't complete it because of his death in 2010.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Books==<br /> * ''Saptarshir Alo''<br /> * ''Kakkhopath''<br /> * ''Bandhu, Raho Raho''<br /> * ''Kaal Nirabodhi''<br /> * ''Kajol''<br /> * ''Tritiya Purush''<br /> * ''Awlatchakra''<br /> * ''Taranath Tantrik''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|12103679}}<br /> <br /> {{Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bandyopadhyay, Taradas}}<br /> [[Category:1947 births]]<br /> [[Category:2010 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Maulana Azad College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh_Police&diff=475489 2026-03-22T04:50:48Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Short description|State Police force in India}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox law enforcement agency<br /> | agencyname = Chhattisgarh Police<br /> | nativename = <br /> | nativenamea = <br /> | nativenamer = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | commonname = CG Police<br /> | abbreviation = <br /> | fictional = <br /> | patch = <br /> | patchcaption = <br /> | logo = Chhattisgarh Police Insignia.png<br /> | logocaption = Insignia<br /> | badge = <br /> | badgecaption = <br /> | flag = File:Flag of Chhattisgarh Police.png<br /> | flagcaption = Flag<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | motto = ''Paritranay Sadhunaam''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=This Class 12 Student Tells Us All Why We Need to Give More Respect to Our Police Force |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/80539/class-12-student-respect-indian-police-force/ |website=The Better India |date=2 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | mottotranslated = To protect the good people<br /> | formed = 2000<br /> | preceding1 = [[Madhya Pradesh Police]]<br /> | dissolved = <br /> | superseding = <br /> | employees = <br /> | volunteers = <br /> | budget = <br /> | legalpersonality = <br /> | country = India<br /> | countryabbr = IN<br /> | divtype = State<br /> | divname = Chhattisgarh<br /> | divdab = <br /> | map = File:IN-CT.svg<br /> | mapcaption = Map of Chhattisgarh Police's jurisdiction<br /> | dmap = <br /> | sizearea = 135,192 km2<br /> | sizepopulation = 30 Million<br /> | legaljuris = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | governingbody = Government of Chhattisgarh<br /> | governingbodyscnd = <br /> | police = Yes<br /> | local = Yes<br /> | military = <br /> | paramilitary = <br /> | provost = <br /> | gendarmerie = <br /> | oversighttype = <br /> | oversightbody = Ministry of Home Affairs of Chhattisgarh<br /> | headquarters = [[Naya Raipur]]<br /> | chief1name = [[Arun Deo Gautam]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]&lt;ref name=CGP&gt;{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Police at Glance |url=http://www.cgpolice.gov.in/content/chhattisgarh-police-glance |publisher=Chhattisgarh Police |access-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531030745/http://www.cgpolice.gov.in/content/chhattisgarh-police-glance |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | chief1position = [[Director General of Police]]<br /> | hqlocmap = <br /> | child1agency = Chhattisgar State Cyber Police • Special Task Force • [[Danteshwari Ladake]] • [[District Reserve Guard]] • [[Bastar Fighter Force]].<br /> | uniformedas = <br /> | patronsaint = <br /> | website = [http://www.cgpolice.gov.in/ www.cgpolice.gov.in]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | reference = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Chhattisgarh Police''' is the [[law enforcement agency]] for the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] in India. The agency is administered by the Department of Home Affairs of the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]. The force has specialized units to fight the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] in some districts of the state.<br /> <br /> ==Units==<br /> *'''Special Task Force''' was raised in the year 2007 for battling [[Maoist]] insurgents in Chhattisgarh. Headquartered in [[Baghera Chhattisgarh|Baghera]] of [[Durg district]], the force has hubs coming up in the districts of [[Kanker district|Kanker]], [[Sukma district|Sukma]], [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]] and [[Bastar district|Bastar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Efforts in Action |url=http://www.cgpolice.gov.in/efforts-action |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228033116/http://www.cgpolice.gov.in/efforts-action |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Notes from the Bastar battlefield |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/notes-from-the-bastar-battlefield/ |work=The Indian Express |date=6 June 2013 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *'''District Reserve Guard''' was formed by recruiting local tribal boys to counter the Naxals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Two DRG personnel injured in IED blast by Naxals in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/two-drg-personnel-injured-in-ied-blast-by-naxals-in-chhattisgarh/article27193537.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 May 2019 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=District Reserve Group adds impetus to anti-Naxal operations in Chhattisgarh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/district-reserve-group-adds-impetus-to-anti-naxal-operations-in-chhattisgarh/articleshow/50865986.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=13 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **'''Danteshwari Ladake''', women commando unit of District Reserve Guard.&lt;ref name=a&gt;{{cite news |title=Danteshwari Ladake: How the DRG women commandos paid Maoists back in their own coin in Dantewada encounter |url=https://www.newsx.com/national/danteshwari-ladake-how-the-drg-women-commandos-paid-maoists-back-in-their-own-coin-in-dantewada-encounter |work=NewsX |date=13 May 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=GI Janes get first taste of war in Red zone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gi-janes-get-first-taste-of-war-in-red-zone/articleshow/69242856.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=9 May 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **[[Bastar Fighter Force]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/career/chhattisgarh-bastar-fighter-force-bharti-2022-youth-join-recruitment-drive-to-fight-naxals-naxalite-au120-1223372.html | title=Bastar Fighter Force Bharti: नक्सलियों के गढ़ बस्तर में फाइटर फोर्स की भर्ती शुरू, नक्सलवाद से लड़ने के लिए बेखौफ होकर आगे आ रहे हैं लड़के-लड़कियां | date=10 May 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Training==<br /> The police officers are trained at the State Police Academy at Chandkhuri near [[Raipur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=1,425 police officers get training at Chandkhuri |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/1425-police-officers-get-training-at-chandkhuri.html | date=2 May 2015 | work=The Pioneer |language=en | access-date=14 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Weaponry==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> ! width=&quot;25%&quot; |Name<br /> ! width=&quot;25%&quot; |Country of origin<br /> ! width=&quot;25%&quot; |Type<br /> !Status<br /> |-<br /> |[[Modern Sub Machine Carbine|JVPC]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Flag|India}}<br /> |[[Submachine gun]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Unnithan |first1=Sandeep |title=This Made in India gun, with a cult following among gamers, soon to join Army's arsenal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20170918-modern-sub-machine-carbine-drdo-indian-army-1039903-2017-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523133418/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20170918-modern-sub-machine-carbine-drdo-indian-army-1039903-2017-09-08 |archive-date=2019-05-23 |work=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[INSAS]]<br /> |[[Rifle]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[A. N. Upadhyay]] - former DGP of Chhattisgarh Police<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Law enforcement agencies of India}}<br /> {{Chhattisgarh}}<br /> [[Category:Government of Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:State law enforcement agencies of India]]<br /> [[Category:2000 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Government agencies established in 2000]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narayan_Dinanath_Velkar&diff=520507 2026-03-15T02:45:02Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Social reformer (1798–1870)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Raobahadur Narayan Dinanath Velkar<br /> | image = ---File---N.D.Velkar.png<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Portrait of Narayan Dinanath Velkar<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth year|1798}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bombay]], British India<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1870|05|17|1798|df=y}} <br /> | death_place =<br /> | other_names =<br /> | occupation = Social reformer, publisher<br /> | known_for = Founding the [[Asiatic Society of Mumbai Town Hall|Central Library at Town Hall]], Framji Cowasjee Institute, Bombay Association<br /> | notable_works = ''The Present State of Gujarathis and The Marathas Compared''<br /> | education = [[Elphinstone Institution]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''[[Rao Bahadur|Raobahadur]] Narayan Dinanath Velkar''' (also known as '''N. D. Velkar''') (1798–1870) was a 19th-century [[social reformer]] and civic leader from [[Bombay]]. He is known for his contributions to the city's intellectual and civic life and he was instrumental in establishing key institutions such as the [[Asiatic Society of Mumbai Town Hall|Central Library at Town Hall]] and the Framji Cowasjee Institute. As one of the owners of the ''[[Bombay Times]]'', which later became ''[[The Times of India]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Raobahadur Narayan Dinannath Velkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/raobahadur-narayan-dinannath-velkar/articleshow/13166022.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the first Indian [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] for [[Bombay]]'s welfare in 1840.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijayakar&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Vijayakar |first1=Pradeep |title=Mumbai's first Native Commissioner remembered |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbais-first-native-commissioner-remembered/articleshow/5941539.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Early life ==<br /> He belonged to the first graduating class of the [[Elphinstone Institution]], a prestigious educational institution established by the British. His contemporaries included notable figures such as [[Bhau Daji Lad]], [[Dadabhai Naoroji|Dadabhoy Naoroji]], Nowroj Fardoonji, Nana Moroji Trilokekar, Dadoba Pandurang Turkhud and Ramchandra Balkrishna Jayakar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijayakar&quot;/&gt; He hailed from the [[Pathare Prabhu]] community.&lt;ref name=&quot;uppercrust&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Contractor |first1=Farzana |title=Lord Of the Pathare Kitchen |url=https://uppercrustindia.com/2019/posts/577/lord-of-the-pathare-kitchen |publisher=Uppercrust India |date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Work ==<br /> In 1840, Velkar became the chief translator and interpreter at the [[Bombay High Court]]. He participated in the city's social and intellectual life, founding several influential societies and institutions. Velkar was instrumental in founding the Central Library at Town Hall, which later became the [[Asiatic Library]], and the Framji Cowasjee Institute at [[Dhobitalao]]. He also established the Dnyanprasarak Mandali and led its [[Marathi language|Marathi]] wing. He founded the Students Literary Society and the Scientific Society, which operated the Kamalabai School in [[Girgaon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijayakar&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Velkar was one of the four original proprietors of the ''[[Bombay Times]]'', which eventually evolved into ''[[The Times of India]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Times of India |url=https://www.firstversions.com/2016/11/the-times-of-india.html |publisher=First Versions |date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; His involvement in journalism impacted public opinion and the dissemination of information in Bombay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Newspapers that announced India’s freedom: The Times of India |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/newspapers-that-announced-indias-freedom-the-times-of-india/ |publisher=Medianews4u |date=18 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Before the [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]] was established, the city was managed by the Bombay Conservancy, with two British Commissioners and one Native Commissioner. Narayan Dinanath Velkar was the first Native (Indian) Commissioner, who used to be called the Black Commissioner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijayakar&quot;/&gt; He was an advocate for the city's civic infrastructure and environmental preservation. He had opposed a plan to remove palm trees at [[Back Bay (Mumbai)|Backbay]], predicting the adverse effects of urbanization.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijayakar&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He was the founding member of the Bombay Association, an organization that later influenced the creation of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1887. He also authored a volume titled ''The Present State of Gujarathis and The Marathas Compared''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vijayakar&quot;/&gt; He died on 17 May 1870.&lt;ref name=&quot;uppercrust&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Priolkar, A. K. (1974). Hindusthānace dona daravāje. India: Dhi. Government Hindu Association.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Velkar, Narayan Dinanath}}<br /> [[Category:Indian social reformers]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Activists from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian newspaper founders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian educators]]<br /> [[Category:History of Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian historians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br /> [[Category:Founders of educational institutions]]<br /> [[Category:1798 births]]<br /> [[Category:1870 deaths]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rana_P_Singh&diff=529459 2026-03-08T05:27:37Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: biography - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian scientist and professor of cancer biology}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Rana P. Singh<br /> | image = Prof_RanaP_Singh.png<br /> | image_size = 256px <br /> | alt = Prof. Rana Pratap Singh<br /> | caption = Prof Rana Pratap Singh<br /> | fields = <br /> | workplaces = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Colorado University]]&lt;br /&gt;[[University of California, Riverside]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Johns Hopkins University]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Central University of Gujarat]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Gautam Buddha University]]<br /> | patrons = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ewing Christian College]]<br /> | doctoral_advisor = Prof A. Ramesha Rao<br /> | thesis_title = <br /> | academic_advisors = <br /> | known_for = Cancer Research<br /> | awards = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://rpscancerlab.com}}<br /> | spouse = Aruna Singh<br /> | children = Ayushi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Prof. '''Rana P Singh''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] cancer [[scientist]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tailor |first1=Dhanir |last2=Going |first2=Catherine C. |last3=Resendez |first3=Angel |last4=Kumar |first4=Vineet |last5=Nambiar |first5=Dhanya K. |last6=Li |first6=Yang |last7=Dheeraj |first7=Arpit |last8=LaGory |first8=Edward Lewis |last9=Ghoochani |first9=Ali |last10=Birk |first10=Alisha M. |last11=Stoyanova |first11=Tanya |last12=Ye |first12=Jiangbin |last13=Giaccia |first13=Amato J. |last14=Le |first14=Quynh-Thu |last15=Singh |first15=Rana P. |last16=Sledge |first16=George W. |last17=Pitteri |first17=Sharon J. |last18=Malhotra |first18=Sanjay V. |title=Novel Aza-podophyllotoxin derivative induces oxidative phosphorylation and cell death via AMPK activation in triple-negative breast cancer |journal=British Journal of Cancer |date=February 2021 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=604–615 |doi=10.1038/s41416-020-01137-4 |pmid=33139797 |pmc=7851402 |language=en |issn=1532-1827}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Professor]] at the School of Life Sciences, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]]. He is the [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Gautam Buddha University]], Greater Noida serving from February 2025 onwards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UP: गौतमबुद्ध विश्वविद्यालय के नए कुलपति बने प्रो राणा प्रताप सिंह, प्रतिष्ठित कैंसर वैज्ञानिक के नाम से मशहूर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/prof-rana-pratap-singh-becomes-new-vice-chancellor-of-gautam-buddha-university-2025-02-24 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Singh is an academic administrator&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=5 November 2017 |title=Sri Sri to give lecture at JNU on Nov 13 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/sri-sri-to-give-lecture-at-jnu-on-nov-13/article19988999.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; who has established new departments, schools, and research centres in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JNU To Start 4-year UG Programmes, Online Courses In Non-Technical Subjects |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-jnu-to-start-4-year-ug-programmes-online-courses-in-non-technical-subjects-news-364817 |work=Outlook India |date=20 November 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JNU to establish special centre for systems medicine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/jnu-to-establish-special-centre-for-systems-medicine/article33136374.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=20 November 2020 |language=en-IN |date=19 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His research includes [[stem cell]] biology, [[Spheroid|spheroids/]][[organoid]]s, [[DNA repair]] mechanisms, and the effects of [[microgravity]] on [[radiobiology]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rana P Singh |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ef7Y-6YAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=ao |website=Google Scholar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singh's work examines cell signalling and the interactions that govern cellular behaviour and [[cancer progression]], he contributes to the understanding of cancer and its [[Cancer treatment|treatment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/press-release/sgt-university-collaborates-with-nams-to-host-a-landmark-workshop-on-biomedicine/1757764 |work=www.ptinews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has published over 194 research papers in scientific journals such as ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chandraker |first1=Sandip Kumar |last2=Lal |first2=Mishri |last3=Khanam |first3=Farheen |last4=Dhruve |first4=Preeti |last5=Singh |first5=Rana P. |last6=Shukla |first6=Ravindra |title=Therapeutic potential of biogenic and optimized silver nanoparticles using Rubia cordifolia L. leaf extract |journal=Scientific Reports |date=25 May 2022 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=8831 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-12878-y |pmid=35614187 |pmc=9133087 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.8831C |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tailor |first1=Dhanir |last2=Going |first2=Catherine C. |last3=Resendez |first3=Angel |last4=Kumar |first4=Vineet |last5=Nambiar |first5=Dhanya K. |last6=Li |first6=Yang |last7=Dheeraj |first7=Arpit |last8=LaGory |first8=Edward Lewis |last9=Ghoochani |first9=Ali |last10=Birk |first10=Alisha M. |last11=Stoyanova |first11=Tanya |last12=Ye |first12=Jiangbin |last13=Giaccia |first13=Amato J. |last14=Le |first14=Quynh-Thu |last15=Singh |first15=Rana P. |last16=Sledge |first16=George W. |last17=Pitteri |first17=Sharon J. |last18=Malhotra |first18=Sanjay V. |title=Novel Aza-podophyllotoxin derivative induces oxidative phosphorylation and cell death via AMPK activation in triple-negative breast cancer |journal=British Journal of Cancer |date=February 2021 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=604–615 |doi=10.1038/s41416-020-01137-4 |pmid=33139797 |pmc=7851402 |language=en |issn=1532-1827}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Oxford University Press|Oxford Academic]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. P. |title=Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits growth, and induces G1 arrest and apoptotic death of prostate carcinoma DU145 cells: modulation of CDKI-CDK-cyclin and pRb-related protein-E2F complexes |journal=Carcinogenesis |date=1 March 2003 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=555–563 |doi=10.1093/carcin/24.3.555|pmid=12663518 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Harvard Catalyst'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Akash Sabarwal {{!}} Harvard Catalyst Profiles {{!}} Harvard Catalyst |journal=Connects.catalyst.harvard.edu |url=https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/175591}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the ''American Association for Cancer Research Journal''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gu |first1=Mallikarjuna |last2=Singh |first2=Rana P. |last3=Dhanalakshmi |first3=Sivanandhan |last4=Mohan |first4=Sarumathi |last5=Agarwal |first5=Rajesh |title=Differential effect of silibinin on E2F |journal=Molecular Cancer Therapeutics |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=2121–2130 |year=2006 |doi=10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0052 |pmid=16928834 |url=https://aacrjournals.org/mct/article/5/8/2121/234878/Differential-effect-of-silibinin-on-E2F|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> <br /> Singh completed his Ph.D. in life sciences with a specialization in cancer biology from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]], in 2000. Prior to this, he earned his M.Sc. in life sciences from Jawaharlal Nehru University. He obtained his B.Sc. in zoology, botany, and chemistry from [[Ewing Christian College]], [[University of Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jawaharlal Nehru University |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/rana_singh |website=www.jnu.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He worked at the [[University of Colorado]] as a research scholar and later as an assistant professor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=VC Profile |url=https://www.gbu.ac.in/Content/about/VC%20Profile.pdf |website=Gautam Buddha University}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Administrative positions==<br /> <br /> Singh founded the Special Centre for Systems Medicine&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=20 November 2020 |title=JNU To Start 4-year UG Programmes, Online Courses In Non-Technical Subjects |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-jnu-to-start-4-year-ug-programmes-online-courses-in-non-technical-subjects-news-364817 |work=Outlook India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) and has been chairperson of the centre since 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JNU to establish special centre for systems medicine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/jnu-to-establish-special-centre-for-systems-medicine/article33136374.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=20 November 2020 |language=en-IN |date=19 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; This centre integrates scientific disciplines to improve [[Health care|healthcare]], merging [[systems biology]], [[computational biology]], high-throughput data analysis, [[metabolomics]], [[Transcriptomics technologies|transcriptomics]], regulomics, phenomics, and [[pharmacogenomics]], along with [[biobanking]], data analytics, and animal studies to develop diagnostic and prognostic technologies. Singh's establishment of this centre aligns with promoting interdisciplinary approaches within medical science at JNU as per [[National Education Policy 2020]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jawaharlal Nehru University considers introducing four-year undergraduate programmes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/2020/Nov/20/jawaharlal-nehru-university-considers-introducing-four-year-undergraduateprogrammes-2225696.html |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=20 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He established the School of Life Sciences and its research facilities as its founding dean at the [[Central University of Gujarat]] from 2010 to 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cug.ac.in/pdf/20210517081353f7e3a502cc.pdf |website=Central University of Gujarat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Singh served as rector&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JNU to launch SCEL platform: Digital courses to be offered in various disciplines |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/jnu-scel-platform-1096682-2017-11-29 |website=India Today |access-date=29 November 2017 |language=en |date=29 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; (pro-vice chancellor) of JNU from May 2017 to 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=New JNU V-C starts putting team in place |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/new-jnu-v-c-starts-putting-team-in-place-7821645/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=16 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been the president of the Institutional Innovation Council&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Innovation Sprint launched at JNU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/innovation-sprint-launched-at-jnu/articleshow/82131629.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; at JNU since 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ATAL INCUBATION CENTRE-JNU FOUNDATION FOR INNOVATION |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/sites/default/files/notices/Launch%20of%20Innovation%20Sprint_JNU_17-04-2021.pdf |website=Jawaharlal Nehru University |access-date=17 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; His contributions to the university also include serving as Dean of Students,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=JNU students block admin building protesting new admission rules |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/jnu-students-block-admin-building-protesting-new-admission-rules/articleshow/57084972.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; court member, and executive council member. Prior to his tenure at JNU, he held positions at the Central University of Gujarat, including dean of students' welfare,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Annual Report 2021 |publisher=Central University of Gujarat |page=4 |url=https://www.cug.ac.in/pdf/202105171108511883c1d522.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dean of the School of Life Sciences, Dean of the School of Environmental Sciences, Provost, and chairman of the admission committee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cug.ac.in/pdf/20210517081353f7e3a502cc.pdf |website=Central University, Gujarat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academic career==<br /> Singh's academic career in cancer biology has included positions at multiple institutions. Since 2012, he has been a professor of cancer biology at the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, India. From 2012 to 2016, he was an adjunct professor at the School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, where he previously served as a professor from 2010 to 2012. His earlier appointments include associate professor of molecular cancer biology at JNU from 2006 to 2010 and assistant professor-research at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, [[University of Colorado]] Denver, from 2003 to 2006. He also worked as a research associate at the same department from 2001 to 2003, following a post-doctoral Research Fellowship at the Center for Cancer Causation and Prevention, AMC Cancer Research Center, Lakewood, Colorado, from 2000 to 2001. In 2014, he was a visiting scientist at the [[University of California, Riverside]].<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> * Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) Award (2019): Awarded for establishing the &quot;Centre for Integrative Cancer Biology and Therapeutics,&quot; a Virtual Networked Centre in collaboration with Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) and [[Stanford University]]/[[Oregon Health &amp; Science University]] (OHSU), Portland, US.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indo-U.S. Virtual Networked Centers - Iusstf |url=https://iusstf.org/indo-u-s-virtual-networked-centers |website=iusstf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ICMR International Fellowship for Young Biomedical Scientists (2013–14): Awarded by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for research conducted at the University of California, Riverside in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indian Council for Medical Research |url=https://main.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/boimedical_scientist/Dr_Rana_Pratap_Singh.pdf |website=icmr.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rana P. Singh {{!}} Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/rana_singh |website=www.jnu.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Post-doctoral Trainee Award for Prostate Cancer Research (2003): Conferred by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Department of Defense, received for contributions in prostate cancer research.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India Cancer Research Database |url=http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=431 |website=www.incredb.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Scholar-in-Training Award (2002): Presented by the [[American Association for Cancer Research]], Philadelphia, PA, received for cancer research early in his career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jawaharlal Nehru University |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/rana_singh |website=www.jnu.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Research publications==<br /> <br /> Singh's research has received over 16,530 citations and has an h-index of 78 and i10-index of 157.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Scholar Profile |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ef7Y-6YAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=ao |website=Google Scholars}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Google Scholar]], since 2020, he has achieved more than 5,346 citations. His work includes more than 200 research articles published in journals, including ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]], [[Elsevier]], [[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]] and those of the [[American Association for Cancer Research]] (AACR). Singh's research spans cancer biology, stem cell research, and other fields in life sciences.<br /> <br /> His lab has researched the effects of microgravity on human cells.<br /> <br /> ===Books, chapters and articles===<br /> Singh has written book chapters on cancer biology and a complete book ''Breast Cancer: Biology, Prevention and Treatment''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=P Singh |first1=Rana |title=Red Flower Publications |isbn=978-81-930735-0-6 |url=https://rfppl.co.in/bookdetailsinformation.php?mid=2&amp;id=61 |access-date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of his writings are:<br /> * Mechanisms of Resistance in Head and Neck Cancers. N.p.: Frontiers Media SA, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Mechanisms of Resistance in Head and Neck Cancers |date=8 August 2022 |publisher=Frontiers Media SA |isbn=978-2-88976-732-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bx_EAAAQBAJ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Cancer Research. United States: Waverly Press, 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Cancer Research |date=February 2009 |publisher=Waverly Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I19WAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22Rana%20P%20Singh%22%20-wikipedia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Simulated microgravity induces DNA damage concurrent with impairment of DNA repair and activation of cell-type specific DNA damage response in microglial and glioblastoma cells&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Ragini |last2=Jaiswal |first2=Aishwarya |last3=Singh |first3=Rana P. |title=Simulated microgravity induces DNA damage concurrent with impairment of DNA repair and activation of cell-type specific DNA damage response in microglial and glioblastoma cells |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research |date=March 2024 |volume=1871 |issue=3 |article-number=119679 |doi=10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119679|pmid=38272357 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Simulated microgravity triggers DNA damage and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through ROS generation in human promyelocytic leukemic cells.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Ragini |last2=Rajput |first2=Mohit |last3=Singh |first3=Rana P. |date=November 2021 |title=Simulated microgravity triggers DNA damage and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through ROS generation in human promyelocytic leukemic cells |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S156772492100132X |journal=Mitochondrion |language=en |volume=61 |pages=114–124 |doi=10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.006|pmid=34571251 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rana}}<br /> [[Category:Indian academic administrators]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical researchers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]<br /> [[Category:American cancer researchers]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tamil_films_of_2015&diff=460345 2026-03-07T05:22:59Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: adjust intro based on references and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|None}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> This is a '''list of [[Tamil language]] films''' produced in the [[Tamil cinema]] in India that were released in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/bigger-not-better/article7289256.ece|title=Bigger, not better|website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over 200 Tamil films released in 2015, the biggest number of films to come from a single film industry in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/star-led-content-backed-films-shone-in-bollywoods-roller-coaster-year/|title=Star-led, content-backed films shone in Bollywood's roller-coaster year|date=26 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/except-december-2015-has-been-a-great-year-for-tamil-cinema/article8020736.ece|title=Except December, 2005 has been a great year for Tamil cinema|website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Tamil films}}<br /> <br /> Post-amendment to the Tamil Nadu Entertainment Tax Act 1939 on 27 September 2011, gross jumped to 130 per cent of net for films with non-Tamil titles and U certificates as well.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/extraordinary/2011/368-Ex-IV-2.pdf Entertainment tax doubled to 30% (from 15%) for non-Tamil titles and U certificates]&lt;/ref&gt; Commercial Taxes Department disclosed {{INR}}106.29 crore in entertainment tax revenue for the year.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/ADMINISTRATIVE+REPORT+2017-2018/748773c3-2f25-4192-a416-268eb4931cd9?version=1.1 CTD reports {{INR}}106.29 crore ET collection in 2015-16]&lt;/ref&gt; According to Ormax Media industry report, the Tamil film segment registered domestic net box office receipts of {{INR}}996 crore with 14 crore admissions.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-latest-bollywood-numbers-are-no-good/article22671383.ece Kollywood admissions total 14 crore in India in 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Box office collection ==<br /> The [[list of highest-grossing Tamil films]] released in 2015, by worldwide box office [[gross revenue]], are as follows:<br /> &lt;!--Please do not remove/split any film here WP:NFF. Thank you.--&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot; margin:auto;&quot;<br /> !Rank<br /> !Title<br /> !Gross<br /> !Production company<br /> !ref(s)<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |''[[I (2015 film)|I]]''<br /> |₹227—240 crore<br /> |[[Aascar Films]] &lt;br /&gt;S. Aishwarya (presenter)<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=IBTimes|date=2015-12-07|title=Vedalam (Vedhalam) box office collection: Ajith's film heavily affected by Chennai flood|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/vedalam-vedhalam-box-office-collection-ajiths-film-heavily-affected-by-chennai-flood-658331|access-date=2020-08-07|website=International Business Times, India Edition}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |''[[Vedalam]]''<br /> |₹125.7 crore<br /> |[[A. M. Rathnam|Shri Sai Raam Creations]]&lt;br /&gt;[[A. M. Rathnam|S.Aishwarya]] &lt;small&gt;(Presenter)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160301095646/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vedalam-total-box-office-collection-ajith-starrer-grosses-rs-125-7-crore-lifetime-668786 Vedalam total box office]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |''[[Kanchana 2]]''<br /> |₹108 crore<br /> |[[Raghava Lawrence]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;IBT12182015&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Upadhyaya|first1=Prakash|title=SS Rajamouli's Baahubali to Ajith's Vedalam: The Top 10 Highest grossing Tamil movies in 2015|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/highest-grossing-tamil-movies-2015-top-10-films-that-kept-cash-registers-ringing-box-office-659394|access-date=15 December 2015|work=International Business Times, India Edition|date=15 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |''[[Thani Oruvan]]''<br /> |₹105 crore<br /> |[[AGS Entertainment]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;IBT Thani gross&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/thani-oruvan-box-office-collection-jayam-ravi-arvind-swamy-starrer-completes-50-days-650858|title='Thani Oruvan' box office collection: Jayam Ravi-Arvind Swamy starrer completes 50 days|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=16 October 2015|quote=The worldwide collection of the movie has crossed over Rs 75 crore, say reports.}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|5<br /> |''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]''<br /> |₹102 crore<br /> |Wide Angle Creations &lt;br /&gt;RajKumar Theatres Pvt. Ltd.<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/papanasam-box-office-first-day-collection-kamal-haasan-starrer-off-flying-opening-638129|title='Papanasam' Box Office Collection: Kamal Haasan Starrer Off to a Flying Opening|website=International Business Times|date=2015-07-04|access-date=2020-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Uthama Villain]]''<br /> |₹101 crore<br /> |[[Raaj Kamal Films International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Thirrupathi Brothers|Thirupathi Brothers Film Media]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/uttama-villain-uthama-villain-first-day-box-office-collection-estimated-loss-kamal-starrer-due-631081|title=Uthama Villain-First Day Box Office Collection: Estimated Loss of Kamal Starrer due to Delayed Release|date=2 May 2015|access-date = 9 May 2015|website=Behindwoods}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]''<br /> |₹100 crore<br /> |[[Thameens Films]]&lt;br /&gt;[[P. T. Selvakumar|SKT Studios]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title = Puli | website = [[International Business Times]]| url = https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mersal-box-office-collection-vijay-crowned-king-rs-100-crore-club-consistent-performer-749164}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |8<br /> |''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]''<br /> |₹96 crore<br /> |[[A. M. Rathnam|Shri Sai Raam Creations]]&lt;br /&gt;[[A. M. Rathnam|S.Aishwarya]] &lt;small&gt;(Presenter)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/highest-grossing-tamil-movies-2015-top-10-films-that-kept-cash-registers-ringing-box-office-659394|title = Kollywood 2015: Top 10 Highest Grossing Tamil Movies in the Year| website=[[International Business Times]] |date = 14 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nicy, V.P. (2 March 2015) [https://www.ibtimes.co.in/yennai-arinhdaal-fourth-weekend-box-office-collection-ajith-starrer-grosses-106-crore-624987 'Yennai Arinhdaal' Fourth Weekend Box Office Collection: Ajith Starrer Grosses ₹106 Crore Worldwide, Says Trade Analyst]. ''International Business Times, India Edition''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |''[[Masss]]''<br /> |₹79 crore<br /> |[[Studio Green]]&lt;br /&gt;[[2D Entertainment]]&lt;br /&gt;Aadnah Arts<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/highest-grossing-tamil-movies-2015-top-10-films-that-kept-cash-registers-ringing-box-office-659394 |title=Kollywood 2015: Top 10 Highest Grossing Tamil Movies in the Year |work=Ibtimes. Retrieved 16 Dec 2015.|date=14 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]''<br /> |₹78 crore<br /> |[[Raaj Kamal Films International]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |''[[Anegan]]''<br /> |₹55 crore<br /> |[[AGS Entertainment]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/anegan-box-office-dhanush-starrer-earns-55-crore-worldwide-625411|title='Anegan' Box Office: Dhanush Starrer Earns ₹55 Crore Worldwide|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash| date=6 March 2015|work=[[IB Times]] | access-date=7 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |''[[Kaaki Sattai]]''<br /> |₹55 crore<br /> |[[Wunderbar Films]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kakki-sattai-box-office-collection-siva-karthikeyan-starrer-exceeds-expectations-enters-third-626138|title='Kakki Sattai' Box Office Collection: Siva Karthikeyan Starrer Exceeds Expectations; Enters Third Week|website=International Business Times|date=2015-03-15|access-date=2020-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''<br /> |₹52 crore<br /> |[[Madras Talkies]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/uttama-villain-release-controversies/article7164723.ece|title=Trouble in Kollywood|work=The Hindu|date=2 May 2015|author=Sreedhar Pillai's}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Releases==<br /> === January&amp;nbsp;- June===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; id=&quot;wikitable-20150601&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Opening<br /> ! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;| Title<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Cast<br /> ! Genre<br /> ! Producer<br /> ! Ref<br /> |- January! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; <br /> | rowspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#db7093;&quot;| '''J&lt;br&gt;A&lt;br&gt;N'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#edb7c9;&quot;| '''2'''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thiru Vi Ka Poonga]]'' || Senthil || Senthil, Swathi Shanmugam || Drama || The Budget Film Company ||&lt;ref name = &quot;jan2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-2-2015-news-tamil-pbckBpigeabff.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102164328/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-2-2015-news-tamil-pbckBpigeabff.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-02|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;– January 2|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Virudhalaam Pattu'' || R. Jayakanthan || Hemanth Kumar, Saniya Srivastav || Romance || Tamizh Thai Productions ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jan2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vishayam Veliye Theriya Koodadhu'' || A. Raagaventira || Sentrayan, Ranga || Thriller || Open Eye Theatres ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jan2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#edb7c9;&quot;| '''9'''<br /> | ''Kizhakke Udhiththa Kaadhal'' || K. Muni Shankar|| Aariyan, Lisha, Sumalatha || Comedy drama || Faceon Mediya || &lt;ref name = &quot;jan9&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-9-news-tamil-pbjjUqcafcged.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109101203/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-9-news-tamil-pbjjUqcafcged.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;– January 9|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vettaiyadu'' || K. S. Vijayabalan || Vidiyal Raju, [[Udhayathara]], Hari, Prajwal Poovaiah || Drama || Shoundaryan Pictures ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jan9&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#edb7c9;&quot;| '''14'''<br /> | ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' || [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]|| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Amy Jackson]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Upen Patel]]|| Romantic thriller || [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Pongal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/preview-of-pongal-2015-releases-news-tamil-pbnoztjeidaha.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114031136/http://www.sify.com/movies/preview-of-pongal-2015-releases-news-tamil-pbnoztjeidaha.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2015|title=Preview of Pongal 2015 releases|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#edb7c9;&quot;| '''15'''<br /> | ''[[Aambala]]'' || [[Sundar C]] || [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] || Action masala || Vishal Film Factory ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Pongal&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Darling (2015 Indian film)|Darling]]'' || Sam Anton || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Nikki Galrani]], [[Karunas]], [[Srushti Dange]] || Horror comedy || [[Studio Green]]&lt;br&gt;[[Geetha Arts]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Pongal&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#edb7c9;&quot;| '''23'''<br /> | ''Appavi Kateri'' || Ali Akbar || Rafiq, Meera, Vimal || Horror || Gopikaa Movie Makers ||&lt;ref name = &quot;jan23&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-23-news-tamil-pbxqtDhaefagh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123172328/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-23-news-tamil-pbxqtDhaefagh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— January 23|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Aroopam'' || Vincent Jayaraj || Deva, Darshitha || Thriller || Raana Pictures ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jan23&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thottal Thodarum]]'' || Cable Shankar || [[Thaman Kumar]], [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] || Romantic thriller || FCS Creations ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jan23&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#edb7c9;&quot;| '''30'''<br /> | ''[[Dharani (film)|Dharani]]'' || Guhan Sambantham || [[Aari (actor)|Aari]], [[Elango Kumaravel]], Ajay Krishna, [[Sandra Amy]], Varunika || Action drama || Dream Factory ||&lt;ref name = &quot;jan30&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--january30-news-tamil-pb3qUveajjhdi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201150358/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--january30-news-tamil-pb3qUveajjhdi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— January 31|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Isai]]'' || [[S. J. Surya]] || S. J. Surya, [[Sathyaraj]], [[Sulagna Panigrahi]] || Psychological thriller || SS Productions ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jan30&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Killadi]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] || [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Meera Chopra|Nila]] || Action masala || [[Salem Chandrasekharan|Sri Saravana Creations]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jan30&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]'' || [[R. K. Selvamani]] || [[Prashanth]], [[Karthika Mathew]], Ashwini, {{nowrap|[[R. K. (actor)|R. K.]]}} || Crime thriller || I. V. Cine Productions ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jan30&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Touring Talkies (2015 film)|Touring Talkies]]'' || [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] || [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], [[Papri Ghosh]], [[Abi Saravanan]], [[Gayatri Rema]] || Romantic thriller || Staar Makers ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jan30&quot;/&gt;<br /> |- February !<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:skyBlue;&quot;| '''F&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;B'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;&quot;| '''5'''<br /> | ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' || [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Arun Vijay]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Anushka Shetty]] || Action drama || Sri Sai Ram Creations ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/record-opening-for-yennai-arindhaal-in-us-news-tamil-pcftw1cihbggj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208100643/http://www.sify.com/movies/record-opening-for-yennai-arindhaal-in-us-news-tamil-pcftw1cihbggj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2015|title=Record opening for 'Yennai Arindhaal' in US&amp;nbsp;— February 5|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;&quot;| '''6'''<br /> | ''[[Pongi Ezhu Manohara]]'' || Ramesh Rangasamy || [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]], Archana Vishwanath, [[Arundhati Nair]] || Romantic comedy || Banyan Movies ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/ponge-ezhu-manohara.html|title=Ponge Ezhu Manohara|work=FilmiBeat|access-date=28 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;&quot;| '''13'''<br /> | ''[[Anegan]]'' || [[K. V. Anand]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Amyra Dastur]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] || Romantic thriller || [[AGS Entertainment]] || &lt;ref name=&quot;feb13&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-13-news-tamil-pcnk6Jefjidha.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215144303/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-13-news-tamil-pcnk6Jefjidha.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2015|title=Friday Fury- February 13|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Mandodhari'' || Sampath || Ranjith, Amar, Dhareena || Horror || Milestone Films || &lt;ref name=&quot;feb13&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Manitha Kadhal Alla'' || Agni || Agni, Tarushi, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || Romance || BlackSea Movies || &lt;ref name=&quot;feb13&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;&quot;| '''20'''<br /> | ''K3'' || M. S. Annadurai || Vimal Raja, Aadhira || Thriller || Magic Media || &lt;ref name = &quot;feb20&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-20-news-tamil-pcukbvgcaggji.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727232043/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-20-news-tamil-pcukbvgcaggji.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 July 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— February 20|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] || [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Meera Nandan]], [[Oviya]] || Action || Magic Frames || &lt;ref name=&quot;feb20&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]'' || Ram Prakash Rayappa || [[Attakathi Dinesh]], [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]], [[Bindu Madhavi]], [[Aishwarya Dutta]] || [[Social thriller]] || VLS Rock Cinema ||&lt;ref name=&quot;feb20&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#b7e1f3;&quot;| '''27'''<br /> | ''[[Ettuthikkum Madhayaanai]]'' || K. S. Thangasamy || [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]], Sreemukhi || Action || Raattinam Pictures || &lt;ref name = &quot;feb27&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-27-news-tamil-pc1hhFeccfjii.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228075745/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-27-news-tamil-pc1hhFeccfjii.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— February 27|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]'' || R. S. Durai Senthilkumar, || [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Sri Divya]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Vijay Raaz]] || Comedy masala || [[Wunderbar Films]] || &lt;ref name=&quot;feb27&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manal Naharam]]'' || [[Shankar Panicker|Oru Thalai Raagam Shankar]] || [[Prajin]], [[Gautham Krishna]], Thanishka, [[Varuna Shetty]] || Romantic drama || DJM Associates || &lt;ref name=&quot;feb27&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vajram (2015 film)|Vajram]]'' || [[Ramesh Selvan]] || [[Sree Raam]], Kishore, Pandi, Bhavani Reddy || Comedy drama || Sri Sairam Film Factory ||&lt;ref name=&quot;feb27&quot;/&gt;<br /> |- March!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;31&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#50c878;&quot;| '''M&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;R'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;&quot;| '''6'''<br /> | ''[[Bench Talkies]]'' || Six directors || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Sananth|Sananth Reddy]] || [[Anthology film|Anthology]] || Stone Bench Creations ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-6-news-tamil-pdgkFdbjcdjdh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819142258/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-6-news-tamil-pdgkFdbjcdjdh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— March 6|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || [[Shaji Kailas]] || [[R. K. (actor)|R. K.]], [[Poonam Kaur]], [[Meenakshi Dixit]] || Action || Makkal Paasarai || &lt;ref name = &quot;mar6&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'' || Prasad Ramar || [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Deepa Sannidhi]], [[Srushti Dange]] || Psychological thriller ||[[Thirukumaran Entertainment]]&lt;br&gt;ABI TCS Studios|| &lt;ref name = &quot;mar6&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai]]''&lt;br/&gt;([[Direct-to-video]]) || [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] || [[Sharwanand]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Prakash Raj]] || Drama || Dream Theatres ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/jk-enum-nanbanin-vazhkai.html|title=JK Enum Nanbanin Vazhkai&amp;nbsp;— Tamil Movie Reviews, Trailers, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast &amp; Crew, Story &amp; Synopsis&amp;nbsp;— Filmibeat|work=FilmiBeat|access-date=3 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/cheran-lodges-piracy-complaint-against-local-cable-tvs/article7091368.ece|title=Cheran lodges piracy complaint against local cable TVs|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu|date=11 April 2015|access-date=3 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maha Maha]]'' || Mathivanan Sakthivel || Mathivanan Sakthivel, Melisha || Romantic thriller || Sakthi Screens ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar6&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rombha Nallavan Da Nee]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] || [[Mirchi Senthil]], Sruthi Bala, Sarvajeeth || Comedy || Rendezvous Movie Makers ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar6&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Serndhu Polama]]'' || [[Anil Kumar (film director)|Anil Kumar]] || [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]], [[Madhuurima]], Preethi Christina Paul || Romance || Dream Factory || &lt;ref name = &quot;mar6&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thoppi]]'' || [[Youreka]] || Murali Ram, Rakshaya Raj || Romantic drama || Nimo Productions || &lt;ref name = &quot;mar6&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;&quot;| '''13'''<br /> | ''[[Aivarattam]]'' || Mithun Manikkam || Dushyanth Jayaprakash, Niranjan Jayaprakash, [[Nithya Shetty]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] || Sports drama || The Vibrant Movies ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar13&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-13-news-tamil-pdnkOHaacgcii.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313134236/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-13-news-tamil-pdnkOHaacgcii.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— March 13|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ivanuku Thannila Gandam]]'' || S. N. Sakthivel || [[Deepak Dinkar]], [[Neha Ratnakaran]], [[Rajendran]] || Comedy ||VVR Cine Mask ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar13&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Katham Katham]]'' || Babu Thooyavan || [[Nandha Durairaj|Nandha]], [[Natty Subramaniam]], [[Sanam Shetty]], Sharika || Action || Appu Movies ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar13&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mahabalipuram (film)|Mahabalipuram]]'' || Don Sandy || Vinayak, [[Vithika Sheru]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Ramesh Thilak]], [[Angana Roy]] || Comedy drama || Studio 9 Productions&lt;br&gt;Clapboard Movies ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar13&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rajathandhiram]]'' || AG Amid || [[Veera Bahu|Veera]], [[Regina Cassandra]] || Heist || Sunland Cinemas&lt;br&gt;White Bucket Productions||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar13&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sonna Pocchu'' || Sairam || Alagu, Gopika, Lakshmi || Horror || Aim High Creations ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar13&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Thavarana Pathai'' || Sri Arun || Surya Teja, Naveena Jackson, Surabhi Swathi, Giridhar || Romantic thriller || Devakala Films ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar13&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vaanavil Vaazhkai]]'' || [[James Vasanthan]] || Jose Selvaraj, Janani Rajan, Jithi, Cassandra, Jonathan, Sai Shankar, Shilvi Sharon, Maya, Gaana Shiva || Musical || Oceanaa AJR Cine Arts ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar13&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;&quot;| '''20'''<br /> | ''[[Aaya Vada Sutta Kadhai]]'' || N. Phanindra || Avitej, Supurna, Manoharan K., Sai Prashanth || Comedy || Pixl Films ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar20&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-13-news-tamil-pdnkOHaacgcii.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313134236/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-13-news-tamil-pdnkOHaacgcii.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— March 20|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Agathinai]]'' || U. P. Marudhu || [[Mahima Nambiar]], [[Aadukalam Naren]], Varma || Drama || Sri Harini Pictures ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar20&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Iravum Pagalum Varum]]'' || Balasriram || [[Mahesh (Tamil actor)|Mahesh]], [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] || Romantic thriller || Sky Dot Films||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar20&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadavul Paathi Mirugam Paathi]]'' || Raaj-Suresh || Raj Zacharias, [[Sethu (actor)|Sethu]], Swetha Vijay, [[Pooja Umashankar]] || Drama || Celebs &amp; Red Carpet Studios ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar20&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kallappadam]]'' || J. Vadivel || Jishnu Raghavan, [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]], Vadivel, Sreerama Santhosh, Gaugin || Thriller || Iraivan Films ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar20&quot;/&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | ''Kaala Kattam'' || K. Bhaskar || Pawan, Satyashri || Romance || Jai Indra Movies ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar20&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Mooch'' || Vinu Bharathi || Nithin George, [[Misha Ghoshal]], Jayaraj, Abhi, Diya, Suhasini, Vellore Girija || Horror || Great B Productions ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar20&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Patra (film)|Patra]]'' || Jayantan || Mithun Dev, [[Delna Davis|Vaidehi]] || Action drama || GK Cinemas ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar20&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thilagar]]'' || B. Perumal Pillai || [[Dhruvva]], [[Mrudhula Bhaskar]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] || Action drama || Anger Print ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar20&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vethu Vettu]]'' || S. Manibarathi || [[Arish Kumar|Harish]], [[Malavika Menon]], [[Ganja Karuppu]] || Romance || Vivin Movie ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar20&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;&quot;| '''27'''<br /> | ''[[Charles Shafiq Karthiga]]'' || Sathiya Moorthy Saravanan || [[Sharran Kumar]], Mishal, Jai Quehaeni, [[Narayan Lucky]], Vimal Antony || Thriller || SS Film Factory ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar27&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-27-news-tamil-pd1lkyafbcbcc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327184459/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-27-news-tamil-pd1lkyafbcbcc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 March 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— March 27|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Manadhil Oru Maatram'' || Janaa Venkat || Madhan, Spoorthi Suresh || Romance || Kotrak Films ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar27&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nathikal Nanaivathillai]]'' || Nanjil P. C. Anbazhahan || Pranav, [[Monica (actress)|Monica]], Risha || Romance || Saraswathi Entertainment ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar27&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sarithram Pesu'' || Sri Mahesh || Dr. Saravanan, Kannika, Kiruba, Yogeshwaran Bose || Drama || Ayyanar Films ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar27&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Valiyavan]]'' || [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]] || [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]] || Action || SK Studios ||&lt;ref name = &quot;mar27&quot;/&gt;<br /> |- April!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#b4cae3;&quot;| '''A&lt;br/&gt;P&lt;br&gt;R'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;&quot;| '''2'''<br /> | ''[[Komban]]'' || Muthiah || [[Karthi]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], [[Rajkiran]] || Action drama || [[Studio Green]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;apr1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywoods-easter-weekend-releases-news-tamil-peckDfcgbcdcd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831231715/http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywoods-easter-weekend-releases-news-tamil-peckDfcgbcdcd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2015|title=Kollywood's Easter weekend releases! - April 2|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nannbenda]]'' || Jagdish || [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], [[Nayantara]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || Romantic comedy || [[Red Giant Movies]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;apr1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sagaptham]]'' || Surendran || Shanmugapandian, [[Neha Hinge]], [[Shubra Aiyappa]] || Action || Captain Cine Creations || &lt;ref name=&quot;apr1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;&quot;| '''10'''<br /> | ''[[Chennai Ungalai Anbudan Varaverkirathu]]'' || Marudhu Pandian || [[Bobby Simha]], Lingaa, Prapanjayan, Saranya, Panimalar, [[Nisha Krishnan]] || Drama || ATM Productions ||&lt;ref name=&quot;silverscreen.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://silverscreen.in/features/in-theatres-this-week-bobby-simha-and-bhagyaraj/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150427151639/http://silverscreen.in/features/in-theatres-this-week-bobby-simha-and-bhagyaraj/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2015|title=In Theatres This Friday: Bobby Simha and Bhagyaraj|work=Silverscreen.in|date=9 April 2015|access-date=3 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thunai Mudhalvar]]'' || R. Vivekanand || [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Jayaram]], [[Shwetha Menon]], [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]] || Satire || Anugrahada Art Films ||&lt;ref name=&quot;silverscreen.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;&quot;| '''17'''<br /> | ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' || [[Raghava Lawrence]] || [[Raghava Lawrence]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Nithya Menen]] || Horror comedy || Raghavendra Productions ||&lt;ref name=&quot;apr17&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-17-news-tamil-perjW2geajiih.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418013420/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-17-news-tamil-perjW2geajiih.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— April 17|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]] || [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Leela Samson]] || Romance || [[Madras Talkies]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;apr17&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;&quot;| '''24'''<br /> | ''Iridiyam'' || Sai Mukhunthan || Mohan Kumar, Aarushi, Vijay Adith, [[Jangiri Madhumitha]], [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Srinivasan]] || Action comedy || Quadra Movies ||&lt;ref name=&quot;apr24&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-24-news-tamil-peyk8djjcdgcf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424080831/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-24-news-tamil-peyk8djjcdgcf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— April 24|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kangaroo (2015 film)|Kangaroo]]'' || [[Samy (director)|Samy]] || Arjuna, [[Varsha Ashwathi]], [[Sri Priyanka]] || Adventure || V House Productions || &lt;ref name=&quot;apr24&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Neethane En Kovil'' || N. Pathu || Pathu, Nagaraj || Romance || Nagu Creations ||&lt;ref name=&quot;apr24&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yoogan]]'' || [[Kamal G|G. Kamal]] || Yashmith, Siddhu GRN, [[Sakshi Agarwal]], Pradeep Balaji, Shyam Kirthivasan || Horror || Twins Production ||&lt;ref name=&quot;apr24&quot; /&gt;<br /> |- May!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;16&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:hotPink;&quot;| '''M&lt;br/&gt;A&lt;br&gt;Y'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffb5da;&quot;| '''1'''<br /> | ''[[Vai Raja Vai]]'' || [[Aishwarya R. Dhanush]] || [[Gautham Karthik]], [[Priya Anand]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Daniel Balaji]], [[Taapsee Pannu]] || Thriller || AGS Entertainment ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/uttama-villain-loss-is-vai-raja-vai-s-gain-news-malayalam-pfcuVNfadhjaf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505055737/http://www.sify.com/movies/uttama-villain-loss-is-vai-raja-vai-s-gain-news-malayalam-pfcuVNfadhjaf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2015|title='Uttama Villain' loss is 'Vai Raja Vai's gain|work=Sify|date=2 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffb5da;&quot;| '''2'''<br /> | ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' || [[Ramesh Aravind]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[K. Balachander]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Pooja Kumar]] || Comedy drama || [[Thirrupathi Brothers]]&lt;br&gt;[[Raaj Kamal Films International]] ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/475269/uttama-villian-opens-good-response.html|title='Uttama {{sic|Villian|nolink=y}}' opens to good response|work=Deccan Herald|date=4 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;&quot;| '''8'''<br /> | ''[[India Pakistan]]'' || N. Anand || [[Vijay Antony]], [[Sushma Raj]] || Comedy || Vijay Antony Film Corporation ||&lt;ref name=&quot;may8&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-8-news-tamil-pfilnWbihhjba.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910061317/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-8-news-tamil-pfilnWbihhjba.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— May 8|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kadhal Ilavasam'' || S. R. Balakrishnan || B. Ganesh, Jshmitha || Romance || Santhya Creations ||&lt;ref name=&quot;may8&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[MGR Sivaji Rajini Kamal]]'' || [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] || [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]], Suresh, Manoj, [[Ram G|Ramji]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]], [[Nirosha]], [[Vanitha Vijayakumar|Vanitha]] || Comedy || Vanitha Film Production ||&lt;ref name=&quot;may8&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;&quot;| '''15'''<br /> | ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' || [[Rosshan Andrrews]] || [[Jyothika]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] || Drama || 2D Entertainment ||&lt;ref name=&quot;may15&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-15-news-tamil-pfpjnzifijhhh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517010929/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-15-news-tamil-pfpjnzifijhhh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 May 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— May 15|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai]]'' || [[S. P. Jananathan]] || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Karthika Nair]] || Political thriller || [[UTV Motion Pictures]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;may15&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;&quot;| '''22'''<br /> | ''[[Demonte Colony]]'' || Ajay Gnanamuthu || [[Arulnithi]], [[Ramesh Thilak]], [[Sananth|Sananth Reddy]] || Horror || Mohana Movies || &lt;ref name=&quot;may22&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-22-news-tamil-pfwjLDdjififa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525024532/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-22-news-tamil-pfwjLDdjififa.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— May 22|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kamara Kattu]]'' || Ramki Ramakrishnan || [[Sree Raam]], [[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]], [[Manishajith]], Raksha Raj || Drama || Sree Daksha Innovations,&lt;br/&gt;Reves Creations || &lt;ref name=&quot;may22&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nanbargal Narpani Mandram'' || [[Radha Bharathi]] || Jainath, Akshaya || Drama || Sri Annamalaiyar Movies || &lt;ref name=&quot;may22&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Siruvani'' || Ragunath || Sanjay, Aishwari || Romance || Marudhamalai Films || &lt;ref name=&quot;may22&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thiranthidu Seese]]'' || M. Nimesh Varshan || [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]], Veeravan Stalin, [[Narayan Lucky]], [[Anjena Kirti]] || Thriller || Sudhas Production || &lt;ref name=&quot;may22&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vindhai]]'' || Laura || [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]], [[Manishajith]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Manobala]] || Comedy || Annai Pudhumai Madha Films || &lt;ref name=&quot;may22&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;&quot;| '''29'''<br /> | ''[[Iruvar Ondranal]]'' || Anbu G. || P. R. Prabhu, Krithika Malini || Romance || Ramana Arts || &lt;ref name=&quot;may29&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury---may-29-news-tamil-pf3jbrhdceiba.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529113039/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury---may-29-news-tamil-pf3jbrhdceiba.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;— May 29|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Masss]]'' || [[Venkat Prabhu]] || [[Suriya]], [[Nayantara]], [[Pranitha Subhash|Pranitha]], [[Parthiban]], [[Samuthirakani]] || Supernatural thriller || Aadnah Arts || &lt;ref name=&quot;may29&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Soan Papdi (film)|Soan Papdi]]'' || Sivani || [[Sri (actor)|Sri]], Sahil, [[Niranjana (actress)|Niranjana]], Priya || Comic thriller || Golden Movie Maker || &lt;ref name=&quot;may29&quot;/&gt;<br /> |- June!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;16&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#B2C248;&quot;| '''J&lt;br/&gt;U&lt;br&gt;N'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#D1DA98;&quot;| '''5'''<br /> | ''[[Buddhanin Sirippu]]'' || Victor Davidson || [[Samuthirakani]], [[Mahesh (Tamil actor)|Mahesh]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Mithra Kurian]] || Drama || Sakaria Productions || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Friday Fury-June 5|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-5-news-tamil-pgfluuihfhjcf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605195441/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-5-news-tamil-pgfluuihfhjcf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2015|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=26 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Dhegam Sudukuthu'' || K. P. Ganesh || Vijay Kumar, Kalyani || Adult || KCV Films || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun5&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]'' || [[M. Manikandan]] || [[J. Vignesh]], [[Kaakkaa Muttai Ramesh|V. Ramesh]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] || Comedy drama || Wunderbar Films&lt;br/&gt;Grass Root Film Company ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jun5&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kathamma'' || M. D. Sukumaran || Biju, Aathira, Ashok Raj, Shivaji Mallika || Drama || Bougainvillea Films || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun5&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Puriyadha Anandam Puthithaga Arambam]]'' || Syed Ibrahim || [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Srushti Dange]] || Romance || Rowther Films || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun5&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#D1DA98;&quot;| '''12'''<br /> | ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' || Muruganand || [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]], [[Ashna Zaveri]], [[Akhila Kishore]] || Comedy || Handmade Films || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun12&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Friday Fury-June 12|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-12-news-tamil-pgmlcNecfihfc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612100612/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-12-news-tamil-pgmlcNecfihfc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 June 2015|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=26 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]'' || Lakshman || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Hansika Motwani]] || Romantic comedy || Madras Enterprises || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun12&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#D1DA98;&quot;| '''19'''<br /> | ''[[Achaaram]]'' || Mohan Krishna || [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], [[Munna (actor)|Munna]], [[Poonam Kaur]] || Crime thriller || Dhaaru Nisha Movies || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun19&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Friday Fury -June 19|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--june-19-news-tamil-pgtkHdjgdfjag.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619225402/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--june-19-news-tamil-pgtkHdjgdfjag.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2015|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=26 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Eli (2015 film)|Eli]]'' || [[Yuvaraj Dhayalan]] || [[Vadivelu]], [[Sadha]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] || Spy comedy || City Cine Creations || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun19&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Iru Kadhal Oru Kadhai'' || P. Panneerselvam || Jana, Anu Krishna || Romance || TJ Movies || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun19&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Iyakkunar'' || Rajath || Rajath, Ashmitha, Risha, Shruti Swastika || Comedy || Jayalakshmi Golden Jubilee Films || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun19&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#D1DA98;&quot;| '''26'''<br /> | ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]'' || Ravi Kumar R. || [[Vishnu (actor)|Vishnu]], [[Miya (actress)|Miya]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] || Science-fiction comedy || [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]] || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun26&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Friday Fury- June 26|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--june-26-news-tamil-pg0kwxgaaahdf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164610/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--june-26-news-tamil-pg0kwxgaaahdf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=26 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]'' || Nagendran R. || [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Samuthirakani]], [['Punnagai Poo' Gheetha]] || Action || [['Punnagai Poo' Gheetha|SG Films]] || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun26&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Lodukku Pandi'' || Rajneesh || [[Karunas]], Neha Saxena || Comedy || G Pictures || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun26&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Moone Moonu Varthai]]'' || [[Madhumitha (director)|Madhumitha]] || [[Arjun Chidambaram]], [[Aditi Chengappa]], [[Venkatesh Harinathan]] || Romantic comedy || [[S. P. B. Charan|Capital Film Works]] || &lt;ref name=&quot;jun26&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]'' || Sathya || [[Aadhi (actor)|Aadhi]], [[Nikki Galrani]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Richa Pallod]] || Action drama || Adharsha Chitralaya ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jun26&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===July&amp;nbsp;- December===<br /> {| id=&quot;wikitable-20151207&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Opening<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Producer !! Ref<br /> |- July!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#4EE2EC;&quot;| '''J&lt;br&gt;U&lt;br&gt;L'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#afeeee;&quot;| '''3'''<br /> | ''[[Baby (2015 Tamil film)|Baby]]'' || D. Suresh || [[Manoj K. Bharathi]], Shira Gaarg, Baby Sathanya, Srivarshini || Horror || RK Entertainers ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-3-news-tamil-phdkcJbehbjdc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706015023/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-3-news-tamil-phdkcJbehbjdc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 July 2015|title=Friday Fury-July 3|work=Sify|date=3 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Oru Thozhan Oru Thozhi'' || P. Mohan || Meenesh Krishna, Mano Deepan, Asthra, Abinitha || Romance || Ghantharvaa Celluloids Creators ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul3&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Palakkattu Madhavan]]'' || M. Chandramohan || [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Sonia Agarwal]], [[Sheela]] || Comedy drama || ABC Dreams ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul3&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' || [[Jeethu Joseph]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Gautami]], [[Niveda Thomas]], [[Asha Sarath]] || Drama-thriller || Wide Angle Creations&lt;br/&gt;Raj Kumar Theatres ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul3&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Paranjothi'' || Gopu Balaji || Sarathy Natesan, [[Ansiba Hassan]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] || Drama || IPL Cinemas ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul3&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#afeeee;&quot;|'''10'''<br /> | ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' || [[S. S. Rajamouli]] || [[Prabhas]], [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Tamannaah]] || Epic / history || [[Arka Media Works]] ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150704/entertainment-tollywood/article/bahubali-not-have-premier|title=Bahubali not to have premier|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=7 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jul10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july10-news-tamil-phkkp8hbfhjjg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714013058/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july10-news-tamil-phkkp8hbfhjjg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2015|title=Friday Fury-July 10|work=Sify|date=10 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kamaraj (film)|Kamaraj]]'' || A. Balakrishnan || Richard Madhuram, [[Samuthirakani]], Sambathraj Sumant, [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] || Biography || Ramana Communications ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul10&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ore Oru Raja Mokkaraja'' || Sathosh Gopal || Sanjeev Kumar, [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]], [[Rajendran]] || Action || Devakala Films ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul10&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maharani Kottai]]'' || Vinod Kumar || [[Richard Rishi]], Aani Princy, [[Ashwin Raja]], [[Ganja Karuppu]] || Horror || Thanamalar Creations ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul10&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Miss Pannidatheenga Appuram Varuthapaduveenga'' || K. Saravanan || Suresh Kumar, [[Pandiarajan]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Crane Manohar]] || Comedy || Jamna Films International ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul10&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#afeeee;&quot;| '''17'''<br /> | ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'' || [[Balaji Mohan]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Vijay Yesudas]] || Action masala || Magic Frames,&lt;br/&gt;[[Wunderbar Films]] ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july17-news-tamil-phrkzwbadiecj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720010101/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july17-news-tamil-phrkzwbadiecj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2015|title=Friday Fury-July 17|work=Sify|date=17 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#afeeee;&quot;| '''24'''<br /> | ''[[Naalu Policeum Nalla Irundha Oorum]]'' || N. J. Srikrishna || [[Arulnithi]], [[Remya Nambeesan]], [[Singampuli]] || Comedy || JSK Film Corporation ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul24&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-24-news-tamil-phyk8agjhbhei.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727115510/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-24-news-tamil-phyk8agjhbhei.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 July 2015|title=Friday Fury-July 24|work=Sify|date=24 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aavi Kumar]]'' || Kandeepan || [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]], [[Kanika Tiwari]] || Supernatural thriller || Volmart Films ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul24&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Guru Sukran'' || Anand || Guru, Kamalnath, [[Satna Titus]], Tripura, [[Aadukalam Naren]] || Action || Guru Kamalam Associates ||&lt;ref name=&quot;jul24&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#afeeee;&quot;| '''31'''<br /> | ''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]'' || [[A. L. Vijay]] || [[Vikram Prabhu]], [[Navdeep]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Kavya Shetty]] || Romantic comedy || [[Magic Frames]],&lt;br&gt;Think Big Studios || &lt;ref name=&quot;jul31&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-31-news-tamil-ph5jXtbeahdgi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803001820/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-31-news-tamil-ph5jXtbeahdgi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2015|title=Friday Fury-July 31|work=Sify|date=31 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Orange Mittai]]'' || [[Biju Viswanath]] || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Ramesh Thilak]], [[Aashritha]] || Comedy drama || [[Vijay Sethupathi Productions]] || &lt;ref name=&quot;jul31&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'' || [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]] || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] || Masala || Lakshmi Movie Makers || &lt;ref name=&quot;jul31&quot;/&gt;<br /> |- August!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#FDD017;&quot;| '''A&lt;br/&gt;U&lt;br&gt;G'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#FAE9A3;&quot;| '''7'''<br /> | ''Azhage Illatha Azhagana Kathai'' || Swaminathan || Vijaya Prakash || Drama || SSS Creations ||&lt;ref name=&quot;aug7&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-aug-7-news-tamil-pihkzSfdgdegc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164903/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-aug-7-news-tamil-pihkzSfdgdegc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Friday Fury-Aug 7|work=Sify|date=7 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chandi Veeran]]'' || [[A. Sarkunam]] || [[Atharvaa]], [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] || Action || [[Bala (director)|B. Studios]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;aug7&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kalai Vendhan]]'' || R. K. Parasuram || Ajay, [[Sanam Shetty]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]] || Action drama || S. K. Films International ||&lt;ref name=&quot;aug7&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kurangu Kaila Poomalai'' || G. Krishna || Praveen Kumar Rajendran, Jagadeesh, Gautham, Chandini, Gayathri, Nisha || Comedy || Sai Ameer Productions ||&lt;ref name=&quot;aug7&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vandha Mala'' || Igore || Tamil, [[Sri Priyanka]], Prasad || Comedy || S. Jayaradha Krishnan ||&lt;ref name=&quot;aug7&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#FAE9A3;&quot;| '''14'''<br /> |-<br /> | ''Akila Muthalam Vaguppu'' || Suresh Saran || Thilaga Raj, Nazeer, Swathija || Romance || Thaaya Creations || &lt;ref name=&quot;aug14&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-14-news-tamil-piomjJfghdeaf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815053355/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-14-news-tamil-piomjJfghdeaf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2015|title=Friday Fury-Aug 14|work=Sify|date=14 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nirayudham'' || M. B. Rajadurai || Santhosh, Sharika || Thriller || SSN Creations || &lt;ref name=&quot;aug14&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vaalu]]'' || [[Vijay Chandar (director)|Vijay Chandar]] || [[Silambarasan]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || Romantic comedy || [[S. S. Chakravarthy|NIC Arts]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;aug14&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga]]'' || [[M. Rajesh]] || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Tamannaah]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha Bhanu]] || Romantic comedy || [[Arya (actor)|The Show People]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;aug14&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#FAE9A3;&quot;| '''21'''<br /> | ''Aluchatiyam'' || Premkumar || Raghu, Ramya || Drama || Nisa Pictures || &lt;ref name=&quot;aug21&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-21-news-tamil-pivknhdgihcgi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821192722/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-21-news-tamil-pivknhdgihcgi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2015|title=Friday Fury-Aug 21|work=Sify|date=21 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vanna Jigina]]'' || [[Nandha Periyasamy]] || [[Vijay Vasanth]], [[Sanyathara]], [[Singampuli]] || Romantic comedy || [[Thirrupathi Brothers]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;aug21&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#FAE9A3;&quot;| '''28'''<br /> | ''[[Adhibar]]'' || [[Surya Prakash (director)|Surya Prakash]] || [[Jeevan (Tamil actor)|Jeevan]], [[Vidya Pradeep]], [[Nandha (actor)|Nandha]], [[Richard Rishi]] || Action || Benn Consortium Studios ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/tamil_athibar_cast-crew.htm|title=adhibar release}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thakka Thakka]]'' || Sanjeev || [[Vikranth]], Aravinnd Singh, Rahul Venkat, [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]], [[Leema Babu]], Parvati Nirban || Action drama || Studio Versatile ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/thaakka-thaakka.html|title=Thaakka Thaakka}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || [[M. Raja]] || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Aravind Swamy]], [[Nayantara]] || Action thriller || [[AGS Entertainment]] || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/thani-oruvan.html|title=Thani Oruvan|work=filmibeat|date=17 Apr 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jayam Ravi's Thani Oruvan release pushed to August 28th?|date=28 July 2015|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/jayam-ravis-thani-oruvan-pushed-to-august-28th.html|website=Behindwoods|access-date=17 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- September!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;18&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#db7093; &quot;| '''S&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;P'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;&quot;| '''4'''<br /> | ''Bhanu'' || G. V. Seenu || G. V. Seenu, Aishwarya Sant, Udhayaaraj || Drama || Kamal G Pictures ||&lt;ref name=&quot;sep4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-4-news-tamil-pjekfPfdchiej.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905070117/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-4-news-tamil-pjekfPfdchiej.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2015|title=Friday Fury-September 4|work=Sify|date=4 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' || [[Suseenthiran]] || [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Samuthirakani]] || Action drama || Vendhar Movies ||&lt;ref name=&quot;sep4&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pokkiri Mannan]]'' || Ragomadhesh || [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]], Spoorthi Suresh || Action || Srinidhi Films ||&lt;ref name=&quot;sep4&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Savaale Samaali]]'' || [[Sathyasiva]] || [[Ashok Selvan]], [[Bindu Madhavi]] || Comedy || K Productions ||&lt;ref name=&quot;sep4&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;&quot;| '''11'''<br /> | ''9 Thirudargal'' || Vijay Paramasivam || Saran, Akansha Mohan, [[Y. G. Mahendra]] || Comedy || Golden House Creations ||&lt;ref name='sep11'&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-%E2%80%93-sep-11-news-tamil-pjliEpehbgcic.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913024839/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-%E2%80%93-sep-11-news-tamil-pjliEpehbgcic.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2015|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;– Sep 11|work=Sify|date=11 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maanga (film)|Maanga]]'' || R. S. Raja || [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Krithi Shetty|Advaitha]], [[Leema Babu]] || Science fiction comedy || Dream Zone Movies ||&lt;ref name='sep11'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Naanaage Naanillai'' || A. P. Rethinam || Vijayabalan, Kamali || Drama || Thiru Neelakanda Vinayagar Pictures ||&lt;ref name='sep11'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Strawberry (film)|Strawberry]]'' || [[Pa. Vijay]] || [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Avani Modi]], [[Yuvina Parthavi]] || Horror || Vil Makers ||&lt;ref name='sep11'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yatchan]]'' || [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Kreshna]], [[Deepa Sannidhi]], [[Swathi Reddy]] || Action comedy || Vishnuvardhan Pictures,&lt;br&gt;[[UTV Motion Pictures]] ||&lt;ref name='sep11'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;&quot;| '''17'''<br /> | ''[[49-O (film)|49-O]]'' || P. Arokiyadoss || [[Goundamani]], [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[Delna Davis|Vaidehi]] || Satire || Zero Rules Entertainment || &lt;ref name='sep17'&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vinayaga-chathurthi-battle-news-tamil-pjrigcgcabaih.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919220045/http://www.sify.com/movies/vinayaga-chathurthi-battle-news-tamil-pjrigcgcabaih.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2015|title=Vinayaga Chathurthi battle|work=Sify|date=17 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' || Ashwin Saravanan || [[Nayantara]], [[Aari (actor)|Aari]], [[Amzath Khan]], [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] || Horror || Potential Studios || &lt;ref name=&quot;sep17&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]]'' || Adhik Ravichandran || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]], [[Manisha Yadav]] || Adult comedy || Cameo Films || &lt;ref name=&quot;sep17&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;&quot;| '''24'''<br /> | ''[[Jippaa Jimikki]]'' || Ra. Raajasekar || Krishik Divakar, Kushbu Prasad || Romantic comedy || 3 Friends Production || &lt;ref name=&quot;sep24&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadhal Agathee]]'' || Shami Thirumalai || [[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]], Aisha Azim, Mamtha || Romance || Ramaiah Cine Creations || &lt;ref name=&quot;sep24&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kirumi]]'' || Anucharan || [[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]], [[Reshmi Menon]], [[Charle]], David Solomon Raja || Thriller || JPR Films ||&lt;ref name=&quot;sep24&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/many-new-films-planned-to-release-every-other-week-in-kollywood.html|title=A PROBLEM OF PLENTY IN KOLLYWOOD NOW|work=Behindwoods|date=13 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]'' || [[Bramma G.]]|| Master Ajay, Radhika Prasidhha, Sai Rajkumar || Drama || JSK Film Corporation,&lt;br&gt;Chris Pictures ||&lt;ref name=&quot;sep24&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thiruttu VCD]]'' || Sukumar || Prabha, [[Sakshi Agarwal]], [[Devadarshini]] || Comedy || VPA Medias || &lt;ref name=&quot;sep24&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Unakkenna Venum Sollu]]'' || Srinath Ramalingam || Deepak Paramesh, Jaqlene Prakash, Gunalan Morgan || Horror || Juna Pictures || &lt;ref name=&quot;sep24&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;23&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#E8A317; &quot; | '''O&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;br /&gt;T'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffdead;&quot;| '''1'''<br /> |''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' || [[Chimbu Deven]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Sudeep]], [[Sridevi]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Hansika Motwani]] || [[Fantasy]] [[Horror film|horror]] || SKT Studios || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/puli-to-release-on-october-1-2015.html|title=PULI TO RELEASE ON ...|work=Behindwoods|date=24 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffdead;&quot;| '''2'''<br /> | ''[[Dummy Tappasu]]'' || Ravi OS || [[Praveen Prem]], [[Ramya Pandian]] || Comedy || Yacht Ads ||&lt;ref name = &quot;oct2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-3-news-tamil-okdmezciegcbh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010221856/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-3-news-tamil-okdmezciegcbh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2014|title=Friday Fury&amp;nbsp;– October 2|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffdead;&quot;| '''9'''<br /> | ''[[Andhadhi (film)|Andhadhi]]'' || Ramesh Venkatraman || Arjun Vijayaragavan, [[Anjena Kirti]], Karthik Nagarajan, [[Sahithya Jagannathan]], Bhargav Chakravarthy || Crime thriller || Dewdrop Pictures ||&lt;ref name='oct9'&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-9-news-tamil-pkjk0Ragjhece.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012000810/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-9-news-tamil-pkjk0Ragjhece.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2015|title=Friday Fury-October 9|work=Sify|date=9 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaththukkutti]]'' || R. Saravanan || [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Srushti Dange]] || Romantic comedy || OWN Productions ||&lt;ref name='oct9'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Masala Padam]]'' || Laxman Kumar || [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Bobby Simha]], Gaurav, [[Lakshmi Devy|Laxmi Devy]] || Masala || Allin Pictures ||&lt;ref name='oct9'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sathuran]]'' || Rajeev Prasad || Rajaji, [[Varsha Bollamma]], Raju Easwaran || Action thriller || Kuberan Cinemas ||&lt;ref name='oct9'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffdead;&quot;| '''16'''<br /> | ''[[Athiradi]]'' || [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] || Mansoor Ali Khan, Moumita Choudhury || Comedy || Raj Kannadi Films || &lt;ref name='oct16'&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-16-news-tamil-pkqkbRajfdbic.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017014504/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-16-news-tamil-pkqkbRajfdbic.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2015|title=Friday Fury-October 16|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=16 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maiem]]'' || Aditya Baskar || Naveen Sanjai, Jai Quehaeni, Kumaran Thangarajan, Suhasinni Kumaran, Hashim Zain, [[Pooja Devariya]] || Thriller || Sketchbook Productions || &lt;ref name='oct16'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Marappaachi'' || K. S. Muthumanoharan || G. Muruganandam, Suganya || Horror || Gems Pictures || &lt;ref name='oct16'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sillunu Oru Payanam'' || R. Vishwa || Sohaib, Navya || Romance || GN Medias || &lt;ref name='oct16'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sivappu]]'' || [[Sathyasiva]] || [[Naveen Chandra]], [[Rupa Manjari]], [[Rajkiran]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]] || Drama || Muktha Films ||&lt;ref name='oct16'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Thiraipada Nagaram'' || S. P. Gnanamozhi || Muthu, Priya || Romance || Udhyam Screens,&lt;br/&gt;Pasathai Movies || &lt;ref name='oct16'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffdead;&quot;| '''21'''<br /> | ''[[10 Endrathukulla]]'' || [[Vijay Milton]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] || Road thriller || [[Fox Star Studios]],&lt;br&gt;AR Muragadoss Productions || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/pathu-enrathukulla.html|title=Pathu Enrathukulla (10 Enrathukulla, 10 Enradhukulla) Tamil Movie, Wiki, Story, Review, Release Date, Trailers - Filmibeat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' || [[Vignesh Shivan]] || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Nayantara]], [[R. Parthiepan|Parthiban]] || Romantic comedy || [[Wunderbar Films]] || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/naanum-rowdy-thaan.html|title=Naanum Rowdy Thaan (Naanum Rowdydhaan) Tamil Movie, Wiki, Story, Review, Release Date, Trailers - Filmibeat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffdead;&quot;| '''22'''<br /> | ''Kubera Rasi'' || R. Radhakrishnan || [[Roshan Basheer]], Abhirami Suresh, Biju Isaac || Thriller || I &amp; B Movies || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.moviebuff.com/kubera-rasi|title=Kubera Rasi on Moviebuff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffdead;&quot;| '''30'''<br /> | ''Apoorva Mahaan'' || Manimuthu || [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Powerstar Srinivasan]] || Devotional || TNS Devar Films ||&lt;ref name='oct30'&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-%E2%80%93-october-30-news-tamil-pk4lJPaajbddd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031074648/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-%E2%80%93-october-30-news-tamil-pk4lJPaajbddd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2015|title=Friday Fury-October 30|work=Sify|date=30 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Adhyan]]'' || Ram Manoj Kumar || Abimanyu Nallamuthu, [[Sakshi Agarwal]] || Action || [[Rathang Pictures]] ||&lt;ref name='oct30'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chikkiku Chikkikkichu]]'' || N. Rajesh Kumar || Anoop Ravindran, [[Mrudula Murali]] || Romance || NCR Movie Creations ||&lt;ref name='oct30'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Illaignar Paasarai'' || Jayaraman Rithan || Vijay Muralee, Anu Krishna || Drama || Freedom Aarts ||&lt;ref name='oct30'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kathirvel Kaaka'' || V. N. Premkumar || [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], Preethika Sri, [[Karunas]] || Action || Sri Kaliyamman Films ||&lt;ref name='oct30'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Om Shanthi Om]]'' || D. Surya Prabhakar || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Neelam Upadhyaya]], [[Aadukalam Naren]], [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan|Vinodhini]] || Horror drama || 8 Point Entertainment ||&lt;ref name='oct30'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pallikoodam Pogamale]]'' || Jayasheelan || Tejas, Aishwarya Raja, [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] || Drama || Best Rolls ||&lt;ref name='oct30'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Viraivil Isai]]'' || V. S. Praba || [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]], Dhilip Roger, [[Sonu (actress)|Sruthi Ramakrishnan]], Arppana Prabhu || Drama || Thirumaruthi Pictures ||&lt;ref name='oct30'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#5CB3FF; &quot; | '''N&lt;br /&gt;O&lt;br /&gt;V'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#B6DDFF;&quot;| '''6'''<br /> | ''Iniya Ulavaga'' || J. Srinivasan || Prabhu Saravanan, Kalki || Romance || Badhrakaliamman Films ||&lt;ref name=&quot;nov06&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-%E2%80%93-november-6-news-tamil-plgkw2caebidc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118215322/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-%E2%80%93-november-6-news-tamil-plgkw2caebidc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2015|title=Friday Fury – November 6|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | ''Kring Kring'' || Rahul || Rohan, Kavya || Crime thriller || RPM Cinemas ||&lt;ref name='nov06'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Uyirvarai Iniththaai'' || K. S. Thurai || Vashanth Sellathurai, Narvini Dery || Romantic drama || Aprodigi Productions ||&lt;ref name='nov06'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#B6DDFF;&quot;| '''10'''<br /> | ''Injimarappa'' || Saga || Sri Balaji, Sony Charishta || Romantic drama || Blue Hills Production ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/movie_listings/Chennai+Injimarappa+8.html|title=Injimarappa (U/A)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]'' || [[Rajesh Selva|Rajesh M. Selva]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Sampath Raj]] || Crime thriller || [[Raaj Kamal Films International]],&lt;br&gt;Gokulam Films ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Thoonga Vanam (U)|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/thoonga-vanam.html|publisher=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=20 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vedalam]]'' || [[Siva (director)|Siva]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] || Action masala || Shri Sai Raam Creations || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Vedalam (U)|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/thala-56.html|publisher=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=20 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#B6DDFF;&quot;| '''20'''<br /> | ''[[Oru Naal Iravil]]'' || [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Yugi Sethu]], [[Varun (actor)|Varun]], [[Anumol]], Kalyani Natarajan || Thriller drama || Think Big Studios ||&lt;ref name='nov20'&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-20-news-tamil-plullyheaedic.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121160245/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-20-news-tamil-plullyheaedic.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2015|title=Friday Fury – November 20|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aaranyam]]'' || Kuberji || Ram, Neeraja || Drama || Aaha Oho Productions ||&lt;ref name='nov20'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#B6DDFF;&quot;| '''27'''<br /> | ''[[144 (film)|144]]'' || G. Manikandan || [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Ashok Selvan]], [[Oviya]], [[Sonu (actress)|Sruthi Ramakrishnan]] || Comedy ||[[Thirukumaran Entertainment]]&lt;br&gt;[[Abi &amp; Abi Studios]] ||&lt;ref name='nov27'&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--november-27-news-tamil-pl1kDfbcgibhg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127181918/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury--november-27-news-tamil-pl1kDfbcgibhg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2015|title=Friday Fury – November 27|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Inji Iduppazhagi]]'' || [[Prakash Kovelamudi]] || [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Sonal Chauhan]] || Romantic comedy || [[PVP Cinema]] ||&lt;ref name='nov27'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Uppu Karuvaadu]]'' || [[Radha Mohan]] || [[Nandita Swetha|Nandita]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Narayan Lucky|Narayan]] || Comedy drama || First Copy Pictures&lt;br&gt;Night Show Pictures ||&lt;ref name='nov27'/&gt;<br /> |- December!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#85BB65; textcolor:#0000;&quot;| '''D&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;C'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#b6cba9;&quot;| '''4'''<br /> | ''[[Urumeen]]'' || Sakthivel Perumalsamy || [[Bobby Simha]], [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Reshmi Menon]] || Action thriller || Axess Film Factory || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/sri-thenandal-films-confirms-urumeen-for-december-4th/|title=Sri Thenandal Films confirms Urumeen for December 4th - Only Kollywood|date=23 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#B6CBA9;&quot; | '''11'''<br /> | ''[[Eetti]]'' || Ravi Arasu || [[Adharvaa]], [[Sri Divya]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] || Action || Global Infotainment Pvt. Ltd || &lt;ref name='dec11'&gt;{{cite web|title=Friday Fury-December 11|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-11-news-tamil-pmllRHcafcedg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224122435/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-11-news-tamil-pmllRHcafcedg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2015|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=11 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thiruttu Rail]]'' || Thirupathi || Rakshan, Charan Selvam, Cathy || Action drama || SSS Movies || &lt;ref name='dec11'/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#b6cba9;&quot;| '''18'''<br /> | ''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]'' || [[Velraj]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[Amy Jackson]] || Family drama || [[Wunderbar Films]]&lt;br&gt;Gopuram Films|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/dhanushs-thangamagan-to-release-on-december-18/|title=Dhanush's Thangamagan to release on December 18!|date=19 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#B6CBA9;&quot; | '''24'''<br /> | ''[[Bhooloham]]'' || N. Kalyanakrishnan || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Nathan Jones (wrestler)|Nathan Jones]] || Sports drama || [[Aascar Films]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' || [[Pandiraj]] || [[Suriya]], [[Amala Paul]], [[Bindu Madhavi]], [[Karthik Kumar]] || Comedy drama || [[2D Entertainment]] || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/pasanga-2-postponed-to-december-24th/|title=Pasanga 2 postponed to December 24th - Only Kollywood|date=27 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan]]'' || A. L. Abanindran || Praveen Kumar, [[Shalini Vadnikatti]], [[Sanam Shetty]], [[Karthik Kumar]] || Comedy drama || Ignite Films ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| Category/organization !! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]&lt;br /&gt;9 June 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html|title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South}}&lt;/ref&gt; !! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| [[1st IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Awards]]&lt;br /&gt;20 January 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 September 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227043325/http://iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; !! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]&lt;br /&gt;14 June 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Shekhar H Hooli |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2016-telugu-movie-nominations-revealed-baahubali-srimanthudu-lead-list-680040 |title=SIIMA 2016 Telugu movie nominations revealed; 'Baahubali,' 'Srimanthudu' lead the list |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=2016-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526120833/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2016-telugu-movie-nominations-revealed-baahubali-srimanthudu-lead-list-680040 |accessdate=2021-11-28|archive-date=26 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | Best Film || ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]'' || ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' || ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''<br /> |-<br /> | Best Director || [[Mohan Raja]]&lt;br&gt;''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || [[Mohan Raja]]&lt;br&gt;''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || [[Vignesh Shivan]]&lt;br&gt;''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | Best Actor || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]&lt;br&gt;''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' || [[Jayam Ravi]]&lt;br&gt;''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]&lt;br&gt;''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | Best Actress || [[Nayanthara]]&lt;br&gt;''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' || [[Nayanthara]]&lt;br&gt;''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' || [[Nayanthara]]&lt;br&gt;''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | Best Music Director || [[A. R. Rahman]]&lt;br&gt;''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]&lt;br&gt;''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014) || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]&lt;br&gt;''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deaths ==<br /> *[[M. S. Narayana]] - ''[[Nootrenbadhu]]'' (2011) and ''[[Maharaja (2011 film)|Maharaja]]'' (2011).<br /> *[[Chelladurai]]<br /> *[[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil cinema}}<br /> {{Indian film list}}<br /> {{2015 films}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of 2015 films by language|Tamil]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|2015]]<br /> [[Category:2015 in Indian cinema|Tamil]]<br /> [[Category:2015 Tamil-language films| ]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regina_Martyrum_High_School&diff=530195 2026-03-06T19:03:55Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Co-educational school in Assolna, Goa}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Regina Martyrum High School<br /> | logo = Regina Martyrum High School Logo 2.jpg<br /> | logo_size = 100px<br /> | image = Regina Martyrum High School.JPG<br /> | caption = [[Façade]] of Regina Martyrum High School<br /> | grades = [[Nursery school|Nursery]] to [[10th grade]]<br /> | age_range = 3 to 16<br /> | patron = [[Queen of Martyrs]]<br /> | headmistress = Miriam Afonso<br /> | houses = {{hlist|Red|Green|Blue|Yellow}}<br /> | motto = {{langx|la|Ad majora natussum}}<br /> | motto_translation = Born for Greater Values<br /> | annual_tuition = {{INRConvert|8300}}{{efn|admission fees: {{INRConvert|500}}; monthly fees: {{INRConvert|600}} and each term: {{INRConvert|300}} as of 2022.}}<br /> | sports = [[Association football|Football]]<br /> | location = [[Assolna]], [[Goa]], India<br /> | postal_code = 403701<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|15.182411|73.970060|display=inline,title}}<br /> | type = [[Unaided educational institution|Private aided]] primary and secondary school<br /> | song = &quot;''God's Glory is our Mother's ambition...''&quot;{{efn|first line of the school's anthem.}}<br /> | teaching_staff = 15<br /> | ratio = 42&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=30020107501|title=REGINA MARTYRUM HIGH SCHOOL, SALCETE|website=www.schoolsworld.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gender = [[Co-educational]]<br /> | staff = 25{{efn|including one vacant post of Bus driver}}<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Catholicism]]<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|1962|8|29|df=yes}}<br /> | founder = Fr. Jose Martinho Rodrigues de Silva<br /> | language = English<br /> | school_board = Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, [[Porvorim]]<br /> | campus_type = Rural<br /> | chair = Fr. Romeu Godinho<br /> | chair_label = Secondary Manager<br /> | head = Fr. Mansueto Fernandes<br /> | revenue = {{INRConvert|2431900}}{{efn|calculation based on 293 students.}}<br /> | head_label = Primary Manager<br /> | graduates = 47 (2023)<br /> | enrollment = 293<br /> | classrooms = 8&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/south-goa/30020107501/regina-martyrum-high-school.html|title=REGINA MARTYRUM HIGH SCHOOL - Assolna, District South Goa (Goa)|website=schools.org.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | hours_in_day = 3–6{{efn|The hours for the secondary section are from 7:55 am to 1:40 pm, for the primary section from 7:55 am to 1:25 pm, and for nursery and kindergarten from 8:00 am to 11:30 am.}}<br /> | school_number = SAL08.41{{efn|this represents the school's index number.}}<br /> | affiliations = {{flatlist|<br /> * [[Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] <br /> * Directorate of Education, [[Goa]]}}<br /> | authority = Diocesan Society of Education, [[Panjim]]<br /> | lastupdate = 27 July 2023<br /> | teams_label = Football team<br /> | teams = R.M.H.S<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Regina Martyrum High School''' is a private aided [[co-educational school]] located within the [[Assolna]] village in [[Salcete]] taluka of [[Goa]]. It is administered by the Diocesan Society of Education, [[Panjim]]. The school is associated with the [[Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] and the Directorate of Education, Goa. It prepares students for Std. X ([[S.S.C]]) examination. The first batch of S.S.C students had appeared in March 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Regina Martyrum High School Assolna - Goa Hand Book |publisher=Jesel World |year=2022–2023 |location=Cuncolim, Goa |page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Forrester |first=Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BON8DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Regina+Martyrum+High+School&amp;pg=PT134 |title=Banyan Tree Adventures: Travels in India |date=2018-12-14 |publisher=John Hunt Publishing |isbn=978-1-78535-809-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUDQAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Regina+Martyrum+High+School |title=The Catholic Directory of India, 1984 |date=1984 |publisher=C.B.C.I. Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPWDkt1Z3MEC&amp;q=Regina+Martyrum+High+School |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=2011 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Late Rev. Fr. Alvaro Renato Mendes Memorial (cropped).jpg|thumb|Fr. Alvaro Renato Mendes Memorial (former manager and [[parish priest]]) built by the [[parishioners]] of Assolna.]]<br /> The school was founded in 1961 by the late Fr. Jose Martinho Rodrigues de Silva (the former [[vicar]] &amp; manager) in an old building next to Our Lady of Martyrs Church, [[Assolna]].{{efn|also known as Regina Martyrum Church.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It is administered by the Diocesan Society of Education, [[Panjim]], the society is a religious based minority institution registered under societies registration order on 29 August 1962 in the office of sub-registrar, Panjim under registration no. 107 and under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]] under registration no. 466. It was later in 1989, the school shifted into a new school building with a [[community hall]] that was constructed by late Rev. Fr. Alvaro Renato Mendes.<br /> <br /> [[File:0910 Assolna 2006-02-18 16-55-02 (10551857744).jpg|thumb|Christ the King monument located within the school premises (2006).]]<br /> Later a library, sports room, pre-primary, [[computer lab]], science lab and primary classrooms were constructed and inaugurated at the presence of Rev. Fr. Jose Agnelo Francisco dos Miliagres de Melo (former parish priest &amp; manager) in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb7oAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Regina+Martyrum+High+School |title=Goa Today |date=1983 |publisher=Goa Publications |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, an office, headmaster's room, manager's room and staff room were reconstructed along with the buffet hall that was attached to the existing school complex by Rev Fr. Lucio Alexander Dias (former parish priest &amp; manager) in 2013. To reduce the burden of studies on [[pre-primary]] students, a park was constructed with slides, seesaws etc. by Fr. Lucio Dias in 2015.<br /> <br /> ==Key people==<br /> ===Managers===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Ordinal <br /> ! Officeholder <br /> ! Term start<br /> ! Term end<br /> ! Time in office <br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | Fr. Jose Martinho Rodrigues de Silva&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr Jose Martinho Rodrigues de Silva Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-jose-martinho-rodrigues-de-silva/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=goanchurches.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 29 August 1962<br /> | 1 January 1973<br /> | {{age in years and days|1962|8|29|1973|1|1}}{{efn|also longest serving [[vicar]] of the Assolna church from 1949 to 1973; 23–24 years.}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | Fr. Roberto Segismundo da Piedade Barreto&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr Roberto Segismundo da Piedade Barreto Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-roberto-segismundo-da-piedade-barreto/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=goanchurches.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 January 1973<br /> | 1 January 1974<br /> | 1 year{{efn|Fr. Barretto was also the only manager to serve possibly less than or a year as the manager of the school.}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | Fr. Julio Francisco Diogo Santana Fermino Fernandes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Julio Francisco Diogo Santana Fermino Fernandes Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-julio-francisco-diogo-santana-fermino-fernandes/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=goanchurches.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 January 1974<br /> | 1 January 1985<br /> | 11 years{{efn|also longest serving manager of the school.}}<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | Fr. Alvaro Renato Mendes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Daman |first=Catholic Church Archdiocese of Goa and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5kzAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Regina+Martyrum+High+School |title=Directory, Archdiocese of Goa and Daman |date=1984 |publisher=The Archdiocese |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | 1 January 1985<br /> | 1 January 1993<br /> | 8 years<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | Fr. Saude Taumaturgo Monteiro Pereira&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first= |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Saude Taumaturgo Monteiro Pereira Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-saude-pereira/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=goanchurches.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 January 1993<br /> | 1 January 2000<br /> | 7 years<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | Fr. Jose Agnelo Francisco dos Miliagres de Melo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Jose Agnelo Francisco dos Miliagres de Melo Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-jose-agnelo-francisco-dos-miliagres-de-melo/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=goanchurches.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 January 2000<br /> | 1 January 2008<br /> | 8 years<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | Fr. Lucio Alexander Dias&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Lucio Alexander Dias Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-lucio-alexander-dias/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=goanchurches.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1 June 2008<br /> | 14 May 2015<br /> | {{age in years and days|2008|6|1|2015|5|14}}<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | Fr. Micheal Fernandes<br /> | 14 May 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archbishop announces transfers of priests |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Archbishop-announces-transfers-of-priests-/88501 |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 5 May 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |title=Diocesan priests transferred – The Navhind Times |date=5 May 2019 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/05/05/goanews/diocesan-priests-transferred/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{age in years and days|2015|5|14|2019|5|5}}<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | Fr. Mansueto Fernandes{{efn|Fr. Fernandes was the manager of the school until the arrival of Fr. Godinho, which resulted in his demotion.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Regina Martyrum High School Hand Book 2022–2023 |publisher=Jesel World |year=2022 |location=Cuncolim, Goa |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 5 May 2019<br /> | 11 May 2023 <br /> | {{age in years and days|2019|5|5|2023|5|11}}<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> | As primary manager<br /> | 5 June 2023<br /> | ''incumbent''<br /> | {{age in years and days|2023|6|5}}<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | Fr. Romeu Godinho&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Regina Martyrum High School Hand Book 2023–2024 |publisher=Jesel World |year=2023 |location=Cuncolim, Goa |pages=22 |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 5 June 2023<br /> | ''incumbent''<br /> | {{age in years and days|2023|6|5}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Headmasters/Headmistress===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Ordinal <br /> ! Officeholder <br /> ! Term start<br /> ! Term end<br /> ! Time in office <br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | Sr. Maria Augusta{{efn|Sr. Augusta was the only [[religious sister]] that served as the headmistress of the school.}}<br /> | 1962<br /> | 1965<br /> | 2–3 years<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | Alvaro Vieira<br /> | 1965<br /> | 1966<br /> | 0–1 year<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | Lia Coelho <br /> | 1966<br /> | 1967<br /> | 0–1 year<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | Luis Saldanha{{efn|also the longest serving headmaster of the school.}}<br /> | 1967<br /> | 1979 <br /> | 11–12 years<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | A. E. P Lourence <br /> | 1979<br /> | 1981<br /> | 1–2 years<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | M. J. Joseph <br /> | 1981<br /> | 1982<br /> | 0–1 year<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | Wilfred Lawrence<br /> | 1982<br /> | 1983<br /> | 0–1 year<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | Rudolph M. D'Mello <br /> | 1983<br /> | 1985<br /> | 1–2 years<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | Adelpo V. Afonso<br /> | 1985<br /> | 1988<br /> | 2–3 years<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | Plotino Fernandes<br /> | 1988<br /> | 1994<br /> | 5–6 years<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> | Edward Coutinho<br /> | 1994<br /> | 1996<br /> | 1–2 years<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | A. N Kamat{{efn|Kamat was the only [[hindu]] headmaster that served in the school.}}<br /> | 1996<br /> | 1998<br /> | 1–2 years<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | Celina Monteiro<br /> | 1998<br /> | 2002<br /> | 3–4 years<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | Bona D'Silva&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNQlAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Regina+Martyrum+High+School |title=The Catholic Directory of India |date=2005 |publisher=C.B.C.I. Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 2002<br /> | 2011<br /> | 8–9 years<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> | Philomena Pires&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/regina-martyrum-high-school-e9l3e1|title=Regina Martyrum High School, Goa - Fees, Address, Admissions and Reviews 2022|website=iCBSE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 2011<br /> | 2015<br /> | 3–4 years<br /> |-<br /> | 16<br /> | Francisco Goes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Regina Martyrum High School Hand Book |publisher=R.M.H.S |year=2016–2017 |location=Goa, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | 2015<br /> | 4 June 2022<br /> | 6–7 years<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> | Miriam Afonso&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; <br /> | 4 June 2022<br /> | ''incumbent''<br /> | {{age in years and days|2022|6|4}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Sports==<br /> [[File:Assolna Goa.jpg|thumb|Playground view of the school from [[Assolna]]-[[Chinchinim]] road in 2020.]]<br /> The school competes at inter-school, village clubs, [[taluka]], state and national level [[association football|football]] competitions. It was during the tenure of headmaster, Francisco Goes, the school has shown tremendous success on the field, under the guidance of [[Phys. ed.]] teacher, Angelo Silva. On 28 July 2016, Regina Martyrum High School defeated Auxilium High School by a 5–4 victory via a [[tiebreaker]] to qualify for the semi-finals of the U-14 Suborto Mukerjee Cup ([[Salcete]] Zone) football tournament, at artificial turf, [[Fatorda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Martyrum HS, OL Rosary HS sail into semis |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=104531 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Std. IX students at Regina Martyrum High School at the Cycling activity in 2022.jpg|thumb|Std. IX students assembled after the cycling activity in October 2022]]<br /> On 21 January 2017, Regina Martyrum High School U-14 football team made history by defeating Green Rosary High School, [[Dona Paula]] by a 4–2 victory to be declared as the state champions for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Martyrum girls U-14 State football champs |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/regina-martyrum-girls-u14-state-football-champs/28934.html |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 January 2018, Regina Martyrum High School defeated St. Thomas High School, Cansaulim by a 2–1 victory to qualify in the quarter-finals of the St. Joseph Vaz Soccer Cup which was organised by Mount Mary's High School, [[Chinchinim]] at Our Lady of Hope Church ground, Chinchinim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Martyrum edge past St Thomas |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=124985 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 26 January 2018, Regina Martyrum High School beat Rosary High School, [[Navelim]] by a 3–1 victory via the tie-breaker to win the 1st Teacher Dolorosa Memorial U-17 Girls football tournament which was organised by Chandor Club, held at [[Chandor]] ground.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Martyrum HS win Dolorosa memorial football |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=127403 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 5 July 2018, Regina Martyrum High School, Assolna knocked out St Mary's High School, [[Varca]] by a 2–1 victory to qualify in the next round of the U-17 Suborto Mukherjee Salcete Taluka football tournament organised by DSYA, at Astro Turf ground, Fatorda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Martyrum HS edge past St Mary HS |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=132942 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 26 July 2018, Regina Martyrum High School, Assolna knocked out Fatima Convent High School, [[Margao]] by a 6–1 victory to move into the semi-finals of the U-17 Subroto Mukherjee Salcete Taluka girls football tournament which was organised by DSYA, at Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Fatorda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Martyrum HS book semis berth |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=133840 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 July 2018, Regina Martyrum High School defeated Rosary Higher Secondary School, Navelim by a 2–0 victory to win the U-17 girls Salcete taluka Subroto Mukherjee football tournament which was organised by DSYA at [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=REGINA MARTYRUM HS EMERGE VICTORIOUS |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=134013 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 June 2019, Regina Martyrum High School beat Our Lady of Rosary High School, [[Fatorda]] by a 5–4 victory via the tie-breaker to win the UCV Inter-School Cup organized by the Union of Chinchinim Villagers, at Church ground, Chinchinim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Martyrum HS win UCV Cup |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=148079 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 July 2019, Regina Martyrum High School defeated Bethany Convent High School, [[Sao Jose de Areal]] by a 5–4 victory via the tie-breaker to move into the quarter-finals of the 2nd Ramnath D. Volvotkar memorial inter-school football tournament which was organised by “Insight” The Society for Sports, Culture, Youth Affairs &amp; Charity of Gudi Paroda, at the Gudi–Paroda ground.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Martyrum HS move into quarter-finals |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=149183 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 August 2019, Regina Martyrum High School defeated Our Lady Mother of Poor High School, Tilamol to qualify in the semi-finals of the late Ramnath D. Volvotkar Memorial 2nd All Goa inter-school U-17 boys football tournament which was organised by “Insight” the Society for Sports, Culture, Youth Affairs &amp; Charity, at Gudi-Paroda ground.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Martyrum HS, OL Mother of the Poor HS prevail |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=150263 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 23 August 2019, Regina Martyrum High School were qualified to play the finals with Our Lady of Succour High School, [[Nagoa]]-[[Verna, Goa|Verna]] of the late Ramnath D. Volvotkar Memorial 2nd all Goa inter-school U-17 boys football tournament, which was organised by &quot;Insight&quot; the Society for Sports, Culture, Youth Affairs &amp; Charity of Gudi at Paroda ground, the finals were held on 24 August 2019. In the first semi-finals of the tournament, Regina Martyrum High School beat Rosary High School, Navelim 4-3 via the tie-breaker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Martyrum HS book final date with OL of Succour HS |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=150376 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 7 January 2020, Regina Martyrum High School defeated Bethany Convent High School, Sao Jose de Areal by a 3–1 victory to move ahead in the quarter-finals of the St. Joseph Vaz Soccer Cup which was organised by Mount Mary's Educational Complex, Chinchinim at Our Lady of Hope Church ground, Chinchinim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Martyrum HS down Bethany Convent HS |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Regina-Martyrum-HS-down-Bethany-Convent-HS/155470 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 16 July 2022, Regina Martyrum High School along with four other schools including [[Loyola High School (Goa)|Loyola High School]] qualified to move ahead in the U-14 Subroto Mukherjee inter-school salcete taluka football tournament which was organised by DSYA at village school ground, [[Dramapur]]. The school's qualification came after a 3–0 win against Our Lady of Rosary High School, Fatorda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=St Xavier's, Regina Martyrum, Loyola make progress |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/St-Xavier%E2%80%99s-Regina-Martyrum-Loyola-make-progress/191749 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cultural activities==<br /> [[File:Students at Regina Martyrum High School 2018.jpg|thumb|Std. V students showcasing [[Sanskrit language]] and its meanings in 2018]]<br /> On 1 July 2022, the school celebrated the [[São João Festival in Goa|''São Jão'' festival]]. The festival began with a prayer service, followed by a skit titled, ''A Journey with John the Baptist''. Next a [[flower crown]] ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''kopel'') making contest was organised for the primary and secondary students. The [[pre-primary]] teachers along with the students organised a game showcasing local fruits for ''São Jão''. Further, the [[Parent-Teacher Association]] executive members prepared and served traditional a [[Goan]] sweet ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''attol'') on a banana. Later a traditional sweet dish making contest was organised for the parents. The judges for the contest were Neeraj Aguiar, Alvaro Velose and Sanzilan Aguiar from the Nusi Maritime Academy, [[Assolna]]. The competition was participated by around 49 parents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |title=Sao Joao festival celebrated – The Navhind Times |date=July 2022 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/07/01/magazines/kuriocity/sao-joao-festival-celebrated/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Waste management==<br /> The school has also showcased their initiative in [[waste management]] during the tenure of headmaster, Francisco Goes, by the participation of the school's [[Parent-teacher association]] (PTA), teachers and students. On 20 July 2016, the teachers and students of Regina Martyrum High School along with six other schools demonstrated their enterprise in waste management through [[powerpoint presentation]]s in the presence of then Minister of Environment, [[Rajendra Arlekar]]. They highlighted new suggestions which could be implemented by the younger generation to solve the waste management issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jul 20, 2016 |title=Teachers show initiatives on waste management {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/teachers-show-initiatives-on-waste-management/articleshow/53291079.cms |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 7 April 2018, a waste management workshop was held at Regina Martyrum High School to highlight the issues of the rise in [[air pollution]] caused by the indiscriminate burning of [[plastic waste]] and increased contamination and depletion of natural [[water resources]] due to waste dumping. The workshop was jointly organised by the school's (PTA) and the Assolna [[village panchayat]]. It also included live demonstration of an organic [[waste converter]] (OWC) as well as [[solar cookers]] that were used to bake [[sweet potatoes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Gary Azavedo|date=Apr 7, 2018 |title=Students learn about safe waste disposal {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/students-learn-about-safe-waste-disposal/articleshow/63649894.cms |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The organisers deliberated upon various safe garbage disposal methods to be undertaken by the locals, they also requested support from the [[Government of Goa]] to avow plastic into fuel through the process of [[pyrolysis]]. The students of Regina Martyrum High School from Std. V to Std. VII were also given an audio-visual presentation on the proper method of disposing garbage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 10 January 2020, the teachers and students of Regina Martyrum High school were among the 15 schools including [[St. Xavier's High School, Velim, Goa|St. Xavier's High School]] that attended the first edition of Olive Ridley Festival Creative organised by SaxttiKids School, [[Carmona, Goa|Carmona]] which was conceptualised and created to emphasize the philosophy of SaxttiKids, to be &quot;[[environment-friendly]]&quot;. The festival concentrated on recycling materials like [[carton]] cardboards, used wrapping paper, [[CDs]], waste cloth, pebbles, coconut shoots and ice-creams tubs to craft Christmas decorations. Various niche crafting modules were devised to bring in the festive vibe of Christmas as well as brush up children’s learning and creative skills.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |title='Wealth from Waste' festival celebrated by SaxttiKids – The Navhind Times |date=10 January 2020 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/01/10/magazines/kuriocity/wealth-from-waste-festival-celebrated-by-saxttikids/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Robotics==<br /> On 8 December 2015, Regina Martyrum High School was among the 11 schools in the state selected to have a [[robotics]] lab installed within their premises. The Science and Technology Department was responsible for adding the robotics labs, which functioned on a pilot basis. Under this scheme for the promotion of information technology and science, the schools received an annual fund of {{INRConvert|50000|year=2015}} towards infrastructure, training, projects, and contests.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |title=Robotics labs installed in 11 schools in state – The Navhind Times |date=8 December 2015 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/12/08/goanews/robotics-labs-installed-in-11-schools-in-state/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==2023 theft==<br /> In October 2023, an incident occurred where unidentified individuals vandalized the locks on the gate and doors located at the rear side of the school. During the incident, a sum of Rs {{INRConvert|2.95|l}} in cash, intended for student uniforms, was stolen, along with two [[Digital video recorder|DVR]]s valued at approximately {{INRConvert|40000}}. The local authorities, upon investigation, confirmed the total value of the stolen items to be {{INRConvert|3.35|l}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Miscreants target 2 schools in Majorda and Assolna |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/miscreants-target-2-schools-in-majorda-and-assolna/104711.html |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In response to the incident, a formal complaint was filed by Miriam Afonso, the headmistress of the school, with the [[Cuncolim]] police. The complaint stated that unidentified individuals gained unauthorized access to the school premises between 2:45 pm on October 10 and 6:45 am on October 11. The officer in charge of the Cuncolim police station, PI Diego Gracias, confirmed that a [[First Information Report]] (FIR) had been filed against the unknown perpetrators under Sections 454, 457, and 380 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 11 October 2023, in response to the theft incident at the school prompted the residents of Assolna, along with the local [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) [[Cruz Silva]], advocated for the establishment of a dedicated police station in the area. They expressed dissatisfaction with the existing police outpost, which they believed was unable to effectively meet the needs of the local community. To their surprise and dismay, both the residents and the MLA discovered that the Cuncolim police, responsible for a large jurisdiction, possessed only one vehicle. This limited mobility and hindered the prompt response of personnel in emergency scenarios.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assolna locals demand separate police station |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/assolna-locals-demand-separate-police-station/104713.html |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Silva expressed concerns about the inadequate staffing levels at the Cuncolim police station. He emphasized that the station required a minimum of 20 additional police personnel. Silva had previously raised this issue after being elected as the [[Velim Assembly constituency|Velim]] MLA, but little progress had been made since then. He further highlighted the need for a separate police station in [[Assolna]], suggesting that the existing police outpost in [[Velim, Goa|Velim]] is ineffective due to insufficient manpower and logistical support. Silva called for the division of the Cuncolim police station into separate entities, namely Cuncolim and Assolna, with the Assolna police outpost being upgraded to a full-fledged police station.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Faculty awards==<br /> On 17 February 2017, Francisco Goes, along with six other teachers from other [[Catholic schools]], was felicitated by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archbishop of Goa and Daman]], [[Filipe Neri Ferrão]], for over 30 years of service at the All Goa Catholic Educational Institutions Day, which was celebrated at [[Kala Academy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |title=Archbishop Filipe Neri Ferrao felicitates teachers on ABE day – The Navhind Times |date=17 February 2017 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/02/17/magazines/kuriocity/archbishop-filipe-neri-ferrao-felicitates-teachers-on-abe-day/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 30 October 2018, the Canon Antimo Gomes annual award{{efn|the winners were also given {{INRConvert|5000|year=2018}} each.}} for Diocesan Society of Education was presented to Angelo Silva, the [[physical education teacher]] of Regina Martyrum High School along with three other teachers from different schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Antimo Gomes awards presented |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=138159 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable alumni==<br /> * [[Romeo Fernandes]], Indian association football player&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Silgardo |first=Dustin |date=2015-05-06 |title=Meet Romeo Fernandes, the first Indian footballer to play for a top Brazilian club |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bYew3kfPCP9WoROxAOva9J/Meet-Romeo-Fernandes-the-first-Indian-footballer-to-play-fo.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=livemint.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}<br /> * [[List of schools in Goa]]<br /> * [[Education in Goa]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{stack|}}<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/groups/137703556916418/?ref=share&amp;mibextid=NSMWBT Regina Ex Student's Association (RESA)]<br /> * [https://youtube.com/@reginaschool1654 Regina Martyrum High School] on [[YouTube]]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100070565391494&amp;mibextid=ZbWKwL Regina Martyrum High School] on [[Facebook]]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]<br /> [[Category:Private schools in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Education in South Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Catholic schools in India]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loosegalu&diff=513578 2026-03-03T21:27:56Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Short description|Kannada language Indian film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Loosegalu<br /> | image = Loosegalu.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Official poster<br /> | director = Arun<br /> | writer = <br /> | producer = Sayed Hussain<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Sriimurali]] <br /> *Shreeki <br /> *[[Akul Balaji]]<br /> *[[Aishwarya Nag]] <br /> *[[Shravya Rao]]<br /> *[[Rekha Vedavyas]] <br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = HK Chidananda<br /> | editing = Akshay P Rao<br /> | music = [[Vani Harikrishna]]<br /> | studio = County Film Makers<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|7|26}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Loosegalu''''' ({{translation|Crazy people}}) is a 2013 Indian Kannada-language romantic comedy film directed by Arun and starring [[Sriimurali]], Shreeki, [[Akul Balaji]], [[Aishwarya Nag]], [[Shravya Rao]], and [[Rekha Vedavyas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/previews/loosegalu/articleshow/21334840.cms|title=Loosegalu - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Sriimurali]] as Kabir<br /> *Shreeki as Buji&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sriki-looks-forward-to-the-release-of-loosegalu/articleshow/20223882.cms|title=Sriki looks forward to the release of Loosegalu - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Akul Balaji]] as Shankar<br /> *[[Aishwarya Nag]] as Milky<br /> *[[Shravya Rao]]<br /> *[[Rekha Vedavyas]] as Maggie<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film began production as ''Naavu Loosegalu Neevu Loosegalu'' ({{translation|We are crazy, you are crazy}}) before the title was shortened.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/sep/03/srimurali-goes-for-drugs-in-loosegalu-402654.html|title=Srimurali goes for drugs in 'Loosegalu'|newspaper=The New Indian Express|first=A|last=Sharadhaa|date=3 September 2012|accessdate=30 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/gossip/-/articleshow/18502038.cms|title=ಲೂಸುಗಳು.. ಐಡ್ಯಾಗಳು..|website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is produced by restaurant owner Sayed Hussain.&lt;ref name=&quot;P&quot;/&gt; [[Vijay Raghavendra]] wore a wig for his role in the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;P&quot;/&gt; This film marked the debut of [[Om Prakash Rao]] and [[Rekha Das]]'s daughter Shravya Rao.&lt;ref name=&quot;P&quot;/&gt; As part of film promotions, the film's title was written in 4D and the name of the film was written as a barcode.&lt;ref name=&quot;P&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF-%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81-2084632|title=ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಲೂಸುಗಳು!|newspaper=[[Prajavani]] |language=kn }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> This film marks the debut of [[Vani Harikrishna]], wife of [[V. Harikrishna]], as a music director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vani-harikrishna-composes-for-ring-road-shubha/articleshow/28437379.cms|title=Turning music director gave me a purpose: Vani Harikrishna|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vani-harikrishna-turns-music-composer/articleshow/15616934.cms|title=Vani Harikrishna turns music composer|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5L7xwg28TbXBzkZucDoW0N|title=Loosegalu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2013|work=[[Spotify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Restaurant worker Raghavendra worked as a lyric writer.&lt;ref name=&quot;P&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 21:56<br /> | title1 = Beso Ghali Edhu<br /> | extra1 = Deepak Doddare, Aishwarya<br /> | length1 = 3:24<br /> | title2 = Bheli Hari Odebandhe<br /> | extra2 = Vani Harikrishna<br /> | length2 = 4:04<br /> | title3 = Govindha<br /> | extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]<br /> | length3 = 3:59<br /> | title4 = Title Song<br /> | extra4 = [[Santhosh Venky]], Suvarna Rathood<br /> | length4 = 1:46<br /> | title5 = Navvu Neevu Ella Loosegalu<br /> | extra5 = Shreyas, Rama<br /> | length5 = 4:26<br /> | title6 = Rabba Rabba<br /> | extra6 = Suvarna Rathood, Santhosh Venky<br /> | length6 = 4:17<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release and reception==<br /> The film was initially scheduled to release on 19 July 2013 before the date was pushed to 26 July.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/loosegalu-to-release-on-july-19/articleshow/20757178.cms|title=Loosegalu to release on July 19 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/loosegalu-to-release-on-july-26/articleshow/20928612.cms|title=Loosegalu to release on July 26 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that &quot;The director has made an honest attempt to showcase youths and their troubles, but the movie falls short of expectations and in the process fails to impress the audience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/loosegalu-review-kannada-pcmaVjaibjhjf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123124537/https://www.sify.com/movies/loosegalu-review-kannada-pcmaVjaibjhjf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2022|title=Loosegalu|website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated that &quot;A moral lesson of sorts, Loosegalu tries to tell us about what happens when we try to take shortcuts to success but it loses track on the way&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jul/27/loosegalu-kannada-500906.html|title=Loosegalu (Kannada)|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that &quot;The movie has a good theme to deal with, but the narration is too slow and many times lengthy keeping you guessing what the director wants to say&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/loosegalu/movie-review/21402088.cms|title=Loosegalu Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Loosegalu|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|3086074}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2013 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rathnan_Prapancha&diff=529855 2026-03-03T12:16:01Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2021 Indian Kannada-language comedy drama film}}<br /> {{Cleanup|reason=Complete plot is needed. See [[WP:TEASER]]|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Rathnan Prapancha<br /> | image = Rathnan Prapancha poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Official release poster<br /> | director = [[Rohit Padaki]]<br /> | producer = Karthik Gowda &lt;br/&gt; [[Yogi G Raj]]<br /> | writer = Rohit Padaki<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]]|[[Reba Monica John|Reba]]}}<br /> | music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] <br /> | cinematography = [[Shreesha Kuduvalli]]<br /> | editing = Deepu S. Kumar<br /> | studio = [[Hombale Films|KRG Studios]]<br /> | distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|10|22}}<br /> | runtime = 149 minutes <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Rathnan Prapancha''' ({{Translation|Rathna's World}}'') is a 2021 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|comedy drama film]] written and directed by [[Rohit Padaki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dhananjaya to collaborate with Rohit Padaki on dark comedy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhananjaya-to-collaborate-with-rohit-padaki-on-dark-comedy/articleshow/77203155.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and produced by Karthik and [[Yogi G Raj]] under the banner [[KRG Studios]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dhananjaya's Rathnan Prapancha gets an official launch today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhananjayas-rathnan-prapancha-gets-an-official-launch-today/articleshow/77851928.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rathnan Prapancha to go on floors on November 9|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/nov/03/rathnan-prapancha-to-go-on-floors-on-november-9-21104.html|access-date=2021-07-28|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=2 November 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=R|first=Sumit|title=Vijay Kiragandur Presents Rathnan Prapancha By KRG Studios |date=13 April 2021 |url=https://kanlishnews.com/vijay-kiragandur-presents-rathnan-prapancha-by-krg-studios/|access-date=2021-07-28|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='ರತ್ನನ್ ಪ್ರಪಂಚ' ಕಟ್ಟೋಕೆ ಹೊರಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಡಾಲಿ ಧನಂಜಯ್..!|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/kannada-dhananjay-signs-new-project-rathnan-prapancha-qedgqj|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malayalam actress, [[Reba Monica John]] in her Kannada debut,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ರತ್ನಾಕರನಿಗೆ ಜೊತೆಯಾದ 'ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಬೆಡಗಿ'; ಡಾಲಿ ಧನಂಜಯ ಸಿನಿಮಾಕ್ಕೆ ಹೀರೋಯಿನ್ ಫಿಕ್ಸ್‌|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/reba-john-plays-female-lead-in-dhananjay-starrer-rathnan-prapancha-movie/articleshow/77778743.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Panju (actor)|Panju]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Pramod bags a pivotal role in Dhananjaya's next a|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pramod-bags-a-pivotal-role-in-dhananjayas-next/articleshow/80373570.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Times of India|language=en |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Umashree]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Umashree to make a comeback on big-screen with 'Rathnan Prapancha'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/umashree-to-make-a-comeback-on-big-screen-with-rathnan-prapancha/articleshow/77888509.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ravishankar Gowda]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ravishankar Gowda sports a Kashmiri look in Ratnan Prapancha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ravishankar-gowda-sports-a-kashmiri-look-in-ratnan-prapancha/articleshow/80468759.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released directly on the digital platform [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 22 October 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 October 2021|title=Dhananjaya starrer Rathnan Prapancha gets a direct digital release|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhananjaya-starrer-rathnan-prapancha-gets-a-direct-digital-release/articleshow/86776967.cms|access-date=5 October 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> It received positive reviews from critics and audiences and became a ''streaming blockbuster'' on [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Rathnakara is an [[insurance agent]] in [[Bangalore]] who is awaiting his transfer order to [[Mumbai]] and lives a dull life with his cunning, badmouthed and irritating mother, Saroja. One day, Rathnakara learns from a journalist, Mayuri, that he was adopted as an infant by Saroja and leaves his home to find his real world. During the Journey, Rathnakara realizes that blood relations are not important, but the one who took care of us lovingly is important in our life. Rathnakara calls Saroja, only to find that she died from a [[heart attack]], thus leaving him devastated. He leaves for his home and cancels his transfer order to live with his family in remembrance of Saroja.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]] as Rathnakara&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Reba Monica John]] as Mayuri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Balachandran|first=Logesh|date=August 27, 2020|title=Rathnan Prapancha: Reba Monica John to play female lead in Dhananjaya's film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rathnan-prapancha-reba-monica-john-to-play-female-lead-in-dhananjaya-s-film-1715608-2020-08-27|access-date=2021-07-28|website=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Umashree]] as Saroja Bai,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Rathnkara's Adoptive Mother<br /> * [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Yellavva, Udaal Baburao's Adoptive Mother<br /> * [[Panju (actor)|Pramod Panju]] as Udaal Babu Rao,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Rathnakar's Younger Brother<br /> * [[Anu Prabhakar]] as Tabassum, Rathnakar's Elder Sister<br /> * [[Ravishankar Gowda]] as Ahmed Ali,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Tabassum's Husband<br /> * Vainidhi Jagadish as Benni,&lt;ref name=&quot;Vj&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Vainidhi Jagdish plays a north Karnataka hudugi in her next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vainidhi-jagdish-plays-a-north-karnataka-hudugi-in-her-next/articleshow/80600426.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Times of India|language=en |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana }}&lt;/ref&gt; Udaal Baburao's love interest<br /> * Shobha Raghavendra as Triveni -Rathnakar, Tabassum, Udaal Baburao's Birth Mother<br /> * [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Basappa, Udaal Babu Rao's Adoptive Father<br /> * [[Akkai Padmashali]] as Paravva, Mayuri's Foster Mother<br /> * [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Srinath, Journalist Who Owns a Press<br /> * Usha Bhandari as Boobamma, Saroja's Neighbour and Friend<br /> * Ashwin Rao Pallakki as Rathnakar's Friend<br /> * Ashok Sharma as Raghu, Saroja's Son<br /> * Divyashree Mohan as Raghu's Wife<br /> * Shivaji Rao Jadhav as Postman Ramesh, Saroja's Husband <br /> * Anantha Velu as Azghar Saab Mulla<br /> * M. K. Mata as Mushfiqur, Tabassum's Adoptive Father<br /> * Govinde Gowda as Rathnakara's Friend and Broker<br /> * Danappa Mudalagi as Daanya<br /> * Yeshwanth Bijoor<br /> * Veena Rao as Villager<br /> * Jahangir as a villager <br /> * [[Tilak Shekar]] as Mayuri's Boyfriend (Cameo)<br /> * [[Vaijanath Biradar]] as a Blind Man (Cameo)<br /> * Sundar Veena as Traffic Inspector (Cameo)<br /> * Rakshitha Shetty as Anchor in Mother's Day Program (cameo)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ''Rathnan Prapancha'' is shot in various locations like [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=ಮೈಸೂರಲ್ಲಿ ಡಾಲಿಯ 'ರತ್ನನ್ ಪ್ರಪಂಚ' ಶೂಟಿಂಗ್ !|url=https://www.justkannada.in/front-page/dhananjay-movie-rathnan-prapancha-shooting-begins-in-mysore/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Just Kannada |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kashmir]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dhananjaya shoots in Kashmir for Ratnan Prapancha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhananjaya-shoots-in-kashmir-for-ratnan-prapancha/articleshow/80168169.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ಹಿಮ, ಕೊರೆಯುವ ಚಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ರೆಬಾ ಜೊತೆ ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಧನಂಜಯ!|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/dolly-dhananjaya-with-reba-in-kashmir-for-rathnan-prapancha-vcs-qmepc5|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Gadag&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=ಡಾಲಿಯ 'ರತ್ನನ್ ಪ್ರಪಂಚ' ಶೂಟಿಂಗ್'ಗೆ ಡೇಟ್ ಫಿಕ್ಸ್|url=https://www.justkannada.in/front-page/actor-dhananjay-movie-rathnan-prapancha-shooting-begins-shortly/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Just Kannada |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Actor Dhananjaya celebrates Republic Day with school kids |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actor-dhananjaya-celebrates-republic-day-with-school-kids/articleshow/80474676.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Rathnan Prapancha<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = {{start date|2021|10|18|df=y}}<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = <br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | label = [[Lahari Music]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | prev_title = [[Hero (2021 film)|Hero]]<br /> | prev_year = 2021<br /> | next_title = [[Drishya 2]]<br /> | next_year = 2021<br /> | misc = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] scored background music for the film and its soundtrack.<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline =Track listing (Kannada)<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = <br /> | title1 = Gicchi Giligili<br /> | extra1 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]<br /> | lyrics1 = Shivu Bhergi<br /> | length1 = 4:00<br /> | title2 = Alemaariye<br /> | extra2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Rohit Padaki]]<br /> | length2 = 5:13<br /> | title3 = Watt a Lyffu<br /> | extra3 = B. Ajaneesh Loknath<br /> | lyrics3 = Pramod Maravante<br /> | length3 = 3:55<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The satellite and digital rights were secured by [[Zee Kannada]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]], where the film was released on 22 October 2021 in Amazon Prime Video.<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Award<br /> !Category<br /> !Recipient<br /> !Result<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=7|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Best Director Award (SIIMA)|Best Director]]<br /> |[[Rohit Padaki]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |rowspan=7|&lt;ref name=&quot;SIIMA tweet 1&quot;&gt;[https://twitter.com/siima/status/1568681176084418560 @KRG_Studios has bagged the SIIMA Award for Best Debutant Producer for the movie Rathnan Prapancha! #SIIMA2022]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SIIMA tweet 2&quot;&gt;[https://twitter.com/siima/status/1568674101908348928 There it is! @pramodactor1 has won the Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Kannada) Award for his memorable role in Rathnan Prapancha! Congratulations! #SIIMA]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Cinematographer<br /> |Shreesha Kuduvalli<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actor in a Supporting Role<br /> |[[Panju (actor)|Pramod Panju]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actress in a Supporting Role<br /> |Vainidhi Jagadish<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Debut Producer<br /> |KRG Productions<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Lyricist<br /> |[[Rohit Padaki]] (&quot;Alemaariye&quot;)<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5|[[67th Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress]] <br /> | [[Reba Monica John]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |rowspan=5|&lt;ref name=&quot;FF nominations&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Filmfare Awards 2022 Kannada Nominations | url = https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations | website = Filmfare | access-date = 9 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221009174209/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/winners | archive-date = 9 October 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FF winners&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Filmfare Awards 2022 Kannada Winners | url = https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/winners | website = Filmfare | access-date = 9 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173254/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations | archive-date = 9 October 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]]<br /> |[[Panju (actor)|Pramod Panju]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]] <br /> |[[Umashree]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – South|Best Cinematographer]] <br /> |[[Shreesha Kuduvalli]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|15264532}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 films]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]<br /> [[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pachaikili_Muthucharam&diff=523578 2026-03-03T04:37:59Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2007 Indian action thriller film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Pachaikili Muthucharam.jpg<br /> | caption = Promotional poster<br /> | director = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]<br /> | writer = Gautham Vasudev Menon<br /> | producer = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]<br /> | starring = [[R. Sarathkumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jyothika]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Andrea Jeremiah]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Milind Soman]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Additional cinematography:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Nirav Shah]]<br /> | editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]<br /> | studio = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd]]<br /> | music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|2|16}}<br /> | runtime = 150 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Pachaikili Muthucharam''''' ({{translation|Green parrot and string of pearls}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]. It is loosely based on [[James Siegel]]'s 2003 novel [[Derailed (novel)|''Derailed'']]. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Jyothika]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]] and [[Milind Soman]]. The score and soundtrack were composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]]. The film was released on 16 February 2007, and performed average at the box office.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Venkatesh, a medical representative, is happily married to Kalyani, and they both have a son named Nanda. They all have a perfect life, until Nanda falls sick and ends up in a hospital where he gets diagnosed with diabetes and things between Venkat and Kalyani cool down a bit. Kalyani begins to spend more time with Nanda and starts to ignore Venkat involuntarily. Venkat, feeling a bit lonely and neglected, walks in and out of his monotonous life without complaining much. He tries to understand Kalyani's feelings.<br /> <br /> One morning while riding the train to work, Venkat notices a woman named Geetha and spends a few extra seconds admiring her. The following day again, he happens to stand next to her and Geetha opens up the conversation with Venkat. Both married with kids, they feel that they have a lot of common things between them and start a friendship together. At first, it is platonic, and they meet only in the train, but they slowly start meeting at restaurants and coffee shops. Geetha begins to get a little physically close to Venkat, and she suggests that they both spend a day together watching movies or doing something alone. Venkat agrees and they take a taxi and drive to Mayajaal on East Coast Road.<br /> <br /> However, at the last minute, Geetha changes her mind and directs the taxi driver to go to a resort along the same road. Venkat books a room on Geetha's insistence. A knock on the door prompts Venkat to open the door. A goon who calls himself as Lawrence barges in, beats him up, robs the couple and ties Venkat up before raping Geetha. Venkat is grief-stricken, and he and Geetha both part ways. Lawrence starts calling Venkat and Geetha to blackmailing them for money. Venkat takes the full financial responsibility and starts paying off money that he had been saving for Nanda's medical expenses. As there is no money pay off, Venkat confesses to Kalyani. Angry and disappointed, she leaves him after he broke a promise of being with another girl, but she returns after 3 days after realising that she is short of money and wanted to see Nanda. Venkat admits his mistake and Kalyani forgives him.<br /> <br /> One day, Venkat finds Geetha and Lawrence together in the street. He follows them and realises that he has been conned and that this is their daily business. When the gang is pulling the same trick on another person named Ramachandran, he beats Lawrence, barges into a hotel and explains it to Ramachandran. A fight occurs where Ramachandran is killed and Venkat accidentally shoots Geetha on her stomach. Angrily, Lawrence stabs Venkat on his hand and in a fit of rage, Venkat kills Lawrence. Venkat escapes but not before he gets a horrible beating from Geetha's men. He relocates with his family to [[Hyderabad]]. One day, Geetha's men kidnaps Kalyani. Later, he realises that Geetha didn't actually die and she kidnapped Kalyani to avenge Lawrence's death. She orders her men to beat Venkat up, for killing Lawrence. After a long fight, Venkat kills Geetha and saves Kalyani. He returns the money to Geetha's henchmen and leaves with Kalyani and Nanda.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Venkatesh<br /> * [[Jyothika]] as Smitha (Geetha)<br /> * [[Andrea Jeremiah]] as Kalyani<br /> * [[Milind Soman]] as Lawrence<br /> * [[VTV Ganesh]] as Velu<br /> * Armaan as Nanda<br /> * Venkat as Muruga<br /> * [[Hariraj]] as Ramachandran<br /> * Mishalle as Debbai<br /> * [[Cool Suresh]] as Dass<br /> * Kannan as Kannan<br /> * Manikandan as Elangovan<br /> * [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as a bus passenger (uncredited)<br /> * [[Veera Bahu|Veera]] as a bus passenger (uncredited)<br /> * [[Avishek Karthik|Karthik]] as a singer (uncredited)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> After reading the novel ''[[Derailed (novel)|Derailed]]'' by [[James Siegel]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] decided to make a film loosely inspired by it rather than adapting the novel verbatim.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=15 February 2007 |title=Pachaikili Muthucharam: The most eagerly awaited Tamil film of 2007! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/15sli2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406101908/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/15sli2.htm |archive-date=6 April 2025 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was previously titled ''Vilai Uyirendraalum'' (Even If the Price Is Life Itself)&lt;ref name=&quot;vushiob&quot; /&gt; and ''Silandhi'' (Spider),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rasika |date=2 February 2007 |title=Another name change |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Reeltalk/2007/01reel117.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218184106/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Reeltalk/2007/01reel117.asp |archive-date=18 February 2007 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=Chennai Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; but later titled ''Pachaikili Muthucharam'', after a song from ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]'' (1973).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 March 2015 |title=MGR to the rescue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mgr-to-the-rescue/article6969992.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222113033/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mgr-to-the-rescue/article6969992.ece |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=6 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menon described the title (loosely translated as &quot;a parrot with a string of pearls&quot;) as a metaphor to the film's content, saying, &quot;What will happen to a string of pearls if a parrot gets it? The pearls might scatter away.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2007 |title=Pachaikili Muthucharam: The most eagerly awaited Tamil film of 2007! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/15sli5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914010710/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/15sli5.htm |archive-date=14 September 2013 |access-date=18 January 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |at=slide 5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For the lead female role several actresses were considered with [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] and [[Shobana]] as the frontrunners. Shobana was chosen to play the role whom Menon described as the &quot;finest actor in the country&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;vushiob&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2006 |title='I don't write scripts for heroes' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14149001&amp;cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719142418/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14149001&amp;cid=2408 |archive-date=19 July 2008 |access-date=28 April 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, she was replaced by [[Andrea Jeremiah]], who previously collaborated with Menon in ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' (2006) as a playback singer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glam show is not bad: Andrea Jeremiah |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Glam-show-is-not-bad-Andrea-Jeremiah-imagegallery-2-tollywood-lfzmyveacjg.html?html=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910193305/http://www.sify.com/movies/Glam-show-is-not-bad-Andrea-Jeremiah-imagegallery-2-tollywood-lfzmyveacjg.html?html=5 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lead role was initially offered to [[Kamal Haasan]], who declined. [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] showed interest, but declined due to scheduling conflicts. [[R. Madhavan]] also declined as he was uninterested in playing the father of a child. After Menon casually met [[R. Sarathkumar]], the actor agreed to do the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvm2&quot; /&gt; The director also changed the actor's general looks for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-10-11 |title=I've given Sarath a new look - Gautham Menon |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11102006-6.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018081029/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11102006-6.shtml |archive-date=2006-10-18 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Cinesouth}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The film has five songs composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]]. The song &quot;Karu Karu Vizhigalal&quot; was noted for its musical structure being similar to [[Westlife]]'s &quot;Hit You With The Real Thing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=30 September 2016 |title=Inspired stuff |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Inspired-stuff/article14928267.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122152519/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Inspired-stuff/article14928267.ece |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=8 January 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing|<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | headline = Tamil track listing<br /> | total_length = 23:27<br /> | title1 = Unakkul Naane<br /> | note1 = Version 1<br /> | extra1 = [[Bombay Jayashri]]<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]<br /> | length1 = 4:43<br /> | title2 = Unakkul Naane<br /> | note2 = Version 2<br /> | extra2 = [[Madhushree]]<br /> | lyrics2 = Rohini<br /> | length2 = 4:41<br /> | title3 = Un Sirippinil<br /> | extra3 = Sowmya Rao, Mohamed Raffee<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Thamarai]]<br /> | length3 = 5:35<br /> | title4 = Kaadhal Konjam<br /> | extra4 = [[Naresh Iyer]]<br /> | lyrics4 = Thamarai<br /> | length4 = 4:52<br /> | title5 = Karu Karu<br /> | extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Naresh Iyer, [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]<br /> | lyrics5 = Thamarai<br /> | length5 = 3:36<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | title6 = <br /> | length6 = <br /> | title7 = <br /> | length7 = <br /> | title8 = <br /> | length8 = <br /> | title9 = <br /> | length9 = <br /> | title10 = <br /> | length10 = <br /> | title11 = <br /> | length11 = <br /> | title12 = <br /> | length12 = <br /> | title13 = <br /> | length13 = <br /> | title14 = <br /> | length14 = <br /> | title15 = <br /> | length15 = <br /> | title16 = <br /> | length16 = <br /> | title17 = <br /> | length17 = <br /> | title18 = <br /> | length18 = <br /> | title19 = <br /> | length19 = <br /> | title20 = <br /> | length20 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{track listing|<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | headline = Telugu track listing<br /> | total_length = 23:06<br /> | all_writing = [[Vennelakanti (writer)|Vennelakanti]]<br /> | title1 = Undaleni<br /> | extra1 = [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Raghu Kunche]]<br /> | length1 = 4:38<br /> | title2 = Nee Talapuna<br /> | extra2 = Naga Saihithi<br /> | length2 = 5:31<br /> | title3 = Challa Naina<br /> | extra3 = Raghu Kunche<br /> | length3 = 4:45<br /> | title4 = Undaleni<br /> | note4 = Version 2<br /> | extra4 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Raghu Kunche<br /> | length4 = 4:38<br /> | title5 = Daagudumoothal<br /> | extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Raghu Kunche<br /> | length5 = 3:12<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> &lt;!-- https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/15sli1.htm --&gt;<br /> The [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] cleared the film with an [[A certificate|&quot;A&quot; (adults only) certificate]] for its theme with no visual cuts but a few dialogue muted. The film was initially scheduled to release on 9 February 2007, but was pushed to 16 February because Ravichandran wanted more time to publicise the film. The film's [[Karnataka]] distributor also asked him to delay the release as theatres in [[Bengaluru]] were temporarily blocked from screening Tamil films due to the [[Kaveri River water dispute]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2007 |title='Pachaikili..' postponed! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pachaikili-postponed-news-tamil-kkfvfajhfehsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314063622/http://www.sify.com/movies/pachaikili-postponed-news-tamil-kkfvfajhfehsi.html |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Critical reception ===<br /> Sriram Iyer from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that &quot;One must hand it to Gautham Menon for keeping the film from degenerating into a melodrama by giving the right mix of action and drama&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Sriram |date=19 February 2007 |title=Pachaikili Muthucharam-- a director's film |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/19pachai.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108025245/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/19pachai.htm |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote it cannot be said that everyone will appreciate the softness that permeates the entire film. She added that although there are various reviews about the story of this film, a new attempt is welcome.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=4 March 2007 |title=பச்சைக்கிளி முத்துச்சரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-03-04/page/50/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240417140250/https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-03-04/page/50/mode/2up |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=50–51 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film a positive review, appreciating its faithfulness to ''Derailed'' and wrote, &quot;What makes the film so interestingly relevant is the fact that such a tragedy could strike anyone in the pulsating day to day city life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pachaikili Muthucharam |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14389723&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304221607/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14389723&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2429 |archive-date=4 March 2007 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Box office ===<br /> The film performed average at the box office. In regard to the average run, Menon felt that Sarathkumar was &quot;wrong for the film&quot; and that he tweaked the story to fit his image; he also claimed that his father's ailing health and consequent death a week before the release had left him mentally affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvm2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=5 June 2008 |title=Gautam &quot;Vasudev&quot; Menon |url=http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2008/06/05/interview-gautam-vasudev-menon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710055938/http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2008/06/05/interview-gautam-vasudev-menon/ |archive-date=10 July 2010 |access-date=28 April 2011 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Award<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Category<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Recipient(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Vijay Awards]]<br /> |[[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]<br /> |[[Andrea Jeremiah]]<br /> |{{Nominated}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tN-Bu6timek |title=Vijay Awards 06/06/08 |date=30 May 2012 |publisher=[[Star Vijay|Vijay Television]] |access-date=7 April 2025 |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{Gautham Menon}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2007 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 psychological thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about adultery in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about families]]<br /> [[Category:Films about railway accidents and incidents]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on adaptations]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on American novels]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on crime novels]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on thriller novels]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kida_(film)&diff=509903 2026-03-03T02:28:07Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Kida<br /> | image = Kida (film).jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Ra. Venkat<br /> | writer =<br /> | producer = [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]]<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Kaali Venkat]]<br /> *[[Poo Ramu]] <br /> *Dileep<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = M. Jayaprakash<br /> | editing = Anand Geraldin<br /> | music = Theeson<br /> | studio = [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]]<br /> | runtime = 123 mins<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|11|ref1=}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kida''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama film written and directed by Ra. Venkat. Produced by [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]] under the production banner [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]], the film stars [[Kaali Venkat]] and [[Poo Ramu]] in the lead roles, and Dileep and Pandiyamma in supporting roles. The film was released theatrically on 11 November 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Director Ra Venkat expresses concern over 'Kida' show cancellation at a prominent Chennai theater |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-ra-venkat-expresses-concern-over-kida-show-cancellation-at-a-prominent-chennai-theater/articleshow/105230861.cms?from=mdr |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Kaali Venkat]] as Vellachamy<br /> *[[Poo Ramu]] as Chellaiya<br /> *Dileep as Kathir<br /> *Pandiyamma<br /> *Lakshmi<br /> *Loki<br /> *Kamali<br /> *Raju<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> Ra Venkat made his directorial debut through ''Kida'' after over 17 years of being in the film industry doing various jobs including as an office assistant and an associate director. Earlier in 2017, he had begun work on a film titled ''Kavari Maan Parambarai'' starring [[Vishnu Vishal]] and [[Shivani Rajashekar]], before the project was dropped. Venkat later acquainted with Telugu film producer [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]] who produced the film, marking the first Tamil film of the production studio. The shoot was completed within 22 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 November 2022 |title=Tamil film Kida gets a standing ovation at Indian Panorama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-film-kida-gets-a-standing-ovation-at-indian-panorama/articleshow/95769256.cms |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to the theatrical release of the film, it was selected to be screened in the Indian Panorama section at the International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=Two small Tamil films — Kurangu Pedal and Kida — selected for Indian Panorama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/two-small-tamil-films-kurangu-pedal-and-kida-selected-for-indian-panorama/articleshow/95051669.cms |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also later shown at various film festivals such as the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne, Jagran Film Festival, and the Chennai International Film Festival 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=VJS, Soori to unveil Kida trailer today |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/vjs-soori-to-unveil-kidatrailer-today-743590 |website=www.dtnext.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> The film had a theatrical release on 11 November 2023 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' noted that &quot;feel-goodness overcomes formulaic writing in ''Kida''&quot; and that &quot;despite the simplistic making, and at times formulaic writing, director Ra Venkat manages to keep us invested in the proceedings because the problems faced by his protagonists are relatable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kida Movie Review : Feel-goodness overcomes formulaic writing in Kida |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kida/movie-review/105151174.cms |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; A reviewer from ''[[The Hindu]]'' also gave the film a positive review.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=கிடா Review: நேர்த்தியாக ஈர்க்கும் உணர்வுபூர்வ படைப்பு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1150608-poo-ram-and-kaali-venkat-starrer-kida-movie-review.html |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from South First wrote &quot;the film appeals to you for its truthfulness&quot; and that &quot;there are no pretensions, no exaggerations, and no artificiality&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=10 November 2023 |title=Kida review: This realistic social drama from Ra Venkat touches your heart |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kida-tamil-movie-review/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|24177410}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarita_(Indian_TV_series)&diff=516478 2026-03-02T22:09:38Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: added</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1997 Indian television series}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{More citations needed|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{All plot|date=July 2020}}{{plot too long|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{cleanup|reason=Remove fancruft, minor plot details, fix typos, including &quot;garden.Tita&quot;, &quot;sensously&quot;, &quot;sensously&quot;, or just stubify it.|date=August 2020}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> '''''Margarita''''' is an Indian television show broadcast on [[Zee TV]] in 1997, starring [[Milind Soman]], [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]], [[Nivedita Bhattacharya]], Malvika Singh, [[Vinay Pathak]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]], and [[Kalpana Iyer]].<br /> <br /> Margarita is a love story, set in Goa against a Portuguese backdrop. It tells the story of Pedro who is in love with Margarita, also called Tita, the youngest of the family's three children. However, a family tradition that the youngest daughter remains unmarried to take care of her aged parents prevents the two from marrying. So, Soman marries one of the other sisters to be close to his loved one.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19970714-model-milind-soman-hopes-to-make-it-as-an-actor-830352-1997-07-13|title=Model Milind Soman hopes to make it as an actor|access-date=2017-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This show was ahead of its time. The show begins in a TV studio where [[Suchitra Pillai]] narrates the story of Margarita, her grandmother from her diary kept and maintained by Margarita throughout her life.<br /> <br /> The music has been scored by [[Louis Banks]] and the costumes designed by [[Wendell Rodricks|Wendell Rodriques]].<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Character<br /> !Played By<br /> !Additional Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Margarita Braganza<br /> |[[Rajeshwari Sachdev]]<br /> |Lead Female Character of the story. The youngest daughter of Elena Braganza, commonly nicknamed as 'Tita'.<br /> |-<br /> |Pedro D'Costa<br /> |[[Milind Soman]]<br /> |He married Margarita's elder sister, Rose Braganza.<br /> |-<br /> |Rose Braganza<br /> |[[Nivedita Bhattacharya]]<br /> |Eldest daughter of Elena Braganza<br /> |-<br /> |Donna Elena Braganza<br /> |[[Kalpana Iyer]]<br /> |Commonly referred to as Elena, Elena Mai, or simply Mai.<br /> |-<br /> |Gertrude (Braganza)<br /> |Malvika Singh<br /> |Second daughter of Elena Braganza born out of wedlock from Elena with her lover Joseph. Joseph and Elena were in love with each other. However, Elena's parents were opposed and forced Elena to marry Juan Braganza. Joseph and Elena kept loving each other even after Elena's marriage to Juan. Joseph and Elena were supposed to run away together while Elena was pregnant with Gertrude however, Elena's father shot Joseph thinking he was an armed robber. Elena kept her silence and continued to live a married life with Juan, keeping Joseph in her heart. Tita came across the love letters (after Elena Mai's demise) in a box that Elena Mai had kept hidden. <br /> |-<br /> |Nacha<br /> |[[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]]<br /> |The housemaid who raised Margarita since her birth<br /> |-<br /> |Chancha<br /> |Tuhina Vohra<br /> |The house help of Braganza house<br /> |-<br /> |Drago<br /> |Vicky Ahuja<br /> |House help of the Braganza family. He and Chancha loved each other. Later he married Chancha and they have a daughter named Kancha.<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. John Coelho<br /> |[[Vinay Pathak]]<br /> |Family doctor and friend, who loved and eventually married Margarita<br /> |-<br /> |Josephita<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Suchitra Pillai]]<br /> |Rose and Pedro's daughter. Margarita's mother.<br /> |-<br /> |Josephita's daughter, Margarita<br /> |The narrator of the story and granddaughter of Margarita is a role duplicate resembling her mother Josephita, played by Suchitra Pillai. She is also named Margarita, after the lead female character.<br /> |-<br /> |Donna Pikita<br /> |Kamini Khanna<br /> |Childhood friend of Elena Braganza<br /> |-<br /> |Kancha<br /> |[[Geeta Tyagi]]<br /> |Daughter of Chancha, next-generation house-help to Braganza family.<br /> |-<br /> |Alex Coelho (child)<br /> |Not known<br /> |Child actor - son of Dr. John Coelho<br /> |-<br /> |Roberto<br /> |Not known<br /> |Infant actor - first child and son of Rose and Pedro. The day Rose's water broke, Chancha and Elena Mai had to leave the house in the early morning for a family emergency. Only Pedro and Tita were in the house. Tita coaxed Pedro to go on his bicycle and find the doctor for Rose's delivery. Tita did not know what to do. Suddenly, Nacha's soul appears to Tita. She helps deliver, Roberto - Rose's son with Tita's help. Rose was not able to feed Roberto after he was born. Tita once helped Roberto by trying to feed him her breast milk. To her surprise, Roberto was feeding only from Tita. Tita looked after Roberto like her own son. Roberto would find peace and solace in Tita's company. Elena Mai ordered Rose and Pedro to temporarily live in Pedro's home. Tita was unhappy with the decision since she knew Roberto couldn't accept anyone for feeding. Roberto did not survive the separation from Tita, who fed her and took great care of her. Tita held Elena Mai responsible for Roberto's death.<br /> |-<br /> |Alex Coelho (adult)<br /> |Atul Kumar<br /> |He is the son of Dr. John Coelho. When he was a boy, he thought he would marry little Josephita. Years after moving away from the town, the Coelho family i.e. Dr. John, his son Alex and Margarita returned to the town. This is the next generation segment of the show when the actors grew older and the children became adolescents including Alex and Josephita. Alex falls in love with Josephita unknowingly and they get married in church with theconsent of everyone in both of their families. They marry exactly one year after the passing away of Alex's father, Dr. John Coelho.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{Multiple issues|section=yes|<br /> {{Fancruft|section|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{Unreferenced-section|date=September 2020}}<br /> }}<br /> === Margarita's birth ===<br /> Josephita's daughter reading out an entry from Margarita's personal diary in a cozy TV studio with small TV sets around her as she speaks live in the studio.<br /> <br /> Flashback into the story: Nacha, the housemaid, and Elena Mai who is pregnant are cooking in the kitchen and chatting with each other when suddenly Elena's water breaks. She is in pain and worried that the child will come before they can make it to a hospital. There is no time to call a doctor or take Elena Mai to the nearest hospital. Nacha makes Elena Mai lay on the kitchen counter and delivers the baby: it's a girl. Nacha holds her in her hands proudly and looks at her with motherly love. A few days after the birth, Elena's husband passes away and Elena is burdened with managing the family affairs. Nacha offers to be the foster mother for the newborn girl, who is named Margarita. Since then, Margarita is fostered and brought up under the care and love of Nacha and Margarita loves her like a mother. Margarita spends most of her life in the kitchen alongside Nacha. <br /> <br /> It is said that chopping onions makes one cry. Margarita would never cry. Nacha had a remedy for this. She put a small onion of top of Margarita's head while she was chopping onions and Margarita immediately began to cry at.<br /> <br /> === Love at first sight ===<br /> It is Christmas Eve and Donna Elena Braganza is hosting a Christmas party for family and friends. Margarita is expected to serve the guests alcoholic drink, prompting her to ask her mother, Elena Mai, when can she start drinking. Elena Mai says she is too short to drink and tells her that when she will be a few inches taller, she can drink. Once Mai leaves, Margarita looks at herself in the mirror, stands on her toes, and while whispering to herself, 'Now I am tall enough to drink some', she gulps a single shot from the tray in front of her. She sees through the mirror that there is a young man (Pedro) who is staring at her intensely.<br /> <br /> === The beginning of the love affair ===<br /> Pedro cannot get Margarita out of his mind and he starts following her everywhere. Margarita is walking with chicks bundled up in her skirt when one of them falls down as she is climbing the stairs from the garden. She struggles to pick up the fallen chick as both her hands are full and as Pedro rushes to help, her skirt hikes up. Margarita realizes what is happening and while trying to quickly fix her skirt, the chicks all fall out onto Pedro. Next, Margarita is seen walking on the seashore along with Chancha, Rose, and Gertrude with Pedro following her closely. The girls giggle and smile and continue walking along the shores, while Pedro follows Margarita who is lagging behind, and asks her if she has feelings for him also. Margarita hesitates but eventually admits her feeling for him.<br /> <br /> === Family's old tradition ===<br /> According to the family's old tradition, the youngest daughter cannot get married. She has to stay at home and take care of the elderly parents for the rest of their lives. Nacha, the housemaid and also Margarita's foster mother thinks that Elena Mai wouldn't be adamant to follow this absurd tradition. To her shock, Elena Mai expresses her concern and makes it clear to the entire house that according to the traditions, Tita is the youngest, and therefore she cannot marry anyone. She has to take care of her like how it has been in the family for several years. Hearing this, Nacha and Elena have a little argument over the kitchen where Nacha expresses that she thought Elena Mai would be more considerate and break such a family tradition and free her daughters to live a happily married life. Certainly, this is not the case in Braganza house.<br /> <br /> === Pedro's asks for Tita's hand in marriage ===<br /> Pedro and his father, Pascal come to meet Elena Mai to ask for Margarita's hand in marriage for Pedro. Elena Mai explains the family tradition to them that Tita cannot get married according to the family's old tradition. She also states that his son-in-law to her other daughters must live with them in the Braganza house since, after her, all the property would eventually belong to him.<br /> <br /> Pedro instead settles to marry Elena's eldest daughter, Rose. Everyone is excited in the kitchen with Chancha going back and forth getting news from the sitting hall to the kitchen. She is baffled at the thought that Pedro is agreeing to marry Rose instead of Tita. She is unable to communicate that well to the ladies in the kitchen. Finally, Elena Mai comes into the kitchen and announces that a decision has been made. The marriage will be next month, with Rose. Whilst leaving Braganza house, Pedro's father asks Pedro why he agreed to do this.<br /> <br /> Everyone in Braganza house is shocked. Tita is quietly absorbing her tears and does not utter a word. She has immersed herself in chores. Nacha is worried about Tita. Nacha is seeing cutting onions and down came Tita's tears like rain on a deserted land.<br /> <br /> === Rose and Pedro's marriage ===<br /> Tita tries on the marriage veil and accidentally red wine drops on it. The stains are hard to remove. Gertrude summons Nacha. Nacha rushes from the kitchen to solve the problem. She sprinkles some white powder on the veil and it becomes white as new again.<br /> <br /> Nacha and Elena argue over why she consented to Rose and Pedro's marriage knowing the fact that Pedro and Tita love each other deeply. Elena says that she is the mother of their daughters and decider of their fate.<br /> <br /> Later, Tita asks Nacha to get ready for the marriage ceremony. Nacha says she does not feel well from within, her heart is not fully happy with this marriage. She tells Tita to continue without her and asks her not to cry during the ceremony. Tita dreams of herself and Pedro getting married in the church instead of Rose. While she hallucinates back to reality, she realizes that Rose and Pedro are taking their first walk down the aisle as a married couple and bells are ringing.<br /> <br /> Pedro finds Tita and confesses to her in one corner of the house that he has done this marriage only for the sake of him being close to Tita. He still loves Tita and will continue to love her.<br /> <br /> The reception is held at Braganza house. Everyone is being served with the wedding cake after dinner. As each was eating those pieces of cake, everyone started to cry. Pedro and Rose ate the cake too, and cried. Gertrude, Tita's elder sister ate the cake too, Mai ate it too. All of them cried.<br /> <br /> Elena scolds Tita that she must have definitely put something in the cake that resulted in this incident. She is pleading to Mai that she did not do anything and that she can ask Nacha herself as she was also there. They both come to see Nacha. Nacha is silent. She has passed away. Tita starts crying telling Nacha's body that there is no one of her own after her.<br /> <br /> === Post marriage Pedro and Tita's affair ===<br /> Pedro and Tita silently exchange letters by keeping their letters in a letterbox in the sitting hall. No one knows that. This is how they exchange their romantic thoughts for each other and keep their love alive. Meanwhile, Rose and Pedro haven't consummated their marriage yet.<br /> <br /> Pedro sees Tita working on the grinding stone in the kitchen and is wooed by her beauty.<br /> <br /> [[In the Bedroom|In the bedroom]], while Rose is signaling Pedro for closeness, Pedro tells Rose that she is probably tired and therefore tonight is not their night to be together. Rose is upset. The next morning while the sun is still rising, Pedro and Rose are sleeping whilst all of a sudden Pedro dreams of Tita and accidentally holds Rose's hands. Rose is elated and she feels that Pedro is getting close to her. Pedro asks for forgiveness from the Lord saying that he is doing all of this only to be together with Tita. Pedro returns to the bed and consummates his marriage with Rose.<br /> <br /> That very day, while Tita is eagerly opening the letterbox she does not find a letter. Pedro is seen flashing the letter to Tita when all of a sudden Elena Mai comes in. She understands looking at the letter what is happening between the two of them and orders Chancha to throw the letter in the garbage bin saying there is no room for garbage in this house looking sternly at the two of them, Pedro and Tita.<br /> <br /> Besides the letter, the only other way Pedro and Tita would talk would be by means of compliments and appreciation for the food that Tita cooks at the dining table. Each time Pedro compliments the food, Rose feels uncomfortable and Elena interjects by commenting on something inadequate in the food, sometimes salt being less, sometimes some other thing.<br /> <br /> === Gertrude is in love ===<br /> Meanwhile, Gertrude and Chancha disguise themselves as men and visit a local pub. Gertrude helps herself with some drinks there and meets a soldier. She falls in love with her bravery. When she returns home late at night she is confronted by Elena Mai who is furious and angry to see her returning late, being drunk, and to top it all to be answering back to her mother. Mai locks her up in the room and tells that she will not come outside only until Mai decides and wants to. Gertrude also locks the room from inside and tells Mai that she can't come inside until she decides when to. Gertrude is a rebel.<br /> <br /> === Roberto - Pedro and Rose's first child ===<br /> Rose soon gets pregnant with Pedro's first child. Tita is heartbroken. Chancha and Mai have to leave one day for a funeral. Tita, Rose, and Pedro are in the house. Tita and Pedro are in the garden. Pedro confronts Tita on why she is not speaking to him anymore and that how much he endures in the house just to be with Tita. Rose starts screaming inside the room in pain. Her water broke. Tita and Pedro hurriedly come to Rose. Tita insists Pedro take the bicycle and get Dr. Fernandes. Pedro tracks down the whereabouts of Dr. Fernandes at a funeral. However, the funeral itself is of Dr. Fernandes. There he meets [[Dr. John]] Coelho who agrees to tend to Pedro's wife's help. Pedro carries Dr. John on the passenger seat of his bicycle. Meanwhile, Rose is in pain and Tita is all alone. She cries for help. Nacha's soul appears and helps deliver the baby. Dr. John Coelho and Pedro reach only to find that Tita has delivered Rose's baby boy, Roberto. Mai and Chancha return from the funeral and are happy to receive their first grandchild. Rose has some complications posting her delivery. Dr. John offers to tend to Rose. Rose can't produce milk for Roberto. Mai and Rose are worried for Roberto since the baby cries all day and hasn't eaten or drunk anything for the first two days. Finally, Tita agrees to look after Roberto. She takes him in her room and tries to breast-feed Roberto herself. To her surprise, the baby is feeding. Pedro sees this. Tita believes it's a miracle, however, Pedro is convinced that this was bound to happen since Roberto is in a way Pedro and Tita's sign of love although Rose is her mother.<br /> <br /> Pedro still is crazily in love with Tita. Tita befriends Dr. John and spends a good time with her in the house each day while Dr. John visits Rose for checkups. Pedro is jealous and confronts Dr. John saying that he should know that Tita cannot marry as per this house's tradition. Tita is angry at Pedro for having bust this news all of a sudden to Dr. John. Pedro is convincing Tita that he still loves her and he has done all of this to just be with her. He starts kissing her passionately while holding her in her arms. Mai sees this from the corner of the open window. She decides that it is time for Pedro, Rose, and Roberto to leave Braganza house and settle in Pedro's home. Pedro is worried that Roberto wouldn't be able to eat or drink anything without Tita around. Tita is helpless against Mai's decision.<br /> <br /> Pedro, Rose, and Roberto leave Braganza house. A few weeks, days, or months have not passed and Elena Mai decides to send some fresh fish and other food items to Pedro's house. Drago visits Pedro's house only to learn that Roberto has passed away. Chancha busts the news to Mai and Tita in the kitchen. Tita is shocked, crying loudly she screams at Mai, &quot;You killed my Roberto. You killed my Roberto!&quot;. Mai tightly slaps Tita making her nose bleed instantly. Tita continues, &quot;You killed my Roberto&quot; and angrily leaves the house towards the garden.<br /> <br /> === Margarita's shocking silence ===<br /> After Roberto's demise, Margarita goes into a shock. She does not speak a word. Mai thinks she is going mad and therefore seeks Dr. John's help to find Margarita a decent Mental Asylum for her treatment. Dr. John is petrified at heartless Mai's words. He instead offers to help by taking Margarita in his home for a few days to which Mai agrees amicably. Margarita starts living in Dr. John's home with his son Alex. She speaks nothing for several days. According to Tita, she is trying to find herself through her silence. After a few days, she and Alex are taking a walk outside when Alex suddenly disappears. Tita thinks Alex is playing hide and seek with her and tries to find her in all places. When she cannot find Alex anywhere, her heart sinks. She feels that she will lose Alex just like she lost Roberto. She screams for Alex and finally finds him hiding in a place. This is when her silence ends. She starts living a happy life with Alex and Dr. John in their home.<br /> <br /> === Dacoits in Braganza house ===<br /> Meanwhile, Drago has gone out of town to find better work to start a better life with Chancha. Chancha and Mai are alone at Braganza house. One dark evening the dacoits come hunting towards Braganza house. Chancha and Mai are alone in the house. Mai confronts the dacoits but all in vain. The dacoits attack Elena Mai and she falls off the balcony injuring herself badly. Chancha gets taken advantage of by one of the dacoits.<br /> <br /> Few days pass by and Dr. John and Tita decide to get married. Tita intends to notify Mai of her decision as she does not feel she is obliged to stay with Elena Mai for the rest of her life anymore. She and Dr. John decide to pay a visit to Braganza house, only to find saddened faces of Chancha and Elena Mai in pain. Elena Mai hurt her back badly due to which she cannot walk anymore. She is bedridden. Chancha is depressed and in her own world. Looking at all of this, Tita decides to stay back at Braganza house to take care of Mai. Dr. John leaves. Chancha confides in Tita over the wrath of that evening and what tragedy befallen on her pride and self-esteem. Tita comforts Chancha. Elena Mai is not happy with Tita's help and she defies her every attempt for helping Mai recover with better food.<br /> <br /> Drago comes back from town with a ring in his pocket thinking he will propose Chancha only to find Chancha's unfortunate rape news. He is heartbroken. Chancha finally agrees to marry Drago. They both hug each other.<br /> <br /> === Tita's engagement, Chancha's marriage ===<br /> Few days don't pass and Mai passes away. There is nothing left in Braganza house anymore. Tita finds the secluded box with love letters between Mai and his lover, Joseph. She learns the truth about Gertrude being born out of wedlock between Mai and Joseph. Rose and Pedro return to Braganza house, too. They have their daughter Josephita with them. Pedro begets a daughter with Rose after Roberto's death in order to have Rose find happiness once again in her daughter. Tita names their daughter as 'Josephita' - Probably, she coined this name knowing Mai's lover's name was Joseph too.<br /> <br /> Dr. John officially asks for Tita's hand in marriage from Rose and Pedro, as only them being the elders of the house. Pedro is seen forcing himself on Tita on the night of their engagement after the engagement party is over.<br /> <br /> Thereafter, a few days pass by and Chancha marries Drago in a small ceremony. At the reception, we see that Gertrude returns with her husband.<br /> <br /> At the reception party, Tita notices Elena Mai's ghost who is troubling Tita since Tita and Pedro involved themselves in illegitimate intimacy outside of wedlock. Angrily, out of revenge, Elena's ghost attacks Pedro by transporting a flying log of firewood to him. Pedro burns his hand. Tita runs towards Pedro and takes her in her arms and starts comforting her intensely. Rose notices this and so does Dr. John. It is then that Dr. John and Rose both learn that Tita loves Pedro and this love is so intensely strong in their hearts. Rose is heartbroken.<br /> <br /> === Rose's depression ===<br /> Pedro is bedridden and Tita tries to take care of him. Rose blocks Tita's actions to avoid them being together at any moment. She fears their closeness risks her marriage. Meanwhile, Gertrude learns of Tita's pregnancy and she confronts Rose and tells her the reality. Rose locks herself in a room for several days and speaks to no one. Meanwhile, Dr. John and Tita take care of Pedro.<br /> <br /> One fine day, Rose opens the door. Chancha notices her coming out of the room, obese and ugly. Her depression led her to overeat.<br /> <br /> Tita learns that she is no longer pregnant anymore and that it was a false alarm. She confronts Rose and tells her to express herself instead of remaining silent. Talking is better for venting out the anger. She also tells Rose that she isn't pregnant with Pedro and that whatever Gertrude told Rose that night was false. Rose couldn't care less.<br /> <br /> Nacha appears to Tita and pleads her to detangle herself from the worries and woes of those around her and that she is not needed anymore here. She urges her to start her own life and start living. Tita leaves the Braganza house. She starts living in Dona Pikita's house. Dr. John visits Tita here and once again proposes to Tita, and she accepts.<br /> <br /> One day while she is asleep, Pedro visits her and she touches his face, utters his name, and then dies, leaving Pedro alone.<br /> <br /> === Tita's marriage ===<br /> Tita and Dr. John are getting married in the church. As they walk down the aisle as a married couple, Tita sees Rose at the church's door. She is pleasantly surprised and happy to see Rose and mentions to her that she became all well. Tita says she is so happy to see Rose back in her normal body again, rid of all obesity and beautifully smiling at her. Rose tells her that she is so happy for Tita.<br /> <br /> Suddenly Pedro is seen arriving at the church looking for Tita. He informs Tita and Dr. John of Rose's demise. Tita is shocked and realizes that the beautiful Rose that she saw and talked to was actually Rose's soul who had come to visit Tita and congratulate her on her happy day.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Zee TV original programming]]<br /> [[Category:1990s Indian television series]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shashi_Sinha&diff=534708 2026-03-01T06:40:24Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: created some post basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian executive}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Shashi Sinha<br /> | occupation =<br /> |alma_mater = [[IIT Kanpur]] &lt;br&gt; [[IIM Bangalore]]<br /> <br /> | title = {{nowrap|CEO of&lt;br/&gt;[[Interpublic Group of Companies|IPG]] India}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shashi Sinha''' is an Indian executive who is the current CEO of the Indian arm of advertising company [[Interpublic Group of Companies|IPG]]. He is heading all the three media agencies of IPG in India namely, Lodestar, Initiative and BPN.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Shashi Sinha to head IPG Mediabrands|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-shashi-sinha-to-head-ipg-mediabrands-1757701}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Shashi completed his bachelor's degree in engineering from [[IIT Kanpur]] and his master's degree in management from [[IIM Bangalore]] in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Distinguished Alumni Award, IIM Bangalore|url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/alumni/Distinguished-alumnus-award-2012|archive-date=18 May 2016|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518094725/http://www.iimb.ernet.in/alumni/Distinguished-alumnus-award-2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Shashi started his career with [[Parle Products|Parle]] as Product Manager.<br /> <br /> In the early 1990s he set up Lodestar, India's first specialized media planning and buying outfit. He led the setting up of India's first media research and tools development cell at Lodestar.<br /> <br /> He is also chairing the technical committee of the [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Shashi Sinha|url=http://news.ipgmediabrands.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1526|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512085134/http://news.ipgmediabrands.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1526|archivedate=2014-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> He was featured in 2012 as the top 50 most powerful people in the city of Mumbai in a survey done by [[Daily News and Analysis]] newspaper. [[International Advertising Association|IAA]] India Chapter bestowed the prestigious 'Media Person of the Year' award on him in 2013. He was awarded the Distinguished Alumni Award by [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|IIM Bangalore]] in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IAA Leadership Awards honour Punit Goenka, R Balki and Shashi Sinha|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/40118_IAA-Leadership-Awards-honour-Punit-Goenka-R-Balki-and-Shashi-Sinha}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Shashi}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian chief executives]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rahi_(goddess)&diff=528104 2026-02-10T18:11:53Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Regional form of Hindu goddess Jambavati}}<br /> {{other uses|Rahi (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Infobox deity<br /> | type = Hindu<br /> | name = Rahi<br /> | consort = [[Vithoba]]<br /> | Sanskrit_transliteration = Rāhi<br /> | Devanagari = राही<br /> | gender = Female<br /> | other_names = Rahimai<br /> | region = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br /> | image = Raja Ravi Varma, Radha Waiting for Krishna.jpg<br /> | caption = Painting of Radha by [[Raja Ravi Verma]]<br /> | venerated_in = [[Warkari|Warkari tradition]]<br /> | temple = [[Vithoba Temple]]<br /> | abode = [[Pandharpur]]<br /> | affiliation = [[Radha]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Vaishnavism}}<br /> '''Rahi''' ({{IAST3|Rāhi}}), also called '''Rahimai''', is a regional form of the Hindu goddess [[Radha]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. She is associated with [[Vithoba]] (Vitthal), the local form of [[Krishna]]. <br /> <br /> According to local legends, Rahi is the wife of Vithoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pande |first=Dr Suruchi |date=2008 |title=Vithoba of Pandharpur |url=http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Prabuddha Bharat |volume=113 |pages=447 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221081306/http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2008 |quote=&quot;Rahi is Radha. In the stories and legends of Maharashtra, Rahi is the wife of Vitthala.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian sociologist [[G. S. Ghurye]] states that the regional form &quot;Rahi&quot; is derived from &quot;Radhika&quot;, another name of Radha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=S. Devdasa |title=Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1997 |isbn=81-7154-807-5 |location=India |pages=367 |quote=&quot;The other two consorts of Vithoba - Satyabhama and Rahi, (the latter derived from Radha or Radhika) are also deified in the temple&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Worship ==<br /> Rahi ([[Radha]]) is worshipped in the [[Vithoba Temple]] complex, [[Pandharpur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&amp;q=Radha+nila |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her shrine, along with that of another consort of Krishna, [[Satyabhama]], is close to the south of the temple of his chief consort, [[Rukmini|Rakhumai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-03-30 |title=The Gazetteers Department - Pandharpur |url=http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Solapur/places_Pandharpur.html |access-date=2022-01-11 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330010558/http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Solapur/places_Pandharpur.html |archive-date=30 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lokmat |date=2021-07-17 |title=Ashadhi Ekadashi 2021 : समस्त देवतांपैकी एकमेव पांडुरंगाची मूर्तीच नि:शस्त्र का? हे आहे कारण... |url=https://www.lokmat.com/bhakti/ashadhi-ekadashi-2021-why-only-idol-panduranga-unarmed-among-all-deities-because-a679/ |access-date=2022-01-11 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shima|first=Iwao|date=1988-05-01|title=The Vithobā faith of Mahārāsastra: The Vithobā Temple of Pandharpūr and its mythological structure|journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies|volume=15|issue=2–3|doi=10.18874/jjrs.15.2-3.1988.183-197|issn=0304-1042|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Vithoba]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Regional Hindu goddesses]]<br /> [[Category:Consorts of Krishna]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu given names]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goodly_Rath&diff=500848 2026-02-07T19:28:47Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: created new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film composer, musician and singer}}<br /> {{Notability|Music|date=September 2011}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Goodly Rath<br /> | image = G Rath Singing Superstar.jpg<br /> | caption = Goodly Rath as Judge in the Odia Singing Reality Show Singing SuperStar<br /> | birth_date = 1973<br /> | birth_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha<br /> | occupation = [[Playback Singer]], [[Composer]]<br /> | years_active = <br /> | children = Priyanka Rath<br /> | mother = Pravabati Rath<br /> | father = Basudev Rath<br /> | spouse(s) = Mili Rath<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Goodly Rath''', also spelled '''Goodli''', is an Indian [[film composer]], musician, and singer. His range of work includes playback singing, vocal arrangements, musical arrangements, background scores, music programming, production. His unique style and musical enthusiasm has attracted various collaborations with many leading producers.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> He was born in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha|Orissa]] in 1973. He was born to a family of musicians. His mother, Pravabati Rath was a state-level singer. His mother holds a gold medal in singing. His maternal grandfather is Khetramohan Kar, who was a renowned [[tabla]] player. Rath has four elder brothers and a sister. He completed his high school in Buxi Jagabandhu English Medium School and his bachelor's degree from Buxi Jagabandhu College, [[Bhubaneswar]]. From his early childhood he was very interested in music and showed a keen interest towards playing different musical instruments. Rath and his four elder brothers formed a band, The Brothers, when he was very young. One of his brothers, Kabuli Rath, is a musician with [[A. R. Rahman|AR Rahman]].<br /> [[File:G Rath with Instruments.jpg|thumb|299x299px|Goodly Rath While Composing in Studios]]<br /> <br /> ==Professional life==<br /> He is known for his work in [[Cinema of Orissa|Oriya films]] like ''Aaa Re Saathi Aa'', ''Anjali'', ''Loafer'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Goodly Rath|url=http://cinemasagar.com/2011/04/goodly-rath/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''143 – I Love You'', ''I Most Wanted'', and ''Chocolate''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Oriya Movie Songs From CHOCOLATE Music By Goodly Rath |url=http://www.odiasite.com/p/oriya-scraps.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928162550/http://www.odiasite.com/p/oriya-scraps.html |archivedate=28 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He is particularly known for revolutionizing the Oriya music industry. He is known to write and sing his songs sometimes.<br /> His major contribution was to renovate the music industry by bringing in [[Western culture#Music|Western music]] to the movies.<br /> He is one of the judges for the famous TV program ''Voice of [[Odisha]]'' for the TV channel [[Tarang TV|Tarang]]. He was associated with Sarthak TV's Singing Super Star as a Judge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sarthak Singing Super Star 2016 |date=14 March 2016 |url=https://www.odiaweb.in/sarthak-singing-super-star-2016-odia-news/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Currently he chairs as Maha Guru in &quot;Zee Sarthak&quot; TV's SaReGaMaPa Singing Reality Show.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> He lives in [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha. He married his school time sweetheart Mili Rath in 2000. His daughter, Priyanka Rath, has also started acting as a child actor.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> * ''Idiot: I Do Ishq Only Tumse'' (2012)<br /> * ''Chocolate'' (2011)<br /> * ''143 – I Love You'' (2011)<br /> * ''Family No.1'' (2011)<br /> * ''Loafer'' (2011)<br /> * ''Most Wanted'' (2011)<br /> * ''Anjali'' (2010)<br /> * ''Chup Kie Asuchi...'' (2009)<br /> * ''Aaa Re Saathi Aa'' (2009)<br /> * Tiger (2016)<br /> * Sweet Heart (2016)<br /> * Tu kahibu Na Mun (2016)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|3543886}}<br /> * [http://www.odiasite.com/2011/09/goodly-rath-oriya-music-director.html Best Of Goodly Rath-Music]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rath, Goodly}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film score composers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male singers]]<br /> [[Category:1973 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film score composers]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fateh_Nagar_railway_station&diff=453041 2026-02-03T04:47:39Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway station in Hyderabad, India}}<br /> {{multiple issues|<br /> {{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{no footnotes|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{one source|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{third-party|date=January 2019}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Fatehnagar<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | symbol_location = <br /> | symbol = <br /> | type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Hyderabad MMTS]] station<br /> | image = Fathenagar railway station sign board.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Signboard of Fatehnagar railway station<br /> | address = <br /> | borough = Hyderabad<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17.360|78.492|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}<br /> | owned = Indian Railways<br /> | operator = South Central Railway<br /> | line = [[Hyderabad–Lingampalli route|Hyderabad–Lingampalli line]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Falaknuma–Lingampalli route|Falaknuma–Lingampalli line]]<br /> | distance = <br /> | platforms = 2<br /> | tracks = <br /> | train_operators = <br /> | connections = <br /> | structure = <br /> | parking = <br /> | bicycle = <br /> | accessible = <br /> | code = FNB<br /> | zone = <br /> | website = <br /> | opened = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --&gt;<br /> | closed = &lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --&gt;<br /> | former = Fatehnagar Bridge<br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | services = <br /> | other_services = <br /> }}<br /> '''Fatehnagar railway station''' is an Indian railway station in the [[Fateh Nagar, Hyderabad|Fateh Nagar]] area of [[Hyderabad]]. It serves mainly the MMTS trains.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 January 2017 |title=Change in timings of MMTS trains |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/Change-in-timings-of-MMTS-trains/article16981144.ece |accessdate=7 March 2017 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Lines==<br /> *[[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|Multi-Modal Transport System, Hyderabad]]<br /> **[[Secunderabad–Falaknuma route]] (SF Line)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{FL Route (MMTS)}}<br /> {{HL Route (MMTS)}}<br /> {{MMTS Stations}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|17.4565|78.4501|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:MMTS stations in Hyderabad]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Telangana-railstation-stub}}</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Sikh_Youth_Federation&diff=453964 2026-01-24T07:49:03Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Banned organisation in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox militant organization<br /> | name = International Sikh Youth Federation<br /> | native_name = ਇੰਟਰਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਸਿੱਖ ਯੂਥ ਫੈਡਰੇਸ਼ਨ<br /> | caption = Logo of the ISYF<br /> | logo = Logo of the International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF), a Sikh militancy outfit.jpg<br /> | foundation = 23 September 1984<br /> | leader = [[Jasvir Singh Rode]]<br /> | allies = <br /> | status = Active<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | motives = The creation of a [[Sikh]] [[independent state]] of [[Khalistan]]<br /> | dates = 1984 – present<br /> | area = India, United Kingdom, Canada<br /> | headquarters = <br /> | ideology = <br /> * [[Sikh nationalism]]<br /> * [[Khalistan movement]]<br /> * [[Separatism]] <br /> * [[Anti-Indian sentiment]] <br /> * [[Ethnonationalism]]<br /> * [[Anti-establishment]]<br /> * [[Religious nationalism]]<br /> | position = [[Far-right]]<br /> | crimes = Assassinations, bombings and abductions<br /> | attacks = <br /> | size = Believed to have hundreds to possibly thousands of supporters worldwide<br /> | financing =<br /> * [[Sikh diaspora]]<br /> * [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (alleged)<br /> | flag = <br /> | designated_as_terror_group_by = {{flag|Canada}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|India}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Japan}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''International Sikh Youth Federation''' ('''ISYF''') is a pro-[[Khalistan movement|Khalistan]] militant organisation that aims to establish an independent homeland for the [[Sikh]]s called Khalistan from the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state of [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF)|publisher=Institute for Conflict Management|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm|access-date=18 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094703/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is banned as a terrorist organisation under [[Japan]]ese,&lt;ref name=&quot;Japan_ban&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |title=MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like |access-date=2013-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406134416/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |archive-date=2013-04-06 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[India]]n,&lt;ref name=IndiaTerrorList /&gt; [[Canada|Canadian]]&lt;ref name = Canada/&gt; and [[United States of America|American]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ustreasterror&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.treasury.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/programs/terror/terror.pdf|title=What You Need To Know About U.S. Sanctions|publisher=U.S. Department of Treasury|access-date=2009-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910021822/http://www.treasury.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/programs/terror/terror.pdf|archive-date=2008-09-10|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[counter-terrorism]] legislation.&lt;ref name = USterrorlist/&gt; The [[Government of India]] has declared it a terrorist organisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;MHA_BanList&quot;/&gt; While banned, the organisation continues to receive siginificant financial support from [[Sikh diaspora]] people based in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/canada-lists-babbar-khalsa-sikh-youth-federation-terror-outfits-1408833-2018-12-13|title=Canada lists Babbar Khalsa, Sikh Youth Federation as terror outfits|date=13 December 2018 |access-date=4 April 2019|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108120139/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/canada-lists-babbar-khalsa-sikh-youth-federation-terror-outfits-1408833-2018-12-13|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Origin ==<br /> International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) was formed on 23 September 1984 in [[Walsall]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] after the [[Operation Blue Star]] conducted by the Indian Military. It was founded by Jasbir Singh Rode, the nephew of [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]. Its first conference was held in [[Walsall|Walsall, UK]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTERNATIONAL SIKH YOUTH FEDERATION (ISYF) |url=https://www.khalistanextremismmonitor.org/Groups/International-Sikh-Youth-Federation-(ISYF) |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Khalistan Extremism Monitor |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502130119/https://www.khalistanextremismmonitor.org/Groups/International-Sikh-Youth-Federation-(ISYF) |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History and activities ==<br /> In 1984, the [[All India Sikh Students Federation]] (AISSF) started the ISYF in the United Kingdom as an international branch.&lt;ref name = Canada/&gt;&lt;ref name = TerrorThreat/&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1985 bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] off [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], the deadliest aircraft terror attack until the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], and the attempted bombing of [[Air India Flight 301]], were allegedly carried out by Sikh extremists.<br /> [[Inderjit Singh Reyat]], a dual British-Canadian citizen and member of the ISYF, was found guilty of manslaughter for making the bombs and had to spend more than 20 years imprisoned in Canada, and is the only individual convicted in these attacks as of 9 Feb 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISYFlink&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/mayor/kens-adviser-is-linked-to-terror-group-6640438.html|title=Ken's adviser is linked to terror group|last=Gilligan|first=Andrew|date=2008-04-21|publisher=The London Evening Standard|access-date=2009-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612112108/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-mayor/article-23479477-details/Ken%27s+adviser+is+linked+to+terror+group/article.do|archive-date=12 June 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=9bfcf081-3b29-45ea-8bb3-ad82c051bcbb|title=Air India bombmaker sent to holding centre|last=Bolan|first=Kim|date=9 February 2008|publisher=Ottawa Citizen|access-date=2009-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109171020/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=9bfcf081-3b29-45ea-8bb3-ad82c051bcbb|archive-date=9 November 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/convicted-air-india-bomb-builder-inderjit-singh-reyat-gets-bail-1.732447|title=Convicted Air India bomb-builder Inderjit Singh Reyat gets bail|date=9 July 2008|publisher=CBC News|access-date=2009-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710234916/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2008/07/09/bc-air-india-reyat-bail.html|archive-date=10 July 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ISYF members have engaged in terrorist attacks, assassinations, and bombings against both Indian figures and moderate Sikhs opposing them.&lt;ref name = TerrorThreat/&gt; The organisation has also collaborated and associated with other Sikh militant organisations, including [[Babbar Khalsa]],&lt;ref name = Canada/&gt; the [[Khalistan Liberation Force]],&lt;ref name = TerrorThreat/&gt; and [[Khalistan Commando Force]].&lt;ref name = TerrorThreat/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Steve Bassam, Baron Bassam of Brighton|Lord Bassam of Brighton]], then [[Home Office]] minister, stated that ISYF members working from the UK had committed &quot;assassinations, bombings and kidnappings&quot; and were a &quot;threat to national security.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ISYFlink&quot; /&gt; In 2001 it was proscribed as a terrorist organisation by the British government for its attacks.&lt;ref name=Hansard2016&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2016-03-17/debates/7F78B639-B4B5-492C-9FA2-3ED971D9B954/TerrorismAct2000(ProscribedOrganisations)(Amendment)Order2016|title=Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2016 – Hansard|website=hansard.parliament.uk|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141151/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2016-03-17/debates/7F78B639-B4B5-492C-9FA2-3ED971D9B954/TerrorismAct2000(ProscribedOrganisations)(Amendment)Order2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ISYF head [[Lakhbir Singh Rode]] was accused by a chargesheet for a bomb blast in a Ludhiana Court on 23 December 2021. It resulted in 1 death and 6 injuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Ludhiana court blast: NIA conducts searches; recovers cash, phones, diaries |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ludhiana-court-blast-nia-searches-recovery-8394741/lite/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120173632/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ludhiana-court-blast-nia-searches-recovery-8394741/lite/ |archive-date=20 January 2023 |access-date=2023-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=Pak-based Khalistani terrorist Lakhbir Singh Rode planned 2021 Ludhiana court blast |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/pak-based-khalistani-terrorist-lakhbir-singh-rode-planned-2021-ludhiana-court-blast-article-96835768 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010123158/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/pak-based-khalistani-terrorist-lakhbir-singh-rode-planned-2021-ludhiana-court-blast-article-96835768 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Leadership ==<br /> Jasbir Singh Rode was the nephew of [[Bhindranwale]] and member of fundamentalist Sikh organisation [[Damdami Taksal]]. After [[Operation Bluestar]] while in Pakistan Rode used the Sikh shrines at Pakistan to make [[Indophobia|anti-India]] speeches and provoked the audience to attack the Indian diplomats who were present.&lt;ref name=&quot;IT_RODE_Jasbir&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=There will be no sell-out of the Sikh community: Jasbir Singh Rode |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19880331-there-will-be-no-sell-out-of-the-sikh-community-jasbir-singh-rode-797086-1988-03-31 |access-date=26 July 2018 |publisher=India Today |date=31 March 1988 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234153/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19880331-there-will-be-no-sell-out-of-the-sikh-community-jasbir-singh-rode-797086-1988-03-31 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rode then arrived in the United Kingdom in August 1984.<br /> <br /> On 23 September 1984 the formation of International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) was announced by Harpal Singh and Jasbir Singh Rode.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tatla_Diaspora&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tatla |first1=Darsham Singh |title=The Sikh Diaspora: The Search For Statehood |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=141 |isbn=9781135367442 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Amq_oOeDZNUC&amp;q=pargat+singh+isyf&amp;pg=PA141 |access-date=26 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The group had a 51-member panel headed by Pargat Singh.&lt;ref name = Diasporas1089/&gt; But, by December 1984, Rode was expelled from the UK for publicly advocating violent methods in support of the [[Khalistan movement]].&lt;ref name = Reports&gt;{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FEzBqJIF440C&amp;pg=PA395 | page = 395 | title = International Law Reports | author1 = Lauterpacht, Elihu | author2 = Greenwood, C. J. | author3 = Oppenheimer, A. G. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-521-58070-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rode was arrested by Indian authorities in [[Manila]] while seeking asylum in a chase spanning [[Thailand]] and the [[Philippines]]. He was imprisoned for two years in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;IT_RODE_Jasbir&quot;/&gt; Upon his release, he moderated, now advocating pursuing constitutional changes within Indian framework.&lt;ref name = Reports/&gt; This mode disappointed many of his followers and created a rift in the UK branches roughly along north/south lines: the northern branches known as ISYF (Rode) followed Rode's moderate stance while the southern branches instead followed Dr. Sohan Singh.&lt;ref name = Reports/&gt;<br /> <br /> The former leader of ISYF, [[Lakhbir Singh Rode]], was sought for trial in India. He was wanted in cases of arms smuggling, conspiracy to attack government leaders in New Delhi, and spreading religious hatred in Punjab. As per Indian sources, he resided in Lahore, Pakistan after he had escaped to Pakistan due to his association with illegal activities in India while his family settled in Canada. He died of a heart attack in December 2023 in Pakistan's Lahore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Express_US to freeze assets of Babbar Khalsa2002&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=US to freeze assets of Babbar Khalsa, Intl Sikh Youth Federation |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12067 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011031057/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12067 |archive-date=11 October 2012 |access-date=11 December 2022 |work=The Indian Express |agency=Reuters |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who Was Lakhbir Singh Rode, Pak-Based Khalistani Terrorist Wanted In India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-lakhbir-singh-rode-who-was-lakhbir-singh-rode-pak-based-khalistani-terrorist-wanted-in-india-4635082 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-12-05 |title=Khalistani terrorist Lakhbir Singh Rode, nephew of Bhindranwale, dies of heart attack in Pakistan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/khalistani-terrorist-lakhbir-singh-rode-nephew-of-bhindranwale-dies-of-heart-attack-in-pakistan/article67606833.ece |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Foreign support==<br /> <br /> === Pakistan ===<br /> There are allegations made by sources from the Indian based website the South Asian Terrorism portal that the ISYF has been supported by [[Pakistan]]'s [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] organisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;SATPISYF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm|title=International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asian Terrorism Portal article|date=n.d.|publisher=[[The Institute for Conflict Management]]|access-date=2009-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310175452/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm|archive-date=2009-03-10|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clarify|date=July 2019}} <br /> <br /> The Inter-Services Intelligence has long been accused of providing support to the ISYF. Following 1984, ISYF was established in the United Kingdom and later expanded its presence to Pakistan, where it received logistical and operational backing from the ISI. Over the years, the ISI reportedly facilitated training camps, supplied arms and ammunition, and funded ISYF operations. Indian intelligence reports have highlighted the role of the ISI in reviving militancy in Punjab by using Pakistan-based groups like ISYF and Babbar Khalsa International to conduct infiltration and attacks, particularly through the Jammu and Kashmir region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=India’s Sikh Militants Forming Ties with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani Intelligence |url=https://jamestown.org/program/indias-sikh-militants-forming-ties-with-lashkar-e-taiba-and-pakistani-intelligence/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=jamestown.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to direct support, the ISI is also believed to have brokered linkages between ISYF and pan-Islamist militant groups, most notably [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT). The ISYF is reported to have been the first Sikh militant group to engage ideologues from Markaz-e-Dawat-ul-Irshad, LeT's parent organisation. These interactions, which began in the mid-1990s, evolved into joint training and operational collaborations. By the early 2000s, LeT and ISYF had reportedly established a shared base near [[Nankana Sahib]] in Pakistan’s Punjab province, with ISI backing. These alliances enabled joint planning of attacks and resource sharing, with meetings reportedly held in international locations such as Berlin to coordinate funding and logistics for future militant operations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bannings ==<br /> ===United Kingdom===<br /> In February 2001, the United Kingdom banned twenty-one groups, including the ISYF, under the [[Terrorism Act 2000]].&lt;ref name=Guardian&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/01/ukcrime.humanrights | work = Guardian Unlimited | title = ISYF banned under new terror law | date = 2001-03-01 | first = Richard | last = Norton-Taylor | access-date = 2008-12-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050428142052/http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4144220,00.html | archive-date = 2005-04-28 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = Diasporas1089&gt;{{cite book | page = 1089 | title = Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world | first1 = Carol R | last1 = Ember | first2 = Melvin | last2 = Ember | first3 = Ian A. | last3 = Skoggard | publisher = Springer | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-306-48321-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC | access-date = 24 September 2016 | archive-date = 27 September 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203729/https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The<br /> ISYF was removed from the list of proscribed groups in March 2016 &quot;following receipt of an application to deproscribe the organisation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/612076/20170503_Proscription.pdf|title=PROSCRIBED TERRORIST ORGANISATIONS|date=n.d.|publisher=[[Home Office]]|access-date=2017-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614124613/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/612076/20170503_Proscription.pdf|archive-date=2017-06-14|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a separate legal challenge by the leadership of the Sikh Federation (UK), including Bhai Amrik Singh, the Home Secretary confirmed on 14 December 2015 that she would be recommending to Parliament that the ban on the International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) should be removed (this was removed in March 2016).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ramchurn|first=Sheena|date=2016-09-30|title=Sikh Leader Campaigns for Khalistan, Secures British Passport After Long Legal Battle – Latest, National, Top Stories|url=https://www.theasiantoday.com/index.php/2016/09/30/sikh-leader-campaigns-khalistan-secures-british-passport-long-legal-battle/|access-date=2021-11-07|website=The Asian Today Online|language=en-GB|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406225223/https://www.theasiantoday.com/index.php/2016/09/30/sikh-leader-campaigns-khalistan-secures-british-passport-long-legal-battle/|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===India===<br /> In 2002, the ISYF was banned in India, under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] designated as [[terrorist]] organisation by the [[Government of India]].&lt;ref name=IndiaTerrorList&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=292|title=Terrorism Act 2000|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]|access-date=20 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510212307/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292|archive-date=10 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It remains [[List of terrorist organisations in India|banned in India]] since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;MHA_BanList&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Banned Organisations|url=https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI|publisher=Government of India|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503233101/https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations |archive-date= 3 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Japan===<br /> The [[Japan]]ese government banned it in 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;Japan_ban&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Canada===<br /> In June 2003, Canada banned the organisation.&lt;ref name=Canada&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#ISYF | publisher = Government of Canada | title = Currently listed entities | date = 2009-04-06 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090626183402/http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#ISYF | archive-date = 2009-06-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = TerrorThreat&gt;{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/terrorthreatinte0000hami | url-access = registration | pages = [https://archive.org/details/terrorthreatinte0000hami/page/206 206]–207 | title = Terror Threat: International and Homegrown Terrorists and Their Threat to Canada | author1 = Hamilton, Dwight | author2 = Rimsa, Kostas | publisher = Dundurn Press | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-55002-736-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vancouver Sun reported in February 2008 that Singhs were campaigning to have both the [[Babbar Khalsa]] and International Sikh Youth Federation delisted as terrorist organisations.<br /> The article went on to state that the Public Safety Minister had never been approached by anyone lobbying to delist the banned groups and said, &quot;the decision to list organisations such as Babbar Khalsa, Babbar Khalsa International and the International Sikh Youth Federation as terrorist entities under the Criminal Code is intended to protect Canada and Canadians from terrorism&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;delistingeffort&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www2.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=17e39f37-c322-40a7-8b13-e37c29e40881|title=Sikh leader solicits support|last=Bolan|first=Kim|date=18 February 2008|publisher=The Vancouver Sun|access-date=2009-05-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603194134/http://www2.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=17e39f37-c322-40a7-8b13-e37c29e40881|archive-date=3 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===United States===<br /> The ISYF was added to the [[US Treasury Department]] terrorism list on 27 June 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;ustreasterror&quot;/&gt;<br /> In April 2004, the United States added four organisations, including the ISYF, to its terror list, allowing the US to deny entry (and to deport) any of its members.&lt;ref name=&quot;ustreasterror&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=USterrorlist&gt;{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3674827.stm | work = BBC News | title = Indian groups join US terror list | date = 2004-04-30 | access-date = 2008-12-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040714131625/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3674827.stm | archive-date = 2004-07-14 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Sikh extremism]]<br /> * [[Kharku]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Khalistan movement}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1984 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sikh organisations designated as terrorist]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the European Union]]<br /> [[Category:Youth organizations established in 1984]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Japan]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada]]<br /> [[Category:Pro-Khalistan rebel groups]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamthaan&diff=508036 2026-01-22T13:29:14Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: new - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 Indian Gujarati comedy film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Kamthaan<br /> | image = Kamthaan Poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Official Poster<br /> | director = Dhrunad Kamle<br /> | writer = Dhrunad Kamle, Abhishek Shah, Jaswant Parmar&lt;br/&gt;Biren Kothari, Urvish Kothari (additional screenplay)<br /> | producer = [[Abhishek Shah]], Prateek Gupta, Mit Jani, Aayush Patel, Pinal Patel, Amit Patel<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Hitu Kanodia]]<br /> * [[Sanjay Goradia]]<br /> * Arvind Vaidya<br /> * [[Darshan Jariwala]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = Ankit Trivedi<br /> | editing = Prateek Gupta<br /> | music = Mehul Surti<br /> | studio = Harfanmaula Films, Pam Studio<br /> | distributor = Rupam Entertainment Pvt Ltd<br /> | released = {{Film date|2024|02|02|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 124 minute<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = Gujarati<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | based_on = ''Kamthaan'' by [[Ashwini Bhatt]]<br /> }}<br /> '''''Kamthaan''''' ({{lit|Chaos}}) is an Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] crime comedy film directed by Dhrunad Kamle and produced by [[Abhishek Shah]] and others. It is written by Kamle, Shah and Jaswant Parmar with additional screenplay by Biren Kothari and Urvish Kothari. It stars [[Hitu Kanodia]], [[Sanjay Goradia]], Arvind Vaidya, [[Darshan Jariwala]] in lead roles as well as a large number of actors in supporting roles. It was released on 2 February 2024.<br /> <br /> == Plot summary ==<br /> In 2000, Anjanipur, a thief does a robbery in a house of recently promoted police officer. The thief and his head tries to hide the stolen item while the police which tries to recover the item and arrest them. The chase results in a chaos.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> The film features large ensemble of cast of around 50 actors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dave |first=Rishi |date=2024-02-03 |title=કમઠાણ : ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મના ઇતિહાસમાં કમઠાણ અગ્રક્રમે લખાશે... |url=https://narmadanews.co.in/blog-%E0%AA%8B%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BF-%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3-%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80-%E0%AA%AB/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Narmada News |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The lead cast include:<br /> * [[Hitu Kanodia]] as [[Police Inspector]] Satrunjaysinh R. Rathod<br /> * [[Darshan Jariwala]] as [[Head Constable]] Prabhusinh<br /> * [[Sanjay Goradia]] as Raghabhai Dahyabhai, thief<br /> * Arvind Vaidya as Chhanalal Koyo, leader of the thief community<br /> * Deep Viadya as Tribhuvan Pandya, a Police Constable<br /> * Krunal Pandit as Jayanti Jagrut, a journalist of ''Sinh Garjana''<br /> * Tejal Panchasara as Champa Champaneri, a social activist<br /> * Shilpa Thaker as Panni Foi, a bootlegger<br /> Supporting cast include:<br /> * Kamlesh Parmar<br /> * Jassi Gadhvi as mother of Panna Foi<br /> * Kamal Parmar as a tea seller<br /> * Hemin Trivedi as Kenio, a banana seller<br /> * Jay Vithlani as Dr. M. D. Desai, a doctor<br /> * Kiran Joshi as Bhogilal Patel, a police officer<br /> * Tushar Dave as MLA Makuji, a politician<br /> * Pankaj Soni as Pappu<br /> * Pralay Raval as Uko Chitabhai<br /> * Mehul Barot as Dhulo<br /> * Prashant Makwana as Dhamo Ricksawwalo<br /> * Ansu Joshi as Gala Bechar, a thief community member<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was adapted from a novella by Gujarati writer [[Ashwini Bhatt]] published in 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title=Dhrunad on 'Kamthaan': We've poured our hearts into bringing Ashwinee Bhatt's novel to life on the silver screen—exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/dhrunad-on-kamthaan-weve-poured-our-hearts-into-bringing-ashwinee-bhatts-novel-to-life-on-the-silver-screenexclusive/articleshow/107233875.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2024-02-05 |title=રજવાડી વસો ગામના અદ્ભુત લોકેશન ઉપર બનેલી ધમાકેદાર ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ 'કમઠાણ' |url=https://www.sardargurjari.com/visitor/ArticleDetails.aspx?Lekhak=42824 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Sardar Gurjari|volume=23|issue=228|language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is directed by debut director Dhrunad Kamle and produced by Abhishek Shah who previously produced ''[[Hellaro]]'' (2019).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-15 |title=Jassi Gadhavi, aka Jassi Dadi set to shine in Abhishek Shah's 'Kamthaan' —exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/jassi-gadhavi-aka-jassi-dadi-set-to-shine-in-abhishek-shahs-kamthaan-exclusive/articleshow/102748192.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The screenplay was written by Dhrunad, Abhishek Shah and Jaswant Parmar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-03 |title=Kamathan Review:Darshan Jariwala Hitu kanodia and Sanjay Gordia starrer gujarati film kamathan {{!}} Review: અર્બન ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મોના કમઠાણમાં, ગુજરાતીપણાને ઘૂંટતી ફિલ્મ 'કમઠાણ'કાઠું કાઢશે! |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/kamathan-review-darshan-jariwala-arvind-vaidya-hitu-kanodia-and-sanjay-gordia-starrer-gujarati-film-kamathan-based-on-ashwini-bhatt-s-novel-212176 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is based in [[Kheda district|Charotar]] region of Gujarat and depicts its culture, clothing and dialect.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=હેલ્લારો પછી વ્યાવસાયિકતા અને કલાત્મકતા વચ્ચે સંતુલન જાળવીને સર્જાતા મનોરંજનનું કમઠાણ! |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/chitralok/after-hellaro-creating-entertainment-that-strikes-a-balance-between-professionalism-and-artistry |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was shot in [[Vaso, India|Vaso]] near [[Nadiad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The film is based in the time period when the novella was written.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> [[Mehul Surti]] said that he researched small-town music as it was 23 years ago when the novella was written. He used local &quot;band baaja&quot; instruments and [[Bulbul tarang|Indian banjo]] in songs and background music. &quot;Parsang&quot; is played during an engagement scene in the film while two other songs are used as background score.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Actor Maulik Nayak debuted as a playback singer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Kamthaan<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Mehul Surti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 2024<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = <br /> | language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> | label = <br /> | producer = <br /> | misc = {{External media<br /> | audio1 = {{url|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgCaBVg7EGw|2=YouTube}}}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{tracklist<br /> | headline =Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = <br /> |all_music= [[Mehul Surti]]<br /> |all_lyrics= <br /> | title1 = Kamthaan (Title Song)<br /> | extra1 = Maulik Nayak<br /> | lyrics1 = Abhishek Shah<br /> | length1 = 1:33<br /> <br /> | title2 = The Chor Song<br /> | extra2 = [[Aditya Gadhvi]]<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Saumya Joshi]]<br /> | length2 = 2:51<br /> <br /> | title3 = Parsang<br /> | extra3 = Ghanshyam Zula, Hetal Mody<br /> | lyrics3 = Abhishek Shah<br /> | length3 = 5:36<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Marketing and release ==<br /> The film title was announced on 6 November 2023.{{cn|date=February 2024}} On 18 December 2023, the first poster of the film was released.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-19 |title='Kamthaan' unveils first look: A roller coaster from the creators of 'Hellaro' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/kamthaan-unveils-first-look-a-roller-coaster-from-the-creators-of-hellaro/articleshow/106116501.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The teaser was released on 4 January 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title='Kamthaan' Teaser : Gujarati Film where thief who burgles a cop's home, based on Ashwini Bhatt's novel {{!}} 'Kamthaan' Teaser : ચોર-પોલીસનું તોફાન કેવી કમાલ અને ધમાલ સર્જી શકે તે જુઓ અહીં... |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/kamthaan-teaser-gujarati-film-where-thief-who-burgles-a-cop-s-home-based-on-ashwini-bhatt-s-novel-210217 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trailer was released on 19 January 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-19 |title='Kamthaan' Trailer unleashes excitement among fans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/kamthaan-trailer-unleashes-excitement-among-fans/articleshow/106992441.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released on 2 February 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-02-04 |title='Kamthaan' earns praise from Vandana Pathak, Hiten Kumar, Manasi Parekh, and many more - exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/kamthaan-earns-praise-from-vandana-pathak-hiten-kumar-manasi-parekh-and-many-more-exclusive/articleshow/107402903.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gujarati |first=TV9 |date=2024-01-01 |title=એક્શન ડ્રામાથી ભરપુર રહેશે આ વર્ષ, આ ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મો મચાવશે ધૂમ |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/photo-gallery/cinema-photos/list-of-gujarati-films-released-2024-danny-jigar-vanila-icecream-kamthaan-935076.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=TV9 Gujarati |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Kanksha Vasavada writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 4 out of 5. She praised the direction, script, music, screenplay and performances.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Kamthaan Movie Review : A laugh riot with some power-packed performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/kamthaan/movie-review/107343662.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nirali Kalani of ''[[Mid-Day]] Gujarati'' rated it 4 out of 5. She praised the performances of lead as well as supporting cast, direction, cinematography, soundtrack and dialogues but criticised the slow first half. She also noted it as a political and social satire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian police films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in 2000]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political satire films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on novellas]]<br /> [[Category:2024 crime comedy films]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalamassery&diff=462700 2026-01-17T18:12:21Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: slightly added content for consistency and added references for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kalamassery<br /> | native_name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]] In [[Kochi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in:80/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 290<br /> | perrow = 1/2/1<br /> | image_style = <br /> | image1 = Administrative Block , Cusat.jpg<br /> | image3 = Kalamassery Toyota Office.JPG<br /> | image2 = Kalamassery Town Metro station.jpg<br /> | image4 = NUALS, Kochi.jpg<br /> }}<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[CUSAT|Administrative office of CUSAT]], [[Toyota|Toyota office]], [[Kalamassery metro station]], [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]]<br /> | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10.0519694|N|76.3157719|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|City UA]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Kochi]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kerala]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Municipal Council]]<br /> | governing_body = Kalamassery Municipality<br /> | leader_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | leader_title = Chairperson<br /> | leader_name = [[Jamal Manakkadan]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 27<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | population_total = 70776<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]] and English<br /> | leader_name2 = TBD<br /> | leader_title2 = Deputy chairperson<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 683 503,683 104<br /> | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-07<br /> | website = {{URL|https://kalamasserymunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Kalamassery''' ({{IPA|ml|kɐɭɐmɐʃːeːɾi|}}) is a major industrial region in the city of [[Kochi]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India. It is located around {{convert|9|km|1|abbr=on}} northeast of the city centre.<br /> <br /> Kalamassery is a major hub for industrial and [[Information Technology|IT]] activities in Kochi. In local administration it is a [[Municipalities of Kerala|municipality]]. The Kalamassery Industrial Estate set up by the [[Government of Kerala]] is home to many major companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kalamassery Development Plot Industries Association |url=https://www.kdpia.com/ |access-date= |website=www.kdpia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalamassery is also home to educational institutions such as the [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]], [[Government Medical College, Ernakulam|Ernakulam Medical College]], and the [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]. The area's location along the [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]] and proximity to the IT centres in [[Kakkanad]] has enabled it to see a large spurt in economic development since the 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kalamasserys-potential-remains-untapped/articleshow/67413257.cms | title=Kalamassery's potential remains untapped | newspaper=The Times of India | date=7 January 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{Historical populations|align = left<br /> |1991| 54,342<br /> |2001| 63,176<br /> |2011| 71,038<br /> |footnote = Source: &lt;ref&gt;Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (web), Delimitation Commission of India (web), Rand McNally International Atlas 1994, School of Planning &amp; Architecture (web).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> As of 2001 India [[census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalamassery had a population of 63,176. Sex ratio is 956 females per 1000 males. Kalamassery has an average literacy rate of 84%, which is significantly higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 82%. In Kalamassery, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Hinduism is the most professed religion at 41%, followed by Islam (34%).<br /> <br /> {{#chart:Religion in Kalamassery.chart}}<br /> '''[[:c:Data:Religion in Kalamassery.tab|Raw data]]'''<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> [[File:Kalamassery Municipal office.JPG|thumb|right|Kalamassery Municipal office]]<br /> FACT, India's 1st large scale unit was set up in 1943 for production of fertiliser. In 1947, FACT Udyogamandal started production of [[ammonium sulphate]] with an installed capacity of 10,000 MT nitrogen. FACT became a Kerala State Public Sector Enterprise on 15 August 1960 and on 21 November 1962; the Government of India became a major Shareholder. FACT engineering works was established on 13 April 1966. [[Aluminium oxide]] is also produced in Kalamassery.&lt;ref name=&quot;KumarNair1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=A. Suresh|last2=Nair|first2=E. N. Muraleedharan|last3=Babu|first3=N. R. S.|title=An Information guide to Kerala's industrial scenario 1992: towards industrial thought &amp; action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tc7sAAAAMAAJ|access-date=23 March 2012|year=1992|publisher=Arya Fine Arts}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Apollo Tyres]] acquired the Premier Tyres plant in Kalamassery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Business world&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Business World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haRaAAAAYAAJ|access-date=23 March 2012|date=October 1996|publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika Ltd.|page=151}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Hindustan Machine Tools]] also known as HMT is also located at the hearts of Kalamassery . Merchem and Carborundum Universal Electro-minerals division has its offices at South Kalamassery. Many Vehicle aftersales - service centres like [[Toyota]], [[Renault]], [[Nissan]], [[Volkswagen]], [[Fiat India Automobiles]] etc., are located at Kalamassery. The [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] or KSEB sub-division is at Kalamassery . The Kochi Metro Casting Yard and Metro Village is located at HMT Colony in Kalamassery . The Science City, Startup Village, [[Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation|KINFRA]] are at Kalamassery. The Water from Periyar is supplied to Kochi City by Various pipes placed which are managed by the PWD and the Kerala Water Authority. India's first telecom incubation center located in kalamassery.<br /> <br /> There are also many small-scale industries in Kalamassery, like St. Antony Industries, Micro Tools, Ambadan Industries, Vellappally Manufacturing Industry, Pottekattu Rubbers Pvt. Ltd., Logiwiz, Bajaj, etc. A part of South Kalamassery serves as an industrial area that hosts small-scale industries, including perfume-making and plastic recycling. These industries employ a large number of people. There are also [[Kudumbashree]] associations, employing many women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kudumbashree.org/?q=bsup|title=Basic Services To The Urban Poor (BSUP)|publisher=Kudumbashree.org|access-date=23 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main headquarters of [[Vodafone India]] is at South Kalamassery. The largest shopping mall in India&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/news/article1496045.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315005148/http://newindianexpress.com/business/news/article1496045.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2013|title = Biggest shopping mall in India opens in Kochi}}&lt;/ref&gt;- [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi|LuLu International Shopping Mall]], which opened in 2013, is located at Edapally toll, within the Kalamasserry Municipality.<br /> <br /> Kalamassery is home to 3 [[Kochi Metro]] stations:<br /> <br /> * The [[Kalamassery metro station|Kalamassery Town metro station]] is located at the Premier Junction in Kalamassery, in front of the Apollo Tyres factory.<br /> * The [[Cochin University metro station|CUSAT metro station]], which is located close to [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] in South Kalamassery.<br /> * The [[Pathadipalam metro station]], located near MILMA, ERCMPU LTD in Koonamthai.<br /> <br /> [[File:Administrative_Block_,_Cusat.jpg|thumb|<br /> * Administrative Block, Cusat<br /> ]]<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;right; margin:0 0 0 0;&quot;<br /> |<br /> {{Geographic Location<br /> |title = '''Areas of Kochi'''<br /> |Northwest = [[North Paravur]] [[Eloor]]<br /> |North = [[Choornikkara]], [[Aluva]]<br /> |Northeast = [[Edathala]]<br /> |West = [[Kadamakkudy]]<br /> |Centre = Kalamassery<br /> |East = [[Pukkattupadi]]<br /> |Southwest = [[Vallarpadam]]<br /> |South = [[Edappally]]<br /> |Southeast = [[Thrikkakara]]<br /> }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The name Kalamassery is derived from '''Kalabhasery'''. In [[Malayalam]], a word can have multiple meanings:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Multiple meaning for kalabham |url=http://www.maxgyan.com/malayalam/english/meaning-of-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%82-in-english.html|access-date=2015-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; in common usage &quot;kalabham&quot; means yellow [[sandalwood]] paste, and in literary Malayalam, it can mean [[Elephant]]. Kalabhasery, a location near HMT, was where elephants from [[Thrikkakara Temple]] was taken for rest after celebrations at the temple. During the course of time Kalabhasery became Kalamassery. Historically, the prominent area was called Njalakam, place with a prominent Juma Masjid,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Njalakam Juma Masjid, Kalamassery|url=http://www.islamicfinder.org/phone/getitWorld_phone.php?id=55092|access-date=2015-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; but during the time of creation of Kalamassery [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] which includes Njalakam, it was decided to name the area Kalamassery instead of Njalakam due to the growth of Kalamassery. A primary driver of growth was the nearby Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited (FACT) in Udyogamandal. Employees of FACT would regularly visit Kalamassery for shopping and other purposes. Many settled down in Kalamassery after retirement in places like Santhinagar and Santhinagar Annexe. This growth was brought about by new industries like HMT in that area. Later, the rapid growth of Kalamassery led to it being promoted to a Municipality.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> The soils consists mainly of recent sediments (Alluvium, Teri's, Brown sand etc.). Red colored sticky soil is also found in these areas. The climate is generally tropical, heavy rains from the southwest and northeast monsoon are common from June through September. The average annual rainfall is about 350&amp;nbsp;cm.<br /> <br /> == Civic administration ==<br /> Kalamassery is a major suburb of the city of [[Kochi]]. It is administered by the Kalamassery Municipality, established on 1990. The municipality is divided into 46 wards, each represented by an elected [[councillor]], who together form the [[Municipal council (India)|municipal council]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-12-16 |title=With a comfortable win, UDF has a smooth road ahead in Kalamassery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/with-a-comfortable-win-udf-has-a-smooth-road-ahead-in-kalamassery/article70403242.ece |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The council is headed by a Chairperson and a Deputy Chairperson, elected from among its members.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title={{!}} Kalamassery Municipality |url=http://kalamasserymunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250121132130/http://kalamasserymunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en |archive-date=2025-01-21 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=kalamasserymunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> === 2025 Kalamassery Municipal Elections ===<br /> In the [[2025 Kerala local elections|2025 municipal elections]], the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] won 28 seats, followed by the [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]] with 11, [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] with 1, and Independents with 6 seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Local Body Elections 2025 - TREND by State Election Commission Kerala |url=https://trend.sec.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=trend.sec.kerala.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-12-16 |title=With a comfortable win, UDF has a smooth road ahead in Kalamassery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/with-a-comfortable-win-udf-has-a-smooth-road-ahead-in-kalamassery/article70403242.ece |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | image1 = RajagiriPublicSchool,Kalamaserry.JPG<br /> | width1 = 220<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = Rajagiri Public School<br /> | image2 = SCMS,Kalamaserry.JPG<br /> | width2 = 220<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = SCMS School of Management<br /> | image3 = Rajagiri college of social science.jpg<br /> | width3 = 220<br /> | alt3 = <br /> | caption3 = Rajagiri College of Social Science<br /> }}<br /> <br /> *[[Co-operative Medical College, Kochi|Government Medical College Ernakulam]]<br /> *[[Model Engineering College]]<br /> *[[Rajagiri College of Social Sciences]]<br /> *[[St. Paul's College, Kalamassery]]<br /> *[[Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship]]<br /> *Government Polytechnic College<br /> *Little Flower Engineering Institute<br /> *Government I.T.I Kalamassery <br /> *Food Craft Institute <br /> *LBS Centre for Science &amp; Technology<br /> *[[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]<br /> *[[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]]<br /> <br /> ==Places of interest==<br /> <br /> ===Museum of Kerala History===<br /> Museum of Kerala History is situated near [[Pathadipalam metro station|Pathadippalam Metro Station]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaheritagewalkfestival.com/museum-kerala-history-art-artists-and-history|title=India Heritage Walk Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has representations of 87 figures who shaped the history and culture of Kerala in the last two thousand years. The museum has a collection of 150 dolls, all hand-made and detailed, representing the cultural and ethnic diversity of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolls&quot;/&gt; The dolls represent young men and women from [[Gujarat]] to [[Nagaland]] and from [[Kashmir]] to [[Kanyakumari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolls&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://artandkeralahistory.org/dollsmuseum.html|title=Dolls Museum|publisher=Artandkeralahistory.org|access-date=23 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The gallery depicts mainly specimens of Indian contemporary art (painting and sculpture) over a period of the last two hundred years. The gallery also displays a mural painting based on the classical Sanskrit drama ''Shakuntalam'' executed in the traditional Kerala. The mural, at 25&amp;nbsp;feet long and 5&amp;nbsp;feet wide, is one of the largest in Kerala.<br /> <br /> ====Kochi Science City====<br /> The [[Science Park]] is a project of the [[Kerala]] government and is located near the [[Government Medical College, Ernakulam|Government Medical College]], Kalamassery. It houses various attractions for children including an amphitheatre and a planetarium.<br /> <br /> ==Places of worship==<br /> {{unsourced section|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=30em|<br /> * St. John of God Roman Catholic Church, Angel Mary Nagar, Kalamassery.<br /> * [[Thrikkakara Vamanamoorthy Temple|Thrikkakkara Vamana Moorthy Temple]]<br /> * SNDP Temple, Kangarappady<br /> * Peringazha Sree Durga Bhagavati Temple<br /> * Palakkamughal Juma Masjid<br /> * Korakkambilly Sri Durgabhavathi<br /> * St. Pius Xth Church, Kalamassery<br /> * Ponnakudam Bhagavathy Temple<br /> * Puthuserymala Sri Bhadrakali Temple<br /> * Vidakkuzha Sree Krishna Swami Temple<br /> * Kavungalkavu Durga Temple<br /> * Ilfathul Islam Juma Masjid, Pallilamkara<br /> * Jnanasidhi Ayyappa Temple<br /> * Kudilil Sree Kurumba Bhagavathi Temple<br /> * Puthalath Devi Temple<br /> * Pratheeksha Nagar Masjid<br /> * St. George Orthodox Church, Seaport Airport Road, Kalamassery<br /> * [[Njalakam Juma Masjid, South Kalamassery]]<br /> * Hayathul Islam Masjid, Changampuzha Nagar<br /> * [[Kalamassery Mahaganapathy Temple]]<br /> * [[St. Thomas Marthoma Church Kalamassery]]<br /> * All Saints CSI Church<br /> * St Marys Jacobite Church<br /> * St Jude Knayana Church<br /> * Kavungal Kaavu Shri Durga Bhagavathi Temple Pallilamkara<br /> *Ibrahim Masjid, Mannopilly<br /> *Hidayathul Islam Masjid, Changampuzha Nagar<br /> *St. Joseph's Church Kalamassery (Social Church)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Kangarappady]]<br /> *[[Koonamthai]]<br /> *[[Thrikkakkara|Thrikkakara]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala}}<br /> {{Neighbourhoods of Kochi}}<br /> {{Ernakulam district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kochi]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valaikaapu&diff=461579 2025-12-31T05:04:49Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tamil prenatal ceremony}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> '''Valaikaappu''' (in Tamil: {{Lang|ta|வளைகாப்பு}}) is a [[Baby shower|prenatal ceremony]] or celebration similar to a baby shower, practised as part of [[Tamil culture]] by South Indian women from [[Tamil Nadu]] and parts of [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], as well as regions of [[Kerala]] bordering Tamil Nadu, meant to bless a pregnant woman, celebrate her fertility, and prepare the baby and mother-to-be for a safe birth. It is typically held at the 5th month and 7th month of the pregnancy by the mother side of the girl in her mother’s house. It is widely practiced among both the urban and rural populations of the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Pamela K. |url=https://www.amazon.com/Childbirth-Across-Cultures-Non-Western-ebook/dp/B003RISTJ6 |title=Childbirth across cultures : ideas and practices of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-9048125982 |editor-last=Selin |editor-first=Helaine |location=Dordrecht [etc.] |pages=100 |editor-last2= |editor-first2=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The etymology could be related to two [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words that mean to protect the bangles: valaiyal (வளையல்) which is typically a glass bangle, and kaapu (காப்பு), which means to protect. The equivalent in [[Malayalam]] would be (വള) for bangle. <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> It is related to the more formal traditions of [[Seemantham]] or Simantonnayana dating back to the 4th century BCE, documented in the [[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpa Sutras]], possibly part of the [[Jainism|Jain]] ([[Mahavira]]) and the slightly later, but contemporary, [[Buddhism]] traditions (dated earliest to 6th century BCE). It is practiced widely in South India. Valaikaappu was originally a simple ceremony, mainly limited to the exchange of bangles. But as Valaikaappu became more widely practiced, it grew more lavish, and since the 1980s has been celebrated more widely, according to anthropologists who have studied the practice. It is conducted with &quot;magnificence and sumptuousness&quot;, with gifts including jewelry, saris, household appliances, and gold ornaments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Petitet |first=Pascale Hancart |author2=Pragathi Vellore |year=2007 |title=Ethnographical views on valaikappu. A pregnancy rite in Tamil Nadu |url=http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/34/71/68/PDF/valaikkappu.ang.pdf |journal=Indian Anthropologist |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=117–145 |access-date=2 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Purpose ==<br /> The mother-to-be's wrists are adorned with glass bangles (red and green) in odd numbers. It is believed that the bangle sound induces the child's senses and brain activity. It is also well-known that fetal hearing begins in the 7th month.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Your Baby's Hearing and Communicative Development Checklist |url=https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/your-babys-hearing-and-communicative-development-checklist |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=NIDCD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women at the ceremony sing hymns and songs. A paste made of [[sandalwood]] and [[turmeric]] is applied to the mother-to-be's hands and face to reduce the body heat and calm the mother and baby from fear and anxiety of child birth. The guests then place a garland and bangles on her wrists, shower her with flowers, and bestow well-wishes and prayers for a safe delivery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stone |first=ed.: Helaine Selin ; co-ed. Pamela K. |url=https://www.amazon.com/Childbirth-Across-Cultures-Non-Western-ebook/dp/B003RISTJ6 |title=Childbirth across cultures : ideas and practices of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-9048125982 |location=Dordrecht [etc.] |pages=102}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another purpose of the ceremony is to honor the pregnant woman and to ensure the birth of a healthy child. After the celebration, the mother-to-be rests at her parents' home for the final weeks of her pregnancy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=namscorner.com |date=April 8, 2022 |title=Valaikappu lunch menu |url=https://www.namscorner.com/valaikappu-lunch-menu-baby-shower-lunch-menu/ |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=namscorner.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Food at the ceremony ==<br /> According to some Tamil traditions, the mother-to-be is served seven types of rice and sweets. Rice types include [[Pulihora|tamarind rice]], [[Chitranna|lemon rice]], [[curd rice]], mango rice, mint rice, tomato rice, and [[coconut rice]]. [[List of Indian sweets and desserts|Sweets]] served include a variety of [[Payasam|payasams]] ([[Tapioca balls|javarisi]], [[Moong|paruppu]] payasam), fruit salad, and sweets like [[bengal gram]] [[laddu]], multigrain laddu and [[Gulab jamun|gulab jamoon]]. A healthful laddu made of ginger, palm jaggery ([[karupatti]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karupatti (Palm Jaggery) - 1 Kg. |url=https://karupatti.com/product/karupatti-palm-jaggery/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=Best Karupatti Makers |language=en-US |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630123304/https://karupatti.com/product/karupatti-palm-jaggery/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;), [[Nigella sativa|omam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian Spices: Omam |url=http://anjaraipetti-receipes.blogspot.com/2008/10/omam.html |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=Indian Spices}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Ajwain|carom]]), and other items is served for good digestion. The feast is centered on the health of the child and the mother-to-be, and not the guests. Vegetarian food is usually served to the guests mainly consisting of rice, [[Sambar (dish)|sambhar]], 3 types of vegetables and a dessert.<br /> <br /> == Similar ceremonies ==<br /> Similar ceremonies are held in other parts of India and in Pakistan, including among [[Bengali people|Bengali]] (who call it [[Shaadh]]), [[Maharashtrians|Marathi]] and [[Konkani people|Konkani]] women (who call the ceremony [[Dohale Jevan]] [डोहाळे जेवण]), [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] women (who call it [[Godh-Bharai]]), [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] women, and [[Marwari people|Marwari]] women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Soundar|first=Chitra|title=Gateway to Indian culture|year=2003|publisher=Asiapac Books|location=Singapore|isbn=9812293272|pages=70|edition=2nd ed. (revised).}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is similar in concept to [[Baby shower|Baby Shower]].<br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Valaikaappu.jpg|Valaikaappu ceremony <br /> ValaiKaappu.jpg|Bangles on Valaikaappu<br /> Valaikaappu 002.jpg|Bangles on Valaikaappu<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Commons category|Valaikaapu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Maternity in India]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil culture]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Selvaraj_(politician)&diff=447886 2025-12-16T13:35:28Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = R. Selvaraj<br /> | image = Selvaraj 2012.jpg<br /> | office1 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> | term_start1 = 1 June 2011<br /> | term_end1 = 2 June 2016<br /> | predecessor1 = <br /> | successor1 =[[K. A. Ansalan]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Neyyattinkara]]<br /> | term_start2 = 2006<br /> | term_end2 = 2011<br /> | predecessor2 = <br /> | successor2 = [[A. T. George]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Parassala]]<br /> | party =[[Indian National Congress]] (2012-present)<br /> | otherparty=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (before 2012)<br /> | spouse = Smt. Mary Valsala<br /> | children = 2 daughters<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|03|05}}<br /> | birth_place =Dhanuvachapuram, [[Trivandrum]]<br /> | residence = Dhanuvachapuram, [[Kerala]]<br /> | death_date =<br /> | death_place =<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes =<br /> | date = 29 Oct|<br /> | year = 2012|<br /> | source = http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4044&amp;Itemid=2608 kerala.gov.in<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''R. Selvaraj''' was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)]] representing [[Neyyattinkara]] constituency, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He was a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], the present ruling party in Kerala but resigned from the [[Kerala Legislature]] and the party on 9 March 2012 and joined [[Indian National Congress]] party. His resignation was attributed to rampant factionalism in his party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2977040.ece |title=The Hindu : States / Kerala : Kerala CPI(M) MLA resigns |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310191244/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2977040.ece |archive-date=10 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-shocker-cpm-mla-resigns/237616-62-126.html|title=Kerala shocker: CPM MLA R Selvaraj resigns|date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312063842/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-shocker-cpm-mla-resigns/237616-62-126.html|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=12 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article342407.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828221208/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article342407.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2015|title = Factionalism in Kerala CPI(M); MLA resigns|website=Newindianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; After joining the Indian National Congress, he contested the by-election from Neyyattinkara on &quot;Hand&quot; symbol and romped home with a margin of 6,334 votes, pushing up the ruling [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF's]] slender majority in the 140-member Kerala Assembly to 73. He again contested from the same constituency in 2016 and 2021 but he got defeated in both elections, i.e. for 9543 votes in 2016 and it increased to 14262 votes in 2021. He was defeated by [[K. Ansalan]] of CPI(M) in both elections.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> R. Selvaraj was born to Shri. Varghese Nadar and Smt. Ruthe Nadar at Dhanuvachapuram near Neyyattinkara on 5 March 1949. He has an elder sister, R.Sarojam and an elder brother, R.Chinnappan. He married Smt. Mary Valsala, they have two daughters Divya.M.S and Deepthi.M.S and live near Dhanuvachapuram, Thiruvananthapuram.<br /> <br /> ==Political life==<br /> Selvaraj entered politics through the student wing of CPI(M), S.F.I and K.S.Y.F.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4044&amp;Itemid=2608 |title=Shri. R. Selvaraj |access-date=2012-10-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010173859/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4044&amp;Itemid=2608 |archive-date=2012-10-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was elected for the first time to the Kerala Legislative Assembly on 2006 from [[Parassala]] constituency in Thiruvananthapuram. Later in the 2011 state election, he was elected from Neyyattinkara Constituency.<br /> <br /> On 9 March 2012, Selvaraj submitted his resignation from the post of MLA as well as the membership in the CPI(M) district committee, citing growing factionalism in the party and on being targeted by a section in the district party leadership.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2977040.ece |title=The Hindu : States / Kerala : Kerala CPI(M) MLA resigns |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 March 2012 |archive-date=10 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310191244/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2977040.ece |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2012, he joined the ruling party of the state, Indian National Congress. Selvaraj was fielded in by the Congress party in the by-election and was re-elected from the same constituency on 14 June 2012 by a margin of 6334 votes after a fierce triangular battle for the seat.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Major Election Victories<br /> |-<br /> !Year||Constituency||Closest rival||Majority (votes)<br /> |-<br /> |2006||Parassala||N. Sundaran Nadar ([[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]])||4,407&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/kapoll.php4?year=2006&amp;no=140|title=Kerala Assembly Election Results-- 2006|website=Keralaassembly.org|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-date=26 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826172438/http://www.keralaassembly.org/kapoll.php4?year=2006&amp;no=140|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2011||Neyyattinkara||[[Thampanoor ravi|Thampanoor Ravi]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]])||6,702&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/election/assembly_poll.php?year=2011&amp;no=140|title = Kerala Assembly Election Results-- 2011|website=Keralaassembly.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2012||Neyyattinkara||F. Lowrence ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]])||6,334<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Other Positions held'''<br /> <br /> * C.P.I.(M) Area Secretary, Parassala<br /> * Vice-president, Kollayil Panchayat<br /> * District Joint Secretary, Karshaka Sangham, Thiruvananthapuram<br /> * Member, C.P.I. (M) District Committee, Thiruvananthapuram<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/r_selvaraj.htm}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Selvaraj, R.}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> [[Category:1949 births]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miliusa_tomentosa&diff=517620 2025-12-01T00:14:00Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of deciduous tree}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | image = Miliusa tomentosa.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Leaves and flowers of ''Miliusa tomentosa''<br /> | genus = Miliusa<br /> | species = tomentosa<br /> | authority = ([[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]]) [[J.Sinclair]]<br /> | synonyms =<br /> *''Uvaria tomentosa'' Roxb.<br /> *''Saccopetalum tomentosum'' Hook.f. &amp; Thomson<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Miliusa tomentosa''''' is a large [[deciduous]] tree with 15–20 metre height.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ephotocorp.com/lightbox/index/detail/3107/immature,-fruit,-fruits,-miliu.html|title=Welcome ephotocorp.com - BlueHost.com|website=www.ephotocorp.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is commonly known as '''wooly miliusa'''.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Woolly%20Miliusa.html&lt;/ref&gt; The native range of this species is the [[Indian subcontinent]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60459481-2|title=''Miliusa tomentosa'' (Roxb.) Finet &amp; Gagnep. &amp;#124; Plants of the World Online &amp;#124; Kew Science|website=Plants of the World Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a tree and grows primarily in the seasonally dry [[Tropical rainforest|tropical biome]]. &lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> Woolly miliusa is a large deciduous tree, growing up to 20 m tall. Bark is blackish brown. Leaves are thick leathery, ovate, oblong, 4–10 cm long, 2–5.5 cm broad, smooth above, softly hairy below, base rounded, margin entire, tip pointed, leaf-stalk 2–5 mm. Flowers are greenish, 1.5 cm across, solitary or in pairs opposite the leaf. Sepals are about 4 mm long, linear-lanceshaped. Petals are 3+3, about 6 mm long, outer petals sepal-like, inner ones oblong to obovate. Fruits are dark purple, nearly spherical, 8–17 arranged in a ring, 2–3 cm across, stalk 1–1.5 cm long, seeds 3–4. It flowers from May to June.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Woolly%20Miliusa.html&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> It belongs to the family Annonaceae. <br /> <br /> == Biochemistry ==<br /> A qualitative preliminary phytochemical analysis of dried leaves of this plant revealed the presence of carbohydrate, protein, cardiac glycoside, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, anthraquinones, tannins, quinines and inorganic compounds.&lt;ref&gt;Khalid, L. P., Pulate, P. V., &amp; Wagay, N. A. (2017). PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MILIUSA TOMENTOSA (ROXB.) J. SINCLAIR BY USING VARIOUS ORGANIC SOLVENTS. European Journal of Biomedical, 4(05), 276–281.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> The oil from its seeds is used in [[Chinese traditional medicine]] for its antibacterial and analgesic properties.&lt;ref&gt;Huong, D.T., Van, N.T.H., Kamperdick, C., Anh, N.T.H. and Sung, T.V. (2008). Two New Bis-styrylCompounds from Miliusa balansae&quot; ChemInform, 10: 1002.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Insect food plant ==<br /> Butterflies such as the [[tawny rajah]], [[tailed jay]], [[common jay]], [[spot swordtail]], and [[narrow banded bluebottle]] feed on the leaves of this tree.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/miliusa-tomentosa|title=''Miliusa tomentosa'' &amp;#124; Butterfly|website=www.ifoundbutterflies.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q5070169}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Flora of India]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of Sri Lanka]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of Nepal]]<br /> [[Category:Plants described in 1906]]<br /> [[Category:Miliusa|tomentosa]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Annonaceae-stub}}</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luso%E2%80%93Maratha_War_(1729%E2%80%931732)&diff=472118 2025-11-21T18:49:45Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: small expand content as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Luso-Maratha War (1729–1732)]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biren_Nag&diff=463329 2025-10-23T18:50:47Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: adjust layout additionally</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film director and art director}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> |image = <br /> |imagesize = <br /> | name = Biren Nag<br /> | birth_date = 1922<br /> | birth_place = Mymensingh, India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1964|1922|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = Kolkata, India<br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = [[Film director]], [[Art director]]<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Biren Nag''' (1922–1964) was an acclaimed [[India]]n [[film director]] and art director in [[Hindi cinema]]. Prior to taking up direction himself, he served as Art Director for four of the most beautiful films shot in Mumbai in the late 1950s and early 1960s: ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957) ''[[Kala Pani (1958 film)|Kala Pani]]'' (1958) ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'' (1960); and ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]'' (1962). He won a 1960 [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction]] for his work on ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'' (1960).<br /> <br /> In 1962 he directed his first film, ''[[Bees Saal Baad (1962 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]'' a noirish ghost story also starring Waheeda Rehman and Biswajeet, which garnered him a [[Filmfare Best Director Award]] nomination in 1963.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |access-date=16 August 2009 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was the top grosser at the box office in 1962, a super hit doing gross business worth Rs. 3, 00, 00,000{{clarify|date=May 2019|reason=Number is not formatted correctly}} and net business worth Rs. 1, 50, 00,000.{{clarify|date=May 2019|reason=Number is not formatted correctly}} He also directed ''[[Kohra (1964 film)|Kohraa]]'' in 1964, repeating the lead pair of his debut. However, he died soon after the film was released.&lt;ref name=toi&gt;{{cite web | title = The mystery of 'Kohraa' | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-mystery-of-Kohraa/articleshow/42595841.cms |author=Roshmila Bhattacharya|date= 16 September 2014| accessdate = 2014-09-22 | work = The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Film(as director) !! Year of release !! Other notes<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kohra (1964 film)|''Kohraa'']] || 1964 || Retelling of Du Maurier's [[Rebecca (novel)|novel]] and later Hitchcock's film ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bees Saal Baad (1962 film)|''Bees Saal Baad'']] || 1962 || Nominated-Filmfare Best Director Award. In the film, the opening credits show his name as Biren Naug.<br /> |}<br /> (Both the films were produced by [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]. He was also the music director and the lead playback singer in both of them)<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Film(as art director) !! Year of release !! Other notes<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tere Ghar Ke Samne]]'' || 1963 || As Biren Naug<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hum Dono (1961 film)|''Hum Dono'']] || 1962 || As Biren Naug<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]'' || 1962 || As Biren Naug<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'' || 1961 || As Biren Naug; Won - [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aakhri Dao]]'' || 1958 || -<br /> |-<br /> |[[Detective (1958 film)|''Detective'']]|| 1958 || As Biren Naug<br /> |-<br /> | ''Life Sentence''|| 1958 || As Biren Naug<br /> |-<br /> | [[Talaq (1958 film)|''Talaaq'']] || 1958 || As Biren Naug<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pyaasa]]''|| 1957 || As Biren Naug<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nau Do Gyarah]]'' || 1957 || As Biren Naug<br /> |-<br /> | [[Basant Bahar (film)|''Basant Bahar'']] || 1956 || As Biren Naug<br /> |-<br /> | [[C.I.D. (1956 film)|''C.I.D.'']] || 1956 || As Biren Naug<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mem Sahib]]|| 1956 || As Biren Naug<br /> |-<br /> | ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'42''|| 1951 || -<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|id=0619048|name=Biren Nag}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nag, Biren}}<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian art directors]]<br /> [[Category:1922 births]]<br /> [[Category:1964 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-film-director-stub}}</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_A_cricket_team_and_West_Indies_A_cricket_team_in_England_in_2018&diff=503862 2025-09-03T17:47:51Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: added - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Cricket tournament}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket series<br /> |series= 2018 England 'A' Tri-Nation Series<br /> |date= 17 June 2018- 2 July 2018<br /> |place= {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England]]<br /> |result= {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]] won the tri series<br /> |player of series= <br /> |team1= {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]] <br /> |team2= {{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]]<br /> |team3= {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]]<br /> |captain1= [[Shreyas Iyer]]<br /> |captain2= [[Jason Mohammed]]{{refn|group=nb|Devon Thomas captained West Indies A for the fifth and sixth matches.}}<br /> |captain3= [[Steven Mullaney]]<br /> |runs1= [[Mayank Agarwal]] (287)<br /> |runs2= [[Chandrapaul Hemraj]] (133)<br /> |runs3= [[Sam Hain]] (356)<br /> |wickets1= [[Deepak Chahar]] (10)<br /> |wickets2= [[Chemar Holder]] (5)<br /> |wickets3= [[Liam Dawson]] (14)<br /> |previous= <br /> }}<br /> The [[India A cricket team]] and the [[West Indies A cricket team]] played a [[List A cricket|List-A]] Tri-series and [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches in [[England]] between June and July 2018. Prior to Tri Series India A and West Indies A played warm up matches against County Clubs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tri&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2705/india-a-tri-series-in-england-2018/matches|title=India A to face West Indies A and England Lions in tri-series at UK|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=12 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; India A won the tri series.&lt;ref name=&quot;TriResult<br /> &quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gardner|first=Alan|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8746/report/1145667/england-lions-vs-india-final-england-team-tri-series|title=Rishabh Pant seals tri-series victory for India A despite Sam Hain hundred|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 July 2018|date=1 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Squads ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ![[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}&lt;ref name=&quot;India-A squad&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kishore|first=Shashank|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23441618/prithvi-shaw-shubman-gill-india-squads-england-tour|title=Prithvi Shaw, Shubman Gill in India A squads for England tour|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 May 2018|access-date=4 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanju&quot; /&gt;<br /> ![[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]] {{flagicon|WIN}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Bachoo|first=Ryan|url=http://cricketwestindies.org/index.php/2018/06/01/windies-a-to-take-on-england-lions-india-in-one-day-series/|title=Windies A to take on England Lions, India in One Day series|work=Cricket West Indies|date=1 June 2018|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704214039/http://cricketwestindies.org/index.php/2018/06/01/windies-a-to-take-on-england-lions-india-in-one-day-series/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ![[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] {{flagicon|ENG}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23741283/mullaney-lead-england-lions-one-day-tri-series|title=Mullaney to lead England Lions in one-day tri-series|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=9 June 2018|access-date=4 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Overton &quot;/&gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;<br /> |<br /> * [[Shreyas Iyer]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Prithvi Shaw]]<br /> * [[Mayank Agarwal]]<br /> * [[Shubman Gill]]<br /> * [[Hanuma Vihari]]<br /> * &lt;s&gt;[[Sanju Samson]]&lt;/s&gt;<br /> * [[Ishan Kishan]]<br /> * [[Deepak Hooda]] <br /> * [[Rishabh Pant]]<br /> * [[Vijay Shankar]]<br /> * [[Krishnappa Gowtham]]<br /> * [[Axar Patel]]<br /> * [[Krunal Pandya]]<br /> * [[Prasidh Krishna]]<br /> * [[Deepak Chahar]]<br /> * [[Khaleel Ahmed]]<br /> * [[Shardul Thakur]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Jason Mohammed]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Sunil Ambris]]<br /> * [[Jermaine Blackwood]]<br /> * [[Rahkeem Cornwall]]<br /> * [[Dominic Drakes]]<br /> * [[Chandrapaul Hemraj]]<br /> * [[Chemar Holder]]<br /> * [[Sherman Lewis (cricketer)|Sherman Lewis]]<br /> * [[Andre McCarthy]]<br /> * [[Keemo Paul]]<br /> * [[Rovman Powell]]<br /> * [[Raymon Reifer]]<br /> * [[Devon Thomas]]<br /> * [[Oshane Thomas]]<br /> * [[Jomel Warrican]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Steven Mullaney]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Ed Barnard]]<br /> * [[Nick Gubbins]]<br /> * [[Tom Kohler-Cadmore]]<br /> * [[Sam Hain]]<br /> * [[Liam Livingstone]]<br /> * [[Ben Foakes]]<br /> * [[Liam Dawson]]<br /> * &lt;s&gt;[[Sam Curran]]&lt;/s&gt;<br /> * [[Craig Overton]]<br /> * [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]]<br /> * [[Matt Parkinson (cricketer)|Matt Parkinson]]<br /> * [[Matthew Fisher (English cricketer)|Matthew Fisher]]<br /> * [[Reece Topley]]<br /> * [[Tom Helm (cricketer)|Tom Helm]]<br /> |}<br /> [[Ishan Kishan]] replaced [[Sanju Samson]] for the tri-series as Sanju Samson failed a fitness test conducted by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanju&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23760360/ishan-kishan-replaces-sanju-samson-india-squad-tri-series-england|title=Sanju Samson fails fitness test, Ishan Kishan added to India A squad|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 June 2018|date=11 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sam Curran]] and [[Craig Overton]] were selected for [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018|final two ODIs against Australia]].Curran was ruled out for whole series. Overton was replaced by [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] for first two matches in England Lions's squad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Overton &quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Dobell|first=George|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23848807/sam-curran-craig-overton-added-england-odi-squad-series-australia|title=Sam Curran, Overton added to England's ODI squad|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 June 2018|date=20 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Warm-up matches ==<br /> === 1st List A warm-up match: England Cricket Board XI vs India A ===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 17 June 2018<br /> | time = 11:00<br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}} <br /> | team2 = {{cr|ENG|name=ECBXI}}<br /> | score1 = 328/8 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Prithvi Shaw]] 70 (61)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Ryan Higgins (cricketer, born 1995)|Ryan Higgins]] 4/50 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 203 (36.5 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Matt Critchley]] 40 (48)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Deepak Chahar]] 3/48 (7.5 overs)<br /> | result = India A won by 125 runs&lt;ref name=&quot;Ind&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18701/report/1145668/england-cricket-board-xi-vs-india-tour-match-india-england-2018|title=Ishan Kishan, Shaw shines as India A start the campaign with win over ECBXI|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | report = [http://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/20363/ecbxi-vs-inda-1st-practice-match-india-a-tri-series-in-england-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Headingley Cricket Ground]], [[Leeds]]<br /> | umpires = [[Tom Lungley]] (Eng) and [[Ian Blackwell]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = England Cricket Board XI won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2nd List A warm-up match: Warwickshire vs West Indies A ===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 17 June 2018<br /> | time = 11:00<br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]]<br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]]<br /> | score1 = 385/6 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Dominic Sibley]] 115 (103)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Dominic Drakes]] 2/74 (7 overs)<br /> | score2 = 254 (40.3 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Jason Mohammed]] 102 (93)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Daniel Douthwaite]] 3/43 (10 overs)<br /> | result = Warwickshire won by 131 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/20364/warks-vs-wia-2nd-practice-match-india-a-tri-series-in-england-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]], [[Birmingham]]<br /> | umpires = [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco) and [[Michael Gough]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = West Indies A won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Daniel Douthwaite]], [[George Panayi]], [[Andrew Umeed]], [[Alex Thomson (cricketer)|Alex Thomson]] (War) all made their List-A debuts.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 3rd List A warm-up match: Leicestershire vs India A ===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 19 June 2018<br /> | time = 11:00<br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}<br /> | team2 = [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]<br /> | score1 = 458/4 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 151[[not out|*]] (106)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Ateeq Javid]] 2/91 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 177 (40.4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Tom Wells (cricketer)|Tom Wells]] 62 (93)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Deepak Chahar]] 3/24 (6.4 overs)<br /> | result = India A won by 281 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/20365/leic-vs-inda-3rd-practice-match-india-a-tri-series-in-england-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Grace Road]], [[Leicestershire]]<br /> | umpires = [[Paul Pollard]] (Eng) and [[Graham Lloyd]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Donald Butchart]], [[Sam Evans (cricketer)|Sam Evans]], [[Harry Funnell]], [[Ben Mike]] and [[James Dickinson (cricketer)|James Dickinson]] (Liecs) all made their List-A debuts.<br /> *''India A registered their 2nd highest List-A score.''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 4th List A warm-up match: Worcestershire vs West Indies A ===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 19 June 2018<br /> | time = 11:00<br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]] {{flagicon|WIN}}<br /> | team2 = [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]]<br /> | score1 = 338/9 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Jason Mohammed]] 142 (120)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Dillon Pennington]] 5/67 (9 overs)<br /> | score2 = 317/8 (50 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[George Rhodes (cricketer)|George Rhodes]] 95 (98)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Chemar Holder]] 3/42 (10 overs)<br /> | result = West Indies A won by 21 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/20366/worcs-vs-wia-4th-practice-match-india-a-tri-series-in-england-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[New Road, Worcester|New Road]], [[Worcester, England|Worcester]]<br /> | umpires = [[Peter Hartley (cricketer)|Peter Hartley]] (Eng) and [[Ben Debenham]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = West Indies A won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Joshua Dell]], [[Alex Milton]], [[Jack Haynes]], [[Mitchell Spencer]], [[Olly Westbury]], [[Ben Towhig]] and [[Zain-ul-Hassan]] (Worcs) all made their List-A debuts.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Tri-series ==<br /> ===Points table===<br /> {{2018 England Lions Tri-Series}}<br /> <br /> ===Matches===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 22 June 2018<br /> | time = 11:00<br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] <br /> | score1 = 232 (46.3 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 64 (55)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Liam Dawson]] 4/30 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 236/3 (41.5 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Nick Gubbins]] 128[[not out|*]] (132)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 2/30 (7 overs)<br /> | result = England Lions won by 7 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8746/scorecard/1145661/england-lions-vs-india-a-1st-match-england-a-team-tri-series-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[County Ground, Derby]]<br /> | umpires = [[David Millns]] (Eng) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 23 June 2018<br /> | time = 11:00<br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] {{flagicon|ENG}}<br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]]<br /> | score1 = 318/5 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Sam Hain]] 145 (134)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Jomel Warrican]] 1/46 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 231 (44.4 overs) <br /> | runs2 = [[Rovman Powell]] 55 (50)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Liam Dawson]] 4/27 (10 overs)<br /> | result = England Lions won by 87 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8746/scorecard/1145662/england-lions-vs-west-indies-a-2nd-match-england-a-team-tri-series-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[County Ground, Derby]]<br /> | umpires = [[David Millns]] (Eng) and [[Ian Ramage]] (Sco)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = England Lions won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes =<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 25 June 2018<br /> | time = 11:00<br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]] {{flagicon|WIN}}<br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]] <br /> | score1 = 221 (49.1 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Devon Thomas]] 64 (83)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Deepak Chahar]] 5/27 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 222/3 (38.1 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 112 (102)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Dominic Drakes]] 2/37 (7.1 overs)<br /> | result = India A won by 7 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8746/scorecard/1145663/india-a-vs-west-indies-a-3rd-match-england-a-team-tri-series-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Grace Road]], [[Leicester]]<br /> | umpires = [[James Middlebrook]] (Eng) and [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = West Indies A won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 26 June 2018<br /> | time = 11:00<br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]]<br /> | score1 = 309/6 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 112 (104)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Ed Barnard]] 2/51 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 207 (41.3 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Liam Dawson]] 38 (40)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 3/53 (8 overs)<br /> | result = India A won by 102 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8746/scorecard/1145664/england-lions-vs-india-a-4th-match-england-a-team-tri-series-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Grace Road]], [[Leicester]]<br /> | umpires = [[Neil Bainton]] (Eng) and [[Rob White (cricketer)|Rob White]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes =<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 28 June 2018<br /> | time = 11:00<br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]] {{flagicon|WIN}} <br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] <br /> | score1 = 162 (44.3 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Devon Thomas]] 45 (67)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Reece Topley]] 4/16 (7.3 overs)<br /> | score2 = 163/1 (25 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Tom Kohler-Cadmore]] 80[[not out|*]] (70)<br /> | wickets2 = <br /> | result = England Lions won by 9 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8746/scorecard/1145665/england-lions-vs-west-indies-a-5th-match-england-a-team-tri-series-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Northampton]]<br /> | umpires = [[Jeff Evans (umpire)|Jeff Evans]] (Eng) and [[Tom Lungley]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = England Lions won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Sherman Lewis (cricketer)|Sherman Lewis]] (WI A) made his List-A debut.<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 29 June 2018<br /> | time = 11:00<br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]]<br /> | score1 = 354/6 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Hanuma Vihari]] 147 (131)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Chemar Holder]] 3/70 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 151 (37.4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Chandrapaul Hemraj]] 43 (46)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Axar Patel]] 4/34 (9.4 overs) <br /> | result = India A won by 203 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8746/scorecard/1145666/india-a-vs-west-indies-a-6th-match-tri-nation-a-team-series-2018-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Northampton]]<br /> | umpires = [[Ian Blackwell]] (Eng) and [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> ;Final<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 2 July 2018<br /> | time = 11:00<br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] {{flagicon|ENG}}<br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]] <br /> | score1 = 264/9 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Sam Hain]] 108 (122)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Khaleel Ahmed]] 3/48 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 267/5 (48.2 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 64[[not out|*]] (62)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Liam Dawson]] 2/37 (9 overs)<br /> | result = India A won by 5 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8746/scorecard/1145667/india-a-vs-tbc-england-lions-england-a-team-tri-series-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[The Oval]], London<br /> | umpires = [[Neil Mallender]] (Eng) and [[Graham Lloyd]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = India A won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = India A won the Tri-Series.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == India A vs West Indies A unofficial Test series ==<br /> {{Infobox cricket tour<br /> | series_name = India A vs West Indies A in England in 2018<br /> | team1_image = Flag of India.svg<br /> | team1_name = India A<br /> | team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg<br /> | team2_name = West Indies A<br /> | from_date = 4<br /> | to_date = 13 July 2018<br /> | team1_captain = [[Karun Nair]]<br /> | team2_captain = [[Shamarh Brooks]]<br /> | no_of_tests = 2<br /> | team1_tests_won = 1<br /> | team2_tests_won = 0<br /> | team1_tests_most_runs = [[Karun Nair]] (210)<br /> | team2_tests_most_runs = [[Shamarh Brooks]] (224)<br /> | team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Sherman Lewis (cricketer)|Sherman Lewis]] (8)<br /> | team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Ankit Rajpoot]] (5)<br /> | player_of_test_series = [[Prithvi Shaw]] (India A)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Squads===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ![[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}&lt;ref name=&quot;India-A squad&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INDAWIAsquads&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pant&quot;/&gt;<br /> ![[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]] {{flagicon|WIN}}&lt;ref name=&quot;INDAWIAsquads&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Squads for India A vs West Indies A in England, 2018|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2706/india-a-vs-windies-a-in-england-2018/squads|work=Cricbuzz|date=4 July 2018|access-date=19 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;<br /> |<br /> * [[Karun Nair]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Ravikumar Samarth]]<br /> * [[Mayank Agarwal]]<br /> * [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]]<br /> * [[Prithvi Shaw]]<br /> * [[Hanuma Vihari]]<br /> * [[Ankit Bawne]]<br /> * [[Vijay Shankar]]<br /> * [[Srikar Bharat]]<br /> * [[Jayant Yadav]]<br /> * [[Shahbaz Nadeem]]<br /> * [[Ankit Rajpoot]]<br /> * [[Mohammed Siraj]]<br /> * [[Navdeep Saini]]<br /> * [[Rajneesh Gurbani]]<br /> * [[Rishabh Pant]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Shamarh Brooks]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Jason Mohammed]]<br /> * [[Sunil Ambris]]<br /> * [[Jermaine Blackwood]]<br /> * [[Rahkeem Cornwall]]<br /> * [[Dominic Drakes]]<br /> * [[Chandrapaul Hemraj]]<br /> * [[Chemar Holder]]<br /> * [[Sherman Lewis (cricketer)|Sherman Lewis]]<br /> * [[Andre McCarthy]]<br /> * [[Keemo Paul]]<br /> * [[Rovman Powell]]<br /> * [[Raymon Reifer]]<br /> * [[Devon Thomas]]<br /> * [[Oshane Thomas]]<br /> * [[Jomel Warrican]]<br /> * [[John Campbell (cricketer)|John Campbell]]<br /> |}<br /> [[Rishabh Pant]] was not selected initially but was added later to the [[India A cricket team|India A]] squad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pant&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/cricket-news/article/rishabh-pant-added-to-india-a-squad-for-unofficial-test-matches-against-england-a-west-indies-a/248528|title=Rishabh Pant added to India A squad for unofficial Test matches against England A &amp; West Indies A|work=Times Now News|access-date=4 July 2018|date=1 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Unofficial Test series===<br /> ==== 1st unofficial Test ====<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 4–7 July 2018<br /> | team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]]<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 133 (42.1 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Hanuma Vihari]] 37 (107)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sherman Lewis (cricketer)|Sherman Lewis]] 4/35 (11.1 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 383 (101.2 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sunil Ambris]] 128 (165)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ankit Rajpoot]] 4/76 (25.2 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 609/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (111 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Prithvi Shaw]] 188 (169)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sherman Lewis (cricketer)|Sherman Lewis]] 2/130 (24 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 245/7 (76 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Jermaine Blackwood]] 61 (95)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Navdeep Saini]] 2/41 (14 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = Match drawn<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18699/scorecard/1145670/india-a-vs-west-indies-a-1st-unofficial-test-west-indies-a-tour-of-england-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[St Lawrence Ground|Kent County Cricket Ground]], [[Beckenham]]<br /> | umpires = [[Neil Mallender]] (Eng) and [[Rob White (cricketer)|Rob White]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = [[Prithvi Shaw]] (India A)<br /> | toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== 2nd unofficial Test ====<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 10–13 July 2018<br /> | team1 = [[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]] {{flagicon|WIN}}<br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 302 (90.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shamarh Brooks]] 122[[not out|*]] (228)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 4/68 (22.5 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 192 (48 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ankit Bawne]] 43[[not out|*]] (92)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Raymon Reifer]] 5/50 (16 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 210 (57.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jermaine Blackwood]] 67 (84)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 4/64 (20 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 321/5 (67.1 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Hanuma Vihari]] 68 (139)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Jomel Warrican]] 1/36 (9 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = India A won by 5 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18699/scorecard/1145671/india-a-vs-west-indies-a-2nd-unofficial-test-west-indies-a-tour-of-england-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[St Lawrence Ground|The Cooper Associates County Ground]], [[Taunton]]<br /> | umpires = [[Neil Bainton]] (Eng) and [[Mark Newell]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = [[Hanuma Vihari]] (India A)<br /> | toss = West Indies A won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = India A won the first-class series by 1-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/103089/hanuma-vihari-karun-nair-help-india-a-seize-initiative|title=Vihari, Pant's knock helped India A seize 1-0 in FC series against Windies|publisher=Cricbuzz|date=12 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == India A vs England Lions unofficial Test series ==<br /> {{Infobox cricket tour<br /> | series_name = India A in England in 2018<br /> | team1_image = Flag of India.svg<br /> | team1_name = India A<br /> | team2_image = Flag of England.svg<br /> | team2_name = England Lions<br /> | from_date = 16<br /> | to_date = 19 July 2018<br /> | team1_captain = [[Karun Nair]]<br /> | team2_captain = [[Rory Burns]]<br /> | no_of_tests = 1<br /> | team1_tests_won = 0<br /> | team2_tests_won = 1<br /> | team1_tests_most_runs = [[Rishabh Pant]] (119)<br /> | team2_tests_most_runs = [[Alastair Cook]] (185)<br /> | team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Mohammed Siraj]] (7)<br /> | team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Sam Curran]] (7)<br /> | player_of_test_series = [[Alastair Cook]] (England Lions)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Squads===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ![[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}&lt;ref name=&quot;India-A squad&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pant&quot;/&gt;<br /> ![[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] {{flagicon|ENG}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dom Bess, Jack Leach and Alastair Cook in Lions XI to play India A|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24017371/dom-bess-jack-leach-alastair-cook-lions-xi-play-india-a|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=7 July 2018|access-date=7 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;<br /> |<br /> * [[Karun Nair]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Ravikumar Samarth]]<br /> * [[Mayank Agarwal]]<br /> * [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]]<br /> * [[Prithvi Shaw]]<br /> * [[Hanuma Vihari]]<br /> * [[Ankit Bawne]]<br /> * [[Vijay Shankar]]<br /> * [[Srikar Bharat]]<br /> * [[Jayant Yadav]]<br /> * [[Shahbaz Nadeem]]<br /> * [[Ankit Rajpoot]]<br /> * [[Mohammed Siraj]]<br /> * [[Navdeep Saini]]<br /> * [[Rajneesh Gurbani]]<br /> * [[Rishabh Pant]]<br /> * [[Murali Vijay]]<br /> * [[Ajinkya Rahane]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Rory Burns]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Alastair Cook]]<br /> * [[Nick Gubbins]]<br /> * [[Dawid Malan]]<br /> * [[Ollie Pope]]<br /> * [[Chris Woakes]]<br /> * [[Sam Curran]]<br /> * [[Dominic Bess]]<br /> * [[Matthew Fisher (English cricketer)|Matthew Fisher]]<br /> * [[Jack Leach]]<br /> * [[Jamie Porter]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Only unofficial Test===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 16–19 July 2018<br /> | team1 = [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] {{flagicon|ENG}}<br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 423 (128.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Alastair Cook]] 180 (268)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 4/79 (29 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 197 (66.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Prithvi Shaw]] 62 (82)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sam Curran]] 5/43 (11.5 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 194/5[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (52 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dawid Malan]] 56 (93)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 3/55 (14 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 167 (44 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 61 (71)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sam Curran]] 2/17 (7 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = England Lions won by 253 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18701/scorecard/1145672/england-lions-vs-india-a-only-unofficial-test-india-a-tour-of-england-2018 Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[New Road, Worcester|New Road]], [[Worcester, England|Worcester]]<br /> | umpires = [[Ian Blackwell]] (Eng) and [[James Middlebrook]] (Eng)<br /> | motm = [[Alastair Cook]] (England Lions)<br /> | toss = England Lions won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = England Lions won the one-off first-class match by 1-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/103210/england-lions-complete-big-win-as-test-members-endure-contrasting-fortunes-india-a-rishabh-pant|title=The Lions roared as India all out for 167|publisher=Cricbuzz|date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == West Indies A vs Surrey tour match ==<br /> {{Infobox cricket tour<br /> | series_name = West Indies A in England in 2018<br /> | team1_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg<br /> | team1_name = West Indies A<br /> | team2_image = <br /> | team2_name = Surrey <br /> | from_date = 16<br /> | to_date = 19 July 2018<br /> | team1_captain = [[Shamarh Brooks]]<br /> | team2_captain = [[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]]<br /> | no_of_tests = 1<br /> | team1_tests_won = 0<br /> | team2_tests_won = 0<br /> | team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sunil Ambris]] (75)<br /> | team2_tests_most_runs = [[Scott Borthwick]] (175)<br /> | team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Chemar Holder]] (3)&lt;br&gt;[[Odean Smith]] (3)<br /> | team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Morne Morkel]] (4)<br /> | player_of_test_series = [[Scott Borthwick]] (Surrey)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Squads===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ![[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]] {{flagicon|WIN}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Surreysquads&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Squads for West Indies A tour of England Practice Match, 2018|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2725/west-indies-a-tour-of-england-practice-match-2018/squads|work=Cricbuzz|date=16 July 2018|access-date=19 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ![[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] {{flagicon|ENG}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Surreysquads&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Surrey Team named to face West Indies A|url=https://www.kiaoval.com/main-news/surrey-team-named-to-face-west-indies-a/|work=Surrey County Cricket Club|date=15 July 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716165738/https://www.kiaoval.com/main-news/surrey-team-named-to-face-west-indies-a/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;<br /> |<br /> * [[Shamarh Brooks]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Jason Mohammed]]<br /> * [[Sunil Ambris]]<br /> * [[Jermaine Blackwood]]<br /> * [[Rahkeem Cornwall]]<br /> * [[Dominic Drakes]]<br /> * [[Chandrapaul Hemraj]]<br /> * [[Chemar Holder]]<br /> * [[Sherman Lewis (cricketer)|Sherman Lewis]]<br /> * [[Andre McCarthy]]<br /> * [[John Campbell (cricketer)|John Campbell]]<br /> * [[Rovman Powell]]<br /> * [[Raymon Reifer]]<br /> * [[Devon Thomas]]<br /> * [[Oshane Thomas]]<br /> * [[Jomel Warrican]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]] [[captain (cricket)|(c)]]<br /> * [[Mark Stoneman]]<br /> * [[Arun Harinath]]<br /> * [[Scott Borthwick]]<br /> * [[Ryan Patel]]<br /> * [[Will Jacks]]<br /> * [[Adam Rouse]]<br /> * [[Mathew Pillans]]<br /> * [[Stuart Meaker]]<br /> * [[Morne Morkel]]<br /> * [[Gus Atkinson]]<br /> * [[Amar Virdi]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Tour match===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 16–18 July 2018<br /> | team1 = [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]<br /> | team2 = {{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]]<br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 366 (98.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Scott Borthwick]] 175[[not out|*]] (279)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Raymon Reifer]] 3/65 (20.3 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 178 (55.1 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Vishaul Singh]] 47 (112)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Morne Morkel]] 3/12 (13 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 173/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (37 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ryan Patel]] 48 (86)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Odean Smith]] 2/15 (5 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 194/3 (50 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sunil Ambris]] 63 (99)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Stuart Meaker]] 1/29 (7 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = Match drawn<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18699/game/1145675/Surrey-vs-West-Indies-A-Tour-Match-West-Indies-A-tour-of-England-2018/ Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[The Oval]], London<br /> | umpires = [[Paul Baldwin]] (Eng) and [[Mike Burns (cricketer)|Mike Burns]] (Eng)<br /> | motm =<br /> | toss = Surrey won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=nb}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{2018–19 in Indian cricket}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:A team cricket]]<br /> [[Category:2018 in Indian cricket]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kollam_Parappu&diff=510367 2025-08-27T13:14:29Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br /> <br /> '''Kollam Parappu''', widely known as '''Quilon Bank''', is one of the most productive [[fishing grounds]] on the [[Malabar Coast|south-west coast]] of [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Need To Protect The Fishing Hub Of Kollam Parappu (Quilon Bank)- Laid on 15 September, 2020 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/190560240/ |website=Indian Kanoon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Fishers' Statewide protest on Oct. 15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fishers-statewide-protest-on-oct-15/article32669199.ece |website=The Hindu|date=22 September 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The bank has been defined as that part of the [[sea bed]] between 08 'N and 09 'N [[latitude]] in the depth range of 275–375 meters. It covers an area of 3,300 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; off the coast of [[Kollam district|Kollam]] and [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Finfish diversity in the trawl fisheries of southern Kerala |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8860/1/11-21.pdf |website=eprints CMFRI}}&lt;/ref&gt; The region is a fertile fishing ground with rich marine biological diversity, including deep sea [[prawn]]s, [[shrimp]]s and [[lobster]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Rekha Devi |last1=Chakraborty|title=Fishery and biology of Plesionika quasigrandis Chace, 1985 off Sakthikulangara, south-west coast of India |journal=Indian Journal of Fisheries |date=October 2014 |page=10 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271845409}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Offshore sand mining off Kollam coast could cause severe damage: KU study |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/offshore-sand-mining-off-kollam-coast-could-cause-severe-damage-ku-study/articleshow/118565377.cms |website=The Times OF India |access-date=27 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> The temperature of the Quilon Bank waters is mild (between 21 and 26 degrees Celsius), and the salinity ranges between 34 and 34.6 parts per thousand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Scientific Results of FOR Sugar Sampada, 1996 |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/5144/1/9.pdf |website=eprints CMFRI}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Threadfin breams 2019 (02).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Nemipteridae|Threadfin Bream]] is a commonly found nemipterid in Quilon Bank.]]<br /> <br /> The peak season for this fishing ground is from July to October. The fish fauna of the Quilon Bank has a dominant population of [[Nemipteridae|Nemipterids]] and is also demarcated as the most important ground for [[Pandalidae|pandalid shrimp]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Demersal Fish Assemblages of the Southwest Coast of India |url=http://pubs.iclarm.net/resource_centre/AMF_Chapter-08-FA.pdf |website=pubs.iclarm |publisher=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute |page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bank attracts many fisheries scientists for conducting scientific research, oceanographic studies, ecological studies, etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Variation in fish catches from the continental shelf between Quilon and Gulf of Mannar and its relation to oceanographic conditions during the southwest monsoon period |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/5266/1/40.pdf |website=eprints CMFRI |publisher=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Heterocarpus chani (10.3897-zookeys.685.13398) Figure 1.jpg|thumb|A deep sea [[shrimp]] that was caught at the [[Shakthikulangara]] fishing harbour in the Quilon bank region.]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Kerala}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Fishing areas of the Indian Ocean]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of Kollam]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonnagiri&diff=506537 2025-08-15T23:02:32Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Jonnagiri<br /> | population_total = 8,437<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_type2 = State<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = District<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Jonnagiri Erragudi Yerragudi Asoka Inscription site, Andhra Pradesh India - 2.jpg|thumb|Signboard at the Jonnagiri Ashokan edict.]]<br /> '''Jonnagiri''' is a village located in the [[Kurnool district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> ==Landmarks==<br /> An [[Edicts of Ashoka|edict of Ashoka]] is located here.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170217/andhra-pradesh-asi-swings-into-action-to-protect-jonnagiri-edict.html |title=Andhra Pradesh: ASI swings into action to protect Jonnagiri edict |date=2017-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the village had a population of 8,437, in 1,721 households.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/153/download/262/DH_2011_2821_PART_B_DCHB_KURNOOL.pdf|title=<br /> Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Kurnool |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |year=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Economy ==<br /> A gold mine is located here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Samdani |first=MN |date=2023-07-20 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Gold production at Jonnagiri mine likely to begin in 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-gold-production-at-jonnagiri-mine-likely-to-begin-in-2024/articleshow/101981792.cms |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|15|13|50|N|77|34|15|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Kurnool district]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Water_Resources_Development_(Andhra_Pradesh)&diff=496318 2025-06-08T08:06:19Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: created page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox official post<br /> | post = Minister of Water Resources Development<br /> | body = <br /> | native_name = {{transliteration|te|Jalavanarula Abhivr̥d'dhi Śākha Mantrī}}<br /> | insignia = <br /> | insigniasize = 200<br /> | insigniacaption = <br /> | insigniaalt = <br /> | flag = <br /> | flagsize = <br /> | flagalt = <br /> | flagborder = <br /> | flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | image = Sri_Nimmala_Rama_Naidu.png <br /> | imagesize = 150px<br /> | alt = <br /> | imagecaption = <br /> | incumbent = [[Nimmala Rama Naidu]]<br /> | acting = <br /> | incumbentsince = 12 June 2024<br /> | department = Department of Water Resources Development<br /> | style = <br /> | type = <br /> | status = <br /> | abbreviation = <br /> | member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]<br /> | reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]<br /> | residence = <br /> | seat = <br /> | nominator = <br /> | appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | termlength = <br /> | termlength_qualified = <br /> | constituting_instrument = <br /> | precursor = <br /> | inaugural = [[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]]<br /> | formation = 8 June 2014<br /> | first = <br /> | last = <br /> | abolished = <br /> | superseded_by = <br /> | succession = <br /> | unofficial_names = <br /> | deputy = <br /> | salary = <br /> | website = {{url|https://apwrims.ap.gov.in/|Official website}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> &lt;!--<br /> {{Politics of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> --&gt;<br /> The '''Minister of Water Resources Development ''' or '''Irrigation Minister''', officially '''Minister of Water Resources Development''', is the head of the Department of Water Resources Development of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. <br /> <br /> From June 2014 to May 2019, following the bifurcation of [[United Andhra Pradesh]] into the present-day residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], the Irrigation Minister of Andhra Pradesh was [[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]] of the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. Following the cabinet formation on 12&amp;nbsp;June 2024, [[Nimmala Rama Naidu]] assumed the office under the Chief Ministership of [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]].<br /> <br /> == List of ministers ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.4em; text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=2 |#<br /> ! rowspan=2 colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Portrait<br /> ! rowspan=2 style=&quot;width:16em&quot; | Minister&lt;br&gt;{{small|(Lifespan)&lt;br&gt;Constituency}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Term of office<br /> ! rowspan=2 style=&quot;width:5em&quot; |Election&lt;br&gt;{{small|(Term)}}<br /> ! rowspan=2 style=&quot;width:8em&quot; |Party<br /> ! rowspan=2 style=&quot;width:8em&quot; |Ministry<br /> ! rowspan=2 style=&quot;width:10em&quot; |Chief Minister<br /> !rowspan=2 |Ref.<br /> |-<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> !Duration<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |'''[[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]]'''&lt;br&gt;{{small|(born 1962)&lt;br&gt;MLA for [[Mylavaram Assembly constituency|Mylavaram]]}}<br /> |8 June 2014<br /> |29 May 2019<br /> |'''{{ayd|8 June 2014|29 May 2019}}'''<br /> |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}<br /> |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#F5EC7D&quot;| '''[[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]'''<br /> |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-06-08 |title=Chandrababu Naidu's Cabinet: Ayyanna, Ganta to be ministers |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140608/nation-current-affairs/article/chandrababu-naidu%E2%80%99s-cabinet-ayyanna-ganta-be-ministers |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2022-08-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |rowspan=2 bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}&quot;|<br /> |<br /> |'''[[Anil Kumar Poluboina]]'''&lt;br&gt;{{small|(born 1980)&lt;br&gt;MLA for [[Nellore City Assembly constituency|Nellore City]]}}<br /> |8 June 2019<br /> |7 April 2022<br /> |'''{{ayd|8 June 2019|7 April 2022}}'''<br /> |rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[YSR Congress Party]]<br /> | rowspan=2 bgcolor=&quot;#94A2F7&quot;| '''[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |agency=TNN|date=Jun 8, 2019 |title=YS Jagan Cabinet Ministers List 2019: 25 ministers inducted into AP Cabinet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-cm-ys-jagan-cabinet-ministers-complete-list/articleshow/69699829.cms |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |<br /> |'''[[Ambati Rambabu]]'''&lt;br&gt;{{small|&lt;br&gt;MLA for [[Sattenapalle Assembly constituency|Sattenapalle]]}}<br /> |11 April 2022<br /> |8 June 2024<br /> |'''{{ayd|11 April 2022|8 June 2024}}'''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-04-11 |title=Buggana retains finance, Vanitha gets Home |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/buggana-retains-finance-vanithagets-home/article65311357.ece |access-date=2022-08-20 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot;|<br /> |[[File:Sri_Nimmala_Rama_Naidu.png |97x97px]]<br /> |'''[[Nimmala Rama Naidu]]'''&lt;br&gt;{{small|(born 1968)&lt;br&gt;MLA for [[Palakollu Assembly constituency|Palakollu]]}}<br /> |12 June 2024<br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |'''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''<br /> |[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}<br /> |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#F5EC7D&quot;| '''[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]'''<br /> |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.AndhraPradeshtoday.in/Andhra Pradesh/story/amit-shah-home-minister-rajnath-finance-minister-new-list-of-cabinet-ministers-in-modi-govt-1539264-2019-05-31 Amit Shah take charge of EducationMinistry of Andhra Pradesh 2019]<br /> &lt;!--<br /> {{EducationMinisters of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Heads of the Ministries of the Government of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Maritime_Centre&diff=504099 2025-05-04T12:42:52Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: new - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Sources exist|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=April 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> The '''Indian Maritime Centre''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] body formed by the [[Government of India]] to adopt an integrated [[Maritime transport|maritime]] policy approach among various sub-sectors and represent India's maritime sector at international forums like the [[International Maritime Organization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;im5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Maritime Centre unveiled: Policy think tank to boost innovation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/maritime-centre-unveiled-policy-think-tank-to-boost-innovation/articleshow/113355663.cms |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=14 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;im4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Devki Nandan elected as the first Chairman of Indian Maritime Centre - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/devki-nandan-elected-as-the-first-chairman-of-indian-maritime-centre/114233127 |access-date=31 December 2024 |publisher=ETInfra.com |date=15 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian Maritime Centre board consists of a chairman and other representatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;im3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Devki Nandan elected first chairman of Indian Maritime Centre |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/ports-and-shipping/devki-nandan-elected-first-chairman-of-indian-maritime-centre/63742 |access-date=31 December 2024 |publisher=constructionworld.in |date=16 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;im1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Devki Nandan elected as the first Chairman of Indian Maritime Centre - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/devki-nandan-elected-as-the-first-chairman-of-indian-maritime-centre/114233127 |access-date=25 December 2024 |publisher=ETInfra.com |date=15 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The centre is managed by a task force constituted by the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]] (MoPSW).&lt;ref name=&quot;im2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Shipping Ministry constitutes high-level task force to oversee establishment of Indian Maritime Centre |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/shipping-ministry-constitutes-high-level-task-force-to-oversee-establishment-of-indian-maritime-centre/articleshow/106898472.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 December 2024 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=16 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Indian maritime history]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Transport organisations based in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-org-stub}}</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanch&diff=530815 2025-04-18T09:32:13Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: Created a redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#Redirect [[Romansh]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_School_Education_(Tamil_Nadu)&diff=496291 2025-03-17T01:26:42Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: created new info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Government department of Tamil Nadu state, India}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox government agency<br /> | agency_name = Department of School Education (Tamil Nadu)<br /> | nativename = <br /> | nativename_a = <br /> | nativename_r = <br /> | logo = TamilNadu Logo.svg<br /> | logo_width = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | seal = <br /> | seal_width = <br /> | seal_caption = <br /> | formed = <br /> | preceding1 = <br /> | preceding2 = <br /> | dissolved = <br /> | superseding = <br /> | jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Chennai]]<br /> | employees = <br /> | budget = <br /> | minister1_name = [[Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi]]<br /> | minister1_pfo = Minister of School Education Department<br /> | chief1_name = Tmt S. Madumathi, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br /> | chief1_position = Secretary, School Education<br /> | parent_agency = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | child1_agency = <br /> | child2_agency = <br /> | website = [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/28 School Education Department]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Department of School Education''' is one of the [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|departments]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<br /> <br /> ==Objective==<br /> The department is responsible for the management of [[elementary education|elementary]], [[primary education|primary]] and [[secondary education]] in the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gov1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department/28|title=School Education|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Right to education==<br /> School education starts with two years of Kindergarten from age three onward and then follows the Indian [[Education in India|10+2 plan]], ten years of school and two years of higher secondary education.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thecivilindia.com/pages/education/structure-of-education-india.html|title=Educational structure|publisher=Civil India|access-date=28 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; As per the [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009]] of [[Government of India]], [[free education]] is to be [[compulsory education|guaranteed]] to all [[Children and adolescents in India|children]] between the age of 6 to 14 years in accordance with Article 21A of the [[Indian Constitution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article337111.ece|title=Education is a fundamental right now|author=Aarti Dhar|date=1 April 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8598167.stm|title=India launches children's right to education|date=1 April 2010|work=BBC News|access-date=1 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]] programme was launched to ensure the same with the school education department responsible for the implementation in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=5 April 2010 |title=Will RTE fulfil the SSA dream? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Will-RTE-fulfil-the-SSA-dream/articleshow/5761551.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==School education==<br /> The directorate of school education is responsible for the management of [[State school|public school]]s in the state. {{As of|2021|22}}, the state had over 37,211 government schools and 8,403 government-aided schools which educate 54.71 lakh and 28.44 lakh students respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/987-out-of-over-11000-private-schools-in-tamil-nadu-remain-shut-following-kallakurichi-violence/article65653894.ece|title=987 out of over 11000 private schools shut|date=18 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Public schools are all affiliated with the [[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]], the curriculum for which is framed by the department. The directorate is also responsible for [[Student financial aid|financial assistance]] and the distribution of welfare schemes for school students.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Private schools==<br /> The directorate of private schools was established in January 2023. Private schools may be affiliated with either of Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education, [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (ICSE) or [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/05/23/tn-private-schools-told-to-teach-tamil-for-students-till-class-10|title=TN private schools told to teach Tamil for students till Class 10|date=23 May 2023|newspaper=DT Next|access-date=1 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2023}}, there are 12,631 private schools with 56.9 lakh students.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gov&quot;/&gt; The directorate regulates the registration of private schools and determines the fee structure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/sedu_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=School education department, policy 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==State council of educational research and training==<br /> State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) is the nodal body managed by the department that is responsible for ensuring the quality of school education and provides inputs to the directorate of school education on curriculum and [[text book]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Government exams==<br /> The directorate of government examinations was established in 1975 and is responsible for conducting the state board examinations for [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate|SSLC]] (Class 10) and [[Higher Secondary]] (Class 11 and 12).&lt;ref name=&quot;Gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Teachers and training==<br /> {{As of|2022}}, there were 3,12,683 teachers in government and aided schools with an average teacher-pupil ratio of 1:26.6.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2022/jun/01/is-tamil-nadu-government-sidelining-government-aided-schools-29135.html|title=Is Tamil Nadu government sidelining government aided schools|work=Edex|date=1 June 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The teachers recruitment board was established in 1987 and is responsible for recruitment and training of teachers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adult education==<br /> [[Adult education]] is aimed at educating adults who do not have had formal schooling to enable them to learn basic reading and writing knowledge and skills. The department is responsible for adult education programme and runs adult learning centers in the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gov&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Public libraries==<br /> The directorate of public libraries is responsible to set-up and manage the administration of [[public libraries]] in the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gov&quot;/&gt; {{As of|2023}}, the state has 4622 public libraries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=http://www.rrrlf.nic.in/Docs/pdf/PUBLIC_LIBRARY_DATA.pdf|title=Public library data|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Established in 1896, [[Connemara Public Library]] is one of the oldest and is amongst the four [[National Depository Centre]]s in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country and the [[Anna Centenary Library]] is the largest library in Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html|last=Venkatsh|first=M. R.|title=Chennai now boasts South Asia's largest library|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=15 September 2010|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227105421/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html|archive-date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Connemara-librarys-online-catalogue-launched/article16372153.ece|title=Connemara library's online catalogue launched|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012|date=23 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185717/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Connemara-librarys-online-catalogue-launched/article16372153.ece|archive-date=7 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> * [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links ==<br /> * [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/28 Official website of the Tamil Nadu School Education Department]<br /> * [http://www.tn.gov.in Official website of Government of Tamil Nadu]<br /> <br /> {{Government of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Government Departments of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irom_Chanu_Sharmila&diff=471261 2025-03-15T15:35:46Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: cleaned up section for clarity and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Irom Sharmila Chanu]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_547_(India)&diff=477887 2025-03-04T21:51:59Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: put up some details w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|National Highway in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{one source|date=May 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox road<br /> | country = IND<br /> | type = NH<br /> | route = 547<br /> |map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=7|frame-lat=22.2|frame-long=79|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55054292| stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 547}}<br /> |map_custom=yes<br /> |map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red<br /> | length_km = 221<br /> | direction_a = <br /> | direction_b = <br /> | terminus_a = [[Saoner]]<br /> | terminus_b = [[Narsinghpur]]<br /> | junction = <br /> | previous_type = NH<br /> | next_type = NH<br /> | previous_route = 47<br /> | next_route = 44<br /> | states = [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | destinations = |image_notes=Schematic map of National Highways in India<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''National Highway 547''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nhai.org.in/spw/Process/MOM-30.11.2015%20Chairman.pdf|title=Review of NHAI projects in the state of Madhya Pradesh - Section 5.4|website=[[National Highways Authority of India]]|access-date=10 Jun 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a branch of [[National Highway 47 (India)|National Highway 47]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=5 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It connects two primary national highways, NH47 and [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]].<br /> <br /> == Route ==<br /> NH547 starts in Maharashtra at [[Saoner]] - [[Sausar]] - [[Chhindwara]] - [[Amarwara]] - [[Harrai]] - terminates at [[Narsinghpur]] in Madhya Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Junctions == <br /> {{RJL|date=November 2021}}<br /> Terminal with [[National Highway 47 (India)|NH 47]] near Saoner.<br /> <br /> Junction with [[National Highway 347 (India)|NH347]] near Chhindwara.<br /> <br /> Terminal with [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] near Narsinghpur.<br /> <br /> == Toll plaza ==<br /> There are three toll plazas located on NH-547.<br /> <br /> Jaitpur toll plaza for Amarwara - Narsinghpur stretch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tis.nhai.gov.in/TollInformation?TollPlazaID=403|title=Jaitpur Toll Plaza on NH 547|website=[[National Highways Authority of India]] - Toll information system.|access-date=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jungawani toll plaza for Chhindwara - Amarawara stretch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tis.nhai.gov.in/TollInformation?TollPlazaID=402|title=Jungawani Toll Plaza on NH 547|website=[[National Highways Authority of India]] - Toll information system.|access-date=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kelwad toll plaza for Saoner - Chhindwara stretch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tis.nhai.gov.in/TollInformation?TollPlazaID=406|title=Kelwad Toll Plaza on NH 547|website=[[National Highways Authority of India]] - Toll information system.|access-date=10 Jun 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of national highways in India]]<br /> * [[List of national highways in India by state]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/4424824 NH 547 on OpenStreetMap]<br /> <br /> {{Indian Highways Network}}<br /> {{IND NH47 sr}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:National highways of India]]<br /> [[Category:National highways in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-NH-stub}}</div>

MalissaHoskins https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_India_Open_(badminton)&diff=476646 2025-01-19T12:04:22Z

<p>MalissaHoskins: put up initial article &amp; citations</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[2024 India Open]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

MalissaHoskins